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https://www.hindawi.com/journals/amse/2016/9240416/abs/ | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | Table of Contents Author Guidelines Submit a Manuscript
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering
Volume 2016, Article ID 9240416, 5 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9240416
Research Article
Effect of Sugar Palm Fiber Surface on Interfacial Bonding with Natural Sago Matrix
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia
2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
Received 13 August 2016; Revised 11 October 2016; Accepted 30 October 2016
Academic Editor: Gianluca Cicala
Copyright © 2016 H. Mardin et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Palm fibers were immersed in sea water for 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks prior to application as reinforcement of green biocomposite. Instead of common resin matrix, natural sago starch was applied as the matrix compound. The immersion treatments had significantly affected fibers surface morphology and interfacial bonds of fiber and the matrix as observed through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The quality of interfacial bonds became higher by additional duration of the sea water immersion. The best interlocking surfaces of fibers and matrix appeared in the composite with 4-week immersed fibers, indicated by disappearance of gaps between fiber and matrix. The morphology of fibers surface interlocking process was clearly seen during the duration of immersion..
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1726513_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Секвої вічнозелені () — американський повнометражний музичний фільм режисера Девіда Льюїса про короткий період романтичних стосунків двох чоловіків з Північної Каліфорнії.
Сюжет
Хоча Еверетт і Майлс живуть дружно, і здавалося б, душа в душу, а їх облаштований будинок розташований в маленькому прекрасному каліфорнійському містечку серед величних секвой, в цьому раю теж є проблеми. Фільм розпочинається з розмови, яка не виходить за рамки обговорення побутових моментів: зламалася поливалка для газону, а у ванній кімнаті з'явилася пліснява. Коли Майлс з сином від'їжджає на якийсь час до батьків, в містечку з'являється незнайомець — честолюбний письменник на ім'я Чейз. Після декількох випадкових зустрічей між Евереттом і Чейзом зав'язуються стосунки. Спочатку обмін історіями з життя, надіями і мріями. Потім між ними спалахує пристрасть. Еверетт в сум'ятті, він не знає, чому надати перевагу: стабільним стосункам в гей-сім'ї, буденній роботі, одноманітному життю, чи синові, до якого він так прив'язаний? Чи кинути все і поринути з головою в нову романтику? Але Чейз від'їжджає. Проходить п'ять років. Майлс з сином знову вирушають в поїздку. Еверетт чекає Чейза, але, замість довгожданої зустрічі, звістка: Чейз помер. Від нього у Еверетта залишилася тільки нова книга під назвою «Секвої вічнозелені», та їх спільна фотографія на тлі величезних і красивих дерев.
У ролях
Примітки
Посилання
Офіційний сайт фільму
Фільми англійською мовою
Фільми-драми США
ЛГБТ-фільми США.
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https://figshare.com/articles/figure/_Graphical_model_for_oddity_detection_via_structure_inference_/581703/1 | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | Figure_7.tif (194.53 kB)
Download file
Graphical model for oddity detection via structure inference.
Download (0 kB)
figure
posted on 15.01.2009, 00:28 by Timothy Hospedales, Sethu Vijayakumar
Three possible assignments of oddity correspond to three possible models indexed by o = 1,2,3. The uncertainty about common causal structure of the probe stimulus is now represented by C, which is computed in the process of evaluating the likelihood of each model o.
History
Usage metrics
Read the peer-reviewed publication
Licence
Exports.
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45375486_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Esther Raab (; April 25, 1894 – September 4, 1981) was a Hebrew author of prose and poetry, known as "the first Sabra poet", due to her eminence as the first Israeli woman poet and for the prominence of her native landscape in her imagery.
Biography
Esther Raab was born and raised in the rural moshava of Petah Tikva in Palestine (part of Ottoman Syria at the time), to founding residents Judah (Yehuda) and Leah Raab. Raab's grandfather was an immigrant from the Hungarian village of Szentistván who moved to Palestine with his son in 1876 and settled in Jerusalem. Raab was the second of four children born to Yehuda and Leah, Yehuda's second wife. In late 1909 the moshava’s school became co-ed and Raab, aged fifteen, was prohibited by her father from attending. She later wrote that she was much hurt by that decision.
In 1913, she moved to Degania Alef, the earliest kibbutz (socialist Zionist farming commune), with Second Aliyah pioneers. In 1914, she returned to Petah Tikva.
In 1921, Raab visited her cousins, the Green family, in Cairo, Egypt. In December 1921, Raab married her cousin, Yitzhak Green, in Cairo. Raab and Green lived in Hilwan, a suburb of Cairo, for five years following their marriage. She then returned to Palestine (by then under British rule) and lived in Tel Aviv, where her home became a literary salon. Raab’s first poetry collection, Kimshonim ("Thistles"), was published in 1930. The collection is dedicated to Green, who died suddenly the same year. Raab was briefly remarried to artist Arieh Alwei from 1932-1935. In 1945, she returned to Petah Tikva. During that time, she studied education, and worked in teaching and agriculture.
Raab continued to publish over several decades, often silent for years due to financial and other difficulties. Raab’s second collection of poetry, Tefila Achrona ("Last Prayer"), was published in 1964.
Raab died in 1981. A line from her poem Neshoret ("Fallout") is written on her tombstone: "The clods of your soil were sweet to me, homeland, as the clouds in your skies."
Two collections of Raab's work were published after her death: Collected Poems in 1988 and Collected Prose in 2001. Both volumes were edited by Raab's nephew, Ehud ben Ezer. Ben Ezer is also the author of her 1998 biography, Yamim shel La'anah u-Devash ("Days of Gall and Honey").
Poetry
Much of Raab's poetry is written in free verse, with no set rhyme or meter.
The principal theme present in Raab's work is nature; she references particular plants and often describes the land of Israel in her works. Much of Raab's poetry also manipulates traditional ideas of sex and gender, challenging a concrete gender binary.
Awards and recognition
1964 – for literature, awarded by the Municipality of Holon for the poetry book The Poems of Esther Raab (in Hebrew)
1972 – the Prime Minister's Prize for Hebrew Literary Works
Published works
Books in Hebrew
Thistles (poems), Hedim, 1930 (Kimshonim, קמשונים)
Poetry of Esther Raab (includes Thorns), Massada, 1963 (Shirei Esther Raab, שירי אסתר ראב)
Last Prayer (poems), Am Oved, 1972 (Tefila Acharona, תפילה אחרונה)
The Murmur of Roots, HaKibbutz HaMeuhad, 1976 (Hemyat Shorashim, המיית שורשים)
A Destroyed Garden: selected stories and seven poems, Tarmil, 1983 (Gan She-Charav, גן שחרב)
Later Compilations and Editions in Hebrew
Esther Raab, An Anthology: selected poems with an introduction, selected edited and introduced by Ehud Ben Ezer and Reuven Shoham, Yachdav and the Hebrew Writers Association, 1982 (Esther Raab, Yalkut Shirim, אסתר ראב ,ילקוט שירים)
Complete Poetry, Zmora Bitan, 1988 (Kol Hashirim, כל השירים); a second edition published 1994
Complete Prose, Astrolog, 2001 (Kol Haproza, כל הפרוזה)
Works in Translation
English: Selected Poems of Esther Raab, translated by Ehud Ben-Ezer and Institute for the Translation of Hebrew Literature, Bnei Brak, 1996
English: Thistles: Selected Poems of Esther Raab, translated and introduced by Harold Schimmel, Jerusalem, 2002,
See also
Rachel Bluwstein (1890–1931), friend and Hebrew poet, known as "Rachel the poetess"
References
External links
Biography and English bibliography from the Institute for the Translation of Hebrew Literature
Complete and authorized bibliography of her writings,
Bibliography on Raab in the Lexicon of Modern Hebrew Literature (Hebrew)
Entry on Raab in Jewish Women's Archive
1894 births
1981 deaths
Israeli people of Hungarian-Jewish descent
Israeli poets
Modern Hebrew writers
Hebrew-language poets
Israeli women poets
Ashkenazi Jews from Ottoman Palestine
20th-century Israeli poets
20th-century women writers
Recipients of Prime Minister's Prize for Hebrew Literary Works
Burials at Segula Cemetery
Jewish women writers
People from Petah Tikva.
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github_open_source_100_1_82 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | // @flow
import * as React from 'react';
import { View } from 'react-native';
import { Translation, Alert } from '@kiwicom/mobile-localization';
import {
TextInput,
StyleSheet,
TextIcon,
type StylePropType,
TouchableWithoutFeedback,
} from '@kiwicom/mobile-shared';
import { defaultTokens } from '@kiwicom/mobile-orbit';
type Props = {|
+onSecurityCodeChange: (securityCode: string) => void,
+inputWrapperStyle?: StylePropType,
+placeholder?: React.Element<typeof Translation>,
+placeholderStyle?: StylePropType,
+displayLabel: boolean,
|};
export default class SecurityCodeInput extends React.Component<Props> {
static defaultProps = {
displayLabel: true,
};
onPress = () => {
Alert.translatedAlert(
{ id: 'mmb.trip_services.insurance.payment.security_code' },
{
id: 'mmb.trip_services.insurance.payment.security_code.alert_message',
},
);
};
render() {
let label;
let helpIconOffset;
if (this.props.displayLabel) {
label = (
<Translation id="mmb.trip_services.insurance.payment.security_code" />
);
helpIconOffset = styles.helpIconOffset;
}
let placeholderProps;
if (this.props.placeholder != null) {
placeholderProps = {
placeholder: this.props.placeholder,
placeholderStyle: this.props.placeholderStyle,
};
}
return (
<React.Fragment>
<TextInput
label={label}
onChangeText={this.props.onSecurityCodeChange}
keyboardType="numeric"
maxLength={4}
inputWrapperStyle={this.props.inputWrapperStyle}
{...placeholderProps}
/>
<TouchableWithoutFeedback onPress={this.onPress}>
<View style={[styles.helpIcon, helpIconOffset]}>
<TextIcon code="F" style={styles.icon} />
</View>
</TouchableWithoutFeedback>
</React.Fragment>
);
}
}
const styles = StyleSheet.create({
helpIcon: {
position: 'absolute',
end: 0,
padding: 10,
},
helpIconOffset: {
end: 15,
bottom: 2.5,
},
icon: {
color: defaultTokens.paletteProductNormal,
fontSize: 16,
},
});
|
70849352_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Corymbophanes kaiei is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the Potaro River basin in the Essequibo River drainage. It is usually found in fast-moving, sunlit riffles among cobble and submerged logs. The species reaches SL.
References
Ancistrini
Catfish of South America
Fish described in 2000.
|
sn88086023_1909-09-28_1_8_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | KICK PAGES. The Old Way Coffee in Bulk A blend of dirt, dust and the New Way ill-kept Coffee scooped White House into a Paper package. Coffee A choice blend of the best Coffees in the world. Sold whole or ground in air-tight tins. Never in bulk. Standard Grocery Co. 214-216 East Court St. Leading Grocers. AEROGRAM ROM F II EXPECTED REDMEN WILL AWAIT WIRELESS MESSAGE TONIGHT When It Arrives Are-lights Will be Dimmed. American Flag Will be Dipped and ranidc Will Start for Pavilion Many Novel Stunts are Assured. Possibly a wireless message from President Taft will be received this evening by the entertainment committee of the Redmen who have the parade in charge. Negotiations have been going on with this object in view, and the results look very favorable. With the possibility of receiving this wireless, A. C. Koeppen has made full arrangements for the proper recognition should the message be received, and through the courtesy of Dr. Vincent arrangements have been made whereby if the fireless message should be received, a signal will be given to the Electric Company, and they in turn will signal the Pendleton Station, and the operator at the Pendleton station will dim the arc lights upon notice of the beginning of the wireless message. When the current will be turned on full force, which will be a signal for the parade to proceed. If the wireless is received during the dimming of the arc lights, arrangements have been made whereby the stars and stripes will suddenly shoot forth in full view of the public, and the message will be acknowledged by the flag being slightly dipped. The public is advised to station themselves somewhere on West Court street and not on Main street, as this signal can only be viewed looking toward the east, and will be perfectly visible, even though the person is standing three or four blocks on Court street, below Main street. Court street from Cottonwood street, west, will be reserved for the public and from 7:30 until after the parade no vehicles of any kind will be allowed in these three or four blocks. This is for the protection of the public. This order or such orders as the police department decide upon will be enforced by them. The parade will contain any amount of novelties in the formation and march that is usually not found in parades. The committee who have this in charge have made every endeavor to have everything pertaining to this parade contain nothing of the usual or ordinary features. The parade will start promptly at 7:45, formation taking place in front of the courthouse. McElroy's band will leave the pavilion at 7:30 promptly, marching in an unusual form, and the music will be altogether different than what you will expect to find in this line of march from the pavilion in front of the courthouse where they will form, and will head the parade. Following the band will be an emblematical float, which will be followed by the parade in squads or unusual shapes and sizes, and positions. The marchers will halt in front of the Eagle-Woodmen hall where the wireless message will be acknowledged, should it be received, but if not some other stunt will take place. The parade committee has worked out plans which are still being kept "dark" and therefore cannot be given to the public, but undoubtedly it will be one of the most novel parades that has ever taken place in Pendleton. The manager states that if the public wishes to see these novelties demonstrated, you must be on West Court street by 7:45. In and About Pendleton Sues (ill it Not. An action to collect a note for $100 has been filed in the circuit court by A. D. Augustavo against George H. McDonald. Moving to California. Calvin Colo, one of the pioneer residents of Platt county, is moving his family to Napa, California, where they expect to make their home in future. Company L has been out for Inspection and muster this evening, it being the first inspection since the return of the company from camp. The inspection will be by the company officers. Assembly will be at 8:30. St. Louis Recovering. Arlie Siddons, the O. R. & N. passenger brakeman who was seriously injured in a train accident at Huron, Saturday morning, seems to be rapidly recovering from the effects of His injuries and will probably be able to leave the hospital before many days. Will Finish the Robes. Clarence Edmunds, reputed to be one of the most competent workmen of his class, arrived this morning to take a position in the Pendleton woolen mill. He will have charge of the finishing department. Mr. Edmunds is a married man and his family will come to the city later. A Grande Fair Men Here. Seven Union county men who are directly interested in the Union-Walworth district fair are in Pendleton today, investigating the local fair and gathering data and ideas for their own. Those in the party are W. J. Church, P. A. Charlton, F. B. Curry, C. S. Dunn, George H. Curry, A. V. Andrew, and Mac Wood. FESTAL SPIRIT-SABROAD (Continued from Page One.) Milk Crusader Here. Marshall N. Dana, member of the Oregon Daily Journal staff and the man who has covered the pure milk crusade for that paper, is here today. He is in the city to meet the members of the state board of health, all members of the board being here in attendance at the meeting of the eastern Oregon Medical association. Wife Were Affected. That the phone wires between this place and Portland were affected by the aurora borealis Saturday is stated by L. G. McClellan, manager for the Pacific States company. For an hour during the afternoon the long distance service was interrupted owing to the presence of static electricity in the air. At first it was thought that the line was down, but upon investigation the trouble was attributed to the use of the air. Signor E. Croffi Harltono Program Part One. 1. March "Garde du Corps" 2. Scenes from Opera, "Robin Hood" De Koven 3. Cornet Solo Selected Mr. B. F. Driscoll 4. (a) Idyll "The Glow Worm" Llncke (b) Morcean Characteristic "For est Whispers" Losey 5. Speelulty Hurst and Hogan Barrel Jumping Act. 6. Comedy Slack Wire Act "Patsy" 7. Overture "Maritana" Wallace Solos by Mr. Driscoll and Sig. Farrella. Comedy Slack Wire Work (Specialty) Patsy Patriot "The Blue and the Gray" Dalby Stanfield Day. Tomorrow is Stanfield Day and according to Dr. Henry Waldo Coe, every man, woman and child in Stanfield and vicinity will be present, properly decorated with badges. They propose to not only demonstrate that Stanfield Is on the map but that It is growing by leaps and bounds and that the people of that section of the county are loyal to the district fair. Judge Horses Tomorrow. The Judging of horses will commence tomorrow morning at 8 o'clock and as It Is desirous of completing this work before noon, every exhibitor of horses is urged to be present promptly at 8 o'clock so no unnecessary delay may be encountered. Those who are to take part In the riding and driving contests will be given a chance to perform Thursday morning, beginning at 9 o'clock. Stock Parade Tomorrow. One of the big events for tomorrow will be the parade tomorrow afternoon, commencing at 1 o'clock. All the horses and cows on exhibit and an horse who expect to drive or ride for prizes are expected to be in line. As the number of entries is twice as large as In former years the parade will be that much larger. than formerly. This stock has been reduced, Of the winning features of the fair and the reason for holding it so soon is to permit those owners of horses who live in town to take the animals to their own stables as the big stock tent is filled to overflowing. Poultry Men Will Organize. The poultry department is also over-crowded and carpenters have been at work all day constructing more Coops to properly house the fine birds which are on exhibit. Notwithstanding the fact that this is the time of year when chickens look their worst, there are many fine specimens on exhibit. There is also strong talk of organizing a poultry association and making arrangements for a winter show not later than tomorrow and a good program at Orpheum. The program now being shown at the Orpheum theatre is one of the best that Manager Medernach has ever offered the public. The program is a long one and the vaudeville numbers and the pictures are far ahead of the average picture show entertainment. The program will be repeated tonight and tomorrow night. Chance and Perserverance Helped PERRY REACH the NORTH POLE Chance and Perserverance will BUILD YOU A HOME See MARK MOORHOUSE & CO. Farm and City Loans. Bonds, REAL ESTATE Farm and City property. LIFE INS. Burglary Ins., Fire Ins. Washington's Reputation. First began with the Cherry Tree Story OURS by honest dealing with our customers. When you find "18 Karat Gold" stamped on our goods, you can bank on it every time. When a piece of silverware is market "Sterling," you know it's Solid Silver. Wm E. Hanscom, Jeweler Successor to Winslow Bros. O. M. Seacock, Optician. Try an J.,s;e.ia.lly '.h the B!4h state was affected by the aurora borealis AttODdl National Meeting. M. A. Rader of the Rader furniture store, has gone to Portland to attend the sessions of the annual convention of the National Funeral Directors' association. This is the first time this organization has ever met on the coast and It was through the efforts of Under and the other Oregon delegates who attended last year's meeting that the convention was brought to Portland this year. Several hundred funeral directors from all parts of the United States are in attendance and the convention will probably continue throughout the remainder of the week. Here is where you will find the largest and best line of School Books, Pictures School Supplies, Frames Office Supplies, Stationery LATEST COPYRIGHT FICTION Trummeaooie Pair skip Out. Helen Hargrove and Grover Farmer are fugitives from Justice. The latter is charged with assault and battery, while the former, if caught, will be compelled to face a charge of selling liquor in violation of the local option law. The woman has been conducting the Columbia lodging house in this city for several months and in the course of that time her line has been raided by the police no less than three or four times. All the way from one to four persons have been arrested as the result of each raid. Some time ago Farmer was ordered to leave town, but when Chief of Police Ourdane raided the place again Sunday morning it was found he had returned to town. He was arrested and locked up but released on bail. Some time later when he was sought on a more serious charge it was found no and the woman had fled. TOYS Large shipment of new toys just received. Send the children in to see them. TOYS You'll find a larger stock and right prices at NELSON'S 'The flax store.' 710 Main Street. PRESIDENT AMISS HIS POLICIES, 'Continued From Page One.) The change in the conditions that special provision should be made in the interests of the public for their transfer to private control." Pledged to Roosevelt Political. Taft discussed the conservation of coal and oil lands. He said his administration was pledged to the Roosevelt policies, but this does not involve him in obligations unless he has congressional power to carry them out. But he does require him to use every legitimate means to influence congress to enact legislation enabling him to carry out the Roosevelt policies. He discussed, however, that the secretary could be counted on to use the great influence of his office to promote the conservation of resources. Tomorrow afternoon, if present arrangements are carried out, a very interesting speaking program will be given. Dr. Andrew C. Smith, who was originally scheduled to speak today, will talk upon the subject of pure food. Incidentally, he may touch upon some matters that are now very live topics in this state. Hon. J. N. Teal of Portland, is also upon the program tomorrow, while Dr. H. W. Coe and Grant B. Dimick of Oregon City, are also slated to speak. PRESIDENT RISKS LIFE IN DEATH DEFYING AUTOS Spokane, Sept. 28. If President Taft is not smashed, an auto wreck before his western trip is completed, he will be the luckiest man that ever lived. In half of the towns visited, he is whirled over bad streets and worse roads at death defying speed and it is a miracle that he has thus far escaped serious injury from skidding wheels or breaking of the machine. No president beforever faced this danger, in Roosevelt's famous trip he rode in carriages drawn by horses. Taft likes autos and the finest and best are placed at his disposal everywhere. Speed laws are forgotten and the chauffeur hits the high places. Those accompanying Taft are thankful when every ride is ended. 2. 3. 4. IVoirmrii at the Grand. Motion pictures "1776, or the Hessian Renegade." "Hillposters Trials." Manufacture of Hambo Hats." "An Incident of the Revolutionary War." Vaudeville Acts 1. Andville Sisters. 2. Holy Girl, by request, in his old Mad Act. Song "When the Little Old You Love Thinks of You." Sung by George High. 1:30, the Or, eon ' Have You De fective Vision? Road Has no Fatalities. Milwaukee, Kept. 2. The Chicago & Northwestern railway, which carried 27,000,000 passengers last year, joins the Pennsylvania with a record free from fatalities. To this roll of honor the name of Any other concern, the railroad will cheerfully be added. It makes no difference when I make a statement. There are some defects of vision which are hard to detect, except by a scientific examination, and if not corrected in time may run onto something serious indeed. For your own satisfaction, let our eye sight specialist examine them. Wm E. Hanscom, Jeweler. O. M. Heacock, Eyesight Specialist. FALL SUITS, OVERCOATS with Style, Value. The clothes your Sweetheart likes. They keep men young. $20.00 to $40.00 all menfolk wear, at the Big Boston Store Where You Trade to Save. American National Bank Depository for United States, State of Oregon Umatilla County and City of Pendleton. Capital Surplus and Profits, Total Resources $100,000 $162,000 $1,450,000 Interest paid on Time Deposits. SAFETY DEPOSIT BOXES FOR RENT. Who Said Chicken? WE ALWAYS HAVE THEM. YOUNG HENS, OIL HENS AND SONS THAT ARE NOT HENS AT A. I. Phone Your Order Night Before to Main 536. East End Grocery. |
github_open_source_100_1_83 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #!/usr/bin/env python
import sys
from os.path import dirname, realpath
proj_dir = dirname(dirname(dirname(realpath(__file__))))
sys.path.append(proj_dir+"/scripts/")
from launcher import Launcher
hostfile = "machinefiles/20nodes"
progfile = "release/PageRankBsp"
schedulerfile = "release/SchedulerMain"
common_params = {
"scheduler" : "proj99",
"scheduler_port" : "33227",
"hdfs_namenode" : "proj99",
"hdfs_port" : 9000,
}
program_params = {
"url" : "/datasets/graph/webuk-adj",
"num_vertices" : 133633040,
# "url" : "/datasets/graph/google-adj",
# "num_vertices" : 427554,
"num_local_threads" : 20,
"num_parts" : 1000,
"combine_type" : "kShuffleCombine",
"num_iters" : 10, # write every num_iters
"staleness" : 0,
"pr_url" : "/tmp/tmp/yz/tmp/0408/pr/",
"topk_url" : "/tmp/tmp/yz/tmp/0408/tmp2/topk-10",
}
scheduler_params = {
"dag_runner_type" : "sequential",
}
env_params = (
"GLOG_logtostderr=true "
"GLOG_v=-1 "
"GLOG_minloglevel=0 "
# this is to enable hdfs short-circuit read (disable the warning info)
# change this path accordingly when we use other cluster
# the current setting is for proj5-10
# "LIBHDFS3_CONF=/data/opt/course/hadoop/etc/hadoop/hdfs-site.xml"
"LIBHDFS3_CONF=/data/opt/hadoop-2.6.0/etc/hadoop/hdfs-site.xml"
)
dump_core = False
l = Launcher(schedulerfile, progfile, hostfile,
common_params, scheduler_params, program_params, env_params,
dump_core)
l.Launch(sys.argv)
|
US-29661D-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Improvement in scythe-fasteners
C. L. BARRITT.
Scythe Fastening.
No. 29,661. Patented Aug. 21, 1860.
7 Mimi/10' W W 4 M/XM N, PETERS. Phelu-Llhwgm c.
UNITED STATES PATENT ()FFICE,
CHARLES BARRITT, OF'NEW YORK, N. Y.
lM PROVEM ENT IN SCYTHE- FASTENERS.
Specification forming part of Letters Patent No. 29,661, dated August 21, 1860.
of the city, county, and State of New York,
have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Scythe-Fasteners; and I do hereby declare the following to be a full description of the same.
The nature of my invention relates to fastening scythes to the handles of scythes by attaching to the end of the handle, by any suitable means, a plate of metal having a center hole, and in its face a countersunk seat commencing at the center hole and expandingoutward, so as to conform to the shape of the shank of the scythe, though a little larger, so as to permit the scythe being hung with a greater or less sweep to accommodate the varying lengths of scythes and the conveniences of the mowers. This is done by small wedges of wood prepared by the mowers, and adjusted between the opposite edges of the shank of the scythe and the sides or flangesofthe countersunk seat. \Vhen thus adjusted a capplate is put upon them, and by means of a ring on the end of the scythe-handle and an iron wedge the whole are clamped together to form a solid fixture.
To describe my invention more particularly I will refer to the accompanying drawings, forming a part of this specification, the same letters of reference, wherever they occur, referring to like parts.
Figure 1 is a profile view of the scythe-handle and scythe attached thereto. Fig. 2 is a longitudinal cut section of the same through the line :0 m, Fig. 1. Fig. 3 is adetached view of the fastener-plate, having the shank of the scythe secured therein by wood wedges for the purpose ofregulatingthe hang ofthe scythe. Fig. 4 is a detached view of the cap-plate.
Letter (0 is the scythe-handle, having its end chamtered or flattened for the purpose of adjustinga scythe-fastener metal plate, I), thereon by means of screws 0 or other suitable devices. The form of this plate is an oblong square. In its upper face is formed a triangular countersunk seat, terminating at the apex, near the lower end of the plate, in a center hole, d, passing entirely through the plate.
Letters 6 are marginal ledges or flanges, about three-eighths of an inch deep, formed by thecountersinking of the seat. The, object of these sides or ledges is to form a support for the shankf of the scythe to rest against, or
against small adjustable wedges 9, when interposed between the edges of the shank of the scythe and the ledges forming the sides of the countersunk seat, so that the scythe may be hung at any desired sweep of stroke to accommodate its length and at the same time the efiectiveness of the stroke.
Letter h is a cap-plate, adjusted upon the fastener-plate so as to overlie the shank of the scythe, and adjustable wedges for holding it. The object of this is to hold the adjustable wedges firmly between the edges of the shank and sides of the countersunk seat, so that they cannot get out of place, and at the same time prevent their being crushed or splintered, as would be the case if not compressed by the cap-plate on their edges. It is contemplated that the wedges 9 will be made of wood, and thus leave the forming of the wedges to the mower to adjust to suit his own ideas of the best adjustment of the hang of the scythe. Iron wedges, therefore, are not desirable, unless great numbers Were to be used, besides their cost and liability to getting lost. And as adjusting-screws are adding greatly to the cost ofthe fastener, as well as their liability to loose their hold, consequentupou the constant jar of the scythe and by rusting, they have not been found practically as useful as wedges made of some hard wood, which, if confined, as
in my invention, they grow tighter in their places, in consequence of the absorption of the moisture from the grass, and thus, in fact, subserve a more useful purpose than any metallic attachment.
-To hold the cap-plate down upon the shank of the scythe and wedges, I use the common and well-known ring 9 and wedge It used by farmers generally to fasten the scythe and handle together.
Having now described my invention, 1 will proceed to set forth what I claim and desire to secure by Letters lfatentof the United States- The plate I), as described, for adjusting and holding the shank of a scythe by means ofadjustable wood or other wedges, in combination with the cap-plate h, andringand wedge j and k, or their equivalents, when used for the purposes hereinbefore set forth.
CHARLES L. BARRITT.
Witnesses:
RoB'r. S. RoWLEY, B. RowLEY.
|
github_open_source_100_1_84 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.2;
/**
Contrato RegistroCliente, Contiene todas las funciones para manejar un registro de clientes en
un contrato, puede pensarse como algo similar a añadir una capa de autenticación a una aplicación web
*/
contract RegistroCliente {
// Estructura de Cliente
struct Cliente {
bytes32 nombre;
address direccion;
int saldo;
bool existe;
}
mapping(address => Cliente) public clientes; // Mapa de Clientes
address[] internal listaClientes; // Lista de las direcciones de los clientes
// Modificadores de verificación
modifier clienteRegistrado{
require(clientes[msg.sender].existe, "El cliente no esta registrado");
_;
}
modifier clienteAlDia virtual{
require(clientes[msg.sender].saldo >= 0, "El cliente no esta al dia");
_;
}
// Funciones de interés para un registro de Clientes
/**
* Registra un cliente en el contrato e inicia su saldo
*/
function registrarCliente(bytes32 _nombre) public returns(bool) {
require(!clientes[msg.sender].existe, "El cliente ya esta registrado");
Cliente memory cliente = Cliente(_nombre, msg.sender, 0, true);
clientes[msg.sender] = cliente;
listaClientes.push(msg.sender);
return true;
}
/*
* Obtiene el saldo de una cliente registrado.
*/
function obtenerSaldo() public clienteRegistrado view returns (int) {
return clientes[msg.sender].saldo;
}
/*
* Modifica el saldo de un cliente con la dirección brindada
* la función es virtual y los contratos que hereden de este podrían
* modificarla
*/
function modificarSaldo(address dirCliente, int valor) virtual public returns(int) {
clientes[dirCliente].saldo += valor;
return clientes[dirCliente].saldo;
}
}
/*
* Contrato TieneCreador, brinda las capacidades para que un contrato tenga creador
*/
contract TieneCreador {
address payable public creador; // Dirección del Creador del Contrato
constructor(){
creador = payable(msg.sender);
}
modifier esCreador{
require(msg.sender == creador, "Debe ser el creador del contrato");
_;
}
}
/*
* Contrato Destructible, brinda las capacidades para que un contrato sea destructible
*/
contract Destructible is TieneCreador{
/*
* Función para destruir el contrato, solo puede ser llamada por el creador
* y puede ser modificada
*/
function destruir() esCreador virtual public {
selfdestruct(creador);
}
}
/*
* Contrato RegistroTransaccion, contiene todas las funciones para manejar un registro de
* transacciones en un contrato.
*/
contract RegistroTransaccion{
// Estructura de una Transaccion
struct Transaccion {
address direccion;
int monto;
}
Transaccion[] public transacciones; // Lista de transacciones
// Funciones de interés para un registro de Clientes
/*
* Registra una transacción en la lista de transacciones
*/
function registrarTransaccion(Transaccion memory _transaccion) virtual public returns(bool){
transacciones.push(_transaccion);
return true;
}
/*
* Sumariza el monto total de todas las transacciones
*/
function sumarizar() virtual internal returns(int){
int balance = 0;
for (uint256 i = 0; i < transacciones.length; i++) {
balance += transacciones[i].monto;
}
return balance;
}
/*
* Sumariza el monto total de todas las transacciones de una dirección
*/
function sumarizarPorDireccion(address direccion) virtual public returns (int){
int balance = 0;
for (uint256 i = 0; i < transacciones.length; i++) {
if(transacciones[i].direccion == direccion){
balance += transacciones[i].monto;
}
}
return balance;
}
}
/*
* Contrato Tienda, representa una tienda en la que se puede comprar y fiar, hereda múltiples contratos
* de utilidad, la tienda necesita registrar clientes, transacciones, debe tener un creador y debe poder
* 'destruirse'
*/
contract Tienda is RegistroCliente, RegistroTransaccion, TieneCreador, Destructible {
struct Producto {
string nombre;
uint precio; // Precio en Wei
bool existe; // Variable de control para verificación de existencia
}
mapping(string => Producto) private productos; // Mapa de productos
/**
* Función para realizar la compra de un producto, puede ser llamada por cualquiera, requiere que el
* el cliente esté registrado y no tenga deudas, se debe enviar el dinero en la llamada
* _producto Nombre del producto a comprar
**/
function comprar(string memory _producto) public payable clienteRegistrado clienteAlDia returns(bool) {
Producto memory producto = productos[_producto];
// Verificar restricciones del producto
require(producto.existe, "El producto no existe");
uint precio = producto.precio;
require(precio == msg.value, "El valor enviado es diferente al del producto");
Transaccion memory transaccion = Transaccion(msg.sender,int(precio));
// Registrar la compra
registrarTransaccion(transaccion);
return true;
}
/**
* Función para fiar un producto, puede ser llamada por cualquiera, requiere que el cliente esté
* registrado y no tenga deudas, no se envía dinero al llamarse la función, registrar esta compra fiada
* representará una deuda para el cliente
* _producto Nombre del producto a comprar
**/
function fiar(string memory _producto) public clienteRegistrado clienteAlDia returns(bool){
Producto memory producto = productos[_producto];
require(producto.existe, "El producto no existe");
uint precio = producto.precio;
Transaccion memory transaccion = Transaccion(msg.sender,int(precio));
modificarSaldo(msg.sender, -int(precio));
// Registrar la compra
registrarTransaccion(transaccion);
return true;
}
/**
* Función para visualizar la deuda del cliente que la llama, requiere que el cliente esté registrado
**/
function verDeuda() public clienteRegistrado view returns(int) {
int deuda = clientes[msg.sender].saldo;
require(deuda < 0, "El cliente no tiene deudas");
return -deuda;
}
/**
* Función para pagar la deuda que tiene el cliente que la llama, requiere que el cliente esté registrado,
* se debe enviar la cantidad exacta de wei que se debe con la llamada
**/
function pagarDeuda() public clienteRegistrado payable returns(bool){
int deuda = clientes[msg.sender].saldo;
require(deuda < 0, "El cliente no tiene deudas");
clientes[msg.sender].saldo += int(msg.value);
return true;
}
/*
* Función para obtener la suma de dinero gastado por un cliente en la tienda, sobreescribe
* la función del padre para restarle el saldo que debe el cliente por compras fiadas
*/
function sumarizarPorDireccion(address direccion) override public returns (int){
int saldo = clientes[direccion].saldo;
int balance = RegistroTransaccion.sumarizarPorDireccion(direccion);
return balance + saldo;
}
}
/*
* Contrato Banco, representa un banco en el que los clientes pueden prestar, depositar y sacar dinero,
* debe registrar clientes y las transacciones con la bolsa del banco que hagan los mismos, debe ser destructible
*/
contract Banco is RegistroCliente, RegistroTransaccion, TieneCreador, Destructible {
uint public dinero = 0; // Bolsa de dinero del Banco
/*
* Función que permite a un cliente prestar dinero del banco, siempre y cuando el cliente
* esté al día (no tenga deudas con el banco) y el banco tenga el dinero que quieren prestar
*/
function prestar(uint monto) public clienteRegistrado clienteAlDia returns(bool){
require(dinero > monto, "El banco no tiene fondos suficientes para prestar dinero");
clientes[msg.sender].saldo -= int(monto);
dinero -= monto;
Transaccion memory transaccion = Transaccion(msg.sender,-int(monto));
registrarTransaccion(transaccion);
payable(msg.sender).transfer(monto);
return true;
}
/*
* Función que permite a un cliente depositar dinero en el banco banco, depositar dinero
* incrementa su saldo
*/
function depositar() payable public clienteRegistrado returns(bool){
clientes[msg.sender].saldo += int(msg.value);
dinero += msg.value;
Transaccion memory transaccion = Transaccion(msg.sender,int(msg.value));
registrarTransaccion(transaccion);
return true;
}
/*
* Función que permite a un cliente sacar dinero que ha depositado previamente, en caso
* de que el banco no tenga el dinero del cliente, enviarle todo el dinero disponible
*/
function sacar(uint monto) public clienteRegistrado clienteAlDia returns(bool) {
require(int(monto) <= clientes[msg.sender].saldo, "No puede sacar mas dinero del que tiene");
if (monto > dinero){
monto = dinero;
}
clientes[msg.sender].saldo -= int(monto);
dinero -= monto;
Transaccion memory transaccion = Transaccion(msg.sender, -int(monto));
transacciones.push(transaccion);
payable(msg.sender).transfer(monto);
return true;
}
/*
* Función de destrucción del banco, se encarga de devolver todo el dinero posible
* a los clientes que tengan dinero depositado en el banco, finalmente llama la función de destrucción
* del padre
*/
function destruir() esCreador override public{
for (uint256 i = 0; i < listaClientes.length; i++) {
address dirCliente = listaClientes[i];
int saldo = clientes[dirCliente].saldo;
if (saldo > 0){
if (uint(saldo) >= dinero){
payable(dirCliente).transfer(dinero);
break;
}else{
dinero -= uint(saldo);
payable(dirCliente).transfer(uint(saldo));
}
}
}
Destructible.destruir();
}
} |
accountofbritish00theorich_7 | English-PD | Public Domain | Head dull yellow to brown ; proboscis and palpi yellow ; antennae brown ; base yellow. Antennae twice the length of thorax in the $ \ about the same length as thorax in the ? . Pectus and sides of the thorax yellowish-red. Wings having the prae-brachial areolet closed by two veinlets, which form an acute angle, the hind one longer than the fourth longitudinal vein before its fork. Anal vein very short. Abdomen club-shaped ; blackish-brown ; testaceous beneath ; with testaceous bands for half the length from the base ; the base testaceous in the ? ; brown in the $ . The ovi- positor is composed of three angular valves ; the lamellae thin and oval. The colour varies in the male. The legs testaceous ; spurs 1 20 AN A ceo UNT OF BRITISH FLIES. short; tarsi brown; tibiae dark; very short spurs in hind ones. Length, 2 J to 3 lin. {R. maculosa, Zett. R. discoidea, Zett. M. zonata, Steph. This is a common species, reddish-yellow in appearance, wiih testaceous ventral surface. The palpi and antennae are testaceous ; the latter dark at the base. The two veinlets, which form the prae- brachial areolet, make a right angle ; the posterior one very much larger than the fore one ; about three times the length of the fourth longitudinal vein before its fork ; the hind branch curved. The anal vein extends far beyond fork of fourth longitudinal vein. The abdo- men is brownish-black, with four testaceous bands on the fore segments ; the extremity of the abdomen is testaceous. The legs are long and slender, dark reddish-brown ; tarsi almost black ; spurs long; very small on hind tibiae; the fore tibiae much shorter than fore metatarsi. Length, ij to 2 lin. There are four other British species of this genus ; viz., truncata, Wtz. ; maculosa, Mg. ; selecia, Wlk. ; and sericea^ Mg. Genus. — Dynatosoma, Wtz. = Mycetophila, Mg. This genus much resembles Mycetophila. There are two ocelli only. The base of the fourth hmd areolet is 7nuch more distant from the base of the wing than is the base of the seco?td hind areolet. r\ X ' • TVT [M.fuscicornis, Mg. D. fnscicorms, Mg. = \ ^/^ , ' ^ KM. prceusta, Staeg. This is the only species of this genus found in Britain. It was formerly included in the Mycetophilae, and was described as one by Walker ; but it is now raised to a distinct genus by Winnertz. The imago is blackish-brown; thorax tawny in front, with three dark-brown spots ; palpi yellowish. Antennae yellowish at the base ; abdomen with a white tomentum beneath ; legs yellowish ; tarsi brownish; tips of posterior femora dark-brown; fore-tibiae long. Wings grayish-brown, with two distinct brown spots, one on the tip of the prae-brachial areolet and of the fork of the fourth longitudinal vein, the other near the costa ; fifth longitudinal vein forked ; sixth does not extend to the fork of the fifth. Length ij to 2 lin. Found in the autumn and winter. Genus. — Exechia = Mycetophila, Mg. The ocelli two, small. Sides of the thorax with bristles. Abdomen THE MYCETOPHILIDM. 121 club-shaped, flattened at the sides. Wings somewhat short Base of fourth hind areolet much nearer the base of wing than is base of the second hind areolet. Petiole of second hind areolet long. Fourth longitudinal vein short. Larvae live in fungi. E.fungorum, Vig. — M.fusca^ Latr., Mg. This is a fairly common species. The larvae living in the pileus of Boletus and other fungi. Imago dark-brown. Head brown, palpi and antennae yellowish- red; the latter dark-brown at the tip, very slender, and about the length of thorax. Thorax brown, tawny on each side; with grayish and small black hairs on parts. Abdomen blackish-brown, with tawny extremity. Pincers small and tawny. Wings with a brownish tinge ; the veinlets of the prae-brachial areolet forming a slightly obtuse angle, the hind one much longer than the fore one, and about four times as long as the sub-apical vein before its fork. The anal (sixth longitudinal vein) does not extend as far as the fork of the fifth longitudinal vein. Legs pale yellow, slender ; tarsi brown; hind tibiae with minute spines and very long spurs. Length 2 to 2J lin. (M. guttivenfris, Mg. E. lateralis. ^'^~ f,Mg. = { M. seriata, Zett. This is another fairly common British species. It is dark brown, with testaceous ventral surface. Head brown; antennae testaceous at base, dark brown at distal extremity, about as long as thorax. The thorax, which is brown, and covered in parts by minute gray and black hairs, is testaceous or tawny at the sides. The abdomen has five triangular testaceous spots on each side, the second and the third each forming a band above. The wings have the veinlets of the prae-brachial areolet forming a slightly acute angle, the hind one nearly eight times the length of the fore one; the anal does not extend to the fork of sub-anal. The legs are long and slender and testaceous; spurs long; tarsi brown. Length ij to 2 lin. These are the only two common species in this genus, but the following also occur in England : leptura, Mg., dorsalis, Staeg., indecisa^ Wlk., tarsata, Staeg., leioides, Wlk., ferruginea^ Wlk., flava, Wlk., zxid^fuscula, Wlk. Genus. — Allodia, Slender, tawny or brownish-black genus. Antennae sometimes cone-shaped. Resembles Eymosia, but the petiole of the second hind areolet is long. 122 AN A ceo UNT OF BRITISH FLIES. A. crassuornis, Stan. = j^' ^«'!^">^' ^'^^S' \M. Spinicoxa^ Zett. This is a dark species. Tlie head is yellowish-red ; the palpi are yellowish. Antennae testaceous at the base. Antennae are stout, and in the $ longer than the thorax; in the ? they are shorter and lanceolate. Head and thorax covered with a gray tomentum. The thorax has a reddish-yellow stripe on each side; these two stripes are broadest in front. The abdomen is yellowish- red (yellow according to Schiner) on the ventral surface, and also on the hinder parts of each segment. The ovipositor and male genitalia are testaceous, and sometimes brown. The wings have a yellowish tinge ; the hind veinlet of the prae-brachial areolet about twice the length of the fore one. The anal does not extend to fork of sub-anal. The legs are yellowish-brown, and fairly long; tibiae and tarsi brown; fore tibia much shorter than the fore metatarsi. The spurs and spines on the posterior tibiae long. Length 2 to 2 J lin. Fairly common at times. (M. grata^ Mg. A. ornaticollis^ Mg. = \M. lugenSy Mg. \M. analis. This is also a common species. It is testaceous, some almost dark brown. The head is dark brown, and the vertex has a white tomentum. The thorax is also blackish-brown, the sides having a white tomentum. The proboscis and palpi reddish-yellow ; antennae dark brown, yellowish at the base. The abdomen seems to be liable to a large amount of variation, and there seem to be three distinct types of variation : (a) Blackish-brown, with small yellowish patches { = ornati- collis) ; (/?) Entirely blackish-brown, with bright incisions (helleren Einschnitten) = lugens ; (7) Or blackish-brown, with triangular yellowish patches from the second to the fourth segment, and with testaceous anal segment {= grata). Walker, again, describes his ornaticollis as having a large triangular blackish-brown spot on each dorsal segment. The legs are moderately long and testaceous ; tarsi brown ; posterior tibiae having longish spines; the anterior tibiae are much shorter than the anterior meta- tarsi. The wings are transparent and grayish, the costa and its neighbourhood being tinged with yellowish-red. Length i J to 2 J lin. THE MYCETOPHILID^. 123 Genus. — Mycoihera. Moderately small, dark brown and yellowish-brown genus ; wings with brown markings. Head round. Fourth joint of palpi long. Antenna i6-jointed. Eyes roundish; ocelli small, the middle one standing in a little cavity. Abdomen 6 or 7-jointed; hypopygium small. The wings large, and the petiole of the second hind areolet is short, not long as in Exechia. M. semifusca, Mg. This is a dark brown species, and, according to Walker, it has a gray tomentum. The head is brown. The thorax is also dark brown, with a testaceous spot on each side, has bright yellowish hairs on it. x\bdomen dark brown ; the $ genitalia small ; the ovipositor tawny ; lamellae brown. Palpi testaceous. Antennae brown, about length of the thorax, testaceous at the base. Wings marked with pale brown across the middle and at the tips. Legs testaceous, tibiae and tarsi brown ; posterior femora also brown at their distal extremity ; spines on posterior tibiae very small. The anterior tibiae longer than anterior metatarsi. Length \\ \.o ij lin. This does not appear to be a common species, nor does the other one that is found in England, viz., M. dimidiata^ S\.2iQg.= ocellus, Wlk. Genus. — Brachycampta, Wtz. The costal vein ending a little before the tip of the wing ; base of fourth hind areolet much nearer base of wing than is base of second hind areolet. Metamorphosis unknown. B. bicolor, Macq. This gnat varies from rusty yellow to brown, with a grayish tinge. Head brown ; thorax brown and testaceous pectus ; abdomen testa- ceous, with brown markings. Anal segment small ; palpi testaceous ; antennae brown or black, testaceous at base, stout, shorter than thorax. Wings yellowish, with a brownish tinge. Legs yellowish ; tarsi brown ; the posterior tibiae have only a few spines, and very long spurs ; anterior tibiae nearly same length as the anterior meta- tarsi. This is an uncommon species, and the only one of the genus found in England. Length ij to 2 lin. Genus. — Docosia, Wtz. The base of the fourth hi?id areolet is in a line with that of the second hind areolet. Head oval, proboscis short ; palpi bent, 4-jointed — first joint small, the fourth flat and very long. Antennae i6-jointed ; 1 24 AN A ceo UNT OF BRITISH FLIES. eyes round, ocelli three. Abdomen cylindrical, 7 segments, anal segment and $ genitalia small ; ovipositor short, two small lamellae. The larvae live in fungi and rotten wood. The gnats are found in woods and thickets. D. sciarina^ Mg. = J/, gilvtpes, Hal. This is a slightly ferruginous gnat, covered by whitish hairs. Palpi yellow ', antennae blackish-brown and thick \ the second joint has a long hair above. Eyes dark and oval; ocelli three in number, almost in a straight line. Thorax ferruginous. Wings minutely pubescent ; first, second, and third veins reddish-brown : " Das steile Basalstiick der dritten Langsader liegt verder Basis der Gabel der vierten Langsader, bei S. valda liegtes jenseits dieser Basis." The legs are rather stout and thick, tibiae darker than femora ; a thick row of small spines on posterior tibiae, the spines are stouter in the hind tibiae ; tarsi brown. Length \\ to 2 lin. Winnertz found the larvae in Boletus-scaber and edulis, and in Hydnum repajidum ; also in rotten wood. The species D. valida is also found in England. It has a chocolate thorax, and is much darker than sciarina. It appears in May. Genus. — Fhronia, Wtz. This genus has been admirably worked out by Dziedzicki,* and a most detailed and true classification has been brought forward by him. After giving the characters of this genus and the two British species, I will then give a short account of the method of classifica- tion he has adopted. Characters of genus : Moderately small, rusty yellow to brown in colour. Head roundish, and segment large. Anterior tarsi always longer than the tibia. Wings rather short, costa extends now and then beyond the apex of the third longitudinal. The first longitudinal vein generally incomplete, sometimes it ends at the costa ; fourth longitudinal vein with short petiole ; the fifth with a long petiole and generally a very small fork ; sixth and seventh longitudinal veins rudimentary. F, austriaca, Wtz. Head yellowish-brown. Palpi yellow. Antennae brown ; first segment yellow. Thorax yellow, with three dark brown stripes, which are confluent at their origin. Halteres yellow, or whitish- yellow. Abdomen of six segments, dark brown above, yellowish- * Ent. Hor. Rosslandae, t. xxiii., 1889. THE MYCETOPHILIDyE. 125 brown beneath. Legs yellow ; tarsi of the anterior legs 2-3 times longer than the tibiae of the corresponding legs ; the tibiae are in the same proportion to the corresponding metatarsi. The ovipositor : the pars basalia supera with a deep angular hollow on the posterior side, and with a slight arched depression on the sides ; the w hole ex ternal surface of .the lamella almost bare, and not clothed with any little hairs. The pars basalia infer a : the posterior border notched in form of a parenthesis, and covered by a single row of small hairs. The anterior lamella cylindrical, with the surface covered by delicate hairs ; the superior edge has also a single row of long hairs. The posterior lamella small, pyriform. Length \\ to \\ lin. They appear in May, June, July and August, according to Dziedzicki. P. nitidiventris^ V. d. Wulp. The larvae of this species live in rotten wood. The $ organs blackish-brown. The posterior border of the lamifta basalis is divided into three blunt lobes by two moderately deep cuneiform depressions ; the middle lobe is the largest and more convex than the lateral ; the external surface is covered by delicate hairs. The forceps inferior is almost rectangular in form, the ex- ternal border larger than the internal ; the posterior border furnished by a row of strong and also long hairs \ the whole external surface covered by delicate hairs. The forceps superior, sickle-shaped (faucilliforjne), furnished on the posterior borders and on the internal with small hairs; in the middle of this last piece is a triangular lamella furnished on its superior border with a row of strong hairs ; on the external parts of the forceps are found mem- branous lamellae with rows of rods {baguettes). Ovipositor brown. The pars basalis supera: the posterior border is notched with three semicircular depressions, the middle one much deeper than the lateral ones ; the external surface is bare, and there is a fine and long hair at the posterior angle. The pars basalis infera is a truncated triangle in form, with the posterior angles rounded ; the external surface and posterior border are covered by delicate hairs. The ant., or superior lamella, is heart-shaped, depressed in a deep arch on the posterior surface ; the external surface covered by minute hairs. The post, or inferior lamella, is in the form of a button, and is furnished with some short and strong hairs. Length ij to \\ lin. The imago is found in May, June, July and August. The descriptions of these two British examples of the genus Phronia are taken from Dziedzicki's monograph of the genus. He 126 AN ACCOUNT OF BRITISH FLIES. bases his classification and specific characters on the sexual organs, viz., the Hypopygium or $ copulatory organs, and the ovipositor (Legerohre or $ ). The great importance of these two parts cannot be over-estimated, as they form the most decisive specific characters. The colour and nervation of the wings, etc., cannot be relied on, especially in the Mycetids, where the variation seems to be very great, and although, as pointed out by Professor Mik, the use of the hypopygium and ovipositor as specific characters necessitates the destruction of the species, it is far better to do so and thus find out what the true species are, than to be adding numbers of species, which are mere variations in colour and nervation. Is it not far better to have the hypopygium or ovipositor of an insect identified than the perfect fly which we cannot definitely identify? The great importance of these organs cannot be valued enough as specific dis- tinctions. I will now give an account of the Hypopygiutn and Ovipositor {pi the genus Phronia). The Hypopygium (Fig. 24). This is composed of the following Fig. 24. — $ genitalia = hypopygium of Phronia. I. and II. A = IaminDS basalis ; B = lam. superae ; c = forceps superior, D forceps inferior ; III. = forceps superior. parts: (i.) lamina basalis ; (ii.) lamincB superce ; {u\.) forceps inferior ; i^iw.) forceps superior ; (v.) and the appendix ijiterfia, or adminiculum. (i.) The lamina basalis^ which forms the greater part of the hypopygium, is attached to the sixth abdominal segment by the modified two last segments (seventh and eighth^. The posterior surface of the lamina is indented in various THE MYCETOFHILIDJS. 127 ways in the different species ; the forceps join the poste- rior surface. (ii.) The lamince superce. are two in number and lanceolate. They cover the summit of the lamina basalis. They are movable, and easily elevated upwards or downwards. There are two plates at the base of the laminae. (iii.) The forceps inferior simple, often notched and curved in various ways, and very hairy. This part forms a great specific character. (iv.) The y^r<r^/5 ^//?/f/'/<5'r formed of three distinct parts : (i) The " trone " (<^), which varies a great deal in form. (2) The "lamella" (<:), which is generally a triangular plate, the superior border being furnished with spines, which are long and strong. (3) The " membranous lamella " {a). This is wrinkled in various ways and furnished with recumbent, horizontal rows of rods {baguettes)^ smooth and compact. There is also another lamella present, joined to this, oblong in form and variable in shape, directed towards the interior ; a few hairs present. (v.) The appendix interna^ or admi7iiculu7n. This is found to be present in the middle of the basal lamella and beneath the two laminae superse. They are small structures, and not easily found in Mycetids. The Ovipositor (Legerohre). This is also composed of five parts : The pars basalis supera ; the pars basalis infer a ; the lamellce ante- r lores ; the lamellcB posteriores, and the vaginula. (Vide Fig. 25.) (i.) Fars basalis supera (a). This corresponds to the eighth dorsal abdominal segment. It is a simple plate, which is indented on the posterior border in various ways. (ii.) The pars basalis infera (e). This corresponds to the eighth ventral abdominal segment. It is also a simple piece, with various indentations in the different species. (iii.) The lamellce afiteriores (b) are movable plates of various shapes, the superior border being edged with a few long hairs. (iv.) The lamellce posteriores (c) are joined to the lam. ant., and are surmounted on their summit or extremity by short, strong hairs. (v.) The vaginula (d). This underlies the ant. and post, lamellae. Of course these parts vary, not only in each family, but in each genus and species ; their study is at present in a very unsatisfactory state 128 AN ACCOUNT OF BRITISH FLIES. By this means alone will a satisfactory separation of the species of Mycetophilidce, be accomplished. The paper from which this has / Fig. 25. — ? genitalia = ovipositor (Legerohre) oi Phronia. been mainly compiled shows amply the great specific importance of the structure of the sexual organs. Genus. — Sceptonia, Wtz. This is a small, dark-coloured genus. The middle tibia has one row of black spines on its inner surface. The costa passes beyond the apex of the third longitudinal. The anal is incomplete (sixth), and the seventh longitudinal vein is very long. The larvae live in fungi and rotten wood. The gnats are found in shady woods. S. nigra, Mg. This is a black species, about ij to i^ lin. in length. The head is black ; the palpi testaceous ; the antennae black, testaceous at the base. The anal segment and hypopygium testaceous ; the ovipositor brown, with yellow lamellae. Legs testaceous; tarsi brown; black tips to femora ; fore tibiae longer than fore metatarsi. Wings yellowish or with a brownish-yellow tinge (Walker describes them as gray). This fly appears in woods and thickets fairly plentifully from April to October. Genus. — Zygomyia, Wtz. Head roundish ; proboscis short ; palpi, eyes, and ocelli as in Exechia. Forehead drawn forward in a triangular shape ; head with THE MYCETOPHILIDAi. 129 anterior border somewhat projecting. Legs tolerably long, anterior ones shortened ; femora strong and thick ; posterior femora very thick ; tibiae strong, club-shaped, spurred ; anterior ones devoid of spines ; posterior with two rows of strong lateral spines ; posterior tarsi with fine spines. Abdomen 6 to 7 jointed ; $ genitalia small. Wings minutely hairy. Z. noiata, Stan. This is a blackish-brown insect ; head dark brown ; palpi yellow ; antennas brown, with yellow base ; glistening yellowish-gray hairs on the abdomen. Anal segment small, yellowish. Ovipositor and lamellae brown. Legs testaceous, the apex of the hind femora brown. V/ings with a yellowish-gray tinge ; root and costa yellow, with a discal brown spot. Length, f to ij lin. This gnat is found in woods and copses, the larvae living in rotten wood. There are the following also found in Britain : Valida^ Wtz. (Verb. d. Zool. Bot., Ges. xiii., 902-1. 1863.) Pictipennis^ Staeg. (Staeger, Kroj., Tidskr. iii., 266-41. 1840). Vara^ Staeg., ibid.^ 42 ; diXid paludosa^ Staeg. Genus. — Azana^ Wlk. Small dark insects. Head small and oval ; lower than thorax. Palpi small and short. Antennae stout and i6-jointed, not longer than thorax. The thorax is convex. The abdomen is compressed and of moderate length, the anal segment blunt and the hypopygium small. Wings fairly broad. The costa passes beyond the apex of the third longitudinal vein ; fourth and fifth longitudinal veins simple ; sixth rudimentary. Transverse veinlet small, long, and nearly hori- zontal. Metamorphosis unknown. A. anomala, Staeg. = A. scatopsoides, Wlk. This is the only species in this genus, and was first described by Walker. The gnat is black, with grayish wings; yellowish hairs. The head, palpi, and antennae mostly black ; the base of the latter occasionally testaceous. Legs piceous, stout, and long ; hind tibiae with minute spines and fairly long spurs. Tarsi brown. Halteres tawny, with black knobs. Length, about ij lin. This genus is closely allied to Mycetophila. Appears in May and June. Genus. — Acnemia, Wtz. Head round; flat in front; proboscis short; antennce T6-jointed, arched. Eyes oval. Ocelli three^ the middle one small ; some- 9 I30 AN ACCOUNT OF BRITISH FLIES. times in a straight line. Abdomen cylindrical, with large anal segment and small hypopygium, short ovipositor, and two strong lamellae. Legs long, stout, and strong. Wings longish and rounded. The costa passes beyond the apex of the third longitudinal. The upper and lower branch of the first longitudinal form together one transverse veinlet. The fourth longitudinal vein is forked, and the fork has a short petiole ; sixth longitudinal vein very short. The larvae live in fungi and rotten wood. A. defecta, Wlk. The perfect insect is black. Testaceous palpi. Antennae i6- jointed, sub-moniliform, a little longer than thorax. Abdomen testaceous at the tip. Wings nearly limpid, first longitudinal vein joining costa before one-third length of wing, united by a little trans- verse veinlet with the second longitudinal vein, at some distance from its tip; the second is united to the third by a veinlet, which is a little beyond the base of the fourth vein ; third joining the costal near the tip of the latter; fourth and fifth slight, the former forked near its base. Legs testaceous ; trochanters partly black ; spurs long ; tarsi blackish, minutely setose beneath. Length, i lin. This species seems only to be described by Walker, from whom this account is compiled. A. nitidicollis^ Mg. Black with shiny hairs, thorax shiny ; hypopygium and lamellae of ovipositor yellowish; antennae i6-jointed, brown; palpi yellowish. Legs testaceous ; tarsi brown ; base of legs brown. Wings brownish ; base and veins brown. Length, \\ lin. A. amana^ Wtz. This is a yellowish species also found in England. Length, 2 lin. Genus. — Glaphyroptera, Wtz. Most of the species in this genus seem to have been placed in the old genus Leia, and many of them are described under this head by Walker and Meigen. Head roundish, flat above ; proboscis short ; palpi 4-jointed ; fourth joint very long — as long as the three preceding ones together. Antennae i6-jointed. Eyes oval ; ocelli three, in a semicircle ; central one small ; lateral ones large near the eyes. Thorax very convex. Abdomen with seven segments, slender, short anal segment and small genitalia {$). Legs fairly thick; tibiae with long spines. Wings generally with spots or bands. Fourth and fifth veins forked. THE MYCETOPHILID^. 131 iL.fasciola^ Mg. ^ ^ . . - _ ' Z. flavicorfiiSy Mg. G. fasapenms, Mg. = ,. -^ , . V^ ,. Z. consobrina^ Curtis. Iz. crucigera, Zett. This gnat is yellowish, with testaceous ventral surface. Palpi yellow ; antennae brown, yellowish at the base. Legs yellowish- brown, with brown tarsi. Wings with a yellowish tinge, testaceous at the base, and having a gray sub-apical band. The first longitudinal vein short, united to second longitudinal vein by a transverse veinlet ; fork of the fifth longitudinal vein much nearer than the fork of the fourth to the base of wing. This is an abundant species, and is especially common on oak and lime trees. There are about a dozen of this genus found in England — the one described is the commonest. The larvae live in fungi and rotten vegetable matter. The larva of G. fascioia, Mg. (fascipennis) is described by Van Roser* as follows : " The transparent, smooth and slimy larva lives in delicate webs on the surface of tree fungi." They strongly resemble Sciophila larvae in habits and structure. G. Wintheffiii, Lehm. = Leia Wintheviii Wlk. (Ins. Brit.). This species is testaceous. The thorax has three brown stripes^ the middle one being divided. Wings with three gray bands, which seem to vary, sometimes being almost absent. Abdomen has a dark band on each segment at the ventral edge. An autumnal species. Recorded by Dale at Glanville Wootton. G. subfasciata^ Mg. = Leia Marklini^ Zett., is the only other cer- tain British species ; there are many others recorded as British, but their records want verification. G. pukhella, Curt., is a bright ochreous species, with a dark spoi on the thorax ; the first and second abdominal segments have a black spot ; third, fourth and fifth have a black ring ; sixth and seventh black. Recorded by Curtis and Haliday, and taken on umbelliferae. SMycetophiia, Mg. Leia^ Macq. Boietina^ Zett. This genus resembles Leptomorphus^ but the ocelli are nearly of the same size, and are arranged in a straight line. Abdomen flattened laterally. Wings microscopically hairy; third vein, simple; fourth and fifth forked ; sixth vein not extending to the edge of wing. The costa extends over the apex of third Tei?i. * Verz. Wiirttemb. Dipt., 1834. 9—2 132 AN A ceo UNT OF BRITISH FLIES. A. nemoralis^ Mg. = Boletina elotigaia, Curtis. Blackish-brown. The body long, slender, shining ; head brown ; hairs yellowish ; thorax with a tawny spot on each side in front. Palpi yellowish; antennae blackish-brown, yellowish at the base. Wings with brownish tinge, yellowish costa and brown veins ; third longitudinal vein undulating; fourth longitudinal vein not forked, but accompanied by a secondary vein, ending behind the tip of the wing ; fork of fifth and tip of praebrachial areolet at an equal distance from the base of the wing ; sixth vein fairly long. Legs testaceous, long and slender ; brown at their base and also the tarsi ; hind tibiae brownish, no spines. Length 3 lin. Not an uncommon gnat. The life history unknown. i Mycetophila^ Mg. Genus Boletina, Staeg. = - Leia, Mg. yLeptomorphus, Wlk. This genus of gnats much resembles the Mycetophilse, but they are of a more slender build than the latter, and the sub-costal, or first longi- tudinal vein, is much longer. The following may be taken as the chief characters of the genus : Body 7-segmented and slender, cylindrical in (^, subfusiform in ?; thorax large, convex, short; head small, and ventrally placed ; eyes oval, ocelli three, central one below lateral ones and small ; the palpi are curved outwards. Proboscis scarcely elongated. Antennae slender, i6-jointed compressed, about twice the length of thorax in the $, and about same length as thorax in the $ ; very few hairs. Wings broadish ; costal vein not long, scarcely reaching tip of wing ; first longitudinal vein long, nearly half length of wing ; second longitudinal straight, not ending quite at the tip ; third longitudianl vein joins tip of costal ; fourth and fifth forked ; sixth distinct, but not reaching the border of the wing; seventh small. Legs slender, of moderate length ; a few bristles on the tibiae ; spurs longish. Hypopygium and ovipositor small. These gnats frequent woods and damp places, and in their habits they much resemble Mycetophilae. The larvae live in fungi and in rotten wood. Beling* describes one from rotten and "decaying leaves in a forest of deciduous trees " in Denmark. Closely allied to this genus is Gnoriste, which is not, however, found in England. The Boletinae seem to be northern insects, many being found in Norway, Sweden, Greenland, Lapland, etc. ; but they are equally abundant in warmer climates. * Wiegm. Archiv., etc., 1875, P* S^- THE MYCETOPHILID^. 133 B. dubia^ Staeg. This is a black gnat. Head and thorax covered by a gray tomen- tum ; antennae slender, i6-jointed and a little longer than the thorax. The abdomen is long and dark. Wings have the fork of the fifth longitudinal vein nearer to the base of wing than the fork of the fourth longitudinal vein ; sixth extends nearly to the fork of the fifth. Legs testaceous, long and slender ; tibiae dark, posterior tibiae with long spurs and short spines : tarsi black. Length 3 to 3^ lin. n ' ' c^ f Mycetophila sciarina. Mg. B. sciartna, Staeg. = \ ^i'^ „ ^ ^ ( M. obscurella^ Zett. This is a blackish-brown species, very widely distributed. Zetterstedt describes it from Norway, etc., under the name obscurella. It is, according to Walker, slightly covered by a gray tomentum. Palpi and antennas are blackish-brown ; the antennae are twice the length of the thorax. The body is clothed with yellowish hairs. The anal segment is longer than the one before it. The legs are testa- ceous, and the spurs short ; tarsi blackish-brown, and the hind tibiae with very few short spines. The wings have a grayish tinge ; second and third longitudinal veins very distinct, brown ; the fourth and fifth pale; the sixth fairly long, extending beyond the fork of the fifth. Length i\ to 2 lin. The other British species are trivittata,''' Mg. (System. Beschr. i., 258, 10); borealis, Zett. (Dipt. Scand., xi. 4,160, Z)\ plana^ Wlk. (Ins. Brit., vol. iii., p. 34) ; mialis, Mg. (System. Beschr., i., 257, 9). Genus Leptomorphus, Curtis. This genus was formed by Curtis, one species only being known. The body is slender ; head small ; palpi 4-jointed, long and slender, Fig. z^.—^q.'x^ q{ Leptomorphus Walkeri. fourth joint longest. Eyes oval; ocelli two. Antennae i6-jointed, filiform, about half length of body. Thorax very short. Abdomen compressed, thickened at the tip ; the hypopygium large. Legs long and slender, very small spines to tibiae and very long spurs. Wings narrow, hairy ; costal ends a little in front of tip of wing ; first longi- tudinal vein long, connected with the second by a transverse veinlet * Taken at Linton, Ivybridge, Loch Maree and Tongue, in June. (Verrall.) 134 AN ACCOUNT OF BRITISH FIIES. near its junction with the costa ; there is another transverse veinlet near this, between second and third veins ; the third longitudinal is united with the tip of the costa, and is not forked ; the fork of the fourth much beyond the fork of the fifth, which is nearly opposite the transverse veinlets ; the sixth extends beyond the fork of the fifth. This is figured by Curtis. The metamorphosis is unknown. L. lValken\ Curtis. Testaceous ; head tawny ; thorax with three blackish-brown stripes, united behind. Palpi and proboscis testaceous; antennae brown, yellow at the base. Ocelli brown. Abdomen brown towards the tip, posterior borders of the segments darkish, the hypopygium golden yellow ; yellowish hairs. Wings grayish at the tip ; a brown spot at the tip of the praebrachial areolet ; veins dark brown. Legs testaceous ; tarsi brown and spurs dark brown. Length 5 lin. Mr. Dale found this species in September at Glanville V/ootton. The fiight much resembles that of a Plume Moth {Pierophorus). Section 3. — Sciophilinm. Body elongated and slender. Head small. Eyes round or oblong. Ocelli three, the middle one small. Proboscis short. Palpi 4-jointed, curved downwards ; fourth joint long. Antennae i6-jointed. Wings broad ; two cubital areolets ; first longitudinal vein reaching costal in some (Sciophila, etc.), much shorter in others (Tetragoneura), united to second longitudinal vein near its base by a transverse veifilet; fourth vein forked ; fifth usually forked ; sixth vein long, but not reaching the border of wing. Abdomen with 7 segments. Legs long and slender. The larvae of this section may at once be known from those of Mycetophila by their elongated form and different mode of life. They do not live as the Mycetophilince larvae inside the fungi, but they prefer the surface of the pileus, generally the under side ; this they cover with a dense net in which they live.* Others live in decaying wood, especially when covered with Byssus. The larvae form slimy tracts, like slugs, and on these they move backwards and forwards with great rapidity. The pupae are enclosed in dense cocoons of silk. The maggots are usually whitish or yellowish, and often live in the same fungi as Mycetophilce larvae, and hence great mistakes have been made in the descriptions of the larvae. The luminosity of these * I have also found SciophilcB larvae living inside some tree fungi, which they had covered with their webs. They crawled out of their tunnels as soon as the weather became warmer (March), and crawled about amongst the webs. THE MYCETOPHILIDyE. 135 larvae has been mentioned before (pp. 97, 98). The maggot of a Scio- phila is figured on page 96. (Fig. 15 A.) Genus. — Empalia^ Wtz. The costal vein does not extend to the tip of the wing ; the base •of the fourth hind areolet a little nearer to the base of the wing than is the base of the second hind areolet. The petiole of the latter moderately long. E. vitripennis^ Mg. Blackish-brown. Head dark brown ; proboscis and palpi yellow- ish ; antennae brown, tawny at base. Thorax dark brown, yellowish on each side. Abdomen dark brown, ferruginous at the tip ; lamellae of $ yellow, and the ovipositor and anal segments. Legs light yellow \ tarsi dark brown ; base of legs brown ; femora with dark spots at the apex ; the end of the posterior femora and tibia brown ; anterior tibia with two, middle and posterior with three rows of dark spines; the anterior tibia much longer than the metatarsi. Wings sometimes brownish, pale at the base ; fourth and fifth veins pale. Length if to 2| lin. Genus. — Empheria^ Wtz. The first longitudinal vein does not extend to the tip of the wing ; the base of the fourth hind areolet is much nearer the base of the wing than is the base of the second hind areolet. E. ptctipenftis, Hal. Yellowish. Thorax yellowish-brown, sides pale. Abdomen has first and second segments unspotted -, third and fourth blackish-brown with testaceous hind border, fifth and sixth almost black : hypopygium yellowish ; lamellae of ovipositor yellow. Head yellow, front and vertex brownish ; proboscis yellow ; palpi and antennae brownish, the latter yellowish at the base (first and second joints), scarcely as long as the head and thorax together. Wings with two brown bands; one in the middle of the wing, passing beyond the areolet, and "sinuated thence to the hind border; the other sub-apical, extending to the tip of the radial vein." Legs pale yellow ; tibia brownish ; tarsi brown ; anterior tibia some- times longer than the metatarsi. Length i J to 2 lin. Appears in October, This is a rare species ; it was found in Kent, and described by Mr. Haliday.* Mr. Dale records this also from Glan- ville Wootton in the Ent. Mo. Mag., 2nd series., vol. i., p. 109 (1890). * E/tL Mag., I. 156 (1833), and Winneitz, Verh. d. Zool. Bot. Ges., xju. pp. 742-745 (1863). 136 AN ACCOUNT OF BRITISH FLIES. ^ ,w ^ \ Sciophila, Curtis et Zett. Q.^^^3^.-Tetragoneura, Wtz.*= "^Mycetophila, Mg. Body slender and elongated. Head small and round, flat above. Eyes round. Proboscis short. Labium short and fleshy, rigid in front and hairy. Coxae elongated, femora compressed, lateral spines on hind tibiae. Wings longer than abdomen ; costal does not extend to tip of the wing. First longitudinal vein very short, third ending Fig. 27.— Head of Tetragotieura Sylvatica. before tip of wing : base of the fourth hind areolet in a transverse line with the base of the second, or very near the base of the wing. Joints of the antennae cylindrical. The larvae live in fungi and rotten wood. T hirta^ Wtz. = S. dissimilis, Zett. Black, clothed with whitish hairs. Thorax with grayish tinge, beset with large light hairs. Abdomen in $ dark brown with light hairs and somewhat shiny, ventral segment yellow ; in the ? the abdomen is yellow, the segments have a black dorsal stripe and black bands, except the sixth and seventh segments, which are entirely black. Hypopygium yellow; ovipositor and lamellae brown. Head dark brown, vertex sometimes grayish ; proboscis and palpi yellow. An- tennae dark brown, basal and second joints yellow. Wings hyaline, costa dark, areolet oblong ; second and third longitudinal veins brown, the rest pale ; the first longitudinal ending in the second before its middle ; fork of fourth longitudinal opposite apex of areolet ; fork of the fifth nearly at the base of the wing. Legs light yellow \ coxae and tips of posterior femora dark brown, the latter has a black streak at the base on the ventral side ; tibiae and tarsi brown ; posterior tibia longer than metatarsus. Length i\ lin. This is a rare species. Haliday records it from Ireland. There are two other species of this genus recorded from Great Britain, viz., sylvatica, Curtis, Brit. Ent., xiv., 641, 16 (1837), and Winnertz, Verb. d. Zool. Hot. Ges., xiii. 766. 2 { = disfincta) and melanoceras, Wlk., 7'ide Walker, Ins. Brit., Dip., vol. iii., p. 46.! * Ent. Zeit. V., Stett. vii. 18 (1846). + 6j/r'a//Va = Black ; proboscis, palpi and second Joint of antennae yellow THE MYCETOPHILIDAt. 137 The round head and circular eyes, the ocelli being nearly equal and in a curved line, and the cylindrical joints of the antennae, be- sides the veins, at once distinguish this genus. Genus. — Lasiosotna, Wtz. = Sciophila^ Mg. The larvce of this genus live in fungi and rotten wood. The gnats may be found in woods and thickets. The genus may be distinguished by the base of the fourth hind areolet being much further from the base of the wing than is the base of the second hind areolet. It is nearly allied to Sciophila^ but the costal does not extend to the tip of the wing as it does in Sciophila. There are seven species of this genus found in Great Britain. Z. /J/rto, Mg.= |f^'''''«'H°'^"- \S. pilosida^ Zett. Blackish-brown. Head brown. Palpi testaceous ; antennae longer than thorax. Abdomen brown. Legs yellow ; tarsi brown, yellow at the base ; posterior femora dark at the base and tips ; posterior tibiae also dark at the tips. Wings with a brownish-gray tinge ; first cubital areolet of moderate size, oblong. This is a fairly abundant species. Length i^ to 2 lin. L. rufilaterum, Wlk. = S. rufilatera^ Wlk. This is a dark brown insect ; palpi yellowish ; antennae blackish- brown, tawny at the base. Thorax with a tawny spot on each side in front. Abdomen tawny on each side, except towards the lip. Legs tawny ; tarsi brown ; posterior tibiae with minute spines and rather long spurs. Wings grayish. First cubital areolet very small, almost square. Length ij lin. Scarce species. The following are the other British species : L. luteum, Macq. Dale has bred this species from larvae feeding in a web on a fungus on a pear tree. The imago is yellowish, with dark brown head. L. ochraceum^ Wlk., Ins. Brit. Dip., vol. iii., p. 41. L. jnauray Wlk., ibid. p. 42. Z. fenestrella^ Curtis, British Ent., 641 (1837). L. rufiun^ Mg. Genus. — Monoclona^ Mik. M. halierata^ Staeg. This is a rare species, resembling S. (L.) riifutn, Mg., in appear- ance. The imago is testaceous ; the head has front and vertex dark- Thorax blackish-gray, beset with long whitish-yellow hairs. Areolet minute. Abdomen as in hiria. Sub-costal obsolete. Me/afiorera s~Antennx quite black. Sub-costal complete. Areolet elongated and dilated at the tip. Holywood, near Belfast (Haliday). 138 AN ACCOUNT OF BRITISH FLIES. brown ; the thorax shiny and covered with pale hairs. The abdomen brownish. Palpi brownish ; antennae dark brown, first and second joints yellowish. Legs short, yellowish; posterior tibiae have short, but distinct spines. Wings hyaline ; veins stout and brown ; areolet small ; first longitudinal vein connected with second before the areolet ; fork of fourth longitudinal vein with very short petiole. Length 2 J lin. This species may be known from Z. rufuni by being shorter in legs and antennae and by the stout veins. ^ r. . . (Platyura^ F. Genus Ciciophtla, Mg. = { ^ • , , x. ^ ' ° \Asindulurn^ Lat. In this genus the costal vein extends to the tip of the wing. The body is slender and elongated. Head small. Proboscis short. Palpi four-jointed, fourth joint long and slender, first and second joints short. Antennae i6-jointed, as long in ?, longer in ^^ than head and thorax. Eyes oblong ; ocelli three in number. Thorax short, with black hairs. Abdomen slender, seven segments, cylindrical in <^, fusiform in $. Legs long and slender; femora hairy, tibiae setose ; spurs moderately long. Wings moderately broad, minutely hairy; first longitudinal vein slightly curved towards its tip, often united with costal, and connected with second longitudinal near its tip by a transverse veinlet ; third longitudinal arises from the second before the middle of the wing ; fourth longitudinal forked at beyond the middle of wing ; fifth forked, forks nearly straight ; seventh very near the base. Areolets twelve, including two cubitals. S. tenuis, Wlk. This gnat is slender and tawny. Head tawny, vertex black. Palpi and proboscis yellowish ; antennae dark brown, yellowish at the base. Thorax has three dark stripes, the middle one long, the lateral ones short. Abdomen tawny. Legs yellowish, long and slender ; posterior tibiae with minute spines and very short spurs. Wings nearly limpid ; transverse veinlet springs from the first longitudinal vein opposite the middle of the first cubital areolet. Length 2 J lin. Appears to be uncommon ; found in August. S.fasciata, Zett. Yellowish ; head with vertex black ; antennae dark, yellowish at the base. Three black stripes on the thorax, lateral stripes short. Abdomen black, with a yellowish border on the posterior edge of each segment. Legs yellowish; tarsi brown; posterior tibiae with THE MYCETOPHILIDJE. 139 minute spines and long spurs. Wings with a faint brownish tinge cubital areolet not clouded. Length 2 to 3 lin. Fig. 28. — Sciophila Fasciata. This is a common species, and resembles S. murginaia^ but the latter has the cubital areolet clouded. Margitiafa^ Mg., is 2 J to 3 lin. long. As far as I can make out, 6". hilaris, Wlk., is the same 2iS fasciata^ Zett. Other British species are : S. hyalinata* Mg. Verb. d. Zool. Bot. Ges., xiii., 713, 6. S, congrua^ Wlk. This is a black species, with tawny palpi \ a ferruginous spot on each side of the thorax in front ; scutellum and pectus ferruginous. S. trivittata^ Zett. Gray, hoary beneath. Testaceous spot on each side of thorax in front. Abdomen testaceous beneath and along the hind borders of the segments on each side. Found in May. S. cingulata^ Mg. Meig., i c. I. 102, 5 ; Zw. i., 247, 5 (1818). S. ornata, Mg. Winnertz, Verh. d. Zool. Bot. Ges., xiii., 725, 18. S. fimbriata^ Mg. Ibid.^ xiii., 736, 29. Meigen, Zw., 247, 3. S. ferruginea^ Mg. Zw. i., 249, 9. S. ruficollis^ Zett. ? Zetterstedt, Dip. Scan., xi. 41 21, 17. S. punctata, Mg. Winnertz, Verh. d. Zool. Bot., Ges., xiii., 714, 7. * HyalJnata, Mg. Testaceous ; vertex black, abdomen brown, hind borders of segments testaceous. Cingulata, Mg. Testaceous ; vertex brown. Fimbriata^ Mg. Tawny ; vertex piceous. Ferruginea, Mg. Testaceous ; vertex black ; brown band on hind border of each abdominal segment. Ruficollis, Zett. Testaceous ; sutures and tip of abdomen black. Punctata, Mg. Tawny ; vertex black. Triliiteata, Zett. Testaceous ; abdomen pale ferruginous. Incisiirata, Zett. Testaceous ; vertex brown. Abdomen brown ; pale testaceous band on hind border of each segment. Ornata, Mg. Testaceous ; abdomen testaceous ; second to fifth segments with black borders. I40 AN ACCOUNT OF BRITISH FLIES. S. trtlineata^ Zett. Ibid.^ xiii. 734, 27. S. tficisurata, Zett. = S. annulata, Mg. Ins. Lapp., 859, 7 (1840). Zett. and Zw., i., 247, 4 (18 18). Meigen. Section 4 . — Ceroplatince. Antennae 17-jointed, not very long. Ocelli three, middle one small. Thorax elliptical. First longitudinal vein short ; third, fourth and fifth veins forked ; brachial vein short. Body long and narrow ; eight segments. A. Mouth elongated like a beak. fTipula, F. Genus Asindulum^ Ltr. = J Platyura, Zett. \Macrorrhyncha^ Wtz. The insects of this genus are slender, and their bodies are long. Head (Fig. 17A) oval and depressed in front ; vertex convex ; front broad. Eyes oblong ; ocelli three, middle one small. The mouth is produced into a short rostrum : the proboscis is long and bifid, elongated Hps. Palpi 4-jointed ; first joint small, third and fourth fairly long and nearly equal. Antennae : first and second joints cyathiform, re- mainder cylindrical, except seventeen, this is conical; hairy. Abdo- men cylindrical, eight segments ; in ? the abdomen is subfusciform ; hypopygium small. Legs long and slender; hind femora stout and bare ; hind tibiae have minute lateral spines ; spurs well developed. Wings minutely pubescent, parallel in repose ; first longitudinal vein short, second ending much beyond half the length of the wing ; fourth longitudinal, forked near its base, fore-fork ending just behind tip of the wing ; fifth forked nearer base of wing, its fore -fork connected by a transverse veinlet with the third longitudinal vein before the fork of the fourth ; the sixth and seventh veins short. The metamorphosis is not known, but Winnertz* reared them from rotten wood. (A. flavum). A.flavum, Wtz. = P. rostra ta, Zett. The imago is yellow. The thorax yellow, with three brownish stripes running longitudinally, clothed with black hairs. Proboscis, palpi and antennae blackish -brown. Abdomen brown in the S, first and second segments yellow; sixth, seventh and eighth black; hypopygium light brown to yellow. In the ? the abdomen is pale brownish-yellow ; third, fourth and fifth segments with black sutures ; the seventh and eighth black; ovipositor light brown. Legs pale * Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1846, p. 18. THE MVCETOPHILIDJS.. 141 yellow ; tibiae pale brown ; tarsi brown. The wings have a yellowish tinge. Length 2 to 2| lin. This is a rare species, and the only one of the genus found in England ; the larvae live in decayed wood. B. Mouth not elongated like a beak. Genus Flatyura, Mg. Body long and narrow. Head roundish, small. Proboscis short. |
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'''Specific Cancer Marker Detection - The Underlying Technology'''<br>
'''Specific Cancer Marker Detection - The Underlying Technology'''<br>
+
Underlying Theories
+
+
The gene we are looking at is rs17879961, a gene that indicates susceptibility to breast and colorectal cancer. It is located on chromosome 22 and codes for a cell-cycle regulatory kinase responsible for DNA repair processes in BRCA1, a gene that is responsible for breast cancer.
+
+
In normal patients, the gene sequence is as follows:
+
GGAAGTGGGTCCTAAAAACTCTTACA[T]TGCATACATAGAAGATCACAGTGGC
+
+
But in patients susceptible to cancer, the gene sequence undergoes a slight change:
+
GGAAGTGGGTCCTAAAAACTCTTACA[C]TGCATACATAGAAGATCACAGTGGC
+
+
This is a change from an ATT codon to an ACT, a switch from isoleucine to threonine.
+
+
The NCBI database is used to isolate the sequence used and determine specific primers.<br>
The NCBI database is used to isolate the sequence used and determine specific primers.<br>
Revision as of 03:07, 14 November 2012
BME 103 Fall 2012 Home
People
Lab Write-Up 1
Lab Write-Up 2
Lab Write-Up 3
Course Logistics For Instructors
Photos
Wiki Editing Help
Contents
OUR TEAM
Name: Jake Turner
PCR Machine Engineer
Name: Tyler Allen
PCR Machine Engineer, Graphic Designer
Name: Khalil Pathan
Experimental Protocol Planner
Name: Pahul Singh
Experimental Protocol Planner
Name: Frea Mehta
Research and Development Specialist
Name: Paul Song
Research and Development Specialist
<gflash>400 300 http://www.youtube.com/embed/x5yPkxCLads?rel=0</gflash>
LAB 1 WRITE-UP
Initial Machine Testing
The Original Design
This is a solidworks rendering of the OpenPCR machine. The OpenPCR is an affordable alternative to costly clinical machines used to amplify particular DNA sequences. This interfaces with any computer with the proper software downloaded and the process of thermal cycling to conduct a variety of tests. This could be anything from paternity tests to test for genetic markings of cancer.
Experimenting With the Connections
When we unplugged the display (part 3) from the power supply (part 6), the machine did not have power. The blue display screen did not turn on and appeared completely black.
When we unplugged the white wire that connects the power supply (part 6) to the heat block (part 2), the machine temperature on the display screen appeared incorrectly. Part 6 is responsible for recording the the internal temperature of the machine throughout the test.
Test Run
Our first Open PCR test was conducted on Wednesday, October 24, 2012. While running our open PCR test, we experienced nothing but problems. We set the cycles to the appropriate temperatures and time intervals; the Initial cycle on 95°C for 30 seconds, the Denaturing cycle on 95°C for 30 seconds, the Annealing cycle on 55°C for 30 seconds, the Extending cycle on 72°C for 30 seconds, the final cycle on 72°C for 180 seconds, and the final hold at 20°C. Initially, our open PCR appeared to be running correctly for the desired two hour time interval. However, due to a cycling error, our timer extended to nearly three hours. Not only did our test exceed the desired time interval, but our time would not wind down. Our test constantly moved up and down between the times of two hours thirty minutes and two hours and fifty minutes. When our time got close to two thirty, more time would be added to our test. Also, our laptop was experiencing errors. Our laptop received an application error notice multiple times, each time disrupting our process. As a result of these complications, when the two hours elapsed we only reached step seventeen of thirty. We were forced to prematurely end our test. Therefore, we could not receive sufficient results.
Improving The OpenPCR
One way to improve on the quality and production of the Open PCR machine is to maximize the number of loading wells and shorten the cycle time. The Open PCR machine takes too long to test only 16 samples of DNA. Also, the latch to get to the loading wells served as a hassle. It was tough to open while being careful with the expensive machine at the same time. If you are using the Open PCR as a learning tool, as we have, the machine should be transparent or constructed to be easily disassembled so students can get a better view of the job and responsibility each part completes. However, the machine is constructed with some positive qualities. The machine is affordable, and it is light weight and compact making it easily transportable. The bright glowing screen can easily be read, and the test runs very quietly. While the machine is testing, no extra work needs to be done. It is very easy to start the test and patiently wait for it to end.
Protocols
Polymerase Chain Reaction
(
1. Within a polymerase chain reaction everything is controlled by temperature. The high temperature(95 C) causes melting of DNA templates and primers by disrupting the hydrogen bonds. Next is annealing. The temperature is dropped down to 65 temporarily(20 seconds) to allow a piece of DNA to bind to your product from the initial step. The polymerase binds to the DNA template and DNA synthesis begins. Next is elongation, the DNA polymerase synthesizes a new DNA strand. This process is repeated to replicate numerous strands of DNA.
2.
1. Heat denaturation-
a. Heat the reactant , which causes melting of the DNA
b. A DNA molecule sequence is targeted which is then separated into two strands
c. Separation is because of hydrogen bonds breaking
2. Primer annealing
a. Then you lower the temperature to 65 which allows a piece of the DNA to bind to the initial step product.
b. Each strand of DNA molecule becomes annealed with an oligonucleotide primer complementary to either end of the target sequence.
3. Primers extension
a. DNA polymerase is added and complementary strands are synthesized at 65-75 C
b. Causes synthesis of a new strand in the direction of 5 to 3 direction
4.
Reagent Volume
Template DNA (20ng) .2 µL
10 µM forward primer 1.0 µL
10 µM reverse primer 1.0 µL
GoTaq master mix 50.0 µL
dH20 47.8 µL
Total volume 100.0 µL
)
Flourimeter Measurements
(Add your work from Week 3, Part 2 here)
Research and Development
Specific Cancer Marker Detection - The Underlying Technology
Underlying Theories
The gene we are looking at is rs17879961, a gene that indicates susceptibility to breast and colorectal cancer. It is located on chromosome 22 and codes for a cell-cycle regulatory kinase responsible for DNA repair processes in BRCA1, a gene that is responsible for breast cancer.
In normal patients, the gene sequence is as follows: GGAAGTGGGTCCTAAAAACTCTTACA[T]TGCATACATAGAAGATCACAGTGGC
But in patients susceptible to cancer, the gene sequence undergoes a slight change: GGAAGTGGGTCCTAAAAACTCTTACA[C]TGCATACATAGAAGATCACAGTGGC
This is a change from an ATT codon to an ACT, a switch from isoleucine to threonine.
The NCBI database is used to isolate the sequence used and determine specific primers.
(BONUS points: Use a program like Powerpoint, Word, Illustrator, Microsoft Paint, etc. to illustrate how primers bind to the cancer DNA template, and how Taq polymerases amplify the DNA. Screen-captures from the OpenPCR tutorial might be useful. Be sure to credit the source if you borrow images.)
Results
Sample Integrated Density DNA μg/mL Conclusion
PCR: Negative Control 267793 0 Negative
PCR: Positive Control 27409968 2 Positive
PCR: Patient 1 ID 91562, rep 1 3511064 0.238984 Negative
PCR: Patient 1 ID 91562, rep 2 15099598 1.09290 Positive
PCR: Patient 1 ID 91562, rep 3 8451848 0.603051 Negative
PCR: Patient 2 ID 25235, rep 1 17311845 1.25591 Positive
PCR: Patient 2 ID 25235, rep 2 9289657 0.200563 Negative
PCR: Patient 2 ID 25235, rep 3 28825322 2.10429 Positive
KEY
• Sample = Sample denotes the sample of DNA used in a given trial. Each sample represents one extraction of DNA from one of two patients. The multiple trials per patient guarantee accurate results that a single trial could not, for example false positives and false negatives can impact the results and multiple trials will somewhat eliminate the error of one trial.
• Integrated Density =
• DNA μg/mL = To calculate the concentration of DNA, we created a calibration curve using the given concentrations of DNA for the negative and positive control samples - 0 μg/mL and 2 μg/mL, respectively. This yielded the equation y = (X-267793)/(13571087.5) where y = the concentration of DNA in μg/mL and X = the integrated density for a given sample.
• Conclusion = DNA concentrations of over 1 μg/mL yielded positive results; if the concentration was less than 1 μg/mL, the sample yielded negative results
Personal tools.
|
bpt6k2408904k_1 | French-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | 20' ANNÉE, 2* SÉRIE, N° 1293DIRECTION ET RÉDACTION ruARIb, 2£»7, rue Saint-Honoré, PAK6&PRIX DE L’ABONNEMENT PARIS ET DÉPARTEMLX T? 3 mois 7 fr.; 8 mois 13 fr.; 1 an 24 fralsace-louuaisb 3mois 9 fr.; 8 mois 16 fr.; 1 an 30 ir.ÉTRANGER (UNION POSTALE) 3 mois 10 fr.; 8 mois 19 fr,; 1 an 36 faPARIS O Centimes. — DÉPARTEMENTS 1Q Centimes.DÉPÔT LÉGALSAMEDI 11 JUIN 1898.ADMINISTRATION ET PUBLICITÉ (PARIS, 257, rue Saint Honoré, PARISPRIX DE L’ABONNEMENT PARIS ET DÉPARTEMENT!' 3 mois 7 fr.; 6 mois 13 fr.; 1 an 24 tir,ALSACE-LORRAINE , 3 mois 9 fr.; G mois 16 fr.; 1 au 30 fr^ETRANGER (t'NlON POSTALE) 3 mole 10 fr.; 6 mois 19 fr.; 1 an 36 fr»< » r pHoire : Schlakber-Paris (241—52)Tout ce gui concerne ta rédaction doit être enbayé à M le Secrétaire de la rédaction du Signal, 257, ~ue Saint-Honoré, Paris. — Les manuscrit i W. sont vas rendusQuotidien, Politique et Littéraire ITéléphone : ScttlaeberParis (241—62)Tous mandats,chèques ou articles d'argent concer nant les abonnements et la publicité doivent étii adressés à M. Albert Pagès, trésorier, au bureau du Signal, *257, rue Saint-Honoré. Paris.' ■ I ■■■ ggB—(«8) aOMMAXRBTribune. — Progressistes : H. Draussik. Ktraniter. — L’évacuation do la Thessalie.La guêtre Hispano-Américaine. Conférence «le Vcrsnillcv ; J|. A. D. Quinzaine ■clentltiqne ; J. Dauphis. variété. — Un ambassadeur de Louis RIVE. Feuilleton. — Pougatcbeff ; R. CandianiTRIBUNEPROGRESSISTESPas de concentration ! Ce mot d’ordre, adopté par « certains républicains de gouvernement » ne paraît pas leur présager une victoire prochaine. Il est très facile d’élaborer un programme ; il est fort légitime de vouloir le réaliser à soi tout seul et de repousser toute alliance avec des groupes ou des partis limitrophes, de crainte de concessions fâcheuses. Peste à savoir si l’on est en mesure de far ôa se, comme prétendait l’ôtre l ltalie, qui a dû accepter ou invo quer la coopération de la France et de la Prusse pour secouer le joug de l’Autriche et constituer son unité politique. Or, en dépit des estimations optimistes de la statistique officielle au lendemain de la grande bataille électorale, aucun parti ne peut se flatter de posséder la majorité absolue dans la nouvelle Chambre. La question se pose donc de savoir parquelle combinaison un minis tère qui veut durer et un parlement qui désire faire œuvre utile, atteindront leur butNous n’attachons qu’une importance secondaire à la chute ou au maintien du ministère Méline, et nous trouvons puéril l’empressement de ses adver saires à annoncer qu’il se proposait de remettre sa démission entre les mains du président de la République aussitôt après l'élection du bureau définif de la Chambre. Cette élection, quel qu’en soit le résultat, encore imprévu au moment où nous écrivons ces lignes, n’aura pas plus de valeur démonstrative au point de vue de l’existence d’une majorité ho mogène que n'en avait l’élection du président provisoire. On renveise un ministère avec une majorité de rencon tre, on ne gouverne pas, on n’édifie rien de stable, au moyen d’une coalition d’éléments hétérogènes et incohérents.Est-il assemblages plus criards, troupes plus discordantes que la majorité et la minorité qui se disputent le siège présidentiel de la Chambre? Un dépla cement, — nous ne disons pas une défection — de quelques voix fait passer la victoire d’un camp dans l’autre. Et c'est, à ce va-et-vient de dix, de vingt, de cinquante bachi-bouzoucks, aventu riers de la politique vivant aux dépens de tous les partis, qu’il faudrait subor donner l'existence d’un ministère 1L existence de la République n’est plus menacée, dit-on. C’est possible. Mais le bel avantage en vérité, si nous piétinons sur place, et si nous conser vons une République immobile, grâce à la continuelle instabilité ministérielle et à la stérilité parlementaire.Qui dit république, dit progrès. Eh bien, s'imagine-t-on qu’une majorité côté droit, dont l’appoint serait formé par les groupes Piou, de Mun, abbé Garnier, Paul de Cassagnac, peut-être aussi — pourquoi pas? — par les natio nalistes, les révisionnistes, les antisé mites, est capable de faire de bonne besogne, et qu’un ministère sorti d’un pareil laboratoire aurait la moindre vi talité? Le jour où cette majorité et ce ministère tenteraient une réforme sé neuse, ils perdraient l’appui de leurs associés d’occasion, un seul moyen leur permettant de le conserver ; le sacrifice de quelque loi constitutionnelle, c’està-dire le recul vers un passé à jamais condamné. Ce n’est que par des conces sions de principes, par des mesures réactionnaires, par de continuelles exécutions de fonctionnaires que le gouvernement parviendrait à vivre : en d’autres termes il serait le protégé et l’obligé de la réaction.Une majorité côté radical n’aurait pas un rort plus glorieux. C’est avec les socialistes de toute nuance, avec les collectivistes qu’elle devrait entrer en composition, et l’on peut croire que les exigences de tels alliés ne seraient pas moindres, dans le sens révolutionnaire, que celles des ralliés cléricaux et desmonarchistes impénitents dans le sens opposé.Voilà donc deux fractions importan tes de l’armée républicaine, qui, réu nies, écraseraient de leur masse tous les groupes d’opposition et qui, divi sées, ont pour seule perspective d’exer cer alternativement le pouvoir grâce à d’humiliantes accointances.On aura beau épiloguer et équivo quer, on ne nous persuadera point que MM. Deschanel, Poincaré, Ribot, soient aussi rapprochés de M. Piou et de l’abbé Lemire que de M. Bourgeois ou de M. Pelletan, ni que la distance entre radi caux et progressistes soit plus grande et l'entente moins facile qu'entre radi caux et collectivistes ou socialistes révolutionnaires.Pourquoi dès lors, au lieu d’obéir à la loi des affinités naturelles, persisteraiton à chercher dans des unions simmo rales l'exercice toujours précaire d’un pouvoir indigne de respect? La France doit être lasse de cette agitation stérile dont notre dernière législature a offert le peu édifiant spectacle. Elle est satu rée de ces interpellations mesquines, de ces ajournements perpétuels de réfor mes, de cette nonchalance et de cette légèreté à voter les budgets, qui ont tant discrédité notre régime parlemen taire. Elle aussi, la toute première, demande que le travail de ses représente tants soit plus sérieux, mieux réglé ; elle aussi réclame qu’on s’occupe de ses intérêts plutôt que de la chasse aux portefeuilles.La Chambre nouvelle a mal débuté; c’est faute d’expérience, nous voulons le croire. Mais il serait prématuré de la croire impuissante et il est absurde de penser à la nécessité d’une dissolution. Elle renferme des hommes de haute valeur et de grande clairvoyance. C’est à eux de coordonner les bonnes volontés et de former, par l’union républicaine, une majorité vraiment progressiste, qui réduise à l’impuissance toutes les oppo sitions coalisées, non seulement par sa force numérique, mais surtout par son zèle et son intelligence à satisfaire les aspirations de la démocratie.H. Drausala.TÉLÉGRAMMES ET CORRESPONDÎTESGrande-BretagneHier, à la Chambre dca Communes, M. Cnr zon, questionné sur Ici affaires d’ExtrêmeOrient, a déclaré qu’il avait appris que les Français avaient obtenu la concession d’un chemin de fer de Pakhoï àNanning Fou. Il ne peut pas exposer en ce moment les mesures que l’Angleterre est on train d’adopter dans le sud de la Chine.Ou poursuit en Birmanie, a-t-il dit, la contraction d’un chemin de fer dans la direction do la frontière chinoise ; mais quant à la ronto qu’il prendra et quant à son étendue à partir do cette frontière, il est très difficile de l’éta blir et, par conséquent, impossible, tant que ce point n’aura pas été réglé, de demander à la Chine une concession.Il n’y a pas eu de correspondance avec la France au sujet de chemins de fer chinois et la correspondance avec la Chine continue.Nous ! e possédons pas le texte do l’accord russo-chinois, mais la Russie a déclaré qu’elle entendait respecter les droits de souveraineté delà Chine à Port-Arthur et à Ta-Lien-Onan ainsi que les traites existant entre la Chine et les autres Etats.La Russie a ajouté qu'elle conserverait cru puleusement le statu quo existant avant la cession à bail des deux ports et que Jo nouveau règlement assurera la marine de guerre et à la marine marchande de notre pays l’entrée des port» prévue dans certains cas par les trai tés, et mémo l’entrée des ports fermés. Il en résulte que Port Arthur sera ouvert aux na vires anglais aux mêmes conditions qu’aupara vent.M. Curzon croit que les capitalistes anglais n’ont jamais fait à la Chine de propositions né rieuses pour la construction d’un chemin do fer de Pékin à Han-Koou.La concession faite à un syndicat belge, en 1897, prévoit l’emploi do capitaux, de travailleurs chinois et étrangers.La Chine dit que le syndicat acceptera lac cord, mais le directeur général des chemins do fer chinois conservera la haute m: *j. Beaucoup de temps s’écoulera avant que ce chemin de fer, s’il est jamais construit, atteigne la vallée du Yang-Tsé-ICiang. Il est donc préma turé de dire si ce chemin de fer mettra les Russes à même de transporter leurs soldats ! jusqu’è cette vallée. L’envoi <lo soldats sans le ; consentement de la Chine constituerait un actede guerre. En prévision de cet événement, le gouvernement anglais fera les démarches nécessaires.Le baron de Courceb ambassadeur de France, est revenu hier soir à Londres. Il doit avoir l’après-midi une entrevue avec lord Salisbury.Maroc Ou lit dans la Gazette d'Allemagne du Nord : Les meurtriers du banquier Hænner, assassiné à Tanger le 16 décembre 1896, ont maintenant tous expié leur crime.Après la mort du Marocain Vasani, il res tait à exécuter la sentence capitale prononcée par la cour d'assises de Cadix contre l’Espa gnol Francisco Ferez GTallego. Cette sentence, confirmée par la haute-cour de justice de Madrid, a été exécutée à Cadix le l,T juin-Jusqu’au dernier moment, on a fait de divers côtés des tenta1 ives pour obtenir la grâce du coupable, mais ces tentatives n’ont pa-i abouti.Les deux Marocains convaincus d’avoir participé à ce meurtre, Jelali et Hassan Erifi, subissent maintenant la longue peine d’emori sonnement prononcée contre eux à la suite d’un jugement du cadi de Tanger. »Canada La Chambre des Communes a adopté à l’unanimité la proposition d’admettre au tarif préférentiel des sucres provenant des ports britanniques.Chine On mande de Pékin au Times, à la date du 9 juin :Par une convention signée aujourd’hui, la Grande-Bretagne obtient la concession à bail pour une durée de 99 ans, de territoires situés en face do Hong Kong.La superficie totale do ces territoires est de 200 malles carrés.La Chine garde la côte nord de la baie de Mirs et de la baie do Deep : mais elle cède à bail à l’Angleterre les eaux do ces deux baies.Le Japon a fait savoir à la Chine qu’il exi geait des concessions à Fou-Chanà Wou-Sung, Sha-Shi, Fou-Ning, Yo Chan et Ching Ouau Tan, et de plus une somme de 16,000 livres sterling comme indemnité pour les émeutes de Cha-Cbi.Le Times et le Standard sq déclarent satis faits de cette convention.LA POLITIQUEUn journal, à qui ses relations dans le groupe antisémite valentdes «tuyaux» particuliers, (pour parler le jargon du jour), la Libre Parole prédisait l’élec tion de M. Deschanel à vingt voix de majorité. Ses comptes semblaient faits sur des données sûres. Son directeur, M. Drumont, qui, pour faire pièce au ministère Méline, — persécuteur de Max Régis et des pauvres Anti Juifs d’Algérie, — avait d’abord voté pour M. Brisson et l’avait fait savoir urbi et orbi, ne cachait à personne que, — le minis tère ayant mis les pouces et lui ayant donné satisfaction par la libération de Max Régis et autres, — il allait cette fois voter pour le candidat du minis tère, M. Deschanel. C'était du même coup revenir à ses affinités naturelles qui sont, comme chacun sait, avec la droite cléricale ; avec cette droite qui, personne ne l'ignore, avait fait balle, dès le premier jour, pour M. Deschanel contre M. Brisson. Le groupe des antisémites algériens, les Morinaud et consorts, promettant d’imiter l’exemple de leur chef, et quelques « nationalistes » de France lui devant bien aussi de sui vre sa bannière, ou comptait, par ainsi, sur uu déplacement de huit ou dix voix, ce qui devait donner à M. Deschanel les vingt voix prédites de majorité.Or, M. Deschanel n’a eu que dix voix : 287 contre 277 à M. Brisson. Le poin tagedela Libre Parole s’est donc trouvé en défaut. C’est dire que l’exemple et l’influence deM. Drumont n’ont déplacé (la sienne comprise) que trois voix. Ce n’est pas encore de quoi nous inquiéter beaucoup sur l’importance de M. Drumont et de son groupe. Il reste que M. Deschanel, qui était l’élu des modérés et de la droite, sera en plus l’élu du groupe antisémite. Ce serait assez pour expliquer ce que rapporte un de nos confrères qui, ayant vu sortir hier soir du Palais-Bourbon le président définitif, a remarqué son <z allure triste et préoc cubée. Il n’avait pas du tout, écrit-il, l’air d’un triomphât ur ». Il est certain que M. Deschanel, dont toutes les ori gines, tout le passé, sont d’un républi cain, avait dû rêver d’une élection faite dans d’autres conditions et ne doit être qu’à demi-llatté de devoir son fauteuil, en même temps qu’à ses amis politiques, à la coalition de tous les adversaires de la République et des institutions répu ricaines.Et maintenant la question qui se pose est celle savoir si cette majorité com posite qui vient de se former pour por ter au fauteuil M. Deschanel se retrou vera pour soutenir et faire durer le ministère Méline. Il ne serait pas abso lument impossible. Cependant, d’après plusieurs symptômes et d’après les pro notices qui s’échangent, nous en dou tons fort. D’ailleurs les interpellations annoncées vont se produire à la Cham bure. La rencontre du ministère et de ceux qui veulent son renversement va avoir lieu incessamment. L’issue n’en est donc plus qu’une question de jours, presque d’heures. Attendons.Deux mots à la “Vérité”La Vérité est un journal consacré à la défense de la religion ; on ne saurait dès lors le lire sans édification, car sa polémi que ne peut être que loyale et respectueuse surtout de la vérité, de toute la vérité. Il ne saurait s’attaquer à la réputation d’autrui par des jugements ou des affirmations contraires à l’exactitude des faits, l’hon neur de représenter les intérêts religieux lui en fait une défense absolue. Il doit en être ainsi alors que l’on veut soutenir le caractère d’un Caton de notre presse.Mais comment compter sans la passion cléricale, pour laquelle le but sanctifie les moyens, si détestables soient-ils ? En voici un exemple entre mille et c’est M. Nemours Godré qui nous le fournit. A propos du banquet franco-américain de ces jours derniers, citant les noms de quelques assistants il mentionne : M. Siegfried, l’exministre protestant, qui,par économie bien comprise, laissa prendre par les Anglais le câble des Açores (Vérité, 2 juin).Que M. Godré eût traité M. Siegfried d’homme politique sans valeur, c’était son affaire et son opinion n’eût engagé que lui. Mais, ici, nous nous trouvons en présence d'un fait, et d’un fait très grave, celui de l’abandon d'un câble télégraphique aux Anglais, par la faute d’un ancien ministre du commerce.Affirmé dans un journal qui s’appelle la Vérité, comment ne serait-il pas vrai?Eh bien, M. Godré a dit le contraire de la vérité, sans autre souci que de nuire à un homme politique qui a le tort de ne rien envoyer à son journal pour le pain de Saint-Antoine.M. Godré sait-il seulement ce qu’est le câble des Açores ? Rendons-lui cependant cette justice que, dans sa phrase vipérine, se sont introduits, stupéfaits, étonnés, quatre mots d’une exactitude absolue : a par économie bien comprise ».Oui, cela est vrai, lorsqu’il fut question d’établir le câble des Açores, qui devait, via Lisbonne, rejoindre les Antilles, M. Sieg fried, démontra devant la commission du budget que la compagnie qui voulait immerger ce câble, demandait, à son avis, un prix beaucoup trop élevé, et soucieux de nos finances, il estimait que l’on devait procéder d’autre manière. M. Siegfried fit observer que notre véritable intérêt était d’avoir un câble atterrissant à la côte fran çaise, car en cas de guerre celui des A çores serait des plus menacés. La commission du budget approuva cette manière de voir et les événements qui survinrent montrèrent à quel point M. Siegfried avait vu juste.Le câble direct fut construit et son éta blissement coûta huit millions de moins que le prix demandé pour celui des Açores.M. Nemours Godré intervient pour dire: Soit, mais les Anglais ont pris le câble des Açores...Veut-il s’en porter garant et nous affir mer que les Anglais ont immergé un câble entre les Açores et les Antilles ?Pour nous, nous affirmons que ce câble dont les Anglais devaient s’emparer est encore à prendre et que l’affirmation de M. Nemours Godré est contraire à la vé frité. Nous attendons un démenti.ÉCHOSNotre confrère le Temps que Von ne pect soupçonner de plaisanterie, a donné com munication d’nn rapport de savant qui nous arrache avec douleur notre dernière illu sion ! Les papillons, ces pétales vivants, ces pierres précieuses animées, etc., etc , sont, paraît il, les plus répugnants ivrognes que la terre ait jamais produits ! Ces pierres précieuses, ces pétales vivants, etc., etc., s’acharnent sur les fleurs dont la distillation produit le pins d’alcool, au point de rester inanimée pendant plusieurs heures ! Le savant qui a fait cette désolante décou verte a offert du xviskyà des papillons... Ceux-ci y ont pompé à trompe que-veux-tu et se août ensuite endormis d’un lourd sommeil... Pauvre poésie, quelle * tape » !Le journal satirique anglais Punch avait l’habitude de représenter le député M. Gib son Bowles tantôt avec une bosse, tantôt avec des béquilles. Voici que la Société de secours mutuel des estropiés, s’inspirant uniquement du dessin du Punch, a offert à l’honorable momhre du Parlement anglais d’occuper la présidence d’honneur à sa prochaine assemblée générale. Or, M. Gibson Bowles n’est pas plus bossu qu il n’est boi yeux. Tableau !Le malheureux roi O thon de Bavière a failli mourir ces jours derniers. Le bruit de sa fin a même couru à Munich. Aujourd’hui la crise est passée et rien n’indique que l’infortuné prince soit à la veille d’être délivré. Le chroniqueur allemand de la Bibliothèque universelle rapporte, dans la livraison de juin de ce périodique, un incident romanesque survenu au cours de cette dernière crise et qui a vivement frappé les gardiens du roi Othon. Le royal malade n’avait presque rien mangé depuis une semaine ; il ne cessait de crier, pleurer et gémir. Quand, un matin, son garde et son médecin pénétrèrent dans la chambre du prince, ils trouvèrent celui-ci en contem plation devant une petite boîte d’argent ; le malade se tourna et souriant : « — La com tesse L..., cria-t-il, va mieux ; elle est maintenant hors de danger. $ Puis il ferma la boîte qui contient deux fraises desséchées. Toute la journée, il fat calme et joyeux. Voici maintenant comment on explique les paroles du pauvre fou : En 1867, le prince Othon prenait part à un pique-nique, où il rencontra la gracieuse comtesse L..., alors dans tout l’éclat de ses dix-sept ans. Il s’assit à côté d’elle pendant le déjeuner champê tre et lui fit une cour assidue. Cet incident fit jaser plus que de raison et l’on sépara brusquement les deux jeunes gens. La com tesse L... fut envoyée au couvent de la Mi séricorde où elle se trouve encore aujour d’hui. Par quelle mystérieuse intuition Othon de Wittelsbach, incurablement fou, avait-il appris, dix-neuf ans après cet épisode, que, dans sa cellule de religieuse, la comtesse L... était malade ? Qui le dira? Toujours est-il que le prince avait vu juste! On a vérifié les faits et l’on a constaté que Mlle L... entrait en convalescence le jour même où se passait à Fürstenried, la scène que nous venons de raconter. Voilà un thème à souhait pour les gens de science et les poètes.Une montagne d’alun. C’est à 23 kilomè tres d’un village chinois appelé Liu-Shik, que se trouve ce singulier phénomène natu rel, unique au monde. La montagne d’alun — « Fan Shah » — a environ 16 kilomètres de circonférence à sa base et sa hauteur est de 500 mètres. Les habitants du pays l’exploitent depuis plusieurs générations, aussi est-elle percée dans tous les sens de puits et de galeries plus ou moins profonds. Iis ramassent les pierres pour les traiter dans de grands fours, puis dans d’immenses cuves pleines d’eau bouillante. L’alun se cristallise de lui-même sur une épaisseur de 15 centimètres environ, et quand il est refroidi on le débite en blocs de 50 kilos. Cette montagne est la richesse du pays ; et si imparfait quo soit le procédé employé pour son exploitation industrielle, le sel qu'on retire chaque année, et cela depuis deux siècles au moins, représente plusieurs centaines de tonnes.Un artiste russe, M.Boleslas Matuszewski, s’occupe actuellement de l’organisation d’un musée cinématographique. L’idée de M. Matuszewski est de recueillir des « tranches de vie » syant un caractère public ou na tional, sous forme de photographies ani mûes. Il n’est pas douteux qu’il n’y ait dans ce procédé une source d’enseignement des plus efficaces. Comme le dit l’auteur du projet lui-même, que de lignes de vague description gagnées dans les livres desti nés à la jeunesse, le jour où l’on déroulera devant une classe, en un tableau précis et mouvant, l’aspect plus ou moins agité d’une assemblée délibérante, la rencontre des chefs d’Etat près de sceller une alliance, un départ de troupes ou d’escadre, ou bien la physionomie changeante et mobile des cités !La Westminster Gazette nous apprend que la guerre hispano-américaine a do sin guliers résultats. L’un d’eux, c’est qui les Etats-Unis sont menacés de la famine, mais d’une famine particulière, la disette du papier-journal. Tous les stocks de réserve sont épuisés. La fabrication quotidienne des papeteries est de 1,800 tonnes, et la consommation quotidienne du mois dernier a été de 2,100 tonnes. Ces renseignements sont extraits d’un organe spécial, the Ame rican Paper trade and Wood Pulpe neics. Les usines désespèrent d’arriver à faire leurs livraisons assez vite pour répondre aux demandes des clients. Certains grands journaux consomment de 90 à 95 tonnes de papier par jour contre 55 à 60 tonnes en temps ordinaires. Il y a une hausse de 5 fr. par 100 kilogrammes... Et voilà, dans le nouveau monde, une nouvelle corporation intéressée à la durée de la guerre : celle des marchands de papier.PRISE I)E SIKASSOLe Journal officiel du Sénégal, reçu à Bordeaux, donne les détails suivants sur la prise dt Sikasso :Partie do fiammako le l,r avril, la colonne arrive lo 15 devant Sikasso sans être inquiétée et sn trouve en présence d’une ville immense do 9 kilomètres de tour, sur 3 kilomètres do longueur, défendue par deux murs d’enceinte concentrique» ayant 5 mètres de hauteur sur 6 mètres d'épaisseur à la base. Quatorze com bats préliminaires sont livrés autour de la ville pour occuper des positions favorables aux batteries. Enfin, le l,r mai, après uu vigoureux bombardement qui démoralise les défenseurs en détruisant les obstacles dont l’accumulationleur paraissait infranchissable, l’assaut est donné.Conduit avec entrain et méthode, il se prolonge depuis le lever du jour jusqu’à 3 h. de l’après-midi et triomphe de la résistance achar née des défenseurs.Babemba, au milieu de sa garde, se fait tuer dans son tata particulier.La prise de cette place, réputée imprenable par tous les indigènes, a eu, dans tout le Soudan, le retentissement le plus considérable. Aucun retour offensif n’est à craindre et dès le lendemain, les soumissions ont commencé à affluer.Nos pertes ont été relativement minimes malgré la résistance opiniâtre qui nous a été opposée aussi bien dans les combats prélimi naires qu’au moment de l’assaut.Nous avons malheureusement à déplorer la mort de deux officiers : celle du lieutenant d’infanterie de ligne Gallet, tué par une bail# en plein front, le 25 avril, au combat de Sou* kouradi, et celle du lieutenant d’infanterie de marine Loury, tué le Ie* mai en enlevant ses hommes à l’assaut de Sikasso.Cette opération si rapidement conduite fait le plus grand honneur au lieutenant-colonel Audéoud, aux officiers et aux troupes qui l’ont aidé de tout leur savoir et de tout leur courage ; elle ajoute une page glorieuse à l'his toire de nos troupes d’Afrique et donne la. mesure de ce que la France est en droit d’at tendre de leur valeur et de leur dévouement.Petîteô NoteôHier, j’aurais rempli ces Petites Notes deS éclats de mon indignation, et peut-être m’auriez-vous vu adresser à la Croix une de ces apostrophes qui mettent une date dans I histoire ; il en serait de même demain, sans doute. Mais je me suis bien levé, aujour d hui, et personne ne m’a marché sur le pied ; et c’est pourquoi la composition du supplé ment de la Croix a provoqué chez moi une vaste hilarité, — une de ces hilarités qui vous font trépider, qui vous secouent, de la nuque à la plante des pieds, durant des heures. Non, c’est inénarrable, c’est haut de cent coudées, c’est vertigineux de sottiseJe me demande quel est l’état d’esprit, quelle est la mentalité, non pas de ceux qui mettent en circulation ces fantaisies énormes, mais de ceux qui les acceptent, qui les pren nent pour argent comptant. Il s’agit de saint Antoine de Padoue, toujours lui, et d’une mule. Cette mule appartenait à un Albigeois; et l’Albigeois mit au défi le saint de faire adorer le saint sacrement parla mule,tenue au jeûne préalablement pendant trois jours. Le saint accepta ; et la composition nous montre la mule agenouillée devant l’hostie, II faut voir ça ; et aussi tous les Albigeois imitant l'exemple de l’animal. La conversion par une mule ! Là où la parole du saint a échoué, la prosternation d'une mule agissant sur les esprits et sur les cœurs! Une mule opérant des miracles ! Pourquoi pas maître Aliboron? Hé ! dites donc, si l’on faisait promener certaines mules par les rues de Paris, conduites par quelques Pères de la Croix. San-CHlÉTRANGERL’ÉVACUATION DE LA THESSALIE Les dernières troupes turques ont enfin évacué la Thessalie, et leur chef, Edhem-Pacha, s’est embarqué lundi dernier à Volo, salué par les membres de la commission européenne chargée de surveiller les opérations. Les Grecs peuvent maintenant ne plus penser que comme à un mauvais rêve, à ceffe reprise de possession d’une de leurs provinces par l’ennemi héréditaire, auquel on avait eu tant de peine à l'arracher. Mais, hélas ! la frontière, déjà mal éta blie en 1881, a été rectifiée encore à l’avantage des Turcs, dont le territoire s’avance comme un coin dans la vallée du Pénée. En possession de toutes les hauteurs, ils pourront envahir à leur gré la Thessalie, et opposer en revan che une résistance invincible à toute offensive des Grecs. On peut cependant espérer que le jour où les cbréiiens des Balkans se trouveront de nouveau en lutte avec leurs oppresseurs, ils ne trouveront plus toute l’Europe réunie pour les empêcher de combattre.Bien des»ruines sont à réparer. Les Turcs ont passé là, et comme autrefois « tout est ruines et deuil », quoiqu’on s’accorde à reconnaître que les chefs et le général Edhem-Pacha le premier, ont fait de leur mieux pour modérer le zèle de leurs troupes. Ils ont réussi à éviter tout conflit grave entre les Turcs et les populations chrétiennes. Mais Pharsale, [ Domoko sent presque entièrement enruines. On n’a pas massacré, mais les réquisitions, les déprédations se sont faites sur une telle échelle qu’il faudra, dit-on, pour en réparer les effets, une somme égale à celle de l’indemnité de guerre.Quoi qu’il en soit, la Grèce vient de tourner la page la plus malheureuse de son histoire. Un chapitre nouveau s ou* LE SÏQNALvre, qui fera oublier, nous l’espérons, les tristesses du précédent. Elle s’est montrée infiniment plus raisonnable après la défaite, qu’on n’eût pu l’atten dre de sa conduite avant et pendant la campagne. Si elle persévère quelques années dans cette voie, elle aura facilement réparé les ruines de la guerre, et reconquis son prestige un peu entamé chez les Hellènes de l’Orient. A cela, il y a quelques conditions indispensables : éviter les crises politiques, et, pour mieux s'en garantir, reviser la Consti tution qui remet tous les pouvoirs à une seule Chambre ; réduire le nombre des fonctionnaires au strict minimum ; s’abstenir de toute ambition d’annexion territoriale, et servir la « grande idée » autrement, c’est-à-dire mettre en valeurtoutes les ressources, encore insuf fisamment exploitées, du territoire na tional, et développer le commerce et l’industrie, ce qui est pour des gens intelligents une occupation plus intéres sante que les perp^luelles discussions politiques.LA SITUATION EN ITALIELe Conseil des ministres a décidé la conrocation du Parlement pour le 16 juin.Il a arrêté le programme politique et le programme financier. Los associations seront à la merci du gouvernement qui em pêchera la reconstitution de celles qu’il jugera hostiles aux institutions. Le domi cile forcé sera appliqué aux condamnés po civiques.La loi sur la presse augmentera le chiffre des amendes; elle établira la responsabilité du directeur et du gérant. Les délits de presse seront tous soumis au tribunal corsectionner.Les élections administratives sont jour nées à un an. L’abolition de l’octroi est décidée pour les petites communes. Les petites propriétés seront exemptes d’impôt. Celles qui ont été saisies par le fisc seront rendues.Un emprunt spécial aura lieu pour assu rer la construction de chemins de fer. Le traitement des curés sera porté de 600 à 800 francs.Dans les cercles parlementaires ce programme est froidement accueilli.Le gouvernement n’a pas l'intention de dissoudre les associations religieuses de Rome,comme le bruit en avait couru. Mais les associations, effrayées, ont apporté au Vatican leurs papiers et leurs emblèmes ; elles ont menacé de lermer les cuisines économiques qui font des distributions d’aliments aux pauvres, et même les églises et les couvents.La guerre Hispano-AméricaineA SantiagoUne dépêche reçue d’un des avisos ac tuellement dans les eam do Santiago annonce que les insurgés ont coopéré avec les Américains à l’attaque de Caimaira.Les fortifications de cette place ont été détruites; les Américains ont l’intention de faire de Caimaira une base de ravitaillement. Les dépêches ajoutent qu’il ne reste que peu de vivres à Santiago et l’on croit que l’attaque de cètte place aura lieu au plus tard dimanche.Le correspondant du Daily Mail au CapHaïtien annonce qu’on reçoit la nouvelle de fréquentes escarmouches entre les Espa gnols et les Américains. Les Espagnols ne résistent que faiblement.Les Cubains et les Américains réunis ontFEUILLETON DU SIGNAL • 11 Juin 1898QUINZAINE SCIENTIFIQUELes guerres maritimes : rôle prépondérant dos torpilleur». — Torpille automobile Howell. — Son adoption par la marine américaine. — Les bateaux sous-marins ; VArgonaute, bateau destiné à explorer le fond de» mors.Personne, à l’heure actuelle, ne saurait dire, si dans la lutte engagée, l’avantage restera aux Américains ou aux Espagnols, au nouveau ou à l’ancien continent. Il semblait à tout le monde que l’Amérique ne dût taire qu’une bouchée de la vieille et antique Espagne ! La jeune République avec ses immenses richesses qui lui permettent d’être sérieusement outillée, devait avoir la supériorité et remporter rapidement de nombreux succès. Or, si la ba taille de Cavité a semblé un instant, être le prélude de victoires futures, les tentatives de débarquement à Cuba n’ont pas aussi bien réussi. — Il faut croire que la richesse des Américains, et par suite leur armement tout à fait moderne, n’aura pas trop vite raison des armes et des pratiques moyenâgeuses des Espagnols.Et cependant, une nation qui peut avoirplusieurs fois battu les Espagnole. Ils ont pris nn petit fort à l’est du Morro, arec l'aide de la flotte.Les Cubains sons les ordres de Garcia sont au nombre de 3,000 et cet effectif s’ac croît chaque jour. Ils sont en communica tion constante avec l’amiral Sampson, qui leur fournit des armes et des munitions.La disette se fait sentir à Santiago. Les vivres sont réservés pour les troupes et les marins, qui sont mis À la demi-ration. On dit que des désertions se produisent parmi les tronpes du général Llinarès, qui n’a plus sons ses ordres que 5,000 hommes.L’opinion qui semble prévaloir est que l’amiral Cervera est menacé à bref délai d’an Sedan maritime. Acculé au fend de la baie de Santiago, avec l’extrême difficulté de sortir par l’étroite passe, rendue encore plus difficile parl’échouement du Merrimac, il sera contraint sans doute ie se rendre, lorsque les forts Commandant l’entrée du goulet anr^ut réduits au silence.Départ des troupes américainesOn avait annoncé hier comme une chose positive, le départ des troupes américaiaes de Tampa. Une dépêche de Washington semble indiquer que, si le départ a réellement eu lieu, ce dont on ne doute guère, il n’est pas certain que les transports ne soient pas retenus à Key-West; l’on en donne pour raison que des navires espa gnols auraient été signalés sur le littoral nord de Cuba.Une dépêche de l’escadre de 1 amiral Sampson dit que tous les câbles de Santiago ont été coupés et aménagés de façon à permettre à l’amiral de se mettre en commoni cation directe avec Washington.Aux PhilippinesLe Daily Chroniclt a annoncé hier la prise de Manille par Aguinaldo. Mais cette nouvelle paraît être au moins prématurée.On compte pourtant qu’Aguinaldo pourra prendre Manille avant l’arrivée des troupes américaines. D’après le correspondant du Daily Mail, les Etats-Unis n’ont pas l’inten tion de donner l’île aux insurgés.La proclamation d’Aguinaldo annonçant qu’il organisera une République cause assez de préoccupations à Washington.On mande de Hong-Kong au Morning Post que les autorités ont saisi une grande quantité d’armes et de munitions qui étaient destinées à Manille, malgré qu’elles fassent en apparence chargées pour un port chinois.Les îles Hawaï On mande de Washington au Daily Mail que le président Mac Kinley a l’intention d’adresser un message au Congrès pour demander l’annexion des îles Hawaï comme mesure de précaution militaire.En EspagneLe conseil des ministres d’hier s’est pres que exclusivement occupé de la question militaire des Philippines.Le ministre de la guerre a atténué les impressions causées par les dernières dépê ches en niant que la position du général Augusti soit si désespérée. M. Sagasta a ajouté que Manille avait assez de vivres et de moyens d’existence pour attendre les renforts. Le conseil a pris à l’égard des Philippines des décisions radicales gardées secrètes et le ministre de la marine a été autorisé à prendre les mesures les plus lar ges qu’il jugera nécessaires pour les Philippines.Le ministre des finances a été, de son côté, autorisé à s’entendre avec les chefs de la majorité du Parlement en vue de l’appro bation immédiate du budget.M. Sagasta a déclaré que le gouvernement n’avait nullement l’intention de pren dre l’initiative de négociations sur la paix et qu’il n’avait pas non plus connaissance qu’ancune paissance soit disposé à le faire. Le gouvernement n’a reçu aucune dépêche officielle relative au nouveau bombardement de Santiago.Le conseil des ministres a accepté la démission du capitaine général de Madrid Da ban et a nommé à sa place M. Chinchilla, ex-ministre de la guerre. Après le conseil, le ministre de la guerre s’est rendu au Palais où il a conféré pendant plus d’une heure avec la reine régente.Le ministre de la marine est parti hier soir à 9] h, 25 pour Cadix. Tous les antres ministres étaient à la gare an moment de son départ,En l’absence dn ministre de la marine, le ministre de la guerre fera l’intérim de la marine. Le ministre de la marine restera à Cadix trois ou quatre jours, c’est-à dire pendant tout le temps qui sera nécessaire à l’escadre pour se préparer. On annonci^que Vescadre de réserve partira tout entière de Cadix. Elle est composée de quinze navires, parmi lesquels les cuirassés Pelayos, CarlosQuinto, Alphonso XIII, Vittoria, trois contre-torpilleurs, les croiseurs Patria et Rapido récemment achetés à l’Allemagne et des transatlantiques transformés en na vires de guerre.On ne saura rien de la direction que prendra l’escadre, car les ordres seront transmis par le ministre de la marine à l’amiral Camara lorsqu’il sera en pleine mer, à une grande distance de Cadix.Les forces de l’escadre seront divisées. Nous ne saurions faire assez de réserves sur ces nouvelles.On va jnsqu’à nous parler de vingt tor pilleurs accompagnant l’escadre de Cadix. Rappelons que les torpilleurs ne peuvent entreprendre aucune traversée importante, que leur rôle se trouve limité à la défense immédiate des côtes. Seuls les torpilleurs de haute mer, du type du Terror qui vient d’être détruit, peuvent accompagner les cuirassés et les croiseurs, et à la condition de pouvoir être ravitaillés en mer, opération parfois fort difficile.Les groupes composant la minorité de la Chambre se sont réunis chez le ministre des finances. Les conservateurs sont décidés à appuyer le gouvernement en vue de l’adop tion du budget. Des républicains offrent leur appui si le gouvernement s’engage à laisser les Cortès ouvertes.Les carlistes demandent la suppression de la surtaxe de 20 0(0 de l’impôt foncier.M. Romero Robledo demande : Ie la sup pression de la surtaxe de 20 0^0; 2e l’éta blissement d’un impôt sur la rente que le cabinet appliquera lorsqu’il le jugera oppor tun ; 3e le paiement en pesetas du coupon de la Dette extérieure à partir du l‘r juillet.Aux Etats UnisLa conférence interparlementaire est arrivée à s'entendre au sujet du bill des cré dits de guerre.La conférenceinterparlementaire a décidé que le métal blanc, y compris le seigneu rage, serait converti en monnaie à raison de 1,500,000 dollars par mois.On estime qubl faudra une année pour monnayer tout le métal blanc qni se trouve actuellement dans les caves du Trésor. La conférence ost arrivée à un compromis sur l’émission de bons qui serait de 40 millions de dollarsToutes les ventes de spéculation sur des titres ou sur des produits agricoles seront frappées d’un droit de timbre.Bruits d’interventionAu cours de la séance de la Chambre des Communes, M. Curzon a dit qu’il est faux que l’ambassadeur d’Angleterre à Washing ton ait demandé à M. Mac Kmley les condi tions de paix que l’Amérique accorderait à l’Espagne.Le correspondant du Daily Mail à Madrid annonce que les nouvelles alarmantes des Philippines ont causé une impression tellement mauvaise qu’on espère qu’une action diplomatique des puissances ne tar dera pas à se produire.On sait que l’Espagne, dans sa détresse, se tourne vers l’Autriche pour lui deman der aide ; ce n’est pins au Pape qu’on fera appel.REVUE DE LA PRESSECourt commentaire du Siècle sur l’élection de M. Deschanel comme président de la Chambre :Cette majorité de dix voix n’a été faite qu’avec l’appoint de la droite. Si elle est suffisante pour élever un président au fauteuil, elle n’est pas suffisante pour soutenir un gouvernement.Il parait que les députés ont trouvé que la droite était suffisamment représentée au bu-, rean par M. Paul Deschanel : car, contrairement à tous les précédents, pas un seul secré taire appartenant à la droite n’a été élu.De YEclair, sur le même sujet :Aujourd’hui comme hier, les dmx partis entre lesquels se partage la Chambr.' équili brent, à un très faible chiffre de voix près, leurs forces, et, conséquemment, le minière demeure fort exposé, le plus imperceptible mouvement de barre à droite ou à gauche pouvant lui faire perdre les cinq ou six adhérents dont la défaillance suffirait à le mettre en échec.Le Peuple Français, de l’abbé Gar nier, est plein d’espoir :Du vote d'hier, il est possible de concevoir de favorables espérance».Si M. Méline est net dans les déclarations qn’il va être appelé à faire, nos ami» n’hésiteront pas à appoyer une politique modérée et libérale, et le centre opportuniste, dont quelques membres se sont détachés pour soutenir M. Brisson, lui reviendront en bloc pour éviter au pays l’épreuve inutile d’un ministère de concentration.Les pessimistes peuvent avoir raison quand ils disent que tout n’est pas gagné. Mais les hommes de bon sens ont le droit de se fé'iviter du progrès qui s’accentue et s’accentuera cha que jour davantage dans le sens des idées de liberté et de justice.Le Figaro donne la même note, en y mettant pourtant une sourdine :Il i e faut plus que quatre voix pour atteindre le chiffre qui permet à Palmerstoa do gouverner pendant quatre ans.Mais je reconnais que 1 absence de Palmers ton oblige à réclamer une majorité un peu plus nombreuse, sinon plu» compacte. Ce sera le rôle du ministère de s’arranger pour que les questions soient toujours posées do telle façon que toutes les voix de M. Deschanel soient forcées de rester fidèles à M. Méline.Et nous ne sommes pas assez à court de questions urgentes et utiles sur lesquelles l'alliance entre la droite et les républicains modérés est possible, naturelle même, pour que nous soyons obligés d’aborder tout de suite les sujets où la discorde naîtra du choc des principes contraires.Donnons enfin l’oracle de la Libre Parole :La seule question intéressante,c’est de savoir dans quelle situation se trouve à l'heure a tuelle le ministère Mcline. Y aura-t il contre lui une majorité après le débat sur la politique générale? Au contraire, la triple élection de M. Deschanel donnera-t-elle à M. Méline une force nouvelle ?Nous avons déjà exprimé notre avis à ce sujet, et, contrairement à ce qu’on a écrit dans certain* journaux, nous pensons que le sort de Méline e^t désormais entre les mains des seuls radicaux.A trois reprises, ils se sont comptés sur le nom de M. Brisson, et Us chiffre» n’ont pas varié entre le premier et le troisième tour de scrutin. Hier encore, 276 députés, ce qui est bien près de faire la majorité, ont voté contre M. Deschanel. Si le raisonnement fait par les journaux radicaux est vrai ; si voter pour M. Brisson c’était voter contre Méline, nous retrouverons ces 277 voix au jour de l’interpel lotion.Eh bien, si elles se retrouvent, si ces rad caux sont aussi raisonnables qu’on veut bien le dire si l’élection présidentielle avait réellement la signification qu’on a voulu lui donner, M. Méline est battu.Il ne 'faut pas, en efft t, être grand clerc pour trouver dans la majorité recueillie par Si. Danchauel une vingtaine de voix qui iront résolument contre Méline. Ces vingt voix,nous les connaissons, nous pourrions nommer les vingt députés qui sont prêts à renverser le ministère après avoir élu M. Deschanel.Eh bien, si nous ajoutons ces vingt députésaux 277 qui ont voté pour Brisson, nous arri vons à la majorité.Encore une fois, nous sommes sûrs de ces vingt député», et vous, Pelletan, vous qui étiez si indigné, êtes-vous bien sûr des 277 ? Si ceux-là font leur devoir, si tous vos amis, Pelletan, mettent dans l’urno le bulletin bleu que vous y mettrez vous-même,nos vingt amis feront l’appoint et Méline e»t par terre.On lit dans le Siècle :Le Nouvelliste de Lyon, dans son numéro du 8 courant, signale comme une trahison envers le pays l’article de M. Joseph ReVnach, que nous avons publié et où il est rendu compte des commeniaires sur l’affaire Dreyfos-Ester hazy de la National Review de Londres.L’organe clérical cherche à démontrer que M. Reinach voudrait humilier la France et désorganiser l’armée en faisant intervenir l’Allemagne au profit de la « campagne Drey fusarde », et il en donne pour preuve cette phrase : < Heureux les Français s’ils peuvent « faire justice sous une pareille intervention. »C’est odieux, dit le Nouvelliste. Oui, en effet, c’est odieox ; mais l'odieux est dans l’art savant avec lequel l’honnête journal falsifie les textes, sans avoir l'air d’y toucher.La phrase citée par lui doit être rectifiée comme suit : « Heureux les Français s’ils « peuvent faire justice sans une pareille inter« vention. » — C’e&t ju«to l’idée inverse de celle prêtée à la Nccional Review, et, par contre coup, à M. Joseph Reinach. C’est âinsi qu’elle a paru dans le Siècle. Le Nouvelliste a r« m placé sans par sous !Hommes noirs, d’où sortez sortez-vous ? Nous sortons de dessous terre...Un correspondant du Temps raconte en ces termes une visite qu’il a faite récemment à la forteresse de Gibraltar :J'ai pu visiter, dit-il, les célèbres galeries centenaires que les Anglais ont fait creuser, à grands frais, dans la paroi du Penon ; domi nant la rade d’Algésiras et l’étroite boucle de territoire neutre qui sépare l’E»pagno de la forteresse britannique, elles prennent l’air et a lumière par d’innombrables embrasures ar mées de canons d'un modèle plus ou moins mo derme. C’e»t nno excursion très fatigante et d’on intérêt médiocre.Une promenade autour du Penon, de c^tte immense roche qui mesure environ 4,000 mètres de hauteur moyenne, serait autrement édifiante, mais l'ascension eu est rigoureuse ment interdite aux profanes qui doivent bor ner leur curiosité à la contemplation de la verrigiueu»e falaise qui fait face à l'E-pagne, se prolonge du côté de la Méditerranée jusqu'à la Galeta, petit village de pêcheurs, et à la partie occidentale, comprise entre la porte de mer, et le quartier anglais de la pointe d’Europe. On ne peut même plus visiter les inté ressantes grottes de Sap Miguel, situées à l’extrémité méridionale du Penon, où 500 soldats du génie, à l’exclusion des ouvriers indigène», exécutent en ce moment de grands travaux de dffense; une vingtaine de mineurs, recrutés dans le» provinces basque», y participent seul», et j’ai appris de l’un d’eux que M. Goschena fait dimanche dernier l’inauguration d’une ga lerie nouvelle. Il l’a parcourue, à cheval, de puis le village de Caleta jusqu’au faubourg du Rosia.Les fortification», m’a dit un Espagnol qui habite Gibraltar depuis de nombreuses année», s’étendent du nord au sud du rocher ; elles sont armées de 800 pièces croisant leurs feux sur toute la rade et le littoral espagnol. Les batteries basses sont reliées aux étages supérieurs par des courtines verticales ; les batteries hautes sont de deux sortes : les unes couverte», les autres découvertes : elles com muniquent entre elles par des chemin» couverts avec places d’armes,magarin»,poudrières d'eau, escaliers, ventilateur-, etc. Au nord, sur la partie la plus élevée du Penon, se trouve la batterio B ack-Mouth, au sud, celle d'Atcho, armee de 12 pièces de 60 tonne» et on vient d’y transporter le canon do 100 tonnes qui menaçait autrefois Algesiras.Les batteries rasante», armées de canons de 30 et 40 tonnes s’étendent depuis le quai de la pointe de la Mer jusqu’à la pointe d Europe : celles nord couvrent de leurs Lux la côte esbagnole jusqu’à l’embouchure du Guadar radque; celles du centre battent Algésiras et la partie du littoral espagnol comprise entre Palraones et la pointe de Santa Garcia, celles du eud sont dirigées contre l’ensenade de Gétarès et la pointe Caruero ; enfin la dernière série qui protège la pointe d Europe du côté de la Méditerrauée, comprend une deuxième pièce de 109 tonnes. Un large fossé, facilement inonà son actif une armée nombreuse de tor pilleurs peut et doit facilement venir à bout des flottes ennemies, lorsqu’elle sait la rencontrer. C’est l’opinion d’un homme, ancien ministre de la marine, qui voit dans les torpilleurs, leur nombre, leur rapidité, l’un des facteurs les plus importants, sinon le seul, des futures batailles navales. Les petites dimensions d’un torpilleur en font une arme redoutable, puisqu’il approche inopinément, sans bruit et se retire de même aussitôt, le désastre accompli, ina perçu ou hors d’atteinte. Le vaisseau menacé doit être constamment sur ses gardes s’il ne veut pas servir de cible à ces engins.La flotte américaine a adopté en 1891 une torpille des plus dangereuses et des mieux perfectionnées : c’est une torpille automobile. Elle a été découverte en 1870 par M. Howell, qui depuis vingt ans l’a modifiée de la façon la plus réussie pour en faire ce qu’elle est aujourd’hui, un engin de destruction redoutable, ce que les expériences les plus récentes et leurs résul tats ont confirmé de point en point.Une torpille ordinaire a un rendement habituel de 37 0/0, tandis que la torpille Howell donne un rendement de 98 0/0 des coups portés.La torpille Howell file 32 nœuds en une demi-minute, c’est-à-dire qu’elle parcourt 32 fois 15 mètres par 30 secondes, soit 960 mètres à la minute. De plus, son sillage n’est pas visible comme celui des autres torpilles dont la trajectoire est indi quée nettement par des bulles d’air s’échap pant des réservoirs à air comprimé. La trajectoire est une ligne droite, point essentiel et caractéristique; lorsqu’elle est soumise aux forces des vagues qui pourraient la faire dévier de son but, elle tourne sur elle-même de gauche à droiteou de droite à gauche, sans modifier sa direction. Son entretien est facile et les accessoires nécessités par son lancement sont moins encombrants et moins compli qués que ceux des autres torpilles.Ces différents avantages ne sont pas à dédaigner. Préconisée par la compagnie Hotchkiss qui en a effectué la construction, et suivi tous les perfectionnements, cette torpille a effectué des essais conclnauts en rade de Villefranche.La forme de la torpille est celle d’un ciga re allongé ; elle se divise en trois parties bien distinctes : le cône de charge, le corps du milieu et le cône d’arrière où s ajoute la queue.Le cône de charge est formé de huit galettes comprimées de coton pondre humide. Chacune de ces galettes est percée d’un trou central dans lequel on met du coton poudre sec. Le feu se communique facilement par du fulminate de mercure qu’un percuteur enflamme au moindre choc. L’inflammation ne se produit qu’à 100 mètres au plus du point de lancement, plus loin même suivant les besoins. Sa charge peut être de 60 à 95 kilogrammes de poudre.Le corps cylindrique du milieu a sur son flanc un volant de la hauteur de la torpille, très lourd, en acier forgé, trempé à l’huile : c’est l’organe de direction et de propulsion. Il tourne verticalement sur un axe horizontal. Au moyen de deux engre nages intérieurs, il actionne les deux hélices propulsives placées à la partie postérieure et qui constituent la queue. Son mouvement de rotation lui est communiqué par un moteur placé dans le torpilleur, près du tube d’où sera lancée la torpille. C’est le volant qui communique par un jeu d’engrenages les mouvements nécessaires à tontes les pièces de l’appareil. La vitesse de rotation du volant est de 10,000tours par minute, cette vitesse peut être obtenue au bout de quelques secondes et conservée jusqu’au moment opportun.La troisième partie est la plus compli quée : elle possède une chambre à air qui empêche l’appareil de descendre au fond de l’eau , de plus elle a deux régulateurs : un régulateur d’immersion et un régulateur de direction, tous les deux liés inva riablement au mouvement du volant. Le régulateur d’immersion, comme son nom l’indique, a pour but de maintenir l’appa reil à une même profondeur pendant toute la durée de sa course, et à cet effet il commande une palette horizontale placée à l’extrémité de la torpille ou se relève quand la torpille passe au dessus ou au dessous de son plan d’immersion. Il est compose d un piston hydrostatique et d’un pendule. Le piston joue plus particulièrement le rôle de régulateur d’immersion tandis que le pendule a pour but de régler et de maintenir l'horizontalité.Quant au régulateur de direction, il se compose simplement d’un pendule vertical qui oscille à droite ou à gauche et suit tous les mouvements de la torpille dans un sens ou dans l’autre.Le Génie Civil, d’où nous tirons ces renseignements, donne le détail de ce mécanisme, trop compliqué et trop technique pour que nous en fassions supporter la lec ture ; qu’il nous suffise de dire que la précision des coups portés par cet engin en fait la torpille ou l’une des torpilles les plus redoutables construites jusqu’à ce jour.* * A côté de ces engins destructeurs que la science se plaît à perfectionner, il en est d’autres heureusement dont le but est tout humanitaire. En voici un, surnommé Y Argonaute, nom caractéristique, rappelant les héros grecs qui accompagnaientJason à la conquête de la Toison d’Or. Il est destiné à explorer le lieu d’un naufrage et à conquérir les richesses que les flots ont englouties, à en opérer le sauvetage et à renflouer le navire coulé, s’il y a lieu et s’il n’a pas été trop malmené par la tempête ou les récifs.Construit à Baltimore par M. Simon Lake, il fait disparaître toutes les difficul tés et les impossibilités que les plongeurs rencontraient dans leurs recherches sonsmarines.Lorsque les plongeurs doivent travailler à la réparation d’une digue ou d’une jetée, rien de plus facile : ils installent leurs pompes et tout leur matériel sur la jetée même ; mais s ils doivent travailler à quelque distance de la côte, ils sont obligés d’employer des pontons, des chalands, des remorqueurs dont l’emploi est impossible lorsque la mer est mauvaise et que le vent souffle en tempête. Dans tous les cas le travail est bien plus compliqué.L'Argonaute opère par tous les temps et sert lui-même de chantier aux ouvriers et il fonctionne sous l’eau.Il a 2 m. 75 de diamètre sur 11 mètres de long ; il est en forme de cigare ; sa coque, formée de couples en fer lui permet de résister à nne pression de6 atmosphères, ce qui correspond environ à 50 mètres de profondeur.Quand il flotte, il est mu par une hélice ; quand il touche le fond il devient voiture automotrice et c’est au moyen de 3 roues qu’il avance ; deux grandes roues sur les flancs, une plus petite en arrière au-dessous de l’hélice, cette dernière lui servant de gouvernail en tout temps.L’inventeur a prévu ce cas où l’Ar^o naute devrait se mouvoir en terrain acci denté : les roues ne supportent pas tout le poids du bateau et ne sont faites que pourdable, un boolevaré et des glacis avec chambre de mine», séparent Gibraltar du reste de l’Espagne: ce» ouvrages sont protégés par de pe tites pièces à tir rapide et par des batteries plu» importante», à barbette ou casematées, construites sur le flanc du Penon.h'Officiel de ce jour contient des décrets portant nominations de directeurs des contributions indirectes; un arrêté instituant des agrégés près les facultés de médecine de diverses universités; une décision accor dant des diplômes supérieurs d’ingénieur des constructions civiles ; une décision du ministre de la marine portant inscription d’office aux tableaux de classement pour la Légion d honneur et la médaille militaire.Confèrence de VersaillesLa conférence de Versailles (œuvres féminines, chrétiennes et philantropiques) s’eat réunie hier, dans la belle propriété de Mme A. André, les « Ombrages >.Malgré le brouillard et une pluie fine et serrée, de bonne heure dans la matinée, une file nombreuse de dames circulaient sur les quais de départ des deux rives, cherchant gagnent une place dans les com partiments, essayant de se grouper si pos sible avec des amies qu’on n’avait pas vues depuis longtemps et qu’ua même but réu nissait dans une même course.« Qu’est-ce que ce peut bien être que cette invasion de dames? » demandait à un employé un Monsieur à l’air grave et étonné ? Qui sait ? peut-être, lui aussi, étaitil venu un jour dans la ville du Grand-Roi pour un congrès autrement important sans doute.En arrivant aux « Ombrages» l’œil est ravi par la vue d’une gracieuse tente dres sée sur une immense pelouse : à l’entrée, au-dessus de la porte, flotte coquettement le drapeau aux trois couleurs nationales ; tout neuf je vous prie, et gracieusement offert par Mme André. Une élégante bannièce bleu de ciel, portant en lettres d’ar gent « œuvres féminines, chrétiennes et philantropiques » mêle harmonieusement ses plis ondoyants à ceux du drapeau.La séance est ouverte à 10 heures et demie. Toutes se lèvent et se reçue lient, pendant que Mme Siegfried prononce l'oraison dominicale, prière récitée au congrès des religions de Chicago, et consi dérée justement comme résumant admirablement les sentiments de tous ceux qui veulent travailler en commun sans distinc tion de culte, pour le progrès, le relèvement, l'apaisement et aussi le bonheur de toutes les femmes-sœurs.Mlle Sarah Monod, présidente, lit un discours plein de pensées nobles et élevées. Chacun l’écoute avec attention, avec émo tion parfois.« Nous sommes ici chez nous » dit-elle en désignant l’immense tente, abritant une assemblée de plus de trois cents personnes. « Nous avions parlé l’année dernière de notre projet de maison roulante, ce projet, nous avons dû l’abandonner comme trop coûteux et trop compliqué. »Mlle Monod adresse un salut au drapeau, qu’il y a autant de manières de servir qu’il y a de formes à la charité. Elle fait un touchant appel à la paix que chaque femme doit s’efforcer de procurer. LE SIGNALil y a l’encouragement intérieur d’une bonne conscience, encouragement qui vient d'en Haut.De longs applaudissements accueillent cette remarquable allocution.Nous croyons devoir informer les lec teurs du Signal que les travaux de la conférence seront publiés in extenso dans le journal La Femme (s’adresser pour se le procurer à Mlle Sabatier, 18, rue Nicolle).Mme W. Monod lit un travail sur la vie au foyer domestique, sur ce que doivent être les rapports entre les parents et les enfants. Elle fait appel à l’énergie morale de la femme ; elle parle de la reconstitu tion de la famille, et de la part des femmes dans cette reconstitution ; elle proteste avec force contre l’idée de retirer les fils à leur mère pour les placer dans les pensionnats ou sous la direction absolue du père ; elle parle des nombreux devoirs domes tiques qui rendent souvent la femme ner veuse, inquiète, et peuvent nuire à son influence sur ses fils. Nous ne voulons rien citer de ce précieux travail, l'effleurer serait le déflorer. Nous renvoyons le lec teur, à la source indiquée; notons seulement cette spirituelle remarque à propos des mille devoirs domestiques incombant souvent à la femme, presque tous en même temps : « 11 faut avoir de l'empire sur soi-même pour n être jamais pressée. >Mlle Humket parle des bureaux de femmes dans les Observatoires. Quelle patience il leur faut pour les observations astronomiques ; leur âme, dit-elle, communie avec Dieu dans l’infini.Mme d Abbadie dit quelques mots de M ss Frauces Willard, cette personnalité américaine, cette apôtre de la Tempérance morte y a peu de temps. « Elle n’a point de patrie, elle appartient à tous par le bien qu’elle a fait, et par celui qu’elle nous ap prend à faire. Elle cite la devise de cette noble femme, que la perte de son père avait laissée sans fortune, ainsi que sa mère : « Gagner mon pain ; faire mon che min, rendre ma vie utile. »Puis, Madame d’Abbadie présente Miss Slack, secrétaire de Miss Willard, et digne continuatrice de son œuvre. Elle est venue en France dans I intention de recueillir le plus de signatures possible pour l'A bstinence totale de toute boisson spiritueuse ; unani mement il lui a été prédit qu'elle réussirait comme Société de Tempérance, mais absolument pas comme Abstinence totale.Mlle Schirmachtr, déjà bien connue de de notre public féminin, parle des Associations des Institutrices primaires en Alle magne et de leurs efforts pour améliorer le sort des enfants du peuple.Mme Seignobosc un rapport rédigé par Mlle Chalamet empêchée cette année pour des raisons de famille d’assister à la Conférence. Ce rapport traite des moyens à employer pour supprimer ou tout au moins modifier les chambres des jeunes domesti ques logées à Paris au sixième étage loin de toute surveillance. C est une entente difficile, mais néanmoins réalisable à un moment donné. 11 faudrait que les architectes et les propriétaires pussent aména ger, dans les appartements, des chambres de domestiques. On pourrait après enquête signaler, pour qu elles fussent choisies de préférence, les maisons avec les apparte ments ainsi compris et leur donner les désignations de bonnes, assez bonnes ou mauvaises. En attendant, une surveillance journalière devra êire exercée par la maî tresse de maison, sur les chambres du sixième et elle devra veiller également à ce que ces chambres soient soigneusement nettoyées et aérées chaque jour.Mlle Monod ayant demandé à la Conférence d’accorder à son bureau, par unvote de confiance, toute latitude pour les démarches à faire en vue d’obtenir l’autorisation d’un Congrès féminin en 1900, (à l’occasion de l’Exposition), Mme Vincent demande à ce que toutes les œuvres fémi nistes participent à ce Congrès ; une discussion très animée s’engage sur ce sujet, discussion à laquelle prennent part Mmes Vincent, Schmall et Bogelot. Mlle Monod estime qne les Sociétés indépendantes de celle de Versailles pourront se rallier, si elles le désirent, au programme qui sera proposé par la Conférence féminine phi lantropique chrétienne, et entrer alors dans le Congrès. Mme Vincent veut que la Société dont elle fait partie et d’autres soient admises à élaborer le programme, ce que le bureau de Versailles, avec raison, ne peut admettre. Nouvelle discussion. Nouvelles explications, il faut avoir recours à la sonnette ; un instant on se serait cru à la Chambre des Députés ! (pardon messieurs.) Enfin deux votes sont proposés à mains levées; lepremier, émis par le bureau de la Conférence de Versailles et énoncé précédemment, le vote réunit une majo rité presque absolue. Le second, sur la proposition de Mme Vincent, ne réunit que très peu de voix.Mme Vincent lit un rapport sur le Congrès féministe de Bruxelies auquel elle a assisté comme déléguée française.Mme Moriceau présente un travail très intéressant, sur le rôle des femmes dans l'Agriculture. Elle parle des Ecoles d'Agriculture pour femmes fondées en Russie. Si Ton veut de bons fermiers, il faut de bonnes fermières.Mme Fégard, présidente de la Société d’Emigration des femmes aux colonies rend compte de son œuvre. Sans avoir retenu les chiffres nous savons que, par l’intermédiaire de cette Société plusieurs émi grées se sont mariées là-bas ; d’autres s’y sont relevées, d’autres y travaillent et sont heureuses ; quelques unes ont encore tem porairement besoin de secours en argent.Mme de Lampérière se livre à une cau serie qui certes a un fort grand charme, étant données sa voix harmonieuse et la finesse délicate de ses paroles. Elle dit que le rôle de la femme n’est pas individuel, qu il est social, que sa place est au foyer domestique. Elle ne veut pas que les femmes prennent la place des hommes ; il faut chercher pour la femme des occupations de femmes ; quelles seront ces occu pations?Mme de Lampérière estime qu’il est possible de s'occuper de l’amélioration des femmes sans en faire des simili-hommes. Elle dit qu’il y a une société dont elle fait partie qui cherche le moyen d’employer les activités de femmes à des tâches fémi naines.Plusieurs voix s’élèvent pour protester contre les couturiers qui usurpent U place de la couturière, les grands magasins qui ont des hommes aux rayons d objets de toilette de femmes, etc. Une clameur sué lève parce que quelqu’un a prétendu que les couturières ne savent pas couper comme les couturiers. Mme de Lampérière laisse passer 1 orage et continue : que de choses à enseigner aune femme pour lui appren dre à aimer le foyer et à y demeurer.— Et manger? interrompt la spirituelle et aimable Mme Schmall.Calme imperturbable de Mme de Lampérière qui poursuit son idée : combien de femmes ne savent ni acheter, ni coudre, ni commander, ni employer leur temps? Combien ignorent ce qu’il faudrait ensei gner aux enfants : la puissance du beau, l’amour de l’art. La mission de la femme ainsi comprise, ce serait d’un seul coup l’améliorai ion de la famille et de la société;il faut se garder de faire de la femme un demi-homme. La femme, répète-t-elle, ne doit pas empiéter sur les métiers des hommes. De vives interruptions se produi sent, un répond : Pourquoi les hommes empiètent-ils sur les métiers des femmes?Mme de Lampérière,vu l’heure avancée, cesse de parler. Elle a dit de bonnes choses, elle a soulevé bien des questions intéressantes qu’on ne pourra songer à résoudre que lorsque le salaire du chef de fa mille sera suffisant pour l’entretien de toute la chère nichée.Bonne journée après tout, môme avec les discussions soulevées —• ce qui est chose rare à Versailles — mais n’oublions pas que c’est du choc que jaillit la lumière, et qu’il y a toujours beaucoup à gagner quand dans une réunion comme celle-là, on échange librement ses idées. Dans l’assemblée, nous notons au passage des noms connus et sympathiques : Mmes Henri Mallet, F. Puaux, Jules Siegfried, Tra rieux, Bentzon, la générale See d’Abba die, Isabelle Bogelot, etc.Entre la séance du matin et celle du soir, déjeuner en commun où rien ne manquait, ni l’appétit, ni l’entrain, ni la franche et saine gaieté. Comme tous les ans, d’aimalles fées dont nous taisons les noms avaient pris soin de déposer dans chaque verre un délicieux bouquet, et sur chaque assiette une devise illustrée :« La vie est faite pour être montée non pour être descendue ».Merci à tous ; merci au vaillant comité, merci aux aimables organisateurs, merci au personnel servant (dans ce nombre plusieurs enfants de l’orphelinat), et merci à celui qui le premier nous a enseigné à aimer notre prochain comme nous-même.M. A. D.LE PARLEMENTCHAMBRE DES DÉPUTÉS Nous avons pu donner dès hier, en dernière heure, le résultat de l’élection pour le siège de président de la Chambre.Jamais on n’avait vu un vote aussi com plet : 567 bulletins sur 581 membres, et cela encore est très significatif. En réalité, il n’a manqué en tout que sept députés à l’appel, MM. de Largentaye, Lasies, Rouanet, Beauregard, Brune, Cluseret et Cornudet, malade. Je ne parle pas, bien entendu, des députés des colonies qui sont en mer.Trois vice-présidents sur quatre ont été élus au premier tour. Ce sont :MM. Georges Leygues. 315 voix Sarrien 298 Kraniz 272 Venaient ensuite, dans l’ordre que voici :MM, Mesureur .... 242 voixIsambert 240 Maurice Faure. 205MM. Isambert et Maurice Faure se sont désistés. Le second tour aura lieu demain. Il reste également à nommer les trois ques teurs et quatre secrétaires, sur huit.Les quatre élus aujourd’hui août :MM. Ruau 271 voixOrdinaire .... 265 Marc Saazet. 261 Drake 258 Treize voix d’écart seulement entre le premier et le quatrième. Les autres can didats sont arrivés dans cet ordre :MM. Dnbief 239 voixSommeiller. 224 Jourde 223 Claude Rajon. 223 Berteaux 219 Lhopiteau .... 201 Aucun d’eux n’ayant obtenu la majorité absolue, un second tour est nécessaire; mais il y a gros à parier que la victoire restera demain à ceux qui ont été le plus favorisés aujourd’hui. M. Berteaux s’est désisté.Quant à l'élection des questeurs, les négociations entamées entre les divers grou pes n’ont pas abouti, et on assure que l’af faire sera chaude.INFORMATIONSUn déjeuner a été offert, hier, à M. Tnr rel, ministre des travaux publics, par le comité consultatif des chemins de fer, réuni sous la présidence de M. Alfred Pi card. Aux remerciements chaleureux de M. Picard, te ministre a répondu en faisant l’éloge du comité.M. Perettée, président de la chambre de commerce amérbaiue de Pari*, accompagné de M. Masson, président de la chambre de commerce de Paria, est venu, hier, inviter M. Henry Boucher, ministre du commerce, à assister au banquet de la chambre de com merce américaine, qui aura lieu le 2 juillet. M. Boucher a accepté.Hier après midi, à deux heures, le lycée Michelet, à Vanves, a préludé à la célébration du centenaire du grand historien en inaugurant, dans le grand parloir, le buste de Michelet, œuvre du sculpteur Antonin Mercié. Mme veuve Michelet était présente. |
https://wordpress.tv/2018/01/09/dasun-edirisinghe-developing-a-gamification-platform-on-top-of-wordpress/ | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | Dasun Edirisinghe: Developing a Gamification Platform on Top of WordPress
Published
January 9, 2018
Gamification: the art of applying game development techniques outside of a gaming context. This technique helps turn a boring process into a delightful experience – and that can boost business. In this talk, we will learn how to develop successful game techniques and develop a gamification platform using the powerful features of WordPress, including:
Custom Post Types
Post Status
User Meta
Taxonomies
WordPress REST API & more!
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Event
WordCamp Kuala Lumpur 2017 14
Speakers
Dasun Edirisinghe 3
Tags
Game development 1
Language
English 6587
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github_open_source_100_1_85 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import re
from rest_framework import serializers
from users.models import User
from django_redis import get_redis_connection
class RegiserUserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
#自己定义字段就可以了
# 用户再进行提交的时候有3个数据:校验密码,短信验证码,是否同意协议
# 所以,我们需要定义三个字段
password2 = serializers.CharField(label='校验密码', allow_null=False, allow_blank=False, write_only=True)
sms_code = serializers.CharField(label='短信验证码', max_length=6, min_length=6, allow_null=False, allow_blank=False,write_only=True)
allow = serializers.CharField(label='是否同意协议', allow_null=False, allow_blank=False, write_only=True)
token =serializers.CharField(label='token',read_only=True)
"""
ModelSerializer 自动生产字段的过程
会对fields 进行便利，先去model中哦查看是否有相应的字段
如果有则自动生产如果没有则查看当前类 是否定义
"""
class Meta:
model = User
fields = ['id','token','mobile','username','password','allow','sms_code','password2']
extra_kwargs = {
'id': {'read_only': True},
'username': {
'min_length': 5,
'max_length': 20,
'error_messages': {
'min_length': '仅允许5-20个字符的用户名',
'max_length': '仅允许5-20个字符的用户名',
}
},
'password': {
'write_only': True,
'min_length': 8,
'max_length': 20,
'error_messages': {
'min_length': '仅允许8-20个字符的密码',
'max_length': '仅允许8-20个字符的密码',
}
}
}
"""
mobile: 符合手机号管则
密码：两次密码需要一致
短信
"""
#单个字段
def validate_mobile(self, value):
if not re.match(r'1[3-9]\d{9}',value):
raise serializers.ValidationError('手机号不符合规则')
return value
def validate_allow(self,value):
if value != 'true':
raise serializers.ValidationError('没有同意协议')
return value
# 多个字段
def validate(self, attrs):
# 两次密码必须一致
password = attrs['password']
password2=attrs['password2']
if password!=password2:
raise serializers.ValidationError('密码不一致')
#短信
#2.1 获取用户提交的验证码
mobiele = attrs.get('mobile')
sms_code = attrs['sms_code']
#2.2 获取redis
redis_conn = get_redis_connection('code')
redis_code = redis_conn.get('sms_'+mobiele)
if redis_code is None:
raise serializers.ValidationError('验证码失效')
# 最好删除短信
redis_conn.delete('sms_' + mobiele)
#2.3 比对
if redis_code.decode()!=sms_code:
raise serializers.ValidationError('验证码不一致')
return attrs
def create(self, validated_data):
# print(validated_data)
del validated_data['sms_code']
del validated_data['password2']
del validated_data['allow']
user = User.objects.create(**validated_data)
# print(user)
user.set_password(validated_data['password'])
user.save()
"""
当用户注册成功之后，自动登录
自动登录的功能是要求用户注册成功之后 返回数据的时候需要额外添加一个token
1.序列话的时候添加token
2.token 怎么生成---->入库之后生产touken
"""
#用户入库之后生产token
from rest_framework_jwt.settings import api_settings
# 需要使用jwt 的两个方法
jwt_payload_handler = api_settings.JWT_PAYLOAD_HANDLER
jwt_encode_handler = api_settings.JWT_ENCODE_HANDLER
# 让payload（载荷）成放一些用户信息
payload = jwt_payload_handler(user)
token = jwt_encode_handler(payload)
user.token = token
return user
|
US-26625639-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Means for shrinking cloth
Mar6h 17, 1942. ws 2,276,605
I MEANS FOR SHRINKING CLQTH Filed April 6, 1959 l nvenTor.
Bernard RAndreWs Try.
Patented Mar. 17, 1942 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE I MEANS FOR SHRINKING CLOTH Bernard R. Andrews, Braintree, Mass.
Application April 6, 1939, Serial No. 266,256
10 Claims.
In shrinking cloth according to the method described in my co-pending application. Serial No. 261,461, filed March 13, 1939, the cloth is first wetted, thereby causing it to shrink, and it is tendency of the cloth to shrink when it is wet,
it is desirable thatthe wetting of the cloth should be performed while the cloth is under little or no tension, because if the cloth is under tension while the moisture is being applied thereto and being absorbed thereby, the tension of the cloth will interfere with and prevent the true or normal wet shrinkage of the cloth.
Sometimes it is desirable to perform the shrinkage of the cloth simultaneously with some finishing operation and in such case, the wetting liquid may contain ingredients which it is desired to incorporate in the cloth to give it a desired finish. Under such circumstances, it is important that the cloth should be held fiat and free from wrinkles during the wetting operation.
One object of my present invention is to provide a novel device by which the cloth is maintained under a light uniform tension and in a fiat unwrinkled condition while it is fed to, acted on by and delivered from the cloth wetting device, which tension is insufiicient to efiect the true or normal shrinkage which the cloth undergoes by reason of being wet.
In order to give an understanding of my invention, I have illustrated in the drawing, somewhat diagrammatically, an apparatus embodying the invention.
In the drawing, the cloth which is to be wet shrunk is indicated at l. Any suitable or known cloth-wetting means may be employed. That herein shown comprises an open tank 2 containing the wetting liquid 3, which may be water if the cloth is simply to be shrunk, but which may be a liquid containing some finishing ingredient such as starch or sizing, etc., if the cloth-is to be subjected to a finishing operation simultane-- ously with the wet shrinkage thereof.
In the illustrated embodiment 01' the invention, the cloth is wet by passing it through the liquid 3 in the tank 2, and 4 and 5 indicate a pair of driven squeeze rolls which serve to deliver the wet cloth from the tank and, at the 5 same time,'to squeeze out surplus liquid therefrom. The cloth is shown as passing under a tension roll 6, which is submerged in the liquid 3.
The application of moisture to the cloth by its passage through the bath 3 and the absorption of the moisture by the cloth after it leaves the bath 3, produces in the cloth a marked tendency for the cloth to shrink so that if the cloth is not subjected to undue tension while it is passing through the bath or .being delivered to the squeeze rolls 4 and 5, a decided wet shrinkage of the cloth will occur. As a result, the amount of cloth which is delivered from the squeeze rolls'l and 5 is less than that which is delivered to the g tank 2 by the amount of shrinkage.
In order to permit the cloth to have its normal or true wet shrinkage when it is passed through the liquid 8, I provide an input feeding device for feeding the cloth to the bath 3 and I also provide means for maintaining on the length of cloth 3 between the input feeding-device and the squeeze rolls, a uniform light tension, which is sufiicient to hold the clothfiat, but
insufficient to interfere with the wet shrinkage of the cloth, due to the application of water delivered to the bath 3.
The cloth is herein shown as being taken from a truck 9, said'cloth passing from the truck 9 over straightening bars l0 and thence passing around a guide roller H to the feeding rolls 1 i0 and 8.
In order to maintain a light, uniform tension on the cloth between the feed rolls I, .8 and the squeeze rolls 4, 5, notwithstanding the fact that the cloth undergoes wet shrinkage in passing from the feed rolls to the squeeze rolls, I have provided means for operating the feed rolls I and 8 at a slightly faster speed than the squeeze rolls 4 and 5 and have also provided means for maintaining automatically such a relation between the surface speed of the feed rolls I and 8 and that of the squeeze rolls 4 and 5, that the length of cloth between the feed rolls and the squeeze rolls will be maintained under alight, uniform tension, notwithstanding the wet shrinkage which occurs in the cloth.
The squeeze rolls 4 and 5 may be positively driven from any suitable source of power, and merely for illustrative purposes, I have shown the shaft l2 of the roll 5 as provided with a driving pulley l8, which is actuated by a driving belt l4 shown in dotted lines. In devices of this type,
the two squeeze rolls are usually arranged to rotate in unison.
In accordance with my present invention, the feed rolls 1 and 8 are driven from the squeeze rolls 4 and 5 by some suitable variable speed driving means which is automatically controlled by the tension roll 8, thereby to maintain a surface speed of the feed rolls 1 and 8, such that the cloth will be fed to the cloth wetting device at the proper speed to maintain the desired light substantially constant tension on the cloth between the feed rolls and the squeeze rolls, notwithstanding any wet shrinkage which may take place in the cloth between said feed rolls and squeeze rolls.
For this p rpose I may employ any suitable variable speed driving means which is controlled by the tension roll, and merely for illustrative P poses, butwithout intending tobe limited thereto, I have shown somewhat diagrammaticallyat I5 a variable speed driving mechanism on the order of the well-known Reeves variablespeed drive. This type of variable speed drive mechanism comprises two pulleys I5 and I1, which are connected by a belt 18 and have variable efiective diameters. The shaft IQ of the pulley I1 is shown as belted to the shaft l2 of the squeeze roll 5 by suitable driving belt 2|, and. the shaft 22 of the pulley I6 is shown as belted to the shaft 23 of the feed roll 8 by means of a driving belt 24. The power for rotating the feed rolls I and 8 is thus taken from the squeeze rolls through the variable speed driving mechanism I5.
These variable speed driving mechanisms are provided with some suitable control, either mechanical, pneumatic, or electrical, by which the relation between the input speed and the output speed may be varied, and in the drawing, such control device is indicated at 25. Means are provided whereby this control device 25 may be actuated by the rise and fall of the tension roll 6. As illustrating one simple construction, the shaft of the roll 6 has an arm 28 rising therefrom, which is provided at its upper end with rack teeth 21 meshing with gear teeth with which the control device 25 is provided, said control device being in the form of a rotary element. The tension roll 5 is 'a relatively light roll having just sufflcient weight to hold the length of cloth between the feed rolls 1 and 8 and the squeeze rolls 4 and 5 in a smooth condition. Said tension roll is set so that the length of cloth between the feed rolls and the squeeze rolls will be in the form of a wide loop 28, a portion of which is submerged in the bath 3.
So long as the feed rolls I and 8 are feeding the cloth to the bath 3 suificiently faster than the squeeze rolls 4 and 5 deliver it from said bath to compensate for the wet shrinkage which occurs in the cloth, the loop 28 of the cloth will be maintained under the light uniform tension which is given it by the weight of the tension roll 5. If the feed rolls 1 and 8 tend to feed the cloth to-the bath at a speed faster than that required to maintain the loop 28 of the length shown in the drawing, then the said loop tends to lengthen and the tension roll 8 will move downwardly. This downward movement will actuate the control device 25 to cause such a readjustment of the variable speed device l5 as to reduce the speed of the feed rolls 1 and 8. On the other hand, if the feed rolls I and 8 are feeding the cloth to the bath at a speed slower than that required to maintain the loop 28 at its normal length, then the shortening of the loop 28 will cause the tension roll 5 to rise, and this upward movement of the roll will actuate the control 25, thereby causing a re-adjustment of the variable speed device l5, which will result in increasing the speed of the feed rolls 1 and 8.
By this invention, therefore, the speed of the feed rolls 1 and 8 is automatically varied so as to cause said feed rolls to feed the cloth to the cloth wetting device at such a speed as to maintain on the cloth forming the loop 28, and which is being wet, the uniform light tension produced thereon by the weight of the tension roll 5.
The tension which the roll 8 applies to the cloth is not suflicient to interfere appreciably with the shrinkagewhich the cloth will undergo due to its becoming wet and absorbing moisture. In
the above described construction, the wetting of process.
the cloth is accomplished by its submergence in the bath 8 as it passes under the tension roll 8, but other known ways of wetting the cloth between the feed rolls 1, 8 and the squeeze rolls 4, 5, may be employed without departing from the inventive idea of providing means for feeding the .cloth to the device and means for automatically controlling the speed at which the cloth is fed to the wetting device by the tension on the cloth between the feeding device and the squeeze rolls.
The wet shrunk cloth which is delivered from the squeeze rolls 4 and 5 passes over a driven cage roll 28 which delivers it to a traveling apron 38. This cage roll 29 serves to keep the cloth in a flat, unwrinkled condition, and to lay it evenly on the traveling apron 30. When the cage roll 28 is a driven roll, it is desirable that it should be so operated with relation to the squeeze rolls 4 and 5 that it will not exert on the stretch 3| of cloth between it and the squeeze rolls, sufficient tension to remove any of the wet shrinkage which the cloth obtained due to the wetting Moreover, during the time that the cloth is traveling from th squeeze rolls to the cage roll 29, the cloth will be absorbing the moisture which has been applied thereto, and during this moisture-absorbing interval, there will be a further tendency for the cloth to shrink.
In order to permit any such additional shrinkage to occur and at the same time to provide that the operation of the cage roll will not apply sufflcient tension to the stretch 3| of cloth to remove the wet shrinkage of the cloth, I propose to operate the cage roll 29 from the squeeze rolls 4 and 5 through the medium of a variable speed driving mechanism, which is controlled by the tension on the length of cloth between the squeeze rolls and the cage roll.
For this purpose, there is shown a variable speed driving mechanism 32, which is connected to the squeeze roll 4 by suitable belt 33, and is connected to the cage roll 29 by another driving belt 34, so that the cage roll 29 will be driven from the squeeze roll 4 through the variable speed driving mechanism, 35 designates a light tension roll resting on the clutch between the squeeze rolls and the cage roll. This tension roll 35 has an arm 35 rising therefrom which is connected to the control device 31 of the variable speed mechanism. The arrangement is such that if the cage roll 29 tends to rotate slower than the squeeze rolls 4 and 5, so that the length of eloth 3| between the squeeze rolls and cage roll tends to increase, the consequent downwardward movement of the tension roll 35 will actuate the variable speed device 32 to cause an increase in the speed of rotation of the cage roll. On the other hand, it the relation between the relation speeds or the cage roll and the squeeze rolls is such that the cage'roll tends to deliver the cloth faster than it is delivered by the squeeze rolls, then the consequent upper movement or the tension roll 35 will. actuate the variable speed device to cause a reduction in the speed of the cage roll. With this construction, therefore, the cloth is maintained under a light uniform tension while it'is being wetted and also while it is absorbing moisture and until it is delivered onto the apron 30. This light tension is insuflicient to interier with the normal or true wet shrinkage which the cloth will undergo due to the application of moisture thereto and the absorption of moistur thereby. With, my invention, therefore, it is possible to secure the normal true wet shrinkage of the cloth, while at the same time holding the cloth in a flat unwrinkled condition.
I claim:
1. Means for shrinking unshrunk cloth, comprising cloth-wetting means, cloth-feeding means to feed unshrunk cloth forward positively and deliver it to the cloth-wetting means, cloth-delivery means to withdraw the cloth from the cloth-wetting means, means for operating said cloth-feeding means and cloth-delivery means,
cloth-tensioning means acting on the cloth between the cloth-feeding means and the clothdelivery means, and means responsive to movement of the cloth-tensioning means due to variations in the length of the cloth between the cloth-feeding means and cloth-delivery means to vary correspondingly the relative cloth-advancing speeds of said cloth-feeding means and clothdelivery means.
2. Means for shrinking "cloth comprising cloth-wetting means, a pair of feed rolls for advancing cloth and feeding it to the cloth-wetting means, a pair of squeeze rolls to deliver the cloth from the cloth-wetting means, means to operate said feed rolls and squeeze rolls, a tensioning device to apply a light tension to the cloth between the feed rolls and the squeeze rolls, and means acting through said tensioning device and responsive to any variation in the length of the cloth between the feed rolls and squeeze rolls to vary correspondingly the relative cloth-advancing speeds of said feed rolls and squeeze rolls.
3. Means for shrinking cloth comprising clothwetting means, cloth-feeding means for advancing unshrunk cloth and feeding it to the clothwetting means, cloth-delivery means to deliver the cloth from the cloth wetting means,gmeans operatively connecting the cloth-feeding means andthe cloth-delivery means, said latter means including a variable speed driving mechanism, and meansrresponsive to'any-variations in the length or cloth between the cloth-feeding means and cloth-delivery means to adjust the variable speed driving mechanism and thereby vary the relativecloth-advancing speeds of said clothdelivery means and cloth-feeding means.
4. Means for shrinking cloth comprising: a tank containing cloth-wetting liquid, cloth-feeding means to feed unshrunk cloth thereto, cloth delivery means to deliver wet and wet-shrunk cloth therefrom, a light tension roll submerged in the liquid in the tank and resting on the 76 ment or the tension roll to vary the cloth-advancing speed of the feeding means relative to that of the delivery means. 4
5. Means for shrinking cloth comprising: a tank containing cloth-wetting liquid, feed rolls for giving unshrunk cloth an advancing movement and feeding it to said tank, squeeze rolls for delivering wet and wet-shrunk cloth from the tank, a light tension roll submerged in the liquid in the tank and resting on the cloth between the feed rolls and the squeeze rolls, whereby the cloth passes through the cloth-wetting liquid as it travels around the tension roll, and means responsive to a rising or falling movement or the tension roll to vary the cloth-advancing speed 01' the feed rolls relative to that 0! the squeeze rolls.
6. Means for shrinking cloth comprising clothwetting means, means to feed unshrunk cloth thereto, cloth-delivery means to deliver the wet and wet-shrunk cloth from the wetting means, a rotary cloth-advancing member acting on the cloth after it has been delivered from the clothdelivery means, a light tension roll engaging the cloth betweenthe cloth-delivery means and the cloth-advancing member, and means responsive to any rising and falling movement of the tension roll to vary the relative cloth-advancing speeds of the cloth-delivery means and the clothadvancing member and thereby maintain 'a cloth-advancing movement of the cloth-advancing'member which is sufliciently slower than that of the cloth-delivery means to compensate for any additional shrinkage which takes place in the cloth between said cloth-delivery means and the cloth-advancing member.
"1. Means for shrinking cloth comprising clothwetting means, cloth-feeding means to advance unshrunk cloth and feed it continuously to the cloth-wetting means, cloth-delivery means to withdraw the wet and the wet-shrunk cloth con-' tinuously from the cloth-wetting means, means, including a variable speed driving mechanism, operatively connecting the cloth-feeding means and the cloth-delivery means, a tension device to maintain a light tension on the cloth between the cloth-feeding means and the cloth-delivery means, and means controlled'by the tension device to adjust the variable speed driving mechanism and thereby adjust the relative clothadvancing speeds of the cloth-feeding means and the cloth-delivery means.
8. Means for shrinking cloth comprising clothwetting means, cloth-feeding means to advance unshrunk cloth and feed it continuously to the cloth-wetting means, cloth-delivery means to withdraw the wet and the wet-shrunk cloth continuously'irom the cloth-wetting means, means, including a variable speed driving mechanism,-
9. Means for shrinking cloth comprising clothwetting' means, cloth-feeding means to advance unshrunk cloth and feed it continuously to the cloth-wetting means, cloth-delivery means to deliver the wet and wet-shrunk cloth continuously from the cloth-wetting means, a tension member engaging the cloth between the cloth-teeding means and the cloth-delivery means and applying a light tension thereto, and means responsive to movement of the tension member due to variations in shrinkage which take place in the cloth between the cloth-feeding means and the cloth-delivery means to vary correspondingly the relative cloth-advancing speeds or the cloth-feeding means and the cloth-delivery 15 BERNARD R. ANDREWS.
|
github_open_source_100_1_86 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | // Copyright 2013 The Chromium Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.
package org.chromium.chrome.browser.identity;
import android.test.InstrumentationTestCase;
import android.test.suitebuilder.annotation.SmallTest;
import org.chromium.base.test.util.Feature;
import javax.annotation.Nullable;
public class UniqueIdentificationGeneratorFactoryTest extends InstrumentationTestCase {
@SmallTest
@Feature({"ChromeToMobile", "Omaha", "Sync"})
public void testSetAndGetGenerator() {
UniqueIdentificationGeneratorFactory.clearGeneratorMapForTest();
UniqueIdentificationGenerator gen = new TestGenerator();
UniqueIdentificationGeneratorFactory.registerGenerator("generator", gen, false);
assertEquals(gen, UniqueIdentificationGeneratorFactory.getInstance("generator"));
}
@SmallTest
@Feature({"ChromeToMobile", "Omaha", "Sync"})
public void testForceCanOverrideGenerator() {
UniqueIdentificationGeneratorFactory.clearGeneratorMapForTest();
UniqueIdentificationGenerator gen1 = new TestGenerator();
UniqueIdentificationGenerator gen2 = new TestGenerator();
UniqueIdentificationGenerator gen3 = new TestGenerator();
UniqueIdentificationGeneratorFactory.registerGenerator("generator", gen1, false);
assertEquals(gen1, UniqueIdentificationGeneratorFactory.getInstance("generator"));
UniqueIdentificationGeneratorFactory.registerGenerator("generator", gen2, false);
assertEquals(gen1, UniqueIdentificationGeneratorFactory.getInstance("generator"));
UniqueIdentificationGeneratorFactory.registerGenerator("generator", gen3, true);
assertEquals(gen3, UniqueIdentificationGeneratorFactory.getInstance("generator"));
}
@SmallTest
@Feature({"ChromeToMobile", "Omaha", "Sync"})
public void testGeneratorNotFoundThrows() {
UniqueIdentificationGeneratorFactory.clearGeneratorMapForTest();
UniqueIdentificationGenerator generator = null;
try {
generator = UniqueIdentificationGeneratorFactory.getInstance("generator");
fail("The generator does not exist, so factory should throw an error.");
} catch (RuntimeException e) {
assertEquals(null, generator);
}
}
private static class TestGenerator implements UniqueIdentificationGenerator {
@Override
public String getUniqueId(@Nullable String salt) {
return null;
}
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_1_87 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /*
* Copyright 2018 Google LLC.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package com.google.cloud.tools.managedcloudsdk.components;
import com.google.cloud.tools.managedcloudsdk.ConsoleListener;
import com.google.cloud.tools.managedcloudsdk.ProgressListener;
import com.google.cloud.tools.managedcloudsdk.command.CommandExecutionException;
import com.google.cloud.tools.managedcloudsdk.command.CommandExitException;
import com.google.cloud.tools.managedcloudsdk.command.CommandRunner;
import java.nio.file.FileSystems;
import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.mockito.Mock;
import org.mockito.Mockito;
import org.mockito.junit.MockitoJUnitRunner;
/** Tests for {@link com.google.cloud.tools.managedcloudsdk.components.SdkUpdater} */
@RunWith(MockitoJUnitRunner.class)
public class SdkUpdaterTest {
@Mock private ConsoleListener mockConsoleListener;
@Mock private ProgressListener mockProgressListener;
@Mock private CommandRunner mockCommandRunner;
@Mock private BundledPythonCopier mockBundledPythonCopier;
@Mock private Map<String, String> mockPythonEnv;
private Path fakeGcloudPath;
@Before
public void setUpFakesAndMocks()
throws InterruptedException, CommandExitException, CommandExecutionException {
Path root = FileSystems.getDefault().getRootDirectories().iterator().next();
fakeGcloudPath = root.resolve("my/path/to/fake-gcloud");
Mockito.when(mockBundledPythonCopier.copyPython()).thenReturn(mockPythonEnv);
}
@Test
public void testUpdate_successRun()
throws InterruptedException, CommandExitException, CommandExecutionException {
SdkUpdater testUpdater = new SdkUpdater(fakeGcloudPath, mockCommandRunner, null);
testUpdater.update(mockProgressListener, mockConsoleListener);
Mockito.verify(mockProgressListener).start(Mockito.anyString(), Mockito.eq(-1L));
Mockito.verify(mockProgressListener).done();
Mockito.verify(mockCommandRunner)
.run(
Mockito.eq(expectedCommand()),
Mockito.nullable(Path.class),
Mockito.<Map<String, String>>any(),
Mockito.eq(mockConsoleListener));
}
@Test
public void testUpdate_withBundledPythonCopier()
throws InterruptedException, CommandExitException, CommandExecutionException {
SdkUpdater testUpdater =
new SdkUpdater(fakeGcloudPath, mockCommandRunner, mockBundledPythonCopier);
testUpdater.update(mockProgressListener, mockConsoleListener);
Mockito.verify(mockProgressListener).start(Mockito.anyString(), Mockito.eq(-1L));
Mockito.verify(mockProgressListener).done();
Mockito.verify(mockCommandRunner)
.run(
Mockito.eq(expectedCommand()),
Mockito.nullable(Path.class),
Mockito.eq(mockPythonEnv),
Mockito.eq(mockConsoleListener));
}
@Test
public void testInstallComponent_workingDirectorySet()
throws InterruptedException, CommandExitException, CommandExecutionException {
SdkUpdater testUpdater = new SdkUpdater(fakeGcloudPath, mockCommandRunner, null);
testUpdater.update(mockProgressListener, mockConsoleListener);
Mockito.verify(mockCommandRunner)
.run(
Mockito.anyList(),
Mockito.eq(fakeGcloudPath.getRoot()),
Mockito.<Map<String, String>>any(),
Mockito.any(ConsoleListener.class));
}
private List<String> expectedCommand() {
return Arrays.asList(fakeGcloudPath.toString(), "components", "update", "--quiet");
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_1_88 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /**
*
*/
package com.carlos.reservation.modelo;
import java.time.LocalDateTime;
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.JoinColumn;
import javax.persistence.ManyToOne;
import javax.persistence.Table;
import javax.persistence.Temporal;
import javax.persistence.TemporalType;
import org.hibernate.annotations.GenericGenerator;
import lombok.Data;
/**
* Clase que representa la tabla Reserva
* @author carlos.martinez
*
*/
@Data
@Entity
@Table(name = "reserva")
public class Reserva {
@Id
@GeneratedValue(generator = "system-uuid")
@GenericGenerator(name = "system-uuid", strategy = "uuid2")
private String idReserva;
//@Temporal(TemporalType.TIMESTAMP)
private LocalDateTime fechaIngresoReserva;
//@Temporal(TemporalType.TIMESTAMP)
private LocalDateTime fechaSalidaReserva;
private int cantidadPersonasReserva;
private String descripcionReserva;
@ManyToOne
@JoinColumn(name = "idCliente")
private Cliente cliente; // 1 - M
}
|
github_open_source_100_1_89 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | namespace VAdvantage.Model
{
/** Generated Model - DO NOT CHANGE */
using System;
using System.Text;
using VAdvantage.DataBase;
using VAdvantage.Common;
using VAdvantage.Classes;
using VAdvantage.Process;
using VAdvantage.Model;
using VAdvantage.Utility;
using System.Data;
/** Generated Model for I_ElementValue
* @author Jagmohan Bhatt (generated)
* @version Vienna Framework 1.1.1 - $Id$ */
public class X_I_ElementValue : PO
{
public X_I_ElementValue (Context ctx, int I_ElementValue_ID, Trx trxName) : base (ctx, I_ElementValue_ID, trxName)
{
/** if (I_ElementValue_ID == 0)
{
SetI_ElementValue_ID (0);
SetI_IsImported (null); // N
}
*/
}
public X_I_ElementValue (Ctx ctx, int I_ElementValue_ID, Trx trxName) : base (ctx, I_ElementValue_ID, trxName)
{
/** if (I_ElementValue_ID == 0)
{
SetI_ElementValue_ID (0);
SetI_IsImported (null); // N
}
*/
}
/** Load Constructor
@param ctx context
@param rs result set
@param trxName transaction
*/
public X_I_ElementValue (Context ctx, DataRow rs, Trx trxName) : base(ctx, rs, trxName)
{
}
/** Load Constructor
@param ctx context
@param rs result set
@param trxName transaction
*/
public X_I_ElementValue (Ctx ctx, DataRow rs, Trx trxName) : base(ctx, rs, trxName)
{
}
/** Load Constructor
@param ctx context
@param rs result set
@param trxName transaction
*/
public X_I_ElementValue (Ctx ctx, IDataReader dr, Trx trxName) : base(ctx, dr, trxName)
{
}
/** Static Constructor
Set Table ID By Table Name
added by ->Harwinder */
static X_I_ElementValue()
{
Table_ID = Get_Table_ID(Table_Name);
model = new KeyNamePair(Table_ID,Table_Name);
}
/** Serial Version No */
//static long serialVersionUID 27562514377014L;
/** Last Updated Timestamp 7/29/2010 1:07:40 PM */
public static long updatedMS = 1280389060225L;
/** AD_Table_ID=534 */
public static int Table_ID;
// =534;
/** TableName=I_ElementValue */
public static String Table_Name="I_ElementValue";
protected static KeyNamePair model;
protected Decimal accessLevel = new Decimal(2);
/** AccessLevel
@return 2 - Client
*/
protected override int Get_AccessLevel()
{
return Convert.ToInt32(accessLevel.ToString());
}
/** Load Meta Data
@param ctx context
@return PO Info
*/
protected override POInfo InitPO (Ctx ctx)
{
POInfo poi = POInfo.GetPOInfo (ctx, Table_ID);
return poi;
}
/** Load Meta Data
@param ctx context
@return PO Info
*/
protected override POInfo InitPO(Context ctx)
{
POInfo poi = POInfo.GetPOInfo (ctx, Table_ID);
return poi;
}
/** Info
@return info
*/
public override String ToString()
{
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder ("X_I_ElementValue[").Append(Get_ID()).Append("]");
return sb.ToString();
}
/** AD_Column_ID AD_Reference_ID=272 */
public static int AD_COLUMN_ID_AD_Reference_ID=272;
/** Set Column.
@param AD_Column_ID Column in the table */
public void SetAD_Column_ID (int AD_Column_ID)
{
if (AD_Column_ID <= 0) Set_Value ("AD_Column_ID", null);
else
Set_Value ("AD_Column_ID", AD_Column_ID);
}
/** Get Column.
@return Column in the table */
public int GetAD_Column_ID()
{
Object ii = Get_Value("AD_Column_ID");
if (ii == null) return 0;
return Convert.ToInt32(ii);
}
/** AccountSign AD_Reference_ID=118 */
public static int ACCOUNTSIGN_AD_Reference_ID=118;
/** Credit = C */
public static String ACCOUNTSIGN_Credit = "C";
/** Debit = D */
public static String ACCOUNTSIGN_Debit = "D";
/** Natural = N */
public static String ACCOUNTSIGN_Natural = "N";
/** Is test a valid value.
@param test testvalue
@returns true if valid **/
public bool IsAccountSignValid (String test)
{
return test == null || test.Equals("C") || test.Equals("D") || test.Equals("N");
}
/** Set Account Sign.
@param AccountSign Indicates the Natural Sign of the Account as a Debit or Credit */
public void SetAccountSign (String AccountSign)
{
if (!IsAccountSignValid(AccountSign))
throw new ArgumentException ("AccountSign Invalid value - " + AccountSign + " - Reference_ID=118 - C - D - N");
if (AccountSign != null && AccountSign.Length > 1)
{
log.Warning("Length > 1 - truncated");
AccountSign = AccountSign.Substring(0,1);
}
Set_Value ("AccountSign", AccountSign);
}
/** Get Account Sign.
@return Indicates the Natural Sign of the Account as a Debit or Credit */
public String GetAccountSign()
{
return (String)Get_Value("AccountSign");
}
/** AccountType AD_Reference_ID=117 */
public static int ACCOUNTTYPE_AD_Reference_ID=117;
/** Asset = A */
public static String ACCOUNTTYPE_Asset = "A";
/** Expense = E */
public static String ACCOUNTTYPE_Expense = "E";
/** Liability = L */
public static String ACCOUNTTYPE_Liability = "L";
/** Memo = M */
public static String ACCOUNTTYPE_Memo = "M";
/** Owner's Equity = O */
public static String ACCOUNTTYPE_OwnerSEquity = "O";
/** Revenue = R */
public static String ACCOUNTTYPE_Revenue = "R";
/** Is test a valid value.
@param test testvalue
@returns true if valid **/
public bool IsAccountTypeValid (String test)
{
return test == null || test.Equals("A") || test.Equals("E") || test.Equals("L") || test.Equals("M") || test.Equals("O") || test.Equals("R");
}
/** Set Account Type.
@param AccountType Indicates the type of account */
public void SetAccountType (String AccountType)
{
if (!IsAccountTypeValid(AccountType))
throw new ArgumentException ("AccountType Invalid value - " + AccountType + " - Reference_ID=117 - A - E - L - M - O - R");
if (AccountType != null && AccountType.Length > 1)
{
log.Warning("Length > 1 - truncated");
AccountType = AccountType.Substring(0,1);
}
Set_Value ("AccountType", AccountType);
}
/** Get Account Type.
@return Indicates the type of account */
public String GetAccountType()
{
return (String)Get_Value("AccountType");
}
/** Set Account Element.
@param C_ElementValue_ID Account Element */
public void SetC_ElementValue_ID (int C_ElementValue_ID)
{
if (C_ElementValue_ID <= 0) Set_Value ("C_ElementValue_ID", null);
else
Set_Value ("C_ElementValue_ID", C_ElementValue_ID);
}
/** Get Account Element.
@return Account Element */
public int GetC_ElementValue_ID()
{
Object ii = Get_Value("C_ElementValue_ID");
if (ii == null) return 0;
return Convert.ToInt32(ii);
}
/** Set Element.
@param C_Element_ID Accounting Element */
public void SetC_Element_ID (int C_Element_ID)
{
if (C_Element_ID <= 0) Set_Value ("C_Element_ID", null);
else
Set_Value ("C_Element_ID", C_Element_ID);
}
/** Get Element.
@return Accounting Element */
public int GetC_Element_ID()
{
Object ii = Get_Value("C_Element_ID");
if (ii == null) return 0;
return Convert.ToInt32(ii);
}
/** Set Default Account.
@param Default_Account Name of the Default Account Column */
public void SetDefault_Account (String Default_Account)
{
if (Default_Account != null && Default_Account.Length > 30)
{
log.Warning("Length > 30 - truncated");
Default_Account = Default_Account.Substring(0,30);
}
Set_Value ("Default_Account", Default_Account);
}
/** Get Default Account.
@return Name of the Default Account Column */
public String GetDefault_Account()
{
return (String)Get_Value("Default_Account");
}
/** Set Description.
@param Description Optional short description of the record */
public void SetDescription (String Description)
{
if (Description != null && Description.Length > 255)
{
log.Warning("Length > 255 - truncated");
Description = Description.Substring(0,255);
}
Set_Value ("Description", Description);
}
/** Get Description.
@return Optional short description of the record */
public String GetDescription()
{
return (String)Get_Value("Description");
}
/** Set Element Name.
@param ElementName Name of the Element */
public void SetElementName (String ElementName)
{
if (ElementName != null && ElementName.Length > 60)
{
log.Warning("Length > 60 - truncated");
ElementName = ElementName.Substring(0,60);
}
Set_Value ("ElementName", ElementName);
}
/** Get Element Name.
@return Name of the Element */
public String GetElementName()
{
return (String)Get_Value("ElementName");
}
/** Set Import Account.
@param I_ElementValue_ID Import Account Value */
public void SetI_ElementValue_ID (int I_ElementValue_ID)
{
if (I_ElementValue_ID < 1) throw new ArgumentException ("I_ElementValue_ID is mandatory.");
Set_ValueNoCheck ("I_ElementValue_ID", I_ElementValue_ID);
}
/** Get Import Account.
@return Import Account Value */
public int GetI_ElementValue_ID()
{
Object ii = Get_Value("I_ElementValue_ID");
if (ii == null) return 0;
return Convert.ToInt32(ii);
}
/** Set Import Error Message.
@param I_ErrorMsg Messages generated from import process */
public void SetI_ErrorMsg (String I_ErrorMsg)
{
if (I_ErrorMsg != null && I_ErrorMsg.Length > 2000)
{
log.Warning("Length > 2000 - truncated");
I_ErrorMsg = I_ErrorMsg.Substring(0,2000);
}
Set_Value ("I_ErrorMsg", I_ErrorMsg);
}
/** Get Import Error Message.
@return Messages generated from import process */
public String GetI_ErrorMsg()
{
return (String)Get_Value("I_ErrorMsg");
}
/** I_IsImported AD_Reference_ID=420 */
public static int I_ISIMPORTED_AD_Reference_ID=420;
/** Error = E */
public static String I_ISIMPORTED_Error = "E";
/** No = N */
public static String I_ISIMPORTED_No = "N";
/** Yes = Y */
public static String I_ISIMPORTED_Yes = "Y";
/** Is test a valid value.
@param test testvalue
@returns true if valid **/
public bool IsI_IsImportedValid (String test)
{
return test.Equals("E") || test.Equals("N") || test.Equals("Y");
}
/** Set Imported.
@param I_IsImported Has this import been processed */
public void SetI_IsImported (String I_IsImported)
{
if (I_IsImported == null) throw new ArgumentException ("I_IsImported is mandatory");
if (!IsI_IsImportedValid(I_IsImported))
throw new ArgumentException ("I_IsImported Invalid value - " + I_IsImported + " - Reference_ID=420 - E - N - Y");
if (I_IsImported.Length > 1)
{
log.Warning("Length > 1 - truncated");
I_IsImported = I_IsImported.Substring(0,1);
}
Set_Value ("I_IsImported", I_IsImported);
}
/** Get Imported.
@return Has this import been processed */
public String GetI_IsImported()
{
return (String)Get_Value("I_IsImported");
}
/** Set Document Controlled.
@param IsDocControlled Control account - If an account is controlled by a document, you cannot post manually to it */
public void SetIsDocControlled (Boolean IsDocControlled)
{
Set_Value ("IsDocControlled", IsDocControlled);
}
/** Get Document Controlled.
@return Control account - If an account is controlled by a document, you cannot post manually to it */
public Boolean IsDocControlled()
{
Object oo = Get_Value("IsDocControlled");
if (oo != null)
{
if (oo.GetType() == typeof(bool)) return Convert.ToBoolean(oo);
return "Y".Equals(oo);
}
return false;
}
/** Set Summary Level.
@param IsSummary This is a summary entity */
public void SetIsSummary (Boolean IsSummary)
{
Set_Value ("IsSummary", IsSummary);
}
/** Get Summary Level.
@return This is a summary entity */
public Boolean IsSummary()
{
Object oo = Get_Value("IsSummary");
if (oo != null)
{
if (oo.GetType() == typeof(bool)) return Convert.ToBoolean(oo);
return "Y".Equals(oo);
}
return false;
}
/** Set Name.
@param Name Alphanumeric identifier of the entity */
public void SetName (String Name)
{
if (Name != null && Name.Length > 60)
{
log.Warning("Length > 60 - truncated");
Name = Name.Substring(0,60);
}
Set_Value ("Name", Name);
}
/** Get Name.
@return Alphanumeric identifier of the entity */
public String GetName()
{
return (String)Get_Value("Name");
}
/** ParentElementValue_ID AD_Reference_ID=182 */
public static int PARENTELEMENTVALUE_ID_AD_Reference_ID=182;
/** Set Parent Account.
@param ParentElementValue_ID The parent (summary) account */
public void SetParentElementValue_ID (int ParentElementValue_ID)
{
if (ParentElementValue_ID <= 0) Set_Value ("ParentElementValue_ID", null);
else
Set_Value ("ParentElementValue_ID", ParentElementValue_ID);
}
/** Get Parent Account.
@return The parent (summary) account */
public int GetParentElementValue_ID()
{
Object ii = Get_Value("ParentElementValue_ID");
if (ii == null) return 0;
return Convert.ToInt32(ii);
}
/** Set Parent Key.
@param ParentValue Key if the Parent */
public void SetParentValue (String ParentValue)
{
if (ParentValue != null && ParentValue.Length > 40)
{
log.Warning("Length > 40 - truncated");
ParentValue = ParentValue.Substring(0,40);
}
Set_Value ("ParentValue", ParentValue);
}
/** Get Parent Key.
@return Key if the Parent */
public String GetParentValue()
{
return (String)Get_Value("ParentValue");
}
/** Set Post Actual.
@param PostActual Actual Values can be posted */
public void SetPostActual (Boolean PostActual)
{
Set_Value ("PostActual", PostActual);
}
/** Get Post Actual.
@return Actual Values can be posted */
public Boolean IsPostActual()
{
Object oo = Get_Value("PostActual");
if (oo != null)
{
if (oo.GetType() == typeof(bool)) return Convert.ToBoolean(oo);
return "Y".Equals(oo);
}
return false;
}
/** Set Post Budget.
@param PostBudget Budget values can be posted */
public void SetPostBudget (Boolean PostBudget)
{
Set_Value ("PostBudget", PostBudget);
}
/** Get Post Budget.
@return Budget values can be posted */
public Boolean IsPostBudget()
{
Object oo = Get_Value("PostBudget");
if (oo != null)
{
if (oo.GetType() == typeof(bool)) return Convert.ToBoolean(oo);
return "Y".Equals(oo);
}
return false;
}
/** Set Post Encumbrance.
@param PostEncumbrance Post commitments to this account */
public void SetPostEncumbrance (Boolean PostEncumbrance)
{
Set_Value ("PostEncumbrance", PostEncumbrance);
}
/** Get Post Encumbrance.
@return Post commitments to this account */
public Boolean IsPostEncumbrance()
{
Object oo = Get_Value("PostEncumbrance");
if (oo != null)
{
if (oo.GetType() == typeof(bool)) return Convert.ToBoolean(oo);
return "Y".Equals(oo);
}
return false;
}
/** Set Post Statistical.
@param PostStatistical Post statistical quantities to this account? */
public void SetPostStatistical (Boolean PostStatistical)
{
Set_Value ("PostStatistical", PostStatistical);
}
/** Get Post Statistical.
@return Post statistical quantities to this account? */
public Boolean IsPostStatistical()
{
Object oo = Get_Value("PostStatistical");
if (oo != null)
{
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github_open_source_100_1_90 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /.vscode/
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in.ernet.dli.2015.53013_12 | English-PD | Public Domain | of arctic navigation in those days, beyond the belief that some hard knocks might he expected* To guard against this hazard, as much 'wood and iron as could he well added to the original hulls of the Trent and Dorothea were bolted on to them in a certain dock in Shadwell. To he sure, some had pointed to the Hon. Captain Phipps’s voyage in 1793, and shook their heads at an attempt to cross the pole ; but the sanguine smiled at their fears, and spoke of those old days as only a better reason for a fresh attempt. “ Oh ! those were days when British fleets could not relieve Gibraltar from blockade ; when sailors worked for the weather-gage, fought by Shrews- bury clock, and hauled off to repair damages ; when Rodney had to hang captains, and Tory ships engaged an enemy whilst Whig ships held their wind !” Times had changed since then. The Nile, Copenhagen, and Trafalgar had altered our naval tone, and made all things possible. Franklin felt as confident, on that 25th April, of reaching the Pacific as that there was his pendant fluttering from the truck of the Trent ; and it was impossible to look at that bright eye Jit up with enthusiasm, without feeling a kindred certainty of suc- cess. Hone thought of danger, all looked at the goal — the Pacific. The storms, the ice, the iron-bound shores of Greenland and Spitzbergen, were forgotten ; all talked of the blue skies of the ocean with the gentle name, and of the orange groves of fair Otaheite. The Horse kings of old ne’er sailed with stouter hearts for the Horth, or raised braver shouts of Skoal ! to the Hortli-land Skoal ! than, di<l our bold countrymen on that fair April morn. NARROW ESCAPE. 273 Six months afterwards (Oct. 22), two weather-beaten brigs arrive!! from the North £}ea ; they wore the Doro- thea and Trent again — the forme f so shattered as to bo no longer seaworthy, the latter almost as much damaged. Their tale was a wondrons one ; men heard it with bated breath, and women thanked their God that such bold seamen had been spared. Within a month after they left Greenwich, the vessels found themselves in a polar sen, strewn with ice-fields, and darkened with fogs, alternating with sudden storms. Franklin’s vessel was discovered to be so leaky from some shipwright’s carelessness, that half a watch of men were ever at the pumps ! They wind on, however, and seek their way to the North until the grim mountains of Spitzltorgon, clad in everlasting ice, rise, above the hori- zon. Heavy snow-storms come on, with a hitter temper- ature; “ tons weight” of frozen snow-flakes, agglutinated hy the freezing sea-spray, cover the vessels alow and aloft ; tho brigs are mere icebergs under sail^ the very ropes become as thickly clad as pine-branches in a Siberian forest. The astonished but light-hearted crews laugh at the sight, while constantly removing with axes and shovels the masses of ice and snow which encumber their vessels and endanger tho spars. Unable to pro- ceed beyond Spitsbergen, they seek a harbour there, ami thcnco issue twice again to battle with tho polar ice. The vessels return to Magdalena Hay, each tirno more shattered from the unequal conflict. On the last occasion God’s providence and mercy alone saved all from total shipwreck and an awful death. The brigs are caught in a furious storm, and com|)elled 274 THE CAREER OF FRANKLIN. to heave-to under storm stay-sails. Next morning (June 30) the ice is seen along the lee, with a 'terrible sea beating upon it — a hopeless lee-shore indeed! Close- reefed sails are set in the hope of clearing the danger. Vain hope in such a sea, with such dull-sailing craft ! Franklin, in the Trent, sees that Buchan, who was to leeward of him, cannot weather it, and that the Dorothea is about to take the desperate step of “ taking the pack,” a step resorted to only as a dernier ressort, in prefer- ence to ^falling, broadside on, into such a frightful scene of breakers and broken ice. God help them ! was the involuntary cry of those on board the Trent, and the words were the more earnest that all felt the same fate would soon be their own. The Dorothea wore, and dashed before sea and wind towards what looked certain destruction ; those in the Trent held their breath as they watched the daring exploit. The suspense lasted a moment only, for the vessel, like a snow-flake before the storm, was swept into the hideous scene of foam, spray, and tumbling fragments, which formed a wall impene- trable to mortal eyesight. Whether lost or saved, those on board the Trent would never know until they like- wise were forced to take a step which seemed like rush- ing into the portals of certain death. Every hour con- vinced Franklin that such a measure was inevitable; and when he had made all ready, he gave, in decisive tones, the order to “ put up the helm !” “ No language,” says a powerful writer and eye- witness, the late Admiral Beechey, “ can convey an adequate idea of the terrific grandeur of the effects pro- duced by the collision of the ice and the tempestuous CHANGING THE PACK. 275 ocean,” or “ of the great calmness and resolution of all our crew.” * As they near the frightful scene, Franklin glances quickly for one opening* more promising than another. There is none ; it is one long line of frightful breakers, immense blocks of ice heaving, rearing, and crashing against one another with a roar above which the loud voice of the gallant leader can scarcely be heard. On the crest of a huge wave the little Trent dashes her- self into the scene of turmoil ; — ther£ is a frightful shock, the crew are flung upon the deck, and the masts bend like willow wands. “ Hold on, for your lives, and stand to the helm, lads !” shouts the clear bold voice of him who had already faced death in many forms. “ Ay, ay, sir ! ” is the cheery response from many a palo face but firm-set mouth. A roller dashes itself against the* stem of the brig ; she must bo engulfed, or be forced ahead. (Jod be praised ! the gallant Trent forges ahead, but with a weak and staggering gait, every timber crack- ing, and the ship’s bell tolling mournfully as if it were her requiem. How, thrown broadside on, the floe-pieces threaten to beat in her side; then, tossed by the sea over ice-block after ice -block, it seemed indeed as if every minute would be her last. For some hours Ibis trial of strength and fortitude endured — then the storm passed away, as speedily as it had set in : and apart from gratitude at their own providential escape, they joyed to sec in the distance the gallant Dorothea still afloat and her crew in safety. With broken timbers, sprung beams, and the Doro- thea’s larboard side forced in, both vessels exhibiting internally the fearful effects of the external shocks to 276 TKE career oe franklin. ■which, they had been subjected, the shattered expedition returned to Spitzbergen. Franklin ,.still urged that he might be allowed to proceed alone, whilst Buchan re- turned home with the Dorothea for repairs. Buchan, as senior officer, wisely ruled otherwise, and the two ves- sels returned to England, as we bave already told. Within a year we again find Lieutenant John Frank- lin returning to the frigid zone ; but this time for boat exploration of the coasts of arctic America, to be reached overland, by a journey through the Hudson Bay terri- tory. In 1819 he left England, accompanied by Dr, the present Sir John, Richardson ; Mr Back ; Robert Hood, midshipman ; and J ohn Hepburn, an English seaman. They were heard of at long and uncertain intervals ; and eventually, in 1822, all but poor Robert Hood returned to astonish their countrymen with the tale of their hardships, fortitude, and achievements. The narrative of Franklin’s journey fully bears out the glowing eulogium of Sir John Barrow : “ Tt adds,” says Sir John, “another to the many splendid records of enterprise, zeal, and energy of our seamen ; of that cool and intrepid conduct which never forsakes them on occasions the most trying — that unshaken constancy and perseverance in situations the most arduous, the most distressing, and sometimes the most hopeless, that can befall human beings ; and it furnishes a beautiful example of the triumph of mental and moral energy over mere brute strength, in the simple fact that, out of fifteen individuals inured from their birth to cold, fatigue, and hunger, no less than ten (native landsmen) were so subdued by the aggravation of those evils to LAND JOURNEY. 277 which they^ had heen habituated, as to give themselves up to indifference,* insubordination, and despair, and finally to sink down and die ; ’whilst of five British seamen, unaccustomed to the severity of the climate, and the hardships attending it, one only fell, and that one by the hands of an assassin. A light buoyant heart, a confidence in their own powers, supported by a firm reliance on a merciful Providence, never once for- sook them, and brought them through such misery and distress as rarely, if ever, have been surmounted*.” It is indeed a tale (I speak of Franklin’s narrative) which should be in the hands of those sailors of ling- land who desire to emulate the deeds and fame of such men as himself and his followers. Tt is an Iliad in prose,* and replete with pictures of rare devotion to the most ennobling of causes, the advancement of human knowledge. A generous and chivalrous spirit breathes through every page, aud sheds a lustre not only on every act of the leader, hut likewise of those who were his comrades and friends in many a sad hour of need and danger. Those terrible marches ; the laborious ex- ploration of the regions around the mouths of the Mackenzie and Coppermine rivers ; the Jong, bitter starvation of the winter ; the murder of Ilood ; the destruction of the assassin and the cannibal ; the in- trepid effort of llichanlson to swim across the freezing Coppermine to save liis comrades ; Back’s fearful winter journey to bring succour to his chief ; — are all tales which should bo household words by every English fire- side. Franklin’s safe return to England excited the most 278 TfiE CAREER OF FRANKLIN. enthusiastic public interest : liis devotion and gallantry stamped him as no ordinary man isi the estimation of his countrymen; and the Admiralty, having during his absence made him a commander, now promoted him to the rank of captain. Thus, in twenty-two years, Franklin had achieved all that it was possible for energy and ability to win in his profession. He bad acquired fame, and a captain’s com- mission ; henceforward the rules of the Royal Navy compelled him, as it has many other able men, to be content with the dull level of a seniority promotion to the rank of admiral. Yet Franklin was not disheart- ened ; zeal for his country’s fame, more than his own advancement, was the great secret of his professional success, and he longed again to be up and doing. It was in 1823 that he married his first wife, Eleanor Porden. She seems largely to have partaken of the enterprising spirit of her husband; and when, within two short years (1825), Franklin stood by her side, and held in his hand the summons of his country to proceed upon another arctic expedition, and, with his heart over flowing with sorrow and pride, told her how sad the conflict between love for her and duty to his country and profession, noble Eleanor Porden thought not of self, though she knew the hand of death was already pressing her down to the land of long rest and silence, and that no more in this world would she meet her be- loved husband. Forgetting self, she urged him bravely on to the fulfilment of the task his God and country had assigned him ; and, with her weak and faltering hands, worked a flag which he was to spread to the winds, and THE 'SECOND MARRIAGE? 279 think of her at the moment when she proudly hoped he would reach the pslar sea, that great step towards the North-West Passage — the guerdmi for which England’s naval chivalry then longed, and which this noble woman felt assured her beloved husband must one day win. Thus, in this prosaic age, went forth again Captain J ohn Franklin, in true knightly mood, to endure, labour, and accomplish much, but without achieving the darling object of his heart. He and his worthy steadfast friend and companion, Sir John Richardson, in opgn boats, enduring much peril and suffering, explored on this occasion sufficient of the coast of arctic America to assure all geographers, that along that shore would one day be discovered the long-sought passage to the Indies; and in 1&27 they returned to receive again at the hands of their admiring countrymen all the honours that could be bestowed, and that they so well deserved. Three years after tlio death of his first wife Eleanor, Franklin married Jane Griffin; and itSs singular to ob- serve how well Franklin placed his affections upon two ■women who, each in their sphei'e of action, stand forth as charming types of English wives. Eleanor Franklin dying, knowing that she never more may see the man she loves, urges him on to the execution of liis duty, and enables Franklin to lay down, by his discoveries in arctic America, the foundation upon which he is here- after to erect his own title to immortality in this world, — and Jane Franklin, better known as Lady Franklin, seventeen years subsequently, not only supports her heroic husband in the great wish of his gallant* heart, but when, by God’s decree, the secret of his success was £80 THE CAREER OF FRASKLIN. hidden from mortal ken, owing to the self-sacrifice of himself and comrades, she, the wife worthy of such a naval hero, steadfastly, earnestly laboured for eleven years, sacrificing health and patrimony to learn the history of her husband’s fate ; and, in spite of many failures, many disappointments, official rebuffs, and private hostility, though not without much sympathy, at last, God bo thanked ! worked out the great object of her woman’s faith and love — that he indeed, John Pranklin x had first discovered the long-sought North- West Passage, and had not lived, laboured, or died in vain. CHAPTER III. THE EAST VOYAGE OP lOIAXA LIX. 4< And there they Lay till all their hones were bleachg^L And liehenod into eolour with tlio eni#s.” — TKNNvnoNr. a There is yet one tiling left undone whereby a great mind jnay become notable,” wrote worthy Master Pur- elias, some two centuries ago : that one deed was the discovery of a nortli-west passage to the Indies. Long years afterwards the words of the good Dean ot St Paul’s sounded like a trumpet-call to hm countrymen, and many an aspiring spirit essayed to do that deed whereby bright honour and immortality were to be won. The veil which hid from human ken the mysteries ol the arctic zone, was not to bo rent by one bold stroke; it was to be the test of British perseverance, patience, and hardihood. The frozen north would only reveal its wonders slowly and unwillingly to the brave men who devoted themselves to the task. The dread realms of frost and silence were only to he penetrated by the la- bours of two generations of seamen and travellers. The consummation of the discovery of the .North- West Passage was to be obtained bat by the sell-saerifi.ee of a hundred heroes. 282 THE LAST VOYAGE OF FRANKLIN. Prom 1815 to 1833 England sent forth her sons to the north in repeated expeditions by sea and land. The earnestness of many eminent public men, members of the Royal Society — such as Sir John Barrow and Sir Francis Beaufort — kept general interest directed to those regions in which Frobisher, Baffin, Davis, and Fox had so nobly ventured. There were no falterers ; every call for volunteers ivas nobly responded to by officers of the Royal aSTavy ; and John Franklin, Richardson, John and Janies Ro§£, Parry, Back, and King, with much devo- tion, toil, and suffering, forced open the portals beyond which the Elizabethan school of discoverers had not been able to penetrate, and added much to our know- ledge of the geography and physical condition of the arctic .zone between Greenland and Behring Strait. Fif- teen years of labour had failed, however, to solve the PREPARATIONS FOR FRESH ATTEMPT. 283 question as to the actual existence of a water communi- cation between the Pacific and Atlantic. Repeated dis- appointment had damped public? zeal, and our charts were left in the above incomplete condition in the year 1836. Between 1838 and 1843, the success of Captain Sir James Ross, in an expedition to the antarctic pole with H.M.S. Erebus and Terror, as well as the comple- tion of the northern coast-line of America by the Hudson Bay Company’s servants, I)ease and Simpson, caused the attention of the nation to again revert to its olcl»ohannel — the North-West Passage. Anno Domini 1844 found England with a surplus revenue, a vast body of naval officers begging for employment, and eager for any op- portunity of winning honours and distinction ; and JI.M.S. Erebus and Terror, safe and sound from the perils of antarctic seas, riding at anchor off Woolwich. All was most propitious for carrying out the darling ob- ject of the then venerable Secretary of the Admiralty. A mind like that of Sir John Barrow’s, richly stored with the records of his country’s glories in the explora- tion of every quarter of the globe, was keenly alive to the importance of keeping her still in the vanguard of geographical discovery : and it must be remembered that he had lived in a century when men, in spite of a long and terrible war, with all its glories and all its victories, were also yearly excited by the world-wide fame of the discoveries of Anson, Cook, Flinders, and Mungo Park. Was it not natural, therefore, that he, and stieh as he, should desire to add to those triumphs the achievement of the greatest geographical problem men ever undertook to solve ? 284 THE 'LAST VOYAGE OP FRANKLIN. The chart of the arctic regions was in the unsatisfac- toty* condition shown on page 282. How simple an undertaking it appeared, to connect the water in which Parry had sailed to Melville Island in 1819, with Dease and Simpson’s easternmost position off the coast of America in 1838 ! The summer of 1844 saw many an eager face poring over that arctic chart. Whisperings were heard that Sir John Barrow, Beaufort, Parry, Sabine, Boss, and Franklra himself, had expressed strong opinions in fa- vour of another effort. The Boyal Society, through its President the Marquess of Northampton, was known to have urged the resumption of arctic exploration upon the Government and Admiralty. Many an enthusiastic officer strove hard, by zeal and interest, to insure being one of those selected for the glorious work. Then it was that Pitzjames, and such men as Graham Gore, Pairholme, Hodgson, and Des Voeux, succeeded in en- rolling themselves on the list of the chosen few who were next year to sail for the lar north-west. We see them now, as they told us so, and with glistening eye prophesied their own success. Gallant hearts ! they now sleep amidst tho scenes of their sore trial, but tri- umphant discovery. It was at one time intended that Pitzjames (whoso genius and energy marked him as no ordinary officer) should command the expedition; but just at this time Sir John Franklin was heard to say that ho considered the post to bo his birthright as the senior arctic explorer in Ijjngland. He had recently returned from his post as Governor of Van Diemen’s Land : his sensitive and gen- THE “LAST EXPEDITION. 285 erous spirit chafed under the tunmerited reatment he had experienced fropi the then Secretary of State for the Colonies ; and, sick of civil employment, he naturally turned again to his profession, as a better field for the ability and devotion he had wasted on a thankless office. Sanguine of success, forgetful of past suffering, ho claimed his right to command the latest, as he had led the earliest, of modern arctic expeditions. Directly it was known that he woul/l go if asked, the Admiralty were of course only too glad to avail them- selves of the experience of such a man ; but Lord Had- dington, then First Lord, with that kindness which ever distinguished him, suggested that Franklin might well rest at home on his laurels. “ I might find a good ex- cuse for not lotting you go, Sir John,” said the peer, “ in the tell-tale record which informs me that you are sixty years of age.” “ No, no, my lord,” was Franklin’s re- joinder, “lam only fifty-nine ! ” Before such earnest- ness all scruples yielded ; the offer was* officially made and accepted : to Sir John Franklin was confided the arctic expedition, consisting of N.1VLS. .Erebus, in which he hoisted his pendant, and HALS. Terror, commanded by Captain Crozier, who had recently accompanied Sir James Boss in his wonderful voyago to the antarctic seas. The 18th of May 1845 found the Erebus and Terror at Greenhithc, in the Thames. On board of each ship there were sixty-nine officers and men. ‘ Every possible corner was carefully filled with stores and provisions — enough, they said, for three years ; and, for the first time in arctic annals, these discovery- vessels each had auxili- 286 THE ‘LAST VOYAGE OE FRANKLIN. ary screws and engines of twenty-horse power. Hope rode high in every breast, and the cry of Hutfrah for Beh- ring Strait ! succeeded their last hearty cheer as the gallant ships weighed on the morrow for Baffin Bay. A month they sailed across the Atlantic before they reached their first halting-place, Disco, or the Whale Fish Islands, on the west coast of Greenland, in latitude 69° north. Thither a store-ship had accompanied them from England in order that the expedition might be completed with every necessary up to the latest moment before entering the polar ice. That voyage of thirty days had served to make the officers and men thoroughly acquainted with their chief, and with each other. Of him the warm-hearted Fitzjames writes : “ That Sir John was delightful ; that all had become very fond of him ; and that he appeared remarkable for energetic de- cision in an emergency. The officers were remarkable for good feeling, good humour, and great talents; whilst the men were fine hearty sailors, mostly from the north- ern seaports.” Love already, it is apparent, as much as duty, bound together the gallant hearts on board the Erebus and Terror. Away from Disco they sped with all haste ; the Bay of Baffin is fairly entered, and their long and arduous labours commence with an arctic tempest so severe, that their brother seamen of the store-ship, hastening home- ward, thought with anxiety of the deep-laden Erebus and Terror. He who is strong to save guides the gallant barks, however, past the dangers of an iron-bound coast, and amongst the huge ghost-like icebergs which glim- mer 'through the storm. We see them, in better weather, TffiEIR PROGRESS. 287 urging under all sail their strong but clumsy ships before a favourable gale, along that coast of Greenland, every headland of which has its record of human trial and noble endurance. There the lofty headland of Sanderson-his- Hope (of a north-we^t passage) rears its crest of blade granite, rich with crimson lichen, and crowned with snow. Norseman, and Dane, and Englishman, have alike sailed under its stupendous cliffs, or sought shelter in quaint Uppernavik which nestles at its feet. The Erebus and Terror may not delay. Greenland has no charms for men whose leader already talks sanguinely of the yet far dis- tant Mackenzie and Coppermine rivers. The floes and icebergs of the middle-ice now rise upon their sight ; the northern horizon gleams with reflected light from the frozen surface of the sea ; the south wind fails ; the ships sail from the black mists and fog-laden atmosphere common to open water hr the arctic regions, into the bright sides, smooth lanes, and miyror-liko pools generally found amongst the pack during the summer season. The ice is streaming southward ; the eager nov- ices in either ship look forward with delight to the first onset with the foe they have come to do battle with. Wiser heads know that mother-wit will do more than dashing gallantry in the conflict with packed ice; the sails are taken in so as to reduce the speed, and the ex- perienced ice-master from the crow's nest at the mast- head selects the wcakcst-looking point through which to force the ships into a lane of water that winds snake-like along tho landward edge of the pack. “ So-ho ! steady — steer her with a small helm, my lad ! ” bawls out, in strong north-country dialect, the 288 THE VL AST VOYAGE OF .'FRANKLIN. honest old ice-pilot, who has grown grey killing whales in Greenland. “ Stand hy to hrail ,up the nfter-sails, if you please, sir ; and to pack all the canvass upon her directly we break through the pack-edge,” he urges to the officer of the watch. The churning and growling of the ice now strikes upon the ear, and at the same moment the Erebus and Terror take it manfully. There is a shock : for a second the pieces of ice hold their ground, but they yield to the weight of the ships ; one mass tilts up and slips over another, another sinks under the bows, and is heard scraping along the bottom of the ship ; the road is opening. “ Hard up with the helm !” shouts the ice-master, and at the same time the sail is set forward to urge the ship faster through the pack ; the speed accelerates, and in a few minutes they are fairly .in the ice. We need not follow them in their daily labour. Ice is now on every hand : open water scarce. The crews often drag the ships for hours with ropes, along the edge of the land-floe, that is still fast to the face of the glacier which curves round Melville Bay. How we see them perfectly beset, the vessels secured to the lowest icebergs that can be found. They studiously avoid those lofty masses which, with spires and domes and steeples, resemble huge cathedrals of crystal — for they know that such icebeTgs are prone to turn over, or break up sud- denly, and would infallibly crush any ship that might be near them. For a while our discovery-ships met the whaling- vessels of Aberdeen and Hull, striving, like themselves, to get through the ice-stream into the clear waters of Ponds Bay. On July 26 th they part company from the IN LANCASTER SOUND.! 289 last of them, and pursue their solitary course alone. Again they pass from the northern edge of the pack into open water — if such may ^be called an open sea, where icebergs are strewn plentifully. Tlie course is now shaped for Lancaster Sound. August has set in. The sun, which has hitherto wheeled round tho heavens without setting, again commences to dip helow tho hori- zon. Its nightly absence and declining ppwer are marked by the new formation of thin, glass-liko ice, known as bay-ice. The south wind freshens ; the Erebus and Terror press on, staggering in a heavy sea, all the moro remarkable that a hundred miles of ice have just been passed through belaud them. The great entiance’of Lancaster-bis-Sound breaks out of the clouds to tho westward. Capes Warren der and Hay frown grimly over the angry sea, backed by lofty mountain-ranges, whose dark precipices, streaked with snow, look as if they were formed of steel nud inlaid witji silver. “On, on! to the westward !” is tho cry. Wiry need to stop and erect cairns, and deposit records of their pro- gress? Do they not intend to pass into the Pacific next year? Have not they ordered their letters to be directed to 1 ‘otropaulov.sk oi and the Sandwich Isles? Why lose ,me precious hour at the threshold of their labour? The ice is again seen. Tt extends along the southern side of Harrow Strait, and is streaming out into Baffin I5ay. The ships haul in for the coast of North Devon. The scene changes considerably from what our explorers have seen in Greenland. No glaciers stretch from the interior, and launch their long, projecting tongues into the sea ; no icy cliffs reflect there the colours of tho T 290 THE LAST VOYAGE OF FRANKLIN. emerald and turquoise ; arctic vegetation, wretched as it is, does not gladden the eyesight in even the most favoured spots. They- have passed from a region of primary rock into one of magnesian limestone. Green- land is a paradise, in an arctic point of view, to the land they have now reached. It is desolation’s abiding- place; yet not deficient in the picturesque. The tall and escarped cliffs are cut by action of frost and thaws into buttresses and abutments, which, combined with broken castellated summits, give a Gothic-like aspect to the shores of North Devon. Valleys and plains are passed, all of one uniform dun colour ; they consist simply of barren limestone. The storility of the land is, however, somewhat compen- sated for by the plentiful abundance of animal life upon the water. The seal, the whale, and the walrus are there ; whilst wild-fowl in large flocks feed in calm spots under beetling cliffs, or in shallow lakes which can be looked down upon from the mast-head. It is not far to the entrance of Wellington Channel ; they reach Beechey Island, and mark the value of the bay within it as a wintering-place, and its central posi- tion with respect to the channels leading towards Cap>e Walker, Melville Island, or Iiegent Inlet. Ice again impedes their progress. Their first instructions from the Admiralty were to try to the south-west from Cape Walker. They cannot now advance in that direction, for it is a hopeless block of heavy floes; but Wellington Channel is open, and smiles and sparkles in blue and sunlit waves, as if luring them to the north-west. Why not try a north-about passage round the Parry Islands ? urges Fitzjames. Franklin agrees with him that any- DISAPPOINTMENTS. 291 thing is better than delay, and at any rate they deter- mine to explore it, ^and ascertain whither it led. Away they press northward, until wfliat is now known as Grinnoll Land rises ahead, and they have to turn more to the west. From "Wellington Channel they pass be- tween Baillie Hamilton Island and the striking clifTs of Cape Majendie into Penny Strait. Eager eyes are straining from the Aast-head ; is it a mere bay, or is it a channel they are sailing through ? “Water, water! — large water!” replies the ice-master from his eyrie to the anxious queries of the veteran leader. Away, away they press ! — every studding-^ail alow and aloft. The old ships never a vent, so fast before — no, not on that great day in their history when they Vcre the first to sail along lire Victoria continent of the southern pole. From 74V to 77° north latitude they pushed up this uoblo strait, but not, as they hoped, to reach an open or navigable sea, hut *to find, as we found in 1852, a wide expanse of waiter, much choked up with ice, extending from the head of Wellington Channel far to the westward for hundreds of miles. Baflied, but not beaten, the prows of the stout ships are again turned southward, and, aided by a greater share of success than has fallen to the lot of those who have come after Sir John Franklin in those same quarters, the gallant Erebus and Terror sailed down a channel which he discovered to exist between Cornwallis and Bathurst Islands, and entered Barrow Strait at a point nearly duo north of Capo Walker. In that direction Franklin was now constrained to alone look for a route whereby to reach the sea off the coast of Horth America. 292 TIIE LAST VOYAGE OF F&ANKLIN. It was well known tliat this southern course was that of his predilection, founded on his 'judgment and ex- perience. There are many in England who can recollect him pointing on his chart to the western entrance of Simpson Strait and the adjoining coast of North America, and saying, “ If I can hut get down there, my work is done; thence it’s all plain sailing to the westward.” Franklin might well say this, since he and Richard- son had explored nearly all that coast of arctic America towards Retiring Strait. The fortnight, however, which had been spent in "Wellington Channel, was the short period of navigation common to the ice-clioked seas within Lancaster Sound. September and an arctic autumn broke upon them. Who that has navigated those seas can ever forge’fc the excitement and danger of the autumn struggle with ice, snow-storm, and lee-shores'? We sco those lonely barks in the heart of a region which appears only to have been intended to test man’s enterprise, and to show him that, after all, he is but a poor weak creature. Channels surround them in all directions, down and up which, let the wind blow from any quarter, an avalanche of broken floes and ugly packed ice rolls, and threatens to engulf all that impedes its way, checked alone by the isles which strew Barrow Strait, and serve, like the teeth of a harrow, to rip up and destroy the vast ice-fields as they are launched against them. Around each island, as well as along the adjacent coasts, and especially at pro- jecting capes and headlands, mountains of floe-pieces are piled ,mass on top of mass, as if the frozen sea would in- vade the frozen land. The Erebus and Terror, under the FIRST WINTER-QUARTIfRS. 293 skilful hands of their nohle ships’ companies, flit to and fro ; seek'*shelter first under one point and then another. Franklin, Crozier, and Fitzjam«s are battling to get into Peel Channel, between Capes Walker and Bunny. The nights are becoming rapidly longer, the temperature often falls fifteen degrees bolow freezing-point, the pools of water on the great ice-fields, as well as on the land, are again firmly frozen over. The wild-/owl and their oil- spring are seen hastening south ; the plumage of the ptarmigan and willow grouse is already plentifully sprin- kled with white ; the mountain-tops and ravines art', loaded with snow, which will not melt away for twelve long months. Enough has been done to satisfy Franklin that a further advanco this season will be impossible. Winter-quarters must bo sought ; there is none nearer that they know of than Beeohey Island; the Erebus aiul Terror bear away for it. Fortune favours them, and they are not caught in the fatal grip of the winter- pack, and drifted out into the Atlantic, as many subsequent voya- gers have been. Their haven is reached, and with hearty cheers the ships are warped into Erebus and Terror Bay, and arrangements rapidly made to meet the coming winter of 184 5-4 G. CHAPTER IY. “ Oh, though oft depressed and lonely. All my fears are laid aside. If I but remember only Such as these have lived and died ” — liONarriAOW Under the friendly shelter of Beeehey Island, Franklin and his followers reposed from their arduous labours o± 1845, and looked forward confidently to the success which must now attend their efforts in the following year. And they had reason to be confident ! Did they not know that, in their remarkable voyage up Wellington Channel and down the new strait, west of Cornwallis Island, they had explored three hundred miles of pre- viously unknown channels leading to the north-west ? Could they not point to Cape Walker, and say, “As- suredly it will be an easy task next season to push our ships over the two hundred and fifty miles of water which only intervene between Cape Walker and King William Band” ? Of course they thought thus. And that their hopes wore fulfilled, though they lived not to tell us so, we now know, alas ! too well. The polar winter came in upon them like a giant — it ever does so. No alternate frost and thaw, sunshine and gloom, there delays the advent of the winter. ADVENT OF T1IE ARCTIC WINTEB. 295 Within the frigid zone each season steps upon sea and earth to th% appointed day, with all its distinctive char- acteristics strongly marked. In.one night, winter strikes nature with its mailed hand, and silence, coldness, death, reign supreme. The soil and springs are frozen adamant: the streamlet no longer trickles from aneath the snow- choked ravines: the plains, slopes, and terraces of this land of "barrenness are clad in winter livery of dazzling white ; the adjacent seas and fiords can hardly he dis- tinguished from the land, owing to the uniformity of colour. A shroud of snow envelops the stricken region, except where, sharp and* clear against the hard blue sky, stand out the gaunt mountain precipices of N r ortli Devon and the dark and frowning cliffs of lloeehey Island — cl ill's »too steep for even snow-1 lake to hang upon. There they stand, huge ebon giants, brooding over the land of famine and suffering spread beneath their feet ! Day after day, in rapidly diminishing arcs, the sun at noon approaches the southern edge of the horizon. It is the first week of "November, and we sec a goodly array of officers and men issue from the ships, and proceed to scale tli e heights of tlxe neighbouring island: they go to bid the bright sun good-bye until February 1840. At noon the upper edge of the orb gleams like a beacon-lire for a few minutes over the snow-enveloped shores of North Somerset — and it is gone — leaving them to throe months of twilight and darkness. Offering up a silent, fervent prayer for themselves, who were standing there to see that sunset, and for their shipmates in the ico- besot barks at their feet, that they might all he spared to welcome hack the life-imparting planet, we see these 296 THE 1AST VOYAGE OF FRANKLIN. pilgrims from the Erebus and Terror turn back and de- scend into the darkness and gloom, now hanging over their winter quarters. The tale of energetic battle, with cold privation and festering monotony, has been told. Why repeat that the officers and men under Franklin, in their first winter within the frozen zone, as nobly bore the one and cheer- fully combated the other 1 The ruins and traces left behind them all attest it. The observatory, with its double embankment of earth and stones, its neat finish, and the favish expenditure of labour in pavement and pathway; the shooting-gallery under the cliff, the seats forAied of stones, the remains of pleasant picnics in empty bottles a&d meat-tins strewed about; the elaborate cairn upon the north point of Beechey — a pyramid eight feet high, and at least six feet long on each side of the base — constructed of old meat-tins filled with gravel; — all tell the same tale of manful endeavours, by physical employment, to distract the mind from suffering and soli- tude. On board the ships wo picture to ourselves the arctic school and theatre — the scholar and dramatist ex- erting themselves to kill monotony and amuse or instruct their comrades. There are not wanting traces at Cape Eiley to show how earnestly the naturalists Goodsir and Stanley laboured to collect specimens: now was their time to arrange and note upon their labours. There is more than one site still visible of tents in which the magnetieal observations wore obtained : now was the time to record and compare such observations. And, in addition .to the wondrous novelty of a first winter in the frozen 'sea, the officers in so scientific an expedition had RETtTRN OF SPRING. 297 abundance of employment in noting tlic various pheno- mena wliicR. were *daily and hourly occurring around them. Put at length darkness and winter pass away, sunlight and spring return ; pale faces again recover their natural rosy tint. Only three of the original party of one hun- dred and thirty-eight souls have succumbed ; * the rest, though thinner, are now inured and hardened to all the changes of the arctic climate, and exhibit no lack of energy or strength. As soon as the tempenUure will admit of it, parties are despatched from the ships in various directions with sledges and tents: some have scientific objects in view; others are directed to try and procure game for their sickly comrades, or to eke out the store hf provisions, now reduced to a two years’ stock; and, sad it is to record it, nearly all their preserved meats were those of the miscreant ( Sold Tier. Exploratory parties were likewise not wanting; and we who came oil their footsteps in alter years saw the signs of our lost comrades’ zeal and industry on every side. |
5569494_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | Cobb, J.
The case of Reid v. Whitton was tried at a term which lasted longer than thirty days. During the term and within thirty days from the trial a motion for a new trial was filed by the losing party, and an order was passed of which the following is a copy: “ Ordered that the plaintiff show cause before me at such time and place as the court may fix, after notice of ten days to each party or their attorneys, why the foregoing motion should not be granted. Let the brief of evidence be presented for approval on or before the date aforesaid, or in default thereof the motion will be dismissed.” The .motion came on for a hearing on a day more than thirty days from the date of the trial. A brief of evidence was presented for. approval on that day, but, the same not having been filed within thirty days from the date of the verdict, the judge declined to approve it, and upon motion dismissed the motion for a new trial on this ground. To this ruling the movant excepted.
There being nothing in the order passed by the judge in regard to the hearing of the motion for a new trial which allowed *175the movant more than thirty days in which to file the brief of evidence in order to perfect the motion for a new trial, it was essential that the brief should be filed within thirty days. When thus filed it was in a condition to be presented for approval under the terms of the order. Until it was actually filed in the clerk’s office or some action taken by the judge which would be equivalent to a filing, the brief of evidence was not ready to be presented for approval, and when presented in this condition the judge was not required to approve the saíne or to pass any order concerning it. It is true that in the cases of Hightower v. George, 102 Ga. 549, and Malsby v. Young, 104 Ga. 205, it was held that if the judge approved the brief and passed an order directing it to be filed, this was the equivalent of a filing. In the present case the judge did not approve the brief or pass, any order directing it to be filed, but declined to do either. The brief when presented not having been filed, and the judge having taken no action which would, under the rulings above referred to, dispense with the actual filing in the clerk’s office, there was no error in dismissing the motion for a new trial forthe wantof abrief of evidence filed according to law.
Judgment affirmed.
All the Justices concurring.
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Hardcore Handsome
Product Name: Hardcore Handsome
Product ID: 20300
Published Artist(s): Daz Originals
Created By: Moyra
Release Date: 2014-10-18
Product Information
Dark, moody and definitely attractive in a way that's just a little bit dangerous, Hardcore Handsome is two complete black, dark grey, white and metal looks for Dark Passion for the Genesis 2 Males.
Product Notes
Installation Packages
Below is a list of the installation package types provided by this product. The name of each package contains a Package Qualifier, which is used as a key to indicate something about the contents of that package.
• 1 Core 1)
• [1 PoserCF]
[ ] = Optional, depending on target application(s)
Not all installation packages provide files that are displayed to the user within the interface of an application. The packages listed below, do. The application(s), and the location(s) within each application, are shown below.
Hardcore Handsome (Core)
• You can find new icons for loading this product in the following DAZ Studio Folders:
• “People:Genesis 2 Male:Clothing:DarkPassion:Hardcore Handsome”
• You can find new icons for this product in the following DAZ Studio Categories:
• “Materials:Accessories”
• “Materials:Wardrobe”
Hardcore Handsome PoserCF
• You can find new icons for loading this product in the following Poser Libraries:
• Materials: “DAZ Genesis 2 Male:Clothing:DarkPassion_Male:Moyra:HardcoreHandsome”
Additional Details
Resolved Issues
• 2014-11-03 - Fixed issue with boot material setting
Known Issues
• None
Support
Visit our site for technical support questions or concerns.
1)
The contents of this package are in DAZ Studio Native formats.
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US-59836908-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Fiber reinforced resin member and method of manufacturing the same, and apparatus manufacturing fiber fabric
ABSTRACT
An object of the present invention is to provide a high-quality fiber reinforced resin member that enables a longitudinal yarn to be laid out, without slipping, around an outer periphery of a mandrel having at least a bent portion, thus allowing both the longitudinal yarn and a diagonal yarn to be evenly laid out, and a method of manufacturing the fiber reinforced resin member, as well as an apparatus manufacturing a fiber fabric for the fiber reinforced resin member. A fiber reinforced resin member 1 includes an elongate fiber fabric formed by braiding a plurality of longitudinal yarns Q, . . . extending in a longitudinal direction of the fiber fabric and a plurality of diagonal yarns P, . . . inclined at a predetermined angle to the longitudinal direction, the fiber fabric being impregnated with resin that is then hardened. The fiber reinforced resin member 1 has at least a bent portion 1″ . The longitudinal yarns Q, . . . are spirally wound at the bent portion 1″ , in a posture in which the longitudinal yarns are inclined at an angle of, for example, 10 to 15 degrees to the longitudinal direction.
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to a fiber reinforced resin member used particularly as roof side rails of a vehicle, and a method of manufacturing the fiber reinforced resin member, and an apparatus manufacturing a fiber fabric for the fiber reinforced resin member.
BACKGROUND ART
A-pillars (also called roof side rails; pillars positioned obliquely forward of a driver and at laterally opposite ends of the vehicle to support a front window) need to offer both a static strength characteristic (for example, flexural rigidity) and a crash resistance characteristic exhibited at the time of a collision of the vehicle. For recent hybrid vehicles, electric vehicles, and the like for which efforts have been made to improve the safety of the vehicle and to reduce the weight thereof, a fiber reinforced resin member, which has an appropriate rigidity and a light weight, is suitable as the A-pillars.
An example of the fiber reinforced resin member is a carbon fiber reinforced plastic member (CFRP). The fiber reinforced resin member is formed by using fiber yarns with a predetermined tensile strength and the like as a longitudinal yarn extending in a longitudinal direction of the member and a diagonal yarn with a predetermined inclination to the longitudinal direction, to braid both the longitudinal yarn and the diagonal yarn to form a multiple winding layer structure, then impregnating the multiple winding layer structure with resin, and hardening the resin. In the fiber reinforced resin member, the longitudinal yarn contributes to the flexural rigidity. The winding layer structure including the winding layers with the different orientations contributes to the crash resistance characteristic.
The above-described roof side rails are shaped along the front side of the vehicle so as to extend to a roof thereof, that is, shaped such that a straight portion and a bent portion are continuous with each other. The longitudinal yarn and the diagonal yarn are wound along this shape.
Patent Document 1 describes a method for manufacturing a fiber fabric forming the above-described fiber reinforced resin member. Specifically, a manufacturing apparatus is used which has two braiders in each of which an axial (longitudinal) yarn supply section and a braider yarn supply section are installed. Both an axial (longitudinal) yarn and a braider yarn are wound around the outer periphery of a linear mandrel by carrying out a control method of reciprocating the linear mandrel through the braiders and stopping driving of one of the braiders while the other braider is being driven.
- Patent Document 1: JP Patent No. 3215308
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
The apparatus disclosed in Patent Document 1 can wind both the longitudinal yarn and the braider yarn around the outer periphery of the linear mandrel. However, if the longitudinal yarn is supplied to the outer periphery of the mandrel including a bent portion as is the case with the roof side rails, then at the bent portion, the longitudinal yarn may slip on the mandrel and fail to be evenly laid out around the outer periphery of the mandrel. If the longitudinal yarn slips at the bent portion, braiding density may vary depending on an area of the mandrel; the longitudinal yarn may concentrate in some areas and may be absent in other areas. Thus, naturally, the bent portion offers a low strength.
The present invention has been made in view of these problems. An object of the present invention is to provide a high-quality fiber reinforced resin member that enables the longitudinal yarn to be laid out, without slipping, around the outer periphery of the mandrel having at least the bent portion, thus allowing the longitudinal yarn and the diagonal yarn to be evenly laid out, and a method of manufacturing the fiber reinforced resin member, as well as an apparatus manufacturing a fiber fabric for the fiber reinforced resin member.
To accomplish the object, the fiber reinforced resin member according to the present invention including an elongate fiber fabric formed by braiding a plurality of longitudinal yarns extending in a longitudinal direction of the fiber fabric and a plurality of diagonal yarns inclined at a predetermined angle to the longitudinal direction, the fiber fabric being impregnated with resin that is then hardened, the fiber reinforced resin member being characterized in that the fiber reinforced resin member has at least a bent portion, and the longitudinal yarns are spirally wound at the bent portion, in a posture in which the longitudinal yarns are inclined at the predetermined angle to the longitudinal direction.
The fiber reinforced resin member is formed by, for example, alternately forming, around an outer periphery of the mandrel, serving as a core material for the fiber reinforced resin member, a winding layer made up of the longitudinal yarns extending in the longitudinal direction of the mandrel and a winding layer made up of the diagonal yarns (braider yarns) inclined at the predetermined angle to the longitudinal direction to form a plurality of sets each of a combination of the two types of winding layers, filling a thermosetting resin between the winding layers, and hardening the resin.
The mandrel used is made of any material such as steel or rein. Depending on the shape of the fiber reinforced resin member, the mandrel finally remains in the fiber reinforced resin member as a member component without being pulled out. If the fiber reinforced resin member is applied as the already described A-pillar, since the A-pillar is not a simple elongate cylindrical member but has a complicated shape, for example, an eclipse having one end with a circular cross section, a recessed center, and the other end gradually approaching a bolt fastening plate, the mandrel, serving as a core material, remains as a member component. In this case, to minimize the weight of the fiber reinforced resin member as a whole, the mandrel is preferably molded using an ABS resin (a copolymerized synthetic resin of acrylonitrile, butadiene, and styrene), which has a light weight and a high strength.
The fiber reinforced resin member according to the present invention is characterized by having at least a bent portion in which the wound longitudinal yarns are evenly laid out, and to achieve the even layout, the longitudinal yarns are spirally wound at the bent portion so as to incline at the predetermined angle to the longitudinal direction of the fiber reinforced resin member.
Heuristics and experiments of the present inventor and the like indicate that an attempt to lay out the longitudinal yarns so that the longitudinal yarns extend in the longitudinal direction in the bent portion of the fiber reinforced resin member results in slippage of the longitudinal yarns on the outer periphery of the mandrel. This in turn indicates that manufacturing a fiber reinforced resin member with an even layout of the longitudinal yarns (the longitudinal yarns with a uniform density) is extremely difficult.
Thus, in the fiber reinforced resin member according to the present invention, the longitudinal yarns are spirally wound at the bent portion at the predetermined angle to the longitudinal direction of the fiber reinforced resin member. The preferable range of the angle is specified to be 10 to 15 degrees.
The experiments of the present inventor and the like indicate that when the angle of the longitudinal yarns at the bent portion is smaller than 10 degrees, the longitudinal yarns slip on the mandrel and that when the angle exceeds 15 degrees, the flexural rigidity of the fiber reinforced resin member decreases significantly. The above-described angle range is thus specified with both the processibility and strength of the fiber reinforced resin member taken into account. Of course, the longitudinal yarns in the straight portion of the fiber reinforced resin member are laid out in a posture in which the longitudinal yarns are oriented in the longitudinal direction of the fiber reinforced resin member. Furthermore, the angle of the diagonal yarns to the longitudinal direction of the fiber reinforced resin member is set to about 45 degrees.
In connection with the strength characteristic of the fiber reinforced resin member, the flexural rigidity (flexural strength) thereof depends significantly on a hardened resin layer made up of the winding layer of the longitudinal yarns. The crash resistance (impact resistance) performance of the fiber reinforced resin member depends significantly on a braiding structure of the diagonal yarns and the longitudinal yarns.
The fiber reinforced resin member is formed by forming a plurality of (for example, four) sets each of the combination of the winding layer of the longitudinal yarns and the winding layer of the diagonal yarns on the outer periphery of the mandrel, then impregnating the fiber winding layers with the thermosetting resin, and hardening the thermosetting resin.
According to the fiber reinforced resin member according to the present invention, even if the fiber reinforced resin member has the bent portion, a possible disadvantageous situation is prevented in which the longitudinal yarns may slip on the outer periphery of the mandrel to form an uneven winding layer of the longitudinal yarns. Furthermore, in winding the longitudinal yarns at the bent portion, the rotation speed of a braider having a longitudinal yarn supply section and the movement speed of the mandrel have only to be adjusted so that the longitudinal yarns are spirally wound around the outer periphery of the bent portion of the mandrel at an angle of about 10 to 15 degrees. This prevents the processing efficiency of the fiber reinforced resin member from being reduced by processing of the bent portion.
Furthermore, the present invention provides a method of manufacturing a fiber reinforced resin member, the method being characterized by comprising a first step of supplying a mandrel having at least a bent portion, with a longitudinal yarn extending in a longitudinal direction of the mandrel and a diagonal yarn inclined at a predetermined angle to the longitudinal direction, to braid a plurality of the longitudinal yarns and a plurality of the diagonal yarns to manufacture an elongate fiber fabric, and a second step of impregnating the fiber fabric with resin and hardening the resin to manufacture the fiber reinforced resin member, and in that in the first step, the longitudinal yarns are spirally wound at a bent portion of the mandrel in a posture in which the longitudinal yarns are inclined at a predetermined angle to the longitudinal direction.
The manufacturing method according to the present invention forms, by braiding, a plurality of layers made up of the longitudinal yarns and a plurality of layers made up of the diagonal yarns, around the outer periphery of the mandrel having the bent portion as described above, then impregnates the layers with the thermosetting resin and hardens the thermosetting resin. To be evenly laid out at the bent portion, the longitudinal yarns are spirally wound at the bent portion at the predetermined angle to the longitudinal direction of the fiber reinforced resin member.
The angle of the spiral winding is adjusted within the range of 10 to 15 degrees to the longitudinal direction of the fiber reinforced resin member as already described.
A predetermined number of combinations of a winding layer of the longitudinal yarns and a winding layer of the diagonal yarns are formed around the outer periphery of the mandrel to form an intermediate member. The intermediate member is transferred to a mold with a predetermined cavity space. A thermosetting resin is filled into the mold and then hardened.
As a resin impregnation and hardening method, a well-known RTM method may be applied which places the intermediate member with the winding layers formed around the outer periphery of the mandrel, in the mold, then places the cavity in a vacuum atmosphere, then fills the resin into the cavity, and pressurizes and molds the intermediate member. A measure may be taken which, before vacuum suction of the interior of the cavity, places a balloon or a large number of beads inside the mandrel to exert an internal pressure on the mandrel. Instead of filling the resin into the cavity, another method pre-winds a film of a thermosetting resin around the outer periphery of the mandrel so that a thermal treatment allows the film to be melted to impregnate the fiber fabric with the melted thermosetting resin.
Moreover, an apparatus manufacturing a fiber fabric according to the present invention manufactures an elongate fiber fabric by braiding a plurality of longitudinal yarns extending in a longitudinal direction of the fiber fabric and a plurality of diagonal yarns inclined at a predetermined angle to the longitudinal direction, and comprises a first braider and a second braider installed at a distance from each other, a first bobbin installed in the first braider to supply the diagonal yarns and a second bobbin installed in the second braider to supply the longitudinal yarns, moving means for moving the mandrel having at least a bent portion, inside the first and second braiders in a direction from the second braider toward the first braider, and control means that rotates both the first and second braiders at the bent portion of the mandrel.
Unlike in the case of the configuration of a conventional braider machine, the manufacturing apparatus according to the present invention is roughly composed of a braider (second braider) having a bobbin from which the longitudinal yarns are fed and a braider (first braider) which is positioned in front of the second braider and having a bobbin from which the diagonal yarns are fed.
For example, a winding layer of the longitudinal yarns and a winding layer of the diagonal yarns are formed as follows. Ends of the longitudinal and diagonal yarns are wound around (or taped to) an end of the mandrel. The mandrel is moved with the first braider rotated and the second braider not rotated. Thus, the winding layer of the longitudinal yarns is formed and the winding layer of the diagonal yarns is simultaneously formed on the winding layer of the longitudinal yarns. The longitudinal yarns are laid out and fixed on the mandrel by the winding layer of the diagonal yarns.
To form the winding layers at the bent portion of the mandrel, the mandrel is moved with the second braider slowly rotated. At this time, the rotation speed of the second braider is determined by the moving speed of the mandrel and the peripheral length of the bent portion so that the longitudinal yarns are spirally wound at an inclination of 10 to 15 degrees.
When the formation of the winding layer in the section of the bent portion of the mandrel is finished and the process enters the straight portion again, the rotation of the second braider is stopped, with the mandrel continuing to be moved. Then, the longitudinal yarns are laid out at the straight portion in the longitudinal direction, and the winding layer of the diagonal yarns formed by the fist braider is simultaneously formed on the longitudinal yarns.
Here, in connection with the formation of the winding layer of the diagonal yarns, the rotation of the first and second braiders is based on a large number of gears built in the braiders in associated postures in a ring direction and a bobbin moving groove which is formed in the ring direction so as to bypass rotating shafts of the gears; the rotation of the first and second braiders refers to rotation of the gears moving the bobbin through the moving groove to supply the diagonal yarns, thus winding the diagonal yarns around the outer periphery of the mandrel passing through the braider.
Furthermore, the manufacturing apparatus includes moving means for fixedly positioning the mandrel and moving the mandrel as described above, and control means for controllably rotationally driving one or both of the braiders at a rotation speed corresponding to the moving speed of the mandrel every time the longitudinal yarn or the diagonal yarn is formed on the mandrel.
The above-described manufacturing apparatus according to the present invention allows predetermined numbers of winding layers of the longitudinal yarns and winding layers of the diagonal yarns to be simultaneously formed around the outer periphery of the mandrel. In particular, the use of the manufacturing apparatus configured as described above allows the winding layer of the longitudinal yarns to be efficiently formed without causing the longitudinal yarns to slip at the bent portion of the mandrel.
The intermediate member manufactured by the manufacturing apparatus is transferred to the mold as already described. The process then shifts to the resin impregnation and hardening step.
As appreciated from the above description, with the method of manufacturing the fiber reinforced resin member and the apparatus manufacturing the fiber fabric according to the present invention, the longitudinal yarns can be laid out, without slipping, around the outer periphery of the mandrel having the bent portion, and the winding layer of the longitudinal yarns having an even density can be efficiently formed. Furthermore, with the fiber reinforced resin member according to the present invention, even if the fiber reinforced resin member has a bent portion, the longitudinal yarns are evenly laid out at the bent portion. The longitudinal yarns are thus wound at a uniform density, providing a fiber reinforced resin member generally exhibiting an excellent flexural rigidity characteristic.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a position where an A-pillar to which a fiber reinforced resin member according to the present invention is applied is mounted in a vehicle.
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of an embodiment of the manufactured fiber reinforced resin member.
FIG. 3 is a sectional view of the fiber reinforced resin member taken along line III-III in FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a manufacturing apparatus according to the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a side view of the manufacturing apparatus according to the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a winding aspect of longitudinal yarns formed all along the length of the mandrel.
FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a winding aspect of longitudinal yarns and diagonal yarns at a bent portion of the mandrel.
FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating the inclination of the longitudinal yarns to a longitudinal direction of the fiber reinforced resin member.
NUMERALS IN THE DRAWINGS
1 . . . Fiber reinforced resin member, 1 a . . . Mandrel, 1 b, 1 d . . . Winding layers of longitudinal yarns, 1 c, 1 e . . . Winding layer of diagonal layers, 1′, 1′a . . . Straight portions, 1″ . . . Bent portion, 1′″ . . . Fastening plate portion, 10 . . . First braider, 11 . . . Gear rotating shaft, 12 . . . Bobbin moving groove, 13 . . . First bobbin, 14 . . . Guide ring, 15 . . . Wheel, 20 . . . Second braider, 21 . . . Second bobbin, 22 . . . Wheel, 30 . . . Moving rail, 40 . . . Positioning member, 100 . . . Manufacturing apparatus (braider machine), P . . . Diagonal yarn, Q . . . Longitudinal yarn
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a position where an A-pillar to which a fiber reinforced resin member according to the present invention is applied is mounted in a vehicle. FIG. 2 is a perspective view of an embodiment of the manufactured fiber reinforced resin member. FIG. 3 is a sectional view of the fiber reinforced resin member taken along line III-III in FIG. 2. FIG. 4 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a manufacturing apparatus according to the present invention. FIG. 5 is a side view of the manufacturing apparatus according to the present invention. FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a winding aspect of longitudinal yarns formed all along the length of the mandrel. FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a winding aspect of longitudinal yarns and diagonal yarns at a bent portion of the mandrel. FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating the inclination of the longitudinal yarns to a longitudinal direction of the fiber reinforced resin member. The shape of the mandrel and the number of winding layers forming the fiber reinforced resin member are not limited to those shown in the embodiments.
The fiber reinforced resin member according to the present invention is suitable for A-pillars of a vehicle, which needs to exhibit an appropriate flexural strength and appropriate impact resistance performance. The A-pillars are support members for a front window which are positioned in front of and on the right and left side of a passenger in a vehicle C shown in FIG. 1. Applying the fiber reinforced resin member 1 to the A-pillars allows the above-described strength characteristics to be sufficiently offered. The fiber reinforced resin member also has a light weight. Thus, the fiber reinforced resin member is particularly suitable for recent hybrid vehicles and the like.
FIG. 2 shows an embodiment of the fiber reinforced resin member 1 applied to the A-pillars. The fiber reinforced resin member 1 is not a simple, linear cylindrical member. Since the fiber reinforced resin member 1 is applied to the A-pillars, the fiber reinforced resin member 1 is shaped to have not only straight portions 1′ and 1′a but also a bent portion 1″. The fiber reinforced resin member 1 further has a plate portion 1′″ that allows the fiber reinforced resin member 1 to be fastened to another member making up the vehicle. Furthermore, the sectional shapes of relevant portions are not uniform. The straight portion 1′ has a circular cross section, and the straight portion 1′a has an elliptic cross section. The bent portion 1″ has an elliptic cross section with a partly inwardly recessed portion 1″a. The fastening plate portion 1′″ has a flat cross section as well as a bolt hole.
FIG. 3 is a sectional view of the fiber reinforced resin member 1 illustrating the configuration thereof. The fiber reinforced resin member 1 is composed of a mandrel 1 a which is a core material made of an ABS resin, a winding layer 1 b wound around the outer periphery of the mandrel 1 a and made up of longitudinal yarns, a winding layer 1 c wound around the outer periphery of the winding layer 1 b and made up of diagonal yarns, a winding layer 1 d made up of longitudinal yarns located around the outer periphery of the winding layer 1 c, and a winding layer 1 e made up of diagonal yarns located around the outer periphery of the winding layer 1 d. The winding layers are impregnated with a thermosetting resin, which is then hardened to form the fiber reinforced resin member 1. The numbers of the winding layers made up of the longitudinal yarns and the winding layers made up of the diagonal yarns are not limited to those shown in the figures but may be at least three.
Description will be given below of a manufacturing apparatus (braider machine) 100 which, in manufacturing the fiber reinforced resin member 1, manufactures an intermediate member (a member in which the winding layers formed around the outer periphery of the mandrel), which has not been impregnated with the resin yet, as well as an operation aspect of the manufacturing apparatus 100.
FIG. 4 is a perspective view generally illustrating the manufacturing apparatus 100. FIG. 5 is a side view illustrating the manufacturing apparatus.
The manufacturing apparatus 100 has two braiders, a first braider 10 and a second braider 20 both of which are annular and have a central opening through which the mandrel 1 a can reciprocate.
The braiders 10 and 20 are arranged at a predetermined distance from each other. Wheels 15, 15 and 22, 22 are attached to legs of the braiders 10 and 20, respectively. An elongate moving rail 30 is installed between the wheels 15, 15 and between the wheels 22, 22. Positioning members 40, 40 extend vertically from opposite ends of the moving rail 30. The mandrel 1 a is fixedly positioned at upper ends of the positioning members 40, 40.
In the illustrated posture, the braiders 10 and 20 are arranged so as to be able to be moved, by a servo motor or a cylinder mechanism (not shown in the drawings), within planes (which are substantially orthogonal to arrows X1 and X2) defined by the annular portions thereof, in a posture in which the predetermined distance is maintained between the braiders 10 and 20. The servo motor or cylinder mechanism moves the braiders 10 and 20 so as to prevent the mandrel 1 a from interfering with the annular portions, that is, so that the mandrel 1 a can pass through the substantial center of the central opening of each of the annular portions. Here, the wheels 15, 15 and wheels 22, 22 may be configured so that the distance between the pair of wheels 15, 15 (22, 22) and the braider 10 (20) can follow the rail 30 even though the braider 10 (20) is moved by the servo motor or cylinder mechanism. Furthermore, the moving rail 30, on which the mandrel 1 a is fixedly positioned, can be moved in the directions of arrows X1 and X2 by rotational driving of at least one of the pair of wheels 15, 15 and the pair of wheels 22, 22 or by moving means (not shown in the drawings). If the mandrel 1 a is shaped so as to not to interfere with the annular portions, the servo motor or cylinder mechanism may be omitted.
A large number of gears are contained in the first braider 10 and arranged in a circumferential direction thereof. Gear rotating shafts 11, . . . of the gears are shown in the figure. Moreover, a bobbin moving groove 12 is formed in the first braider 10 so as to meander in a shape of the number eight in order to bypass the gear rotating shafts. Bobbins 13, . . . for diagonal yarns move along the moving groove 12 to supply diagonal yarns P, . . . to the outer periphery of the mandrel.
Furthermore, a guide ring 14 is located, by support means (not shown in the drawings), on a side of each of the first braiders 10, 20 which corresponds to the direction of arrow X1 (the guide ring 14 located on a side of the braider 20 which corresponds to the direction of arrow X1 is shown only in FIG. 5). The diagonal yarns P, . . . extending from the first bobbins 13, . . . and longitudinal yarns Q, . . . extending from second bobbins 21, . . . are guided to the guide ring 14 and thus supplied to the outer periphery of the mandrel.
Various instruction signals from a computer (not shown in the drawings) are transmitted to the illustrated manufacturing apparatus 100 by wired or wireless communication. The computer contains a control section that controls the moving speed of the bobbins 13, . . . in the braider 10, the rotation speed of the braider 20, and the moving speed of the mandrel 1 a, which relates to the moving speed of the bobbins 13, . . . in the braider 10 and the rotation speed of the braider 20.
First, to simultaneously form winding layers made up of the diagonal yarns P, . . . , and the longitudinal yarns Q, . . . around the outer periphery of the mandrel 1 a, the mandrel 1 a is moved to a right end in FIGS. 4 and 5, and from this position, moved leftward (the direction X1). Before the movement of the mandrel 1 a, ends of the diagonal yarns P and longitudinal yarns Q are taped to the outer periphery of the mandrel.
To form the winding layers at the straight portion of the mandrel 1 a, only the braider 10 is rotated, with the braider 20 not rotated, and the mandrel 1 a is moved. That is, around the outer periphery of the mandrel 1 a, the longitudinal yarns Q, . . . are laid out in the longitudinal direction of the mandrel 1 a, and the diagonal yarns P, . . . are laid out on the longitudinal yarns Q, . . ..
Once the mandrel 1 a reaches a predetermined position in front of the braider 10, the braider 20 starts to be rotated slowly. In the meantime, the braider 10 is continuously rotating.
The rotation speed (or rotation number) of the braider 20 is adjusted according to the moving speed of the mandrel 1 a. The rotation speed of the braider 20 is set at least to such a value as allows the longitudinal yarns Q to be spirally wound around the outer periphery of the mandrel 1 a at an angle of 10 to 15 degrees to the longitudinal direction. The above-described control section adjusts the rotation speed of the braider 20 and the moving speed of the mandrel 1 a.
The winding of the longitudinal yarns progresses. Once the mandrel 1 a reaches the straight portion 1′a, the rotation of the braider 20 is stopped. Then, the longitudinal yarns Q, . . . are laid out in the longitudinal direction of the mandrel 1 a. The diagonal yarns P, . . . are laid out on the longitudinal yarns Q, . . ..
The above-described series of control allows the longitudinal yarns Q, . . . to be evenly wound around the outer periphery of the mandrel 1 a and then allows the diagonal yarns P, . . . to be evenly wound on the longitudinal yarns Q, . . . . FIG. 6 schematically shows the winding aspect of the longitudinal yarns formed around the outer periphery of the mandrel. In the straight portion, the longitudinal yarns are laid out along the longitudinal direction. In the bent portion, the spirally wound longitudinal yarns are laid out.
Here, the rotation of the braider refers to movement of the bobbin 13, . . . in the first braider 10 along the bobbin moving groove 12, . . . as shown in the braider 10 in FIG. 4. Each of the bobbins 13, . . . moves meanderingly and timely so that a clockwise (a direction Y1 in FIG. 4) set of bobbins and a counterclockwise (a direction Y2 in FIG. 4) set of bobbins avoid interfering with each other. The plurality of bobbins 13, . . . move at a predetermined moving speed in synchronism with the movement of the mandrel 1 a to wind the diagonal yarns P, . . . at an angle of 45 degrees to the longitudinal direction of the mandrel 1 a. The braider 20 has the same structure but rotates at the bent portion of the mandrel 1 a.
FIG. 7 shows a winding form of the longitudinal yarns Q in the bent portion of the mandrel and a winding form of the diagonal yarns P formed around the outer periphery of the longitudinal yarns Q. The diagonal yarns P are wound around the outer periphery of the spirally wound longitudinal yarns Q or a plurality of such combinations are provided, to form a winding aspect in which the longitudinal yarns and the diagonal yarns are braided.
The above-described intermediate member is transferred to a mold with a cavity space in a predetermined form. In the mold, the intermediate member is impregnated with the thermosetting resin, which is then hardened. As a resin impregnation and hardening method, a well-known RTM method may be applied which places, in the mold, the intermediate member with the winding layers formed around the outer periphery of the mandrel, then places the cavity in a vacuum atmosphere, then fills the resin into the cavity placed in a vacuum atmosphere, and pressurizes and molds the intermediate member.
[Discussions of the Angle of the Longitudinal Yarns to the Longitudinal Direction of the Fiber Reinforced Resin Member and the Elasticity Modulus of the Fiber Reinforced Resin Member as a Bending Member]
The present inventor and the like examined a relationship between the angle (θ) of the longitudinal yarns to the longitudinal direction of the fiber reinforced resin member and the elasticity modulus of the fiber reinforced resin member as a bending member. The results of the examination are shown in Table 1, shown below. The angle (θ) of the longitudinal yarns to the longitudinal direction of the fiber reinforced resin member is shown in FIG. 8.
TABLE 1 θ (°) 0 10 15 20 30 45 E (GPa) 150 120 100 70 28 22
Table 1 clearly indicates that the flexural rigidity of the fiber reinforced resin member is maximized when the longitudinal yarns are at an angle of 0 degree and the elasticity modulus decreases sharply when the angle is larger than 15 degrees.
On the other hand, processibility was checked with the angle varied at which the longitudinal yarns were spirally wound at the bent portion of the mandrel. The results of the check indicate that an angle θ of smaller than 10 degrees causes the longitudinal yarns to slip on the outer periphery of the mandrel, sharply reducing processibility.
Thus, in connection with the flexural rigidity and processibility of the fiber reinforced resin member, the conclusion can be drawn that the angle at which the longitudinal yarns are spirally wound at the bent portion of the mandrel is preferably set within the range of 10 to 15 degrees to the longitudinal direction of the fiber reinforced resin member.
The embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail with the drawings. However, the specific configuration is not limited to these embodiments. Any change in design which does not depart from the spirit of the present invention is included in the present invention.
1. A fiber reinforced resin member including an elongate fiber fabric formed by braiding a plurality of longitudinal yarns extending in a longitudinal direction of the fiber fabric and a plurality of diagonal yarns inclined at a predetermined angle to the longitudinal direction, the fiber fabric being impregnated with resin that is then hardened, the fiber reinforced resin member being characterized: in that the fiber reinforced resin member has at least a bent portion, and the longitudinal yarns are spirally wound at the bent portion, in a posture in which the longitudinal yarns are inclined at the predetermined angle to the longitudinal direction.
2. The fiber reinforced resin member according to claim 1, wherein inclination of the longitudinal yarns to the longitudinal direction is within a range of 10 to 15 degrees.
3. A method of manufacturing a fiber reinforced resin member, the method being characterized by comprising a first step of supplying a mandrel having at least a bent portion, with a longitudinal yarn extending in a longitudinal direction of the mandrel and a diagonal yarn inclined at a predetermined angle to the longitudinal direction, to braid a plurality of the longitudinal yarns and a plurality of the diagonal yarns to manufacture an elongate fiber fabric, and a second step of impregnating the fiber fabric with resin and hardening the resin to manufacture the fiber reinforced resin member, and in that in the first step, the longitudinal yarns are spirally wound at a bent portion of the mandrel in a posture in which the longitudinal yarns are inclined at a predetermined angle to the longitudinal direction.
4. The method of manufacturing the fiber reinforced resin member according to claim 3, wherein inclination of the longitudinal yarns to the longitudinal direction is within a range of 10 to 15 degrees.
5. An apparatus manufacturing a fiber fabric, the apparatus manufacturing an elongate fiber fabric by braiding a plurality of longitudinal yarns extending in a longitudinal direction of the fiber fabric and a plurality of diagonal yarns inclined at a predetermined angle to the longitudinal direction, the apparatus comprising: a first braider and a second braider installed at a distance from each other; a first bobbin installed in the first braider to supply the diagonal yarns, and a second bobbin installed in the second braider to supply the longitudinal yarns; moving means, which includes a positioning member and an elongated moving rail, wherein the mandrel having at least a bent portion fixed at upper ends of the positioning member extending vertically from opposite ends of the moving rail so that the moving rail can be moved by a servo motor or a cylinder mechanism to cause the mandrel to pass through the substantial center of the central opening of each annular portion of the first and second braiders in a direction from the second braider toward the first braider and so as to prevent the mandrel from interfering with both the first and second braiders; and control means that rotates both the first and second braiders at the bent portion of the mandrel.
6. An apparatus manufacturing a fiber fabric, the apparatus manufacturing an elongate fiber fabric by braiding a plurality of longitudinal yarns extending in a longitudinal direction of the fiber fabric and a plurality of diagonal yarns inclined at a predetermined angle to the longitudinal direction, the apparatus comprising: a first braider and a second braider installed at a distance from each other; a first bobbin installed in the first braider to supply the diagonal yarns, and a second bobbin installed in the second braider to supply the longitudinal yarns; moving means, which includes a positioning member and an elongated moving rail, wherein the mandrel having at least a bent portion fixed at upper ends of the positioning member extending vertically from opposite ends of the moving rail so that the moving rail can be moved by a servo motor or a cylinder mechanism to cause the mandrel to pass through the substantial center of the central opening of each annular portion of the first and second braiders in a direction from the second braider toward the first braider and so as to prevent the mandrel from interfering with both the first and second braiders; and control means which rotates only the first braider at a straight portion of the mandrel and which rotates both the first and second braiders at the bent portion of the mandrel..
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https://tunearch.org/wiki/Annotation:Thunder_Hornpipe_(1) | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | Thunder Hornpipe (1)
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X:1 T:Thunder Hornpipe [1] M:2/4 L:1/8 R:Hornpipe B:Elias Howe – Second Part of the Musician’s Companion (1843, p. 70) Z:AK/Fiddler’s Companion K:Eb V:1 E/E/E E/E/E|G/E/G/B/ e/B/G/E/|B,/B,/B, B,/B,/B,|D/B,/D/F/ B/A/G/F/| E/E/E E/E/E|G/E/G/B/ e/B/G/F/|E/g/f/e/ d/c/B/=A/|BB B2:| |:B/B/B B/B/B|B/c/e/d/ c/B/A/G/|A/B/c/B/ A/G/F/E/|D/E/G/F/ E/D/C/B,/| B,/E/B,/E/ C/E/C/E/|D/E/D/E/ C/E/B,/E/|E/c/B/A/ G/F/E/D/|EE E2:| V:2 G,/G,/G, G,/G,/G,|E/B,/E/G/ B/G/E/E/|D/D/D D/D/D|D/B,/B,/D/ G/F/E/D/| G,/G,/G, G,/G,/G,|E/B,/E/G/ B/G/E/D/|E/e/d/c/ B/A/G/E/|DD D2:| G/G/G G/G/G|B/A/c/B/ A/G/F/E/|F/G/A/G/ F/E/D/E/|B,/C/E/D/ G/F/E/D/| G,/B,/G,/B,/ A,/C/A,/C/|B,/C/B,/C/ G,/C/G,/C/|E/A/G/F/ B/A/G/F/|EE E2:| V:3 clef=bass E,/E,/E, E,/E,/E,|z4|B,,/B,,/B,, B,,/B,,/B,,|z4| E,/E,/E, E,/E,/E,|z4|E,2 E,D,|B,,B,, B,,2:| E,/E,/E, E,/E,/E,|G,,2A,,2|F,2A,2|E,2E,2| E,2E,2|D,, D,, C,,C,,|E,G, A,B,|E,E, E,2:|]
THUNDER HORNPIPE [1]. AKA and see "Ivory's Hornpipe," "Trumpet Hornpipe (2)." English (originally), American; Hornpipe. USA, Missouri. E Flat Major. Standard tuning (fiddle). AABB. "Thunder Hornpipe" is the name for the tune in the Boston-published Second Part of the Musician's Companion (1843), although it was well-known earlier in Britain and Ireland as "Trumpet Hornpipe (2)." Under the American title, the tune entered the Missouri fiddling tradition, being especially popular in Boone County. Hornpipes such as the "Thunder" have been traced by Charlie Walden to the playing of one John A Hill (b. Ohio, 1851), a fiddler who was a good sight-reader and who often played from a copy of Ryan's Mammoth Collection (which later became Cole’s 1000 Fiddle Tunes). Hill, who moved to Missouri from Iowa sometime in the 1890's, taught the "Fiddlin' Sheriff," George Morris, a Boone County lad who later became a successful contest and radio fiddler in the 1930's and 40's. Walden calls him "perhaps the most influential mid-Missouri fiddler of the 20th century." It is due to Morris's broadcasts that the tunes reached a wide audience and were assimilated into the local traditional repertoire. Not the "Thunderbolt Hornpipe" in Christeson. See note for “Trumpet Hornpipe (2).”
Additional notes
Printed sources : - Cole (1000 Fiddle Tunes), 1940; p. 97. Howe (Second Part of the Musician's Companion), 1843; p. 70. Ryan’s Mammoth Collection, 1883; p. 132.
Recorded sources : - Rounder 0215, James Bryan ‑ "The First of May."
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US-48138500-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Semiconductor device and method of manufacturing the same
ABSTRACT
A sidewall oxide layer and a sidewall insulation layer are formed to cover the edge portion of an SOI layer. A channel stopper region is formed in the vicinity of the edge portion of the SOI layer. A protruded insulation layer is formed on the channel stopper region. A gate electrode extends from a region over the SOI layer to the protruded insulation layer and the sidewall insulation layer. In this way, reduction in threshold voltage Vth of a parasitic MOS transistor at the edge portion of the SOI layer can be suppressed.
This application is a Divisional of application Ser. No. 08/746,527 filed Nov. 12, 1996 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,025,629.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor device and a method of manufacturing the same, and particularly to an element isolation structure of a semiconductor device and a method of manufacturing the same.
2. Description of the Background Art
Conventionally, LOCOS (Local Oxidation of Silicon) is widely known as a method for providing isolation between elements. FIGS. 47 and 48 are cross sectional views showing the process flow in the case in which this LOCOS method is employed in a semiconductor device having an SOI (Semiconductor On Insulator) structure.
Referring first to FIG. 47, a semiconductor layer (hereinafter simply referred to as “SOI layer”) 3 is formed on a main surface of a silicon substrate 1 with a buried oxide layer 2 therebetween, using SIMOX (Separation by Implanted Oxygen) method or the like. On this SOI layer 3, a nitride layer 11 patterned to obtain a prescribed shape is formed. Using this nitride layer 11 as a mask, ions of boron (B) are implanted to SOI layer 3. As a result, an impurity implantation region 4a which is to be a channel stopper region is formed.
Thereafter, LOCOS processing is performed on SOI layer 3 in a state as shown in FIG. 47. This forms an isolation oxide layer 20 selectively at SOI layer 3 as shown in FIG. 48. At this time, owing to the formation of isolation oxide layer 20, most of the impurity (boron) for forming the channel stopper region mentioned above is absorbed. Accordingly, ion implantation of boron (B) has to take place again in the vicinity of the edge portion of SOI layer 3 after isolating oxide film 20 is formed, thereby forming a channel stopper region 4 including an impurity (boron) of high concentration in the vicinity of the edge portion of SOI layer 3. As a result, it is made possible to effectively suppress the decrease of threshold voltage Vth of a parasitic MOS transistor in the vicinity of the edge portion of SOI layer 3.
However, when ion implantation of boron for forming channel stopper region 4 is performed after isolation oxide layer 20 is formed, there has been a problem as described in the following.
As shown in FIG. 48, one way to form channel stopper region 4 after the formation of isolation oxide layer 20 is to implant ions of boron selectively into the vicinity of the edge portion of SOI layer 3 only, with nitride layer 11 still remaining. Since this method enables channel stopper region 4 to be formed in a self-aligned manner, there is no need to form a new mask layer for ion implantation of boron described above. However, as shown in FIG. 48, implantation of boron ions by oblique ion implantation method is required in the vicinity of edge portion of SOI layer 3. Therefore, the above-described boron would be implanted to the region where the channel of MOS transistor is formed. As a result, there has been a problem that the effective channel width W would be small.
One method by which the problem as described above can be solved is a mesa isolation method shown in FIGS. 49 to 51. FIG. 49 is a cross-sectional view showing a semiconductor device in which a conventional mesa isolation method is adopted. FIGS. 50 and 51 are cross-sectional views showing the manufacturing process which is characteristic in the semiconductor device of FIG. 49.
Referring first to FIG. 49, a channel stopper region 4 is formed in the vicinity of the edge portion of an SOI layer 3. A recess portion 24 is formed directly under the edge portion of SOI layer 3. A gate insulation layer 7 is formed to cover SOI layer 3, and a gate electrode 8 is formed to cover this gate insulation layer 7.
Referring next to FIGS. 50 and 51, a method of manufacturing the semiconductor device shown in FIG. 49 will now be described. Referring first to FIG. 50, ion implantation of boron (B) for forming channel stopper region 4 is performed to SOI layer 3 by a method similar to the example of the above-described LOCOS. Thereafter, a nitride layer (not shown) is additionally formed to cover nitride layer 11, using CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition). Then, by performing an anisotropical etching to the nitride layer, a nitride spacer 12 is formed as shown in FIG. 51. Thereafter, using nitride layer 11 and nitride spacer 12 as a mask, SOI layer 3 is patterned, followed by thermal oxidation for eliminating etching damages. Thus, a sidewall oxide layer 5 is formed at the sidewall of SOI layer 3, as shown in FIG. 51.
Thereafter, nitride layer 11, nitride spacer 12 and oxide layer 9 are removed by etching. As a result, recess portion 24 is formed directly beneath the edge portion of SOI layer 3.
Thereafter, gate insulation layer 7 is formed on the surface of SOI layer 3, and a gate electrode 8 is formed so as to cover this gate insulation layer 7. Then, in this case, source/drain regions are formed so as to sandwich the gate electrode 8 in SOI layer 3.
By the process as described above, a semiconductor device shown in FIG. 49 is formed. In this semiconductor device shown in FIG. 49, boron (B) for forming channel stopper region 4 is not implanted for the second time as in the case where the LOCOS method is adopted. Accordingly, the problem of small effective channel width W in the case where LOCOS is adopted can be solved.
However, even in the semiconductor device shown in FIG. 49, there has been a problem as described in the following. As shown in FIG. 51, sidewall oxide layer 5 is formed after the formation of channel stopper region 4. At this time, the impurity (boron) could be drawn out from channel stopper region 4 due to the formation of this sidewall oxide layer 5, although not as much as in the case of the above-described LOCOS method. Accordingly, concentration of the impurity (boron) within channel stopper region 4 is reduced, thus leading to a problem that threshold voltage Vth of the parasitic MOS transistor at the edge portion of SOI layer 3 is lowered. In addition, as shown in FIG. 49, recess portion 24 is formed directly beneath the edge portion of SOI layer 3. With such recess portion 24 formed, concentration of electric field is likely at the sidewall bottom portion 26 of SOI layer 3. This also leads to increase in the possibility of insulation breakdown, thus lowering the yield of the transistor.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention was made to solve the problems as described above. It is one object of the present invention to provide a semiconductor device in which effective suppression of decrease in the threshold voltage Vth of a parasitic MOS transistor at an edge portion of an SOI layer is possible, and a method of manufacturing the same.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a semiconductor device in which effective suppression of insulation breakdown of a gate insulation layer is possible.
It is assumed that the semiconductor device according to the present invention has an SOI (Semiconductor on Insulator) structure. The semiconductor device according to the present invention includes a semiconductor substrate having a main surface, a mesa type semiconductor layer isolated by mesa isolation method, a channel stopper region, an isolating insulation layer, and a gate electrode. A semiconductor layer is formed on the main surface of the semiconductor substrate with a buried insulation layer therebetween, and has source/drain regions internally. The channel stopper region is formed in the vicinity of the edge portion of the semiconductor layer. The isolation insulation layer is formed on the channel stopper region and on the edge portion of the semiconductor layer, and has an upper surface on the channel stopper region inclined so as to be apart upwards from the upper surface of the semiconductor layer as it approaches the edge portion of the semiconductor layer. The gate electrode is extended from a region over the semiconductor layer to the isolating insulation layer.
As described above, in the semiconductor device according to the present invention, the isolating insulation layer is formed on the channel stopper region and on the edge portion of the semiconductor layer. By this isolating insulation layer, it is made possible to effectively prevent the formation of recess portion 24 shown in FIG. 49 directly under the edge portion of the semiconductor layer. In addition, the isolating insulation layer is also formed on the channel stopper region and has an upper surface inclined to be apart upwards from the upper surface of the semiconductor layer as it approaches the edge portion of the semiconductor layer. Since the gate electrode extends on the isolating insulation layer, it is possible to keep away the gate electrode from the edge portion of the semiconductor layer. Accordingly, it is possible to suppress decrease in the threshold voltage Vth of the parasitic MOS transistor at the edge portion of the semiconductor layer.
Preferably, the side end portion of the isolating insulation layer located on the semiconductor layer is placed closer to the edge portion of the semiconductor layer than to the inner side end portion of the channel stopper region located in the semiconductor layer. Thus, it is ensured that the inclined upper surface of the isolating insulation layer can be arranged on the region in the vicinity of the edge portion of the semiconductor layer. As a result, it is made possible to keep away the gate electrode from the edge portion of the semiconductor layer with more certainty.
Also, the above-described isolating insulation layer may include a protruded insulation layer formed on the channel stopper region and a sidewall insulation layer formed under this protruded insulation layer covering the edge portion of the semiconductor layer.
In addition, it is preferred that the above-described isolating insulation layer extends from a region over the channel stopper region to the buried insulation layer approximate the semiconductor layer, having an even upper surface adjacent to the above-described inclined upper surface. Also, the semiconductor layer preferably has a first conductive layer formed thereon with a gate insulation layer therebetween, and a second conductive layer is formed on this first conductive layer to extend over the isolating insulation layer. These first and second conductive layers form a gate electrode. It is preferred that the above-described even upper surface is positioned higher with respect to the upper surface of the semiconductor layer as compared to the upper surface of the above-described first conductive layer. In this way, the second conductive layer can be kept from the edge portion of the semiconductor layer effectively. As a result, it is made possible to effectively suppress the decrease in the threshold voltage Vth of the parasitic MOS transistor at the edge portion of the semiconductor layer.
In the method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to the present invention, in one aspect, an SOI substrate is prepared by forming a semiconductor layer on a main surface of a semiconductor substrate with a buried insulation layer therebetween. An insulation layer is formed on this semiconductor layer, and a first masking layer is formed selectively on this insulation layer. A second masking layer of a material different from that of the first masking layer is formed selectively on the insulation layer to cover the sidewall and the upper surface of the first masking layer. Using this second masking layer as a mask, the insulation layer and the semiconductor layer are patterned. Then, using the second masking layer as a mask, the sidewall of the patterned semiconductor layer is oxidized. After removing the second masking layer, the first masking layer is used as a mask for implanting impurity to the region in the vicinity of the edge portion of the semiconductor layer which had been covered with the second masking layer, thereby forming a channel stopper region. A gate electrode is formed above the semiconductor layer. Source/drain regions are formed within the semiconductor layer.
As described above, in one aspect of the method of manufacturing the semiconductor device according to the present invention, the semiconductor layer is patterned by using the second masking layer formed to cover the sidewall and the upper surface of the first masking layer as a mask, and then this second masking layer is used as a mask to oxidize the sidewall of the semiconductor layer. After removing this second masking layer, the first masking layer is used as a mask to implant impurity for forming the channel stopper region into the region in the vicinity of the edge portion of the semiconductor layer which had been covered with the second masking layer in a self-aligned manner. Thus, absorption of the impurity for forming the channel stopper region into the oxide film formed by thermal treatment performed to the above-described sidewall of the semiconductor layer can be suppressed effectively. As a result, reduction in concentration of impurity contained in the channel stopper region can be suppressed effectively. Thus, reduction in threshold voltage Vth of the parasitic MOS transistor at the edge portion of the semiconductor layer can be suppressed effectively.
In addition, the step of forming the above-described channel stopper region preferably includes the step of performing a channel doping by implanting impurity into the semiconductor layer by the energy penetrating the first masking layer to reach the semiconductor layer. Thus, it is made also possible to perform a channel doping using the mask for forming the channel stopper region. As a result, it becomes unnecessary to form a new masking layer for channel doping such that the process can be simplified.
Also, it is preferred that the above-described first masking layer is formed of polycrystalline silicon and the second masking layer of nitride. In addition, the step of forming the gate electrode includes steps of forming a sidewall insulation layer on the sidewall of the first masking layer and the sidewall of the semiconductor layer, selectively exposing the surface of the semiconductor layer by etching away the first masking layer and the insulation layer successively, and forming the gate electrode on the surface of the exposed semiconductor layer with a gate insulation layer therebetween. By forming a sidewall insulation layer at the sidewall of the first masking layer and on the sidewall of the semiconductor layer as described above, it is made possible to keep away the gate electrode from the edge portion of the semiconductor layer upon formation of the gate electrode above the semiconductor layer, and in addition, it is also made possible to protect the edge portion of the semiconductor layer.
In addition, the above-described step of forming the gate electrode preferably includes steps of forming an isolating insulation layer on the buried insulation layer to cover the first masking layer and the channel stopper region, and removing a portion of the isolating insulation layer to expose the upper surface of the first masking layer. At this time, the first masking layer is provided so that it can function as a stopper. In this way, when a portion of the isolating insulation layer is removed by a CMP (Chemical Mechanical Polishing) process, for example, the accuracy of the polishing by the CMP process can be improved. In addition, by forming the isolating insulation layer in this way, it is also possible to protect the edge portion of the semiconductor layer by this isolating insulation layer.
The above-described step of forming the gate electrode preferably further includes the steps of exposing selectively the surface of the semiconductor layer by removing the above-described exposed first masking layer and the insulation layer, and forming a gate electrode on the exposed surface of the semiconductor layer with the gate insulation layer therebetween. By removing the first masking layer and the insulation layer in this way, it is possible to form an isolating insulation layer having a sloped surface inclining upwards as it extend toward the edge portion of the semiconductor layer on the channel stopper region. Thus, it is possible to effectively keep away the gate electrode from the edge portion of the semiconductor layer.
In addition, the above-described first masking layer is preferably formed of polycrystalline silicon, and the step of forming the gate electrode preferably further includes the steps of forming a polycrystalline silicon layer on the first masking layer to extend over the isolating insulation layer and forming a gate electrode by patterning this polycrystalline layer and the first masking layer. By thus forming the first masking layer from polycrystalline silicon, this first masking layer can be used as a portion of the gate electrode. In this case, the only step needed is to form a new polycrystalline silicon layer on the first masking layer, and thus the manufacturing process can be simplified as compared to the case in which the first masking layer has to be removed.
In addition, the above-described first masking layer may include first and second polycrystalline silicon layers, and the above-described insulation layer may include first and second insulation layers. In this case, the step of forming the first masking layer includes the steps of forming the first polycrystalline silicon layer on the semiconductor layer with a first insulation layer therebetween, and forming the second polycrystalline silicon layer on this first polycrystalline silicon layer with a second insulation layer therebetween. The second masking layer is formed to cover the first and second polycrystalline silicon layers. The step of forming the gate electrode preferably includes the steps of exposing the surface of the above-described second polycrystalline silicon layer by a process of removing a portion of the isolating insulation layer, removing this second polycrystalline silicon layer and the second insulation layer, forming a third polycrystalline silicon layer on the first polycrystalline silicon layer to be extended on the isolating insulation layer, and forming a gate electrode by patterning the third polycrystalline silicon layer and the first polycrystalline silicon layer. By thus forming the first and second polycrystalline silicon layers, the level of the upper surface of the isolating insulation layer after the process of removing a portion of the isolating insulation layer can be made higher than the level of the upper surface of the first polycrystalline silicon layer. Accordingly, the gate electrode can be kept away from the edge portion of the semiconductor layer more effectively.
The above-described step of forming the first masking layer preferably includes the step of forming a nitride layer on the above-described second polycrystalline silicon layer, and forming first and second sidewall oxide layers by using this nitride layer as a mask for oxidizing the sidewall of first and second polycrystalline silicon layers. The step of forming the second masking layer includes the step of forming the second masking layer to cover the first and second sidewall oxide layers. By thus oxidizing the edge portion of the first and second polycrystalline silicon layers, it is possible to eliminate the etching damage upon the patterning of the first and second polycrystalline silicon layers.
In accordance with the method of manufacturing the semiconductor device according to the present invention, in another aspect, an insulation layer is first formed on a main surface of a semiconductor substrate, and a first masking layer is formed selectively on this insulation layer. Covering the upper surface and the sidewall of this first masking layer, a second masking layer of a material different from that of the first masking layer is formed selectively on the insulation layer. Using this second masking layer as mask, the insulation layer and the main surface of the semiconductor substrate are subjected to etching so as to form a trench for element isolation. Using the second masking layer as a mask, inner surface of the trench is oxidized. After removing the second masking layer, the first masking layer is used as a mask to implant impurity to the inner surface of the trench and the main surface of the semiconductor substrate which was covered by the second masking layer so as to form a channel stopper region. An isolating insulation layer is formed on the main surface of the semiconductor substrate to cover the first masking layer and the trench. A portion of the isolating insulation layer is removed to expose the upper surface of the first masking layer. Then, a gate electrode is formed above the main surface of the semiconductor substrate. Source/drain regions are formed in the main surface of the semiconductor substrate to sandwich the above-described gate electrode.
As described above, after the trench is formed using the second masking layer as a mask, the second masking layer is removed, and the first masking layer is used as a mask to implant impurity to the inner surface of the trench and to the main surface of the semiconductor substrate which was covered by the second masking layer so as to form the channel stopper region. In this way, it is possible to form the channel stopper region also in the main surface of the semiconductor substrate between the side end portion of the first masking layer and the upper end corner portion of the trench. Since implantation of impurity for forming the channel stopper region is performed after the oxidation of the inner surface of the trench in this aspect also, decrease in the impurity concentration at the channel stopper region can be suppressed as in the case of the one aspect described above. Accordingly, it is possible to prevent effectively the decrease in the threshold voltage Vth of the parasitic MOS transistor.
In accordance with a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to the present invention, in still another aspect, an SOI (Semiconductor On Insulator) substrate is first prepared by forming a semiconductor layer on a main surface of a semiconductor substrate with a buried insulation layer therebetween. An insulation layer is formed on this semiconductor layer, and a first masking layer is formed selectively on this insulation layer. A second masking layer of a material different from that of the first masking layer is formed selectively on the insulation layer so as to cover the upper surface and the sidewall of this first masking layer. Using this second masking layer as a mask, the semiconductor layer is subjected to a selective oxidation to form an isolating oxide film. After removing the second masking layer, the first masking layer is used as a mask for implanting impurity in the vicinity of the edge portion of the semiconductor layer which was covered by the second masking layer, thereby forming a channel stopper region. A gate electrode is formed above the semiconductor layer. Source/drain regions are formed in the semiconductor layer, sandwiching this gate electrode.
As described above, in this aspect, the second masking layer is used as a mask for forming the isolating oxide film, the second masking layer is then removed, and thereafter, the first masking layer is used as a mask to implant impurity in the vicinity of the edge portion of the semiconductor layer which was covered by the second masking layer so as to form the channel stopper region. In this way, the channel stopper region can be formed in the vicinity of the edge portion of the semiconductor layer in the self-aligned manner with certainty, and in addition, it is made possible to prevent effectively the absorption of the impurity from the channel stopper region owing to the formation of isolating oxide film. Thus, it is ensured that channel stopper region including impurity of high concentration can be formed at the edge portion of the semiconductor layer. As a result, decrease in the threshold voltage Vth of parasitic MOS transistor at the edge portion of the semiconductor layer can be suppressed effectively.
The above-described step of forming the isolating oxide film may include the steps of forming an oxide layer having a bottom surface in the semiconductor layer by selectively oxidizing the semiconductor layer using the second masking layer as mask, forming a nitride layer after removing this oxide layer to cover the semiconductor layer and a second masking layer, performing anisotropical etching to this nitride layer such that the nitride layer is left under the second masking layer, and forming the isolating oxide film by selectively oxidizing the semiconductor layer using the second masking layer and the nitride layer as a mask. By forming the isolating oxide film through a process as described above, the slope of the side surface of the semiconductor layer can be made steep. Accordingly, partial reduction in the film thickness at the edge portion of the semiconductor layer can be suppressed effectively. Thus, formation of a parasitic MOS transistor with a low threshold voltage Vth at the edge portion of the semiconductor layer can be suppressed effectively.
The above-described first masking layer is preferably formed of polycrystalline silicon. The step of forming the gate electrode preferably includes the steps of forming a polycrystalline silicon layer on the first masking layer and on the isolating oxide film, and forming the gate electrode by patterning this polycrystalline silicon layer and the first masking layer. As a result, manufacturing process can be simplified as compared to the case in which the first masking layer is removed.
In accordance with a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to the present invention, in still another aspect, an SOI (Semiconductor On Insulator) substrate is prepared by forming a semiconductor layer on a main surface of a semiconductor substrate with a buried insulation layer therebetween. A first masking layer is formed on this semiconductor layer with an insulation layer therebetween. On this first masking layer, a second masking layer of a material different from that of the first masking layer is formed. After patterning the second masking layer, this second masking layer is used as a mask to implant impurity for forming a channel stopper region in the semiconductor layer. A third masking layer of a material which is the same as that of the second masking layer is formed on the sidewall of the second masking layer. Thereafter, using these second and third masking layers as a mask, the first masking layer, the insulation layer and the semiconductor layer are patterned successively. After removing the second and third masking layers, a sidewall insulation layer is formed on the sidewall of the semiconductor layer. By etching away the first masking layer and the insulation layer, the surface of the semiconductor layer is exposed. A gate electrode is formed on the surface of the semiconductor layer with a gate insulation layer therebetween. Source/drain regions are formed in the semiconductor layer, sandwiching the gate electrode.
As described above, in this aspect, after implanting the impurity into the semiconductor layer for forming the channel stopper region using the second masking layer as a mask, the third masking layer formed on the sidewall of the second masking layer as well as the second masking layer are used to pattern the semiconductor layer. Accordingly, it is possible to form a channel stopper region in the vicinity of the edge portion of the semiconductor layer in a self-aligned manner. After removing the second and third masking layers, a sidewall insulation layer is formed on the sidewall of the semiconductor layer. After the formation of this sidewall insulation layer, the first masking layer and insulation layer are etched away. At this time, formation of the sidewall insulation layer effectively prevents formation of a recess portion immediately under the edge portion of the semiconductor layer upon etching of the first masking layer and the insulation layer. Thus, it is possible to suppress the insulation breakdown of the gate insulation layer at the bottom portion of sidewall of the semiconductor layer effectively.
The above-described insulation layer is preferably a CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) oxide layer, the buried insulation layer is preferably an oxide layer formed by thermal oxidation, and the sidewall insulation layer is preferably a CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) oxide layer using TEOS (Tetra Ethyl Ortho Silicate). As described above, by providing a CVD oxide layer as the insulating layer, it is possible to reduce the time for wet etching as compared to the case in which an oxide layer formed by thermal oxidation is used. Accordingly, the amount of etching of the buried insulation layer caused by the etching of the insulation layer can be reduced. In addition, by providing CVD oxide layer using TEOS as the sidewall insulation layer, the etching rate of the sidewall insulation layer can be larger than the etching rate of the buried insulation layer. Accordingly, it is possible to prevent effectively the recess portion from being formed to extend under the sidewall insulation layer. As a result, patterning of the gate electrode would be easier as compared to the case in which the recess portion is formed to extend under the sidewall insulation layer.
The foregoing and other objects, features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of the present invention when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing a semiconductor device according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a plan view of the semiconductor device shown in FIG. 1.
FIGS. 3 to 7 are cross-sectional views showing the first to fifth steps in the manufacturing process of the semiconductor device according to Embodiment 1.
FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view showing a semiconductor device according to Embodiment 2 of the present invention.
FIGS. 9 to 11 are cross-sectional views showing the first to third steps in the manufacturing process of the semiconductor device according to Embodiment 2.
FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view showing how channel doping is performed in Embodiments 1 and 2.
FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view showing a semiconductor device according to a modification of Embodiment 2.
FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view showing a semiconductor device according to Embodiment 3 of the present invention.
FIGS. 15 to 19 are cross-sectional views showing the first to fifth steps in the manufacturing process of the semiconductor device according to Embodiment 3.
FIG. 20 is a cross-sectional view showing a semiconductor device according to Embodiment 4 of the present invention.
FIGS. 21 to 24 are cross-sectional views showing the first to fourth steps in the manufacturing process of the semiconductor device according to Embodiment 4.
FIG. 25 is a cross-sectional view showing a semiconductor device according to a modification of Embodiment 4.
FIG. 26 is a cross-sectional view showing a characteristic manufacturing process in the semiconductor device of FIG. 25.
FIG. 27 is a cross sectional view showing a semiconductor device according to Embodiment 5 of the present invention.
FIGS. 28 to 31 are cross-sectional views showing the first to fourth steps in the manufacturing process of semiconductor device according to Embodiment 5.
FIG. 32 is a cross-sectional view showing a semiconductor device according to Embodiment 6 of the present invention.
FIGS. 33 to 38 are cross-sectional views showing the first to sixth step in the manufacturing process of the semiconductor device according to Embodiment 6.
FIG. 39 is a cross-sectional view showing how channel doping is performed in Embodiment 6.
FIG. 40 is a cross-sectional view showing a semiconductor device according to a modification of Embodiment 6.
FIG. 41 is cross-sectional view showing a semiconductor device according to Embodiment 7.
FIGS. 42 to 45 are cross-sectional views showing the first to fourth steps in the manufacturing process of the semiconductor device according to Embodiment 7.
FIG. 46 is a cross-sectional view showing a modification of the manufacturing process of FIG. 45.
FIGS. 47 and 48 are cross-sectional views showing the first and second steps in the manufacturing process of a conventional semiconductor device using LOCOS method.
FIG. 49 is a cross-sectional view showing a semiconductor device using a conventional mesa isolation method.
FIGS. 50 and 51 are cross-sectional views showing the first and second steps in the manufacturing process of the semiconductor device shown in FIG. 49.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Embodiments of the present invention will now be described in the following with reference to FIGS. 1 to 46.
[Embodiment 1]
Referring first to FIGS. 1 to 7, description is made for Embodiment 1 of the present invention. FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing a semiconductor device according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a plan view of a semiconductor device shown in FIG. 1, in which the cross section taken along line I—I corresponds to the cross-sectional view of FIG. 1.
Referring to FIG. 1, an SOI layer 3 is formed on a main surface of a silicon substrate 1 with a buried oxide layer 2 therebetween. In the vicinity of the edge portion of SOI layer 3, a channel stopper region 4 is formed. A sidewall oxide layer 5 is formed on the sidewall of SOI layer 3, covering this channel stopper region 4. In addition, a protruded insulation layer 6 a of silicon nitride, silicon oxide or the like is formed on channel stopper region 4. A sidewall insulation layer 6 b of an insulator such as silicon nitride or silicon oxide is formed to cover the sidewall of sidewall oxide layer 5. A gate insulation layer 7 is formed on the surface of SOI layer 3. A gate electrode 8 is formed to cover this gate insulation layer 7, protruded insulation layer 6a, and sidewall insulation layer 6 b.
Referring next to FIG. 2, a sidewall insulation layer 6 b is formed to surround channel stopper region 4. In addition, frame-shaped protruded insulation layer 6 a is formed on channel stopper region 4. When, for example, a sidewall insulation layer 27 is formed on the sidewall of gate electrode 8, the plane width of this protruded insulation layer 6 a would be different between the portion located under sidewall insulation layer 27 or gate electrode 8 and the other portions if seen two dimensionally. However, at either portions, the side end portion of protruded insulation layer 6 a on SOI layer 3 is preferably located immediately on the inner side end portion of channel stopper region 4 or located closer to the edge portion of SOI layer 3 than this inner side end portion. Thus, it is possible to keep away the gate electrode 8 upwards from the edge portion of SOI layer 3 effectively. Accordingly, reduction in threshold voltage Vth of parasitic MOS transistor in the vicinity.of the edge portion of SOI layer 3 can be suppressed effectively.
In addition, as described above, formation of sidewall oxide layer 5 and sidewall insulation layer 6 b covering the sidewall of SOI layer 3 enables protection of the edge portion of SOI layer 3. In particular, by covering the bottom portion of sidewall of SOI layer 3 with the above-described sidewall oxide layer 5 and sidewall insulation layer 6 b, recess portion 24 is effectively prevented from being formed immediately under the edge portion of SOI layer 3 as in the conventional example. Thus, it is also possible to suppress effectively the insulation breakdown of the gate insulating layer in the vicinity of the edge portion of SOI layer 3.
Referring next to FIGS. 3 to 7, description will be made for the method of manufacturing the semiconductor device shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. FIGS. 3 to 7 are cross-sectional views showing first to fifth steps in the manufacturing process of the semiconductor device shown in FIG. 1. Although formation of nMOS transistor is referred to in the description of each of the embodiments described in the following, the concept of the present invention is also applicable to pMOS transistors.
Referring first to FIG. 3, SOI layer 3 is formed on the main surface of silicon substrate 1 with buried oxide film 2 therebetween by the same method as in the conventional example. On this SOI layer 3, oxide layer 9 having a thickness of about 10 to about 30 nm is formed. Polycrystalline silicon layer 10 with a thickness of about 100 to about 250 nm and nitride layer 11 with a thickness of about 100 to about 250 nm are successively deposited on this oxide layer 9. Then, a photoresist pattern (not shown) having a prescribed shape is formed on nitride layer 11. Using this photoresist pattern as a mask, nitride layer 11 and polycrystalline silicon layer 9 are subjected to patterning successively. Thereafter, the photoresist pattern is removed. This photoresist pattern may be removed after being used as a mask to pattern nitride layer 11, using nitride layer 11 as a mask to pattern polycrystalline silicon layer 10. Then, a nitride layer having a thickness of about 50 to about 100 nm is formed on oxide layer 9 so as to cover nitride layer 11 and polycrystalline silicon layer 10. Anisotropical etching is performed on this nitride layer. Thus, nitride spacer 12 is formed.
Referring next to FIG. 4, using nitride layer 11 and nitride spacer 12 as a mask, oxide layer 9 and SOI layer 3 are patterned successively. Thereafter, the sidewall of SOI layer 3 is subjected to thermal oxidation in order to eliminate the etching damage caused upon this patterning. Thus, sidewall oxide layer 5 is formed at the edge portion of SOI layer 3.
Thereafter, by etching with hot phosphoric acid or the like, nitride layer 11 and nitride spacer 12 are removed. Accordingly, oxide layer 9 placed on the region in the vicinity of the edge portion of SOI layer 3 is selectively exposed. At this state, as shown in FIG. 5, impurity for forming channel stopper region 4 is implanted to the portion in the vicinity of the edge portion of SOI layer 3, using polycrystalline silicon layer 10 as a mask. Here, implantation of boron (B) is performed to the portion in the vicinity of the edge portion of SOI layer 3. When CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) is formed, it is required to cover the region where pMOS transistor is formed by, for example, photoresist upon performing implantation of boron to the above-described nMOS transistor.
As described above, since impurity (boron) for forming channel stopper region 4 is implanted into SOI layer 3 after formation of sidewall oxide layer 5, drawing out of the impurity introduced into channel stopper region 4 by formation of sidewall oxide layer 5 can be suppressed effectively. Thus, it is possible to suppress reduction in the impurity concentration in channel stopper region 4 effectively. In addition, since impurity (boron) can be implanted in a self-aligned manner in the vicinity of the edge portion of SOI layer 3 which was covered by nitride spacer 12 as shown in FIG. 5, formation of channel stopper region 4 can be ensured. In other words, it can be made almost certain that channel stopper region 4 containing impurity with a high concentration is formed in the vicinity of the edge portion of SOI layer 3. Thus, reduction in the threshold voltage Vth of the parasitic MOS transistor in the vicinity of the edge portion of SOI layer 3 can be suppressed effectively.
Referring next to FIG. 6, an insulation layer (not shown) of oxide, nitride or the like is formed by CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) on buried oxide layer 2 so as to cover polycrystalline silicon layer 10 and SOI layer 3. Then, this insulation layer is subjected to anisotropical etching. Thus, protruded insulation layer 6 a and sidewall insulation layer 6 b are formed simultaneously. At this time, since polycrystalline silicon layer 10 is formed on SOI layer 3, damage is scarcely left at the surface of SOI layer 3 by this anisotropical etching.
Thereafter, referring to FIG. 7, polycrystalline silicon layer 10 and oxide layer 9 are removed by, for example, isotropic etching. At this time, since the edge portion of SOI layer 3 is protected by sidewall oxide layer 5 and sidewall insulation layer 6 b, formation of recess portion immediately under the edge portion of SOI layer 3 can be prevented effectively. Thus, it is possible to prevent insulation breakdown of the gate insulation layer in the vicinity of the edge portion of SOI layer 3 effectively.
As described above, after exposure of the surface of SOI layer 3, gate insulation layer 7 with a thickness of about 6 to about 12 nm is formed on the surface of SOI layers 3 using, for example, thermal oxidation, CVD or the like, and gate electrode 8 is formed on this gate insulation layer 7. By carrying out the above process, the semiconductor device shown in FIG. 1 is formed.
|
github_open_source_100_1_91 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | // Automatically generated by xmlvm2csharp (do not edit).
using org.xmlvm;
namespace java.util {
public abstract class _iEnumeration {
} // end of abstract class: _iEnumeration
public interface Enumeration {
bool hasMoreElements();
global::System.Object nextElement();
//XMLVM_BEGIN_WRAPPER[java.util.Enumeration]
//XMLVM_END_WRAPPER[java.util.Enumeration]
} // end of interface: Enumeration
} // end of namespace: java.util
|
github_open_source_100_1_92 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package org.dhis2.fhir.adapter.fhir.transform.fhir.impl;
/*
* Copyright (c) 2004-2019, University of Oslo
* All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
* list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
*
* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
* this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
* and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
* Neither the name of the HISP project nor the names of its contributors may
* be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
* specific prior written permission.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
* ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
* WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
* DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
* ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
* (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
* LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON
* ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
* (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
* SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*/
import org.dhis2.fhir.adapter.dhis.model.DhisResourceType;
import org.dhis2.fhir.adapter.fhir.metadata.model.AbstractRule;
import org.dhis2.fhir.adapter.fhir.metadata.model.FhirClientResource;
import org.dhis2.fhir.adapter.fhir.metadata.model.FhirResourceType;
import org.dhis2.fhir.adapter.fhir.metadata.model.RuleInfo;
import org.dhis2.fhir.adapter.fhir.metadata.model.TrackedEntityRule;
import org.dhis2.fhir.adapter.fhir.metadata.repository.RuleRepository;
import org.dhis2.fhir.adapter.fhir.repository.DhisFhirResourceId;
import org.dhis2.fhir.adapter.fhir.repository.FhirResourceRepository;
import org.dhis2.fhir.adapter.fhir.script.ScriptExecutor;
import org.dhis2.fhir.adapter.lock.LockManager;
import org.dhis2.fhir.adapter.spring.StaticObjectProvider;
import org.junit.Assert;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Rule;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.mockito.Mock;
import org.mockito.Mockito;
import org.mockito.junit.MockitoJUnit;
import org.mockito.junit.MockitoRule;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Optional;
import java.util.UUID;
/**
* Unit tests for {@link FhirToDhisTransformerServiceImpl}.
*
* @author volsch
*/
public class FhirToDhisTransformerServiceImplTest
{
@Mock
private LockManager lockManager;
@Mock
private FhirResourceRepository fhirResourceRepository;
@Mock
private RuleRepository ruleRepository;
@Mock
private ScriptExecutor scriptExecutor;
@Mock
private FhirClientResource fhirClientResource;
private FhirToDhisTransformerServiceImpl service;
@Rule
public MockitoRule mockitoRule = MockitoJUnit.rule();
@Before
public void setUp()
{
service = new FhirToDhisTransformerServiceImpl( lockManager, fhirResourceRepository, ruleRepository,
new StaticObjectProvider<>( new ArrayList<>() ), new StaticObjectProvider<>( new ArrayList<>() ),
scriptExecutor );
service = Mockito.spy( service );
}
@Test
public void getDeleteRuleInfo()
{
final UUID ruleId = UUID.randomUUID();
final RuleInfo<AbstractRule> ruleInfo = new RuleInfo<>( new TrackedEntityRule(), Collections.emptyList() );
Mockito.doReturn( FhirResourceType.PATIENT ).when( fhirClientResource ).getFhirResourceType();
Mockito.doReturn( Optional.of( ruleInfo ) ).when( ruleRepository ).findOneImpByDhisFhirInputData( Mockito.eq( FhirResourceType.PATIENT ),
Mockito.eq( DhisResourceType.TRACKED_ENTITY ), Mockito.eq( ruleId ) );
final RuleInfo<? extends AbstractRule> result = service.getDeleteRuleInfo( fhirClientResource, new DhisFhirResourceId( DhisResourceType.TRACKED_ENTITY, "a0123456789", ruleId ) );
Assert.assertSame( ruleInfo, result );
}
@Test
public void getDeleteRuleInfoSimpleId()
{
final UUID ruleId = UUID.randomUUID();
final RuleInfo<AbstractRule> ruleInfo = new RuleInfo<>( new TrackedEntityRule(), Collections.emptyList() );
ruleInfo.getRule().setSimpleFhirId( true );
Mockito.doReturn( FhirResourceType.PATIENT ).when( fhirClientResource ).getFhirResourceType();
Mockito.doReturn( Optional.of( ruleInfo ) ).when( ruleRepository ).findOneExpByDhisFhirInputData( Mockito.eq( FhirResourceType.PATIENT ) );
final RuleInfo<? extends AbstractRule> result = service.getDeleteRuleInfo( fhirClientResource, new DhisFhirResourceId( "a0123456789" ) );
Assert.assertSame( ruleInfo, result );
}
@Test
public void getDeleteRuleInfoNonSimpleId()
{
final UUID ruleId = UUID.randomUUID();
final RuleInfo<AbstractRule> ruleInfo = new RuleInfo<>( new TrackedEntityRule(), Collections.emptyList() );
ruleInfo.getRule().setSimpleFhirId( false );
Mockito.doReturn( FhirResourceType.PATIENT ).when( fhirClientResource ).getFhirResourceType();
Mockito.doReturn( Optional.of( ruleInfo ) ).when( ruleRepository ).findOneExpByDhisFhirInputData( Mockito.eq( FhirResourceType.PATIENT ) );
final RuleInfo<? extends AbstractRule> result = service.getDeleteRuleInfo( fhirClientResource, new DhisFhirResourceId( "a0123456789" ) );
Assert.assertNull( result );
}
} |
github_open_source_100_1_93 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <?php
namespace App\Http\Controllers\User;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use App\Http\Controllers\Controller;
class UserRegisterController extends Controller
{
public function login()
{
return view('auth.userLogin');
}
public function showRegistrationForm()
{
return view('auth.userRegister');
}
public function showRegistrationFormId($id)
{
return view('cad_sala')->withData($id);
}
}
|
8621118_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | MEMORANDUM **
Defendant Stanley Gene Ellis pleaded guilty to one count of a felon in possession of a firearm. The district court sentenced him to 188 months’ imprisonment pursuant to the Armed Career Criminal Act of 1984, 18 U.S.C. § 924(e). Defendant’s only argument on appeal is that his prior convictions should have been alleged in the charging document and either admitted or proved to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt. We affirm.
Defendant’s argument is foreclosed by Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523 U.S. 224, 243-47, 118 S.Ct. 1219, 140 L.Ed.2d 350 (1998). See also United States v. Grisel, 488 F.3d 844, 846 (9th Cir.2007) (en banc) (noting that Almenda-rez-Torres remains good law). Defendant’s argument that we should invoke the doctrine of constitutional doubt is foreclosed by Grisel, 488 F.3d at 846-47.
AFFIRMED.
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by 9 th Cir. R. 36-3.
|
github_open_source_100_1_94 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | class ContactsController < ApplicationController
skip_before_action :authenticate_user!
def new
@contact = Contact.new
render 'store/contact'
end
def create
@contact = Contact.new(params[:contact])
respond_to do |format|
if @contact.valid?
format.js { render partial: 'store/contact/success', format: [:js], status: 200 }
StoreMailer.contact(params[:contact]).deliver
else
format.json { render json: { errors: @contact.errors.to_json(root: true) }, status: 422 }
end
end
end
end |
github_open_source_100_1_95 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #include <cassert>
#include <cctype>
#include <climits>
#include <functional>
#include <iostream>
#include <map>
#include <regex>
#include <set>
#include <string>
#include <variant>
using Distance = unsigned long;
Distance distance(std::string const &s, unsigned t) {
static const std::regex re("(\\w+) can fly (\\d+) km/s for (\\d+) seconds?, "
"but then must rest for (\\d+) seconds?.");
std::smatch m;
if (std::regex_search(s, m, re)) {
unsigned fly_speed = std::stoul(m.str(2));
unsigned fly_time = std::stoul(m.str(3));
unsigned rest_time = std::stoul(m.str(4));
// Period and number of them
unsigned period = fly_time + rest_time;
unsigned periods = t / period;
// How far did we fly in the complete periods.
Distance result = (fly_speed * fly_time * periods);
// And the remainder distance
t -= periods * period;
t = std::min(t, fly_time);
result += t * fly_speed;
std::cout << m.str(1) << "(" << fly_speed << ", " << fly_time << ", "
<< rest_time << ") = " << result << "\n";
return result;
} else {
assert(false);
}
}
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
Distance max_d = 0;
for (std::string line; std::getline(std::cin, line);) {
max_d = std::max(max_d, distance(line, 2503));
}
std::cout << "Max distance: " << max_d << "\n";
return 0;
} |
github_open_source_100_1_96 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import { locale as LocalizationLocale } from 'expo-localization';
import type { LocaleSymbol } from '@onekeyhq/components/src/locale';
import { LOCALES_OPTION } from '@onekeyhq/components/src/locale';
import { memoizee } from '@onekeyhq/shared/src/utils/cacheUtils';
const locales = LOCALES_OPTION.map((locale) => locale.value);
const getDefaultLocaleFunc = () => {
const current = LocalizationLocale;
for (let i = 0; i < locales.length; i += 1) {
const locale = locales[i];
if (locale === current) {
return locale as LocaleSymbol;
}
}
for (let i = 0; i < locales.length; i += 1) {
const locale = locales[i];
const code = current.split('-')[0];
if (code === current) {
return locale as LocaleSymbol;
}
}
for (let i = 0; i < locales.length; i += 1) {
const locale = locales[i];
const code = current.split('-')[0];
if (locale.startsWith(code)) {
return locale as LocaleSymbol;
}
}
return locales[0] as LocaleSymbol;
};
export const getDefaultLocale = memoizee(getDefaultLocaleFunc);
|
294058_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Arnold je lahko:
Arnold (krater), krater na Luni
Arnold (osebno ime)
Arnold (priimek).
|
github_open_source_100_1_97 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | // *** WARNING: this file was generated by pulumi-java-gen. ***
// *** Do not edit by hand unless you're certain you know what you are doing! ***
package com.pulumi.aiven;
import com.pulumi.aiven.KafkaTopicArgs;
import com.pulumi.aiven.Utilities;
import com.pulumi.aiven.inputs.KafkaTopicState;
import com.pulumi.aiven.outputs.KafkaTopicConfig;
import com.pulumi.aiven.outputs.KafkaTopicTag;
import com.pulumi.core.Output;
import com.pulumi.core.annotations.Export;
import com.pulumi.core.annotations.ResourceType;
import com.pulumi.core.internal.Codegen;
import java.lang.Boolean;
import java.lang.Integer;
import java.lang.String;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Optional;
import javax.annotation.Nullable;
/**
* The Kafka Topic resource allows the creation and management of Aiven Kafka Topics.
*
* ## Example Usage
*
* ```java
* package generated_program;
*
* import com.pulumi.Context;
* import com.pulumi.Pulumi;
* import com.pulumi.core.Output;
* import com.pulumi.aiven.KafkaTopic;
* import com.pulumi.aiven.KafkaTopicArgs;
* import com.pulumi.aiven.inputs.KafkaTopicConfigArgs;
* import java.util.List;
* import java.util.ArrayList;
* import java.util.Map;
* import java.io.File;
* import java.nio.file.Files;
* import java.nio.file.Paths;
*
* public class App {
* public static void main(String[] args) {
* Pulumi.run(App::stack);
* }
*
* public static void stack(Context ctx) {
* var mytesttopic = new KafkaTopic("mytesttopic", KafkaTopicArgs.builder()
* .project(aiven_project.myproject().project())
* .serviceName(aiven_kafka.myservice().service_name())
* .topicName("<TOPIC_NAME>")
* .partitions(5)
* .replication(3)
* .terminationProtection(true)
* .config(KafkaTopicConfigArgs.builder()
* .flushMs(10)
* .cleanupPolicy("compact,delete")
* .build())
* .timeouts(%!v(PANIC=Format method: runtime error: invalid memory address or nil pointer dereference))
* .build());
*
* }
* }
* ```
*
* ## Import
*
* ```sh
* $ pulumi import aiven:index/kafkaTopic:KafkaTopic mytesttopic project/service_name/topic_name
* ```
*
*/
@ResourceType(type="aiven:index/kafkaTopic:KafkaTopic")
public class KafkaTopic extends com.pulumi.resources.CustomResource {
/**
* Kafka topic configuration
*
*/
@Export(name="config", refs={KafkaTopicConfig.class}, tree="[0]")
private Output</* @Nullable */ KafkaTopicConfig> config;
/**
* @return Kafka topic configuration
*
*/
public Output<Optional<KafkaTopicConfig>> config() {
return Codegen.optional(this.config);
}
/**
* The number of partitions to create in the topic.
*
*/
@Export(name="partitions", refs={Integer.class}, tree="[0]")
private Output<Integer> partitions;
/**
* @return The number of partitions to create in the topic.
*
*/
public Output<Integer> partitions() {
return this.partitions;
}
/**
* Identifies the project this resource belongs to. To set up proper dependencies please refer to this variable as a reference. This property cannot be changed, doing so forces recreation of the resource.
*
*/
@Export(name="project", refs={String.class}, tree="[0]")
private Output<String> project;
/**
* @return Identifies the project this resource belongs to. To set up proper dependencies please refer to this variable as a reference. This property cannot be changed, doing so forces recreation of the resource.
*
*/
public Output<String> project() {
return this.project;
}
/**
* The replication factor for the topic.
*
*/
@Export(name="replication", refs={Integer.class}, tree="[0]")
private Output<Integer> replication;
/**
* @return The replication factor for the topic.
*
*/
public Output<Integer> replication() {
return this.replication;
}
/**
* Specifies the name of the service that this resource belongs to. To set up proper dependencies please refer to this variable as a reference. This property cannot be changed, doing so forces recreation of the resource.
*
*/
@Export(name="serviceName", refs={String.class}, tree="[0]")
private Output<String> serviceName;
/**
* @return Specifies the name of the service that this resource belongs to. To set up proper dependencies please refer to this variable as a reference. This property cannot be changed, doing so forces recreation of the resource.
*
*/
public Output<String> serviceName() {
return this.serviceName;
}
/**
* Kafka Topic tag.
*
*/
@Export(name="tags", refs={List.class,KafkaTopicTag.class}, tree="[0,1]")
private Output</* @Nullable */ List<KafkaTopicTag>> tags;
/**
* @return Kafka Topic tag.
*
*/
public Output<Optional<List<KafkaTopicTag>>> tags() {
return Codegen.optional(this.tags);
}
/**
* It is a Terraform client-side deletion protection, which prevents a Kafka topic from being deleted. It is recommended to
* enable this for any production Kafka topic containing critical data.
*
*/
@Export(name="terminationProtection", refs={Boolean.class}, tree="[0]")
private Output</* @Nullable */ Boolean> terminationProtection;
/**
* @return It is a Terraform client-side deletion protection, which prevents a Kafka topic from being deleted. It is recommended to
* enable this for any production Kafka topic containing critical data.
*
*/
public Output<Optional<Boolean>> terminationProtection() {
return Codegen.optional(this.terminationProtection);
}
/**
* The name of the topic. This property cannot be changed, doing so forces recreation of the resource.
*
*/
@Export(name="topicName", refs={String.class}, tree="[0]")
private Output<String> topicName;
/**
* @return The name of the topic. This property cannot be changed, doing so forces recreation of the resource.
*
*/
public Output<String> topicName() {
return this.topicName;
}
/**
*
* @param name The _unique_ name of the resulting resource.
*/
public KafkaTopic(String name) {
this(name, KafkaTopicArgs.Empty);
}
/**
*
* @param name The _unique_ name of the resulting resource.
* @param args The arguments to use to populate this resource's properties.
*/
public KafkaTopic(String name, KafkaTopicArgs args) {
this(name, args, null);
}
/**
*
* @param name The _unique_ name of the resulting resource.
* @param args The arguments to use to populate this resource's properties.
* @param options A bag of options that control this resource's behavior.
*/
public KafkaTopic(String name, KafkaTopicArgs args, @Nullable com.pulumi.resources.CustomResourceOptions options) {
super("aiven:index/kafkaTopic:KafkaTopic", name, args == null ? KafkaTopicArgs.Empty : args, makeResourceOptions(options, Codegen.empty()));
}
private KafkaTopic(String name, Output<String> id, @Nullable KafkaTopicState state, @Nullable com.pulumi.resources.CustomResourceOptions options) {
super("aiven:index/kafkaTopic:KafkaTopic", name, state, makeResourceOptions(options, id));
}
private static com.pulumi.resources.CustomResourceOptions makeResourceOptions(@Nullable com.pulumi.resources.CustomResourceOptions options, @Nullable Output<String> id) {
var defaultOptions = com.pulumi.resources.CustomResourceOptions.builder()
.version(Utilities.getVersion())
.build();
return com.pulumi.resources.CustomResourceOptions.merge(defaultOptions, options, id);
}
/**
* Get an existing Host resource's state with the given name, ID, and optional extra
* properties used to qualify the lookup.
*
* @param name The _unique_ name of the resulting resource.
* @param id The _unique_ provider ID of the resource to lookup.
* @param state
* @param options Optional settings to control the behavior of the CustomResource.
*/
public static KafkaTopic get(String name, Output<String> id, @Nullable KafkaTopicState state, @Nullable com.pulumi.resources.CustomResourceOptions options) {
return new KafkaTopic(name, id, state, options);
}
}
|
3493057_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | The defendant is a broker and a member of the Detroit Stock Exchange. His business is buying and selling stocks and bonds. The record discloses that in 1922 the Dort Motor Company was authorized to issue 200,000 shares of no par stock, of which amount 125,000 shares were held in escrow by the Michigan securities commission. Twenty-five thousand of the shares released were underwritten by McClure, Jones Reid, of New York, and Perry, Seymour Bonbright, of Flint. These underwriters offered to sell portions of this stock to a selling group, and the defendant subscribed for about 3,000 shares. George Slotter, a stock salesman for defendant, talked With B.D. Hammond, over the telephone and also in his office, about purchasing some of this stock. Holmes' name was not mentioned in these *Page 86
conversations. Hammond, however, discussed the matter with Holmes, and some little time later gave Slotter an order for the purchase of 1,000 shares, 800 to be issued to him and 200 to Holmes. A letter of confirmation signed by the defendant was sent to Holmes on May 27, 1922. It reads as follows:
"We have this day bought for your account and risk: Shares: 200. Security: Dort Motors. Partial payment basis. Price, $20. Amount, $4,000.010. Commission (nothing provided under the commission list.) Total, $4,000. We have charged your account with the total amount, $ .......................... (blank)."
Holmes paid $2,400 on the account. It was the understanding that the stock should be held as security for the balance. In August, 1922, when the price of the stock had declined (it was then offered at $17 a share without a bid therefor), plaintiff demanded a return of the money paid. His demand was at that time based on claimed misrepresentations made to Hammond as to the value of the stock, etc. (not material here to consider). The defendant refused payment, and, after giving notice of intention so to do, offered the stock for sale. Pending the sale, plaintiff filed the bill of complaint herein, alleging that Holmes was induced to make the purchase by the misrepresentations made to Hammond, and that defendant had made a secret profit on the sale by having purchased the stock sold him at $17 per share, and prayed that the sale be held void and canceled and defendant ordered to repay him the $2,400. "If employed to sell, the agent may not become the purchaser; and if employed to buy, he may not be the seller." 21 R. C. L. p. 829.
There are many authorities to support the first part of the rule. Our latest expression indorsing it will be found inCohane v. Eston, 240 Mich. 234. The latter part of the statement is, we think, equally sound. In Taussig v. Hart,58 N.Y. 425, 428, the court said:
"But the plaintiffs allege that they transferred to he defendant's credit one hundred shares of their own stock at 111 3/8, on the day when the stock would have been deliverable had it been bought 'regular.' That transaction did not help the matter. It amounted to a sale by the plaintiffs of one hundred shares of their own stock to the defendant, which was not binding upon the defendant, for the reason that the law does not permit an agent employed to purchase to buy of himself. It is no answer that the intention was honest and that the brokers did better for their principal by selling him their own stock than they could have done by going into the open market. The rule *Page 88
is inflexible, and although its violation in the particular case caused no damage to the principal, he cannot be compelled to adopt the purchase."
The holding in this case is cited as authority in 2 Mechem on Agency (2d Ed.), pp. 1975-1976, and in 2 Clark Skyles on the Law of Agency, § 764. See, also, Mayo v. Knowlton, 134 N.Y. 250,252 (31 N.E. 985); and Commonwealth v. Cooper,130 Mass. 285, 288. It seems to be clearly established that when an intending purchaser orders a broker to purchase a particular stock for him, the relationship is that of principal and agent, and the broker may not in fulfillment of the order transfer to him stock which he already owns. The commission to be paid is indicative of the service to be rendered, and tends to establish the relationship. The distinction between the two kinds of relationship is thus pointed out by Prof. Mechem (p. 1952):
"It not infrequently happens that the so-called stockbroker is approached merely as one of whom shares may be obtained, and under circumstances showing that it is a matter of indifference to the principal whether the broker supplies shares which he already owns or shares which he buys for the principal in the market, so long as the principal obtains them at the price indicated by him. The salesman here approached Hammond in an effort to sell him some of the Dort stock. In answer to a question put by the court, "You knew from what he said that it was a new stock that they were just floating?" Hammond answered, "I knew that it was a new issue of stock." He further testified, "I believe he said it was some additional stock that they were coming out with. * * * He did tell me it was *Page 89
a new issue, and he told me that the standard price was 20 a share," and further, "He said Mr. Durant would look after the New York end of it. * * * That is what I banked on more than anything else."
While the letter of confirmation, written on a blank form, states that defendant had bought the stock for Holmes, it is important to note that the purchase was to be made without any commission to be paid by him. While it is true that a purchaser may give a broker an order to purchase a stock at a certain price net to him, and the relationship of principal and agent still exist, the proofs here submitted do not disclose any such understanding. Hammond knew that the standard price was $20 per share, and, as that was the amount he and Holmes were to pay, it must have been apparent to him that defendant was either receiving a commission from some other person or was selling him some of the issue which he had secured on terms to justify a sale without commission. The trial court said:
"I think that no impression can be properly drawn from the testimony except this one that the purchaser knew that this was a syndicated stock. That the purchaser knew just as much as the broker knew himself, of the relationship between the broker and the stock."
On the record before us we feel constrained to hold that the relationship existing between the parties was that of vendor and purchaser and not that of principal and agent. The following cases lend support to this conclusion: Sutro v.Jacobson, 96 N.J. Law, 555 (115 A. 79); Taylor v. Guest,58 N.Y. 262; Porter v. Wormser, 94 N.Y. 431; In re B.Solomon Co., 268 Fed. 108.
The decree is affirmed, with costs to appellee.
FEAD, C.J., and NORTH, FELLOWS, WIEST, CLARK, McDONALD, and POTTER, JJ., concurred. *Page 90.
|
https://wiki.creativecommons.org/index.php/Global_Summit_2011 | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | Global Summit 2011
From Creative Commons
Jump to: navigation, search
Update: The Global Summit is now over. Huge thanks to the CC Poland team, and all the CC affiliates and staff involved in making it happen. See #Event coverage for updates on photos, tweets, and video of the event, and stay tuned to the CC blog for a more detailed digest.
Livestream
Livestream for the Summit will begin Friday, 16 September at 9:00 Warsaw time (CEST)! Watch at http://creativecommons.pl/stream and follow #ccsummit2011 on social media.
Overview
For three days from 16-18 September 2011, the Creative Commons Global Summit, Powering an Open Future, will bring together the CC community in Warsaw, Poland, to engage strategically on the future of our shared commons, to renew and further build CC’s vital community, to collaborate on mutual projects and initiatives, and to celebrate our successes as we head towards the end of our first decade together.
The Global Summit will bring together members of CC's Affiliate Network worldwide, CC board and staff, key stakeholders and many others interested in the present and future of the commons. It will include regional meetings, plenary sessions,legal-focused sessions, community-focused sessions, workshops, regional planning sessions and special discussion sessions on key issues such as key adoption areas, data, public domain and the new version 4.0 licenses. The meeting will also include a "public day", featuring sessions of most interest to members of the public, including case study showcases, sessions on CC use in areas such as education, government and science, and a CC Salon featuring local and international CC creations.
In addition, CC’s Board of Directors will have a board meeting in Warsaw and will be available to meet with Affiliates.
We look forward to seeing you in Warsaw. Do zobaczenia wkrótce!
File:Www.flickr.com photos j-pocztarski 2164259748 - cropped.jpg Plac Zamkowy, Warszawa - The Castle Square, Warsaw, Poland (cropped) by Jarosław Pocztarsk, CC BY
Summit Program
Related Offsite Events
Logistics
The CC Summit will take place at the historic Primates Palace in Warsaw.
The Logistics page provides detailed information about everything you need to know about the venue, accommodations, getting from and to the airport, and what to eat and drink in Warsaw.
Media
Event coverage
The summit was livestreamed at http://creativecommons.pl/stream (stay tuned for video). Other media from the summit is being tagged #ccsummit2011 across various (social) media platforms:
News
Partners
The Creative Commons Global Summit is co-organized with the City of Warsaw and the Zachęta Art Gallery.
220px
Sponsors
And a huge thank you to our Global Summit 2011 sponsors: Google, The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and the Mozilla Foundation.
See all Creative Commons supporters..
|
http://www.ow2.org/view/China-Open-Source-Week-2012/ | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | China Open Source Week
October 15-20, 2012
Beijing and Nanjing, China
Leverage Open Source in Technology and Business
See the announcement
Check out the pictures here
Overview
What we call Open Source Week is the grouping together of several open source events and meetings in the same week in order to achieve maximum efficiency and benefits for the attendees.
The ambition of the Open Source Week is to extend the reach of open source beyond the scope of universities and build awareness for open source as a business model, as a credible way to develop, use and distribute software, in a two-way manner, not just a way to (legally) download code.
Oct 15-16Oct 19Oct 20
Scilab/ OW2 Programming ContestOW2 Corporate Networking MeetingOpen Source Communities Meetup
NanjingBeijingBeijing
Tags:
Created by Alexandre Lefebvre on 2012/04/04 13:35
Last modified by Cedric Thomas on 2012/11/05 21:46
Platinum Sponsors
Gold Sponsors
Silver Sponsors
Legal Notice.
|
github_open_source_100_1_98 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <!-- project Name: Automated Traffic surveillance system -->
<!-- Author Name: Deval Srivastava -->
<!-- Filename: home.ejs -->
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/semantic/dist/semantic.min.css">
<script
src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.1.1.min.js"
integrity="sha256-hVVnYaiADRTO2PzUGmuLJr8BLUSjGIZsDYGmIJLv2b8="
crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/socket.io/2.0.4/socket.io.js"></script>
<script src="/semantic/dist/semantic.min.js"></script>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://unpkg.com/leaflet@1.3.1/dist/leaflet.css"
integrity="sha512-Rksm5RenBEKSKFjgI3a41vrjkw4EVPlJ3+OiI65vTjIdo9brlAacEuKOiQ5OFh7cOI1bkDwLqdLw3Zg0cRJAAQ=="
crossorigin=""/>
<script src="https://unpkg.com/leaflet@1.3.1/dist/leaflet.js"
integrity="sha512-/Nsx9X4HebavoBvEBuyp3I7od5tA0UzAxs+j83KgC8PU0kgB4XiK4Lfe4y4cgBtaRJQEIFCW+oC506aPT2L1zw=="
crossorigin=""></script>
<script src="https://unpkg.com/leaflet.markercluster@1.3.0/dist/leaflet.markercluster.js"></script>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://unpkg.com/leaflet.markercluster@1.3.0/dist/MarkerCluster.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://unpkg.com/leaflet.markercluster@1.3.0/dist/MarkerCluster.Default.css">
<script src="http://maximeh.github.io/leaflet.bouncemarker/bouncemarker.js"></script>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/home.css">
<title>Eyantra</title>
</head>
<body>
<div class="ui sidebar inverted left vertical menu ">
<a class="item">
home
</a>
<a href="/form" class="item">
form
</a>
<a href="#" class="item">
item 3
</a>
</div>
<div class="pusher">
<div class="ui top menu">
<div class="item">
<i class="sidebar icon large"></i>
</div>
<div class=" ui centered header item">
Traffic surveillance system
</div>
<div class="right item">
<div class="item">
<div class="ui transparent icon input">
<form action="/search" method="get">
<input type="text" placeholder="Search" id="sinput" type="text" name="q">
<i class="search link icon"></i>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ui grid container centered">
<%# <div class="center aligned four wide column">
<div class="ui centered calender">
<div class="ui input left icon">
<i class=" icon calender large"></i>
<input type="text" name="calender" placeholder="date">
</div>
</div>
</div> %>
<div class="center aligned eight wide column">
<h2 class="ui icon header">
<i class="map outline icon"></i>
<div class="content">
Traffic Analytics
<div class="sub header">
Each map marker denotes an offense
</div>
</div>
</h2>
</div>
<%# <div class="center aligned four wide column">
<button type="button" name="back" class="circular basic ui icon button">
<i class="icon arrow left"></i>
</button>
<button type="button" name="front" class="circular basic ui icon button">
<i class="icon arrow right"></i>
</button>
</div> %>
</div>
<br>
<br>
<div class="ui one column centered grid">
<div class=" column">
<div id="mapid">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ui inverted stacked vertical footer segement ">
<div class="ui container">
<h2 class="ui center aligned header">
<img src="/img/EyantraLogoLarge.png" alt="eyantra_logo">
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</body>
<script src="/home.js"></script>
</html>
|
US-98632701-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Compounds having reversible inhibiting activity of carnitine palmitoyl-transferase
ABSTRACT
Compounds of formula (I)
wherein the groups are as defined in the description are disclosed.
The compounds of formula (I) are endowed with reversible inhibiting activity of carnitine palmitoyl-transferase and are useful in the preparation of medicaments useful in the pathologies related to a hyperactivity of carnitine palmitoyl-transferase, such as hyperglycemia, diabetes and pathologies related thereto, heart failure, ischemia.
This application is a division of application Ser. No. 09/677,328 filed Oct. 2, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,369,073, the entire content of which is hereby incorporated by reference in this application.
The present invention relates to compounds having inhibiting activity against carnitine palmitoyl transferase. The present invention relates also to pharmaceutical compositions containing at least one of these compounds active ingredients and to the use of said compounds in the preparation of medicaments useful in the treatment of pathologies related to a hyperactivity of carnitine palmitoyl-transferase, in particular hyperglycaemic states, such as diabetes and related pathologies and of congestive heart failure.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
To date, hypoglycaemic therapy is based on the use of drugs having different mechanism of action (Arch. Intern. Med., 1997, 157, 1802-1817).
Insulin and its analogues represent the most used therapy, recurring to the direct hypoglycaemic action of this hormone.
Other compounds act indirectly by stimulating insulin release (sulphonylureas). A different target of hypoglycaemic drugs is represented by the reduction of glucose intestinal absorption through the inhibition of intestinal glucosidases, or by reducing insulin resistance.
Hyperglycaemia is also treated with gluconeogenesis inhibitors, such as biguanides.
Some works have also stressed out the relationship between gluconeogenesis and fatty acid oxidation.
The membrane bound long-chain acylcarnitine transferases, also known as carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT), are widely represented in organs and subcellular organelles (Bieber, L. L. 1988 Ann. Rev. Biochem. 57: 261-83). The well-established role of this category of enzymes is the transport of activated long-chain fatty acids through mitochondrial membranes. In this context, the outer mitochondrial membrane CPT I catalyzes the formation of long.-chain acylcarnitines that are transported across the mitochondrial membrane by a specific carrier, and reconverted into long-chain acyl-coenzyme A esters by CPT II, which resides in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Long-chain acyl-CoAs are then oxidised to acetyl-coenzyme A, which activates a key gluconeogenetic enzyme: pyruvate carboxylase.
Other works report that diabetic patients have high blood levels of fatty acids, whose liver oxidative fate gives rise to an increase of acetyl-coenzyme A, ATP and NADH. High availability of these compounds maximally stimulates gluconeogenesis, which is in part responsible of the elevated glucose blood levels in diabetic patients. CPT inhibition indirectly reduces the extent of liver gluconeogenesis, and hence blood glucose levels.
CPT inhibitors have been disclosed in J. Med. Chem., 1995, 38(18), 3448-50 and in the corresponding European patent application EP 0 574 355 as potential derivatives with hypoglycaemic activity.
Aminocarnitines N-acylated with —COR residue, wherein R is an aliphatic residue with 1 to 19 carbon atoms are disclosed in WO85/04396 useful for investigating the role of transferases in the body, in particular the specificity of carnitine acyltransferase.
Emeriamine and its analogues are disclosed in EP 0 127 098 and J. Med. Chem. 1987, 30, 1458-1463.
Notwithstanding the mechanism of activity above outlined, to date, drugs inhibiting CPT capable to effectively counteract hyperglycaemia do not exist. For some products, such as tetradecyl glycidic acid, or etomoxir, myocardial hypertrophy have been evidenced as side effects (Life Sci., 1989, 44, 1897-1906).
None of the therapies presently used in clinic is fully satisfying, in particular due to the onset of unwanted side effects, such as severe hypoglycaemia, allergic phenomena, oedema, diarrhoea, intestinal disturbances, kidney toxicity, etc.
The necessity to obtain alternative effective therapies for hyperglycaemia still remains.
ABSTRACT OF THE INVENTION
It has now surprisingly been found that compounds of general formula (I):
wherein: X⁺ is selected from the group consisting of N⁺(R₁,R₂,R₃) and P⁺ (R₁,R₂,R₃), wherein
(R₁,R₂,R₃), being the same or different, are selected in the group consisting of hydrogen and C₁-C₉ straight or branched alkyl groups, —CH═NH(NH₂), —NH₂, —OH; or two or more R₁, R₂ and R₃ together with the nitrogen atom, which they are linked to, form a saturated or unsaturated, monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclic system; with the proviso that at least one of the R₁, R₂ and R₃ is different from hydrogen;
Z is selected from
—OR₄,
—OCOOR₄,
—OCONHR₄,
—OCSNHR₄,
—OCSOR₄,
—NHR₄,
—NHCOR₄,
—NHCSR₄,
—NHCOOR₄,
—NHCSOR₄,
—NHCONHR₄,
—NHCSNHR₄,
—NHSOR₄, p1 —NHSONHR₄,
—NHSO₂R₄,
—NHSO₂NHR₄,
—SR₄,
wherein —R₄ is a C₁-C₂₀ saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched alkyl group, optionally substituted with a A₁ group, wherein A₁ is selected from the group consisting of halogen atom, C₆-C₁₄ aryl, heteroaryl, aryloxy or heteroaryloxy group, said aryl, heteroaryl, aryloxy or heteroaryloxy groups being optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₂₀ saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched alkyl or alkoxy group and/or halogen atom;
Y⁻ is selected from the group consisting of —COO⁻, PO₃H⁻, —OPO₃H⁻, tetrazolate-5-yl;
with the proviso that when Z is —NHCOR₄, X⁺ is trimethylammonium, Y is —COO⁻, then R₄ is C₂₀ alkyl;
with the proviso that when Z is —NHSO₂R₄, X⁺ is trimethylammonium and Y⁻ is —COO⁻, then R₄ is not tolyl;
with the proviso that when Z is —NHR₄, X⁺ is trimethylammonium and Y⁻ is —COO⁻, then R₄ is not C₁-C₆ alky.
The present invention further comprises the use of the compounds of the above-mentioned formula (I) as active ingredients for medicaments, in particular for medicaments useful for the treatment of pathologies related to a hyperactivity of carnitine palmitoyl carnitine, such as and in particular hyperglycemic states, diabetes and related pathologies, congestive heart failure and dilatative cardiopathy.
The present invention comprises pharmaceutical compositions containing compounds of formula (I) as active ingredients, in admixture with pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles and excipients.
The present invention comprises also processes for the preparation of compounds of formula (I).
DETAILED DESSCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Within the scope of the present invention, as examples of C₁-C₂₀ linear or branched alkyl group, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl and eicosyl and their possible isomers are meant, such as for example isopropyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl.
Examples of C₁-C₂₀ linear or branched alkenyl group are methylene, ethylidene, vinyl, allyl, propargyl, butylene, pentylene, wherein the carbon—carbon double bond, optionally in the presence of other carbon—carbon unsaturations, can be situated in the different possible positions of the alkyl chain, which can also be branched within the allowed isomery.
Examples of (C₆-C₁₄) aryl group are phenyl, 1- or 2-naphthyl, anthryl, optionally substituted as shown in the general definitions above-mentioned.
Examples of heterocyclic groups thienyl, quinolyl, pyridyl, N-methylpiperidinyl, 5-tetrazolyl, optionally substituted as shown in the general definitions above-mentioned.
As halogen atom it is intended fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine.
The compounds of formula (I) can be also in the form of inner salts.
A first group of preferred compounds comprises the compounds of formula (I) wherein N⁺(R₁,R₂,R₃) is trimethyl ammonium.
A second group of preferred compounds comprises the compounds of formula (I) wherein two or more R₁, R₂ and R₃, together with the nitrogen atom, which they are linked to, form a saturated or unsaturated, monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclic system; for example morpholinium, pyridinium, pyrrolidinium, quinolinium, quinuclidinium.
A third group of preferred compounds comprises the compounds of formula (I) wherein R₁ and R₂ are hydrogen and R₃ is selected from the group consisting of —CH═NH(NH₂), —NH₂ and —OH.
Within the different embodiments of the present invention, the R₄ group is preferably a C₇-C₂₀ saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched alkyl group. In fact, it has been observed the length of the alkyl chain R₄ significantly increases the selectivity against CPT. Preferred R₄ groups are selected from the group consisting of heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl and eicosyl.
Preferred examples of Z group are ureido (—NHCONHR₄), and carbamate (—NHCOOR₄, —OCONHR₄) ones.
In particular, compounds of formula (I) wherein X⁺, R₁, R₂, R₃, have the above disclosed meanings, Z is ureido (—NHCONHR₄) or carbamate (—NHCOOR₄, —OCONHR₄), R₄ is a C₇-C₂₀, preferably a C₉-C₁₈ saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched alkyl group, are preferred.
The compounds of formula (I) have an asymmetry center on carbon atom bound to a Z group. For the purposes of the present invention, each compound of formula (I) can exist both as R,S racemic mixture and as separated R/S isomeric form.
The compounds of formula (I) are quaternary ammonium or phosphonium derivatives always containing a Y⁻ anionic group. Dependently on pH, each compounds of formula (I) can exist indifferently as amphoion (inner salt) or as a compound wherein Y⁻ is present in the YH form. In such a case, X⁺ is salified with a pharmacologically acceptable acid. Formula (I) covers all these different possibilities. In case of nitrogen atoms having basic character, the salts with pharmaceutically acceptable acids, both inorganic and organic, such as for example, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, or, in the case of acid group, such as carboxyl, the salts with pharmaceutically acceptable bases, both inorganic and organic, such as for example, alkaline and alkaline-earth hydroxides, ammonium hydroxide, amine, also heterocyclic ones. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts are chloride; bromide; iodide; aspartate; acid aspartate; citrate; acid citrate; tartrate; acid tartrate; phosphate, acid phosphate; fumarate; acid fumarate; glycerophosphate; glucosephosphate; lactate; maleate; acid maleate; mucate; orotate; oxalate; acid oxalate; sulfate; acid sulfate; trichloroacetate; trifluoroacetate; methanesulfonate; pamoate and acid pamoate.
A first group of particularly preferred compounds comprises:
R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(nonylcarbamoyl)-aminobutyrate;
R,S-4-quinuclidinium-3-(tetradecyloxycarbonyl)-oxybutyrate;
R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(nonylcarbamoyl)-oxybutyrate;
R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(nonyloxycarbonyl)-oxybutyric acid chloride;
R,S-4-trimethylphosphonium-3-(nonylcarbamoyl)-oxybutyrate;
R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(octyloxycarbonyl)-aminobutyrate;
R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(nonyloxycarbonyl)-aminobutyrate;
R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-octyloxybutyrate;
R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-tetradecyloxybutyrate;
R,S-1-guanidinium-2-tetradecyloxy-3-(tetrazolate-5-yl)-propane;
R,S-1-trimethylammonium-2-tetradecyloxy-3-(tetrazolate-5-yl)-propane;
R,S-3-quinuclidinium-2-(tetradecyloxycarbonyl)-oxy-1-propanephosphonate monobasic;
R,S-3-trimethylammonium-2-(nonylaminocarbonyl)-oxy-1-propanephosphonate monobasic;
R,S-3-pyridinium-2-(nonylaminocarbonyl)-oxy-1-propanephosphonic acid chloride;
R-4-trimethylammonium-3-(tetradecylcarbamoyl)-aminobutyrate;
R-4-trimethylammonium-3-(undecylcarbamoyl)-aminobutyrate;
R-4-trimethylammonium-3-(heptylcarbamoyl)-aminobutyrate;
R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(nonylthiocarbamoyl)-aminobutyrate;
R-4-trimethylammonium-3-(nonylcarbamoyl)-aminobutyrate;
S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(nonylcarbamoyl)-aminobutyrate;
S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(tetradecylcarbamoyl)-aminobutyrate;
R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-tetradecylaminobutyrate;
R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-octylaminobutyrate;
R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(decansulfonyl)aminobutyrate;
R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(nonylsulfamoyl)aminobutyrate;
S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(dodecansulfonyl)aminobutyrate;
R-4-trimethylammonium-3-(dodecansulfonyl)aminobutyrate;
S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(undecylsulfamoyl)aminobutyrate;
R-4-trimethylammonium-3-(undecylsulfamoyl)aminobutyrate;
R-4-trimethylammonium-3-(dodecylcarbamoyl)aminobutyrate;
R-4-trimethylammonium-3-( 10-phenoxydecylcarbamoyl)aminobutyrate; R-4-trimethylammonium-3-(trans-β-styrenesulfonyl) aminobutyrate.
The compounds of formula (I) can be prepared with reactions that are well known in the state of the art.
A process for the preparation of the compounds of claim 1, wherein Z is —NHR₄ comprising the reaction of X⁺—CH₂—CH(NH₂)—CH₂—Y⁻, wherein X⁺ and Y⁻ have the same meanings as in claim 1, of the desired structure, optionally protected on the acid Y⁻ group, with alkane carbaldheydes, wherein the alkyl moiety is a one-term lower homologue of the desired R₄ and subsequent reduction.
Generally, the compounds of formula (I), wherein Z is carbonate (—OCOOR₄), carbamate (—OCONHR₄, —NHCOOR₄), thiocarbamate (—OCSNHR₄, —NHCSOR₄,) or thiocarbonate (—OCSOR₄), are obtained by reacting a compound of formula X⁺—CH₂—CH(OH)—CH₂—Y⁻, wherein X⁺ and Y⁻ are as above defined, of the desired structure, optionally protected on the acid Y⁻ group, respectively with alkyl chloroformates, alkyl isocyanates, alkyl isothiocyanates, alkyl thiochloroformates, containing the desired R₄ alkyl group.
Compounds of formula (I), wherein Z is amide (—NHCOR₄), thioamide (—NHCSR₄), carbamate (—NHCOOR₄, —OCONHR₄), thiocarbamate (—NHCSOR₄—OCSNHR₄,), ureido (—NHCONHR₄), thioureido (—NHCSNHR₄), sulfinamide (—NHSOR₄), sulfonamide (—NHSO₂R₄), sulfinamoylamino (—NHSONHR₄), and sulfamide (—NHSO₂NHR₄), are obtained by reacting X⁺—CH₂—CH(NH₂)—CH₂—Y⁻, wherein X⁺ and Y⁻ are as above defined, of the desired structure, optionally protected on the acid Y⁻ group, respectively with acyl chlorides, thioacyl chlorides, alkyl chloroformates, alkyl thiochloroformates, alkyl isocyanates, alkyl thioisocyanates, alkyl sulfinyl chlorides, alkyl sulfonyl chlorides, SOCl₂ and alkyl amines, alkyl sulfamoyl chlorides (or SO₂Cl₂ and alkyl amines), containing the desired R₄ alkyl group.
Compounds of formula (I), wherein Z is —OR₄ or —SR₄ are obtained by the reaction of carbonyl compounds of formula Hal—CH2—CO—CH2—COOR′, wherein Hal is a halogen atom, preferably chlorine, and R′ is the residue of a suitable ester, such as for example a lower alkyl ester (an ethyl or a tert-butyl ester) with respectively alcohols and thiols R40H or R4SH, wherein R4 is as above defined, to give the respective ketal or thioketal, followed by the transformation of the respective ketal or thioketal into the respective ether or thioether, subsequent substitution of the Hal atom with a nucleophilic group, such as azido, phthalimido, nitro, amino, alkyl amino group, and transformation of the nucleophilic group into the X+ group, wherein X+ is N⁺(R₁,R₂,R₃) or, alternatively the Hal atom is substituted with a (R₁,R₂, R₃)-substituted phosphine to obtain the compounds of formula (I) wherein X⁺ is P⁺(R₁,R₂, R₃).
Compounds of formula (I), wherein Z is —NHR₄ are obtained by reacting X⁺—CH₂—CH(NH₂)—CH₂—Y⁻, wherein X⁺ and Y⁻ have the same meanings as in claim 1, of the desired structure, optionally protected on the acid Y⁻ group, with alkane carbaldheydes, wherein the alkyl moiety is a one-term lower homologue of R₄, and subsequent reduction.
Regarding the various meanings of R₄, present in the different reactives, these reactives are available in the market, or can be prepared according to well-known methods in literature, which the experts in the field can resort to, completing with their own knowledge of the argument.
Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are obtained with conventional methods found in the literature, and do not necessitate of further disclosure.
The compounds disclosed in the present invention have reversible inhibiting activity of carnitine palmitoyl-transferase (CPT). This activity allows their use as active ingredients in the preparation of medicaments useful for the treatment and prevention of hyperglycaemia, diabetes and disorders related thereto, such as, for example diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy. The compounds of the present invention are also useful as active ingredient for the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disorders, such as congestive heart failure. The compounds of formula (I) are also applicable for medicaments for the prevention and treatment of ketonic states, wherein it is intended the pathological conditions characterized by high levels of ketone bodies in blood.
Inhibiting activity mainly occurs on the isoform I of palmitoyl carnitine transferase (CPT-I).
A further object of the present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising at least a compound of formula (I), in an amount such as to produce a significant therapeutical effect. The compositions according to the present invention are conventional and are obtained with commonly used methods in the pharmaceutical industry. According to the desired administration route, the compositions shall be in solid or liquid form, suitable to the oral, parenteral, intravenous or transdermal route. The compositions according to the present invention comprise together with the active ingredients at least a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle or excipient. Formulation co-adjuvants, for example solubilizing, dispersing, suspending, emulsionating agents can be particularly useful. Examples of suitable oral pharmaceutical compositions are capsules, tablets, granulates, powders, syrups, elixirs. Examples of suitable parenteral pharmaceutical compositions are solutions, emulsions, suspensions. Examples of suitable transdermal pharmaceutical compositions are patches, subcutaneous implants.
The compounds of formula (I) can also be used in combination with other well-known active ingredients.
The dose of the active ingredients will vary depending on the kind of active ingredient used, the administration route, the grade of pathology to be treated and the general conditions of the subject. The dosage and posology shall be determined by the clinic expert or the physician. Generally, a therapeutic effect can be obtained at dosages comprised between 1 and. 100 mg/kg body weight.
The compounds according to the present invention are useful as medicaments with hypoglycaemic activity. A further object of the present invention is the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition comprising admixing at least a compound of formula (I) with suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and/or vehicles.
The following examples further illustrate the invention.
EXAMPLE 1 R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(nonylcarbamoyl)-aminobutyrate (ST 1251) Nonyl Isocyanate
A solution of decanoyl chloride (20 g, 104.8 mmoles) in acetone (30 ml) was dropped into a solution of sodium azide (9.53 g, 146.6 mmoles) in water (30 ml), cooled in an ice bath. The temperature of the azide solution was kept between 10 and 15° C. after one hour, the solution was transferred in a separatory funnel and the lower phase (the aqueous one) was eliminated. The higher phase was transferred into a flask containing 100 ml of toluene, previously warmed at 65° C. After 1.5 hours, the solution was evaporated to dryness, giving 13.37 g crude product, which after vacuum distillation gave 8.3 g pure product in the form of colorless liquid.
Yield 47%.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 3.3 (t, 2H), 1.6 (m, 2H), 1.45-1.2 (m, 12H), 0.9(brt, 3H).
R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(nonylcarbamoyl)-aminobutyrate
Nonyl isocyanate (15.42 g, 91.12 mmoles) was added to a solution of aminocarnitine, inner salt (7.3 g, 45.56 mmoles) in anhydrous DMSO (350 ml) and the solution was left to stand for 60 hours at 40° C. The resulting mixture was transferred in a 3 l Erlenmeyer flask, containing ethyl ether (2.5 l) and the solvent was separated by decanting the formed precipitate, which was then transferred into a flask and precipitated again with ethyl ether. The so obtained crude product was washed several times with ethyl ether and purified on a silica gel chromatographic column, using a CHCl₃: MeOH 9:1 to CHCl₃: MeOH 3:7 gradient until elution of impurities with higher Rf, then eluting the product of interest with MeOH only. 9.7 g of pure product were obtained.
Yield 68%.
M.p.: 145-147° C.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; D₂O):
δ: 4.4 (m, 1H), 3.45 (dd, 1H), 3.30 (d, 1H), 3.05 (s, 9H), 2.9 (t, 2H), 2.3 (d, 2H), 1.3 (m, 2H), 1.15 (brs, 12H), 0.8 (brt, 3H).
FAB Mass=330, [(M+H)⁺].
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₁₇H₃₅N₃O₃.
K.F.=2.5% water.
TLC silica gel CHCl₃:iPrOH:MeOH:H₂O:CH₃COOH 42:7:28: 10.5: 10.5;
Rf=0.55.
HPLC: SGE-SCX column (5 μm, 250×4 mm), T=30° C., mobile phase 0.2 M KH₂PO₄:CH₃CN 85:15, pH as such, flow 0.75 ml/min, detector: RI, UV 205 nm, RT=12.63 min.
EXAMPLE 2 R,S-4-quinuclidinium-3-(tetradecyloxycarbonyl)-oxybutyrate (ST 1265) ter-Butyl R,S-4-guinuclidinium-3-hydroxybutyrate iodide
Quinuclidine (2.40 g, 21.60 mmoles) was added to ter-Butyl R,S-4-iodo-3-hydroxybutyrate (6.18 g, 21.60mmoles) in acetonitrile (60 ml) and the solution was warmed to 60° C. for 20 hours under stirring. After evaporation of the solvent, the residue was dissolved in acetonitrile and precipitated with ethyl ether several times to give 7.2 g of product, contaminated with about 13% by weight of quinuclidine iodide (as from NMR). After repeated crystallization from CH₃CN/Et₂O, 4.3 g of pure product were obtained.
Yield 50%.
M.p.: 124-127° C.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; D₂O):
δ: 4.50 (m, 1H), 3.40 (m, 2H), 2.42 (m, 2H), 2.08 (m, 1H), 1.88 (m, 6H), 1.34 (m, 9H).
FAB Mass=270, [M⁺].
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula
C₁₅H₂₈ INO₃.
K.F.=0.5% water.
The preparation of ter-butyl 4-iodo-3-hydroxybutyrate was carried out as described in J. Pharm. Science 64/7, 1262-1264, 1975.
Tetradecyl Chloroformate
29 ml of a 20% toluene solution of phosgene (55.98 mmoles) was added to tetradecyl alcohol (4 g, 18.66 mmoles) and the reaction mixture was left to stand for 20 hours under stirring at room temperature. After solvent evaporation, the residue was taken up with hexane and evaporated to dryness (several times) to give 5.1 g product as colorless liquid.
Yield 98%.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 4.30 (t, 2H), 1.72 (m, 2H), 1.30 (m, 22H), 0.85 (brt, 3H).
ter-butyl R,S-4-guinuclidinium-3-(tetradecyloxycarbonyl)-oxy butyrate chloride
Dimethylaminopyridine (922 mg, 755 mmoles) and tetradecyl chloroformate (2.09 g, 7.55 mmoles) were added to ter-butyl R,S-4-quinuclidinium-3-hydroxybutyrate (2 g, 5.03 mmoles) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (20 ml). The solution was left to stand at room temperature for 20 hours under stirring. After this time, the solution was diluted with CHCl₃ saturated with NaCl, and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The dry residue obtained after evaporation was taken up with ethyl ether and the undissolved residue was filtered off. After solvent evaporation a crude product was obtained. Flash-chromatography (CHCl₃: MeOH 9:1) and elution with MeOH on Amberlyst A-21 resin (activated in HCl from), gave 1.6 g product as chloride.
Yield 58%.
M.p.: 59-60° C.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 5.50 (m, 1H), 4.55 (d, 2H), 3.80 (m, 7H), 2.90 (dd, 1H), 2.75 (dd, 1H), 2.22 (m, 1H), 2.05 (d, 6H), 1.65 (m, 2H), 1.41 (s, 9H), 1.25 (m, 22H), 0.85 (brt, 3H).
FAB Mass=510, [M⁺].
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula
C₃₀H₅₆ ClNO₅.
K.F.=1.5% water.
R,S-4-guinuclidinium-3-(tetradecyloxycarbonyl)-oxybutyrate
Trifluoroacetic acid (6 ml) was added to ter-butyl R,S-4-quinuclidinium-3-(tetradecyloxycarbonyl)-oxybutyrate chloride (1.05 g, 1.92 mmoles) and the solution was left to stand for 1 hour at room temperature under stirring. After vacuum-evaporation of trifluoroacetic acid, the residue was taken up with cyclohexane and evaporated to dryness several times, then transferred on an Amberlyst IRA 402 resin (Cl⁻form) and eluted with water. The crude product, obtained by freeze-drying was purified through silica gel flash-chromatography (CHCl₃: MeOH 8:2) giving 480 mg product as inner salt.
Yield 55%.
M.p.: 132-134° C.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; D₂O):
δ: 5.35 (m, 1H), 4.05 (m, 2H), 3.40 (m, 8H), 2.55 (dd, 1H), 2.35 (dd, 1H), 2.08 (m, 1H), 1.90 (m, 6H), 1.55 (m, 2H), 1.20 (m, 22H), 0.75 (brt, 3H).
FAB Mass=454, [(M+H)⁺.
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₂₆H₄₇NO₅
K.F.=1.5% water.
TLC silica gel CHCl₃:MeOH 7:3.
Rf=0.34.
HPLC: SGE-SCX column (5 μm, 250×4 mm), T=30° C., mobile phase 0.05 M (NH₄)H₂PO₄:CH₃CN 60:40, pH 4.0, flow 0.75 ml/min, detector: RI, UV 205 nm, RT=6.72 min.
EXAMPLE 3 R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(nonylcarbamoyl)-oxybutyrate (ST 1298) Benzyl ester of R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(nonylcarbamoyl)-oxybutyric acid Perchlorate
Nonyl isocyanate (7.39 g, 43.36 mmoles) was added to a solution of R,S-carnitine perchlorate, benzyl ester (7.69 g, 21.86 mmoles) in toluene (100 ml) and the solution was refluxed for 5 days under stirring. Nonyl isocyanate (1.84 g, 10.86 mmoles) was further added and the reaction mixture was left under reflux for other 5 days. The solvent was vacuum-evaporated and the residue was washed with ethyl ether and subsequently taken up with chloroform, washed with water and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The oil resulting from the evaporation of the organic phase was purified through flash-chromatography column, using a gradient CHCl₃ to CHCl₃: MeOH 95:5. 4.4 g product were obtained in the form of a thick oil.
Yield 38.6%.
¹H-NMR (200 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 7.3 (s, 5H), 5.4 (m, 2H), 5.05 (m, 2H), 3.8 (dd, 1H), 3.55 (d, 1H), 3.15 (s, 9H), 3.05 (m, 2H), 2.75 (m, 2H), 1.4 (m, 2H), 1.2 (brs, 12H), 0.8 (brt, 3H).
TLC silica gel CHCl₃: MeOH 9:1;
Rf=0.29.
R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(nonylcarbamoyl)-oxybutyrate
10% Pd/C (0.44 g) was added to benzyl ester of R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(nonylcarbamoyl)-oxybutyric acid perchlorate (4.4 g, 8.44 mmoles) in MeOH (115 ml) and the mixture was hydrogenated at 47 psi for 4 hours. After filtration on celite, the solution was vacuum-concentrated and passed through an Amberlyst A-21 resin, eluting with MeOH. After solvent evaporation, 2.47 g product were obtained.
Yield 88.7%.
M.p.: 151-153° C.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; D₂O):
δ: 5.4 (m, 1H), 3.75 (dd, 1H), 3.5 (d, 1H), 3.15 (s, 9H), 3.05 (t, 2H), 2.55 (dd, 1H), 2.40 (dd, 1H), 1.45 (m, 2H), 1.20 (brs, 12H), 0.8 (brt, 3H).
FAB Mass=331, [(M+H)⁺].
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₁₇H₃₄ N₂O₄.
K. F.=1.5% water.
TLC silica gel MeOH.
Rf=0.22.
HPLC: SPHERISORB-SCX column (5 μm, 250×4 mm), T=35° C., mobile phase 50 mM KH₂PO₄:CH₃CN 40:60, pH 4.0 with H₃PO₄, flow 0.75 ml/min, detector: RI, UV 205 nm, RT=5.33 min.
EXAMPLE 4 R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(nonyloxycarbonyl)-oxybutyrate chloride (ST 1297) Benzyl ester of R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(nonylcarbamoyl)-oxybutyric acid chloride
Dimethylaminopyridine (3.8 g, 31.2 mmoles) and nonyl chloroformate (6.45 g, 31.2 mmoles) were added to R,S-carnitine perchlorate, benzyl ester (7.33 g, 20.8 mmoles) in anhydrous DMF (50 ml) at 0° C. The temperature was left to raise to room temperature and the reaction mixture was left to stand for 3 days under stirring. CHCl₃ was added and the solution was washed with 1N perchloric acid. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and evaporated to dryness, to give 6.02 g crude product, which was purified through flash-chromatography (CHCl₃: MeOH 85:15). 3.52 g a thick oil were obtained, which were subsequently dissolved in MeOH and passed through an Amberlyst A-21 resin (activated in HCl from), eluting with MeOH. After vacuum-evaporation of the solvent, 3.1 g oily product were obtained.
Yield 32.4%.
¹H-NMR (200 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 7.3 (s, 5H), 5.45 (m, 1H), 5.05 (s, 2H), 4.4 (d, 1H), 4.1 (t, 2H), 3.8 (dd, 1H), 3.4 (s, 9H), 2.9 (m, 2H), 1.55 (m, 2H), 1.2 (brs, 12H), 0.8 (brt, 3H).
Mutatis mutandis, the preparation of nonyl chloroformate was carried out as disclosed in Example 2 for tetradecyl chloroformate.
R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(nonyloxycarbonyl)-oxybutyric acid chloride
10% Pd/C (110 mg) was added to benzyl R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(nonyloxycarbonyl)-oxybutyric acid chloride (1.1 g, 2.4 mmoles) in MeOH (10 ml) and the mixture was hydrogenated at 47 psi for 2 hours. After filtration on celite, the solution was vacuum-dried giving 883 mg product (yield 100%), which was further purified by precipitation from CH₃CN/Et₂O. 600 g of product were obtained.
Yield: 68%.
M.p.: 150° C. dec.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; D₂O):
δ: 5.4 (m, 1H), 4.1 (m, 2H), 3.75 (dd, 1H), 3.55 (d, 1H), 3.1 (s, 9H), 2.7 (m, 2H), 1.5 (m, 2H), 1.20 (brs, 12H), 0.7 (brt, 3H).
FAB Mass=332, [M⁺].
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula
C₁₇H₃₄ ClNO₅.
K.F.=1.7% water.
TLC silica gel CHCl₃:MeOH 1:1;
Rf=0.10.
HPLC: SPHERISORB-C₁ column (5 μm, 250×4.6 mm), T=30° C., mobile phase 50 mM (NH₄)H₂PO₄:CH₃CN 60:40, pH 3.0 with H₃PO₄, flow 0.75 ml/min, detector: RI, UV 205 nm, RT=5.67 min.
EXAMPLE 5 R,S-4-trimethylphosphonium-3-(nonylcarbamoyl)-oxybutyrate (ST 1300) Ethyl ester of R,S-4-trimethylphosphonium-3-hydroxybutyric acid iodide
A 1M solution of trimethylphosphine in THF (93 ml) was added to ethyl R,S-4-iodo-3-hydroxybutyrate (20 g, 77.5 mmoles) and the reaction mixture was left to stand at room temperature for 5 days under stirring. Ethyl ether was added, and the precipitate formed was separated by decantation. The precipitate was triturated with Et₂O and dried under vacuum, giving 18.5 g product.
Yield 71.3%.
M.p.: 105-107° C.
¹H-NMR (200 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 4.6 (m, 1H), 4.15 (q, 2H), 3.1 (m, 1H), 2.75 (m, 3H), 2.2 (d, 9H), 1.3 (t, 3H).
The ethyl ester of R,S-4-trimethylphosphonium-3-hydroxybutyric acid was prepared as described in Tetrahedron 1990, 4277-4282, starting from R,S-3-hydroxy-4-butyrolactone.
Ethyl ester of R,S-4-trimethylphosphonium-3-(nonylcarbamoyl)-oxybutyric acid iodide
Nonyl isocyanate (4.04 g, 23.86 mmoles) was added to the ethyl ester of R,S-4-trimethylphosphonium-3-hydroxybutyric acid iodide (4 g, 11.97 mmoles) in anhydrous DMF (80 ml) and the solution was left to stand for 7 days at 110° C. under stirring. CHCl₃ was added (300 ml) and the solution was washed with water and dried over Na₂SO₄. The residue obtained after evaporation of the solvent was taken up with acetonitrile, the formed solid was filtered off and the filtrate was purified by silica gel flash-chromatography, using CHCl₃: MeOH 8:2. 2.07 g of product in the form of a thick oil were obtained.
Yield 34.3%.
¹H-NMR (200 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 5.4 (m, 2H), 4.15 (q, 2H), 3.15 (m, 4H), 2.8 (d, 2H), 2.2 (d, 9H), 1.5 (m, 2H), 1.2 (brs, 12H), 0.8 (brt, 3H).
R,S-4-trimethylphosphonium-3-(nonylcarbamoyl)-oxybutyrate
Ethyl ester of R,S-4-trimethylphosphonium-3-(nonylcarbamoyl)-oxybutyric acid iodide (2.07 g, 4.11 mmoles) was dissolved into 1 N HCl (200 ml) and the solution was warmed to 70° C. for 3 hours. The residue obtained after solvent vacuum-evaporation was taken up with MeOH and passed through Amberlyst A-21 resin, eluting with MeOH. A crude product was obtained, which was purified by flash-chromatography, eluting with MeOH and giving 700 mg product.
Yield: 49%.
M.p.: 123-127° C. dec.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; D₂O):
δ: 5.3 (m, 1H), 3.1 (m, 2H), 2.80-2.45 (m, 4H), 1.85 (d, 9H), 1.4 (m, 2H), 1.2 (brs, 12H), 0.8 (brt, 3H).
FAB Mass=348, [(M+H)⁺].
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₁₇H₃₄ NO₄P.
K.F.=3.4% water.
TLC silica gel MeOH;
Rf=0.18.
HPLC: SPHERISORB-SCX column (5 μm, 250×4 mm), T=25° C., mobile phase 50 mM KH₂PO₄:CH₃CN 40:60, pH 4.0 with H₃PO₄, flow 0.75 ml/min, detector: RI, UV 205 nm, RT=5.18 min.
The following Examples 6 and 7 are further illustrated by FIG. 1.
EXAMPLE 6 R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(octyloxycarbonyl)-aminobutyrate chloride (ST 1253) (2 a, FIG. 1) Step A
3 g (0.012 mmoles) aminocarnitine isobutyl ester were dissolved into 20 ml anhydrous CH₂Cl₂. 2.48 ml (0.1078 moles) triethylamine and 3.6 g (0.0178 moles) octyl chloroformate (previously prepared by reacting the alcohol with a toluene solution of phosgene) were added to the solution. The reaction mixture was left to stand for 4.5 hours at room temperature. Then the solvent was evaporated off and the resulting solid was dissolved into ethyl acetate and filtered. The solvent was vacuum-evaporated to dryness and the resulting solid was purified on silica gel, eluting with 100% CHCl₃, then with CHCl₃:MeOH 95:5 and 90:10. The product was obtained with a 50% yield.
TLC silica gel (CHCl₃ 42/MeOH 28/isopropyl alcohol 7/water 10.5/acetic acid 10.5)/acetone 7:3;
Rf=0.8.
HPLC: SPHERISORB-SCX column (5 μm, 250×4 mm), mobile phase 50 mM (NH₄)H₂PO₄:CH₃CN 60:40, pH 4.0, detector: RI, UV 205 nm, RT=8.6 min.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CD₃OD):
δ: 4.56-4.46 (m, 1H), 4.12-4.02 (m, 2H), 3.94-3.88 (m, 2H), 3.66-3.5 (s, 9H), 3.4 (s, 9H), 2.74-2.66 (m, 2H), 2-1.86 (m, 1H), 1.68-1.56 (t, 2H), 1.4-1.2 (m, 12H), 0.97-0.7 (d, 6H), 0.6-0.3 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula
C₂₀H₄₁ N₂O₄Cl.
Step B
The ester obtained in step A was hydrolysed on Amberlyst IRA 402 resin (OH- activated form) eluting with water. Water was evaporated to dryness; the resulting solid was triturated with acetone and subsequently filtered. A white solid was obtained.
Yield 94%.
M.p.=170° C. dec.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CD₃OD):
δ: 4.4 (m, 1H), 4.05 (t, 2H), 3.5 (d, 2H), 3.2 (s, 9H), 2.4 (d, 2H), 1.6 (m, 2H), 1.4-1.2 (m, 12H), 0.95-0.85 (t, 3H).
FAB Mass=454, [(M+H)⁺.
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₁₆H₃₂N₂O₄
K.F.=1.74% water.
TLC silica gel (CHCl₃ 42/MeOH 28/isopropyl alcohol 7/water 10.5/acetic acid 10.5)
Rf=0.65.
HPLC: SGE-SCX column (5 μm, 250×4 mm), mobile phase 0.05M (NH₄)H₂PO₄:CH₃CN 60:40, detector: RI, UV 205 nm, RT=9.0 min.
EXAMPLE 7 R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(nonyloxycarbonyl)-aminobutyrate (ST 1285) (2 b, FIG. 1) Step A
The product was prepared as disclosed in Example 6, step A, using nonyl chloroformate
Yield: 50%.
TLC silica gel (CHCl₃ 42/MeOH 28/isopropyl alcohol 7/water 10.5/acetic acid 10.5)/acetone 7:3
Rf=0.71.
HPLC: SGE-SCX column (5 μm, 250×4 mm), mobile phase 50 mM (NH₄)H₂PO₄:CH₃CN 60:40, pH 4.0, detector: RI, UV 205 nm, RT=10.417 min.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CD₃OD):
δ: 4.54-4.44 (m, 1H), 4.1-4.02 (m, 2H), 3.96-3.86 (m, 2H), 3.6-3.5 (m, 2H), 3.2 (s, 9H), 2.72-2.66 (m, 2H), 2-1.86 (m, 1H), 1.66-1.56 (m, 2H), 1.38-1.26 (m, 14H), 0.96-0.94 (d, 6H), 0.92-0.86 (t, 3H).
Step B
The product was prepared as disclosed in Example 6, step B.
Yield 80%.
M.p.=160° C. dec.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CD₃OD):
δ: 4.5-4.35 (m, 1H), 4.1-4.0 (t, 2H), 3.55-3.45 (d, 2H), 3.2 (s, 9H), 2.45-2.35 (d, 2H), 1.7-1.5 (m, 2H), 1.4-1.2 (m, 14H), 0.9-0.8 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₁₇H₃₄N₂O₄
K.F.=1.3% water.
TLC silica gel (CHCl₃ 42/MeOH 28/isopropyl alcohol 7/water 10.5/acetic acid 10. 5);
Rf=0.62.
HPLC: SGE-SCX column (5 μm, 250×4 mm), mobile phase 0.05M (NH₄)H₂PO₄:CH₃CN 60:40, detector: RI, UV 205 nm, RT=7.56 min.
The following Examples 8-9 are further illustrated by FIG. 2.
EXAMPLE 8 R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-octyloxybutyrate (ST 1207) (6 a, FIG. 2) Step A
39 g (0.3 moles) octyl alcohol were dissolved in 25 ml toluene and 14.5 ml (0.107 moles) ethyl chloroacetate and 8 ml Thionyl chloride were added thereto at −15° C. At the end of the addition, the reaction mixture was left to stand for 4 hours at room temperature Ethyl acetate was then added and the solution was washed three times with 1N NaOH and subsequently with water. The organic phase was treated with anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and vacuum-evaporated to dryness. The product was purified on silica gel chromatographic column, eluting with gradient from hexane alone to hexane/ethyl ether 95:5. The product was obtained with 80% yield.
TLC silica gel hexane/ ethyl ether 85:15;
Rf=0.75.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 4.2-4.09 (q, 2H), 3.80 (s, 2H), 3.4-3.5 (dd, 2H), 2.85 (s, 2H), 1.60-1.58 (m, 2H), 1.4-1.2 (m, 10H), 0.90-0.80 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula
C₂₂H₃₃ ClO₄.
Step B
9 ml BF₃.Et2O were dropped to a mixture of 26.8 g (0.066 moles) of the product obtained in the preceding step A and 13.5 ml triethylsilane at 0° C. At the end of the addition, the reaction mixture was refluxed for 4 hours. After cooling, ether was added and the solution was washed twice with NaOH 1N, then water; the organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and vacuum-evaporated to dryness. An oil was obtained, which was purified on silica gel chromatographic column, eluting with gradient from hexane alone to hexane/ethyl ether 95:5. The product was obtained with a 70% yield.
TLC silica gel hexane/ethyl ether 90:10;
Rf=0.47. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 4.2-4.09 (dd, 2H), 4.0-3.85 (m, 1H), 3.62-3.40 (m, 4H), 2.70-2.50 (dd, 2H), 1.55-1.50 (m, 2H), 1.4-1.2 (m, 1OH), 0.90-0.80 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₁₄H₂₇ClO₃
Step C
5.2 g (0.08 moles) NaN₃ and a catalytic amount of tetrabutyl ammonium bromide were added to a solution of 11.4 g (0.041 moles) product obtained in the preceding step B. The reaction mixture was left for three nights at 60° C. The solution was vacuum-evaporated to dryness. A thick dark solution was obtained, which was purified on silica gel chromatographic column, eluting with gradient from hexane alone to hexane/ethyl ether 95:5. The product was obtained with a 83% yield.
TLC silica gel hexane/ethyl ether 95:5;
Rf=0.23.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 4.2-4.09 (dd, 2H), 4.0-3.80 (m, 1H), 3.60-3.40 (dd, 2H), 3.40-3.20 (dd, 2H), 2.70-2.40 (dd, 2H), 1.60-1.40 (m, 2H), 1.4-1.1 (m, 10H), 0.90-0.80 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₁₄H₂₇N₃O₃
Step D
The product obtained in the preceding step C (15.39 g, 0.054 moles) was dissolved in 31 ml of acetic acid and the resulting solution was subjected to catalytic hydrogenation with 10% Pd/C at 60 psi for 7 hours. The reaction progress was checked by TLC, until disappearance of the starting product (hexane/ethyl ether 95:5). Thereafter, formaldehyde was added (4.6 ml, 0.167 moles) followed by 10% Pd/C and the mixture was hydrogenated at 30 psi for 2 days. The catalyst was filtered off and the mixture was vacuum-dried. A pale yellow liquid was obtained, which was taken up with methylene chloride, washed with 1N NaOH, then water, then NaCl saturated solution; the organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and vacuum-evaporated to dryness. A thick oil was obtained. The product was obtained with a 98% yield.
TLC silica gel AcOEt/MeOH/NH₃ 90:10:3;
Rf=0.42.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 4.2-4.09 (dd, 2H), 3.85-3.80 (m, 1H), 3.60-3.40 (dd, 2H), 2.65-2.40 (dd, 2H), 2.40-2.20 (dd, 2H), 2.20 (s, 6H), 1.60-1.40 (m, 2H), 1.4-1.1 (m, 10H), 0.90-0.80 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₁₆H₃₆NO₃
Step B
The product obtained in the preceding step D (15.21 g, 0.053 moles) was dissolved in 98 ml THF and 8 ml methyl iodide were added thereto. The reaction progress was left overnight at room temperature. The mixture was vacuum-evaporated to dryness. A thick oil was obtained. The product was obtained with a 98% yield.
TLC silica gel AcOEt/MeOH/NH₃ 90:10:3;
Rf=0.10.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 4.45-4.3 (m, 1H), 4.2-4.09 (dd, 2H), 3.75-3.30 (m, 2H), 3.5 (s, 9H), 2.75-2.60 (dd, 2H), 1.60-1.45 (m, 2H), 1.30-1.15 (m, 10H), 0.90-0.80 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₁₆H₃₉INO₃
Step F
The product obtained in the preceding step E, was hydrolysed on Amberlyst IRA 402 resin (OH⁻ activated form) eluting with water. Water was evaporated to dryness; the resulting solid was treated with isopropyl alcohol three times. A white solid was obtained.
Yield=93%
M.p.=106° C. dec.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; MeOD):
δ: 4.30-4.15 (m, 1H), 3.70-3.60 (dd, 1H), 3.50-3.40 (m, 2H), 3.20 (s, 9H), 2.75-2.65 (dd, 1H), 2.20-2.10 (dd, 1H), 1.60-1.50(m, 2H), 1.40-1.20 (m, 10H), 0.9-0.8 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₁₅H₃₁NO₃.
K.F.=5.7% water.
TLC silica gel (CHCl₃ 42/MeOH 28/isopropyl alcohol 7/water 10.5/acetic acid 10.5);
Rf=0.7.
HPLC: SGE-SAX column (5 μm, 250×4 mm), mobile phase 0.025M (NH₄)H₂PO₄:CH₃CN 30:70, detector: RI, UV 205 nm, flow=0.75 ml/min, RT=5.85 min.
MS-FAB+glycerol matrix=274.
EXAMPLE 9 R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-tetradecyloxybutyrate (ST 1228) (6 b, FIG. 2) Step A
The product was prepared as in example 8, step A using tetradecyl alcohol. The product was obtained with 73% yield.
TLC silica gel hexane/ethyl ether 95:5;
Rf=0.63.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 4.2-4.09 (q, 2H), 3.80 (s, 2H), 3.4-3.5 (dd, 2H), 2.85 (s, 2H), 1.60-1.58 (m, 2H), 1.4-1.2 (m, 22H), 0.90-0.80 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₃₄H₆₇ClO₄.
Step B
The product was prepared as in example 8, step B. The product 2b, shown in FIG. 2, was obtained with a 72% yield.
TLC silica gel hexane/ethyl ether 95:5;
Rf=0.4.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 4.2-4.09 (dd, 2H), 4.0-3.85 (m, 1H), 3.62-3.40 (m, 4H), 2.70-2.50 (dd, 2H), 1.55-1.50 (m, 2H), 1.4-1.2 (m, 22H), 0.90-0.80 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₂₀H₃₉O₃
Step C
The product was prepared as in example 8, step C. The product was obtained with 79% yield.
TLC silica gel hexane/ethyl ether 90:10;
Rf=0.36.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 4.2-4.09 (dd, 2H), 4.0-3.80 (m, 1H), 3.60-3.40 (dd, 2H), 3.40-3.20 (dd, 2H), 2.70-2.40 (dd, 2H), 1.60-1.40 (m, 2H), 1.4-1.1 (m, 22H), 0.90-0.80 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₂₀H₃₉N₃O₃
Step D
The product was prepared as in example 8, step D. The product was obtained with a 98% yield.
TLC silica gel AcOEt/MeOH/NH₃ 90:10:3;
Rf=0.72.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 4.2-4.09 (dd, 2H), 3.85-3.80 (m, 1H), 3.60-3.40 (dd, 2H), 2.65-2.42 (dd, 2H), 2.38-2.20 (dd, 2H), 2.18 (s, 6H), 1.60-1.40 (m, 2H), 1.4-1.1 (m, 22H), 0.90-0.80 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₂₂H₄₅NO₃.
Step E
The product was prepared as in example 8, step E. The product was obtained with a 99% yield.
TLC silica gel AcOEt/MeOH/NH₃ 90:10:3;
Rf=0.15.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 4.45-4.3 (m, 1H), 4.2-4.09 (dd, 2H), 3.75-3.30 (m, 2H), 3.5 (s, 9H), 2.75-2.60 (dd, 2H), 1.60-1.45 (m, 2H), 1.30-1.15 (m, 22H), 0.90-0.80 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₂₃H₄₈INO₃.
Step F
The product was prepared as in example 8, step F. The product was obtained with a 99% yield.
M.p.=106° C. dec.
¹-NMR (300 MHz; DMSO-D6):
δ: 4.10-4.0 (m, 1H), 3.60-3.20 (m, 4H), 3.05 (s, 9H), 2.40-2.30 (dd, 1H), 1.80-1.70 (dd, 1H), 1.50-1.40 (m, 2H), 1.30-1.15 (m, 22H), 0.9-0.8 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₂₁H₄₃NO₃.
K.F.=6.4% water.
TLC silica gel (CHCl₃ 42/MeOH 28/isopropyl alcohol 7/water 10.5/acetic acid 10.5);
Rf=0.6.
HPLC: SGE-SCX column (5 μm, 250×4 mm), mobile phase 0.05M (NH₄)H₂PO₄:CH₃CN 40:60, detector: RI, UV 205 nm, flow=0.75 ml/min, RT=4.38 min.
MS-FAB+glycerol matrix=358.3
The following Examples 10-11 are further illustrated by FIG. 3a-b.
EXAMPLE 10 R,S-1-guanidinium-2-tetradecyloxy-3-(tetrazolate-5-yl)propane (ST 1263) (10, FIG. 3 b) Step A
6.65 g (0.0179 moles) of the intermediate prepared in Example 9, step C were dissolved in 10 ml of methanol and 10 ml of 4N NaOH were added to the solution. The reaction was left to stand for 16 hours at room temperature. 20 ml 6N HCl were added to the solution, which was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and vacuum concentrated. The product was obtained as a white solid with a 95.6% yield.
TLC silica gel hexane /ethyl ether 1:1;
Rf=0.5.
M.p.=42-45° C.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CD₃OD):
δ: 3.9-3.8 (m, 1H), 3.56-3.48 (m, 2H), 3.42-3.26 (dd, 2H), 2.68-2.5 (m, 2H), 1.6-1.5 (m, 2H), 1.4-1.2 (s, 22H), 0.90-0.80 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₁₈H₃₅N₃O₃.
Step B
At 0° C., 4.96 ml TEA were dropped into a solution containing 2.79 g (8.19 mmoles) of the compound obtained in step A, aminopropionitrile (0.58 g, 8.2 mmoles) and DEPC (diethylphosphocyanydate ) (1.71ml) in 4.2 ml of anhydrous DMF. The reaction was left to stand for 1 hour at room temperature. The solvent was evaporated and the residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate, washed twice with water, then with a NaCl saturated solution. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and vacuum concentrated. The product was obtained and purified through a silica gel column with hexane: ethyl ether (7:3/1:1/3:7).
Yield: 71%.
TLC silica gel ethyl ether 100%;
Rf=0.42.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 6.6-6.4 (m, 1H), 3.9-3.8 (m, 1H), 3.60-3.4 (m, 5H), 3.3-3.2 (dt, 1H), 2.7-2.6 (t, 2H), 2.6-2.4 (dd, 2H), 1.6-1.5 (m, 2H), 1.4-1.2 (m, 22H), 0.90-0.80 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₂₁H₃₉N₅O₂
Step C
2.99 g (0.0114 moles) triphenylphosphine and 0.2 ml water were added to a solution containing 2.99 g (7.62 mmoles) of the compound obtained in step B. The reaction was left to stand overnight at room temperature. The solvent was evaporated off and the product was obtained and purified through a silica gel column with ethyl acetate 100%, then ethyl acetate:methanol:ammonia 7:3:0.3.
Yield: 65%.
TLC silica gel ethyl acetate:methanol:ammonia 7:3:0.3;
Rf=0.26.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CD₃OD):
δ: 3.78-3.7 (m, 1H), 3.58-3.48 (m, 4H), 2.8-2.7 (dd, 2H), 2.7-2.6 (m, 2H), 2.5-2.3 (dd, 2H), 1.6-1.5 (m, 2H), 1.4-1.3 (m, 22H), 0.90-0.80 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₂₁H₄₁N₃O₂
Step D
1.69 g (4.6 mmoles) of the compound obtained in step C were treated with 1.2 g (5.2 mmoles) (BOC)₂O and 9.2 ml 1N NaOH for 30 minutes at room temperature. The reaction mixture was poured into ethyl acetate and washed four times with IN HCl, then water and a saturated NaCl solution. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and vacuum concentrated to dryness. The product was obtained as a white solid.
Yield: 100%.
TLC silica gel ethyl ether 100%;
Rf=0.26.
M.p.=83-84° C.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 7.2-7.0 (m, 1H), 4.9-4.8 (m, 1H), 3.8-3.6 (m, 1H), 3.5-3.4 (dt, 4H), 3.2-3.0 (m, 2H), 2.6 (t, 2H), 2.4 (d, 2H), 1.5 (m, 2H), 1.4 (s, 9H 1.4-1.2 (m, 22H), 0.90-0.80 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₂₆H₄₉N₃O₄.
Step E
The product obtained in step D (1.19 g, 2.56 mmoles) was dissolved into 12 ml of anhydrous THF, under argon atmosphere, then 3.062 g of triphenylphosphine, 1.54 ml of triethylsilylazido and 4.9 ml of DEAD (diethylazodicarboxylate) were dropped at 0° C. within three days, until disappearance of the starting product. The mixture was then treated with an aqueous solution of cerium ammonium nitrate and diluted with CH₂Cl₂. The reaction was left to stand for 2 hours, the organic phase was washed with a saturated NaCl solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and vacuum-dried. The residue was purified through a silica gel column with hexane/ethyl acetate (9:1/8:2/7:3). The product was obtained with a 66% yield.
TLC silica gel hexane/AcOEt 1:1;
Rf=0.34.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 4.95-4.8 (m, 1H), 4.7-4.5 (m, 2H), 3.9-3.8 (m, 1H), 3.50-3.40 (m, 1H), 3.40-3.31 (m, 1H), 3.3-3.2 (m, 1H), 3.22-3.0 (dd, 2H), 3.10-3.0 (m, 3H), 1.45-1.35 (m, 1H), 1.2 (m, 22H), 0.90-0.80 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₂₅H₄₈N₆O₃
Step F
The product obtained in step E (0.969 g, 1.97 mmoles) was dissolved into 13.09 ml anhydrous THF, then 13.1 ml of 3N HCl were added. The reaction mixture was left to stand for 2 hours, at 50° C. under stirring. The reaction mixture was vacuum-dried, the residue was taken up with CH₂Cl₂ and treated with a 1 N NaOH solution. The organic phase was separated, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and vacuum-dried. The product was obtained with a 92% yield.
TLC silica gel AcOEt/MeOH/NH₃ 9:1:0.3
Rf=0.31.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 4.78-4.58 (m, 2H), 3.8-3.7 (m, 1H), 3.5-3.4 (m, 1H), 3.30-3.24 (m, 1H), 3.24-3.18 (m, 4H), 3.05-3.0 (dd, 2H), 3.0-2.6 (dd, 2H), 1.4 (m, 2H), 1.2 (m, 22H), 0.90-0.80 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₂₁H₄₀N6O
Step G
The product obtained in step F (2.78 g, 7.1 mmoles) was dissolved into 20 ml anhydrous MeOH, then 2.34 g iminomethanesulfonic acid (prepared with well-known methods) were added within 3 days. The obtained suspension was vacuum-concentrated, then treated with IN NaOH and left under stirring for 30 minutes. The solid was filtered, washed with water, then acetone. The title product was obtained with a 45% yield.
TLC silica gel AcOEt/MeOH/NH₃ 7:3:0.3;
Rf=0.22.
M.p.=240° C. dec.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CD₃OD):
δ: 3.90-3.75 (m, 1H), 3.6-3.4 (m, 2H), 3.40-3.20 (m, 2H), 3.20-3.10 (dd, 1H), 2.95-2.85 (dd, 1H), 1.4 (m, 2H), 1.2 (s, 22H), 0.90-0.80 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₁₉H₃₉N₇O.
HPLC: Spherisorb-C1 (5 μm, 250×4.6 mm), mobile phase 0.05 M KH₂PO₄:CH₃CN 35:65, pH=3, flow 0.75 ml/min, detector: UV 205 nm, RT=5.51 min.
MS-FAB+glycerol matrix=382.
EXAMPLE 11 R,S-1-trimethylammonium-2-tetradecyloxy-3-(tetrazolato-5-yl)propane (ST 1287) (9, FIG. 3 b) Steps A-F
The compounds were prepared as in steps A-F of Example 10.
Step H
2.79 g (7.14 mmoles) of the compound prepared in Example 10, step F were suspended in 18 ml water and 1.47 ml HCOOH and 1.57 ml H₂CO were added thereto. The reaction mixture was refluxed overnight, then was allowed to cool down and methylene chloride was added; pH was adjusted to 9 with 0.5 N NaOH. The mixture was extracted three times with methylene chloride. The organic phase was washed with 0.5 N NaOH, water and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and vacuum concentrated. The product was obtained as a solid with a 100% yield.
TLC silica gel AcOEt/MeOH/NH₃ 9:1:0.3;
Rf=0.58.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 4.7-4.5 (m, 1H), 3.8-3.7 (m, 1H), 3.5-3.4 (m, 1H), 3.30-3.20 (m, 2H), 3.10 (m, 3H), 2.45-2.35 (m, 2H), 2.30 (s, 6H), 1.4-1.3 (m, 2H), 1.2-1.0 (m, 22H), 0.90-0.80 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula
C₂₃H₄₄N₆O.
Step I
2.99 g (7.14 mmoles) of the compound obtained in step H were dissolved in THF and 2.5 ml of CH₃I were added thereto. The reaction was left to stand for 3 hours at room temperature. The solvent was evaporated off and the solid residue was washed with hot ether, left overnight under stirring, then filtered. The product was obtained.
Yield: 100%.
TLC silica gel CHCl₃:iPrOH:MeOH:H₂O:CH₃COOH 42:7:28:10.5:10.5;
Rf=0.73.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 4.90-4.80 (m, 2H), 4.70-4.55 (m, 1H), 4.40-4.25 (m, 1H), 3.80-3.60 (m, 2H), 3.60-3.40 (m, 3H), 3.30 (s, 9H), 3.30-3.10 (m, 2H), 1.60-1.40 (m, 2H), 1.3-1.1 (m, 22H), 0.9-0.8 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₂₄H₄₇IN₆O.
MS-FAB+glycerol matrix=436.
Step L
The product obtained in step I (2.99 g, 5.33 mmoles) was dissolved in MeOH, then passed through IRA 402 resin in OH⁻ form, conditioned in MEOH. The title product was obtained as a solid, which was subsequently triturated with AcOEt.
Yield=88%.
TLC silica gel CHCl₃:iPrOH:MeOH:H₂O:CH₃COOH (42:7:28: 10.5: 10.5)/acetone 8:2;
Rf=0.73.
TLC silica gel CHCl₃:iPrOH:MeOH:H₂O:CH₃COOH 42:7:28:10.5: 10.5;
Rf=0.73.
M.p.=180° C. dec.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 4.30-4.20 (m, 1H), 3.90-3.70 (m, 2H), 3.60-3.55 (m, 1H), 3.50-3.30 (m, 4H), 3.25 (m, 1H), 3.0-2.9 (m, 1H), 1.60-1.40 (m, 2H), 1.3-1.1 (m, 22H), 0.9-0.8 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₂₁H₄₃N₅O.
MS-FAB+glycerol matrix=382.
K.F.=1% water
HPLC: Spherisorb-C1 (5 μm, 250×4.6 mm), mobile phase 0.05 M KH₂PO₄:CH₃CN 35:65, pH=3, flow 0.75 ml/min, detector: UV 205 nm, RT-5.18 min.
The following Examples 12-14 are further illustrated by FIG. 4.
|
github_open_source_100_1_99 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Reflection;
using UnityEngine;
namespace MessageSystem
{
public static class MessageSetting
{
#if UNITY_EDITOR
public static bool DebugMode = true;
#else
public static bool DebugMode = false;
#endif
public static bool OpenLog = false;
public enum WorkMode
{
Synchronized, //同步模式
Asynchronized, //异步模式
}
public static WorkMode SysWorkMode = WorkMode.Asynchronized;
public static void InitSetting()
{
var setting = Resources.Load<MessageSettingObject>("MessageSetting");
if (setting != null)
{
//Debug.Log("Load Setting");
DebugMode = setting.DebugMode;
OpenLog = setting.OpenLog;
SysWorkMode = setting.SysWorkMode;
}
}
}
/// <summary>
/// 消息处理委托
/// </summary>
/// <param name="message_params"></param>
public delegate void MessageHandleMethod(params object[] message_params);
/// <summary>
/// 消息过滤委托
/// </summary>
/// <param name="mark">过滤参数</param>
/// <returns>是否触发</returns>
public delegate bool MessageFilterMethod(string msg_uid, object mark);
public interface IBaseMessageHandler { }
/// <summary>
/// 消息处理接口
/// </summary>
public interface IMessageHandler : IBaseMessageHandler
{
string getMessageUid { get; }
void initHandleMethodMap(Dictionary<string, MessageHandleMethod> HandleMethodMap);
}
/// <summary>
/// 多重消息处理接口
/// </summary>
public interface IMultiMessageHandler : IBaseMessageHandler
{
void initMessageUids(List<string> MessageUids);
void initHandleMethodMap(Dictionary<string, Dictionary<string, MessageHandleMethod>> HandleMethodMap);
}
/// <summary>
/// 消息调用信息
/// </summary>
public struct MessageCallInfo
{
public long Send_timeStamp;
public string Sender_Type;
public string Sender_Mothod;
public string[] Sender_Params;
public string Sender_StackTrace;
public long Handle_timeStamp;
public string Handler_Method;
public DateTime GetSendTime { get { return DateTime.FromBinary(Send_timeStamp); } }
public DateTime GetHandleTime { get { return DateTime.FromBinary(Handle_timeStamp); } }
string _senderString;
public string getSenderString()
{
if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(_senderString))
{
_senderString = string.Format("{0}:{1}[", Sender_Type, Sender_Mothod);
if (Sender_Params == null
|| Sender_Params.Length == 0)
_senderString += "null";
else
{
foreach (var p in Sender_Params)
_senderString += (p + ",");
}
var rm_index = _senderString.LastIndexOf(',');
_senderString = (rm_index > -1 ? _senderString.Remove(rm_index) : _senderString) + "]";
}
return _senderString;
}
}
public abstract class BaseMessageHandler
{
public Stack<MessageCallInfo> callStack = new Stack<MessageCallInfo>();
public void RecordCallInfo(long send_timeStamp, string sender_info, object[] params_info, long handle_timeStamp, string handle_method)
{
if (!MessageSetting.DebugMode)
return;
MessageCallInfo messageCall = new MessageCallInfo();
var sps = sender_info.Split(' ');
var mps = sps[0].Split(':');
messageCall.Send_timeStamp = send_timeStamp;
messageCall.Sender_Type = mps[0];
messageCall.Sender_Mothod = mps[1].Substring(0, mps[1].IndexOf('('));
messageCall.Sender_Params = new string[params_info.Length];
messageCall.Sender_StackTrace = sender_info.Substring(sps[0].Length);
messageCall.Handle_timeStamp = handle_timeStamp;
messageCall.Handler_Method = handle_method;
for (int i = 0; i < params_info.Length; i++)
{
messageCall.Sender_Params[i] = params_info[i].ToString();
}
callStack.Push(messageCall);
//Debug.Log(sender_info + "\n" + handler_info);
}
}
/// <summary>
/// 消息处理器
/// </summary>
public class MessageHandler: BaseMessageHandler
{
public IBaseMessageHandler IHdnaler;
public Dictionary<string, MessageHandleMethod> HandleMethodMap;
public int registerObjectHash { get { return IHdnaler.GetHashCode(); } }
public string messageUid { get; private set; }
public bool hasFilter { get { return filterMethod != null; } }
public MessageFilterMethod filterMethod;
public MessageHandler(IBaseMessageHandler IHdnaler, string messageUid,
Dictionary<string, MessageHandleMethod> HandleMethodMap, MessageFilterMethod filterMethod = null)
{
this.IHdnaler = IHdnaler;
this.messageUid = messageUid;
this.HandleMethodMap = HandleMethodMap;
this.filterMethod = filterMethod;
}
}
/// <summary>
/// 消息发送器
/// </summary>
public struct MessageSender
{
public string message_uid;
public string method_id;
public object[] filter_mark;
public object[] message_params;
public long send_timeStamp;
public string sender_info;
//过滤模式
public enum FilterMode
{
DontFilter,
Include,
Except,
}
public FilterMode filterMode;
public MessageSender(string message_uid, string method_id, FilterMode filterMode, object[] filter_mark, object[] message_params)
{
this.message_uid = message_uid;
this.method_id = method_id;
this.filterMode = filterMode;
this.filter_mark = filter_mark;
this.message_params = message_params;
send_timeStamp = DateTime.Now.ToBinary();
sender_info = "Unknow Sender";
}
public void RecordSender(string sender_info)
{
this.sender_info = sender_info;
}
}
/// <summary>
/// 消息内核
/// </summary>
public class MessageCore : MonoBehaviour
{
private static MessageCore _singleton = null;
public virtual void Awake()
{
if (_singleton == null)
{
_singleton = this as MessageCore;
GameObject.DontDestroyOnLoad(_singleton);
}
MessageSetting.InitSetting();
}
public static MessageCore Instance
{
get
{
if (_singleton != null) return _singleton;
var go = new GameObject(typeof(MessageCore).ToString());
GameObject.DontDestroyOnLoad(go);
_singleton = go.AddComponent<MessageCore>();
return _singleton;
}
}
//Message Handler Map
Dictionary<string, Dictionary<int, MessageHandler>> messageHandlersMap = new Dictionary<string, Dictionary<int, MessageHandler>>();
public Dictionary<string, Dictionary<int, MessageHandler>> getMessageHandlersMap() { return messageHandlersMap; }
Stack<string> removeHandlers = new Stack<string>();
//消息队列，异步模式下使用
Queue<MessageSender> messagesQueue = new Queue<MessageSender>();
void addMessage(string msg_uid)
{
if (!messageHandlersMap.ContainsKey(msg_uid))
{
messageHandlersMap.Add(msg_uid, new Dictionary<int, MessageHandler>());
}
}
void addDebug(IBaseMessageHandler interface_handler, MessageHandler handler)
{
#if UNITY_EDITOR
if (MessageSetting.DebugMode)
{//开启调试
var gameObject = MessageSystemEditorHelper.FindHandlerGameObject(interface_handler);
if (gameObject != null)
{
var debugger = gameObject.GetComponent<MessageSystemHandlerDebugger>();
if (debugger == null)
debugger = gameObject.AddComponent<MessageSystemHandlerDebugger>();
debugger.AddHandler(handler);
debugger.hideFlags = HideFlags.DontSave;
//debugger.hideFlags = HideFlags.HideInInspector;
}
}
#endif
}
void addHandler(IMessageHandler interface_handler, MessageFilterMethod messageFilter = null)
{
string msg_uid = interface_handler.getMessageUid;
addMessage(msg_uid);
var handlerDic = messageHandlersMap[msg_uid];
var handler_hash = interface_handler.GetHashCode();
if (!handlerDic.ContainsKey(handler_hash))
{
Dictionary<string, MessageHandleMethod> methodsMap = new Dictionary<string, MessageHandleMethod>();
interface_handler.initHandleMethodMap(methodsMap);
MessageHandler handler = new MessageHandler(interface_handler, interface_handler.getMessageUid, methodsMap, messageFilter);
handlerDic.Add(handler_hash, handler);
}
addDebug(interface_handler, handlerDic[handler_hash]);
}
void addHandler(IMultiMessageHandler interface_handler, MessageFilterMethod messageFilter = null)
{
List<string> msg_uids = new List<string>();
interface_handler.initMessageUids(msg_uids);
Dictionary<string, Dictionary<string, MessageHandleMethod>> msg_methods_map = new Dictionary<string, Dictionary<string, MessageHandleMethod>>();
foreach (var msg_id in msg_uids)
msg_methods_map.Add(msg_id, new Dictionary<string, MessageHandleMethod>());
interface_handler.initHandleMethodMap(msg_methods_map);
foreach (var msg_uid in msg_uids)
{
addMessage(msg_uid);
var handlerDic = messageHandlersMap[msg_uid];
var handler_hash = interface_handler.GetHashCode();
if (!handlerDic.ContainsKey(handler_hash))
{
MessageHandler handler = new MessageHandler(interface_handler, msg_uid, msg_methods_map[msg_uid], messageFilter);
handlerDic.Add(handler_hash, handler);
}
addDebug(interface_handler, handlerDic[handler_hash]);
}
}
void MarkHandlerDispose(IMessageHandler interface_handler)
{
lock (removeHandlers)
{
removeHandlers.Push(Handler2Identiry(interface_handler));
}
}
void MarkHandlerDispose(IMultiMessageHandler interface_handler)
{
lock (removeHandlers)
{
List<string> rm_msg_uids = new List<string>();
interface_handler.initMessageUids(rm_msg_uids);
foreach(var msg_uid in rm_msg_uids)
{
removeHandlers.Push(Handler2Identiry(msg_uid, interface_handler.GetHashCode()));
}
}
}
void MarkHandlerDispose(MessageHandler handler)
{
lock (removeHandlers)
{
removeHandlers.Push(Handler2Identiry(handler.messageUid, handler.registerObjectHash));
}
}
void removeHandler(string msg_uid, int handler_hash)
{
if (messageHandlersMap.ContainsKey(msg_uid))
{
var handlerDic = messageHandlersMap[msg_uid];
if (handlerDic.ContainsKey(handler_hash))
{
handlerDic.Remove(handler_hash);
Log("<color=#00efef>MessageSystem =></color> Remove Handler <color=#efef00>" + msg_uid + "</color>+<color=#ef0000>[" + handler_hash + "]</color>");
}
if (handlerDic.Count <= 0)
{
messageHandlersMap.Remove(msg_uid);
Log("<color=#00efef>MessageSystem =></color> Remove All Handler, Message Uid is <color=#efef00>" + msg_uid + "</color>");
}
}
}
private void Update()
{
#if UNITY_EDITOR
if (!UnityEditor.EditorApplication.isPlayingOrWillChangePlaymode)
return;
#endif
if (MessageSetting.SysWorkMode == MessageSetting.WorkMode.Asynchronized)
{
handMessageAsync();
}
}
private void LateUpdate()
{
#if UNITY_EDITOR
if (!UnityEditor.EditorApplication.isPlayingOrWillChangePlaymode)
return;
#endif
while (removeHandlers.Count > 0)
{
var rm_handler = removeHandlers.Pop();
var rm_params = rm_handler.Split('+');
var rm_msg_uid = rm_params[0];
var rm_hash = int.Parse(rm_params[1]);
removeHandler(rm_msg_uid, rm_hash);
}
}
void handleMessage(MessageSender msg)
{
string current_handler = "";
try
{
if (messageHandlersMap.ContainsKey(msg.message_uid))
{
var handlerDic = messageHandlersMap[msg.message_uid];
foreach (var handler in handlerDic)
{
if (handler.Value.IHdnaler.ToString() == "null")
{
MarkHandlerDispose(handler.Value);
continue;
}
bool breakMark = false;
if (msg.filterMode != MessageSender.FilterMode.DontFilter
&& msg.filter_mark != null)
{//handler filter
if (!handler.Value.hasFilter)
continue;
breakMark = MessageSender.FilterMode.Include == msg.filterMode;
for (int i = 0; i < msg.filter_mark.Length; i++)
{
var mark = msg.filter_mark[i];
if (handler.Value.filterMethod(msg.message_uid, mark))
{
breakMark = !(msg.filterMode == MessageSender.FilterMode.Include);
break;
}
}
if (breakMark)
continue;
}
current_handler = string.Format("{0}+[{1}]", handler.Value.IHdnaler.ToString(), handler.Key);
var methods = handler.Value.HandleMethodMap;
if (methods.ContainsKey(msg.method_id))
{
var handle_mehtod = methods[msg.method_id];
//Debug.Log(handle_mehtod);
if (handle_mehtod != null)
{
long handle_timeStamp = DateTime.Now.ToBinary();
handle_mehtod(msg.message_params);
if (MessageSetting.DebugMode)
{
if (MessageSetting.SysWorkMode == MessageSetting.WorkMode.Synchronized)
{//同步模式记录
handler.Value.RecordCallInfo(msg.send_timeStamp, msg.sender_info, msg.message_params, msg.send_timeStamp, handle_mehtod.Method.ToString());
}
else
{//异步模式记录
handler.Value.RecordCallInfo(msg.send_timeStamp, msg.sender_info, msg.message_params, handle_timeStamp, handle_mehtod.Method.ToString());
}
}
Log(string.Format("<color=#00efef>MessageSystem =></color> Handle Message :current handler = <color=#ef0000>{0}</color> ," +
"msg uid = <color=#efef00>{1}</color>, method id = <color=#efef00>{2}</color>",
current_handler, msg.message_uid, msg.method_id));
}
}
}
}
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
LogError(string.Format("<color=#00efef>MessageSystem =></color> Handle Message Exception : current handler = {0} ,msg uid = {1}, method id = {2},\n{3}\n{4}",
current_handler, msg.message_uid, msg.method_id, ex.Message, ex.StackTrace));
}
}
public void EnqueueMessage(MessageSender msgData)
{//将消息加入队列
lock (messagesQueue)
{
messagesQueue.Enqueue(msgData);
}
}
//异步处理消息
void handMessageAsync()
{
while (messagesQueue.Count > 0)
{
var msg = messagesQueue.Dequeue();
handleMessage(msg);
}
}
static string Handler2Identiry(IMessageHandler handler)
{
return Handler2Identiry(handler.getMessageUid, handler.GetHashCode());
}
static string Handler2Identiry(string msg_uid,int hashCode)
{
return msg_uid + "+" + hashCode;
}
#region Static Methods
public static void RegisterHandler(IMessageHandler handler, MessageFilterMethod messageFilter = null)
{
Instance.addHandler(handler, messageFilter);
}
public static void RegisterHandler(IMultiMessageHandler handler, MessageFilterMethod messageFilter = null)
{
Instance.addHandler(handler, messageFilter);
}
public static void SendMessage(string msg_uid, string method_id,params object[] msg_params)
{
#if UNITY_EDITOR
if (!UnityEditor.EditorApplication.isPlayingOrWillChangePlaymode)
return;
#endif
MessageSender msgData = new MessageSender(msg_uid, method_id, MessageSender.FilterMode.DontFilter, null, msg_params);
if (MessageSetting.DebugMode)
{//Debug模式下记录发送者信息
string sender_info = "";
var frames = StackTraceUtility.ExtractStackTrace().Split('\n');
if (frames.Length > 1)
sender_info = (frames[1]);
else
sender_info = (frames[0]);
msgData.RecordSender(sender_info); //记录发送者
}
if (MessageSetting.SysWorkMode == MessageSetting.WorkMode.Synchronized)
Instance.handleMessage(msgData);
else
Instance.EnqueueMessage(msgData);
}
/// <summary>
/// 发送消息，满足过滤条件的消息监听者将被触发。
/// </summary>
/// <param name="msg_uid">消息UID</param>
/// <param name="method_id">子ID</param>
/// <param name="filter_mark">过滤参数</param>
/// <param name="msg_params">消息参数</param>
public static void SendMessageInclude(string msg_uid, string method_id, object[] filter_mark, params object[] msg_params)
{
#if UNITY_EDITOR
if (!UnityEditor.EditorApplication.isPlayingOrWillChangePlaymode)
return;
#endif
MessageSender msgData = new MessageSender(msg_uid, method_id, MessageSender.FilterMode.Include, filter_mark, msg_params);
if (MessageSetting.DebugMode)
{//Debug模式下记录发送者信息
string sender_info = "";
var frames = StackTraceUtility.ExtractStackTrace().Split('\n');
if (frames.Length > 1)
sender_info = (frames[1]);
else
sender_info = (frames[0]);
msgData.RecordSender(sender_info); //记录发送者
}
if (MessageSetting.SysWorkMode == MessageSetting.WorkMode.Synchronized)
Instance.handleMessage(msgData);
else
Instance.EnqueueMessage(msgData);
}
/// <summary>
/// 发送消息，满足过滤条件的消息监听者会被过滤。
/// </summary>
/// <param name="msg_uid">消息UID</param>
/// <param name="method_id">子ID</param>
/// <param name="filter_mark">过滤参数</param>
/// <param name="msg_params">消息参数</param>
public static void SendMessageExcept(string msg_uid, string method_id, object[] filter_mark, params object[] msg_params)
{
#if UNITY_EDITOR
if (!UnityEditor.EditorApplication.isPlayingOrWillChangePlaymode)
return;
#endif
MessageSender msgData = new MessageSender(msg_uid, method_id, MessageSender.FilterMode.Except, filter_mark, msg_params);
if (MessageSetting.DebugMode)
{//Debug模式下记录发送者信息
string sender_info = "";
var frames = StackTraceUtility.ExtractStackTrace().Split('\n');
if (frames.Length > 1)
sender_info = (frames[1]);
else
sender_info = (frames[0]);
msgData.RecordSender(sender_info); //记录发送者
}
if (MessageSetting.SysWorkMode == MessageSetting.WorkMode.Synchronized)
Instance.handleMessage(msgData);
else
Instance.EnqueueMessage(msgData);
}
public static void UnregisterHandler(IMessageHandler handler)
{
#if UNITY_EDITOR
if (!UnityEditor.EditorApplication.isPlayingOrWillChangePlaymode)
return;
#endif
Instance.MarkHandlerDispose(handler);
}
public static void UnregisterHandler(IMultiMessageHandler handler)
{
#if UNITY_EDITOR
if (!UnityEditor.EditorApplication.isPlayingOrWillChangePlaymode)
return;
#endif
Instance.MarkHandlerDispose(handler);
}
static void Log(object log)
{
if (MessageSetting.OpenLog)
Debug.Log(log);
}
static void LogError(object log)
{
//if (MessageSetting.OpenLog)
Debug.LogError(log);
}
#endregion
}
}
#if UNITY_EDITOR
public static class MessageSystemEditorHelper
{
public static GameObject FindHandlerGameObject(MessageSystem.IBaseMessageHandler handler)
{
var objs = UnityEngine.Object.FindObjectsOfType<MonoBehaviour>();
foreach (var obj in objs)
{
if (obj.GetHashCode() == handler.GetHashCode())
{
return obj.gameObject;
}
}
return null;
}
}
#endif
|
US-201615345460-A_2 | USPTO | Public Domain | FIGS. 16a and 16b show a schematic representation of the introduction ofa force or moment as described above. In this case, the force isintroduced by an actuating unit into the edge region of an opticalelement 9.15 by way of an articulated joint 35 respectively at twocontact regions 36. The parameter b that is shown in the figure in thiscase denotes the distance from the inner contact region to the opticallyactive region 9.15′ of the optical element 9.15, whereas the parameter adenotes the distance from the outer contact region 36 to the opticallyactive region 9.15′ of the optical element 9.15. In this case, the siteof action for the force or the moment coincides with the edge of theoptically active region 9.15′. FIG. 16b shows the actuated case, inwhich different forces are applied by way of the actuating units 8.1 and8.2, so that both a force and a torque act at the site of action. Theeffect of the decoupling joints 35 between the actuating units 8.1 and8.2 and the optical element 9.15, which avoid high stresses in thecontact region 36 or in the area surrounding it, can be seen well in thefigure. In particular, the decoupling joints 35 bring about the effectthat tensile and compressive forces are primarily transferred to thecontact region 36. If the contact region 36 is chosen to be sufficientlylarge, altogether lower tensile and compressive forces are obtained. Inthe most general case, the decoupling effect of the decoupling joint 35may be realized in all directions of the x/y plane. This can be achievedfor example with a thin round wire or a Cardan joint. In the case of thebending of the optical element 9.15 only about one axis, a decouplingeffect of the decoupling joint 35 about this axis is sufficient; in thiscase, a leaf spring may be used. The following advantageously appliesfor the stiffness ratio of the joint in the z and x/y directions:2<k_(z)/k_(xy)<100 with k as the spring constant.
FIG. 17 shows an exemplary distribution of contact regions 36 outsidethe optically active region 9.16′ of the optical element 9.16. Thecontact regions 36 are in this case arranged in a regular grid, where ais the distance of the inner contact regions from the optically activeregion 9.16′ and b is the distance of the outer contact regions 36 fromthe inner contact regions 36. The distance of the contact regions 36from one another in the longitudinal direction of the optical element9.16 is denoted by c. An irregular arrangement of the contact regions isalso conceivable in principle.
It should be the in this case about the distance a that it is endeavoredto arrange the contact regions 36 as close as possible to the opticallyactive region 9.16′, that is to say that a should be chosen to be assmall as possible. The distance b has a direct effect on which torquecan be introduced into the optical element 9.16 in the tangentialdirection with a prescribed actuator force. Distance c should be chosensuch that the desired resolution of the deformation can be achieved. Insimplified terms, the waviness that can be represented by the opticalelement 9.16 increases with decreasing distance c. It goes withoutsaying here that distance c does not necessarily have to be the distancefrom a wave peak to a wave trough. A wave may also run over amultiplicity of contact regions 36. In addition, the surface profile ofthe actuated optical element 9.16 does not necessarily have to beconstant in the y direction. Instead of at a wave peak for small y, theoptical element 9.16 may no longer have any deformation toward itsmiddle and subsequently form a wave trough. The neutral region also doesnot necessarily have to lie in the middle; it goes without saying that amultiplicity even of extremely irregular profiles can be set through theshown optical element 9.16 with the corresponding actuator system. Thedistance a of the centers of the first row of contact regions 36 fromthe optically active region 9.16′ of the optical element 9.16 does nothave to be constant here. In order to keep down the forces, andconsequently the stresses, in the optical element 9.16, and therebyprevent component failure, it is advantageous to choose the value in therange of 1 mm to 12 mm, in particular in the range of 3-10 mm.
The distance b of the centers of the contact regions 36 of the secondrow from that of the first row is advantageously chosen in the range of2 to 10 mm. If the distance is chosen to be too small, excessive forcesare involved to introduce an adequate tangential moment.
If the distance is too great, on the other hand, excessive forces areinvolved to be able to introduce the desired deformations into theoptically active region 9.16′.
It is advantageous to choose for the distance c a value in the range of8 to 40 mm, in particular of 8 to 30 mm.
FIG. 18 shows a variant of the arrangement shown in FIG. 17 of thecontact regions 36 outside the optically active region 9.17′. In thiscase, the contact regions 36 are arranged offset with respect to oneanother in two rows, the lateral offset of the respective contactregions 36 of the two rows in relation to one another being denoted hereby the parameter d. Here, too, the introduction of a tangential momentinto the optical element 9.17 is possible.
It is altogether of advantage to choose the number of contact regions ina range between 14 and 64. In this range, a sufficient deformationresolution of the optical element is achieved with still reasonablestructural expenditure.
Exemplary possible variants of the arrangement of measuring points onthe optical element are explained below on the basis of FIGS. 19 to 21.
Both FIG. 19 and FIG. 20 show a variant in which the measuring points 37or measuring regions that are represented by dashed lines are arrangedoutside the optically active region 9.19′ and 9.20′, respectively, andare offset from the contact regions 36. This opens up the possibility ofboth actuating and measuring from the same side of the optical element9.19 and 9.20, so that the optical element 9.19 and 9.20 can be broughtup on the opposite side comparatively close to adjacent components of aprojection exposure apparatus (for example the reticle). In principle,the measurement may take place directly on the surface of the opticalelement 9.19 and 9.20. Alternatively, it is also conceivable, as alreadydescribed, to measure indirectly by an actuating unit.
In an alternative variant of the disclosure that is not represented, themeasuring points are located in the contact regions or in the regions onthe other face of the optical element that lies opposite from thecontact regions (on the face of the optical element on which the contactpoints do not lie).
In this case, measuring may possibly be carried out close to theoptically active region of the optical element, so that the measuringaccuracy, and consequently the performance, of the system overallincreases. It goes without saying that, as represented by way of examplein FIG. 21, both the contact regions 36 and the measuring points 37 maybe arranged outside the optically active region 9.21′ on the short sideof a rectangular optical element 9.21.
It is of advantage to arrange the measuring points 37 in at least tworows in order to be able to control the drift behavior of the sensorsbetter. In the case where only one row of sensors is used, the drift ofa sensor produces much greater parasitic deformations in the opticallyactive region and reduces the performance of the system, whereby theoptical element is more poorly conditioned from the technical controlaspect. When there is drift of a sensor, in this case all of theactuating units are moved in order to correct this—erroneouslymeasured—deformation. If all of the measuring points lie in one line,there is no control or little control in the y direction, as a result ofwhich the deformation in the optically active region of the opticalelement, and consequently the optical error, increases.
The introduction of a tangential moment is important in particularbecause a waviness produced at the edges of the optical element 9.21 canalso continue into the interior, that is to say the optically activeregion 9.21′ of the optical element 9.21. Without the application of anadditional tangential moment, the desired waviness would possibly onlyoccur at the edges, that is to say in particular also in the opticallynon-active region of the optical element 9.21, and the manipulator wouldnot have its effect.
When choosing the thickness of the optical element in the z direction,various factors have to be taken into consideration. Especially, thestresses introduced into the material of the optical element, inparticular in the area surrounding the contact regions, depend stronglyon the thickness of the optical element. In an extreme case, suchstresses may lead to failure of the component. Consequently, the opticalcorrection potential is reduced in the case of thick optical elements bythe stress-dependent limitation of the maximum deflections of thecorresponding actuating units by the plate thickness. In addition, theparasitic effect of the stress birefringence increases in the case ofthicker optical elements, as a result of which the performance of thesystem as a whole is reduced.
The aforementioned aspects consequently suggest the choice of an opticalelement that is as thin as possible. However, essentially for thereasons described below, there is a lower limit to the thickness of theoptical element. Firstly, a plane-parallel optical element can only beproduced cost-effectively with a certain minimum thickness; secondly, itis desirable to maintain a certain intrinsic stiffness of the opticalelement in order to keep down as much as possible its susceptibility toharmful ambient conditions, such as for example pressure surges from thesurrounding gas.
It has been found that an advantageous choice for the thickness of theoptical element lies in the range of 1.2 mm to 7 mm, in particular inthe range of 1.2 mm to 4 mm. In an advantageous variant of thedisclosure, the choice of an optical element that is as thin as possiblecan be made possible by the measure that is represented on the basis ofFIG. 22 below.
FIG. 22 shows a variant of the disclosure in which the optical element9.22 that is mounted on the plungers 10 by way of the connecting layer11 is shielded from harmful environmental influences, in particular frompressure surges caused by the movement of the reticle stage, via aprotective plate 38 arranged between it and the reticle. The protectiveplate 38 may in this case be chosen to be comparatively thick, inparticular with a thickness in the range of 4 mm-10 mm. The maximumpossible thickness of the protective plate 38 is limited essentially bythe installation space available and by a limitation of the maximumlight path by glass in the system. The protective plate 38 may in thiscase be arranged in particular on the base frame. Sealing from thesurroundings can then be achieved by the non-actuated protective plate38 being sealed with respect to an upper termination of the base frame,which as a result of the rigid connection of the protective plate 38 tothe base frame is much easier than sealing of the actuated opticalelement 9.22 with respect to the base frame. A gas chamber 39, which isonly connected to the outside by an inflow and an outflow and can bepurged in a defined manner, is thereby created essentially between theprotective plate 38 and the optical element 9.22.
The pressure loads that act on the protective plate 38 from thesurroundings are indicated by the arrows.
It is advantageous in principle to mount the protective plate 38 on thebase frame by way of three bearing points. In this case, errors thatcould be caused by a thermal deformation of the protective plate 38 orthe base frame are minimized.
FIG. 23 shows a variant of the design of an optical element 9.23 inconnection with the manipulator described above. In this case, anoptical element 9.23 that is produced for example from quartz glass orcalcium fluoride is provided with a breakout 40 in the region that isnot passed through by the used optical radiation during the customaryoperation of the higher-order projection exposure apparatus 100. Theenvelope 41 of the beam path through the optical element 9.23 islikewise indicated in FIG. 23 and in the following FIGS. 24 and 25. Theoptical element 9.23 is in this case arranged in the customary way in amount 42, which may in particular be arranged between the manipulatorand a further element of a lens. The fact that the optical element 9.23that is shown in the figure is provided with the breakout 40 means thatinstallation space can be created for components of the structurallyhigher-level unit, for example the manipulator 200, so that altogetheran increased packing density of optical elements in a projectionexposure apparatus is achieved. In addition, weight is saved, and thebreakout 40 also creates the possibility of optimizing or controllingthe flow of a purge gas in the system.
FIGS. 24a and 24b show a variant of the solution shown above; theoptical element 9.24 is not provided there with a complete breakout, butrather is milled away in the optically unused regions 40.1. FIG. 24apresents a perspective view of the optical element 9.24, whereas FIG.24b is depicted as a lateral view. The material weakenings 40.1 andbreakouts 40 that are shown in FIGS. 23 and 24 a-24 b may be producedfor example in a final machining step in the production of the opticalelement by milling or similar production processes, such as for examplegrinding.
A further variant of the embodiment shown in FIGS. 23 and 24 a-24 b isFIGS. 25a and 25b . FIG. 25a shows a perspective view of thecorresponding variant, whereas FIG. 25b presents a lateral view.
In the example shown in FIGS. 25a-25b , the outer contour of the opticalelement 9.25 is not of an annular configuration, but rather 3 eyelets43, through which the optical element 9.25 can be screwed for example tothe mount of a further optical element of a projection lens or bemounted on hemispherical bosses, are formed in the example shown.Dispensing with the annular contour allows additional installation spaceto be gained here; furthermore, the overall mass of the optical element9.25 is reduced further, which has considerable advantages with respectto use of the optical element 9.25 in a manipulator.
FIG. 26 shows by way of example a use of the optical element with amanipulator 200, it being evident how the remaining part of the opticalelement protrudes into the free installation space in the manipulator200.
The technical features that are explained on the basis of FIGS. 23 to 26are reproduced once again below, structured in the form of items thatare numbered and refer back to one another.
1. A projection exposure apparatus for semiconductor lithography, havinga manipulator for the correction of wavefront aberrations of the usedoptical radiation that passes through an optical element of themanipulator during the operation of the projection lens, an opticalelement which is provided with a material weakening in the region thatis not passed through by the used optical radiation during the customaryoperation of the projection exposure apparatus being arranged adjacentto the manipulator in the light path, characterized in that the part ofthe optical element that is not provided with the material weakeningprotrudes into a clearance produced by the geometry of the manipulatorand/or in that at least part of the manipulator protrudes into theregion of the material weakening.
2. The projection exposure apparatus as provided by item 1,characterized in that the material weakening is a breakout.
3. The projection exposure apparatus as provided by item 1,characterized in that the material weakening is a milled-away portion orground-away portion.
4. The projection exposure apparatus as provided by one of the precedingitems, characterized in that the outer contour of the optical elementdeviates from the form of a ring, eyelets for the fastening or mountingof the optical element being present on the optical element.
5. The projection exposure apparatus as provided by one of the precedingitems, characterized in that the manipulator is arranged directly aftera reticle of the projection exposure apparatus in the direction of theused optical radiation.
For the purpose of the aforementioned items, a material weakening isintended to be understood as meaning in particular the absence ofmaterial, whereby an originally existing or merely imaginary completeform of the optical element has been reduced or become incomplete. It isfor example conceivable that the optical element is a body ofrevolution, in particular a spherical, rotationally symmetrical lenselement with a clearance, the rotational symmetry being broken as aresult of the presence of the clearance. It is in this case immaterialwhether a complete optical element has first been produced and thenreworked or whether the material weakening was already provided in thedesign of the optical element, so that no reworking was involved toproduce the material weakening. In other words, an optical elementprovided with a material weakening may be understood as meaning inparticular an optical element which, when viewed by a person skilled inthe art, would be imagined as completed in a form of an optical elementthat is familiar to such a person.
The material weakening is consequently a deviation from the customaryform of concave or convex lens elements that goes beyond the materialweakenings associated with the creation of free-form surfaces oraspheres, in particular even by orders of magnitude. In particular, anoptically non-effective region is produced. The material weakening mayfor example also be bordered by a discontinuous profile of the surfaceof the optical element, such as for example an edge.
What is claimed is:
1. An apparatus, comprising: a projection lenscomprising a manipulator, the manipulator comprising: an opticalelement; a base frame; a sensor frame arranged on the base frame; asensor arranged on the sensor frame; and a supporting frame arranged onthe base frame, wherein: the manipulator is configured to correctwavefront aberrations of used optical radiation that pass through theoptical element during the operation of the projection lens; themanipulator is arranged directly after an object plane of the apparatusalong a path of the used optical radiation; the sensor is configured tomeasure a deformation or a deflection of the optical element; acoefficient of thermal expansion of the sensor frame is within 16 ppm/Kof a coefficient of thermal expansion of the base frame; and thesupporting frame comprises a non-magnetic metallic material, wherein theapparatus is a semiconductor lithography projection exposure apparatus.2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the optical element comprises aplane-parallel element.
3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein: themanipulator further comprises: actuating units configured to deform ormove the optical element; a mount configured to mount an optical elementof the projection lens which is different from the optical element ofthe manipulator; the actuating units are arranged along a periphery ofthe optical element of the manipulator; the actuating units aremechanically connected to contact regions of the optical element of themanipulator; the actuating units are mechanically connected to the baseframe; the base frame is connected to the mount.
4. The apparatus ofclaim 3, wherein the optical element of the manipulator is arranged onthe supporting frame via the actuating units.
5. The apparatus of claim1, wherein: a coefficient of thermal expansion of the supporting frameis within 16 ppm/K of a coefficient of thermal expansion of the baseframe; and the coefficient of thermal expansion of the supporting frameis within 16 ppm/K of a coefficient of thermal expansion of the sensorframe.
6. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the actuating unitscomprises actuators which comprise piezo stacks.
7. The apparatus ofclaim 3, wherein at least one of the actuating units is a shaped as aparallelogram with interior angles configured to be changed by anactuator of the at least one actuating unit.
8. The apparatus of claim7, wherein the effective direction of the actuator extends in adirection of a diagonal of the parallelogram.
9. The apparatus of claim3, wherein the sensor is configured to measure a deflection of acomponent of an actuating unit.
10. The apparatus of claim 1, whereinthe sensor is configured to directly measure a deflection of the opticalelement.
11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the sensor comprises anoptical sensor or encoder.
12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein thesensor comprises a capacitive sensor.
13. The apparatus of claim 1,wherein the sensor comprises a force sensor.
14. The apparatus of claim1, wherein a plurality of sensors are arranged along a periphery of theoptical element.
15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the sensor framecomprises titanium, a titanium alloy, aluminum, an aluminum alloy,Zerodur, ULE or (Si)Sic.
16. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein thesensor frame comprises a material having a coefficient of thermalexpansion of from 0 ppm/K to 12 ppm/K.
17. The apparatus of claim 1,wherein the sensor frame comprises a material having a modulus ofelasticity value of from 60 GPa to 400 GPa.
18. The apparatus of claim1, further comprising an illumination device configured to illuminatethe object plane during use of the apparatus.
19. A method of operatinga semiconductor lithography projection exposure apparatus comprising aillumination device and a projection lens, the method comprising: usingthe illumination device to illuminate a reticle; and using theprojection lens to transfer an image of the illuminated reticle onto awafer, wherein the projection lens is a projection lens according toclaim
1. 20. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the non-magnetic metallicmaterial comprises a non-magnetic steel.
21. The apparatus of claim 4,wherein the non-magnetic metallic material comprises a non-magneticsteel.
22. An apparatus, comprising: a projection lens comprising amanipulator, the manipulator comprising: an optical element; a baseframe; a sensor frame arranged on the base frame; and a sensor arrangedon the sensor frame; a supporting frame arranged on the base frame;actuating units configured to deform or move the optical element,wherein: the manipulator is configured to correct wavefront aberrationsof used optical radiation that pass through the optical element duringthe operation of the projection lens; the manipulator is arrangeddirectly after an object plane of the apparatus along a path of the usedoptical radiation; the sensor is configured to measure a deformation ora deflection of the optical element; the optical element is arranged onthe supporting frame via the actuating units; the actuating units areconfigured to deform or move the optical element; the base framecomprises a first material; the supporting frame comprises a secondmaterial; the sensor frame comprises a third material different fromboth the first material and the second material; a coefficient ofthermal expansion of the the third material is within 16 ppm/K of acoefficient of thermal expansion of the first material; the coefficientof thermal expansion of the third material is within 16 ppm/K of acoefficient of thermal expansion of the second material; and thecoefficient of thermal expansion of the second material is within 16ppm/K of the coefficient of thermal expansion of the first material; andthe apparatus is a semiconductor lithography projection exposureapparatus..
|
github_open_source_100_1_100 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | using System;
using ICSharpCore.Primitives;
using Newtonsoft.Json.Linq;
namespace ICSharpCore.Script
{
public static class Extensions
{
public static DisplayData HTML(string html)
{
return new DisplayData
{
Data = new JObject
{
{ "text/html", html }
}
};
}
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_1_101 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | dt = input('coloque uma data no formato dd/mm/aaaa : ')
try:
if dt[2] == '/' and dt[5] == '/':
dia = int(dt[0]+dt[1])
mes = int(dt[3]+dt[4])
if dia > 31 or mes > 12:
print('invalido, dia ou mes errados')
else:
print(' a data {} é valida !'.format(dt))
except:
print(' a data é invalida !') |
github_open_source_100_1_102 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /* These are defined in MSL errno.h, but unfortunately not documented */
#define EFPOS 35 /* File positioning error */
#define ESIGPARM 36 /* Signal argument error */
#define ENOMEM 37 /* Cannot allocate memory */
#define EACCES 38 /* Permission denied */
#define ENOENT 39 /* No such file or directory */
#define ENOSYS 40 /* Function not implemented */
|
6022322_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Mohamed Morsi (), de son nom complet Mohamed Mohamed Morsi Issa al-Ayyat (, transcrit traditionnellement Muḥammad Muḥammad Mursī ‘Īsá al-‘Ayyāṭ par les arabisants), né le à Ach-Charqiya et mort le au Caire, est un homme d'État égyptien, président de la République du au.
Président du Parti de la liberté et de la justice, formation issue des Frères musulmans, il représente le parti islamiste à l'élection présidentielle qui suit la révolution de 2011. Il l'emporte au second tour face à l'ancien Premier ministre Ahmed Chafik, avec 51,7 % des voix, et devient ainsi le premier président élu démocratiquement en Égypte et le premier civil à occuper ce poste.
Il est renversé par un coup d'État en 2013, à la suite d'un vaste mouvement de protestations populaires. Après plusieurs condamnations à des peines d’emprisonnement et une dégradation de son état de santé, il meurt après avoir perdu connaissance lors d'une audition.
Études et famille
Fils aîné d'un paysan (ou fellah), Morsi grandit dans le gouvernorat d'Ach-Charqiya, dans le delta du Nil.
Durant ses études en génie civil à l'université du Caire, il adhère aux Frères musulmans. De 1978 à 1985, il part finir ses études aux États-Unis, où il obtient un doctorat en ingénierie spatiale à l'université de Californie du Sud. Jusqu'en 1985, il enseigne à la California State University, et travaille pour la NASA au développement des moteurs de la navette spatiale.
En 1979, il épouse sa cousine Naglaa Ali Mahmoud, qui le rejoint sur le continent américain et travaille au Centre islamique de Californie où elle se consacre à l'éducation et au mariage des jeunes filles. Leurs deux premiers fils sont nés à Los Angeles et ont, de ce fait, la nationalité américaine. C'est durant sa période américaine que Morsi gravit la hiérarchie des Frères musulmans. Son fils cadet, Abdallah Morsi, meurt à 25 ans à la suite d'une crise cardiaque, deux mois après la mort de son père.
Ascension politique
Figure des Frères musulmans
Morsi occupe, parallèlement à ses activités professionnelles au département de génie de l'université de Zagazig, un rôle de plus en plus important dans la confrérie, devenant une personnalité influente du mouvement : responsable des relations avec le Soudan, directeur de la section des Affaires étrangères, enfin membre du Conseil de guidance, la plus haute autorité du mouvement. Il est emprisonné pendant sept mois en 2006 pour avoir participé à une manifestation.
Après les bons résultats des élections législatives égyptiennes de 2005 sur lesquelles il espère capitaliser, Morsi devient le directeur de campagne lors des élections législatives égyptiennes de 2010. Mais ces élections sont confisquées par le pouvoir de Moubarak qui espère faire élire son fils Gamal à sa succession. Morsi dénonce la fraude électorale et les arrestations de Frères musulmans ( selon lui). À cette époque, il associe à son discours des références religieuses.
Élection présidentielle de 2012
Au début de la révolution de 2011, il est arrêté ainsi que 24 autres dirigeants des Frères musulmans, et incarcéré brièvement (28-). Rapidement après, Morsi devient un des interlocuteurs d'Omar Souleiman qui considère désormais les Frères musulmans comme une force politique prépondérante.
À la suite du renversement du président Moubarak et de sa démission, les Frères musulmans avaient annoncé qu'ils n'avaient pas l'intention de gouverner le pays, ce qui était de nature à rassurer les Égyptiens séculiers. L'armée de même avait promis publiquement ne pas rechercher la présidence ou une majorité parlementaire. Toutefois semblait grandir, malgré la méfiance et l'hostilité d'une grande partie de la population. Les plus jeunes du mouvement obtinrent un vote de la confrérie sur l'envoi d'un candidat à la présidence. La décision fut arrachée après 3 tours de scrutin. Sur les 108 membres votants, 56 votèrent pour une candidature à la présidence, 52, contre. Plusieurs éventuels futurs candidats refusèrent, d'autres furent écartés.
Le est créé le Parti de la liberté et de la justice (PLJ) et Mohamed Morsi en prend la tête. Il adresse quelques signes rassurants aux adversaires traditionnels des Frères musulmans, que ce soient les libéraux auxquels il promet de collaborer pour la rédaction de la constitution, les communistes et les forces de gauche égyptiennes bien que sceptiques, ou les coptes dont il prend un représentant comme vice-président du parti, bien qu'il soutienne la charia comme base de la future Constitution. Sûr de la confiance du peuple envers son parti, il soutient le scénario de l'élection rapide d'une assemblée constituante.
Les élections législatives égyptiennes de 2011-2012 sont un succès pour le PLJ, qui obtient 38 % des votes et 49 % des sièges.
En , le PLJ choisit de présenter la candidature du charismatique Khairat al-Chater à l'élection présidentielle égyptienne de 2012. Cependant, ce dernier a été condamné à plusieurs peines de prison sous Moubarak et sa candidature est invalidée le . Pour ne pas se retrouver sans candidat, le PLJ présente la candidature de Morsi, qui se décrit comme candidat d'un parti plus que dirigeant par vocation. Il est considéré comme un candidat sérieux face à Amr Moussa et Ahmed Chafik mais doit unifier le vote islamiste face à deux autres candidats : Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh (soutenu par l'autre force islamiste, les salafistes du parti Nour) et Mohamed Selim el-Aoua (de tendance majoritaire de l'islamisme ; a soutenu les Frères musulmans sous Moubarak).
Le président de la commission électorale proclame Morsi élu à la fonction de président de la République le . Il l’a emporté au second tour avec 51,73 % des votes, face à Ahmed Chafik, ancien général de l'aviation militaire qui avait été le dernier Premier ministre de Moubarak. Morsi s'était engagé à désigner un gouvernement ouvert et à impliquer la société civile dans l'élaboration d'une nouvelle Constitution. Le , il se rend sur la place Tahrir.
Président de la République
Débuts au pouvoir
Sa présidence commence le . Il est le cinquième président d'Égypte. Le cabinet de son Premier ministre Hecham Qandil est présenté le . Dans les six semaines qui suivirent son installation, il limoge le chef des renseignements Mourad Mouafi, le maréchal Mohamed Hussein Tantawi qui avait servi Moubarak pendant 20 ans, et qui était chef du Conseil suprême des forces armées (de facto chef de l'État par intérim), et le lieutenant général Sami Hafez Anan (ou Enan), vice-président du Conseil suprême des forces armées. Il nomme à sa place le général Abdel Fattah al-Sissi commandant des Forces armées. Il s'attribue par ailleurs certains pouvoirs législatifs, le Parlement ayant été dissous par une décision confirmée par la Haute Cour constitutionnelle.
Le , il gracie des opposants.
Après ce coup d'éclat, le , le président promulgue une déclaration constitutionnelle qui lui confère la possibilité de légiférer par décret et d'annuler des décisions de justice déjà en cours. Outre le pouvoir exécutif et le pouvoir législatif, des commentateurs estiment qu'il détient ainsi le pouvoir judiciaire. Morsi est alors comparé par certains à Hosni Moubarak et des manifestations de plusieurs milliers de personnes ont lieu dans le pays, rassemblant en particulier des militants se définissant comme des.
Réformes constitutionnelles
Soutenu par l'appareil de la confrérie, il met en place tant bien que mal sa feuille de route. Le , il annonce qu'il soumet le projet de Constitution à référendum. Après des semaines de manifestations rivales ayant parfois dégénéré en violences meurtrières, les électeurs égyptiens votent, le , dans dix gouvernorats, dont Le Caire et Alexandrie, sur le projet de Constitution défendu par le président Mohamed Morsi et ses partisans, avec en résultat une victoire du « oui ». Selon l'opposition laïque, de gauche et libérale, ce texte ouvre la voie à des interprétations rigoristes de l'islam et offre peu de garanties pour certaines libertés. Des violences entre partisans et adversaires du texte ont eu lieu au Caire et dans la grande ville d'Alexandrie.
Le durcissement religieux se manifeste par exemple avec le limogeage de nombreux responsables culturels ou encore par le rejet d'un texte adopté par l'ONU visant à lutter contre les violences faites aux femmes.
Appliquant ainsi le programme des Frères musulmans alors que les révolutionnaires laïcs et les autres partis laïques ou islamistes demandent à prendre part à l'exercice du pouvoir, Morsi se révèle peu capable de fédérer le pays et doit faire face à des poussées de contestations régulières.
Le , une enquête est ouverte à l’encontre des trois opposants, dirigeants du Front de salut national (FSN), créé en , accusés d'incitation au renversement du président Mohamed Morsi. Le , une manifestation est organisée pour le deuxième anniversaire de la révolution. Cette décision est contraire aux restrictions prévues dans un nouveau projet de loi sur le droit de manifester, ainsi que les appels du président Morsi à en finir avec les protestations et.
Premières contestations
Le , un groupe de jeunes activistes crée le mouvement Tamarod (Rébellion) et lance une pétition demandant la démission du président Morsi et une nouvelle élection présidentielle. Au , le mouvement affirme avoir obtenu 22 millions de signatures avec adresses et les numéros de cartes d'identité. Le mouvement semble avoir été spontané, au départ du moins. L'homme d'affaires multimilliardaire Naguib Sawiris (chrétien copte), qui avait quitté l'Égypte peu après l'élection de Morsi, a déclaré à Reuters qu'il a complètement soutenu le mouvement logistiquement grâce à sa station de télévision, son journal, Al-Masri Al-Youm, et les trois partis libres égyptiens qu'il avait fondés.
Morsi est reconnu comme nouvel interlocuteur par les Occidentaux ; il est fortement soutenu par la diplomatie turque et reçoit un important soutien économique du Qatar.
Le , le président Morsi rencontre au Soudan Omar el-Béchir (qui était lui-même venu au Caire en début d'année) afin de tenter d'améliorer les relations entre les deux pays. Les mésententes se concentrent sur le partage du Nil, les problèmes frontaliers et le triangle de Hala'ib, revendiquée par les deux pays. Cette tentative de rapprochement a été critiquée compte tenu de la situation du président soudanais condamné par la Cour pénale internationale (CPI) pour crimes de guerre, contre l’humanité et génocide au Darfour, ainsi que pour le détournement de neuf milliards de dollars. Le Soudan subit depuis 1997 des sanctions de la part des États-Unis qui accusent son gouvernement de terrorisme.
Coup d'État et renversement
Un important mouvement protestataire éclate en . Le , en prévision des manifestations organisées pour le par le groupe Tamarrod, Morsi déclare lors d'une allocution que . Un an après son arrivée à la présidence de la République, le , des millions d’Égyptiens manifestent pour sa démission (14 millions selon une source militaire citée par l'agence Reuters ; 17 millions selon les sources policières relayées par l'Agence France-Presse). Les manifestations continuent les jours qui suivent, des heurts entre manifestants font plusieurs morts, tandis que cinq ministres, ainsi que le porte-parole du gouvernement et un porte-parole de Mohamed Morsi, démissionnent. L'armée adresse un ultimatum au président lui demandant de . Ce dernier rejette l'ultimatum le lendemain et dans la nuit du 2 au , Morsi déclare lors de sa dernière allocution que , rappelant qu'il était le premier président élu démocratiquement de l'histoire de l'Égypte. Quelques heures plus tard, Morsi appelle à former un gouvernement de.
Le , le général Abdel Fattah al-Sissi, chef d'état-major de l'armée égyptienne, annonce la destitution de Mohamed Morsi et le remplacement de celui-ci par le président de la Haute Cour constitutionnelle, Adli Mansour, ainsi que la suspension de la Constitution, ajoutant vouloir donner plus de pouvoirs aux jeunes. Mohamed Morsi dénonce un « coup d'État complet » sur sa page Twitter. L'armée annonce qu'elle organisera des élections législatives et présidentielle anticipées. Al-Sissi déclarera plus tard que.
Pourtant, le jour même, Morsi avait appelé à former un pour régler la crise en prévision des élections législatives.
Le , on apprend que Mohamed Morsi est détenu par l'armée et que des mandats d'arrêt sont émis à l'endroit des dirigeants des Frères musulmans, tandis qu'Adli Mansour prête serment comme président par intérim.
Pour Tewfik Aklimandos, chercheur au Collège de France, les Frères musulmans étaient, à l'époque, minoritaires en Égypte : ils n'avaient obtenu que 25 % au premier tour de l'élection présidentielle. Selon lui 80 % des Égyptiens étaient, en 2013, opposés à un retour de Morsi :.
Après la chute
Détention et état de santé
À la veille du putsch du 3 juillet 2013, il est détenu dans un bâtiment appartenant à l'armée égyptienne.
Plusieurs plaintes sont ensuite instruites à son encontre :
le , le parquet annonce qu'une enquête pénale le concernant est ouverte pour espionnage, incitation à la violence et destruction de l'économie. Début septembre, le parquet annonce officiellement qu'il est inculpé pour , de même que 14 autres responsables et membres des Frères musulmans.
Évasion de la prison de Wadi el-Natroun : le , un tribunal égyptien a déclaré que les membres des Frères musulmans ont conspiré avec le Hamas, le Hezbollah et des militants islamistes locaux dans le but de prendre d'assaut la prison de Wadi el-Natroun au nord-ouest du Caire profitant du chaos durant la révolution de afin de faire évader 34 dirigeants des Frères musulmans dont le futur président Mohamed Morsi. Deux autres prisons, dans lesquelles des membres du Hamas et du Hezbollah étaient emprisonnés, ont également été attaquées. Le juge Khaled Mahgouba a affirmé que les assaillants s’étaient emparés de grandes quantités d'armes se trouvant dans les prisons, il a ajouté que les alliés du Hamas dans le Sinaï avaient préparé l'entrée de ses militants dans la péninsule égyptienne en perpétrant des attaques contre les forces de sécurité égyptiennes surveillant les tunnels de contrebande entre l’Égypte et la bande de Gaza. Selon ce juge, des combattants du Hamas et du Hezbollah avaient pénétré en Égypte en utilisant ces tunnels le . Le , le procureur en chef égyptien, Hicham Barakat, a reçu des témoignages d'un tribunal de la ville d'Ismaïlia servant de base pour une autre enquête conduite par les procureurs de la sécurité de l’État concernant l’évasion de la prison, de Morsi et plus de 30 autres dirigeants des Frères musulmans. Le , les autorités égyptiennes ordonnent la détention pendant quinze jours de Morsi, sous l'accusation d'assassinats de soldats et de conspiration avec le Hamas lors de son évasion de prison en 2011, d'incendie criminel, de destruction de documents, de collaboration avec le Hamas pour se livrer à des actions violentes dans le pays contre la police et l'armée égyptienne, d'avoir tué des détenus, des officiers et des soldats.
Il reçoit pendant sa détention la visite de soutien symbolique de Catherine Ashton, haute représentante de l'Union européenne pour les affaires étrangères et la politique de sécurité. Morsi devient pour ses partisans le symbole de la légitimité du pouvoir renversé. C'est ce qui est exprimé par les fréquentes manifestations de soutien organisées par les Frères musulmans fin 2013, malgré les nombreuses arrestations qui suivent la dispersion violente de l'occupation pacifique de Rabaa ( ; plus de 600 tués).
Le , il est condamné à 20 ans de prison incompressibles.
Il est condamné à mort le . Quelques jours après, l'ex-président tunisien Moncef Marzouki appelle les dirigeants politiques et les militants des droits de l'homme à se mobiliser afin de préserver la vie de Mohamed Morsi et de lui garantir le droit de défense. Le , il est condamné à la prison à vie. Le , ses biens sont saisis.
En , la Cour de cassation casse la condamnation à mort de Morsi et de 21 autres membres des Frères musulmans dans l'affaire de l'évasion de la prison de Wadi el-Natroun en et ordonne qu'un nouveau procès ait lieu. Quelques jours plus tard, la même cour casse une autre condamnation à mort de Morsi dans une affaire d'espionnage au profit de l'Iran et du Hamas et ordonne un nouveau procès. Le , il est condamné à trois ans de prison pour.
Durant sa détention, il est placé à l'isolement 23 heures par jour, n'a pas accès aux journaux et à la télévision, n'a eu droit qu'à trois visites de sa famille, et dort à même le sol.
En , une commission parlementaire britannique alerte sur son état de santé, dénonçant des conditions de détention inhumaines et le risque d'une mort prématurée. Il est alors atteint d'une tumeur bénigne, victime d'une tension artérielle défaillante et d'une maladie hépatique, de problèmes rénaux, de diabète, de foie, et son avocat affirme que son client est devenu aveugle.
Mort, obsèques et enquête
Selon les autorités égyptiennes, il meurt à l'hôpital le , sept ans jour pour jour après son élection, à 67 ans, après avoir perdu connaissance alors qu'il s'exprimait lors d'une audience de son procès à la prison de Tora. Ce jour-là avaient lieu deux de ses procès en appel, alors qu'il cumulait 45 ans de prison dans deux autres affaires. Selon ses codétenus et ses avocats, entre vingt et quarante minutes se sont écoulées entre son malaise et son évacuation, et la police a refusé que ses codétenus médecins lui procurent les premiers secours. Peu avant sa mort, il avait menacé de , avait demandé à être jugé par un tribunal spécial, puis a fini par un poème patriotique :
La presse égyptienne ne couvre que brièvement la mort de l'ancien président, qui est insulté sur la télévision publique, alors que des images d'attaques contre des policiers et militaires tournent en boucle et qu'il est accusé d'en être responsable. Les Frères musulmans sont également pour l'occasion accusés de mensonges. Outre les islamistes, les libéraux égyptiens lui rendent également hommage. The Middle East Monitor compare sa mort à celle de Moshood Abiola, président élu du Nigeria à qui la junte a refusé de remettre le pouvoir et qui est mort en prison.
Le président turc Recep Tayyip Erdoğan , l'émir du Qatar Tamim ben Hamad Al Thani, l'ancienne reine Noor de Jordanie, l'ex-président tunisien Moncef Marzouki, l'ancien porte-parole du secrétaire général des Nations unies Stéphane Dujarric, le ministre des Affaires étrangères malaisien et la vice-Première ministre de Malaisie Wan Azizah Wan Ismail, le président du Haut Conseil d'État libyen Khaled al-Michri et son opposant Mohamed el-Baradei lui rendent hommage, de même que les Frères musulmans égyptiens, le parti tunisien Ennahdha, le Hamas palestinien, le MSP algérien, le Hadas koweïtien et le Tewassoul mauritanien, ont tous publié des déclarations condamnant l'incident. De nombreuses prières funéraires, notamment en Turquie, ont lieu, tandis que des manifestations hostiles à Sissi ont lieu notamment en Algérie et au Maroc, à l'initiative d'organisations islamistes et de gauche. Jeune Afrique estime que certains pays arabes n'ont pas réagi à la nouvelle pour ne pas l'Arabie saoudite.
Au lendemain de sa mort, le bureau des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations unies demande au gouvernement égyptien une enquête afin de déterminer les causes de sa mort. Les ONG Human Rights Watch et Amnesty International exigent une enquête internationale sur les causes réelles de la mort. Le député britannique Crispin Blunt considère également la mort de Mohamed Morsi comme représentative de l’incapacité du régime égyptien en place à traiter les prisonniers conformément au droit égyptien et international. En réaction, le porte-parole du ministère des Affaires étrangères égyptien dénonce une « tentative délibérée de politiser un cas de décès naturel ».
Selon Jonathan Schanzer (, FDD), . Pour Sarah-Leah Whitson, directrice MENA d'Human Rights Watch, sa mort était prévisible au vu de l'absence de soins et de visites.
Le , à l'aube (pour parer à toute révolte), après une prière mortuaire à la mosquée de la prison où il était détenu, il est enterré en toute discrétion et sous haute surveillance dans le quartier cairote de . Les autorités ont refusé la demande de sa famille de l'inhumer au cimetière familial à Ach-Charqiya. Seule une dizaine de proches étaient présents, aucun journaliste n'ayant été autorisé à assister à la cérémonie.
Le , des experts onusiens estiment que la mort de Morsi est un , l'homme étant , malgré son diabète et son hypertension.
Décorations
Décorations égyptiennes (en sa qualité de président de la République) :
Collier de l'ordre du Nil ;
Collier de l'ordre de l'Indépendance ;
Collier de l'ordre de la République ;
Grand-croix de l'ordre égyptien du Mérite.
Décorations étrangères :
: grand-cordon de l'ordre de l'Indépendance ;
: grand-cordon de l’ordre El-Nilein.
Notes et références
Notes
Références
Liens externes
Naissance à Ach-Charqiya
Naissance en août 1951
Décès au Caire
Décès en juin 2019
Décès à 67 ans
Mort d'une crise cardiaque
Personnalité morte en prison
Étudiant de l'université du Caire
Étudiant de l'université de Californie du Sud
Ingénieur égyptien du XXe siècle
Ingénieur égyptien du XXIe siècle
Professeur à l'université de Zagazig
Professeur à l'université d'État de Californie à Northridge
Universitaire égyptien
Membre des Frères musulmans
Personnalité du printemps arabe
Parti de la liberté et de la justice
Personnalité politique renversée par un coup d'État
Personnalité égyptienne condamnée pour crime
Président d'Égypte
Prisonnier politique égyptien
Prisonnier politique du XXIe siècle.
|
http://abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/ProductsbyReleaseDate/44E564542D235360CA25757D0014C9EE?OpenDocument | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | 5302.0 - Balance of Payments, Quarterly Summary, Sep 1973
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 31/10/1973
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https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2018.00229/full | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | Impact Factor 3.113 | CiteScore 3.03
More on impact ›
Correction ARTICLE
Front. Med., 15 August 2018 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2018.00229
Corrigendum: Chronic Diffuse Pain and Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders After Traumatic Stress: Pathophysiology Through a Polyvagal Perspective
• 1Traumatic Stress Research Consortium, Kinsey Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
• 2Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
In the published article, there was an error regarding the affiliations for Stephen W. Porges. As well as having affiliation 2, Dr. Stephen W. Porges should also have affiliation 1. The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way.
The original article has been updated.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Keywords: trauma, polyvagal theory, irritable bowel syndrome, functional gastrointestinal disorders, chronic pain, fibromyalgia, heart rate variability, respiratory sinus arrhythmia
Citation: Kolacz J and Porges SW (2018) Corrigendum: Chronic Diffuse Pain and Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders After Traumatic Stress: Pathophysiology Through a Polyvagal Perspective. Front. Med. 5:229. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00229
Received: 16 July 2018; Accepted: 26 July 2018;
Published: 15 August 2018.
Edited and reviewed by: Frontiers in Medicine Editorial Office, Frontiers Media SA, Switzerland
Copyright © 2018 Kolacz and Porges. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Jacek Kolacz, jacekkolacz@gmail.com.
|
7296562_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | Petition for certification denied.
|
387527_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Lampranthus coralliflorus is 'n vetplant wat hoort tot die genus Lampranthus. Die spesie is endemies aan die Oos-Kaap.
Bronne
SANBI Redlist
Plants of the World Online
Lampranthus
Flora van Suid-Afrika
Endemiese plante van Suid-Afrika.
|
github_open_source_100_1_103 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
// This source file is part of the Swift Distributed Actors open source project
//
// Copyright (c) 2018-2019 Apple Inc. and the Swift Distributed Actors project authors
// Licensed under Apache License v2.0
//
// See LICENSE.txt for license information
// See CONTRIBUTORS.md for the list of Swift Distributed Actors project authors
//
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
import Logging
// ==== ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// MARK: Dead letter
/// A "dead letter" is a message ("letter") that is impossible to deliver to its designated recipient.
///
/// Often the reason for this is that the message was sent to given actor while it was still alive,
/// yet once it arrived the destination node (or mailbox) the actor had already terminated, leaving the message to be dropped.
/// Since such races can happen and point to problems in an actor based algorithm, such messages are not silently dropped,
/// but rather logged, with as much information as available (e.g. about the sender or source location of the initiating tell),
/// such that when operating the system, bugs regarding undelivered messages can be spotted and fixed.
///
/// ## Not all dead letters are problems
/// No, some dead letters may happen in a perfectly healthy system and if one knows that a message could arrive
/// "too late" or be dropped for some other reason, one may mark it using the TODO: "dont log me as dead letter" protocol.
///
/// ### Trivia
/// The term dead letters, or rather "dead letter office" originates from the postal system, where undeliverable
/// mail would be called such, and shipped to one specific place to deal with these letters.
///
/// - SeeAlso: [Dead letter office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_letter_office) on Wikipedia.
public struct DeadLetter: NonTransportableActorMessage {
let message: Any
let recipient: ActorAddress?
// TODO: sender and other metadata
let sentAtFile: String?
let sentAtLine: UInt?
public init(_ message: Any, recipient: ActorAddress?, sentAtFile: String? = #file, sentAtLine: UInt? = #line) {
self.message = message
self.recipient = recipient
self.sentAtFile = sentAtFile
self.sentAtLine = sentAtLine
}
}
// ==== ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// MARK: ActorSystem.deadLetters
extension ActorSystem {
/// Dead letters reference dedicated to a specific address.
public func personalDeadLetters<Message: ActorMessage>(type: Message.Type = Message.self, recipient: ActorAddress) -> _ActorRef<Message> {
// TODO: rather could we send messages to self._deadLetters with enough info so it handles properly?
guard recipient.uniqueNode == self.settings.cluster.uniqueBindNode else {
/// While it should not realistically happen that a dead letter is obtained for a remote reference,
/// we do allow for construction of such ref. It can be used to signify a ref is known to resolve to
/// a known to be down cluster node.
///
/// We don't apply the special /dead path, as to not complicate diagnosing who actually terminated or if we were accidentally sent
/// a remote actor ref that was dead(!)
return _ActorRef(.deadLetters(.init(self.log, address: recipient, system: self))).adapt(from: Message.self)
}
let localRecipient: ActorAddress
if recipient.path.segments.first == ActorPath._dead.segments.first {
// drop the node from the address; and we know the pointed at ref is already dead; do not prefix it again
localRecipient = ActorAddress(local: self.settings.cluster.uniqueBindNode, path: recipient.path, incarnation: recipient.incarnation)
} else {
// drop the node from the address; and prepend it as known-to-be-dead
localRecipient = ActorAddress(local: self.settings.cluster.uniqueBindNode, path: ActorPath._dead.appending(segments: recipient.segments), incarnation: recipient.incarnation)
}
return _ActorRef(.deadLetters(.init(self.log, address: localRecipient, system: self))).adapt(from: Message.self)
}
/// Anonymous `/dead/letters` reference, which may be used for messages which have no logical recipient.
public var deadLetters: _ActorRef<DeadLetter> {
self._deadLetters
}
}
// ==== ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// MARK: Dead letter office
/// Special actor ref personality, which can handle `DeadLetter`s.
///
/// Dead letters are messages or signals which were unable to be delivered to recipient, e.g. because the recipient
/// actor had terminated before the message could reach it, or the recipient never existed in the first place (although
/// this could only happen in ad-hoc actor path resolve situations, which should not happen in user-land).
///
/// Note: Does _not_ point to a "real" actor, however for all intents and purposes can be treated as-if it did.
///
/// Obtaining an instance of dead letters is best done by using the `system.deadLetters` or `personalDeadLetters` methods;
/// however, it should be stressed, that directly interacting with dead letters is not something that should be needed at
/// any point in time in normal user applications, as messages become dead letters automatically when messages are
/// delivered at terminated or non-existing recipients.
///
/// # Watch semantics
/// Watching the dead letters reference is always going to immediately reply with a `Terminated` signal.
///
/// This is not only to uphold the semantics of deadLetters itself, but also for general watch correctness:
/// watching an actor which is terminated, may result in the `watch` system message be delivered to dead letters,
/// in which case this property of dead letters will notify the watching actor that the "watchee" had already terminated.
/// In these situations Terminated would be marked as `existenceConfirmed: false`.
///
/// ## Dead References
///
/// An `ActorAddress` pointing to a local actor, yet obtained via clustered communication MAY be resolved as so called "dead reference".
///
/// A dead actor reference is defined by its inherent inability to *ever* have a chance to deliver messages to its target actor.
/// While rare, such references may occur when a reference to a _local_ actor is obtained from remote communication, and thus
/// the actor address resolution will perform a lookup, to relate the incoming address with a live actor; during this process
/// if any of the following situations happens, the reference will be considered "dead" (like a "dead link" on an HTML page):
///
/// - the address points to a local actor which does not exist, and thus no messages *ever* sent to the such-obtained reference will have a chance of being delivered,
/// - address resolution locates a live actor matching the path, but with a different `ActorIncarnation`;
/// meaning that the "previous incarnation" of the actor, which the address refers to, does no longer exist, and thus no attempts to send messages
/// to the such obtained ref will ever succeed
/// - address resolution locates a live actor matching the address, however the expected type does not match the actual type of the running actor (!);
/// to protect the system from performing unsafe casts, the a dead ref will be yielded instead of the wrongly-typed ref of the alive actor.
/// - this can happen when somehow message types are mixed up and signify an actor has another type than it has in the real running system
///
/// Dead references are NOT used to signify that an actor that an `_ActorRef` points to has terminated and any _further_ messages sent to it will
/// result in dead letters. The difference here is that in this case the actor _existed_ and the `_ActorRef` _was valid_ at some point in time.
/// Dead references on the other hand have never, and will never be valid, meaning it is useful to distinguish them for debugging and logging purposes,
/// but not for anything more -- users shall assume that their communication is correct and only debug why a dead reference appeared if it indeed does happen.
///
/// - SeeAlso: [Dead letter office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_letter_office) on Wikipedia.
public final class DeadLetterOffice {
let _address: ActorAddress
let log: Logger
weak var system: ActorSystem?
let isShuttingDown: () -> Bool
init(_ log: Logger, address: ActorAddress, system: ActorSystem?) {
self.log = log
self._address = address
self.system = system
self.isShuttingDown = { [weak system] in
system?.isShuttingDown ?? false
}
}
@usableFromInline
var address: ActorAddress {
self._address
}
@usableFromInline
var path: ActorPath {
self._address.path
}
@usableFromInline
var ref: _ActorRef<DeadLetter> {
.init(.deadLetters(self))
}
func deliver(_ message: Any, file: String = #file, line: UInt = #line) {
if let alreadyDeadLetter = message as? DeadLetter {
self.onDeadLetter(alreadyDeadLetter, file: alreadyDeadLetter.sentAtFile ?? file, line: alreadyDeadLetter.sentAtLine ?? line)
} else {
self.onDeadLetter(DeadLetter(message, recipient: self.address, sentAtFile: file, sentAtLine: line), file: file, line: line)
}
}
private func onDeadLetter(_ deadLetter: DeadLetter, file: String, line: UInt) {
// Implementation notes:
// We do want to change information in the logger; but we do NOT want to create a new logger
// as that may then change ordering; if multiple onDeadLetter executions are ongoing, we want
// all of them to be piped to the exact same logging handler, do not create a new Logging.Logger() here (!)
var metadata: Logger.Metadata = [:]
let recipientString: String
if let recipient = deadLetter.recipient {
let deadAddress: ActorAddress = .init(remote: recipient.uniqueNode, path: recipient.path, incarnation: recipient.incarnation)
// should not really happen, as the only way to get a remote ref is to resolve it, and a remote resolve always yields a remote ref
// thus, it is impossible to resolve a remote address into a dead ref; however keeping this path in case we manually make such mistake
// somewhere in internals, and can spot it then easily
if recipient.path.starts(with: ._system), self.isShuttingDown() {
return // do not log dead letters to /system actors while shutting down
}
metadata["actor/path"] = Logger.MetadataValue.stringConvertible(deadAddress.path)
recipientString = "to [\(String(reflecting: recipient.detailedDescription))]"
} else {
recipientString = ""
}
if let systemMessage = deadLetter.message as? _SystemMessage, self.specialHandled(systemMessage, recipient: deadLetter.recipient) {
return // system message was special handled; no need to log it anymore
}
// in all other cases, we want to log the dead letter:
self.log.info(
"Dead letter was not delivered \(recipientString)",
metadata: { () -> Logger.Metadata in
// TODO: more metadata (from Envelope) (e.g. sender)
if let recipient = deadLetter.recipient?.detailedDescription {
metadata["deadLetter/recipient"] = "\(recipient)"
}
metadata["deadLetter/location"] = "\(file):\(line)"
metadata["deadLetter/message"] = "\(deadLetter.message)"
metadata["deadLetter/message/type"] = "\(String(reflecting: type(of: deadLetter.message)))"
return metadata
}()
)
}
private func specialHandled(_ message: _SystemMessage, recipient: ActorAddress?) -> Bool {
// TODO: special handle $ask- replies; those mean we got a reply to an ask which timed out already
switch message {
case .tombstone:
// FIXME: this should never happen; tombstone must always be taken in by the actor as last message
traceLog_Mailbox(self.address.path, "Tombstone arrived in dead letters. TODO: make sure these dont happen")
return true // TODO: would be better to avoid them ending up here at all, this means that likely a double dead letter was sent
case .watch(let watchee, let watcher):
// if a watch message arrived here it either:
// - was sent to an actor which has terminated and arrived after the .tombstone, thus was drained to deadLetters
// - was indeed sent to deadLetters directly, which immediately shall notify terminated; deadLetters is "undead"
watcher._sendSystemMessage(.terminated(ref: watchee, existenceConfirmed: false))
return true
case .stop:
// we special handle some not delivered stop messages, based on the fact that those
// are inherently racy in the during actor system shutdown:
let ignored = recipient?.path == ._clusterShell
return ignored
default:
return self.isShuttingDown()
}
}
}
// ==== ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// MARK: Silent Dead Letter marker
protocol SilentDeadLetter {}
// ==== ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// MARK: Paths
extension ActorPath {
internal static let _dead: ActorPath = try! ActorPath(root: "dead")
internal static let _deadLetters: ActorPath = try! ActorPath._dead.appending("letters")
}
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5616502_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | Broyles, C. J.
This was a suit upon a promissory note, and the defendant pleaded payment. After the introduction of evidence by the defendant, the court, on motion of the plaintiff, directed a verdict in favor of the plaintiff for the full amount sued for, and the defendant excepted. Counsel for both parties agree that the sole question in tire case is whether the evidence offered by the defend *37ant in support of his plea was sufficient to raise an issue of fact. While the evidence was not altogether clear as to the amount of the payments made, or as to whether they were made on the note sued upon, or when or where made, these questions were for the jury to determine, and the court erred in directing the verdict. “It is the fact of payment, and not the time or place of the payment, that is the essential fact to be proved.” Fletcher v. Young, 10 Ga. App. 183 (3), 189 (3) (73 S. E. 38, 40); Hawes v. Smith, 16 Ga. App. 458 (2) (85 S. E. 616).
Judgment reversed.
Lulce and Bloodworth, JJ., concur.
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http://ipkitten.blogspot.com/2007/02/high-fibre-legal-action-cements.html | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | High fibre legal action cements liability; EPLA thumbs-down
The IPKat didn't post anything immediately on Cembrit Blunn Ltd and Dansk Eternit Holding AS v Apex Roofing Services and Roy Alexander Leader [2007] EWHC 111 (Ch), a Chancery Division decision of Mr Justice Kitchin on Monday last week because the case looked too long and daunting. Indeed, the BAILII transcript is 266 paragraphs long - a lot for a fictional Kat to get his little head round. In fact, once you cut through the technical stuff about fibre-cement roof-slates, the legal bit's quite manageable.
Left: Fibre-cement roof slates - a clean, safe alternative to dangerous bio-roofing ...
In essence Cembrit and its parent company Dansk made fibre-cement roof slates which Apex, a roofing contractor, installed at two building sites. Following their installation, Apex complained that the slates, once laid, lifted and curled to an unacceptable extent and meant that many roofs needed re-slating. In an attempt to bend Cembrit and Dansk to its will, Apex later copied and circulated a copy of an internal letter from Dansk to Cembrit's managing director that discussed possible settlement of legal action threatened by Apex. Cembrit and Dansk said it wasn't their fault the slates had lifted: Apex hadn't installed them properly and the degree of curl was quite normal. They also said that, by copying and circulating a private letter, Apex's actions constituted copyright infringement and a breach of confidentiality. Apex said the letter showed that the makers of the slates did not honestly believe there was nothing wrong with the slates and maintained that the disclosure of the letter was justified, both to correct apparently false information disseminated by Cembrit and Dansk and to avoid unnecessary and unjustified litigation.
Kitchin J gave judgment on these issues in favour of Cembrit and Dansk (another claim, that what Apex did to the letter constituted the tort of unlawful interference with goods, failed). In the judge's view
* the lifting of the slates was caused by an inherent characteristic of the slates and was not attributable to defective workmanship by Apex. However, Apex failed to establish on the evidence that slates which curled but not lifted were unacceptable, since they were unlikely to deteriorate further.
* The letter, an original work written by an employee of Dansk, was protected by copyright of which Dansk was the proprietor. Apex infringed that copyright by making copies of the letter unless he was covered by any legal defence.
* The defence of fair dealing for the purpose of criticising another work, raised by Apex in the context of the distribution of the letter being in effect a criticism of the content of an earlier letter about the quality of the slates, could not apply. Apex being motivated by its desire to force Cembrit and Dansk to yield to its demands, did not act in a way that was “fair”.
* There was definitely a breach of confidence here: the letter was a private internal communication that was not intended for publication. Apex's disclosure of it had not been justified either in the public interest or with a view to avoiding unnecessary and unjustified litigation since it was being used as a tactic to force Cembrit and Dansk to surrender to their demands.
Right: Hansel and Gretel, about to take a bite out of the Wicked Witch's new fibre-cement roof slates ...
The IPKat would dearly love to know how copyright infringement damages might be assessed in a case such as this. The commercial value of the letter was low; the strategic value of the infringement was high, which suggests an award of additional damages - but if Cembrit and Dansk had made decent quality slates in the first place they'd never have been in this situation. Merpel says, Cembrit Blunn sounds like a great name for a Celtic warrior king, don't you think?
Another of the IPKat's friends, Dr Michelle Jones (Astex Therapeutics) has drawn his attention to a valuable post on IPEG concerning something he missed elsewhere - the thumbs-down given to the European Patent Litigation Agreement by the European Parliament's Legal Service. It appears that the EPLA is in conflict with provisions of Directive 2004/48 (the IP Enforcement Directive) and Regulation 44/2001 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments, plus Article 98 of the EC Treaty itself. The Legal Service reminds EU member states that they can't just go off and make their own agreements to cover areas that fall within the EU's exclusive competence. So it's back to the drawing board ...
Above, left: how long would it take an infinite number of monkeys, chained to an infinite number of computers, to draft the perfect solution to Europe's patent litigation problems?
High fibre legal action cements liability; EPLA thumbs-down Reviewed by Jeremy on Wednesday, February 14, 2007 Rating: 5
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miscellaneousser00vanr_1 | English-PD | Public Domain | ^f^^^-%. /*f*<f/,. C ( I I l(K^ (II I '*vw <■ hu f) cC, UC v- MISCELLANEOUS SERMONS, ESSAYS, ADDRESSES, BY THE REV. CORTLANDT* VAN RENSSELAER, D.D., LATE CORRESPONDING 8ECRETARY OF THE PRESBYTERIAN* BOARD OF EDUCATION. EDITED BY HIS SON, CYAN RENSSELAER, PHILADELPHIA: J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO. 1861. Eutered, according to Act of Congress, in tint year 1860, by J. B. LI 1'1'INCOTT & CO., in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. \ )1^\ PREFACE. The contents of this volume have all been published during the life-time of the Author. This, it is believed, will not be considered dis- advantageous, as they have been revised and corrected by the Author, and were, by him. carefully prepared for issue in the present form, during his last sickness. His directions then given have been minutely and reverently car- ried out. The Editor deems it proper to say that the Funeral Sermon upon the occasion of the death of Bishop Doane, is here republished in oppo- sition to the wishes of some of his father's friends, whose judgment upon this point would have been final, had not his father expressed a (Hi) IV PREFACE. preference, in his last illness, for its being in- cluded in this volume. This preference the Editor has felt it incum- bent upon him to observe, and he willingly bears the responsibility, whatever it may be. Burlington, N. J. December 12th, 1860, CONTENTS. Introductory Memoir ....... 11 PLAIN HINTS TO NEW SCHOOL THEOLOGIANS . 37 Prominent Failings and Practical Errors among Ministers, 39 ; Consequences of these Errors, 55 ; Causes which have produced these Errors, 61. EULOGY ON DANIEL WEBSTER 69 His Childhood and Youth, 74 ; Collegiate Life, 80 ; Public Career, 83 ; Unquenchable attachment to the Union, 90 ; Cha- racter of his Eloquence, 93 ; Private and Social Character, 99 : His Religious Sentiments, 107 ; Sickness and Death, 112 : Lessons of Providence over his Grave, 116; Thankfulness to God for such Men, 116 ; Influence of Early Training, 119 : Value of Collegiate Education, 119 ; Excellence of a Noble Ambition, 120 ; Capriciousness of Public Opinion, 121 ; Homage of Intellect to Christianity, 122; End of Earthly Greatness. 123 ; Personal Religion the Highest Form of Worth, 124. HISTORICAL DISCOURSE AT THE CENTENNIAL CELE- BRATION OF THE BATTLE OF LAKE GEORGE . . 127 Introduction, 129 ; Champlain — Father Jogues, 131 ; Old French War, 132 ; Washington sent to protest against Inva- sion of the Ohio Valley, 135: Meeting of First American Con- 1* (v) VI CONTENTS. PA0I gress, 135 ; Expeditions of Braddock, Shirley, and Johnson, 137 ; Battle at Fort Edward, 141 ; Distinguished Men engaged in the Battle, 150 ; Circumstances which made this Battle renowned, 156; Forts around the Battle-field, 162; Effects of the Battle, 166; Monument should be erected, 168; Con- clusion, 168. THE ADVANTAGES OF COLLEGES 171 Carroll College, a Good Gift to a Great State, 176 ; Its adap- tation to furnish Ministers, 176; Furnishes useful Public Men, 180 ; Healthful Influence in the Common Schools and Acade- mies, 185 ; Important Aid to Morality and Religion, 191 ; Expedition to Upper Mississippi and Missouri, 194 ; Wisconsin admitted to the Union under Ordinance of 1787, 197 ; Elements of Wisconsin Greatness, .197 ; Its Advantages of Soil, 198; of abounding Forests, 198 ; of Mineral Resources, 199 ; of Trade and Commerce, 200 ; of Population, 200 ; of Education, 201. SIGNALS FROM THE ATLANTIC CABLE .... 205 Superintendence of Divine Providence in the Affairs of Men, 209 ; Triumph of Human Genius, Faith, and Perseverance, 215; Advantages, Political, Social, Economical, and Religious, 225 ; Approach of the Millennium, 238. PRESBYTERIAN VIEWS ON SLAVEHOLDING . . .24:} Scriptural Doctrine of Slaveholding, 247 ; Introduction, 247 ; Slaveholding not a malum in se, 254 ; Relation of Master and Slave not that of Parent and Child, 255 ; Slaveholding not Lawful under all Circumstances, 256 ; Abnormal and Excep- tional, 257 ; Belongs to the adiaphora, 259 ; Testimonies of the Presbyterian Church, 262 ; Statement " Slaveholding is not Necessarily and under all Circumstances Sinful," philo- sophical in Form, 265 : Requires no Explanation, 267 ; Is the Doctrine of Christ and his Apostles, 269 ; Commends itself to Consciences of Slaveholders, 270 ; Practical Power to resist Error, 272. CONTENTS. Vll PAGE EMANCIPATION AND THE CHURCH ..... 276 The Church's Interest in Emancipation, 280 ; Does not bring the Church into the Province of the State, 281 ; Her Testimony, not Legislation over the Consciences of Men, 282 ; Emancipa- tion not a Reproach where Impracticable, 282 ; Testimony of the General Assembly, 284 ; Church has a Right to hold forth Emancipation, 288 ; Views of Old Testament Scriptures, 290 ; Influence of Christianity, 292; Injunctions of Scripture, 297; Spirit and Principles of Religion favourable to Natural Rights, 301 ; Duties of Christians as Citizens, 303. HISTORICAL ARGUMENT FOR SLAVERY .... 306 Universality of Slavery no evidence of approval by Chris- tianity, 306; Early Influence of Christianity, 307 ; Slavehold- ing not always without Reproach, 312 ; Worldly Causes not the Agents in Slavery Extinction, 313 ; Consistency of Slavery with Precepts of the Gospel, 315 ; Infidelity not the Source of Awakened Interest, 318; Views of Dr. Scott, 322; Sketch of Pro-slavery Opinions, 324 ; All Slavery Opposition not Alike, 326 ; Position of the Presbyterian Church, 327. PROPER STATEMENT OF THE SCRIPTURAL DOCTRINE OF SLAVERY 330 Agreement of Dr. Armstrong with Truth of Proposition, 331 ; Politics — Distinction between Scripture and Reason, 33:i : General Assembly, 343 ; Dr. Armstrong's Weapon, 346 ; His Syllogisms, 348 ; Explaining his Proposition, 351 ; Thoughts at the Close, 355. EMANCIPATION AND THE CHURCH ; SCHEMES OF EMAN- CIPATION; AFRICAN COLONIZATION, ETC. . . .359 Emancipation not exclusively a Political Question, 359 ; Slavery and the Interests of the Life to Come, 362 ; Slavery and the Bible, 366 ; Things that avail or avail not, 369 ; Popular Errors, 373 ; Schemes of Emancipation, 380 ; Li- berian Colonization, 385 ; Free to be sent first, 387 ; Results Vill CONTENTS. PAGE of Colonization Society, 389 ; Expectations Concerning Li- beria, 390 ; Effects of entertaining Emancipation Scheme, 399 : The Work and the Way, 400 ; Church and Advisory Testi- mony, 403 ; History of Anti-Slavery Opinions, 405 : Con- cluding Remarks, 406 ; Dr. Baxter on Slavery, 409. THE AMERICAN BIBLE SOCIETY; ITS ATTEMPT AT REVISION HI On the New Emendations . . . ' 413 Right of Presbyterian Church to this Discussion, 414 ; Emendation not Constitutional, 416 ; Notes or Comments not to be made, 420 ; Committee of Revision exceeded their Powers, 422 ; American Bible Society should retrace its Steps, 424 ; Speeches of Drs. Breckenridge and Adjer, 432; Presbyterian Church at liberty to examine concerning Emendations, 433 : Committee no general authority to go behind the Translators, 435 ; Report does not give all the Alterations in Words, 436 : Changes of Text, 438 ; Punctuation, 439 ; Brackets and Italics, 440 ; Variance between American and English Edi- tions, 443 ; Practical Lessons from the Attempt at Bible Emendation, 448; Origin of American Bible Society, 450. Protest of the Committee of Revision, and an Answer to it . 451 Protest, 451 ; Answer, 455 ; Resolutions of the Board of Managers, right according to Precedent, 455 ; Give Validity to the Text of 1816, 456 ; Attribute Infallibility to no one, 456 ; Aim at Restoring the Common Headings and Contents of Chapters, 456 ; Function of the Committee is confined to Collation, 457 ; Chairman of the Committee of Nine, 458 ; Resolutions imply no Reproach, but Official Disapprobation. 458; Errors in Principle and Practice, 459; Resolutions were passed with a full knowledge of Facts, 459. On the Origin of the American Bible Society . . . 461 British and Foreign Bible Society, 461 ; Its Influence, 462 ; Dr. Spring's Life of Mills, 463; Meeting at Burlington, 464: Elias Boudinot, 465 ; The Founder of American Bible So- ciety, 467 ; Report of New Jersey Bible Society, 469 : Of Philadelphia Bible Society, 470; Convention in New York, 472; Dr. Boudinot's Circular, 474. CONTENTS. IX FUNERAL SERMON UPON THE DEATH OF BISHOP " DOANE ' 477 Reasons for the fearful harshness of Human Judgments, 479; Greatness of God's Mercies, 482; Bishop Doane, things to be remembered in judging, 485; His fine Mind, 487 ; Force of Will, 488 ; Energy and Self-denial, 489 ; Social Traits. 491; As a Churchman, 492; Orator, 496; Writer, 497; The Privileges attending his Death, 498 ; Lessons at the Grave. 502 ; Remarkable Funeral, 5,06. CAPTURE OF TICONDEROGA 509 Introduction, 513; The Indian Gateway, 514 ; Champlain's Expedition of 1609, 518; The Old French War, 523; Mont calm's March against Fort William Henry, 536 ; The Attack and Massacre, 537 ; Abercrombie's March against Ticonderoga, 542 ; The Attack and Repulse, 544 ; Fort George, 550 ; Cap- ture of Ticonderoga by Amherst, 552; By Ethan Allen,. 554: Centennial Lessons, 556; Champlain, 564; Howe, Amherst, Ethan Allen, 565 ; The Century's Call to God, 566. INTRODUCTORY MEMOIR. . (Jurtlandt Van Rensselaer was the third son of the Hon. Stephen Van Rensselaer, by his second wife, Cor- nelia Paterson, the daughter of Chief Justice Paterson of New Jersey. His father was a man of the most un- directed humility of heart, refined by nature and by cul- ture, whose religion was the religion of a Catholic Chris- tian, and who dignified the high civil positions he filled, by the courteous geniality of his manner. Among the many traits for which he was distinguished, not the least was his personal popularity. Among his nu- merous tenantry there was felt for him a general sentiment of affection and regard — and, even now, those who are the most virulent against his descendants, seldom mention but with respect and honour the name of the ;i Good Patroon." As an incident showing the deep impression his character produced upon various minds, it is related that, when "visiting Washington during the sessions of Congress, after several years of absence, in his simple, unobtrusive manner he entered the Hall of Representatives. The moment he was observed, there was so general a move- ment to press forward and salute him, that the business of the House seemed to have been entirely suspended." Of my father's mother, the Rev. Thomas E. Vermilye, her pastor and her friend, who knew her well, says: " Constitutional timidity, in some respects beyond what (xi) Xll INTRODUCTORY MEMOIR. is common in her sex, served the more strikingly to set forth a moral firmness that was calm and considerate, but fixed, and perfectly immovable when judgment and conscience had decided the course of duty. Indeed, the sense of duty seemed eminently the governing spring of her whole conduct. It may be easily seen how ad- mirably these natural endowments formed her to bless the household scene and grace the social circle ; to be- come the wise and judicious counsellor of her honoured husband, and to exert the happiest influence in her ma- ternal relations. Admirable in each capacity, in the latter she was pre-eminent. She ruled her household with discretion, because she ruled herself with judgment and the fear of God." My father's childhood was passed in the city of Albany ; and the love of his birth-place, so natural to all men, was, in him, distinguished with a peculiar force ; it passed with him through all the varieties of his occupations, and went down with him to the grave. Throughout the whole of his life, though the best and most active part of it was spent without its bounds, he always regarded his native State as the foremost among her sisters, and clung, with a reverent affection, to the old Dutch city of his birth. It was' the home of his youth, the honoured residence of his parents. To him it was ever fresh and green with pleasant memories, or hallowed with sacred associations ; and it is here that, at his own request, he now reposes. He received his first instruction, in 1815, in Provost Street, Albany, at Bancel's, a thorough and celebrated French school-teacher of the day, where were educated many who have since been prominent in their respective callings. He afterwards attended school for about a year at Morristown, New Jersey (Mr. McCullough's), previous to completing his preparatory studies at the Academy at INTRODUCTORY MEMOIR. Xlll Hyde Park, New York, under the care of Dr. Benjamin Allen. Dr. Allen, who had formerly been Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy in Union College, .was a man of high mental attainments, a rigid discipli- narian, thorough in his teaching, and punctilious in the respect due to him from his pupils. My father remained here from the fall of 1819 to 1823, when he entered the Freshman Class in Yale College. Of his life at college I have been able to gather but little knowledge ; and what reveals itself in letters and other manuscripts is mostly of a purely confidential character. His favourite studies seem to have been history, natural philosophy, and geology, with the latter of which he afterwards became more familiar during: a g:eolog:ical tour undertaken in company with Professor Amos Eaton. He was thoroughly conversant with the poetry and classical literature of England, and with the oratory of her truest statesmen. He endeavoured earnestly to accustom him- self to the habit of extemporaneous speaking, making it a practice to be upon his feet in Linonia Hall as often as possible. He formed at college many pleasant and endearing acquaintances, and one friendship which walked with him, shoulder to shoulder through life, assisted him with frank and candid counsel, rejoiced with him in joy, and felt for him in sorrow ; cheered and comforted him in the hours of his last sickness, and has been tenderly shown in a tribute to his memory, honourable alike to the dead and to the friend, whose affectionate privilege it was to pro- nounce it. He was graduated in 1827 with honours above the average of his class, and after spending a short time in Albany, entered upon the study of the law in the law school connected with Yale College. He remained here, however, only about eight months, when he returned to 2 XIV INTRODUCTORY MEMOIR. Albany, and completed his preparatory studies for the bar at the office, and under the advice of Abraham Van Vechten. The relations which he sustained towards this distinguished and venerated lawyer, were of the most, affectionate and respectful character ; and when Mr. Van Vechten died in the winter of 1837, my father prepared an address commemorative of his life and public services, which I believe was never published, as the manuscript only remains among his papers. In December, 1829, he commenced a journey to New Orleans, accompanying his father, who had been accus- tomed for twelve years previous to spend his winters in the South, partly for pleasure, but chiefly for the bene- ficial effects of a warm and genial climate. It was prob- ably during this excursion that my father's thoughts were first turned to religion, by the death, at New Orleans, of a dear and valued friend, whose loss he keenly felt and deeply mourned. The record of the observations which he made during this period, is full, minute, and discursive ; containing, among other things, remarks upon the geological forma- tion of the country through which he passed, opinions upon the commercial and political advantages of the va- rious cities and States, detailing interviews with many distinguished statesmen and civilians, to whom he had the privilege of an introduction through the medium of his father's acquaintance. He paid a particular and thorough attention to the institution of slavery as it then existed in the Southern States ; and the views which he then formed concerning this vexed question, in its rela- tions to the Church, the State, and to individuals, were retained through life ; though modified, perhaps, by cir- cumstances and matured by experience, they were sub- stantially unchanged. "What these were, is told better than can be done in the words of another, by his Address INTRODUCTORY MEMOIR. XV delivered at the opening of the Ashmun Institute, and his controversy with Dr. Armstrong. Upon his return to the North in 1830, although apply- ing himself with renewed diligence to the study of the law, my father's mind seems for some time to have been in a state of disquietude and uncertainty with regard to religion. Under date of June 22d he writes : " Took a ride to Troy — I had the pleasure of Miss 's com- pany : she told me she hoped I would be a minister. This was the first time this subject was distinctly proposed to me : though I don't feel disposed to mingle with the world, I cannot think I am fit to be a minister." July 6th, in a long interview with his father, to whom it was his filial custom to go for advice upon every important matter, he mentioned for the first time his preference for the Presbyterian form of government and worship, and adds: "He did not seem to like it, so I abandoned the idea, and intend joining the Dutch Reformed Church.'" Whilst in the midst of these doubts the time came when he had determined to apply for admission to the bar ; and he accordingly set out for Utica, the place ap- pointed for the examination of candidates, in company with his friend, Henry Hogeboom, with whom, and about forty others, he was admitted to practice on the 16th of July, 1830. In September of this year he conversed upon the sub- ject which then filled his mind, with the Rev. Nathaniel W. Taylor, D.D., at New Haven, who urged him forward in his disposition ; and it cannot be doubted that the counsel and persuasion of this eminent theologian went far to incline him churchward. He seems to have been almost settled in his determina- tion to become a minister upon the 10th of September, under which date he wrote a letter to his mother, from xvi INTRODUCTORY MEMOIR. Boston, in which, after mentioning the serious nature of his reflections, he says : " This is not a sudden thought, nor the result of a ca- pricious and unreflecting moment. I have deliberated much, and weighed the consequences. I can't reconcile my present course and profession with my views of duty. It is in vain that I imagine to myself that I am better qualified for public life and the contests of the political world. I feel their vanity and unsatisfying pleasures; and my mind is only at ease when I contemplate my future course as a course of usefulness in the immediate service of God. " Who would have thought that I, the most unworthy of all your offspring, would ever have entertained serious thoughts of dedicating himself to his Maker ? But my past life, foolish as it has been, ought not surely — nor will it _ deter me from aiming at higher things. It is by the grace of God alone, that I am what I now am ; and it is upon the same grace that I rely to bless and prosper my good intentions. The reasons which have influenced "my mind in inducing me to abandon my present profession are these : " 1. I consider that every man is under obligations to his Maker, to pursue that course in life in which he thinks he can be most useful. " 2. A man of property, who has not the troubles and anxieties of business to divert his mind, is under peculiar obligations to make himself useful. "3. I consider and firmly believe, that those men are the happiest who devote themselves most to God. "4. My experience leads me to believe, that it is almost impossible for me to retain proper religious feelings, if I am occupied with the ordinary vanities and pursuits of the world." On Sunday, October 3d, he saw and heard, for the first INTRODUCTORY MEMOIR. XV11 time, Professor Charles Hodge, of Princeton : and on the 17th of the same month he first partook of the com- munion.1 Shortly after, he says : " I saw Boardman, and had a long talk with him on religious topics. This was my object in coming to New Haven. My mind is pretty strongly made up to devote myself by the grace of God to the ministry. I have no enjoyment in this world, and therefore wish to draw myself from it." November 9th, he talked finally with his father upon this subject, when (he writes) " we agreed that it was best for me to go to Princeton ;" and, starting immediately for Princeton, with the promptness which always went hand in hand with his decisions, he arrived there upon the evening of the same day. Having received his collegiate education at Yale Col- lege, and having been a frequent hearer and a warm ad- mirer of Dr. Taylor, it is not strange that his religious creed should have been coloured with some of the hues of the "New Haven Theology:" it would have been stranger still, to those who knew him, if he had hesitated to avow and defend his opinions at all proper times. His friend Dr. Boardman, in speaking of this portion of his life, says : " Many a time did we contest this ground in our daily walks at Princeton, and while nothing could exceed the candour and good temper with which he defended his opinions, he clung to them with that tenacity, which then and always, constituted a marked feature of his char- acter." When afterwards he was convinced of its inef- ficiency and error, he threw it aside with a single effort, and in the later years of his life spoke of it to a friend, as a system " all head and no heart." At the Theological Seminary at Princeton were passed 1 These two facts are so mentioned in his diary, as to make the con- nection a more intimate one than that arising merely from the order of time. 2* B XV111 INTRODUCTORY MEMOIR. some of the pleasantest days of his life, and he only left this seat df learning that he might complete his theolo- gical education in the midst of the people among whom he had already determined first to labour. It was his privilege to form a personal acquaintance with the emi- nent theologians who then occupied the chairs of the different professorships — Alexander, Miller, and Hodge ; which, with the two former, partook of the nature of a guardianship, authorized by the wisdom of experience ; and with the latter, ripened into as strong and reverent a friendship as my father's strong nature was capable of. In the fall of 1832 he left Princeton and went to the Union Seminary, Prince Edward Co., Va. ; and while here, the deep interest which he then and always felt for the African race, prompted him to read before the " Society of Inquiry," a paper upon " The personal duty of preach- ing the gospel to the slaves in our country ; " early taking his stand upon his duty with the candour and the manli- ness which were characteristic of his public avowals of opinion. After a journey through Georgia and the Car- olinas, undertaken with his honoured friend and asso- ciate, Rev. William Chester, I). D., he was licensed by the Presbytery of "West Hanover, in October, 1833, and commenced preaching to the slaves in Virginia, upon plantations in Halifax, Fluvanna, and adjoining coun- ties, chiefly upon those of Gen. John H. Cocke, Mrs. S. C. Carrington, and Gen. Carrington. Having been all his life known as the warm friend of the African race, never having hesitated to declare openly his opinions upon the duty of enlightening the slaves : having been appointed in July, 1833, by the American Colonization Society, their permanent agent for the central district, "to promote the great object" of their organization, it seemed to him fit that he should devote the first years of his ministry to the field where his heart and his duty INTRODUCTORY MEMOIR. XIX called him. The masters in those days, afforded to the young minister every facility in their power, towards the amelioration of the condition of their slaves ; with one hand they welcomed him to their hearths and homes as an honoured guest, — with the other, helped him freely and manfully onward in his mission of education. The slaves all loved him ; he went around among their cabins, instructing the willing, comforting the sick, administering the consolations of religion to the needful. He prayed with them, preached to them, worked for them. Nor were his endeavours for their good confined within mere professional bounds ; they took a wider scope, and among his papers there is a set of " Regulations for a Christian plantation," which were laid before their owners, and in many instances adopted. When he left the plantation of Mrs. Carrington, in Halifax Co., he called upon the overseer, and in her absence requested that the servants should be assembled : this was done, and after preaching his farewell sermon to them, he parted with them, in the language of one of their own number, "all weeping." It will not be out of place to quote here from a letter of Gen. John H. Cocke, one of my father's staunchest friends in Virginia, and who assisted him upon his own plantation with all the kindliness and courtesy of a Chris- tian gentleman. "Bremo, Fluvanna Co., Va., Nov. 2d, 1860. " The strong and abiding sympathy which sprang up between us, grew out of the deep interest he felt in the welfare and religious instruction of the African race in slavery amongst us at the South ; and I believe his having devoted the first years of his ministry in that field of labour in Virginia, did more to awaken in our masters a sense of duty to provide religious instruction to their slaves, than the efforts of any other individual. He more XX INTRODUCTORY MEMOIR. than a quarter of a century ago, during his year's residence with us, dedicated, as far as my knowledge goes, the first plantation Chapel for the religious instruction of negroes. The spot upon which it stands was one of his own selec- tion. After walking over the adjacent grounds, and seeing its convenient vicinity to the three plantations around it, swarming with souls almost as ignorant as the heathen, he knelt down upon the naked earth in the bosom of a tangled thicket, and in the presence of the Rev. Saml. B. S. Bissell, now one of the Secretaries of the Amer. Seamen's Friend Society in the city of New York, and another witness only, dedicated the spot by a faithful, fervent prayer, to the purpose of his mission to the South. The chapel was soon erected upon the designated ground, and stands a cherished monument to the glory of God, and the good of man. " Since that time many more plantation chapels have been built by large slave-holders in Virginia, where reg- ular religious instruction at the expense of their masters, is given to the slaves." But his labours among the coloured population of Vir- ginia were permitted to last but little over a year. So early as February, 1833, when in Savannah, the most unwarrantable suspicions were uttered with regard to his mission at the South. These, though publicly met and fully refuted, foreshadowed difficulties, which he felt would sooner or later, cross the path of his duty. In one of his letters to a valued friend, Rev. S. S. Davis, of Au- gusta, Ga., under date of Nov. 29, 1834, he says : " Dear Brother Davis : " I write with much love in my heart flowing out towards you, and with a great desire to see you once more face to face. The summer of 1833 was to me a glad season, INTRODUCTORY MEMOIR. XXI not only in lending my feeble aid to a good work, but also in forming an intimacy with a Christian brother, whose friendship I confide in, and most highly prize. I feel as if the time were coming, when every brother will have need of comfort, and help, and encouragement from his brother's heart. If this Southern Zion is not to be shaken like the forest, the issue is not in correspondence with the signs. I think I can discern a cloud already larger than a man's hand, which is to swell, and blacken, and thunder over the bulwarks of Presbyterianism. It will have small beginnings, but results terrible for a season to the southern churches. Are there not diverse symptoms in South Carolina of increasing disaffection to Presbyterian Christianity, and especially towards its min- isters who have enjoyed a northern origin ? The Vir- ginians are, I think, becoming more and more hostile to northern men, owing to an anticipated apprehension of their anti-slavery feelings. The States north of the Po- tomac, and the Western States will, in spite of every human effort, agitate the slavery question. You might as well quench the spirit of liberty which once burned in the hearts of the men of '76, as suppress the existing tendencies to revolutionary movements. I deeply and heartily grieve that the agitation of the question has as- sumed its present form. States, and I among that number. I have returned to my old field of labour among the children of Ham in this county, after a summer spent in a heartless manner at the North. During my absence, there has been some little excitement against me, which will continue among a certain set, who are always prepared to act against the Gospel. The planters, however, with whom I have to do, are still the firm friends of evangelical instruction among the negroes. I shall therefore proceed in my work, looking unto the hills from whence cometh strength. Pray for me when you remember this class of God's des- titute creatures, and when you think of ministers who come short of qualifications for their work. There are many difficulties, connected with this subject, which I have never felt before, and which are going to try me this winter severely. My relish for the work is, I thank my God, stronger than it has ever been; and I have given- myself up to it as long as God shall be pleased to consider me useful in it." When he found, as he did shortly after his ordination, in 1835, that his presence in Virginia subjected him to the most unpleasant suspicions, he felt it his duty to remain no longer where the purest and most disinterested motives were misconstrued by the violence of heated passion; and, accordingly, in October, 1835, wrote the following letter to the Presbytery of West Hanover : " To my Brethren and Fathers of West Hanover Presbytery. " After many anxious and painful feelings, I find it to be my duty to ask a dismission from the beloved Pres- bytery which first admitted me to the ambassadorship of Christ, and within whose bounds I have laboured in so much harmony and Christian fellowship. INTRODUCTORY MEMOIR. XX1U " The reasons for my departure you have a right to demand, aud I will therefore briefly state them hi all frankness, and yet with much sorrow. " I consider my usefulness in my particular vocation, at the South, to be almost entirely at an end. The Lord sent me amongst you, a stranger, to labour among the bondmen of the land of Virginia. I commenced the work in fear and trembling ; and yet not without hope that the prejudices which exist between your land and ours, would, after a time, at least, cease to interrupt the plans and operations of Christianity. That hope was beginning to be realized ; the times have changed, and my hope is gone ! A great excitement has sprung up ; prejudices, before violent, have received fresh and mighty impulses ; obstacles, scarcely visible a short time since, have now become mountains by the volcanic agitations of a rash and fiery fanaticism. Brethren, joyfully would I have laboured amongst you, and gladly would I return, if my presence, would be for good ! But the peculiar feelings of Southern men are not unknown to me at this fearful crisis ; and I wish to act in a way that will not at all impede the prosecution by others of the efforts in which I have been engaged. I know the irritability of the public mind, and the extreme jealousy of the inter- ference of foreigners, no matter with how good inten- tions they may come. Especially at this time would a Northern man, prominently interested in the slaves, be the means of arousing jealousy and bad feeling wherever he might go. He would be a rallying point for prejudice and evil surmises; and would keep up an excitement not only inimical to his own peace, but destructive of his usefulness. He would be the means of transferring the odium against himself to all others. The idea of per- sonal violence, I confess, has hardly entered into my calculations. I am so entirely conscious of the integrity XXIV INTRODUCTORY MEMOLR. of my motives, and the inoft'ensiveness of my work, that I cannot realize any difficulty on this point, however real may be the causes for apprehension. It is not this that deters me from revisiting your community. It is because my plans have been cut short; my influence im- paired; my facilities of operation ruined; my timid friends turned against me; my strong ones become doubtful ; and my whole prospects far more gloomy than when I first began. Give me aid and give me hope, and I can have the heart to work. But I cannot lean on the reed of my own littleness and live in despair. "I decline continuing operations which, as far as my instrumentality is concerned, I now utterly despair of bringing to any successful issue. I despair, my brethren, as a Northerner and a stranger. I despair as one inte- rested in a class of persons, with whom to sympathize is becoming more and more odious. I despair as a man looking at the political aspect of the times. I despair, as an ambassador of Christ, reviewing the course of God's Providence, and doubting the probability of the Divine interposition to preserve my plans, if recommenced, from interruption. If I was a Southern man, and enjoyed the advantages of a local origin, I should long hesitate before I abandoned the country. Or, if the excitement had been caused by myself, it would be my duty to return in vindication of my character and injustice to my cause. But, under present circumstances, I believe it to be alto- gether most prudent for me to withdraw from my connec- tion with the slaves, since my position has become too prominent for a Northerner to retain without increasing the prejudices against efforts of this kind. "Brethren, if there is work to be done amoDgst the benighted children of Ham, you are the men to do it, who were born and brought up on the soil; who are identified with the feelings and interests of the com- INTRODUCTORY MEMOIR. XXV munity; who are the pastors of the churches, and the spiritual guides of the people. My own interest in the slaves is not only unchanged, but increased. It is in- creased by the fact that the difficulties to their salvation have been multiplied, and the improvement of their con- dition become more obnoxious, and, moreover, by the circumstance that I shall labour amongst them no more. Wherever I shall go, I shall still be their friend ; to re- member them at the mercy-seat ; to labour for them in active life ; to aid them in every way in which God may give me the grace and the power. But as a spiritual teacher, my efforts in their behalf are at an end. I con- sider myself recalled from the South by the same Provi- dence which sent me there. I bid adieu to it in sorrow, but with a conscience void of offence towards God and man. " I am sustained iu my course by the unanimous counsel of all my Christian friends and acquaintances at the North* and also by the advice of most of my Southern friends. I feel fully persuaded in my own mind, there- fore, that it is best for me, all things considered, to leave the South. And I accordingly request a dismission from your Presbytery, whose members I love, and shall ever love for their Christian spirit, and their much kindness towards me, and request a recommendation to the Pres- bytery of Albany. " Yours in the brotherhood of the Gospel, " CORTLANDT YAN ReNSSALAER." Turning his face northward in the fall of 1835, he oc- cupied his time in temporarily supplying vacant pulpits in various parts of the country, until, in the early part of 1836, he assisted in forming the First Presbyterian Church in Burlington, New Jersey. In September, 1836, my father was married to the youngest daughter of Dr. Cogswell, of Hartford, Connec- 3 XXVI INTRODUCTORY MEMOIR. ticut; and, after declining calls to Natchez, Mississippi, and Bolton, Massachusetts, he removed, with his wife, to Burlington, and was installed pastor over the church in that city in June, 1837. This was his first regular pastoral charge, and his last. Here he worked faithfully, devotedly, unweariedly. To its people he was the most assiduous of shepherds, and of its principles of govern- ment and doctrine a bold and manly defender. The Rev. John Chester, the present pastor of the church, speaking of the four years of his ministry here, says : " During this time the church was fully organized, by having its officers appointed, and a flourishing Sabbath- school established. During the first year of his pastorate, the church edifice was completed, and dedicated to the service of God, on November 23d, 1837. It is an interesting fact that the sermon was preached by the Eev. Archibald Alexander, D.D. During the third year of his pastorate, the church was greatly blessed by an outpouring of the Spirit, God thus setting his seal of approbation to the undertaking by fulfilling his promise: 'In all places where I record my name I will come unto thee, and I will bless thee.' During these four years, four mission- aries had gone out from this church to foreign lands, one to India (Rev. Levi Janvier), two to Africa (Rev. Mr. Canfield and wife), one to the Sandwich Islands (Rev. S. C. Damon)." Though at his own request, and from convictions of duty, the pastoral relation with this congregation was dissolved in May, 1840, the interests of the church which he founded and built up were always near his heart. When its pulpit was empty he filled it; when its people needed advice he gave his counsel and time freely; and, on the morning of the day he died, remembered them to the last, in requesting a change in an arrangement which he feared might prove inconvenient to them. INTRODUCTORY MEMOIR. XXV11 It is not permitted, in this connection, to omit men- tioning the names of three, now passed away, whose presence and friendship contributed much to lighten the lot of a pastor to a struggling and feeble church : — Thomas Aikman, one of his first elders, who brought over with him from his native Scotland the national loyalty for Presbyterianism, the right hand of his pastor in every good word and work ; Mrs. Rebecca Chester, a mother in Israel, whose heart was large enough for the whole parish, whose hand was as open and whose sympathy was as free as her wishes were liberal ; Charles Chauncey, whose name I trace with feelings of reverence and affec- tion— the great Christian lawyer, upon whose ripe wis- dom and experience my father leaned as upon a staff. Often when the labours of the day were over, the brief of the lawyer and the next Sabbath sermon of the minis- ter would be forgotten in the freedom of familiar conver- sation. Of Mr. Chauncey's letters, filled with the fra- grance* of a cultivated mind, I quote, with permission, the following, illustrative both of the personal friendship of this eminent man, and of the feeling with which, as a parishioner, he parted with him. " Philadelphia, May 11th, 1840. " My Dear Friend and Pastor : " Your letter was handed to me in the afternoon of Saturday too late for me to reply to it by any conveyance of that day. I have read it again and again, and have reflected upon it with intense feeling and solicitude, and I am by no means sure that I am duly prepared to write to you on this interesting subject. " I did not receive the intimation which you gave me the other day as seriously as it is now evident I should have done, perhaps because it came upon an unwilling ear. However, I only make this remark to account for XXVlii INTRODUCTORY MEMOIR. my not urging the conversation to a more definite under- standing. " My entire respect for you, my friend, forbids me from entering upon any discussion, or even in any measure expressing my feelings upon this most interesting and affecting and important step, when you have said that your mind has been made up, after mature deliberation, that you are fully persuaded that the church will get along much better if some one else will now take your place, and that you deem it wisest to keep to yourself your reasons for taking your departure. " It is my duty to you, however, to say, that I have absolute confidence in the integrity of your heart, and that you have decided upon the most deliberate and con- scientious consideration of your duty to God and the church. I cannot forbear to add, that, as one of your flock, I desire to offer you my humble but hearty thanks for the great and, I believe, profitable enjoyment and benefit which I have received from your faithful ministry. "I feel that we are in the hands of a God of infinite wisdom and boundless goodness, whose care is over even the sparrow, and who numbers the hairs of our heads. His smile has been upon our little church : and his bless- ing has accompanied your ministrations as his servant. We ought assuredly to trust, implicitly, that He will not forsuke us, and to beseech Him for that grace which can alone guide us in the path of duty. "Your kind notice of my family, in connection with you and yours, has afforded me and mine the most sin- cere gratification. I am truly thankful to God that I have been brought into that sweet and friendly communion of heart with you, which I hope and devoutly pray may endure forever. "I am, my dear friend, " Most affectionately yours, " Charles Chauncey." INTRODUCTORY MEMOIR. XXIX During his pastoral connection with the church at Burlington, he was elected to the Professorship of Sacred Literature in the University of New York; but this honour his convictions of duty led him to resign, though pressed to accept it by the urgent solicitations of friends. In answer to a request for any manuscript information upon this subject, made to the Rev. J. M. Mathews, D.D., who was, at this time, Chancellor of the University, and chiefly through whose influence the nomination was made, the venerable divine wrote the following letter, which may well be inserted here : "New York, October 24th, 1860. " My Dear Sir : " I do not find in my correspondence any letter of con- sequence from your respected father; but I have recollec- tions of him which could not well be refreshed by any such aids to my memory. |
github_open_source_100_1_104 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #Faça um programa que leia a largura e a altura de uma parede em metros, calcule a sua área e a quantidade de tinta
#necessária para pinta-la, sabendo que cada litro de tinta, pinta uma área de 2m².
larg = float(input('Digite a largura da parede: '))
alt = float(input('Digite a altura da parede: '))
a = larg * alt
print(f'A área da parede {larg:.2f}x{alt:.2f} é de:{a:.2f}m²')
tinta = a / 2
print(f'Você precisará de {tinta:.2f} l de tinta para pintar a parede.')
|
github_open_source_100_1_105 | Github OpenSource | Various open source |
package umlcreator.file;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.io.StringWriter;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.Map;
import javafx.scene.control.Label;
import javafx.scene.layout.StackPane;
import javafx.scene.layout.VBox;
import javafx.scene.paint.Color;
import javafx.scene.shape.Line;
import javafx.scene.shape.Rectangle;
import javax.json.Json;
import javax.json.JsonArray;
import javax.json.JsonArrayBuilder;
import javax.json.JsonNumber;
import javax.json.JsonObject;
import javax.json.JsonReader;
import javax.json.JsonValue;
import javax.json.JsonWriter;
import javax.json.JsonWriterFactory;
import javax.json.stream.JsonGenerator;
import saf.components.AppDataComponent;
import saf.components.AppFileComponent;
import umlcreator.data.DataManager;
import umlcreator.data.Draggable;
import umlcreator.data.DraggableClass;
import umlcreator.data.DraggableInterface;
import umlcreator.gui.Method;
import umlcreator.gui.Var;
/**
*
* @author Vincent Cramer
*/
public class FileManager implements AppFileComponent{
public static final String DUMMY_STRING="\"\"";
public static final int DUMMY_INT=1;
public static final double DUMMY_DOUBLE=1.0;
public static final char DUMMY_CHAR = '\'';
public static final boolean DUMMY_BOOLEAN=false;
public static final long DUMMY_LONG = 1;
public static final byte DUMMY_BYTE = 1;
public CharSequence stringSequence= "String";
public CharSequence intSequence = "int";
public CharSequence doubleSequence = "double";
public CharSequence booleanSequence = "boolean";
public CharSequence longSequence = "long";
public CharSequence charSequence = "char";
/**
* Saves the app's data to a JSON file in the designated file path
*
* @param data
* The app's information
*
* @param filePath
* Location of the JSON file
*
* @throws IOException
* Thrown when program doesn't have permission to write in the designated
* file path
*/
@Override
public void saveData(AppDataComponent data, String filePath)
throws IOException {
DataManager dataManager = (DataManager)data;
ArrayList<StackPane> panes = dataManager.getPanes();
//we'll save this as 2 sub arrays: classes and interfaces
JsonArrayBuilder classArrayBuilder = Json.createArrayBuilder();
JsonArrayBuilder interfaceArrayBuilder = Json.createArrayBuilder();
for(StackPane sp:panes){
Draggable drag = (Draggable)sp.getChildren().get(0);
double x = sp.getLayoutX();
double y = sp.getLayoutY();
if(drag instanceof DraggableClass){
DraggableClass dc = (DraggableClass)drag;
JsonObject tempJso = makeDraggableClassJsonObject(dc,x,y);
classArrayBuilder.add(tempJso);
}
else{
DraggableInterface di = (DraggableInterface)drag;
JsonObject tempJso = makeDraggableInterfaceJsonObject(di,x,y);
interfaceArrayBuilder.add(tempJso);
}
}
JsonArray classArray = classArrayBuilder.build();
JsonArray interfaceArray = interfaceArrayBuilder.build();
JsonObject classJso = Json.createObjectBuilder().add("classes",
classArray).build();
JsonObject interfaceJso = Json.createObjectBuilder().add("interfaces",
interfaceArray).build();
JsonArrayBuilder arrayBuilder = Json.createArrayBuilder()
.add(classJso)
.add(interfaceJso);
JsonArray jsArray = arrayBuilder.build();
//hold both of the sub arrays (class, then interface)
JsonObject dataManagerJSO = Json.createObjectBuilder()
.add("panes",jsArray)
.build();
//use pretty printing to set up writer
Map<String, Object> properties = new HashMap<>(1);
properties.put(JsonGenerator.PRETTY_PRINTING, true);
JsonWriterFactory writerFactory = Json.createWriterFactory(properties);
StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
JsonWriter jsonWriter = writerFactory.createWriter(sw);
jsonWriter.writeObject(dataManagerJSO);
jsonWriter.close();
//actually write to file
OutputStream os = new FileOutputStream(filePath);
JsonWriter jsonFileWriter = Json.createWriter(os);
jsonFileWriter.writeObject(dataManagerJSO);
String prettyPrinted = sw.toString();
PrintWriter pw = new PrintWriter(filePath);
pw.write(prettyPrinted);
pw.close();
}
/**
* Provides a JsonObject representation of the provided DraggableClass
*
* @param dc
* The DraggableClass itself
*
* @param x
* The x position of the class in the workspace
*
* @param y
* The y position of the class in the workspace
*
* @return
* A JsonObject representation of the class made by the user
*/
private JsonObject makeDraggableClassJsonObject(DraggableClass dc, double x,
double y){
Label nameLabel = (Label)dc.getNameBox().getChildren().get(0);
String className = nameLabel.getText();
boolean isAbstract = dc.getIsAbstract();
//get the string representation of the methods and variables
ArrayList<String> methodStrings = new ArrayList();
ArrayList<Method> methodList = dc.getMethodList();
ArrayList<String> varStrings = new ArrayList();
ArrayList<Var> varList = dc.getVariableList();
for(Method m:methodList){
methodStrings.add(m.toString());
}
for(Var v:varList){
varStrings.add(v.toString());
}
boolean hasAPI = dc.hasAPIPane();
boolean hasParent = dc.hasParent();
boolean hasInterface = dc.hasInterface();
StackPane apiPane;
ArrayList<String> apiList = new ArrayList();
StackPane parentPane;
String parentName = "";
ArrayList<String> childList = new ArrayList();
ArrayList<StackPane> interfacePanes;
ArrayList<String> interfaceList = new ArrayList();
if(hasAPI){
apiPane = dc.getAPIPane();
VBox v = (VBox)apiPane.getChildren().get(1);
for(Object o:v.getChildren()){
Label apiLabel = (Label)o;
apiList.add(apiLabel.getText());
}
}
if(hasParent){
parentPane = dc.getParentPane();
DraggableClass parentDC = (DraggableClass)
parentPane.getChildren().get(0);
Label tempParentLabel = (Label)parentDC.getNameBox().getChildren()
.get(0);
parentName = tempParentLabel.getText();
}
if(hasInterface){
interfacePanes = dc.getImplementPanes();
for(StackPane intPane: interfacePanes){
DraggableInterface di = (DraggableInterface)
intPane.getChildren().get(0);
Label iLabel = di.getNameLabel();
String intName = iLabel.getText();
intName = intName.replaceAll("<<","");
intName = intName.replaceAll(">>","");
interfaceList.add(intName);
}
}
//need to save, for each class:
//x/y position
//name of class
//if it's abstract
//all methods
//all variables
//if it has api
//if so, what apis
//if it's a parent - not really necessary
//if so, a reference to child - not really necessary
//if it has a parent
//if so, a reference to parent
//if it has interfaces
//if so, what interfaces
//method, var, etc. should be json arrays, and added to this builder
JsonArrayBuilder methodArrayBuilder = Json.createArrayBuilder();
for(String s:methodStrings){
JsonObject jso = Json.createObjectBuilder().add("method",s).build();
methodArrayBuilder.add(jso);
}
JsonArray methodArray = methodArrayBuilder.build();
JsonArrayBuilder varArrayBuilder = Json.createArrayBuilder();
for(String s:varStrings){
JsonObject jso = Json.createObjectBuilder().add("var",s).build();
varArrayBuilder.add(jso);
}
JsonArray varArray = varArrayBuilder.build();
JsonArrayBuilder apiArrayBuilder = Json.createArrayBuilder();
for(String s:apiList){
JsonObject jso = Json.createObjectBuilder().add("api",s).build();
apiArrayBuilder.add(jso);
}
JsonArray apiArray = apiArrayBuilder.build();
JsonArrayBuilder intArrayBuilder = Json.createArrayBuilder();
for(String s:interfaceList){
JsonObject jso = Json.createObjectBuilder().add("interface",s).build();
intArrayBuilder.add(jso);
}
JsonArray intArray = intArrayBuilder.build();
//put all of the parts of the class into an object
JsonObject jso = Json.createObjectBuilder()
.add("x",x)
.add("y",y)
.add("name",className)
.add("isAbstract",isAbstract)
.add("methods",methodArray)
.add("variables",varArray)
.add("hasAPI",hasAPI)
.add("APIs",apiArray)
.add("hasParent",hasParent)
.add("Parent",parentName)
.add("hasInterface",hasInterface)
.add("Interfaces",intArray)
.build();
return jso;
}
/**
* Provides a JsonObject representation of the given DraggableInterface
*
* @param di
* The DraggableInterface itself
*
* @param x
* The x position of the interface in the workspace
*
* @param y
* The y position of the interface in the workspace
*
* @return
* A JsonObject representation of the interface made by the user
*/
private JsonObject makeDraggableInterfaceJsonObject(DraggableInterface di,
double x, double y){
Label nameLabel = (Label)di.getNameBox().getChildren().get(0);
String intName = nameLabel.getText();
intName = intName.replaceAll("<<","");
intName = intName.replaceAll(">>","");
boolean isAbstract = di.getIsAbstract();
//get the string representation of the methods and variables
ArrayList<String> methodStrings = new ArrayList();
ArrayList<Method> methodList = di.getMethodList();
ArrayList<String> varStrings = new ArrayList();
ArrayList<Var> varList = di.getVariableList();
for(Method m:methodList){
methodStrings.add(m.toString());
}
for(Var v:varList){
varStrings.add(v.toString());
}
boolean hasAPI = di.hasAPIPane();
boolean hasParent = di.hasParent();
StackPane apiPane;
ArrayList<String> apiList = new ArrayList();
ArrayList<StackPane> parentPanes = new ArrayList();
ArrayList<String> parentNames = new ArrayList();
ArrayList<String> childList = new ArrayList();
if(hasAPI){
apiPane = di.getAPIPane();
VBox v = (VBox)apiPane.getChildren().get(1);
for(Object o:v.getChildren()){
Label apiLabel = (Label)o;
apiList.add(apiLabel.getText());
}
}
if(hasParent){
parentPanes = di.getParentPanes();
for(StackPane s:parentPanes){
DraggableInterface parentDI = (DraggableInterface)
s.getChildren().get(0);
Label tempParentLabel = (Label)parentDI.getNameBox().getChildren()
.get(0);
String parentName = tempParentLabel.getText();
parentName = parentName.replaceAll("<<","");
parentName = parentName.replaceAll(">>","");
parentNames.add(parentName);
}
}
//need to save, for each Dinterface:
//x/y position
//name of interface
//if it's abstract
//all methods
//all variables
//if it has api
//if so, what apis
//if it's a parent(s)
//if so, a reference to parents
//if it has children - not really
//if so, a refernce to children - not really
//method, var, etc. should be json arrays, and added to this builder
JsonArrayBuilder methodArrayBuilder = Json.createArrayBuilder();
for(String s:methodStrings){
JsonObject jso = Json.createObjectBuilder().add("method",s).build();
methodArrayBuilder.add(jso);
}
JsonArray methodArray = methodArrayBuilder.build();
JsonArrayBuilder varArrayBuilder = Json.createArrayBuilder();
for(String s:varStrings){
JsonObject jso = Json.createObjectBuilder().add("var",s).build();
varArrayBuilder.add(jso);
}
JsonArray varArray = varArrayBuilder.build();
JsonArrayBuilder apiArrayBuilder = Json.createArrayBuilder();
for(String s:apiList){
JsonObject jso = Json.createObjectBuilder().add("api",s).build();
apiArrayBuilder.add(jso);
}
JsonArray apiArray = apiArrayBuilder.build();
JsonArrayBuilder parentArrayBuilder = Json.createArrayBuilder();
for(String s:parentNames){
JsonObject jso = Json.createObjectBuilder().add("Parent",s).build();
parentArrayBuilder.add(jso);
}
JsonArray parentArray = parentArrayBuilder.build();
//put all interface information into 1 object
JsonObject jso = Json.createObjectBuilder()
.add("x",x)
.add("y",y)
.add("name",intName)
.add("isAbstract",isAbstract)
.add("methods",methodArray)
.add("variables",varArray)
.add("hasAPI",hasAPI)
.add("APIs",apiArray)
.add("hasParent",hasParent)
.add("Parents",parentArray)
.build();
return jso;
}
/**
* Loads the classes, interfaces, and relationships indicated by the file on
* the given file path into the workspace so the user can see it.
*
* @param data
* The app itself
*
* @param filePath
* Location of JSON file we're loading
*
* @throws IOException
* In case we don't have permission to read the file at the location
*/
@Override
public void loadData(AppDataComponent data, String filePath)
throws IOException {
//remove everything else the user made in the current session from the
//workspace
DataManager dataManager = (DataManager)data;
dataManager.reset();
InputStream is = new FileInputStream(filePath);
JsonReader jsonReader = Json.createReader(is);
JsonObject json = jsonReader.readObject();
jsonReader.close();
is.close();
JsonArray jsonPaneArray = json.getJsonArray("panes");
//jsp -> arraybuilder
//jsp[0] -> object builder
//ob[0] -> collections unmodifiable map
//collections -> 2 values, json array builders
JsonObject classObj = jsonPaneArray.getJsonObject(0);
JsonObject intObj = jsonPaneArray.getJsonObject(1);
Collection classCollection = classObj.getJsonArray("classes");
Collection interfaceCollection = intObj.getJsonArray("interfaces");
Iterator classIterator = classCollection.iterator();
Iterator interfaceIterator = interfaceCollection.iterator();
ArrayList<StackPane> loadedPanes = new ArrayList();
ArrayList<StackPane> loadedClasses = new ArrayList();
ArrayList<StackPane> loadedInterfaces = new ArrayList();
//load in all of the classes
while(classIterator.hasNext()){
JsonObject jo = (JsonObject)classIterator.next();
StackPane sp = loadPane(jo, true);
loadedPanes.add(sp);
loadedClasses.add(sp);
}
//then load in the interfaces
while(interfaceIterator.hasNext()){
JsonObject jo = (JsonObject)interfaceIterator.next();
StackPane sp = loadPane(jo, false);
loadedPanes.add(sp);
loadedInterfaces.add(sp);
}
dataManager.addPanesToWorkspace(loadedPanes, loadedClasses,
loadedInterfaces);
}
/**
* Helper method which provides a StackPane from a given JsonObject
*
* @param jo
* The json representation of what will become a StackPane
*
* @param isClass
* Tells us if the pane will contain a class, or an interface
*
* @return
* A properly formatted StackPane
*/
private StackPane loadPane(JsonObject jo, boolean isClass){
StackPane sp = new StackPane();
sp.setMinWidth(100);
sp.setMinHeight(100);
double x = getDataAsDouble(jo,"x");
double y = getDataAsDouble(jo,"y");
if(isClass){
DraggableClass dc = loadDraggableClass(jo);
sp.getChildren().add(dc);
sp.getChildren().add(dc.getHolderBox());
}
else{
DraggableInterface di = loadDraggableInterface(jo);
sp.getChildren().add(di);
sp.getChildren().add(di.getHolderBox());
}
sp.setLayoutX(x);
sp.setLayoutY(y);
return sp;
}
private DraggableClass loadDraggableClass(JsonObject jo){
DraggableClass dc = new DraggableClass();
dc.setX(getDataAsDouble(jo,"x"));
dc.setY(getDataAsDouble(jo,"y"));
//load boolean properties first
boolean isAbstract = jo.getBoolean("isAbstract");
boolean hasParent = jo.getBoolean("hasParent");
boolean hasInterface = jo.getBoolean("hasInterface");
boolean hasAPI = jo.getBoolean("hasAPI");
dc.setIsAbstract(isAbstract);
dc.setLoadHasAPIPane(hasAPI);
dc.setLoadHasParent(hasParent);
dc.setLoadHasInterface(hasInterface);
//then load the name
String className = jo.getString("name");
Label nameLabel = new Label(className);
nameLabel.getStyleClass().add("uml_label");
dc.setNameLabel(nameLabel);
dc.getNameBox().getChildren().add(nameLabel);
dc.getNameBox().getStyleClass().add("rect_vbox");
dc.getNameBox().setMinHeight(dc.getHeight()/3.0);
//put the {abstract} label if necessary
if(isAbstract){
Label absLabel = new Label("{abstract}");
absLabel.getStyleClass().add("uml_label");
dc.getNameBox().getChildren().add(absLabel);
}
dc.getMethodBox().setMinHeight(dc.getHeight()/3.0);
dc.getMethodBox().getStyleClass().add("rect_vbox");
dc.getVarBox().getStyleClass().add("rect_vbox");
dc.getVarBox().setMinHeight(dc.getHeight()/3.0);
JsonArray varArray = jo.getJsonArray("variables");
JsonArray methodArray = jo.getJsonArray("methods");
JsonArray apiArray = jo.getJsonArray("APIs");
JsonArray interfaceArray = jo.getJsonArray("Interfaces");
String parentName = "";
if(hasParent){
parentName = jo.getString("Parent");
dc.setLoadParentName(parentName);
}
//load the names of the external libraries
ArrayList<String> apiStrings = new ArrayList();
if(apiArray.size()>0){
for(int i=0;i<apiArray.size();i++){
JsonObject temp = apiArray.getJsonObject(i);
String str = temp.getString("api");
apiStrings.add(str);
}
}
//load the name of interfaces
ArrayList<String> interfaceStrings = new ArrayList();
if(interfaceArray.size()>0){
for(int i=0;i<interfaceArray.size();i++){
JsonObject temp = interfaceArray.getJsonObject(i);
String str = temp.getString("interface");
interfaceStrings.add(str);
}
}
dc.setLoadInterfaceNames(interfaceStrings);
//load all of the variables in UML String form
ArrayList<String> varStrings = new ArrayList();
if(varArray.size()>0){
for(int i=0;i<varArray.size();i++){
JsonObject temp = varArray.getJsonObject(i);
String str = temp.getString("var");
varStrings.add(str);
}
}
//load all of the methods in UML String form
ArrayList<String> methodStrings = new ArrayList();
if(methodArray.size()>0){
for(int i=0;i<methodArray.size();i++){
JsonObject temp = methodArray.getJsonObject(i);
String str = temp.getString("method");
methodStrings.add(str);
}
}
ArrayList<Var> varList = new ArrayList();
ArrayList<Method> methodList = new ArrayList();
ArrayList<Label> varLabelList = new ArrayList();
ArrayList<Label> methodLabelList = new ArrayList();
if(hasAPI){
StackPane apiPane = new StackPane();
Line l = new Line(dc.getLayoutX()-50,dc.getLayoutY()+dc.getHeight()
/2.0,dc.getLayoutX(),dc.getLayoutY()+dc.getHeight()/2.0);
apiPane.getStyleClass().add("api_stack_pane");
Rectangle r = new Rectangle(50,30);
r.setFill(Color.WHITE);
VBox apiVBox = new VBox();
apiVBox.getStyleClass().add("rect_vbox");
for(String str:apiStrings){
Label apiLabel = new Label(str);
apiLabel.getStyleClass().add("uml_label");
apiVBox.getChildren().add(apiLabel);
}
apiPane.getChildren().addAll(r,apiVBox);
apiPane.setLayoutX(dc.getLayoutX()-75);
apiPane.setLayoutY(dc.getLayoutY()+dc.getHeight()/2.0
-l.getStrokeWidth());
dc.setAPILine(l);
dc.setAPIPane(apiPane);
}
for(String s:varStrings){
Var v = new Var(s);
varList.add(v);
Label l = new Label(v.toString());
l.getStyleClass().add("uml_label");
varLabelList.add(l);
}
for(String s:methodStrings){
Method m = new Method(s);
methodList.add(m);
Label l = new Label(m.toString());
l.getStyleClass().add("uml_label");
methodLabelList.add(l);
}
dc.setMethodList(methodList);
dc.setVariableList(varList);
dc.getMethodBox().getChildren().addAll(methodLabelList);
dc.setMethodLabelList(methodLabelList);
dc.getVarBox().getChildren().addAll(varLabelList);
dc.setVariableLabelList(varLabelList);
//place all of the parts into an HBox to display in top-down order
dc.getHolderBox().getChildren().addAll(dc.getNameBox(),
dc.getVarBox(),dc.getMethodBox());
return dc;
}
private DraggableInterface loadDraggableInterface(JsonObject jo){
DraggableInterface di = new DraggableInterface();
di.setX(getDataAsDouble(jo,"x"));
di.setY(getDataAsDouble(jo,"y"));
boolean isAbstract = jo.getBoolean("isAbstract");
boolean hasParent = jo.getBoolean("hasParent");
boolean hasAPI = jo.getBoolean("hasAPI");
di.setIsAbstract(isAbstract);
di.setLoadHasAPIPane(hasAPI);
di.setLoadHasParent(hasParent);
//then load the name
String intName = jo.getString("name");
di.setNameString(intName);
Label nameLabel = new Label("<<" + intName + ">>");
nameLabel.getStyleClass().add("uml_label");
di.setNameLabel(nameLabel);
di.getNameBox().getChildren().add(nameLabel);
di.getNameBox().getStyleClass().add("rect_vbox");
di.getNameBox().setMinHeight(di.getHeight()/3.0);
//put the {abstract} label if necessary
if(isAbstract){
Label absLabel = new Label("{abstract}");
absLabel.getStyleClass().add("uml_label");
di.getNameBox().getChildren().add(absLabel);
}
di.getMethodBox().setMinHeight(di.getHeight()/3.0);
di.getMethodBox().getStyleClass().add("rect_vbox");
di.getVarBox().getStyleClass().add("rect_vbox");
di.getVarBox().setMinHeight(di.getHeight()/3.0);
JsonArray varArray = jo.getJsonArray("variables");
JsonArray methodArray = jo.getJsonArray("methods");
JsonArray apiArray = jo.getJsonArray("APIs");
JsonArray parentArray = jo.getJsonArray("Parents");
//load the names of the external libraries
ArrayList<String> apiStrings = new ArrayList();
if(apiArray.size()>0){
for(int i=0;i<apiArray.size();i++){
JsonObject temp = apiArray.getJsonObject(i);
String str = temp.getString("api");
apiStrings.add(str);
}
}
ArrayList<String> parentNames = new ArrayList();
for(int i=0;i<parentArray.size();i++){
JsonObject temp = parentArray.getJsonObject(i);
String str = temp.getString("Parent");
parentNames.add(str);
}
di.setLoadParentNames(parentNames);
ArrayList<String> varStrings = new ArrayList();
for(int i=0;i<varArray.size();i++){
JsonObject temp = varArray.getJsonObject(i);
String str = temp.getString("var");
varStrings.add(str);
}
ArrayList<String> methodStrings = new ArrayList();
for(int i=0;i<methodArray.size();i++){
JsonObject temp = methodArray.getJsonObject(i);
String str = temp.getString("method");
methodStrings.add(str);
}
ArrayList<Var> varList = new ArrayList();
ArrayList<Method> methodList = new ArrayList();
ArrayList<Label> varLabelList = new ArrayList();
ArrayList<Label> methodLabelList = new ArrayList();
if(methodArray.size()>0){
for(int i=0;i<methodArray.size();i++){
JsonObject temp = methodArray.getJsonObject(i);
String str = temp.getString("method");
methodStrings.add(str);
}
}
if(hasAPI){
StackPane apiPane = new StackPane();
Line l = new Line(di.getLayoutX()-50,di.getLayoutY()+di.getHeight()
/2.0,di.getLayoutX(),di.getLayoutY()+di.getHeight()/2.0);
apiPane.getStyleClass().add("api_stack_pane");
Rectangle r = new Rectangle(50,30);
r.setFill(Color.WHITE);
VBox apiVBox = new VBox();
apiVBox.getStyleClass().add("rect_vbox");
for(String str:apiStrings){
Label apiLabel = new Label(str);
apiLabel.getStyleClass().add("uml_label");
apiVBox.getChildren().add(apiLabel);
}
apiPane.getChildren().addAll(r,apiVBox);
apiPane.setLayoutX(di.getLayoutX()-75);
apiPane.setLayoutY(di.getLayoutY()+di.getHeight()/2.0
-l.getStrokeWidth());
di.setAPILine(l);
di.setAPIPane(apiPane);
}
for(String s:varStrings){
Var v = new Var(s);
varList.add(v);
Label l = new Label(v.toString());
l.getStyleClass().add("uml_label");
varLabelList.add(l);
}
for(String s:methodStrings){
Method m = new Method(s);
methodList.add(m);
Label l = new Label(m.toString());
l.getStyleClass().add("uml_label");
methodLabelList.add(l);
}
di.setMethodList(methodList);
di.setVariableList(varList);
di.getMethodBox().getChildren().addAll(methodLabelList);
di.setMethodLabelList(methodLabelList);
di.getVarBox().getChildren().addAll(varLabelList);
di.setVariableLabelList(varLabelList);
//place all of the parts into an HBox to display in top-down order
di.getHolderBox().getChildren().addAll(di.getNameBox(),
di.getVarBox(),di.getMethodBox());
return di;
}
/**
* Helper method for saving time and parsing a double from a stored number
* in the json object
*
* @param json
* The json object which contains the number we want as a double
*
* @param dataName
* The name of the field we want as a double
*
* @return
* A double value for the desired field
*/
private double getDataAsDouble(JsonObject json, String dataName){
JsonValue value = json.get(dataName);
JsonNumber number = (JsonNumber)value;
return number.bigDecimalValue().doubleValue();
}
/**
* Exports the user made classes and interfaces into functioning Java files
* in the designated file path.
*
* @param data
* The app information
*
* @param filePath
* Location of the files
*
* @throws IOException
* Thrown if the program doesn't have permission to write to the given file
* path
*/
@Override
public void exportData(AppDataComponent data, String filePath)
throws IOException {
DataManager dataManager = (DataManager)data;
ArrayList<StackPane> panes = dataManager.getPanes();
//project folder
File file = new File(filePath);
file.mkdir();
//source code folder
String srcLocation = file.getPath()+"\\src";
File src = new File(srcLocation);
src.mkdir();
PrintWriter pw;
DraggableClass dc;
DraggableInterface di;
Draggable drag;
String packageName, name, baseLocation;
boolean nestedPackage;
File f;
//iterate through each pane, and if there's a package, we need to create
//a folder for that class/interface
for(StackPane sp:panes){
drag = (Draggable)sp.getChildren().get(0);
dc = null;
di = null;
nestedPackage = false;
if(drag instanceof DraggableClass){
dc = (DraggableClass)drag;
packageName = dc.getPackageName();
name = ((Label)(dc.getNameBox().getChildren().get(0))).getText();
}
else{
di = (DraggableInterface)drag;
packageName = di.getPackageName();
name = ((Label)(di.getNameBox().getChildren().get(0))).getText();
name = name.replaceAll("<<","");
name = name.replaceAll(">>","");
}
if(packageName.contains(".")){
nestedPackage=true;
}
if(nestedPackage){
//[.] == string literal of period
String[] parts = packageName.split("[.]");
baseLocation = srcLocation+ "\\";
for(String s: parts){
File tempFile = new File(baseLocation+s);
if(!tempFile.exists()){
tempFile.mkdir();
}
baseLocation+=s + "\\";
}
}
else{
baseLocation = srcLocation;
}
if(!nestedPackage && !packageName.equals("")){
baseLocation = srcLocation + "\\" + packageName;
File tempFile = new File(baseLocation);
if(!tempFile.exists()){
tempFile.mkdir();
}
}
f = new File(baseLocation + "\\" + name+".java");
pw = new PrintWriter(f);
if(dc != null){
pw.write(dc.toExportString());
pw.close();
}
else{
pw.print(di.toExportString());
pw.close();
}
}
}
/**
* This method is here to satisfy the compiler, but isn't used by the actual
* application
* @param data
* @param filePath
* @throws IOException
*/
@Override
public void importData(AppDataComponent data, String filePath)
throws IOException {
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_1_106 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import java.util.Scanner;
public class HitTheTarget {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
int targetNumber = Integer.parseInt(input.nextLine());
int[] numbers = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20};
for (int i = 0; i < numbers.length; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < numbers.length; j++) {
if (numbers[i] + numbers[j] == targetNumber){
System.out.printf("%d + %d = %d\n", numbers[i], numbers[j], targetNumber);
}
else if(numbers[i] - numbers[j] == targetNumber){
System.out.printf("%d - %d = %d\n", numbers[i], numbers[j], targetNumber);
}
}
}
}
}
|
b22281411_12 | German-PD | Public Domain | Diefe Frage geht allerdings fehr tief. Betrachtet man Huhn und Ei als Begriffe, fo wird man » ab ovo « anfangen miiffen; behandelt man fie als reale Dinge, fo fcheint es, dafs eine mäfsige Portion gefunden Menfchenverftandes dem Huhn die Priorität zuerkennen mufs, da ein Ei, namentlich ein noch ungelegtes, ohne dafs ein Huhn vorhanden ist, einen ziemlich erfolglofen »Kampf ums Dafein« führen möchte, während ein Huhn ohne Ei hierin giinftiger geftellt ist. Hiermit würde der gefunde Menfchenverftand freilich in einige Differenz mit der Häckel’fchen Phylogenie gerathen. Doch ist es mit dem gefunden Menfchenverftand jetzt eine eigene Sache. Manchem erfcheint es ein menfchen- wiirdiges Gefühl, an Darwin, Vogt und Hä ekel ftatt an einen Schöpfer zu glauben. De gußibus non est disputandum. Ein completes neues Syftem der Hiftiologie aufzuftellen, ist die Prätention diefer Arbeit nicht gewefen. Mit folchen Syftemen ist es wiederum eine eigene Sache. Es find Dinge und nicht Syfteme erfchaffen, und wenn diefe Dinge auch einen fchöpferifchen Gedanken enthalten, deffen Darlegung ein Syftem und zwar das einzige w a h r e Syftem fein würde, fo geht die Erfüllung diefer Aufgabe über das hinaus, was menfchliche Forfchung leiften kann. Die Syfteme, die wir aufftellen können, find des- halb nothwendig unvollkommen, und je fchärfer und confequenter fie formulirt werden, defto beftimmter mufs bei erweiterter Kenntnifs früher oder fpäter an gegebenen Punkten ihre Unrichtigkeit hervortreten. eigentlichen Bindegewebes behält dabei ihre unveränderte Bedeutung, nur dafs ich felbftverftändlich die darin vorkonnnenden Zellen als ein Accefforium, wenigftens nicht als begrifflich dazu gehörig, anerkennen kann. Der Gegenfatz zwifchen Zellen- gewebe und Bindegewebe im allgemeineren Sinne wird dann ein viel klarerer. In der gebräuchlichen Eintheilung, eine ganze Gruppe als »Gewebe der Bindefubftanz « zu bezeichnen und diefe dann im Einzelnen, wie z. B. in Kölliker’s 5. Auflage, als Einfache Bindefubftanz, Knorpelgewebe, Elaftifches Gewebe, Bindegewebe, Knochengewebe, aufzuführen, liegt etwas entfehieden Unlogifches. Zwei »Gewebe der Bindefubftanz « durch die Bezeichnungen des einen als »einfache Bindefubftanz«, des andern als »eigentliches Bindegewebe« unterfcheiden zu wollen, ist lediglich conventionell; denn, wenn beide »Gewebe der Bindefubftanz« find, können fie fich wirklich nicht dadurch unterfcheiden, dafs das eine Bindefub- ftanz, das andere Bindegewebe ist. Eine derartige Terminologie kann eine dauernde Bedeutung nicht beanfpruchen, und glaube ich fie deshalb nicht refpectiren zu rnüffen. Uebrigens würde ich einen bezeichnenderen Ausdruck vorziehen, aber für einen folchen ist die Frage noch nicht reif. Fibrilläre Gewebe, im Gegenfatz zu Zellengeweben, würde vielleicht einigermafsen zutreffen. Da aber in einigen derfelben der fibrilläre Charakter noch nicht nachgewiefen werden konnte, mag ich, obwohl er auch dort vorhanden fein mag, diefem Nach- weis nicht vorgreifen. Diejenigen Bindegewebe, wie Schale und Panzer, die Zellen nicht enthalten, alfo auch membranae propriae u. dergl., würden als incelluläre Gewebe kurz und deutlich bezeichnet werden können. Selbstverftändlich ist dies kein gegen folche Verfuche fprechender Grund, da fie trotzdem nothwendige Stufen der wiffenfchaftlichen Erkenntnifs bilden, und es ist ein hohes Verdienft eines begabten Geiftes, ein Syftem aufgeftellt zu haben, das für eine gewiffe Periode die Summe des erfahrungsmäfsigen Wiffens einer Disciplin zufammenfafste und die Einreihung der neuen Forfchungsrefultate geflattete. Dafs ein folches Syftem feine befchränkte Zeitdauer hat, hebt diefes Verdienft nicht auf. Einen folchen Preis beanfpruche ich in keiner Weife, und es fcheint mir eine folche Aufgabe augenblicklich als eine befonders fchwierige. Das Zufammenbrechen eines fo bedeutenden Syftems als das der Zellentheorie ist für die Wiffenfchaft, welche es beherrfcht hat, immer ein kritifcher Zu- ftand, und wenn man die Sprünge und Lücken, welche in feinem Gefüge entftanden, mit Worten hat zukleiftern wollen, wie es mit dem »Protoplasma« gefchehen ist, ftatt durch fie hindurch neue Gefichts- punkte zu fuchen, dann fteigert fich die Schwierigkeit. Das möchte ich aber verfuchen, diejenigen Lücken anzudeuten, die m. A. n. auszufüllen find, um wieder zu einem ähnlichen Syftem gelangen zu können. Da die Zelle als »Elementarorganismus« nicht mehr haltbar ist, kann die allerdings fehr be- queme Gewohnheit nicht mehr genügen, fie als Grenze der Forfchung zu acceptiren, d. h. wenn man ein »rundes Ding mit einem zweiten runden Ding darin« gefunden hat, fich damit zu beruhigen, dafs man nun an den Grenzen der Organifation angekommen fei. Die neuere Schule weifs dann freilich, dafs diefes Ding kriecht, frifst, trinkt, fich reproducirt, ja nachdem auch denkt, und nimmt nun an, dafs fie das perfonificirte Leben vor fich hat und daffelbe durch in Elolz gefchnittene Abbildungen, die wenigftens unter fich eine grofse Portraitähnlichkeit haben, verdeutlichen kann. Statt deffen gilt es m. Erachtens, die Elemente diefer complizirten Organifationen und zunächst den Inhalt der Zelle näher zu ftudiren, was bei fo riefenhaften Zellen, als viele Eier find. Ausficht auf Erfolg hat. Die bisherigen Unterfuchungen drehten fich zu einfeitig um die Frage: ob die Dotter- Elemente »Zellen« feien oder nicht, und mit einem Argument für die eine oder andere Meinung be- ruhigte man fich im Wefentlichen, weil ja nach der geltenden Theorie davon ihr Charakter als Orga- nismen abhing, während doch gerade dann, wenn fie keine Zellen find, es um fo wichtiger ist, ihrem Verhalten und ihrer Befchaffenheit auf den Grund zu kommen. Dafs fo beftimmte Formen, als die der Dotterkörper, auf Organifation beruhen, ist a priori wenigftens zu vermuthen. Dann handelt es fich um die Zellenmembran. Dafs die Membran der Ei -Zelle in einem gewiffen Entwicklungszuftande ein organifirtes Gewebe darftellt, ist m. A. n. eine festgeft eilte That- fache. Die Verfolgung ihrer Entwicklung nach rückwärts mtifste ergeben, ob fie in den früheren Stadien, wo die Exiftenz der Membran bis jetzt beftritten ist, wenigftens rudimentär, etwa in zarten Fafernetzen doch fchon vorhanden ist, was ich, wie fchon in der Einleitung gefagt, annehmen möchte, oder aus welchen anderen Anfängen fie fich entwickelt. So lange nicht eins von beiden nachgewiefen ist, bleibt die Frage der Zellenmembran Sache der Meinung. Nur aus beftimmterer Definition des Inhalts und der Membran der Zelle und deren Vergleichung mit den Entwicklungsftufen der zellenartigen Hohlräume in Bindegeweben, welche mir fo vielfach — z. B. in der Eifchale von Raja und Buccinum , auch im Byffus von Mytilus — entgegentraten, wird ferner zu beftimmen fein, in wie weit diefe Pfeudozellen von wirklichen Zellen fcharf zu trennen find. Bis jetzt habe ich für letztere das Kriterium fefthalten zu mtiffen geglaubt, dafs fie als Theilprodukte fchon vorhandener Zellen entftehen. Es befteht aber noch immer, worauf ich bei Erwähnung der Robin’fchen Auffaffungen zurückkommen werde, der Zweifel, ob nicht auch wirkliche Zellen aus an- deren organifirten Geweben, alfo nicht blofs durch Reproduktion entftehen können. Endlich fehe ich auch bei der Entwicklung der Gewebe des äufseren und inneren Keimblatts, alfo der epidermoidalen und epithetialen, einen noch ungelösten Zweifel. In der Einleitung habe ich kurz berührt, dafs nach der Entwicklung des Knorpels des fproffenden Rehgehörns, die bisher als Kerne bezeichneten Theile der Bindefubftanzzellen, einfchliefslich der fogenannten Kerne des Muskel- und wahrfcheinlich auch des Nervengewebes die wirklichen Zellen find, d. h. wie von den Knorpelzellen fchon allgemein anerkannt und nachgewiefen ist, Segmenten der Dotterhöhle entfprechen.*) *) Vergl. meine Abhandlung in Reichert’ s Archiv. 1869. 120 Wie es in diefer Beziehung mit den Zellengeweben im engeren Sinne fleht — ob z. B. in der Epidermis nicht auch der fogenannte Kern dem eigentlichen Zellenraum entfpricht, und die bisher als die wirkliche Zelle betrachtete äufsere Schicht ein extracelluläres, wenn auch fast immer in Zellen- territorien getheiltes Gewebe darftellt — dafür dürfte, wenn man den Muth hat, die Frage zu ftellen, in den bisherigen embryologifchen Unterfuchungen eine beftimmte Antwort fehlen. Für die Gewebe des mittleren Keimblatts liegt in dem Nachweife der Perfiftenz von Dotterkörnchen in der embryo- nalen Knorpelzelle eine folche Antwort. Aehnliche Beobachtungen an epidermoidalen Zellen habe ich nicht finden können, und die bekanntlich fo fehr controverfe Genefis der letzteren, fo wie die Ent- ftehung der als Schleim- und Eiterkörperchen bezeichneten Gebilde als Theilprodukte, die nur dem fogenannten Kern der Epithelialzellen entfprechen, macht diefe Frage zu keiner unmotivirten*). Auch an die noch ziemlich unklaren Verhältniffe der Samenelemente dürfte hier zu erinnern fein. Ich kann diefe Frage nur als eine noch offene betrachten. Ohne alfo ein umfaffendes und erfchöpfendes Syftem darftellen zu können oder zu wollen, glaube ich noch auf folgende allgemeinere Beziehungen der Anfchauungen, die fich aus der Reihe diefer Arbeiten ergeben haben, hinweifen zu dürfen. In der wefentlichen Einheit und dem Zufammenhange diefer Bindegewebe, die mindeftens den aus dem mittleren Keimblatt refultirenden Theil des Organismus überall durchziehen, kommt der Be- griff des Individuums zu einem präzifen und deutlichen Ausdruck und wird in einer Weife verftändlich, welche aus der Zellentheorie nicht zu entnehmen war. Diefe hatte dazu geführt, die »Selbftftändig- keit« der Zelle in einer geradezu carrikirten Weife zu betonen. Richtig ist freilich, dafs bei gewiffen niederen Thieren die Frage: was dort eigentlich das Individuum fei, fchwer und für jetzt vielleicht gar nicht zu beantworten ist; daraus aber entnehmen zu wollen, dafs der Begriff der Individualität ein nicht mehr haltbarer fei, wäre unberechtigt, und der Nachweis thierifcher Gewebe, in welchen die Zufammengehörigkeit der einzelnen Theile des Organismus fich documentirt, dürfte einen wefent- lichen Fortfehritt gegen die Auffaffung bieten, welche das Individuum nur als Conglomerat von Zellen hinftellt Diefes führt auf einen Vergleich mit der pflanzlichen Organifation. Das Vorkommen einer Art von Intercellularfubffanz in den Pflanzen ist von Schacht zwar nachgewiefen ; dafs fle aber eine erhebliche Bedeutung für das Leben der Pflanze habe, ist meines Wiffens noch niemals behauptet worden. Jedenfalls ist fle mit den Bindegeweben der thierifchen Organismen nicht in eine Linie zu ftellen, und incelluläre**) Gewebe kommen bei keiner Pflanze vor. Parallel hiermit fchwächt fich auch der Begriff der Individualität bei der Pflanze bedeutend ab, wenn er überhaupt hier noch aufrecht erhalten werden kann. Aus diefer Betrachtung fpringt mit tiberrafchender Schärfe ein Unterfchied der thierifchen von der pflanzlichen Organifation entgegen, der allerdings zu frappant ist, als dafs er gänzlich hätte über- fehen werden können, der aber doch feiner Bedeutung nach viel zu wenig gewürdigt fein dürfte. Wir finden das mittlere Keimblatt fogar vielfach als animales richtig bezeichnet, da aus ihm Gewebe, welchen diejenigen Functionen, die den Thieren, nicht aber den Pflanzen eigenthtimlich find, entfpringen, und doch wird mit diefer Unterfcheidung kein rechter Ernst gemacht. Die Schuld liegt hierbei an den Feffeln, in welche die Zellentheorie und ihre einfeitige Fest- haltung auch die bedeutendften Geifter fchlug. Dujardin’s Entdeckung der Sarcodc mufste in die Zellentheorie eingezwängt und, um dies zu ermöglichen, zum »Protoplasma« verfälfeht werden. Von der ganz willkürlichen Vorausfetznng aus, dafs jeder Organismus nur »zellig« fein könne, gingen folche irrationale Fragen, als die: ob die Infuforien »einzellig« oder »mehrzellig« . feien, aus. Argumente gegen beides liegen auf der Hand, und ist demnach die folchermafsen falfch geflehte Frage eine un- *) Vergl. Fig. 91, 92 u. 147, fo wie den entfprechenden Text in Frey ’s Hiftiologie, 2. Auflage. **) Leider weifs ich einen beffern Terminus zur Bezeichnung gänzlich zellenlofer und auch genetifch nicht auf die Zellenform zurückführbarer Gewebe nicht vorzufchlagen. Er fchliefst die Verwechslung mit »intracellulär« erfahrungsmäfsig nicht vollftändig aus, aber »acellulär« würde Barbarismus fein, einigermafsen auch »uncellulär«. »Nicht cellular« ist freilich deutlich, aber nicht ein Wort. 121 lösbare geworden. Abgefehen davon, ob die Infuforien einzelne Zellen enthalten oder nicht, worüber ich mir keine Meinung anmafse, fcheint es mir für eine unbefangene Aufifaffung ganz klar, dafs fie eben kein zeitiger Organismus find, dafs fie aus Sarkode oder — wie ich es ausdriicken mufs — aus incellulären oder Bindegeweben beftehen. Gegen die Sarkode ist meines Wiffens, abgefehen davon, dafs man fie in die Zellentheorie nicht einreihen konnte, alfo nicht anerkennen durfte oder wollte, nur das geltend gemacht, dafs in einzelnen Fällen Sonderung vermeintlicher Sarkode in Zellen auf trat oder vermeintliche Zellen zu Sarkode verfchmolzen. Ich glaube gezeigt zu haben, dafs Septirung in Pfeudo-Zellen ein häufiger Vorgang in Bindegeweben ist, und abgefehen von der Conjugation, die ein befonderer charakteriftifcher Act ist und keineswegs etwas der Sarkode ähnliches producirt, würde das gänzliche Verfchwinden des cellulären Charakters eines cellulären Gewebes etwas fo abnormes fein, dafs man wohl Zweifel hegen darf, fo lange es fich nur um optifche Eindrücke handelt, die von Refraktionsphänomenen bedingt werden*). Uebrigens ist wohl nie an einem Infuforium eine Sonderung der Sarkode in Zellen beobachtet worden, und dafs Spongien nicht blofs aus Zellen beftehen, liegt auf der flachen Hand. Von allem Uebrigen abgefehen, ftellt fich das fogenannte hornige Fafergeriist **), das fich an dem gewöhnlichen Badefchwamm fo leicht unterfuchen läfst, als ein unzweifelhaft incellu- läres Gewebe heraus. Alfo auch bei den niedrigften Thierformen und gerade bei ihnen am entfchiedenften treten die incellulären oder Bindegewebe auf, die den Pflanzen gänzlich fehlen, und ftellt dies eine iiberrafchend fcharfe Grenzlinie zwifchen Thieren und Pflanzen, auf deren Abwefenheit die materialiftifche Hypothefe fo grofses Gewicht legen mufs, her. Wenn bei kleinften Organismen unfere Beobachtungsmethoden nicht ausreichen möchten, um ein Sarkode-Körperchen von einer einzelligen Pflanze zu unterfcheiden, fo ändert dies nichts an der Natur der Dinge, die ja von dem geringeren oder höheren Grade unferer Fähigkeiten oder unferer Unwiffenheit nicht alterirt wird. Uebrigens behauptet Robin***), durch chemifche Reaktion auf Am- moniak auch in folchen Fällen den Unterfchied conftatiren zu können, worüber ich mir ein Urtheil nicht erlaube. Wenn bei den Gefchlechtsprodukten eine gewiffe prinzipielle Uebereinftimmung — denn von Identität kann ja felbstverftändlich auch nicht einmal bei verfchiedenen Spezies deffelben Reiches die Rede fein — herrfchen follte ; wenn fogar das noch in der Furchung begriffene Ei oder der Larvenzuftand gewiffer Thiere in gewiffen Stadien rein celluläre Gewebe zeigt, und andrerfeits auch die Membran der Pflanzenzelle Anknüpfungspunkte an die Struktur -Elemente der Bindegewebe dar- bietet, fo kann eine folche Harmonie der pflanzlichen und thierifchen Schöpfung nicht tiberrafchen und ändert Nichts daran, dafs entwickelte Thiere und entwickelte Pflanzen wefentlich verfchieden find. Ich habe ohne Bedenken den Ausdruck »Sarkode« acceptirt und würde es für ganz angemeflen erachten, ihn beizubehalten oder wieder zur verdienten Geltung zu bringen als Bezeichnung für die- *) Diefes bedarf vielleicht der Erläuterung: zarte Septen machen fich dem Beobachter optifch nur dadurch bemerkbar, dafs der Brechungsindex ihrer Subftanz ein etwas verfchiedener von dem des Inhalts, gewöhnlich ein ftärkerer ist. Aendert fich der Brechungsindex des Inhalts, z. B. dadurch, dafs letzterer dichter wird, fo kann der Unterfchied fich foweit ausgleichen, dafs die Septen für den Beobachter verfchwinden; damit würde aber die wirkliche Struktur eines folchen Gewebes nicht ver- ändert fein. **) Diefes Fafergeriist als »hornig« zu bezeichnen, was wenigfiens in allgemeineren zoologifchen Werken gefchieht, hat man fich wohl erlauben zu dürfen geglaubt, weil allerdings kein Sachkundiger daran denken kann, hier ein wirkliches Horngewebe zu fuchen. Reifst aber eine folche Unfitte erst ein, fo ist die Grenze fchwer zu finden. In Hoffmann’s Jahresbericht für 1S74 finde ich pag. 418, dafs Schenk dem Rochen-Ei aufser einer fafrigen auch eine »hornige« oder vielmehr gar drei hornige Schichten giebt. Es wird fogar von »Keratin« gefprochen. Ich habe vom Ei von Kaja clavata zu erwähnen gehabt, wie leicht an den in Seewaffer macerirten Schalen deffelben, mit Ausnahme der pfeudo- cellulären Vacuolenfchicht, der durchweg fibrilläre Charakter nachzuweifen fleht. Dies mag an frifchen Schalen von K. quadrimaculata nicht der Fall fein, aber von Horn im hiftiologifchen Sinne darf felbstverftändlich nicht gefprochen werden. Dies nebenbei zu bemerken lag nahe. Das Fafergerüst des Badefchwamms ist eines derjenigen Gewebe, die nach ihrer Refiftenz gegen Alkalien einen Ueber- gang von Elaftin zu Chitin bilden. Bei energifcher Behandlung mit alkalifcher Lauge aufgequollen, contrahirt es fich wieder auf Zufatz von Effigfäure und ist, wenn die Lauge nicht zu zerftörend gewirkt hat, dann der fibrilläre Charakter des Gewebes, wenigfiens der Corticalfchicht der Fäden, an einzelnen Stellen ziemlich deutlich. ***) Anatomie & Phyfiologie cellulaires. Paris 1S73. pag. 280. JF. von Natliusius- Königsborn. 16 122 jenigen incellulären Gewebe, deren wirkliche Struktur noch nicht ergründet werden kann, für welche alfo ein allgemeiner unpräjudizirlicher Ausdruck erwünfcht ist. Es würde fogar geftattet fein, »Proto- plasma« als Bezeichnung für noch in der Bildung begriffene Gewebe beizubehalten, wie es ja z. B. bei den Bildungszuftänden der Muskelfafer für die jiingften Theile des Gewebes, die noch keine Form er- kennen laffen, auch von folchen gebraucht wird, die fich von den Verirrungen der Protoplasma-Hypo- thefen fern gehalten haben. Es würde aber dann die Anwendung auf extracelluläre unfertige Gewebe befchränkt werden müffen , und nicht nur der bisherige Mifsbrauch , fondern auch der Umftand , dafs Protoplasma in der Botanik eine beftimmte und unanfechtbare Bezeichnung gewiffer Theile des Zellen- inhalts ist, macht diefes unzuläffig. Solche allgemeinere Betrachtungen bieten unvermeidlicher Weife mannichfache Angriffspunkte dar, und bin ich mir deffen wohl bewufst, dafs es eine gewiffe Kühnheit war, fie zu wagen, darf alfo wohl daran erinnern, dafs der Nachweis lebender und wachfender, aber dabei incellu- lärer Organismen in den Panzern und Schalen, fo wie in dem Byffus von Mytilus , den ich ge- führt zu haben denke, von dem nicht alterirt wird, was an diefen allgemeineren Betrachtungen beftreit- bar fein könnte, und dafs mit diefem Nachweis die Annahme der Zelle als ausfchliefslichem Elementar- Organismus, mag man ihn als Cyta. Cytode , Plaßide oder Biont zu benamfen für gut finden, unver- einbar ist. In die Sarkode, deren Struktur zu erkennen wir noch nicht im Stande find, konnte man mit einem gewiffen Aufwande von Phantafie die Fiction eines Conglomerats von »Plaftiden» hereintragen, die nachweisbare, wohl definirte Struktur der Panzer und Schalen fchliefst eine folche phantaftifche Fiction abfolut aus. Bevor ich fchliefse, mufs ich noch zweier Werke gedenken, deren Erfcheinen in die Zeit fällt, wo ich mit diefen Arbeiten fchon befchäftigt war, und die erst zu meiner Kenntnifs gelangten, als die Refultate der Letzteren fchon niedergefchrieben waren, fo dafs ich diefe Werke bis hierher nur durch einige kurze Einfchiebungen berückfichtigen konnte. Sie greifen fo tief in mein Thema ein , dafs es an’gemeffen erfcheint, nun hier noch etwas näher auf fie einzugehen. Es find die in den Sitzungsberichten der Wiener Akademie der Wiffenfchaften von 1873 (Band LVII und LVIII) erfchienenen 5 Abhandlungen von Heitzmann: »Unterfuchungen über das Protoplasma« und das felbftftändige , ebenfalls 1873 erfchienene Werk von Robin: »Anatomie et phyfiologie cellulaires«. Heitzmann hat unter Anwendung der ftärkften Objectiv-Syfteme, wieder H ar t n a ck ’fchen No. 15 in Amöben, Blutkörperchen des Krebfes, farblofen Blutkörperchen des Triton und des Menfchen und in Coloftrumkörperchen eine Struktur gefehen , welche er derartig befchreibt , dafs die Körnchen, welche diefe Organismen enthalten, durch »Speichen« oder Fädchen mit den benachbarten Körnchen zufammenhängen, fo dafs fich ein Netz- oder Mafchenwerk bildet. Ein ähnliches Netz fieht er, meiftens die Vergoldung oder Verfilberung zu Hülfe nehmend, in der Grundfubftanz des hyalinen Knorpels und im Zufammenhang mit den Fäden deffelben fpeichenartige Fortfätze des »Protoplasma» des Knorpel- Körperchens. In dem letzteren felbst foll durch Vacuolenbildung ein ähnliches , wenn auch dichteres Netz vorhanden fein, und endlich der Kern aus noch dichterem ähnlichen Gewebe beftehen. Entfprechende Angaben werden für die meiften Bindegewebe und Bindefubftanzen gemacht und auch auf Epithelien ausgedehnt. Diefes Alles wird zu einem förmlichen Syftem verallgemeinert, in welchem die »Zelle« fo gut als bedeutungslos wird, wogegen »lebende Materie« im Kern und dem »Protoplasmakörper«, — d. h. der Zelle im älteren Sinne — der fich durch »Schalenbildung« — d. h. Membran — abgrenzen kann, dichter angehäuft, die Grundfubftanz mit einem Netz- oder Mafchenwerk durchzieht , in deffen Interfti- zien die charakteriftifchen, z. B. die leimgebenden Subftanzen, je nach Umftänden mit Kalkfalzen ver- bunden , abgelagert find. Im Befonderen wird diefes Syftem auf den ofteogenen Prozefs und die 123 pathologifchen Zuftände von Knochen und Knorpel angewendet, worauf ich hier nicht weiter eingehen möchte. Es ist ohnehin fchwierig genug, in fo kurzer Wiedergabe den Sinn des Autors zu treffen. Was die von Heitzmann mitgetheilten thatfächlichen Befunde betrifft, fo fcheinen fie mir wefentlich in Harmonie mit den hier ausgefprochenen Auffaffungen zu flehen. Das Fafernetz in den Amöben, Blutkörperchen und Leucocyten läfst ihr fogenanntes Protoplasma als eine Form des Binde- gewebes erfcheinen und macht ihre Contractilität , die nicht Eigenfchaft einer Subftanz , fondern nur einer Gewebesform fein kann, verftändlich*). Die Prüfung der von Heitzmann gegebenen Abbil- dungen der Struktur zahlreicher Bindefubftanzen — leider fehlen folche von Amöben, Blutkörperchen und Leucocyten — ergiebt bei den Goldpräparaten der fibrillären Bindegewebe (Fig. 5 und 7 zu Ab- handlung II) eine entfchiedene Querftreifung der Fibrillen und ihrer Bündel und zwar eine eben- falls auf Fafern zurückzuführende; befonders bei Fig. 7. Auch im Text wird der an Rifsftellen, welche der Längsfaferung folgen, hervorragenden P'afern als »Zäckchen« gedacht. Bei den Silberpräparaten zeigen diefelben Objecte allerdings ein unregelmäfsigeres Netz, wie die ofteogenen Gewebe überhaupt, in welchen das ganze Bild undeutlicher wird und nur elaftifche Platten quergeftreift, fowie Zellen- und Kernmembrane radiär geftreift find. Ohne diefe Beobachtungen bemängeln oder beftätigen zu können , würde ich eine folche Er- weiterung des Nachweifes fibrillärer Struktur in den Zwifchenfubftanzen und der Querftreifung in fibril- lären Bindegeweben, als fich vollftändig an meine Auffaffungen anfchliefsend, gern acceptiren, aber das Syftem, das Heitzmann auf feine Unterfuchungen begründen zu können glaubt, mufs gerechte Be- denken erwecken. Es bietet eifi Beifpiel davon, wie gefährlich es ist, von einer zwar nicht unbeträcht- lichen Zahl von Unterfuchungsobjecten aus, die aber doch gegen das ganze Gebiet der Hiftiologie verfchwindend klein ist, Alles bisher angenommene auf den Kopf flehen zu wollen. Eine folche totale Leugnung der Bedeutung der Zelle, eine folche Verwifchung des Unterfchiedes zwifchen extracellulärer und intracellulärer Organifation wäre nicht nur ein entfchiedener Rückfchritt, fondern ist auch unver- einbar mit den thatfächlichen Befunden an vielen anderen von Heitzmann nicht beriickfichtigten Unterfuchungsobjecten, namentlich an dem Ei, diefem Prototyp der Zelle. Ein Hühner-Ei zeigt uns diefes Prototyp in fo erheblichen Dimenfionen , dafs etwas dem H e i t z m ann ’ fchen Schema der Organifation Aehnliches darin leicht nachweisbar fein mtifste, wenn es wirklich vorhanden wäre ; es ist aber überall das Gegentheil diefes Schema nachweisbar. Wo follen im Dotter Netze lebender Materie vorhanden fein? Wo find »Speichen« in den Fafernetzen der Dotterhaut zu finden? Schon Heitz- manns eigene Abbildungen der wirklichen Objecte zeigen in dem Zelleninhalt nirgends das Netz, das er in dem Schema auf S. 156 der Ilten Abhandlung abbildet. Wie man ferner die Dotterfurchung, ja den ganzen Vorgang der Zellentheilung und der Gemination , der wenn er auch nicht die einzige Form der Zellenbildung fein follte, doch immer in gewiffen Fällen eine unleugbare Realität hat, mit dem gegebenen Schema in ungezwungene Verbindung bringen will, ist unerfindlich. Auch die Orga- nifation der Panzer und Schalen wüfste ich in diefem Schema nicht unterzubringen. *) Wie man einen folchen .Organismus als ein kernlofes Blutkörperchen , wenn man es als keinerlei cellulare Elemente enthaltend, fondern nur als aus einer bindegewebsartigen Faferflruktur beftehend betrachtet, bezeichnen will, ftelle ich anheim. Dafs folche Organismen, wenn auch nur teratologifcli in Dimenfionen und unter Umfländen Vorkommen, bei welchen über eine folche Struktur kein Zweifel ist, zeigen einzelne der von Haushühnern fo häufig gelegten fogenannten Spur-Eier. In Bd. XIX d. Z. f. wilfenfch. Zool. Fig. 24 habe ich ein folches Spur-Ei abgebildet, in welchem Dotter nicht nachweisbar war, und diefe Verhältnilfe pag. 339 erörtert. Diefes Ei, obgleich es einen Dotter nicht befafs, hatte eine normale Faferhaut und eine Kalkfchale, deren Struktur allerdings wie bei andern Spur-Eiern teratologifche Abweichungen von der normalen haben mochte, gebildet, und fein Inhalt war wirkliches Eiweifs von im Wefentliclien normaler Struktur. Hier haben wir alfo einen folchen ab- gefchloffenen Organismus, der Nichts von dem enthält, was das Ei als cellular charakterifirt , und doch als ein Ei, wenn auch als ein abnormes bezeichnet werden mufs. Uebrigens ist a. a. O. fchon angeführt, dafs die meiflen Spur- Eier Dotter enthalten, nur zuweilen in fo geringen kaum nachweisbaren Spuren in die Faferhäute des Eiweifses eingehüllt, dafs ich nicht behaupten kann und mag, dafs minima von Dotter-Elementen auch in dem Fig. 24 abgebildeten Spur-Ei gefehlt haben. Träte Aehnliches bei einem Organismus von der Kleinheit eines Blutkörperchens ein, fo wäre es abfolut unnachweisbar. Dafs bei Eiern ein fo wichtiger Beftandtheil als der Dotter fehlen kann, macht es vielleicht weniger befremdlich , dafs in Blutkörperchen der Mamma- lien der fogenannte Kern fehlt, während er bei Vögeln doch vorhanden ist. 16 124 Warum denn immer das Kind mit dem Bade ausfchütten und fich aus einem Extrem in das andere ftürzen ? Warum foll denn, weil allerdings in den Bindefubftanzen und den Geweben der nie- deren Thiere nicht alles Zelle ist, nun auf einmal gar Nichts mehr Zelle fein? Und wo bleibt denn fchliefslich die wefentliche Aehnlichkeit der pflanzlichen und der thierifchen Zelle, denn das Heitz- mann’fche Schema ist doch auf die Pflanzenzelle gänzlich unanwendbar. Gerade aus der Anerkennung einer extracellulären Organifation fcheint mir die biologifche und phyfiologifche Wichtigkeit der Zelle um fo fchärfer hervorzutreten. Solche Polaritäten , wie fie im Gegenfatz der extracellulären und der intracellulären Organifation liegen, find häufig die Bedingung lebhafterer Aktion und ich fehe eine grofse Bedeutung darin, dafs wie einerfeits dem niedrigeren pflanzlichen Organismus die extracellulären Gewebe fehlen, die incellulären Gewebe der Thiere theils nur äufseren Zwecken dienen und trägere Aktion befitzen , während die höheren Lebensfunktionen in Nerv und Muskel an das neben einander Vorkommen von beiderlei Organifation geknüpft erfcheinen. Ohne alfo den hohen Werth der H e i t z ma n n ’ fchen Unterfuchungen , was neue Thatfachen betrifft, verkennen zu wollen, und obgleich ich im fpeziellen in feiner Theorie der Ofteogenefe, na- mentlich in der Annahme eines, auch bei der Umfchmelzung der Grundfubftanz perfiftirenden Gewebes, eine fehr befriedigende Klärung diefes Vorganges fehen würde, mufs ich das allgemeine Schema der Organifation, welches er aufftellt, als ein nicht genügend begründetes betrachten; aber fchon in einem Verfuch etwas Durchdachteres an die Stelle des nichtsfagenden Protoplasma zu fetzen, liegt etwas Verdienstliches. Das Robin’fche Werk ist ein zu bedeutendes, um hier in feiner Totalität auch nur einiger- mafsen gewürdigt werden zu können. Seine Gegnerfchaft gegen die V ir chow ’fche Cellulärpathologie und gegen Zellentheorie überhaupt, infoweit als letztere die gefammte Organifation unter das Schema der Zelle bringen will, mtiffen in wiffenfchaftlichen Kreifen als bekannt vorausgefetzt werden, wenn fie es vielleicht auch in Deutfchland nicht in dem Mafse find, als die eingehende Gründlichkeit feiner Be- handlung diefer P'ragen, und die Originalität und Unbefangenheit feiner Auffaffungen verdienen. Dem Thema meiner Arbeiten widmet er ein tieferes Eingehen, als es fonst in hiftiologifchen Werken der Fall ist, und diefe Beziehungen darf ich nicht mit Stillfchweigen übergehen. Leicht ist es nicht, fie in der Kürze völlig klar zu ftellen, denn in dem, was einerfeits Robins grofses Verdienft ist, nämlich diefes durchaus befonnene Zurückweifen jedes Generalifirens und Syftematifirens, das über die Thatfachen hinausgeht, liegt andrerfeits die Gefahr, dafs feine Meinungen nicht mit voller Schärfe und Klarheit hervortreten. Ein klar und confequent durchgeführter Ausdruck einer Meinung implizirt fchon eine Theorie oder ein Syftem , und wo man ein folches nicht aufftellen will oder darf, mufs eine gewiffe Unklar- heit bleiben. In dem I. Capitel Theil I über die anatomifche Befchaffenheit der Zellen führt Robin pag. 4 aus, dafs nicht fämmtliche anatomifche Elemente Zellen feien oder auch nur früher waren , und fährt fort: »Endlich find viele fkelettartige Organe der Echinodermen, Polypen und Cephalopoden , die fo häufig mit complicirter Struktur verfehenen Chitin-Decken der Gliederthiere, die befonderen Ei-Hüllen der Vögel, Reptilien, Selachier und Cephalopoden, der Zahnfchmelz, die Linfenkapfel, die Scheide der Chorda dorfalis , die tumcae propriae der Driifen etc. ohne jeglichen cellulären Charakter, in welcher Periode ihrer Entwicklung man fie auch beobachten möge«*). Diefe Zufammenftellung der Panzer und Schalen mit anderen Objecten, denen Robin an anderen Orten den organifirten Charakter zu vindiziren fcheint, fowie der Ausdruck -»organes squeletti- ques « fcheint keinen Zweifel darüber zu laffen, dafs er diefe fämmtlichen nicht cellulären Bildungen als organifirt betrachtet. Liest man dann aber das VI. Capitel 2ten Theils: des elements non cellnlaires tant calcaires, *) Enfin, beaucoup d’organes squelettiques des echinodermes, des polypiers, des cephalopodes , les teguments chitineux ä structure souvent si complexe des articules, les enveloppes speciales des oeufs des oiseaux, des reptiles, des selaciens, des cepha- lopodes, l’email dentaire, la capsule du cristallin, la gaine de la notocorde, les parois propres des tubes glandulaires etc., n’ont aucun des caracteres des elements celluleux a quelque periode de leur evolution qu’on les obferve. 125 que chitineux , fo wird man doch über R ob ins eigentliche Meinung bezüglich der organifirten Be- fchaffenheit der Panzer- und Schalenbildungen zweifelhaft. Geht auch aus dem, was Robin über Mollusken - Schalen , Cruftaceen -Panzer und Ei -Hüllen lagt, hervor, dafs er eigne Unterfuchungen über diefelben angeftellt hat, und verlieht es fich auch bei einem folchen Forfcher von felbst, dafs diefe meift richtige Refultate gegeben haben, fo find fie doch nicht umfaffend genug. So ist es eine fehr erhebliche Lücke, dafs von Gaftropoden-Gehäufen nur die Randmembran von Helix erwähnt wird. Gerade die Struktur der Gaftropoden -Gehäufe, wie ich fie von Strombus im Speziellen befchrieben habe, dürfte geeignet gewefen fein, Robins Auffaffungen wefentlich zu modifiziren. Was auf pag. 137 über das Perlmutter gefagt ist*), weicht fo vollftändig von dem Befunde beim eigentlichen Perlmutter ab, dafs ein Forfcher von Robins Bedeutung dabei unmöglich diefes vor Augen gehabt haben kann. Prismatifches Gefüge kommt allerdings , wie ich nachgewiefen habe, auch dem Perlmutter zu und ist bei Nautilus auch fchon ohne Aetzung fehr deutlich, aber ftets find diefe Prismen rechtwinklig auf die Schalenfläche gefleht und nie laufen fie in Kegel aus. Wohl aber pafst die Befchreibung auf die blaue Schicht von Mytilus , und mufs Robin diefe oder eine ähnliche vor fich gehabt haben. Am beften ftimmt fie mit dem überein, was Carpenter von Terebratula und Lima abbildet. Ferner ist es nicht richtig, dafs die Borften des Cruftaceen-Panzers immer durch alle Panzer- Schichten durchgehen, bis auf die darunter liegende Haut reichen, und ihr Central -Kanal ftets zellen- artige Vacuolen darftellt, wie pag. 141 gefagt wird. Meine Abbildung Fig. 20 A Taf. IV zeigt, dafs fie auch auf der Oberfläche eingelenkt fein und einen einfach cylindrifchen Kanal, der eine Fortfetzung der Papille ist, auf welcher fie flehen, enthalten können ; und gerade diefe Borften, die Anhängfel des Panzers felbst und Nichts von ihm wefentlich Verfchiedenes find, charakterifiren fich auf das Be- ftimmtefte als Organifationen. Wenn endlich Robin die Fafern der Schalenhaut der Eier nicht als wirkliche Fafern aner- kennen will, fondern (pag. 132) diefelben mit Cofte als ein Driifenfekret betrachtet, fo ist dies nur möglich, weil er ihre ftrikte Analogie mit den Fafern der Dotterhaut tiberfieht und ihre complizirte Zu- fammenfetzung bei den Vögeln und ihr röhrenförmiger Bau und ihre keulenförmigen Endungen bei Reptilien ihm unbekannt geblieben waren. Ich kann ebendafelbst die Meinung, dafs deutliche, fo zu fagen handgreifliche Faferbildungen nur als eine Uebertreibung ( exageration ) der in Eiweifsmembranen und ähnlichen Organismen fich zeigenden Streifung ( etat flrie ) feien, nicht billigen. Es liegt doch wahrlich näher, wenn man häufig Fafern beflimmt nachweifen kann und zuweilen in analogen Geweben nur Andeutung von Streifung fieht , die erfteren als das Wirkliche , die letztere als den undeutlichen Ausdruck der erfteren zu betrachten. Beftimmt und ausdrücklich beftreitet übrigens Robin den organifirten Charakter der Panzer- und Schalenbildungen auch in diefem Capitel nicht, wenn er aber fchliefslich Analogien zwifchen ihrer Struktur und den Calcosphäriten , die Harting auf mechanifch-chemifchem Wege erzeugt hat, fehen will, fo mlifste er confequenter Weife ihren organifirten Charakter leugnen. Eines Theils liegt diefe Unklarheit wohl daran, dafs es Robin hauptfächlich auf die Negation einer cellularen Bildung der Panzer und Schalen ankommt , worin ich vollftändig mit ihm überein- ftimme und mich einer fo bedeutenden Bundesgenoffenfchaft dankbar erfreue ; anderntheils aber in einer gewiffen Unklarheit, die mit Nothwendigkeit aus Robins Definition der » subßance orga- nifee « folgt. Schon in einer Anmerkung zu S. 22 meiner einleitenden Bemerkungen ist verfucht, gegen die Confequenzen der Thefe, dafs Organifation von Struktur -Eigenfchaften unabhängig fei, Verwahrung einzulegen, es mufs aber doch noch einmal darauf eingegangen werden. *) Die Stelle lautet im Original: La nacre ou couche interne, irisee, est formee de prismes morphologiquement ana- logues au precedents, — nämlich der Prismen der Wabenfchicht, die Robin als » le tet ou test proprement dit« bezeichnet — mais beaucoup plus petits et pourvus d'une ligne centrale plus foncee que le reste. Ils sont disposes tres-obliquement par rap- port ä la surface du test et viennent se terminer par une extremite amincie conique. I2Ö Am vollftändigften drückt Robin feine Auffaffung der Organifation im Cap. III des erften Theils aus, ich wage aber das pofitive Refultat nicht in kurzen Sätzen wiederzugeben. Auch hier kommt es ihm hauptfächlich darauf an, hervorzuheben, dafs die Organifation nicht an beftimmte For- men, als Zelle, Nucleus, Fafer, Röhre oder dergleichen gebunden fei, und man wird vielen Sätzen, wie z. B. dem, dafs die Organifation etwas anderes fei, als einfach eine phyfifche oder mechanifche Dispofition der Theilchen, dafs es fich nicht um etwas Mafchinelles handle, dafs ihre Wefenheit fich nicht direkt durch das Auge, auch wenn es mit den ftärkften Vergröfserungen bewaffnet fei, erkennen laffe, dafs Organismus und Mechanismus etwas durchaus verfchiedenes feien , dafs endlich die auf ver- fchiedenen Wegen zu conftatirenden Lebens- Aeufserungen das allein entfcheidende Kriterium für das Vorhandenfein der Organifation ausmachten, vollftändig beipflichten können; aber man wird eine Lücke fühlen, und diefe fehe ich darin, dafs der Gegenfatz zwifchen Organifation und unbelebtem Stoff ein vollftändig unklarer bleibt; dafs gar kein Grund für die grofse und entfcheidende Thatfache, dafs Organifation niemals autogen aus todtem Stoff hervorgehen kann, dafs fie immer von einer Ichon vor- handenen Organifation tradirt oder reproducirt werden mufs*), aus demjenigen, was Robin von der mutiere organifee fagt, hervorgeht , obgleich er doch ihren Gegenfatz gegen die mutiere brüte auch feinerfeits fefthält. Wäre er hierin vollftändig klar, fo könnte er nicht auf pag. 592 über Bennetts molekuläre Theorie der Organifation fich wie folgt ausfprechen : »Wenn man die folgenden Sätze des ausgezeichneten Edinburger Pathologen mit demjenigen » vergleicht, was ich an den oben angeführten Stellen ausgefprochen habe , wird man fehen , dafs in » vielen Punkten unfere Lehre übereinftimmt. Er fagt : Die letzten Elemente des Organismus find »nicht die Zellen und eben fo wenig die Kerne, fondern kleine Partikelchen, welche felbstftändige » phyfifche und vitale Eigenfchaften befitzen , vermöge deren fie fich zu höheren Geftaltungen ver- » einigen und ordnen. Diefe Geftaltungen find die Kerne, die Zellen, die Fafern, die Membrane. Alle » diefe können fich direkt aus diefen Molekülen bilden. Die Entwicklung und das Wachsthum der » Gewebe wird bewirkt durch die Bildung hiftogenetifcher und hiftolytifcher Moleküle , welche fich »unter einander verbinden, fowohl innerhalb als aufserhalb der Zelle; aber es ist weder der Kern » noch die Zelle, welche dabei als Centrum agiren « **). Wie eine Uebereinftimmung im Wefentlichen mit Robin ’s Ausfpruch, dafs Organifation von Geftaltung, von Struktur unabhängig fei, hierin gefunden werden kann, ist mir unbegreiflich. Diefe Bennett’ fehen Moleküle find doch offenbar etwas ganz anderes , als Atome oder Moleküle im chemifchen Sinn. Sie find ja eben ein Strukturverhältnifs. Im Einzelnen liefse fich gegen die Bennett’fche Ausdrucksweife Einiges einwenden, was um fo weniger zu verwundern ist, als feine Werke fchon vor 20 Jahren publizirt find. Ich möchte nament- lich das moniren, dafs fich Zelle, Kern, Membran und Fafer jedes direkt aus den Molekülen bilden foll, und eher dazu neigen, die Zelle , wenn zunächft von ihrem Inhalt abftrahirt wird , aus der Mem- *) Ich überfehe hierbei nicht, dafs immer wieder die Verfuche erneuert werden, Organismen aus todtem Stoff abzu- leiten, und dafs man es neuerdings wieder möglich gemacht hat, in diefer Beziehung wenigftens eine Controverfe anzuregen. Das ist aber auch gegen die am fefteften flehenden Wahrheiten ftets möglich. Wäre die autogene Entftehung von Organismen aus todtem Stoff ein natürlicher oder der natürliche Vorgang, fo würde fie uns auf Tritt und Schritt entgegentreten, es könnte gar nicht fchwer fein, Hunderte von Beifpielen dafür anzugeben; aber es find umgekehrt immer mehr Fälle, die man früher auf folche Vorgänge zurückführte, als einfache Reproduktion vorhandener Organismen nachgewiefen , und dafs man in einzelnen Fällen Zweifel dagegen geltend machen kann, dafs' der Beweis eines Reproduktionsvorganges vollftändig geführt fei, hat keine Bedeutung gegenüber der erdrückenden Malle des Beweismaterials das gegen die generatio originaria fpricht. **) En lisant les pages suivants de 1’ eminent pathologiste d’Edimbourg, comparativement aux pages qui viennent d’etre indiquees, on verra que nous soutenons en bien des points la meine doctrine. Les Elements ultimes de l’organisme ne sont point des cellules, ni des noyaux, dit-il, mais de petites particules possedant des proprietes physiques et vitales independantes, en vertu desquelles eiles s’unissent et s’arrangent pour constituer des formes plus elevees. Ces formes sont les noyaux, les cellules, les fibres, les membranes. Le developpement et la croissance des tissus s’operent par la formation de molecules histo- genetiques et histolytiques, pouvant s’unir entre eiles ici en dedans, lä en dehors des cellules; mais ce n’est point le noyau ni la cellule qui agissent comme centre. 127 bran und die Membran aus der Fafer hervorgehen zu fehen, fo dafs die Fafer das einfachere diefer Formelemente wäre, wenn auch zwifchen ihr und den letzten Elementarorganismen noch andere uns bis jetzt unbekannte Zwifchenftufen liegen möchten. Ueberhaupt gelangen wir mit den »Molekülen« zu weit auf das Gebiet der Spekulation, denn fie find nichts Beobachtetes, fondern eine Abftrak- tion, und es fcheint mir richtiger zu fein, wenn man fich begnügt anzuerkennen, dafs überhaupt Struk- tur die nothwendige Bedingung der Organifation ist , und die Aufgabe der Hiftiologie darin befteht, diefe Struktur, fo weit als für die Beobachtung möglich ist, zu verfolgen, aber von Spekulationen lieh fern zu halten. Ein eigenthiimlicher Umftand trägt gewifs wefentlich dazu bei, dafs R o b i n dem Standpunkt : Struktur als die Grundlage der Organifation anzuerkennen, ferner bleibt. Merkwürdiger Weife hält er an dem cellulären Urfprunge der fibrillären Elemente des Bindegewebes fest , und mufs deshalb auch den wahrhaft fibrillären Charakter incellulärer Gewebe , wie z. B. der Eimembrane , wie wir gefehen haben, beftreiten ; und doch ist diefer celluläre Urfprung der Fibrillen d. h. ihre Entftehung als Aus- läufer fpindelförmiger Bindegewebskörper niemals nachgewiefen , fondern nur von der Vorausfetzung aus, dafs alle organifchen Geftaltungen cellulär fein miifsten, vermuthet worden, und jetzt wohl ziem- lich allgemein aufgegeben. Auch in Bezug auf die Muskelfafer hält R o b i n noch an dem intracellulären Urfprung fest, und fcheinen ihm die W a g e ner ’ fehen Unterfuchungen gänzlich unbekannt geblieben zu fein, was allerdings bei dem fyftematifchen Todtfchweigen, das gegen diefelben in Deutfchland ftattfindet, nicht zu verwundern ist. In noch einer Beziehung finde ich Veranlaffung , mich mit den Ro bin’ fehen Auffaffungen auseinanderzufetzen, nämlich bezüglich feiner » noyaux embryoplastiques » und der Entftehung des Knor- pels. Einer der erheblichften Widerfprüche, welche er gegen die deutfehe Zellentheorie, wie fich die- felbe darin allerdings weit über Schwann herausgehend entwickelt hat, fefthält, befteht darin, dafs er die autogene Bildung von Kernen in feiner » amorphen organifirten Subftanz « annimmt , und auf eine folche freie Kernbildung die Entftehung der Gewebe in überwiegendem Mafse zurückführt. Ueber die Hauptfrage : ob hier wirklich Neubildung oder blofs Reproduktion durch fortdauernde Segmen- tation oder Gemination der vorhandenen Kerne oder Zellen ftattfindet , erlaube ich mir ein Urtheil nicht. Wenn es auch richtig ist, dafs felbst in den in lebhafter Entwicklung begriffenen Geweben, fich in dem Acte der Segmentation begriffene Zellen oder Kerne viel feltener finden , als nach der Meinung, dafs diefer Vorgang die alleinige Quelle neuer Zellenbildung fei, erwartet werden miifste, fo bleibt die Möglichkeit , dafs er fich mit folcher Schnelligkeit vollzieht , dafs hierüber hinweg- zukommen ist. Jedenfalls fcheint die autogene Entftehung der »embryoplaftifchen Kerne« aus der als formlos betrachteten organifirten Materie auch von R o b i n nicht in dem Sinne wirklich beobachtet zu fein , dafs Anfänge derfelben oder Uebergänge zum fertig gebildeten Nucleus wirklich zur An- fchauung gelangt find. Aufserdem kann ich nicht beftätigen , dafs die Segmentation nur bei folchen Zellen oder Kernen eintritt , die eine gewiffe normale Gröfse erreicht haben. In dem jugendlichen Knorpelgewebe des fproffenden Rehgehörns finde ich die allerdings nur ganz einzeln aufzufindenden, in Segmentation begriffenen Zellen nur unter den kleinften Individuen. Endlich ist mir Folgendes für R o b i n s Auffaffung fehr bedenklich : Fände freie, autogene Kernbildung in einer vorher vorhandenen formlofen organifirten Materie ftatt , fo wäre zu erwarten , dafs letztere fich im jüngften Gewebe in reichlicheren Schichten mit nur einzeln eingefprengten Kernen fände. Nach R ob ins eigener Angabe verhält es fich aber fo, dafs gerade in den jüngften Schichten die Zwifchenfubftanz am fpärlichften ist und erst in den älteren Schichten reichlicher auftritt. Dies fpricht nicht dafür, dafs die Zelle fich aus der Zwifchenfubftanz bildet, fondern eher dafür, dafs die Zwifchenfubftanz durch die Zellen entfteht. Doch diefes nur beiläufig. Die Frage hat, fobald anerkannt wird, dafs die Zelle kein Elementar- organismus ist, dafs auch aufser der Zelle Organifation befteht, gar keine fo tief greifende Bedeutung mehr. Ob der Satz : omnis cellula e celltda richtig bleibt, ist verhältnifsmäfsig gleichgültig , fobald nur befteht , dafs überhaupt Organifation nicht autogen aus todtem Stoff entfpringt , fondern Repro- duktion vorhandener Organifation ist. 128 Hiervon alfo abgefehen, ist kein Zweifel, dafs R ob ins noyaitx embryoplaßiques identifch mit den Gebilden find, die ich in den Jugendzuftänden der Bindefubftanzen als Zellen betrachten zu müffen glaubte*), und hieran allerdings weitgehende Folgerungen über die Bedeutung der fogenannten Zwifchenfubftanzen knüpfte. Ich finde bei reiflicher Prüfung in R ob in ’s Werk keinen Beweis dafür, dafs diefe fogenannten noyanx embryoplaßiqiies wirklich Kerne und keine Zellen find. Diefen Beweis aus ihrer Entftehung zu führen, ist für Robin unmöglich, da fie nach ihm » par genese «**) ent- liehen follen, alfo eine Beziehung zu fchon vorhandenen Zellen oder Kernen nicht befteht. Er fcheint ihn in ihrer Weiterentwicklung zu fehen, indem er angiebt, dafs fich z. B. bei der Knorpelbildung um den Kern, welcher zuerst ganz allein die durch die Zwifchenfubftanz begrenzte Höhle ausfülle, allmälig eine amorphe, feinkörnige Subftanz innerhalb der erweiterten Höhle ablagere, die der eigentliche Zellenkörper fei (pag. 363 u. ff.). Die beigefügte Fig. 70 lieht aber mit diefer Darftellung in entfchie- denem Widerfpruch. Dort haben die vermeintlichen Kerne durchfchnittlich fchon diefelbe Gröfse, als die Zellen, die fich aus ihnen entwickelt haben follen. Der Unterfchied zwifchen beiderlei Gebilden befteht nur darin, dafs in letzteren ein Kern fichtbar ist, in erfteren nicht; es mtifste fich alfo nach Robin ’s Auffaffung des Vorganges der Kern erheblich verkleinert haben, während fich der Zellkörper in der nicht wefentlich vergröfserten Knorpelhöhle um ihn ablagerte. Es liegt doch näher, anzunehmen, dafs ein früher nicht wahrnehmbarer Kern fpäter zur Erfcheinung kommt. Ebenfo ergiebt Fig. 74 (die Darftellung der caudalen Verlängerung eines Embryo vom Rind) die fogenannten noyaux embryo- plaßiques im Innern des Gewebes erheblich gröfser, als die Kerne der Zellen, welche die äufseren Schichten bilden. Diefe Zellen follen nun allerdings nicht autogen entftanden, fondern Segmente der Eizelle fein und bald verfchwinden, worauf fich aber die Annahme eines fo verfchiedenen Urfprungs diefer unmittelbar aneinander ftofsenden Schichten begründet, ist nicht erfichtlich. Ich finde (vergl. die fchon angeführte Arbeit in Reichert ’s Archiv, 1869) in den jiingften Knorpelgeweben des fproffenden Rehgehörns beim Zerzupfen in indifferenten Flüffigkeiten zarte, klare Zellen bis auf 7,5 4 längften Durchmeffer herabgehend, mit einem oder mehreren glänzenden Kernen, zuweilen in Segmentirung begriffen. In den älteren Schichten nimmt, während fie fich allmälig mit einer zart gekörnten, häufig fpindelförmigen Hülle umgeben, ihre Gröfse zu, bis fie die der Zellen des fertigen Knorpels (14 p längften Durchmeffer und mehr) vollftändig erreichen, während die Zwifchen- fubftanz des Knorpels unverkennbare Andeutungen davon zeigt, dafs fie den Hüllen der durch Zer- zupfen ifolirten Zellen entfpricht. Mit gutem Grund glaube ich alfo dabei beharren zu müffen, dafs es fich hier um Zellen und nicht um freie Kerne handelt, und auch Robin ’s noyaux embryoplaßiques Zellen und nicht Kerne find. Bei den epidermoidalen Geweben ilellt fich der Vorgang vollftändig anders dar, wie diefes auch von Robin ganz richtig angegeben wird. Bei gewiffen Horngeweben wenigftens ist er un- zweifelhaft fo, als ihn Robin in feiner Fig. 25 abbildet und im Text erläutert: dafs nämlich in der *) Ueber die Markfubftanz etc. in Reichert ’s Archiv. 1869. pag. 90 u. ff. **) Genese in dem Sinne Robin’s kennt wenigftens das Dictionnaire de l’Academie in der nach der 8. Auflage bear- beiteten deutfchen Ausgabe noch nicht. Dort gilt es ausfchliefslich für «Genefis« als Bezeichnung der erften fünf Bücher der heiligen Schrift. Sicher darf man das Wort auch im weiteren Sinne gebrauchen, aber es erfcheint mir in jeder Beziehung will- kürlich, zwifchen Genese und Generation einen Unterfchied machen, und noch willkürlicher, dem Wort naissance, wie es gefchieht, feine klare und unbeftreitbare Bedeutung nehmen zu wollen und es für eine präfumtive Form der erften Entftehung zu ge- brauchen. Ganz unverftändlich ist mir aber für einen franzöfifchen Autor die Behauptung: dafs Formation für die Bildung von Organismen nicht angew’endet werden dürfe (vergl. pag. 174: Le terme naissance dans le sens le plus general, en un mot, ne s’applique qu’au fait de l’apparition des corps organises en un point oü ils n’existaient pas, et le terme formation n’est applicable qu’au fait de l’apparition d’une ou de plusieurs especes de corps bruts , de composes chimiques). Mein Dictionnaire de l’Aca- demie führt als Beifpiel für die Bedeutung von Formation ausdrücklich an: La formation de l’enfant dans le ventre de la mere. Trotz diefes willkürlichen Gebrauchs der Terminologie wird ja dem aufmerkfamen Lefer des I. Capitels, 2. Abfchnitts, 3. Theils der Gedanke, den er auszudrücken fucht, ziemlich deutlich; und es würde hier zu weit führen, die Ausdrucksweife entwirren zu wollen. Es genügt festzuhalten, dafs Robin unter Genese, oder beftimmter ausgedrückt Autogenese, hier die Zellenbildung aus vermeintlich formlofer, organifirter Materie, ohne Descendenz von vorhandenen Zellen oder Kernen, be- zeichnen will. |
bpt6k4642291g_2 | French-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | » Il n'est pas question de porter atteinte au principe d'égalité démocratique qu'a. consacré définitivement la loi. de deux ans. Qu'on ne mette point la politique où elle n'a que faire ! Il s'agit de la Patrie, de sa défense. C'est assez pour que les républicains ne laissent à personne l'honneur des initiatives bravement prises et. des sacrifices. noblement consentis. Pour arrêter ses résolutions, le gouvernement de la République n'a attendu l'initiative d'aucun parti; il a. vu poindre un danger pour la nation, et aussitôt il a recherché les moyens de l'en préserver. » Le gouvernement a fait son devoir qui était de proposer des mesures de salut public. Nous, patriotes républicains, accomplissons le nôtre, qui est de ne marchander rien de ce qui peut être nécessaire à la sécurité nationale. » L'échec de la. loi présentée par le gouvernement, d'accord avec l'unanimité des membres du conseil supérieur de la guerre, serait pour la France une défaite morale. Si cette défaite, hélas .! en entraînait une autre, quelle affreuse responsabilité pèserait sur ceux qui, par imprévoyance, utopie ou bassesse d'Orne, auraient déconseillé où paralysé l'effort, sauveur ! Cette responsabilité, quel est le cœur léger qui, malgré la. leçon de nos revers, la. voudrait accepter ? La République a-relevé la France, elle lui a donné un admirable empire colonial et assuré des alliances et des amitités précieuses; de quel nom appeler ceux qui la découragent de poursuivre son œuvre et qui se résignent a une patrie diminuée ? ». Républicains, pour rester dignes de, ces quarante ans d'un'"; histoire glorieuse dont Gambetta, Ferry et. Carnot furent les initiateurs, la Patrie demande à nos fils le sacrifice d'une année de plus de leur jeunesse. Ils ont déjà répondu, et, le Parlement, avec eux et avec nous répondra : Oui, sans hésitation ni réticence, car nous voulons demain, comme toujours, une France libre, forte et respectée. j) Pour la commission centrale exéeutive et par mandat spéci'at. ? » Vive la. France ! Vive la République ! )> Le président : A. CAHNOT, membre de l'Instit.ut. » CHRONIQUE ARTISTIQUE Nouvelles générales de la semaine M. Bérard, sous-secrétaire' d'Etat des beaux arts,. a inauguré dimanche dernier, iL Versailles, le Salon des amis des arts. ■vu, M. Henry Marcel, le nouveau directeur des musées nationaux et de l'école du Louvre, a pris officiellement vendredi soir possession de ses nouvelles fonctions, dans lesquelles M. Léon Bérard, sons-secrétaire d'Etat aux beaux-arts, a tenu à l'installer lui-même. vw Un très beau portrait. du grand peintre Roll, par Lévy-Dhurmcr, qui fut très admiré à l'exposition des pastellistes, vient d'être acquis .par l'Etat, pour le musée du Luxembourg. iw Les intentions du comité qui présidait à la formation, du Salon des refusés se sont corn"plètement modifiées. Il n'y aura pas de Salon des refusés, mais une Société mutuelle d'artistes peintres, sculpteurs et décorateurs, ayant pour but des expositions annuelles, tant en France qu'à l'étranger, est en formation. Les adhérents se sont réunis vendredi et en ont voté à l'unanimité les statuts. Cinquante membres environ étaient présents. Un grand nombre d'artistes avaient envoyé leur adhésion. ■wv. Une nouvelle vacation de la vente Krae-mer a eu, lieu à Paris au début de la semaine écoulée. L'enchère la plus élevée a été celle des quatre panneaux décoratifs, par Frago-nard, qui ont atteint un prix supérieur à celui que l'on escomptait; sur une demande de 200,000 fr. faite par l'expert, M. Ferai, ils sont montés à 355,000 fr. Ces panneaux, peints un peu dans le goût de Boucher, représentaient une « Bergère », un « Jardinier », une « Vendangeuse » et un « Moissonneur ». Une toile, Je (c Portrait de la reine Marie-Antoinette ». par Mme Vigée-Lebrun, a fait aussi un gro.5 prix : 180,000 fr. Le portrait présumé de la fille de l'artiste, par la même, a fait 43,000 fr.,La u' Vicomtesse, de Suffren » et la « Marquise de Verdun *>, également par Mme Vigée-Lebrun, ont fait respectivement 20,000 fr. et 27,000 fr. Le « Retour de la campagne H, par Watt eau, a fait 24,000 fr. Un Lawrence, la K Jeune fille au turban », a fait 2,800 fr. « Tha-lie », par Nattier, 15,000 fr. Les « Lavandières », bords d'un lac italien, par Hubert Robert, 20;000' fl'.' •' 'vw A signaler également la vente de la collection Louis Baudouin o1)plusieuN; toiles du maître Harpignies ont fait 14, 15 et 25,000 fr.; des Dupré, des Daubigny, des Ziem ont atteint des chiffres âusM élevés."Urrbeaii" riu de Hen-ner « Nvmphe au bois », a trouvé acquéreur à 16,600 fr. vw On annonce Ja mort d'un peintre au fa,lent délicat, M. Gaston Hochard, dont les toiles étaient justemerft remarquées à .la Société nationale des beaux-arts. Le défunt était âgé de 50 ans à peine. 3es obsèques ont eu lieu à Orléans, '<' , S. Duny. Les premières à Paris CHAMPS-ELVSÉËS. — (( PÓnélope », poème lyrique en trois actes, de M. René Fauchoia, musique de M. Gabriel Fauré. (Compte rendu du « Petit, Parisien ».) Vous savez qui est Pénélope : Homère nous [t raconté son histoire. Le divin poète a fait d'elle — excellent modèle pour les femmes modernes — le type de l'épouse veri:ueu'se, fidèle à ses devoirs, gardienne du foyer domestique, occupée à distribuer leur tàcliè tâche aux 'servantes laborieuses et tissant elle-même les*vêtements de son mari, le roi d'Ithaque, Ulysse, et de son fils, Télémaque. Ulysse part pour la guerre de Troie. Il y reste dix ans. Après la prise de, la ville asiatique, Ulysse, met encore dix ans à rentrer dans sa patrie. Pendant ce temps, -Pénélope est courtisée par de nombreux prétendants, qui se disputent sa main. Elle envoie Télémaque sur un navire, à la recherche de son père, et élle' éloigne par 'toutes sortes de ruses le moment où," à la p t,,i ce du mari que l'on dit mort, elle pourra être obligée de faire un choix parmi les prétendants. L'une de ces ruses est restée célèbre. Pénélope a déclare aux prétendants qu'elle ne se marierait pas avant d'avoir-achevé un grand suaire destiné à envelopper le corps de Laerte, le-père d'Ulysse, quand il mourra... Au bout de trois ans, le suaire n'e'st pas achevé. Pénélope défait la nuit ce qu'elle a tissé le jour ; de la est venue l'expression proverbiale •: It la toile die Pénélope ». « Chaque nuit, écrivait Charles Nodier, en parlant d'un roman commencé, détruisait l'ouvrage du jour, et chaque Jour, cependant, je recommençais, avec l'intrépid'e constance de Pénélope... » Mais, enfin, Pénélope, sur le conseil de Minerve, promet d'-épouser celui des prétendant qui tendra l'arc d'Ulysse. Les prétendants s'y essaient, et ne réussissent pas. Un mendiant se présente pour l'épreuve redoutable. Le poète.-.nous a dit que ce mendiant c'est Ulysse M-meme, en-fin de retour. Les prétendants se moquent du téméraire. -Ulysse tend 1 arc et il se sert de ses flèches pour massascrer les prétendants. A cette preuve de vigueur, si bien conservée après vingt ans d'absence, Pénélope reconnaît son mari et tombe dans ses bras. M. René Fauchois a suivi le poème homérique, il l'a porté au théâtre avec non moins de simplicité que d'adresse. Le premier acte nous démontre Pénélope au milieu des prétendants, et comment la ruse qu'elle oppose à leurs instances est découverte. Elle se désespère; mais un nouveau personnage est apparu : c'est le mendiant, que la reine accueille avec bonté et que les prétendants raillent à l'envi. Au deuxième acte, la reine interroge le mendiant, qui est sur le point de se trahir; ce n'est, que lorsque la reine est partie que le sage Ulysse découvre à son peuple son identité." Le troisième acte représente l'épisode de l'arc, le massacrt1 des prétendants, et enfin la reconnaissance d'Ulysse' et de Pénélope, qui s'étreignent, pendant que le peuple acclame son roi retrouvé et sa reine fidèle. Deux mots caractériseront la partition de M.. * Gabriel Fa1lré : c'est une œuvre pure et noble. Par là, elle se rattache aux grandes et saines traditions de l'art musical. Pure et noble, elle n'est point, pour cela, sévère et froide. Elle témoigne en même temps une sensibilité, une grâce, une délicatesse qui affirment son originalité. Toute La pureté, toute l'harmonie, toute la perfection de l'art grec revivent en elle, non point grâce à des formules conventionnelles et en quelque sorte hiératiques, mais par un sentiment profond de la poésie antique. « Ce n'est pas, a dit l'un des assistants de la première audition,-l'apparence et le vêtement de la-Grèce que le compositeur restitue, c'est l'âme qu'il ressuscite. Et c'est ce sentiment original, exquis et pén'étrant de la beauté antique, de sa poésie, de son ordre et de son rythme qui fait le prix et le charme de « Pénélope » et la rend unique parmi les œuvres lyriques d'aujourd'hui. » Ce jugement auquel, nourri de l'antiquité. depuis l'enfance, je m'associe pleinement, est. définitif. Le théâtre des Champs-Elysées a donné: à « Pénélope » une interprétation rare. Mlle 1.ucienne Bréval a traduit le personnage de la reine d'Ithaque avec la belle fierté, la mélancolie émouvante, la passion noble que le rôle comporte; M. Muratore a chanté le rôle d'U-Ivsse avec l'ardeur et la chaleur communicative qu'on lui connaît. Tous deux ont été ,acclamés, On unira'à leur succo.s leurs camarades : MM. Tirmorit, Blan-card, Dangrès; Mlles Thévenet et Barthèze, les peintres Roussel et Mouveau pour leurs décors pittoresques: M. Ibels, pour ses costumc-s; l'orchestre, le,s chœurs et enfin la direction qui, en présentant « Pénélope » comme elle l'a fait, rend un hommage éclatant à un éminent compositeur français. : Chronique Locale NOUVELLES GÉNÉRALES Les céréales en Charente •Le ministère de l'agriculture a publié récemment un tableau que nous ayons reproduit don nant les chiffres de la production totale des: céréales en France pendant l'année 1912. Dans l'ensemble, le département de la Charente figure pour les chiffres qui suivent : Blé, 1,527,400 hectolitres OUi 1,191,400 quintaux pour 109,100 hectares. Moyenne, 14 hectolitres. Valeur, 33,835,000 fr. Paille, 2,882,700 quintaux. Avoine, 1,195,200 hedol. ou 597,000 quintaux pour 49,800 hectares. Moyenne, 24 hectohi. Valeur,. 12,519,700 fr. Paille, 896,100 quintaux. Orge, 116,000 hectol. Valeur, 1,494,400 fr. <• Paille, 74,000 quintaux. Seigle, 85,000 hectol. Valeur, 1 million 215,300 francs. Paille, 180,200 quintaux. Méteil, 20,800 hectol. Valeur, ,285,000 fr. Paille, 38,000 quintaux.. Maïs, 117.000 hec t. ou 72.500 quintaux, pourune surface, ensemencée de 11,700 hectares. Va* leur, 1,780,600 fr. Contributions indirectes M. Maistre, receveur mixte à bicyclette 2" classe des contributions indirectes à Cognac, est nommé commis principal-chef de poste 2" classe à Toulon. M. Bages, receveur à cheval 36 classe Lou-!ay (Charente-Inférieure), est nomme receveur mjxto à bicyclette 3e classe à Cognac. VI LLcnx, commis-adjoint 1 " classe à Ruffec, est nommé commis principal à cheval 5e classe à Ruffec. M. Hélias, commis-adjoint 3° classe à Pont-d'Oii'dly (Calvados), est nommé commis 3e classe à Cognac. M. Debray, receveur princinal, entreposeur dl; 3° classe à Cognac (Charente), est élevé à la classe... .. M. La la, préposé en chef d'octroi à Cognad (Charente), est. nomnJÓ receveur ambulant de 3e classe (3.000 francs) « hors cadre ». Les caisses d'épargne de l'ouest et du Sud-Ouest Dimanche et lundi a. eu lieu à La Rochelle la 4e conférence des caisses d'épargne de l'ouest et du, su-d-ouest de la France. Les caisses d'Aligoulème et de Cognac y étaient représentées-".. On sait que la 3e, conférence eutlieu en 1912 à Angoulême. Deux cent vingt-cinq délégués, représentant 145 caisses, 1.800.000 déposants et un milliard de francs d'épargne,' assistaient à la. conférence de La Rochelle, qui s'est occupée notamment de Pavant-projet de revi'sio.n de la loi du 20 juillet 1895, préparé par une corn-mission spéciale nommes par ],-,t conférence générale des caisses d'épargne de France. Cet avant-projet accorde aux caisses d'épargne plus d'indépendance dans leur gestion et de latitude dans l'emploi de leurs fonds. La. conférence a repo'u'&sé, dimanche maciin, les clauses autorisant l'empio'i des fonds des déposants en valeurs d'Etats étrangers, es.' compte de papier de commerce et prêts sur hypothèques. La conférence a adopté les propositions sudr vantes : 1 ° Les fonds des déposants seront gÓtés, commue pa.r l,e passé, par la Ca.isse des dépôts et consignations, mais sous ta. surveillance d'une commission dans laquelle les caisse# seront largement représentées; 2° Les variations dUr taux de rùiter'Gt alloué ,uux caisses seront ramenées de vingt-cinq à cinq centimés; 3° Des pénalités importantes frapperont les établissements usurpant -le nom de caisses d'éptargne; 4°, Le chiffre .maximum des dépôts sera: porté de 1.500 francs, à. 2.000 francs; celui des versements annuels sera; fixé à 8.000 frarfbs; 5° Les livrets rie pourront être payâtes à tout porteur; {)o La conférence repousse la clause tendant à consacrer vingt-cinq pour cent du fonds de réserve des caisses aux habitations à bon marché et oeuvres similair'.e.s. Dimanche soir à t'lU lieu à Lhôte! de ville de La Iloehelle une brillante' réception des délégués ''par la munioipa.uté. M. Georges Paulet, directeur de l'assurance et de la prévoyance sociales au ministère du Travail, y assistait. Lundi, la conférence a poursuivi ses travaux. Instruction publique M. Lacroix, licencié ès-sciences, surveillant d'internat au lycée Henri IV, est délégué clans les fonctions de professeur de physique, 1er ordre, 6e classe, au collège de Confolens, en remplacement ': de M. Maupin, appelé à une autre rési,d-eiice. M. Baillot, licencié ès-lettres, répétiteur au collège de Cognât;, est chargé à titre de suppléant des fonctiuns de professeur de philosophie et lettres, lor ordre, G' classe au collège de Loudun, pendant la durée du congé accordé à M. LegH;Y. Un congé du 1er au SI mai 1913, est accordé, sur s.a, demande et pour raisons de santé, 11 Mme Corsas; surveillante d'externat au col.lège de jeunes filles d'Angoulême... ANGOULÊME La conférence de M. le sénateur Strauss Nous avons annoncé pour le mardi lo mai, à 8 'heure-s ~ du soir, salle Philharmonique à Angoulème, une conférence de M. Paul Strauss, sénateur de le. Seine, sur le sujet suivant : Assistance maternelle et protection du premier •jy.' le'sénateur Strauss, qui a accepté la présidence d'iioriiïeur de la Ligue Charentaise' contre Ja .iïiQrt,alité infantile, est un conférencier dont la renommée a dépassé -iios frontières : président, du conseil supérieur' de l'Assistance publique, président de la Ligue nationale contre la. mortalité infantile, rapporteur général de la commission de dépopulation, il s'es.t consacra tout entier à. la lutte contre la crise de dépopulation dont la France -res,seiit les premières atteintes. C'est donc une conférence de premier ordre et d'une incontestable utilité que celle qui nous sera donnée mardi .soir. Patriotes soucieux de l'avenir de notre pay-s, mères de familles, tous tiendront à l'aller écouter. Elle .comportera des enseignements précieux'pour tous ceux qui ont .souci de l'hygiène maternelle et infantile ; ]a, parole éloquente de rémittent orateur et-de l'ardent apôtre qu'est M..le sénateur Strauss sera un attrait de plus. Victime de son intempérance Dimanche, M. Louis Fétis, habitant rue Fontehaudière, étant ivre, voulut monter, malgré l'opposition du 'conducteur, dans une voiture qui passait route de Bordeaux; il tomba sera® les roues qui lui passèrent s-ur une jambe et le blessèrent -assez sérieusement pour nécessiter son transport à rhôpdtal. Société charentaise d'apiculture La Société d'apiculture tiendra sa 3" réunion de l'année le dimanche 18 mai, à 1 heure hdu soir, au rucher départemental d'expériences, rue Saint-Martin : Ordre du jour : 10 Mise en œuvre à titre d'essai dans la chambre à couvain de cire gaufrée de 73G cellules a.u dmq; 2° .Moyens à employer pouf posséder, des cette année, une ru-chette et le matériel nécessaire à la fabrication des reines; 3° Projets de visites aux ruchers des .sociétaires; 4° Examen d'une pétition de M. Ali-n Caillas et signature s'il y a lieu; 5° transvasement au rucher par MM. Naulin père et fils par l'une des méthodes préconisées; G° questions diverses. Accidents de bicyclette Un jeune homme, âgé de 17 ans, M. Marcelin Maires, habitant iGarat, qui avait fait aine chute de bicyclette " aux environs de lîouex, a été conduit en voiture, dimanche soii-r, il, Angoujlême. Après avoir reçu des soins de M. le docteur Ma in tenon fils, le blessé, qtii' avait une double fracture du brais gauche, a été reconduit à son domicile. iwv M. Kléber Ledait, dix-neuf ans, manœuvre, habitant rue du Gond, avant voulu des-,. cendre à 'bicyclettela rampe du Chemin de fer, alla se jeter sur un'carriiéttqui: passait avenue Gambetta. L'imprudent, grièvement blessé, fut trans-. porté a La phar-ma-c.Le'voieme, puis à son domicile.. Concours de photographies de ruchers A la suite d'un vote de pri.ncip.c'-cmLS à l'assemblée générale du 15 décembre 1912, le 'bureau de Ta Société charentaise d'apiculliire a décidé d'organiser cette année, un concours de photographies de ruchers^ Le règlement a été adopté à la, dernière réunioïr-de la Société. En voici les grandes lignes : ' , Le concours est ouvert dès maintenant, mais pour les ^sociétaires seulement Les envois, qui devrontêtre faits avant le l'-'1 septembre, sous plis recommandé, à M. P. Grenier, trésorier-archiviste, comporteront deux épreuves : 1° Une vue d'ensemble (lu rucher: £o:ïme opération effectuée dans le. rucher (dimension, mini ma, 8 | xll). Le classement sera'établi paf-1 s ~ s;-.in s du-bureau de la Société, ;qui s'adjoindra un photügra phe d'Angoulême. Le.s prix, qui consisteront en diplômes offerts par la Société centrale d'apiculture et d'insec-tologie de France, et par la Société charentaise .seront remis aux intéressés k>rs ...de.;-la foire ., aux miels des 18 et. 19 octobre. Les épreuvesenvoyées par les lauréatsseront exposées pendant les deux jours de foire et seront reproduites dans l' « Apiculteur », organe de 1a. Société. Chambre des notaires •Les notaires de l'arrondissement (l'Angoulême, réunis en assemblée générale, ont compoiSÓ leur .chamhre de la manière suivante : Président, M. Gallut, notaire à Magnac; syndic, M. Lescuras, notaire à T.arochefoucauÏd ; rapporteur M. Belzaguy, notaire à Blanzac ; secrétaire, M. llouriotil%,,, notaire à Angoulème; trésorier, M. Dieudonné, notaire à Lavalette; membres : MM. Ménard, notaire à Vars, et Clerfeuille, notaire-Ji Rouillac. Violente scène de ménage Lundi -soir, vers 9 heures une violente scène de ménage a eu lieu entre les époux F..., demeurant rue des 'l'Po is-.N o 11-e-1) aiyi .. F.., qui ava.it bu plus que de raison, aurait frappe sa fennne; blessée à une main,' avec un ra:;.oir croit-on, cette dernière saisit une bouteille et la brisa sur la tète de son mari. Sérieusement bles',<'', F... a reçu des soins dfe M. le docteur Gauthier. La police procède à une cnq'uctc, Vol Mme Sicault, demeurant rue du Champ-dc-Foirc, ayant dépose son sa.c Il main dans son panier à provisions, alors 'qu'eiïe faisait ses achats au marché cou''ert, a .été victime de son imprudence. Ellc a constaté que le sac Et main, ainsi qu'une, somme de 17 ) fr. qui y était .contenue lui avait été'vo]é. Elle n'a ,eu d'antre recoure que de déposer une plainte à la .police. Les plue beaux Bijoux pour Mariages; à tous les prix. Maison Anaclet, Angoulème. Bureau militaire M. Jcnn-'Y-,éonard Mons'paud est invité h se présenter à ]a. mairie d'Angollltr.nc, bureau militaire, pour y retirer une médaille coloniale. Soirée Massenet Nous rapnelons <t!)'un-e so'rée doit être donnée mercredi .1L mai. salle Phi.Ulurmon.iqnc, à la mémoire du maître Massenet. Elle est, nous dit-on, .sous le patronage de quelques dames de la ville grandes admiratrices de sa musique. Mlle Berthe de Cartigny, l'organisatrice, a mis à son programme le nom de Mlle Germaine Martinelli, la cantatrice connue; le ténor 'Mario, qui chantera des passages de (t, Manon » et de « Werther »; Mme Ventenat; M. E. Bmnereau, qui jouera, avec une de ses élèves qui est déjà une artiste, 'etc... 'wr, Nous rappelons que l'on prend des places en location pour le concert-conférence de gala à: la mémoire de Massenet sans .augmentation de prix, au théâtre. Renseignements 'VI. Réclamer un. trousseau de des au res-tanrant Tripelon, 16, rue Saint-Hoch. vw Réclamer à M. le capitaine Compain, 21, rempart: de Bcaulieu, une petite croix or et émail qu'il a trouvée sur la voie publique. Bagues de fiançailles : du simple anneau d or aux diamants de grands prix. Maison Anaclet. Le temps Mardi 13 mai, 133® jour de l'année* durée du jour, l'i î]l 2Ù;,-. lever du soleil,.4 h.. 25; coucher du soi e if, à. 7 h. 29,..... Prcssjan .bairopiétriqjue.-ad ..niveau': du lieu, 751 rnil. ni.it.!). ' Pression baromÉtrique au niveau de la mer, 7W mU. 7. ■■ Température maxima de -l'a. vejne, 17°5. ..: minima de La rouît, 7°9. — à 9 heures du matin, 19°. Hauteur d'eau tombée en millimètres, 12,1 Etat hygrométrique ou humidité de l'air, 9k .Direction et intensité du N-ent, S.rG., mod. Etat du ciel et état, amosphérique, couvert. J '[révisions pour les 2i heures : Dépression N.-O.; temps som'ji'e, frais et menaçant; quelques averses vont, se pr.odu.irc; faibles éclair ci es ; oscillation du vent entre S.-o. et No l'aAhIa baisse barométrique.,— A L)nxî.to A. BONNIN. GUERISON DES INFIRMITÉS Boiteries diverses, difformités et déviations du dos et des membres Que de cas l'on croit définitivement :incurables qui pourtant sont toujours susceptibles, grâce à des soins particuliers, de s'amender, même jusqu'à la guérison complète '? Notamment certaines boiteries, d'origine soit congénitale, soit accidentelle. Nous sommes heureux de rappeler la Mé-t.hoder fruit d'une expérience déjà longue, créée par le Docteur Salmon, dans ce vaste établissement qu'est l'Institut Orthopédique de Canteleu-Lille (Nord), où ces affections sont spécialement traitées avec le pins constant succès, ainsi, du reste, que les luxations de toute nature, coxalgies, pieds-bots, pieds ,plats, déviations du dos (scoliose, mal de Pott), maladie de Little (raideur des bras et des jambes), rhumatisme chronique, etc... Le Docteur Salmon obtient la réduction de ces diverses déformations sans nppardls, sans corsets orthopédiques, sans opérations sanglantes, sans immobilisation des malades, à tout âge et quelle que soit la gravité du cas. Pour rendre plus commode aux intéressés leur examen, le Docteur Salmon a décidé de se rendre dans notre région et il nous prie d'informer le public qu'il donnera lui-même ses consultations à Angoulême, hôtel de France, le lundi 19 mai. LE DEPARTEMENT Aigre "-"AJ II vient de se créer, a Aigre, sous la. présidence de M. Delhoume, conseiller gêneral, une société de secouns mutuels cantonale. Ont été élus membres (ln bureau : Président M. Delhoume; vice-président& : MM. Brisson, de Chante merle ; BriBnt, de Barbezière; Faure père, d'Aigre; Billochon, de Ltix,(,; Ardeau, de Tusson; secrétaire : M. Elle Pailloux; secrétaire adjoint : .M. Robert jJe311peau; trésorier : 'M. Thomas trésorier-adjomt : M...llené Faure. Barbezieux iwuEtat civil de Barbe-vieux. _: Naissances : Le 21. avril, Jüan-Hcnri-Janies Meynard, rue Elie-Yinet; le 25, Paulette-Marcelle Pan-netfer, à Bôtuchet; le 30, Ilenri-Louis Charn-baud, rue d>'Angoulème; le 1er maL, Joseph-Henri-Marcel. Robert, rue Thomas-Vêillon , Je -21 bimone-Méloée-Juliette IvIiet, au Larry. ; le 3, Nadine-Christiane Carmagnac, rue de l'Abattoir; le 4, Roger Gallet, route de Saint-Bonnet; le 5, Jeanine-Marguerite Butté, place du Marché; le 5, Raoul-Gaston Doublet, à laitance. , Pu'biieati-oa de mariage : François-Joseph D estions,. prcslesseur de français à Viesbaden (Allemagne), "et Charlotte-Emma Sac Ils "à S tut-gard: (Allemagne). Mariages ; Le 26, Georges-Côlestin-Winiam Girard, sous-ofûcier au 42a de Mgne à Belfort, et Blanche-Irène Nivet, employée de commerce à Barbezieux ; le 2G, Edouard Mo'ulinier, 'propriélair.e à XancleviEe, et Julia-Georgette'Marie Briand, domestique à Barbezieux" ; le 20, Auguste Bertandeati, cultivateur, au Buis et MargL'.crite-Augustinc Gendrineau, cultivatrice à Font-Razi) ; le 2G, Pierre-I-iippolyte Brançhet, .boulanger à Barbezieux, et Rose Rosier, couturière^.à Barbezieux. Décès : le 5, Aune" Pain, 42 ans, épouse de Jean Biois, rue d'Hunaud; le 5, Anaïs Foquc. né, ;H ans, hospice; le 6, Germaine Carnés, 20 ans, boulevard Gambetta. Cognac iwt Au cours d'une réunion qu'ils ont tenue samedi soir à la Bourse du travail, les ouvriers plâtriers ont décidé It. grève. On compte donc comme grévistes à Cognac, à l'heure actuelle : 25 ouvriers charpentiers 23 ouvriers jardiniers, et 21ouvriers plâtriers. MAJ Samedi, jour de foire à Cognac, Mme Guillehon, àgée de 70, ans, demeurant à Ars, Ise trouvait sur le. champ de foire des bœufs, devant, une paire Oe. ces'animaux que son fils venait de vendre. Tout à coup, les bœufs avancèrent;, Mme Guillebon fu t renversée d'assez graves blessures à la tête. La blessée fut conduite à la pharmacie Mondor, où elle -rpr'nt. les soins nue néees^ilnit son t'L'it. m Samedi, à la foire de Cognac, le jeune Raby, domestique chez M. Chauvin, demeurant aux Chauvauds, commune de Pons, âgé de 1G ans, Et trouve, place d'Alger, 'Lm porte-monnaie contenant F/3 francs. Il le porta de suite au commissariat de police 01'1" peu de. temps npros, sa prï.priëtau'e, .Mme,Peyrat.-dell1C1Jrant boulevard de Clii'jten,-t vint le rÔda-.mer. Nos félicitations à M. Raby pour son acte de probité. 'wi, M. Bquhnaud, maire de Javrezac, a également trouvé un ",ode-monnaicj contenant une certaine .somme, Il le tient à la> disposition de la personne qui l'a perdu. iwv Au .concours musical qui a eu heu dimanche à Pauildac, la. Oirn'tËn.cLt.a de ("ognae a. obtenu : Lecture ti, vue, 1er prix. palme de '"t'rmeil,.. h l'un-aDimiio. Concours d'exécution-. 1er prix, palme de vo.rmeil, iV. runanimitu. w La remise aux combattants de La médaille. eommérnorativede 1870-71 nl1rrl lieu S'Otis la présidence de M. le qénéral mnzer, place de la. Sous-Préfecture, le dimanche 18 moi courant, à a heures nrecip.e.3. (1n se réihiiira à l'hôtel de yille (côté nnrd), d'où le cortège pajUra. a E lieures.et den>ie,, '' ■.•••• : ivw Les administrateurs eve la Caisse pargne de, Cognac .ont tenu jeudi dernier,' la plus importante réunion de l'année, sous la présidence de M. Pascal Combeau, maire. ■M. Simard, rapporteur de la Caisse d'épargne, a donné Lecture de son rapport sur !es.opérations de l'année 1912. Il ressort de ce rapport que li. situation est bonne en dépit des bruits de guerre qui ont couru, et de la mauvaise' récolte de l'année dernière. Les administrateurs ont -également envisagé la question de l'édification d'un hôtel de la Caisse d'épargne à 'Cognac. M. Ribet ,a été nommé délégué au prochain congrès régional des caisses d'épargne, qui se tiendra dans la Charente-Inférieure. m Le Conseil municipal de Cognac se réunira dans quelques jours, la Commission de la Voirie est convoquée pour le mardi 13 mai. La municipalité doit soumettre à son examen un relevé de tous les travaux ed'Iita-ircs. Ce travail permettra aux conseillers de dis--ente.r en connaissance de cause et de sérier les tl'ét"HUX. v iwt Etat civil de Cognac,du 6 au 0 mai 1913. — Naissances : Germaine-Jean-Raoul Bnu1-clef, rue d'Alger; CamiHc-Zéline LÓgeron, rue Montréal; YVGnne-Carmen Desvars, à la Maternité; Madeleine-Hélène Marche, à 1.1, MalcfÙ.ïié. ; "' , -, -.. " Décès : Julie Gorideau, .sabs pmfcssioh, 63 ans, veuve -de Pierre Dumergue,. boulevard Don fnrt-Roch ere.au ; HCl1r-iettc-.Inria-Ja,cq'llJell.ne Ducher, 12 jo'urs, l'il de Ca.gouiilet; Antoine Papon, scieur d-e long, 75 ans, hospice.' Confolens •vyv. Le (ribu.n.al correctionnel de Confions a rendu son jugement dans l'affaire^ des qualre boulangers dont nous arvons parlé dans un prÓ-eédênt'humèro. Chacun; d'eux est condamné à 23 l'r. d'amende, pour délit, -et à 1 fr. d'amende pour la contravention à, rarpeté municipal les concernant. François-R.., R... fils; F'.. et F... ont été condamnes pour délit de pêche avec engins prohibés, les deux premiers à. 1C0'fr. d'amende, le.s deux autres à 00'fr..... Pillac AW M. D..., voyageur en épicerie, passait en voiture dans la commune de Bonnes, lorsqu'à la descente duGa.ti.naud, le cheval pritpeur et s'emballa dans la descente tortueuse et rapide. Il alla s'abattre dans un champ, brisant la voiture... M. D... en fut quitte 'pour des contusions sans gravité, mais sa. voiture fut sérieuise-ment endommagée, et Le cheva.l eut lexs genoux emportés et se fit une sérieuse blessu-rc à la ide. Rouffiac vu Un cas de rage vient cTêtré constaté à Rouffiac, et une personne mordue vient d'être dirigée sur l'Institut Pasteur de Bordeaux. Roumazières 'v^ Nous apprenons avec regret ln, mort de M. Polalwwski, chevalier de la Légion d'honneur, madré de Roumazières, un des grands industriels de .notre r'éoio'n.. L'inhumation aura Lieu mercredi 14, h Chasseneuit, , Nous adressons h son gendre, M. Paseaud, conseiller d'arrondissement, il Chasseneuil, et à -sa famiUe. l'expression de nosplus 'ives -condo'i'eances. Ruelle vw Samedi a eu lieu, à Ruent', le banquet de la musique; il était présidé par M. Longat, coniseiller municipal, vice-président de la soclété. ^ Au dessert, MM. Longat, Mercier, Lai go, Mousnier et Pricher, ojit successivement pria la parole et invité les musicierf.§ à une union étmite, ; ^ Cette fète s',est terminée par des chants et des monologues Très bien interprétés par ieV convives. Ruffec 1V4.,Dans leur asaembiée générale de. mardi dernier, MM. les notaires' de l'arrondissement iléRuffec ont" ainsi constitué leur chambre de discipline pour l'année 191.'Miil i : PrÓsiclent M. A. 'Cllûinre. à-N-anteU'i-l; syndic : M..'Chaussegros, à Aigre ; rapp'c.r't'eur, M. Bertrand, a VeTtcuil; secrétaire : M. Ra-,von,~ à'Rvffec; tré.sdrLer : M. Cha-rly S<1,l.f.1t- Angeair; membres :: MM. Geo-'ffroà-Mtjnt-.. jean et Baudrand, àAunac. w Dimanche -mann ont été lances a Ruf-fec. les .vieux i) ie-o-a s de la Société la Colom-be" 'Cognaça-ise, quicommencent leurs. voyages d'ent.raîneme.nt pour la. maison. Distance ; 4.1, kilomètres. WVJ Etat civil de la commune de Ruffec. — Naissance : Le 2, Ernest-Charles-Joseph Guil-ber-t. Décès : Le 3, Antoine «Ylinoux, 65 aiis (hospice); le 7. Pierre-Léon Auvray; 8. Marie Que. ion, 89 ans. ., Publication de mariage : Paul-Gustave Car, (lin, second maître fourrier,. domicilié à Billye, avec Jeanne-Marie-Mareelle Raphaël, couturière à tluffec. ... SPECTACLES, FETES ET CONCERTS à Angoulême I flEATRÉ D ANnouLEME. — JeUQT, lo mai, pOUr la. première fois à Angoulèmc, avec le concours de M. Bouxmann, première basse : Don Quichotte, comédie héroïque en cinq acte;;;, poème de M. Henri Gain, d'âpres Le Lorrain.1 musique de Massenet. Bureaux à 8 heures; rideau à S heures L vv Dimanche, 18 mai, avec le concours de quatre artistes en représentation, les Huguenots. ROYAL-CI>.JÉ CATJMONT, il., rue des Postes (ancien-café Alvarel); — Tous les soirs, représentation. Matinée les jeudis et dimanches. CASIXO-MUSIC-ITAIX, rue Mnrengo. — Tous les soirs, représentation. Matinée le dimanche. LA VIE SPORTIVE COURSES DE CHEVAUX D'ANGOULÊME Dimanche et -lundft ont -eu hcai les ,c.ou;sr:) cle cl le vaux d'Angoulême.. i, La première ja'.H'n&e, fàwffl&éeîpar un hcmu temps, avait attiré, sur l'hippodrome de La Touretto, une Joule nombreuse.. :••••: Les tribunes étaient bien garnies et l'on y rpmarqu.a.H de fort ibetles .toilettes:. Les diverses cpreuves ont .rcp.ni de beaux champs de six et sept ..chevaux, sauf la dernière, Je prix de La. Société d/-s steeple-cha-&e<s de France, qui ..s'est réduite Ji; un match bien enlevé par Lutteuse, a. M. JarnciS J!'cn'nessy, sur Vatentine-V, à -M. IX G-uestier. La journée du lundi, comme la. veille, a été réussie au point de vue sportif; inalh'eureusement la, ptu.ie n. empVhé le public, de rendre en foule à l'iiippodrome, aussi . l'asp&Ct des t.rLbunes et du, pesage était-i) loin de présenter ha même activité et lia même gaieté que.Te d'imanjche. Au c'oura <kis deux réunions, auxquelles ,I, le prufet de la Charente a! assisté, 1.1 musique du 107° priment 'flïnf.tln lerie a evécutô -plu* sieurs mûi'ceaux., Le -retour des courseis, le dimanche, s'est otïeetué entre une -double haie de curieux; la foule était compacte de l'écolenormale de filles au wrefo-ur ducafé de Lille, Le lundi, le retour s'est tristement effectue sous la Pl tid Voici les résultats des diverses épreuves' : PREMIÈRE JOURNÉE Prix .d'ouverture, l.(X)0 francs. Distance, 2.400 mètres, (> partants. — lar Mustang-M {Fa.ucon), à Gr. de ViHemanèy; 26 Ganistan (Luc), à M. Mauirice LahroudlC. Non placés : In-Salah-II, Vier'ge-FoJl.e, I.utteu&e, Camelote. Parti mutuel (unité de 5 fr.) : Mustun.g-II, gagnant, 32 fr. 50; placés, 17 fr. 50; Gaaiigtan, placé 2i francs. ... Prix de ].a. société d'enc,o.UntfIement (3° "sé-, rie), &000 fr. Distance, 2.000 mètres. è .partants. •— lor p,, M-C,cl.,C)r (Floch), à M.' Maurice Labrouche; 2* YLpp-i-Acldy (Jm.minZ's), à M. James Hennessy. Non placés : 'Pluna.-Cake, Le-JmlrnaI, Ihokpocket, Faclility. ¡Pari mutuel : Palme-d'Or,gagnante, 2/1..50.; placée,'. 11 fr. 50; Yinp-i-Addy, p!acéo, 10 fr. Prix de la société d'encoarasement., ang'o-arabes (Ire catégorie), 2.500 fr. Dis tance. 2:000 mitres, 4 pûr!;apiis. — lpr Rom Mat (IAHlge'-ronne), à M. n. Labadie; 2" Violet te-des-Prés (Samson, apprenti), à M. P. Cornet. Non pla-•c(w : EI-Tcroose, Clairette-M. Pari mutuel : Ho'mblai. gagnant 8 fr.: placÔ. 7 fr. 50.; Yiolette-des-Prés, placée, 12 fr. Prix de la. ViMc d"Angoulème (handicap), 3.C.OO fraiMs. Distance. 2.200 mètres. G partants. — lIr Inusable (Trougnat), à M. R. L£t-badi-e; 2° Donato-Ilr (Faucon), à 'M. de Villc-maindy. Non ]')!acé&-: Phébus, -Ventadour-Iil, Bfisbiilla, Grande-ËnIanL Pari mutuel : ]n'u:&aMe, gagnant, 22 fr. ; p'3C.e, 13 fr. 50; Donafo--IlI, plD,cé, 12 fr. 50. Prix Edgard de Champvaàîiei" (course de ha:c;s, bocks et unters, gentlemert-riders). l.tXK) francs. Dista.nc.e, 2.800 mètres. G partants. —• lor Proc-ket (comte de Villeneuve). à M. Van den. Ro^ch"; 2e Marbre-Rouge ÇA.' de Fournas). <1 M. *Ifc de Fou mas. NDrÍ: places : M-a'rccHc' 7., Rertholène, La-Ncva, Tristc-Sire. P'an mutuel : Proc-ket,* gagnan t, 23 fiv. f)0 ; placé. 1:3 fr.; l!..m'brc-Ronge, p.JaCl S fr. Prix de la: société des steeple-chasee de France (régional, 2* catégorie, st-eeple-clia.se). 1.500 franco. Distûnee. .-3.500 mètres, 1 part'Ili t. DEUXIÈME JOURNÉE Prix de La. T011il'eUe (à réelamer), 1.000 fr. DLstanc&, 2.200 mètres, 7 .partants. f'-' 1er Bisbille (Luc), ti. M. Maurice Lahrouche; 2e Vierge-Folie (Hoila.), à M. René Sauvai.' — Cs'on placés : Brantôme-III, Boîide-III, Réalité, In-Salah-II, Bon-Ami-M. Pari mutuel (unité .de 5 franc-s) : Bisbille, ,ga.g,nante, 4-9 fr.; placée, li fr. 50; Vierge-Folle, placée, 20 fr. 50. Prix des TrJhunes, 2.000 francs. Di/Stance, 2.100 mètres, 1) partants. — 1er Ganistan (Luc), à M. Maurice Labrollche; 2e Toms!oso (Floch'l, à. M. Jaulin; 8° Yipp-i-Addi (,JC{mninp:s), à M... James Hennessy. Non placés : Facility, Cnp-;Iyr!e,. Le-Jo!urn'a!, Ois, Grande-Enfant, Chan-tei'auve. Pari mutuel : Gamstan, gagnant. 51 fr. 50; p'ace. 8; Tomeioso, placé 7 fr. ; Yipp-i-Addi. placée, 6 fr..50. Prix principal cle la société sportive d'encouragement, -1.000 fr. Distance, 2,500 met.rc-?. 6 partants. — 1er Maïda-Vale (Jennings), l-t M. James Hennessy; 2° Alusta.ng'-n (h'aucon), à M. de ViUemandy. Non placés : Ciouzct, Plum-Cak'ë, Palme-d'Or. Dièze. Pari mutu.el : Maïda-Vaie, g8gnanlc, 12 fr.: piac6e, 10 fr.: Mustang-II, place, Hfr. 50." L'Express (course de haies), i.200 fr. 'Distance, 2.800 mètres. 4 i)a!rtaiits. — lor Sa.int-Céréné (Bongaillos), à M. H. Thaurv: 2e Pou-te-à'u-R'x-II (d'Arexy), à M. le comte J. de Lastiio-Saint-Jol. Non placés : Le-Doge, Lou-vcés,'Vimlex. Pa-.h miu-iue'l : Su.int-Céréné. gagnant 19.50; p!a.c.e, 7 fr. 50; Pou:le-n.u-Hiz-lI, pJncée, 9.50. 2° Prix de la société dès steeple-chases de France" (steeplé-chase, G® série), 2.600 fr. Di-!<mcc, :5.4CO môtre.s, 3 imrtants. — lor Ma-Belle (P. KaJiey), à iM. D. Guestier. Non plncés : herlandicri, Triste-Sire. Pari .mutuel : Ma-Belle, gagnante, Il francs. LE CIRCUIT CYCLISTE BORDEAUX-ANGOULÊME-BORDEAUX L; drcuil: Au 1 omoto-Continenta 1 organisé sou..', le:s. auspices de « Sports » et. de la « Petite Gironde » s'est disputé dimanche et: lundi sur ! 0 n a r co u r s Bo r deaux-Péri g u e u x A n go u 1 ê 1 n e -CrJtrrmc-Sain Lec:Dordea ux, La première partie de l'épreuve, Bordeaux-Angoulême par Périguteux, s'est disputée par beau temps. Les ccncurrents, partis do Bordeaux (les Qmdrc-PEivillons) a S heures et demie du matin, ont commencé 'Ù arriver a Ang/i111èmc vers trois heures et (lUDrll. Voici d'ailleurs le classement : I. Cailloux (Périgaeux); à 3 h. 17 : 2. Lu-g'kiiol... (-Bordeaux), à msé^yiomi-rouo ; 3. Oill'v (Nantes) ; i. Quenin ( Pari s) ; 5. Fontan (Nay); G. Ujol (Bordeaux); 7. A-uiort (Paris}: 8. Sutter : 9. PaiIIet. (Boid. aux) ; 1C Pelticr (Paris). : il. Nat (Moniaitlnu) ; 12", C.anfou (Bordeaux) : 1:;. Brun ; 14. Chassot (Paris) ; 15. Bailly, à 3 h. 19'.: 1G. Dupas (Bordeaux), it une longueur : 17. Cadeaux (Bordeaux), < 3 h. 21 ; 18. Faure (PérLgr.eu'x), û une demi-longueur : W. Chauvière (Péri.gueu'x), à o h. :3'1; 21, Stanislas. " -"• L 21. Qindesi^oussens ; 221 Baratlic : 23. man-ctiar.! : 24. Bustarret : 25. Robert : 2G. Monti-but : 27. narre : 28. f),:)l'rnrd ; 29. Fou.gernt ; :?. Scvaux : 31. Noël : 32. Baronnet : 33. Lan-dau : 81-. Laborde ; 35. Séguinial ; 30. Bon-plICL ; :n, Consta.a!. I.tr seconde partie de Tébpe ; Ang^iuéme-Bordcaux par Jarnac, Cognac et SD.intcs¡ a pu litt'i rous une pluie presque ccruinueUe. Voici l'ordre des arrivées à Bordeaux : 1. Billy. de Nantes, ù 4 h. 40, ayant couvert les 181 kilomètres du parcours en G h. 47, soit à une moyenne de 27 kilomètres 12;) environ a i'h-eu.re.. 2. :<.;:d, de ?!'!nktu1;.[q.+",Ù,1îi.-47 : 3. Font an, de Nay (Basses-Pyrénées), à 4 Ji. 47' 30" ; 4. ¡ t Lit ,1, CI" Paris, à4 h. 48 : 5. C..-ii!)oux. de l'ériiïueux. à ï !i. 49 :. G. Auforf, do Paris, a 4 h ?/>": 7. Pcmh'. h 4 h. 59 : 8: lTiiil, à 5 h 9. E. Luu'uet ; 10. C'::?C3tiIX : 11. Canton 12. Brun 13. Stanislas, à 5 h. 20 : 14. Cliauvière, a ;j Il. 33 ; lo. Monlibu!, à 5 h. 35 : lG. Cande-s soussens, à 5 JI. 34 : 17! Bernai d, à 5 h. 37. ; 18. Blanchard, à. 5 h. 55. etc. -D'aprè's l'ordre des arrivées de ln. deuxièm,e éiope, le classement gén(-ral du Circuit s'établit n.i rl<3i' : ^ 1. Biilv, de Nantes, 3+ 1 ='1, points, 2. Cailloux, de Périgueùx, I +G==U points, 3. Fontan, de Nay, 5+3--8points,4 4. Ed. Luguot, de rf,', i i i x, 2+ 9--11 points, 5. Au fort, de Paris, 7 + U=13 points, G. Uiol, de Bordeaux, IJ + 8 = 14 po'nts. Os classerneni. ne sera officia qu'.tptcs homologation par la. commission sportive do ru v. F. ; CYCLISME 'vvi; Lnc., course cycliste a pu lieu à Genac-dimanche 11 rnf'.i. Voici les résuliats : Cantonale 1% Ci::ltinon; 2°, Palace:. Sa.R.ivierre.. Cc'rnmunnîe : 1er, Gatinon, ;:.e, Yvon: 3". Pignon. Déporlementale (H0 kilomètres) ..: 1er, HûRse-bœuf; 2°, Ménigaud; 3°, Dupont. LE GRAND-PRIX CYCLISTE DE PARIS Dimanche ,i. en. Lieu au Vélodrome 'Hiver, il Paris, la lin.aie.du Gnlnd-Prix cycliste. Le vainqueur de l'én-reuve est Êlleeaard " ; 2e Houriier; 3e Friol. ' DANS LA REGION Vienne L '/':cocle Sainl-'.Maixent assistera le ^ mai à Poitiers à. des. séances, de: tir d'aitii-l Tie exécuté nnr les hcdl.CTiès dé la !je brj.gade d'artillerie à PoiticIF" On fL'ja en outre -aux élèves une instruction pratique avec tirs dè démonstration sur le CUl./J!l nlmai!ho de i R T.H. T. R .. Dordogne ■wv Un pj éliîstojie;.) di; ,P('.rÜrnl;1;":, foi-i avan-tageusesnen(onrui, M. Louis Didon, vient do découvrir dans s-es fouilles des bords de l:.t Vezèrr. un... Siiuelel.te préhistorique soh)<re.on, .celui> d'un jeune f lie d.. (a souelette présente ,. une intércssnrdc > ai ti'-n 'a. tt«*. Il norie autour-du cou un important comoôsé d'un très -grand nombre de ««iquiUdgc^ marins de dirié-rentes espèces. •• On a ou enlever le bloc de riaagna où. git le squelette. .Malheu.reusen;"u!, ^>ar suite des nluies inin-terr.impuos de co.* tc^mps. 'do'rniprs/ il est dans un plat d humidité excessive qui imoose j'obli-galion dé retarder les constatations de foutes sortes fi i(f) code découverte doit nc'rn)c'''''f' 'wv M. Pasdelou; métayer a IJrvoJ, qui traversait le passage à nh-cau de Palevat. a été -tamponnc par un train de marchandises. II est mort peu après...l FAITS DIVERS Mort accidentelle d'un sportsman Dimanche soir, 11. Louis de Foiirnos?, gentleman 'ridcr, entraînait sa jument njinaidn, dans les environs d'Avignon, en vue djuno course qu'elle devait dlsDuter lundi, lors-, qu'au saut' el 'une 'haie 1a bête fit pannr''!e. M. de Fournas fut atteint ù "lNl coup de sabot en pleine poitrine. M., de FOl..1J."n<1s fut transporté dans une clinique, où il est mort lundi matin. Collision de trains militaires On télégraphie de Salonique nu « Times ;» que deux trains militaires sont entrés en collision entre Draina et Buk pendant Ta. nuit, et qu'il y a eu 100 morts et 300 ble&sés. Un terrible typhon On mande de Manille qu'un typhon, le plus terrible qui se soi tprodnit depuis de nombreuses années; fi, causé 58 morts. De nombreux vaisseaux ont fait ttaufrageV" Un enfant coupé en morceaux On a trouvé dimanche matin, dans une vespasienne, à Berlin, deux jambes humaines fraîchement. coupées. La ictime de cet as.sassinat est l'écolier Otto Klachin, ûgé de douze ans et demi. Dimanche soir, on a trouvé la tête, lc tronc et les bras enveloppés dans un paquet, sur l'escalier principal de la gare de Potsdam.. On n'a-aucune trace de rassassin. et on ignore le mobile de ce o'irne. Explosion dans une fabrique d'artifices Une explosion ''é'pst produite dans une fabri.que (rartiHces située ;dans la banlieue de Romr. Quatre ouvriers^ônt .été tués.et trois, blesses. La fabrique est presque entièrement détruite. TRIBUNAUX Le krach de la Banque des Halles Le irib;.im'' de la. SoiiT^ ,:ien L-Jjc, 1'2w1re siDi jugement dans i).ffah'c du krach xle,la Banque des Halles,-'rétablissement oui succéda à M. !.;enoii-l..évv, quand c(dLd-CL lu! tué par un de ses clients. La. lianque d'îs Halles, fondée par M. Marins B'dn!), avec le r-t)uo()ur.'. de MM. f<auhird el, de Lambert, engloutit rapidement une somine de Gno.SO} francs. Marius Bidon n été condamné ù trois ans de THjSDll, :UiCO francs d'i'ïncndc' ; GllLllard, ti 6'mois de prison el 103 francs d'amende et de l.aml ert a 8 mois de prlscm. et 1.00Q francs d'amende. de Saccès UMEIIT ÊiNEâB l'luI t>st FEU Plus JAKE$11. SMîTOPiÇUErÉS-F'sçarii le TW sac. -doyi(.«f si (Iii pa)!. G¡¡tri"tll) rd'p'à» eUftreijeîSsi'triâs, f.toi;îîiestFoaiure2, Ecarts, Vesîifc'«ns, ISg«gC2*î!U4«i4»ltJ, Surs*. KparTing.tij. Sr&'i QÈmkU, 1S5, Rue Saittî-Ho^orè. PARIS. Bnl),:t ,'rcnco tanin mvM^'^asie dt 7512—971:5 A PREMIERES COMMUNIONS Missels, Livres de piété, Cimpeîels, Médailles or et 'tituelit, Christs JlénHîers, PlaqaeKes, Articles de fantaisie, Gravures LE PLUS BEAU CHOIX ET LE MEILLEUR MARCHE LIBRAIRIE E. CONSTANTIN il el 11, rue des Postes, ANGOULÈME 2S7—-40Ô2 B âé A"PERITIF TONIQUE 3P"jpHâ ffv* 0 «■—■n—WP JHL qgwm. JK JNL VIN L. GÉNÉREUX ET QUINQUINA MM IK JKTÉI JC&JHK LES OISEAUX DE PROIE DEUXIÈME PARTIE Pierre DECOURCELLE Elle demeurait 'seule, sans soutien, sansaffection, sans rien qui l'aidât à supporter J 'cxÍc'l{cl1ec. Alors ?... Retourner en Bretagne... Pourquoi faire ?... Elle ne <se senl1:ut plus la force de traîner fies jours misérables et, sans but, dans -la pc* iite maison de Guérande, au milieu des s-ouv-venirs accumulés des deux seuls êtres pour lesquels, jusqu'à ce moment, elle avait vé^u. Depuis que la fatalité l'avait, frappée dans son amour, jamais elle n'avait, désespère de ln vie. Il lui avait, toujours semble impossible {rn'llll e semblable iniquité ne trouvât, ,pas s-a rt''!'aration. * C'est cette espérance qui l'avait soutenue, aidée à .supporter les cruelles épreuves du sort...' [a)s. maintenant <;u'G la: mort 1 avait a ..jamais séparée de sa fille, maintenant que les portes d'une citadelle se refermaient sur Christian, comme ]a. pierre d'un tombeau, quel espoir lui était-il permis de conserver ?... Quel " intérêt l'ui restait-il dans l'exist.ence ?... Et, froidement, elle envisageait de nouveau, tout en JriGl'cJwnl, revcntualite du suicide libérateur.. " ;";'{,tnit-('c pas le seul remède qui lui réélut, dans le désastre où elle sombrait ? Elle était si profondément atteinte que pas un instant, 'Sft loi, si ferme jadis, ne se revoilà contre, une résolution que, pendant la première ,période de sa vie. elle avait toujours Jonsidérée comme un crime. Elle allai!, le cerveau égar(', songeant aux .moyens de mettre à exécution son projet sinistre... .... Enfin : je vous trouve, mon amie !... Ces mots, prononces d'une voix émue, arrachèrentla jeune. femme de ses sombres méditations. Elle releva la tête, et fixa, un regard encore hagard 'Sur l'homme qui venait de parler. .C'etai't Ma Itéra. Vous !... clamG-t-ellc d'une voix déchirée... C'est vous !... ,,Elle saisit les mains que lui tendait le clocteur, et s'y cramponna de ce geste affolé qu'ont les naufrages, quand leurs doigts rencontrent l'épave qui leur apporte peut-être le sa!u!. ' En la voyant chancelante, il lui prit le bras, murmurant : ~ Nous ne pouvons pas demeurer ainsi dans Ta rue ! Il l'entraîna, et elle le suivit docilement, heureuse, dans le désarroi où elle se trouvait, de se sentir soutenue par ce bras ami. Lorsque, dans l'appartement du docteur, ils se trouvèrent assis l'un en face de l'autre, elle ne put retenir ses larmes. C'est par torrents qu'eues ruisselaient le long de sc.s joues pâles, tandis qu'un hoquet douloureux déchirait ?a poitrine. Il la laissait pleurer, sentant que c'était son seul soulagementdans la crise affreuse qu'elle traversait. De temps à autre, une pression de main plus accentuée lui rappelait qu'il était^ en communion de &entimcnt.o avec elle et qu'elle pouvait s'appuyer sur son dévouement. Enfin, elle murmura, brisée : — Vous avez appris qu'il est sauvé. ? — Oui... J'arrive du quartier général... C.'e.?t moi qui ai obtenu à grand'peine qu'on commuât la condamnation.. Elle lui saisit les mains, les étreignant avec force. — C'est vous !... C'est vous qui avez fait ce miracle ?... Ah ! mon cher. mon bien cher ami. soyez béni pour cette bonne action ! Elle ajouta en essuyant sc.3 yeux: : — J'aurais tant voulu le voir... Il est déjà parti !. — Sans que je lui aie serré la main ! R'ecriaM Mallem penibI.eme'nt affecta. ■' Il semblait que, depuis quelques instants, depuis la rencontre de cet ami fidèle, dont elle avait presque oublie l'existence, une transformation &e fût opérée chez Fernande. Maintenant, un feu sombre brillait dans son regard, une expression de soudaine énergie •se"reflétait sur ses traits si accablés quelques instants auparavant. Plongeant l'éclair de ses prunelles au fond des yeux de rvlatlern: — Mon ami, dit-elle, voue rappelez-vous ce jour où à Sa vei ne, en m'avouant votre affection, vous m'avez dit que je pouvais en toutes circonstances, compter sur votre dévouement ?... — Aujourd'hui, comme alors, je vous, fais le même serment... En quoi puis-je vous être utile ? — Vous pouvez m'aider à éclaircir le cru--cinant mystère dans lequel a sombré mon honneur... Vous pouvez m'aider tt ouvrir les yeux de Christian sur une misérable qui ne s'est assise-à son )oyer -que pour y apporter le déshonneur et l'à trahison ! Mattern regardait Fernande, l'écoutant parler avec une stupeur croissante. |
bpt6k3065957p_1 | French-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | Première Année Revue mensuelle d'art libre et de Critique Dans ce numéro : HENRI BARBUSSE, FERNAND BENOIT, M. BOULESTIN, GASPAR ETSCHEB, FERSEN, J. FERVAL, MAX GAUTHIER, C. GERANDT-JOSSEL, A. GUZMAN, R. LALOUE, RAYMOND LAURENT, LEGRAND-CHABRIER; VICTOR LITCIOSUSS, E. MAEL, KURT MARLINS, F. UIRANDE, JEAN MORÉAS, MOYANO, M. DE NOISAY, JULIEN OCHSÉ, ANNIE DE PENE, EDM. PILON, SARLUIS, ROBERT SCHEFFER, SONYEUSE, ARTHUR SYMONS, LAURENT TAILHADE, E. ET L. THOMAS, VERLAEREN, TANCRÈDE DE VISAN, COLETTE WILLY. PARIS Direction : 24, Rue Eugène Manuel ADMINISTRATION. ET RÉDACTION chez A. MESSEIN, 19, Quai Saint-Michel Prix du Nombre : 2 fr. 50. — Abonnement : 30 fr. par An, Etranger, 36 fr. A suivre... No 1 — 15 Janvier 1909 Inaugural .... Laurent Tailhade. — Le Carnet de Stéphane Baille, (souvenirs sur Verlaine). Verhaeren. — La belle Fille, poème J. Ferval. — La Renaissance du Paganisme. Sarlus. — L'Inquiétude, eau forte. Jean Moréas. — Ajax, fragment Edm. Pilon. — Dans les jardins d’Esther Henri Barbusse. — Poème Colette Willy. — Music Hall Motano. — Colette Willy, silhouette. E. Mael. — Poème : L’Esclave. Robert Scheffer. — Plumes d'oies et plumes d'aigles Julien Ochsé. — Poèmes Akademos. — In Memoriam, Raymond Laurent Raymond Laurent. — Portrait et Poème. M. de Noisay. — À d'Annunzio, poème Luini. — La Sainte-Famille, eau forte. Arthur Symons. — Cité d’Automne, trad. L. et E. Thomas Fernand Benoit. — La Femme insatiable Annie de Pêne. — Sincérité, poème Kurt Martens. — Frank Wedekind trad. G. Elscher R. Laloue. — Je t’écris, mélodie Legrand-Chabrier. — Invitation à l'enterrement PARTIE CRITIQUE XXX. — Notre but Victor Litschfousse. — Les Poèmes de Fersen. — Les Romans de Tancrède de Visan. — La Littérature. Max Gauthier. — Les Théâtres F. Mirande. — La Musique A. Guzman. — L’Art ..." Figaro. — Les Potins d'OJlenbach M. Bôulestin. — Chronique anglaise (up and down) C. Gernandt Jossac. — Chronique Scandinave XXX. — Les Revues Livres reçus et Vient de paraître FONDE EN 1870 L’ARGUS DE LA PRESSE le plus ancien bureau de coupures de journaux 14, RUE DROUOT, 14 PARIS Rédigé et dépouillé par jour 10.000 Journaux ou Revues du Monde entier Publié L’ARGUS DES REVUES mensuel Édité L’ARGUS DE « L’OFFICIEL » contenant tous les votes des hommes politiques et leur dossier public L’ARGUS DE LA PRESSE recherche dans tous les périodiques les articles passés, présents, futurs Adresse télégraphique : ARCHAMBAL-PARIS — Adresse téléphonique : 102-52 Écrire au Directeur, 14, rue Drouot, Paris AKADEMOS Revue mensuelle de littérature libre et de Critique ESSAI DE PROSPECTIVE Nous venons d'un pays clair, lumineux et tranquille, où Platon a passé, où Virgile chantait. libérer dans la ferveur de vos efforts la France Latine de ces décadences slaves, de ces lourdeurs germaniques, de ces argots saxons et de ces préjugés judéo-chrétiens qui en altérèrent la pensée et le naturel paganisme. Par le souvenir des anciens marbres et des poèmes oubliés, ramenez l'artiste à l'idée simple, à la ligne libre et pure. Rien de ce qui touche à la Beauté n'est un crime, et tout élan est beau par son inspiration. L'obscurité, l'hypocrisie et la laideur sont les seules corruptrices. Allez, vous autres dont l'enthousiasme vient d'Athènes ; et que votre œuvre n'ait d'autre évocation que celle d'un jardin embaumé... Avertissement : Akademos est une tribune libre. On y admet toutes les opinions, pourvu qu’elles soient émises avec talent, et toutes les formes, pourvu qu'elles s’inspirent d’un art sincère. Les auteurs gardent intégralement la responsabilité de leurs articles. La Direction. LES CARNETS DE STÉPHANE BAILLE HACHE (Souvenirs sur Verlaine.) Je revins à Paris dans les premiers jours de 1883. Deux ans vécus, là-bas, au Sud-Ouest de la France, parmi les eaux limpides, les bois de hêtres, les prés, au printemps, étoilés de colchiques, en automne, dans la montagne de neiges et de fleurs, sous le profond azur des nobles Pyrénées, m’avaient assez fait connaître que la beauté des choses ne remédie aucunement à la laideur des hommes ; que l’ignorance, l’envie et la sottise, la méchanceté noire de la Province contaminent d’un excrément, ineffaçable comme la tache de lady Macbeth, jusqu’au manteau verdoyant de la Terre où je suis né. Dans Bagnères-de-Bigorre, la fétidité du bourgeois se guindait à l’Absolu. M. Homais y donnait la réplique à la marquise de Pretintailles. Le parti jeune catholique regardait en chiens de faïence les barbes sexagénaires que pommadait le vieux corsage de la République deuxième et que hérissait encore le vent-punais des Châtiments. Un peu après la guerre, le comte de Bonnehumeur, brancardier à Lourdes, où nul miracle ne l’avait guéri des attaques de haut mal qui certifiait l’antiquité de sa race et la longue putréfaction d’icelle, un autre hobereau très pieux, le comte Robert de Puisseclien, qui ne fréquentait jamais avec la troisième personne, le notaire Bado-Mouscos, renommé pour ses escroqueries, son cagotisme et sa lubricité, avaient fondé un Cercle catholique à l’instar des clapiers du même genre instaurés dans le Nord par le comte de Mun. On y forniquait abondamment. On y buvait du rhum et, tout en cuisinant la chose électorale, on y jouait la comédie avec « Tassent » du cru. Les femmes ne prenaient aucune part à ces jeux : mais les éphèbes de la marbrerie Geruzet, le ver sacrum du collège diocésain, les onagres de l’orphelinat Rolland, scieurs de marbre, loueurs d’ânesses, élèves croupiers ou baigneurs en chambre, en assumaient l’emploi au grand contentement de ces messieurs. Le Cercle catholique était un lieu choisi autant que vénérable. Un médecin, le jeune Organdi, homme d’esprit, d’ailleurs, et qui pelotait la clientèle riche, faisait de l’obstétrique dévote et se poussait dans le monde avec l’assentiment des carmes qu’il aimait, composait pour cet endroit quelques drames pieux que jouait communément un jardinier maigre et un épicier gras. Ces plaisirs intellectuels avaient une influence notable sur la mentalité bigourdane. En 1860, les notables du pays s’affirmaient libres-penseurs, humanitaires socialistes et tout ce qui vous plaira. L’arrivée, à Bagnères, des Bonnehumeur, des Puits-certains et autres gentillâtres eut bientôt fait de rallier au trône et à l’autel ce que le terroir comptait de gens choisis : les vicomtes (du pape) Marie de Paul, qui montrent dans leur domaine, pour un léger pourboire, le fameux châtaignier de Médous, Arthur Boulet d’Hauteverre dont Jean de Bonnefon déduisait le curriculum héraldique plaisamment; Petit-fils d’une maîtresse de piano, mulâtre, d’ailleurs, comme la canne à Canada, ce Boulet se mit en tête d’acheter un titre, n’importe lequel, au bazar du Vatican. Soulouque l’eût nommé duc du Trou Bonbon, prince de la Marmelade ou vicomte du Poulet Rôti. Le Saint-Père, plus modeste, le fit tout bonnement comte de la haute serre et, commémorant son bolet de patronyme, lui infligea pour armes parlantes un cèpe — oui monsieur — bolet in edulis, pour peu que j’ose m’exprimer ainsi. Le 14 juillet 1882, lorsque pour la première fois on célébra la Saint-Polichon et la prise de la Bastille, le vieux médecin Bruzaud, beau-père de Boulet et qui avait souffert au 2 décembre, appendit modestement une flamme tricolore au balcon de sa fenêtre. Son gendre l’assomma presque avec, d’ailleurs, l’assentiment de madame, pour le punir d’avoir de la sorte dérogé à noblesse. Telles sont les exigences du blason. Il eût été moins pénible d’habiter avec des chiens à huit pattes, des femmes torpilles, des mangeurs d’étoupe qu’avec ces phénomènes. La société de M. Boudu, l’homme à la tête de veau, se fût parée de quelque grâce au regard de celle, non moins ectomérique de Bado-Mouscos, d’Arthur ou de Bellehumeur. La maison assombrie et vide où traînait l’ombre d’un deuil si imprévu ne m’était guère plus riante que l’entretien de ces goitreux. Mon père, âgé, quinteux, insociable, étranger à toute préoccupation d’art, n’avait aucun point où se repérer à ma pensée. Il imposait par la dignité de sa vie autant que par son humeur renfrognée ; il était beaucoup plus aisé de le vénérer que de s’entendre avec lui. Sans intrigue, ni savoir-faire, après quarante ans de magistrature et malgré des talents indéniables, obscurément, il achevait sa carrière à la tête d’un tribunal de troisième classe, n’ayant pas voulu même solliciter la croix, tant sa complexion répugnait aux courbettes. Son divertissement le plus commun était de racler un violon de ménétrier dont il tirait des sons démoniaques pendant de longues heures avec une inconcevable joie. Il se plaisait aussi à rechercher minutieusement les menus vols, fourberies et malversations de quoi les avoués soumis à son contrôle se rendaient coupables impudemment. Il força quelques-uns d’entre eux à vendre leur charge, ce qui n’augmenta point sa popularité. À part le Cercle où l’imagination d’Organdi voilait tous les seins que l’on ne saurait voir, mettant à la portée des coqueurs le théâtre de Molière, désormais sans clystères ni cocus, les tripots seuls vivaient dans Bagnères-de-Bigorre après le départ des baigneurs. Pendant l’été, l’indigène vend de l’eau chaude plus ou moins, des ratatouilles immangeables et des lits à punaises comme il sied dans une ville balnéaire. L’hiver, il se repose et perd au baccara l’argent qu’il a fait, non sans quelque assaut, suer à l’étranger. On cartonnait sur les Coustous dans deux cercles où se réunissaient les personnes du monde : le café Godefroy, tenu par le grélucon alcoolique de la vieille patronne, une commère forte en gueule, massive d’épaules et d’humeur belliqueuse qu’on eût pris pour un gendarme costumé en virago. Et l’on jouait encore au café Sajous où M. Antoine Uzac, aubergiste sur le retour, d’un geste machinal, caressait, chaque fois qu’il prenait une huche, sa tête cosmétiquée au cirage, tant que vers la fin de la nuit ses cheveux étaient d’un blanc sale et ses mains d’un noir fuligineux. On y tenait des propos obscènes et stupides et c’est là que j’entendis raconter pour la première fois la légende combien nidoreuse de M me Pailliasson : M me Pailliasson, bourgeoise de Lourdes, à la jambe hospitalière, désertant l’officine d’un chocolatier fameux dans les quatre vallées pour courir la prétentaine avec d’irrésistibles officiers, surprise un beau matin de feuille à l’envers par la petite Soubirou, aurait, afin de sauvegarder sa prudhomie, improvisé sur-le-champ une mise en scène d’apparition et fait croire à la simple bergerette que Notre-Dame elle-même lui parlait. Sceptiques et croyants, panégyristes et détracteurs ont fait justice, les uns et les autres, de cette histoire imbécile fort en honneur, il y a vingt-cinq ans encore, sur les rives de l’Adour. Encore que fort peu enclin aux cafés esthétiques, aux jours des chers maîtres, aux propos de concierges qui forment l’entretien ordinaire des gens de lettres, le noir obscurantisme des bénéts que je fréquentais depuis si longtemps me faisait aspirer, comme un provincial que j’étais, à d’autres causeries. Mon deuil, mon absence avaient quelque peu espacé mes relations. Je m’ennuyais pour tout dire, n’ayant ni projets, ni travail, ni quoi que ce soit où je pusse accrocher ma curiosité. Le monde que je venais de quitter dépassait la dose normale de l’ennui. A Bigorre, j’avais coudoyé les belîtres « bien pensants » et les autres. J’emportais une sorte de vertige pour avoir ainsi humé l’odeur de leur néant. Ailleurs, c’étaient d’autres figures avec les mêmes oreilles. A Nantes, j’avais ouï Baudry d’Asson, braier après un dîner chez sa cousine Karkoët. Il hurlait littéralement, le dos au feu, la barbe en éventail, l’air d'un droguiste bon enfant et tumultueux : « Oui! oui! nous avons chassé le loup, mais la bête qu’il faut abattre c’est le gros cochon « que nous avons là-bas sur notre tête. » Le « gros cochon » — révérence parler — c’était Gambetta, président, pour lors, de la Chambre des députés. J’avais rencontré Eugène de Lourcoff, le plus parfait goujat, ayant poussé le goujatisme en cramoisi bigot, adonné à la crapule, ivrogne fieffé, au surplus monstrueux, qui, riche, faisait interdire sa mère pauvre et la privait du nécessaire ou peu s’en faut. Il promenait alors pour toute gentillesse, confit dans un bocal d’esprit de vin qu’il exhibait à tout venant, une relique de soi-même, propre à l’identifier aux adeptes d’Israël. Pour si peu délicats que fussent les gens de plume ils n’arriveraient jamais à la malpropreté de celui-là. J’avais rencontré au dîner des Félibres, quelque trois ans auparavant, un poète aimé d’Armand Silvestre qui me l’avait chaudement recommandé. Il s’appelait Joseph Gayda. C’était un garçon malingre, à la voix chantante, rongé de peau, rouge de poil et dont les yeux rouges dans leurs paupières écarlates faisaient songer à ceux des lapins albinos. Il était venu de Carcassonne tout exprès pour avoir du génie et son entrée en matière fut de m’avouer qu’il était fort incommodé par un flux hémorroïdal. Ayant composé autant de pièces de théâtre que M. Jean Aicard a fait, dans sa longue carrière, de fautes de français, il en réduisait les scénarios avec une opiniâtreté souriante et visqueuse, une adhérence de poulpe collé à son rocher. Quand la chose était en vers, il ne se privait guère de vous confier plusieurs tirades qu’il nasillait avec le pur accent de l’Aude ou de l’Hérault. Sa famille l’admirait. Son père, greffier du tribunal, avait cédé sa charge pour prendre, ici, un cabinet d’affaires (contentieux, recouvrements). Un frère cadet, une sœur malade et la mère enthousiaste l’avaient bientôt rejoint. Cette famille entière attendait, avec patience, le jour de grand homme, la première épiphase, les trois cents représentations à la Comédie-Française, le rideau tombant chaque soir au milieu des transports et de la joie universelle. Le rideau est tombé, la pièce est terminée ; avant les siens, abandonnant jeune encore ces fidèles dont il était le dieu, Joseph Gay a fait le premier. Par un soleil de juin, soleil qui, disait-il, « verse une vie intense et retarde les soirs », quelques amis l’ont escorté au cimetière. Carcassonne jamais ne verra sa statue et les pièces, objet de tant d’espoir, n’issue pas du cartonnier. Aux Félibres, Escalaïs déjà court sur pattes, bedonnant comme une théière mais dans toute la fraîcheur et le printemps de sa généreuse voix, Acanthe Boudouresque, marchand d’huile et basse noble, adaptée à Meyerbeer, chantaient les vers d’Aubance sur des musiques de là-bas : Comme uno trêve souletari, Restavo amaga dius monndooü. Avie fré moim amo en susari, Avie pooü. Et nous reprenons au refrain, chacun naturellement et dans le ton qui lui plaisait le mieux. Avec une profonde et riche et caressante voix, Maurice Faure déclamait La Vénus d’Arles, pour ses frères du sang latin. Mistral y venait souvent : coiffé d’un feutre de Gambusino, ressemblant comme un frère à Buffalo Bill, autre saltimbanque d’une espèce beaucoup plus divertissante. Un soir, entre Mistral, pontifiant, encombrant, ridicule, et Mme Mistral, femme, quelque peu moustachue et tétonnière, portant sur son estomac gauche une cigale d’or, un petit curé se vint assiéger, noir, sec, l’air mauvais d’un traboucaire ou d’un fraiile gustador à qui les initiés faisaient de grandes politesses, des courbettes à n’en plus finir. Quand vint l’heure des toasts, Mistral se leva plus auguste, plus demi-dieu, plus virgilien que de coutume : « Messieurs, dit-il, ce félibre assis à ma droite est un frère de Catalogne, le grand poète Jacinthe Verdagner. Il y a cinq ans, me promenant aux environs de Barcelone, dans la sierra, je vis un jeune pâtre à ma rencontre. Il s’agenouilla devant moi, implorant ma bénédiction poétique. Je lui imposai les mains sur le front et le bénis. Ma bénédiction a porté des fruits. Jacinthe Verdagner est devenu l’auteur jamais assez loué de l’Atlantide. » Personne, il est juste de le dire, ne broncha, pas même Jacinthe, plus noueux, plus enfumé, plus maussade après harangue de Mistral qu’auparavant. Il baragouina quelque chose dans son auvergnat et se leva de table au moment où les ténors déchaînaient leur note persuasive. Des félibres, Joseph Gayda me conduisit un jour au Café du palais qui devait plus tard revêtir le nom du Soleil d’Or, à cause de vagues hélianthes figurés sur ses vitraux à bon marché. Les poètes de la génération qui précède la mienne ont coutume de tenir leurs assises journalières sur la banquette de l’estaminet. Catulle Mendès a régné longtemps chez Tortoni, puis au Café Napolitain, empoisonné désormais par la voix de crécelle qui signale aux femmes grosses M. Ernest Lajeunesse et les détourne d’approcher. C’est là que s’échangent les plates conversations, les propos d’argent, les commérages, les histoires à dormir debout, et que s’épanouit la bassesse congénitale aux histrions de la poésie et du théâtre. C’est la foire de cabotinville. Jadis le Café du Palais, sorte de gare aux plafonds bas, aux papiers enfumés, aux banquettes poudreuses, s’étendait à cheval sur la rue de la Harpe et le boulevard Saint-Michel. Cet endroit était, en outre, embelli d'un caveau, où des poètes, quelques-uns tout à fait jeunes, avec des cheveux séraphiques et des ongles en deuil, crasseux et préraphaélites, rougissaient en débobinant leurs épodes, tandis que, fortement chevronnés, d’autres s’imbibaient, en attendant l’heure de paraître, avec les spiritueux que leur offraient les débutants. Edmond Haraucourt y venait entre deux soirées, très mondain, très officiel déjà, de bonne compagnie et de rapports amènes. D’une voix ingrate, sans artifice de débit, mais sûr de lui-même, il déclamait de fort beaux vers. On le sentait robuste, marchant droit et ferme, sans beaucoup de lyrisme, ni d’envol, mais carrément piéusement sur ses ergots, convaincu dès l’abord qu’il ferait son chemin. C’est du tréteau des Hydropathes, fondés par Emile Goudeau, puis émigrés au Soleil de la place Michelet que le symbolisme prit essor. La troupe du Mercure s’y forma. Rachilde y tint ses décamérons. M. Barrès y connut les premiers étonnements de sa jeunesse. Rodolphe Darze, beau comme un dieu et crépu comme un moujik, y vaticinait L’amante du Christ. Les vers libres assistèrent à des tournois entre Gustave Kahn et Marie Krzywnska, tous deux inventeurs de la forme nouvelle, tous deux se disputant l’honneur d’avoir intronisé le vers libre et secoué la poésie française, revendiquant cette gloire, ainsi d’ailleurs que MM. Vielle-Griffin, René Gill et quelques autres. Ces auteurs sont devenus célèbres, ils ne se sont pas attardés au café. Les biberons solides, les illustres piliers ont continué sans répit. Le succès de M. Jean Moréas, outre la bienveillance de Sylvain et son incapacité à comprendre quoi que ce soit, émane de sa persévérance à fréquenter les estaminets. À son âge, ayant et de beaucoup dépassé la cinquantaine, il étouffe, chaque jour, sonnant l’heure de l’absinthe, un nombre de perroquets idoles à lui servir d’exemples et d’inspirateurs. Mais au temps du Soleil d’Or, où passaient Paul et Victor Margueritte, Charles Morice, Henri de Régnier, académicien présomptif et glorieux artisan du Verbe, Maurice Barrès qui demandait au pique-assiette, Charles Vignier, « s’il valait mieux pour lui contester Guizot ou Morny », Oscar Wilde, fleuri d’un tournesol, Jean Moréas s’appelait encore de son nom de palikare : Pappadiamantopoulos. Depuis, il a fondé plusieurs dogmes littéraires et, si je ne me trompe, une ou deux religions. Il a de plus écrit des vers de tout repos. Son génie est, comme dirait Montaigne, ondoyant et divers. Car il emprunte communément ce qu’il appelle ses idées au premier quidam venu, prenant la peine de l’écouter lorsqu’il profère des alexandrins à l’heure où la plupart des bourgeois sont endormis. Autrefois, il s’approvisionnait chez Anatole Baju, directeur du Décadent. Ce Baju, un ancien meunier devenu, par la faveur d’un homme politique, instituteur à Saint-Denis, s’était mis en tête de cultiver son Moi et de faire la conquête de Paris. Mal bâti, d’une laideur au-dessus de la moyenne et d’un esprit à porter les sacs au moulin dont il venait, il publiait chaque semaine un cahier jaunâtre, où il épanchait le trop-plein de son intelligence. Dans les moments perdus, il apprenait à Moréas l’art de penser. Depuis, M. Pappadiamantopoulos a changé de fournisseur. M. Charles Maurras l’instruit, à présent, et lui promet qu’il sera le Racine de Philippe VIII, quand viendra la prochaine restauration. En attendant, il retape Iphigénie, et nul ne désespère qu’il ne porte bientôt les beautés de son style sur Andromaque ou Bajazet. Un trait que Moréas rapportait, il y a quelque vingt ans, avec une ingénuité de nègre, peut fournir une idée assez exacte de sa mentalité. Au cours d’un voyage en Bavière, parce qu’il avait ouï dire que les gens de là-bas raffolaient des cheveux bleus, il se promenait dans les rues de Munich, sous la neige, tête nue, afin de montrer aux passantes que son chignon était, pour la noirceur, comparable à l’aile du corbeau. A ses débuts, après s'être fait mécaniser par Salis et les ivrognes du Chat Noir, après avoir publié des vers à la Goudeau, manifestant le vœu bizarre : D'être écrasé par l’omnibus de Saint-Sulpice, il s’occupa d’Henri Heine et transposa l'Intermezzo en des poèmes d’une heureuse brièveté. Depuis, il a découvert Malherbe, perfectionné Ronsard et mis Euripide en français avec le même bonheur que M. Rivolet et l’omniscient Jules Bois. Quand il choisit à propos l’objet de ses imitations, M. Pappadiamantopoulos ne manque pas de talent. C’est un élève respectueux, docile, qui, dans n’importe quelle école de rhétorique, emporterait à coup sûr le premier prix. Il représente avec une fermeté peu commune dans le monde poétique du XXe siècle, l’École de l’Apéritif. Gabriel Vicaire, que la mort emporta, comme le duc de Clarence, dans un tonneau d’esprit de vin, fut, il y a quelque vingt ans, attaché glorieusement à cette forme d’art. Au temps où le symbolisme et les décadents faisaient rage, ce Vicaire insultait de grand cœur les poètes qui cherchaient leur voie hors des sentiers battus. Il composa la majeure partie d’un petit bouquin fort recherché des bibliophiles pour sa rareté : Les Déliquescences d’Adoré Floupette. On y lisait des mignardises dans le genre de ceci : Si l’âcre désir s’en alla, C’est que la porte était ouverte. Paul Verlaine, quant à lui, ne goûtait qu'à l'hôpital de ce chaste breuvage. L'estampe, la chronique, les bavardages plus ou moins véridiques et sincères, ont poussé jusqu'à la suprême invraisemblance les traditions afférentes à son ivrognerie. On ne compte ni les éphèbes, ni les macrobiotes qui se glorifient d'avoir bu à la table de Verlaine et qui fondent leur gloire sur l'honneur de s'être inebriés en même temps que lui. Depuis que le poète de la bonne chanson est en proie aux Dangeaux de brasserie, aux Tallemans de l'interview, le public est informé de ses moindres gestes. On sait le « flot sans honneur » qu'il désignait sous l'appellation de Roméo. L'adresse de l'Académie alcoolique où la bière intoxiqua Paul Lelian est inscrite dans le Baedeker ; nul doute qu'un interprète avisé ne se montre d'accord avec les pierreuses dont Verlaine chanta le « petit panier » et le pot, ou les gages d'amour qu'elles en ont gardés. Quand il vint à mourir, on ne saurait imaginer le pullulement de crétins jeunes ou vieux qui, tous, avaient connu intimement Verlaine et lui avaient « payé à boire ». En ce temps-là, nous vîmes un benêt faisant une conférence pour notifier à l'univers qu'il avait, un soir, « prêté quarante sous au maître et, par cette munificence, contribué à le soûler ». Dès que le pauvre Lélian eut fermé les yeux, ce fut une invasion d'insectes putrides, acarus, helminthes, nécrophores qui se mirent à grignoter son cadavre. Sur le corps froid, les vers se mêlèrent aux poux, Et là, tant bien que mal, vécurent de sa mort. Mouton, Eugénie Krantz, Estier, les vieilles prostituées de la Montagne Geneviève qui recevaient dans leurs draps suspects, tour à tour, Verlaine et les maçons du carrefour Saint-Victor, tirent main-baise, non seulement sur la pécune qui traînait, mais encore sur le vestiaire, profitable à leurs amants de cœur. Les galvaudeurs, les purotins de lettres vendirent aux marchands force bouts de papier sur quoi le doux Verlaine, en vers déliquescents, enregistrait l'hébétude navrante de ses cuites. Ce furent les grands mois de « Bibi la Purée ». Un autre compagnon de Verlaine, jeune homme exempt de préjugés, « bazarda », si je l’ose dire, chez feu Sapin, une liasse d’autographes où Verlaine, avec des mots d’amour et sans aucune périphrase, déduisait par le menu les ordures qu’ils avaient effectuées de compagnie, exaltant le mérite du jouvenceau par delà ce qu’admiraient les sœurs d’Ezéchiel chez les onagres et les bardeaux. Judicieusement, le vendeur insistait sur le relief que donne à ces pages le fait d’être par lui attesté conforme à leurs jeux d’autrefois. Ce garçon, bien doué pour le commerce, a, depuis, fait sa carrière dans je ne sais quelle administration. Il vit, orné des palmes académiques, sans doute, en mémoire des travaux intellectuels dont s’égaya son adolescence. M. Charles Donos, successeur — on ne peut plus universel — de défunt Vanier, dans un livre assez longuet, recense les comptes de blanchisseuses et les notes de mannezingues acquittés au nom de Verlaine par son prédécesseur. Car les personnes qui crachent au bassinet, même pour la rançon d’un roi, aiment fort que le public n’ignore point le détail de leur beau geste. C’est ainsi que nous apprîmes le nombre des « tournées », le titre des spiritueux que Verlaine offrait à ses compagnons, en s’imbibant lui-même : les rhums du Procope, les amers du François Premier et les absinthes à vingt centimes, sur quoi l’« Académie » de la rue Saint-Jacques fonde sa juste renommée. Peut-être aimez-vous mieux relire Crimen amoris ou la plainte de Gaspard Hauser. Mais c’est là une affaire de goût. Plus récemment, Edmond Lepelletier, ami intrépide et fidèle, a donné un volume épais qui, néanmoins, se laisse lire. On y trouve contés d’original, et les épisodes caractéristiques, et les aventures directrices, et les malheurs de jeunesse qui déterminèrent pour toujours l’orientation du poète. Le désir manifeste de blanchir, de décrasser Verlaine, de lui composer un maintien décent, la préoccupation d'apologétique, d’atténuer, d’expliquer, de donner à des faits trop explicites en eux-mêmes une interprétation favorable gâtent, par endroits, les Souvenirs d’Edmond Lepelletier. Mais, quand on songe que pendant les heures de pauvreté, de déréliction, alors que la tourbe des francs-fileurs, entre autres François Goppée qui, plus tard, devait assumer le ridicule d’écrire une préface au florilège de Verlaine, rougissait même d’articuler son nom, Edmond Lepelletier fut seul à défendre l’ami exilé, on absout volontiers la trop grande partialité de cet écrit. « La société — dit Henri Heine — est une république. Quand l’individu prétend s’élever, la communauté le refoule par le ridicule et la diffamation. » Le plaisir, le goût du médiocre, la haine des supériorités, l’exécration du génie inhérente à la femme, chaque élément du pacte social concourut à exagérer les peccadilles verlainiennes, au point de bannir cet ivrogne tumultueux et candide comme le pire malfaiteur. De le savoir blessé, tous les chacals, tous les dogues, tous les ânes vinrent s’ébattre sur son nom. Et pas un de ses anciens amis, pas un n’éleva la voix pour divulguer tant d’ignominie et tant de lâcheté ! Les malencontres de Paul Verlaine pendant la première partie de son existence, furent : 1° son mariage avec Mlle Mauté ; 2° sa liaison avec Rimbaud ; 3° leur départ pour la Belgique, leur ivresse permanente, et l’esclandre qui s’en suivit ; 4° l’internement du poète dans la prison de Malines, après une séance mémorable devant la cour d’assises du Brabant. M. Paterne Berrichon qui, en qualité de beau-frère, a pris la suite de Rimbaud, M. Ernest Delahaye qui voue à l’éphèbe ardennais un culte suffisant pour expliquer la cristallisation hagiographique, ont prodigué les anecdotes sur l’auteur de Bateau Ivre. Ils ont omis néanmoins les historiettes qui auraient pu montrer dans toute sa hideur la noire méchanceté de ce matois bleu de génie et de démence ; ils n’ont pas, à dessein, raconté, par exemple, de quel baume, de quels lectuaires, leur parent et ami accommodait, vers 1872, le lait du musicien Cabaner, pulmonique arrivé au dernier degré de la tuberculose et qui s’occupait à cracher, en ce temps, les débris de son dernier poumon. Il faudrait au surplus recourir au latin de Paracelse pour mettre au point cette historiette, contée en 1883, par les frères Antoine et Charles Gros. Avec un sens critique des plus avisés, M. Fernand Gregh, dans sa noble étude sur Victor Hugo, remarque judicieusement (Lettres à la fiancée) que : « Victor veut épouser Adèle encore plus qu’il ne l’aime. Il veut « arranger sa vie, il veut se caser pour travailler tranquille ; il prend « pour compagne la première jeune fille agréable qu’il a trouvée sur « sa route. On pourrait noter des préoccupations analogues dans La Bonne chanson, ce Cantique des Cantiques aux Batignolles que Verlaine écrivit lorsqu’il faisait sa cour à Mathilde Mauté. Elle avait accueilli favorablement la laideur étrange du poète, peu coutumier d’une pareille mansuétude. Et voilà qu’il se prend à espérer des jours meilleurs ! La petite fée « en robe verte et grise avec des ruches », aura, sans doute, le pouvoir de mettre en fuite les démons de l’Intempérance qui, déjà, le tiennent asservi. Verlaine, pendant ses fiançailles, proféra les serments et les obsécrations habituels aux ivrognes. Il avait promis, il avait juré de ne plus boire. Or, un malin, fort peu avant midi, ne le voyant pas descendre à l'heure du déjeuner, sa mère le vint quérir dans sa chambre. Nu comme un ver, mais chaussé de bottines fangeuses et gardant sur la tête son chapeau haut de forme, Lélian cuvait ses libations nocturnes, et ronflait comme un chantre, sans plus se soucier de Mathilde que de la reine Pédauque ou de Sémiramis. J’ai rencontré, douze ans plus tard, Mathilde Mauté, depuis peu divorcée, et, faut-il croire, épaissie, dans la maison de Charles Cros qui, lui-même, devait mourir bientôt victime de l’alcool. C’était un lieu bizarre et plein de cordialité, où, par façon de médianoche, on arrosait de spiritueux en rasades quelques tranches de gigot froid. Mme Charles Cros, une Scandinave, grande, simple, distinguée et bonne, s’accommmodait fort bien aux incohérences, ou comme il disait lui-même, au zutisme de son « enfant sublime ». Elle donnait l’impression à la fois d’une épouse dévouée et d’un excellent camarade. J’ai quelquefois, par la suite, songé à elle en écoutant les héroïnes d’Ibsen revendiquer les droits de l’individu au bonheur, à la liberté, au développement intégral de ses instincts. Mme Mathilde Mauté ne paraissait pas autrement se plaire dans un tel milieu. Fort avenante, mais avec un soupçon d’empois départemental, nous ne l’approchions guère sans timidité, car c’était pour elle, pour cette femme effacée, et tout de noir vêtue, que Verlaine avait écrit : « Les chères mains qui furent miennes... » et certes, nous hésitions à lui baiser la main, comme un croyant du Moyen Âge eût hésité à boire un vin profane dans les vases sacrés. Ses propos étaient d’une bourgeoise ; elle ne paraissait d’ailleurs se souvenir ni des hontes ni de la gloire. La conversion de Verlaine date de sa captivité dans la prison de Malines, où le mauvais vouloir de ses proches le garda, sans raison et sans humanité, lorsque la plus légère démarche auprès des autorités belges, eût conquis son élargissement. Cette conversion ne fut pas une entreprise fructueuse de librairie, ainsi que le retour à l’Église de M. Adolphe Retté, pour ne citer que le plus récent poivrot qui soigne par l’eucharistie sa pituite matinale ; ce ne fut pas, comme chez le doux Coppée et tant d’autres, un geste de domesticité académique, ni comme pour l’imperméable idiot que fut Huysmans, une protestation contre la l'uneste culinarité des bouillons pauvres. La foi de Verlaine, très sincère, faite de contrition et de mal aux cheveux, n’a rien qui doive surprendre chez un tel poète. Il avait reçu, tel que le rossignol de Claudel, « son cerveau en gosier ». L’incapacité de penser, de comprendre, fait partie intégrante du lyrisme de Verlaine. Cet être aérien, sonore et fugitif, aurait perdu la grâce et non acquis la force par l’étude et la méditation qui libèrent des dieux. Ce fut une intelligence de femme ou d’enfant, avec la surémotivité, le désarroi hystérique propre à créer chez certains dégénérés supérieurs ce que le Dr Binet-Sanglé nomme la « hystéro-génie ». Les imbéciles, les ruffians, les débauchés, la crapule de tout rang et de tout poil forme pour l’Église une clientèle d’élection, étant des sujets malléables, extraordinairement préparés aux hallucinations mystiques. L’alcoolisme est presque aussi efficace que le jeûne à modeler des saints. C’est ce qu’a vu très nettement Calderón dans la Dévotion à la Croix. En même temps que Sagesse, Verlaine écrivit Parallèlement, et c’est, en effet, une courbe parallèle à ses mystiques transports, que décrit la sensibilité du poète dans ces limpides sonnets à la gloire de Lesbos, ainsi que dans les pièces moins connues d’un recueil : D’aucuns, édité sous le manteau, et même de ce livre plus scabreux encore : D’aucuns, dont M. Gustave Le Rouge a eu, vers 1896, le manuscrit autographe entre les mains. Il y a là quelques pièces de tout premier ordre que les « pieux » exécuteurs testamentaires de Verlaine ont dû truquer depuis longtemps, ou vendre avec bien des profits. Ce n’est pas que Lélian fût exempt de toute passion politique. Un patriotisme braillard et revanchard, un patriotisme d’après-boire, qui « revient de la revue » à l’heure où les bourgeois sont couchés, animait son esprit enfantin. Il ressassait d’un ton puéril qui se croyait mordant toutes sortes de rengaines ; il mettait en vers — et quels vers ! — le rebut des plus basses polémiques. Voici, contemporain du fameux Article 7, un sonnet que je crois inédit qui ne déparerait en aucune façon Le Triboulet d’alors ou La Croix d’aujourd’hui : Papa Grévy, l'affreux Ferry persécuteur, Cazot proverbial et Gonstans légendaire (Pour la sottise crasse et la plate laideur ; Ges Chambres, bosse double au dos d’un dromadaire, — Idoines au régime, — ineptie, impudeur; Ces maires, ces préfets, leur argot, leur odeur, Et Favre à lui seul tout l’opprobre militaire ; Et la fédération des « purs », des « barbes », des « aïeux », Juillet, Février, Juin, et « Ceux » du Deux-Décembre, Bonnes jambes jamais lasses dans l’antichambre ; Et les jeunes encor plus bêtes que les vieux, Communards sans Hébert, Girondins sans Charlotte, Le tout, — un vol de sous dans un bruit de parlotte ! À Malines, pendant les tristes heures de réclusion, l’aumônier lit lire au poète le Catéchisme de persévérance par l’abbé Gaume, livre d’une imbécillité peu commune, même parmi ceux édités chez Marne ou chez Palmé. C’est, peut-on dire, la Somme des bêtises courantes à l’usage des catéchumènes et des « enfants de Marie » issus du moderne pignaurisme. Mes relations personnelles avec Paul Verlaine datent de 1883, de Lutèce, des Hydropathes, du Soleil d'Or et du Mercure de France alors en son avril. J’avais à peu près vingt-huit ans. M. Pappadiamantopoulos — Moréas — qui s’habillait comme un compère de revue, était alors mon contemporain ; mais il a beaucoup rajeuni depuis ce temps. Le pauvre Lélian revenait, escorté d’une légende « saturnienne » où l’envie et la sottise avaient collaboré pour la plus grande part. C’était « un homme pauvre et doux » qui, déjà, s’éloignait de la quarantaine, un pénitent bizarre, un pèlerin de caboulot qui sacrait, buvait, bavait et titubait, ponctuant chacun de ses discours avec le mot national que le Roi Ubu n’avait pas encore magnifié d’une sixième lettre. Coiffé d’un chapeau mou, éternellement cravaté d’un cache-nez de laine grise dont les bouts pendaient sur ses épaules à la façon d’une steinkerke, traînant la jambe et, presque toujours entre deux vins, il allait de café en café, du Procope au Soleil d'Or, avec sur ses talons une séquence de pierreuses en cheveux, d’éphèbes aux ongles en deuil qui, altérés de gloire et de boissons fermentées, s’enorgueillissaient à humer le pot dans une telle compagnie. À parler franc, de tous les vices imputés à Verlaine, un seul n’était pas imaginaire qui suffit à briser, dès le début, cette noble carrière. Sobre, il eût aimé Rimbaud, Létinois et les autres, comme Montaigne aima La Boétie, comme Shakespeare aima lord Southampton. L’ivresse condimenta cette dilection quasi-paternelle de ce que Racine appelle décemment quelques « familiarités indiscrètes ». De Vénus Ourania, pour Lélian ne reçut en don que l’uranisme. Il ne retrouvait la pleine conscience de lui-même que dans ces hôpitaux où l’amenait fréquemment sa redoutable hygiène. C’est là que, pendant les treize dernières années de son existence, il fomenta ses plus beaux vers. Quand les noires vapeurs de l’ivresse n’embrumaient plus cette noble intelligence, nul causeur plus lin, plus courtois et plus nourri. Son masque socratique, aux narines courtes et palpitantes, aux yeux bridés et malicieux, au sourire enfantin, s’animait d’une vie intense. Il contait avec infiniment d’esprit sa fugue en compagnie de Rimbaud à travers la Belgique, ses démêlés avec les tribunaux après que, son ami et lui, tous deux abominablement ivres, eurent échangé dans un café de Charleroi des coups de revolver. Il était plein d'anecdotes et de trouvailles. Il plaisantait avec belle humeur sa pente irrésistible à l’ivrognerie. Il narrait volontiers le mot d’un clergyman qui l’attendait à je ne sais quelle gare de Londres, vêtu de noir, plastronné de blanc, et de la tête aux pieds enduit d’anglicanisme, lui jeta comme bienvenue cette parole décisive : « La prenez-vous au sucre? » Le 25 du mois d’octobre 1894, MM. Xavier Privas, Eugène Turbert et Pierre Trimouillat, organisaient au café Procope, rue de l’Ancienne-Comédie, une représentation au bénéfice de Verlaine. L’entreprise n’allait pas sans quelques risques. Six mois auparavant, un gala donné au Vaudeville, sous la direction de M. Charles Morice, avait piteusement échoué. Cependant, le tenancier du café Procope, Théodore Bellefond, ancien tourneur en cuivre que l’on appelait Théo par apocope ainsi que pour flatter son appétit — ah! que faubourgien! — du « distingué », offrait la salle où, chaque soir, Privas et ses amis faisaient entendre leurs vers d’humour et leurs chansons d’amour. Ce Théo, petit homme, amplement quadragénaire, bedonnant, chauve, prudhommesque et solennel, ne perdait jamais une occasion de haranguer les masses avec des gestes pontificaux. L’espoir d’accueillir dans son estaminet des académiciens et des femmes en renom le délectait comme une pêche mûre. Un certain Chaillou de Kerleu se chargeait de faire les courses, de subjuguer la Haute Banque, et pareil au coureur de Salamine, d’agiter sur son front le bruissement d’un rameau d’or. En outre, les organisateurs lui demandaient un petit discours sur le héros de la fête, avec, pour diseurs de belles rimes, MM. Georges Wague, Louis Burger, Henry Veyret, Mlle Barberini, sans compter les chansonniers du Procope. Les adhésions furent nombreuses et cordiales. Au bout d’une semaine, le trésorier avait encaissé plus de mille francs. Le bon Nadar griffonnait une lettre charmante, vieil étudiant qui desserre de grand cœur les cordons pauvres de sa bourse. Vacquerie aussi mettait à donner la façon gracieuse qui relève le présent. La tribu des Rothschild — Alphonse, Edmond, Nathaniel — s’acquittait noblement... MM. Osiris, Magnard, Sully-Prudhomme, Claretie, Mlle Yvette Guilbert adressaient leur offrande. D’autres, gens de lettres ou gens du monde, en termes plus ou moins civils, déclinaient l’honneur de secourir le plus grand poète de ce temps. Edmond de Goncourt : « Mes regrets, je suis souffrant et, ne pouvant assister à la représentation, je vous renvoie les billets, 67, boulevard Montmorency, Auteuil. » « En l’absence de M. Olinet (Olinet!) qui ne revient pas avant la fin du mois, un certain M. Borneau, secrétaire de l’opulent bossu, retourne les billets. La princesse Mathilde fait de même : elle oublie élégamment d’affranchir sa lettre. Les Beaux-Arts, le Président de la République font tenir un présent qui n’a rien de somptueux. La duchesse de Luynes, la duchesse d’Uzès battent le record de la mauvaise grâce. M. Maurice Barrès dédaigne, et M. Léon Daudet n’est pas éloigné de croire qu’il fait honneur. Mais, planant sur cette glorieuse multitude, la belle Otéro, en collaboration avec sa cuisinière, décerne à la représentation Verlaine quelques perles qui n’appauvriront pas ses écrins : « Monsieur, Mlle Otéro (sic) étant absente pour quelques jours ne peut accepter vos billets, je pense quand elle en sera visée, cela l’ennuiera, Maria, pour Mlle Otéro. » Xavier de Montépin condescend à retenir un billet, malgré son mépris pour la littérature en général et pour Verlaine en particulier. Il se fait représenter par son valet de chambre, le soir de la performance, mais il omet de payer sa place avec un charmant laisser-aller. Ce jour-là, la petite salle du Procope était trop étroite. Du monde sur le balcon, du monde sur l’escalier, dans les coulisses du minuscule tréteau. Armand Silvestre était là, qui sourit et divulgue des poignées de main. Combien en est-il parmi ces jeunes hommes pour connaître de lui autre chose que les contes gras et les caprices orduriers? N’en est-il pas un qui sache par cœur « La gloire du souvenir » ? Dès les premiers mots, le bel Armand s’endort sur sa chaise et poursuit correctement le sommeil qui le berce, jusqu’au brouhaha final. Verlaine est assis en face de l’estrade. Il n’a pas bu d’absinthe. Il n’est même pas ivre et son linge apparaît plus blanc que le vol des colombes. Il s’attendrit, applaudit, embrasse le conférencier un peu ému d’avoir discouru, ce jour-là, devant un « parterre de rois ». A la sortie, Mouton, l’horrible Eugénie Krantz apporte la honte de sa présence, guette Verlaine pour le dépouiller sur-le-champ de la recette. Elle se monte encore, et tous les frais payés, à près de trente louis. Eugène Turbert et ses camarades ont pris le parti sage de convoquer l’hôtelier, qui, rue de Vaugirard, dans un coin mal odorant du quartier latin, héberge Paul Verlaine, afin d’acquitter les mensualités en retard. Dans le troisième quartier de la montagne Sainte-Geneviève, parmi les rues crasseuses, j’ai, le 24 janvier 1896, trouvé ce logis plus navrant que l’hôpital, où Verlaine exhala son dernier souffle. Sur le lit drapé de blanc, sur le lit pieusement jonché de lilas et d’hivernales roses, le poète est endormi. Son visage, dont la mort précise et ennoblit les traits, garde encore çà et là des plaques de hâle dont les teintes chaudes prolongent l’illusion de la vie. Son front vaste et majestueux comme la voûte d’un temple, son front touché par le baiser sanctitaire de la Muse, penche un peu vers l’oreiller appesanti, semble-t-il, par de lourdes pensées. Dans la chambre, un dessinateur prend des croquis. Paris entier monte et se découvre devant l’illustre mort. Et malgré l’horreur banale du taudis, malgré l’escalier empuanti de chlore, malgré les banquistes préparant pour demain leurs réclames funéraires, quelque chose de grand apparaît autour de ce cadavre. Désormais, Paul Verlaine appartient à l’admiration des hommes. La Gloire veille debout à son chevet funèbre. Finalement, elle couronne le divin poète, le maître sonore, d’une palme verdoyante, symbole de jeunesse et d’immortalité. À part la catastrophe qui l’éloigna pour jamais de la société régulière et fit de lui jusqu'à la fin de sa vie une manière d'outlaw, moitié proscrit et moitié dieu, Verlaine, peut-on dire, n'a pas eu d'histoire. Son existence s'est déroulée comme la comédie italienne, sur la place publique, entre les murs de l'hôpital et la porte du marchand de vins, avec, pour toile de fond, cette même cathédrale où, quatre siècles auparavant, le trimardeur François Villon s'agenouillait, « pour prier Notre-Dame ». Nul être humain ne fut plus que Verlaine spécialisé dans sa fonction. Ce fut un poète et rien de plus. Ronsard, Victor Hugo, Jean Racine mêlent à leurs dons lyriques d'admirables facultés oratoires. Ce sont de merveilleux rhéteurs, d'incomparables avocats. Verlaine est tout en cris, en effusions passionnées. Il délire, il se meurt, il pâme, transverbérée d'amour. Chaque fois qu'il s'exerce à développer, l'inspiration fuit, le verbe s'embourgeoise, l'étonnante Psyché remonte au ciel. Poète admirable et spontané, il n'a que la fierté d'un travail soutenu. On l'imagine malaisément, assis devant sa table à des heures méthodiques, et reprenant le lendemain sa tâche de la veille. La bohème, le désordre, la godaille populacière étaient le milieu propice à son génie. Il vivait naturellement parmi la crapule et trouvait, au cabaret, ses grâces les plus tendres, ses rythmes les plus délicats. Un lys fleurissait tout naturellement sur ce fumier. Il écrivait "Green" avec des poux dans la barbe. Qu'importe? La mort purifie et, comme le feu, ne laisse intacte que la divine essence. La bonne flèche aiguë et sa fraîcheur qui dure ont à jamais pénétré dans nos cœurs. Qu'importe le taudis de la grosse Margot, la chambre infamante de la Krantzà qui lit "Sagesse" ou les stances de la "Belle Heaulmière"? Les forces inconscientes qui nous mènent distribuent le génie et la beauté avec une majestueuse indifférence. Qu'importe à l'universalité des êtres un ténor contrefait, un poète scandaleux? Aussi bien, est-ce peut-être une consolation pour les déshérités que de voir cette indifférence de la Nature envers les biens qu'elle impartit et jusqu'à quel point le Monde est insoucieux de développer en notre faveur le meilleur de nos tendresses, le plus pur de nos orgueils : "Qui dabit nummi sement lanam, nebalam sicut cinerem spargit." (À suivre.) Laurent Tailhade. LA BELLE FILLE Au cœur de la moisson dont s’érigent les ors, Quand la clarté se boit, se mange et se respire, Je suis tes pas aux champs et longuement j’admire Le faisceau de santé que dresse et meut ton corps. Le dur et franc travail fait ton effort superbe. Les gars, à coups de faux, abattent le froment, Mais ce sont tes deux bras à toi qui, fortement, Nouent les épis d’un tour de poing, et font la gerbe. Tu adores l’élan, la peine et la sueur; Le geste utile et clair dans la belle lumière. Et tes yeux sont vaillants, à travers la poussière. Que soulève la hâte autour de ton labeur. Un sang rouge et puissant circule en tes artères, Et ta bouche est charnue et tes cheveux sont roux Et les monts de tes seins superbement debout, Et ton corps est heureux de marcher sur la terre... Jusqu’à l’heure du soir où les faucheurs s’en vont, Tu t’attardes dûment à la tâche vitale Et l’entêtement doux de la Flandre natale Par-dessus tes regards luisants, bloque ton front. Aussi, dans les polders de Tamise et de Hamme, Ceux dont l’amour soudain rend le cœur haletant Songent à la vigueur belle de tes vingt ans Quand ils rêvent, le soir, quelle sera leur femme. Il La Belle Fille Un jour, ta ferme claire avec son pignon droit Luira dans l’or des grands blés mûrs, épanouie ; Ta volonté sera largement obéie Et l’ordre et l’abondance habiteront ton toit Et la vie éclora de ton ventre robuste Nombreuse et violente, ainsi qu’aux temps anciens Où chaque couple avait dix enfants pour soutiens De sa vieillesse lente et de sa mort auguste ! Emile Verhaeren. LA RENAISSANCE DU PAGANISME Je ne ferai aucune découverte en proclamant que nous assistons, aujourd'hui, — témoins ravis, irrités ou curieux, — à une renaissance du paganisme. En littérature et, plus spécialement, en poésie, ce phénomène s’est traduit par le regain de faveur dont a profité, depuis quelque temps, la mythologie ancienne, mise à contribution avec un rare bonheur par Henri de Régner, Laurent Tailhade, Jean Moréas, Maurice de Noisay, Raymond de la Tailhède, Léon Deubel, et bien d’autres héritiers, plus ou moins directs, de la Pléiade qui ont versé dans le moule de l’humanisme les plus subtiles émotions de l’âme moderne. Chez eux, l’emploi de la mythologie, loin d’être un procédé factice et tout au moins suranné, loin de servir de froide parure à des lieux communs traditionnels, devient l’expression saisissante et plastique de tous les frissons, de tous les élans de l’Instinct, l’allégorie concrète où se projette l'ardent naturalisme panthéistique qui inspire leurs œuvres. Satyres, faunes, dryades ne sont, pour eux, que les formes vivantes de l’universel Désir... Mais ce n’est point sur ce retour à un hellénisme plus sensible et plus complexe que celui d’André Chénier, que je veux insister pour l’instant : je me réserve d’y revenir un jour. De cette évolution poétique, la création d’Akadèmos est un éloquent indice ! Mon dessein est de rechercher brièvement pour quelles raisons d’ordre divers cette renaissance du paganisme se manifeste aussi dans la conduite de l’existence et même dans les récentes conceptions de la philosophie. Nous avons affaire, vraisemblablement, à un profond mouvement d’idées, ou plutôt, à un irrésistible courant de tendances, qui influence tous les modes de l’activité humaine. À propos de certains crimes sensationnels, les statisticiens qui excelent à piller la troisième page des journaux sans toujours contrôler leurs sources, — les moralistes chagrins et les prédicateurs élégiaques qui pleurent sur notre prétendue décadence, — les politiciens, sans scrupules qui, faisant flèche de tout bois, ne craignent pas d’attribuer au régime les vices des individus, — les amateurs de paradoxes, qui sont légion au pays de Voltaire et d’Anatole France, — ont déclaré sans sourciller que, sur les ruines de la Religion minée par la libre critique et insuffisamment remplacée par des systèmes fragiles et successifs, le Paganisme faisait triompher une insolente réhabilitation de l’Instinct repoussant toute loi, toute contrainte. Derrière la statue renversée de Bossuet, ils ont vu se dresser l’ombre malicieuse et souriante de Rabelais... Ils ont vu Physis, radieuse, en robe flottante, danser une folle sarabande sur le cadavre sinistre d’Anti-Physis... À l’austérité janséniste des moralistes qui exaltaient le sacrifice et la résignation, s’est substitué un scepticisme tolérant, plein d’indulgence à l’égard des faiblesses charnelles. Non sans feindre un effroi peut-être outré, les raides puritains et les gardiens intraitables des privilèges ont entendu des créatures, jadis courbées sous le faix de la souffrance, désavouer de vains espoirs en des compensations supraterrestres, et réclamer âprement leur part de jouissance immédiate. — À nos yeux, tous ceux qui ont été pris de panique ont exagéré le péril ; car enfin, pour nous en tenir à un exemple, la Religion traditionnelle, qui a résisté à des assauts terribles et répétés, a encore, chez nous, de solides racines dans l’automatisme des croyances et des coutumes pieuses que perpétue la constitution sociale de la Famille. Mais il est indéniable qu’un mouvement de désaffection se produit, qui écarte de plus en plus les esprits éclairés, les tempéraments originaux, des formules confessionnelles et des règles de vie fondées sur des postulats métaphysiques, et qui conduit certains d’entre eux au seuil du paganisme nouveau. C’est là, d’abord, une des conséquences du positivisme qui, depuis Auguste Comte, a régné presque sans conteste, jusqu’à ces derniers temps, sur la pensée du siècle. Pratiquement, cette doctrine a engendré des revendications économiques, de plus en plus pressantes, qui ont exprimé l’aspiration de tout un peuple vers plus de bien-être, vers une plus équitable et plus harmonieuse répartition des richesses de la Terre, trop souvent monopolisées par les moins dignes d’une telle opulence. Ainsi, le positivisme, quoique découronné (au moins dans sa forme première) de tout prestige poétique et de toute grâce légendaire, a pu sembler une sorte de paganisme, mais un paganisme d’allure scientifique qui, détournant les hommes de toute rêverie mystique et de toute spéculation stérile, les a orientés vers la progressive conquête des forces naturelles, vers l’utilisation intelligente de l’Univers matériel, derrière lequel il n’y a, sans doute, que le néant des belles chimères. — De son côté, Renan, par une analyse délicate et impitoyable qui s’enveloppait de respect attendri, a réduit la religion dogmatique à un ensemble de symboles, plus ou moins riches de sens ou de vertu moralisatrice... Et, à la suite de cet enchanteur, de cet aristocrate de la ligne, dont l’intuition souple pénétrait tous les secrets de l’Esthétique grecque, tous les amants de Pallas Athéné ont récité, avec ferveur, leur « prière sur l’Acropole ». Disciple non servile de ce Platon moderne, l’exquis auteur de Thaïs et du Jardin d'Epicure s’est complu à dissoudre de son ironie les préjugés solennels, les conventions puériles, tout le vernis des contraintes artificielles que vénère béatement notre naïveté. Et de ses livres savoureux se dégage une leçon de tolérance avertie, de bonté nonchalante, de dilettantisme un peu détaché qui fait songer à Horace. — Enfin, la philosophie de Nietzsche a singulièrement contribué à systématiser les tendances que les œuvres précédentes avaient flattées et entretenues ; elle a répandu, plus que toute autre, le mépris des morales anciennes. En montrant qu’au lieu de renoncer à l’être, il fallait, au contraire, appliquer toute son énergie à le réaliser pleinement, à s’élever au plus haut degré d’activité générale et surtout d’intensité cérébrale, de façon à développer toutes ses puissances et à en jouir sans entraves, — ce hardi apologiste du surhomme a déchaîné, paraît-il, les initiatives les plus brutales et les égoïsmes les plus féroces. Il a persuadé à toute une génération, impatiente et fiévreuse, qu’il ne fallait nullement limiter, restreindre en soi « le vouloir vivre », en le subordonnant à un idéal plus ou moins vague et hypothétique, en l’asservissant à l’impératif catégorique d’une conscience trop inquiète, en l’émasculant par de continuels scrupules de compassion, de charité, — bons tout au plus pour les lâches et les sots ! Il a enseigné à cette génération un art savant en vue de favoriser l’épanouissement intégral du « génie », au risque d’écraser les faibles, les « moins armés », selon la formule darwinienne, et de rejeter dans les ténèbres extérieures la foule rampante des Barbares, indignes de coudoyer l’Esthète, ce produit rare et merveilleux de la nature volontairement soumise à une culture diligente... Et, comme l’Artiste part de la sensation pour construire ses chefs-d’œuvre; comme, ayant besoin de matériaux de plus en plus délicats, il en arrive nécessairement à rechercher les sensations raffinées ; le disciple de Nietzsche a uni dans son dilettantisme conscient et souverain toutes les satisfactions de la volupté à toutes les joies de la méditation et du rêve. Il a passé, en se jouant, de la sérénité apollinienne à l’ivresse dionysiaque; il s’est installé au centre de l’univers pour tirer de la fantasmagorie des couleurs, des odeurs et des sons la plus grande somme possible de plaisir. Bien entendu, des critiques superficielles n’ont pas manqué d’adresser à Nietzsche l’objection suivante : « Admettons que vos prémisses soient justes et que vous ayez raison de faire table rase des morales anciennes! Ne comprenez-vous point que votre système n’est qu’un encouragement à l’orgueil des médiocres, autorisés par vous à se croire capables d’atteindre à l’idéal du surhomme?... Car, évidemment, vos lecteurs seront tentés, trop fréquemment, de se ranger eux-mêmes dans la noble catégorie des « génies méconnus » et, pour se frayer une route à travers l’âpre mêlée des convoitises, ils s’arrogeront tous les droits, même celui d’étouffer sous leur ambition agressive des talents plus profonds et plus originaux, mais moins disposés à la lutte !... » — Touchantes erreurs !... Et d’abord, l’orgueil en soi n’est pas un mal, pour qui s’est débarrassé de la notion chrétienne du péché et de la faute originelle. Seul, le résultat importe ; et, si l’orgueil engendre un chef-d’œuvre, il convient de le bénir. D’ailleurs, le plus souvent, les médiocres hésiteront à pratiquer la discipline intellectuelle, l’effort de perfectionnement esthétique que postulent les théories nietzschéennes : ils auront trop de peine de voler jusqu’aux sommets et, avant d’y parvenir, ils se briseront les ailes... A supposer que la lecture des écrits du philosophe allemand fasse naître chez quelques impuissants des illusions grandioses qui les mèneront aux déceptions les plus cruelles, faudra-t-il s’en plaindre à l’excès?... Tôt ou tard, mécaniquement, le triage s’opérera entre les dégénérés et les forts. Cette épreuve, salutaire aux premiers qu’elle édifiera sur leur irrémédiable faiblesse, permettra aux seconds de se dégager de la multitude confuse, de former une élite dont chaque membre, tout en conservant jalousement sa personnalité, se sentira solidaire du voisin et aura à cœur de promouvoir la commune ascension vers les cimes. Oui, certes, si cette concurrence, avec le « jeu » qu’elle implique, n’existait pas, il faudrait l’inventer !... Grâce à la sélection qui en résultera, nous aboutirons à une échelle des valeurs intellectuelles dont le couronnement sera le génie, regardé comme le terme parfait vers lequel tend l’évolution de l’Univers, — s’il est vrai que la finalité immanente est d’ordre esthétique, et non d’ordre moral. Malgré les laideurs apparentes, dont l’homme est, d’habitude, l’auteur responsable, pourquoi ne pas croire que l’architecture générale du Cosmos a pour clé de voûte la Beauté ?... En tout cas, l’on ne saurait trop louer Nietzsche d’avoir sapé, en même temps que le morose pessimisme de Schopenhauer, la Raison pratique de Kant, ce docteur officiel de l’Église laïque, dont l’influence est encore prépondérante dans l’Enseignement où trop d’esprits, soi-disant affranchis de tout préjugé, adhèrent à cet étroit dogmatisme : comme si la Raison pratique n’était point la partie caduque de l’œuvre imposante de l’immortel métaphysicien qui a coordonné et organisé les principes du criticisme, avec une vigueur de déduction sans pareille et une admirable puissance de synthèse ! Affirmer que la volonté tend spontanément au Bien, considéré comme une fin universelle, et réalise dans sa pleine autonomie l’impératif catégorique dicté par la conscience, sans trop se préoccuper de savoir si l’on peut logiquement démontrer que nous sommes libres, que l’âme est impérissable, et qu’il existe un juge suprême et un suprême rémunérateur, — c’est poser des prémisses magnifiques mais bien fragiles, des postulats superbes mais hasardeux ; c’est suivre la tradition des stoïciens, pour lesquels la volonté se suspend naturellement au plus grand bien perçu par l'intelligence ; c’est avouer aussi que l’on a subi l’empreinte du piétisme protestant qui poussait le scrupule moral jusqu’aux excès du puritanisme ; mais c’est bâtir sur le sable et placer la pyramide sur sa pointe ; c’est, par un démarquage maladroit, garder le résidu de la morale spiritualiste et religieuse, tout en ébranlant le fondement métaphysique sur lequel celle-ci avait l’avantage de reposer; c’est instaurer un art de vivre surnaturel et divin, ... où la Divinité n’est admise qu’à titre d’hypothèse infiniment probable ; c’est, enfin, ne tenir aucun compte des vraisemblances psychologiques et des lois de la sensibilité humaine pour laquelle la poursuite du Bonheur, loin d’être une déchéance et une abdication de la liberté intérieure, reste inséparable de l'accomplissement du Bien. Ainsi, pour les chrétiens, la récompense céleste, sans être à elle seule une suffisante raison de bien agir, doit se surajouter nécessairement à la vie orientée vers la perfection, — comme la fleur embaumée s’épanouit à l’extrémité de la tige. Nietzsche a eu le courage de dénoncer tout ce qu’il y avait d’arbitraire et de sophistique dans ce système kantien, convenable tout au plus pour quelques héros et quelques saints, pour quelques natures ascétiques dont l’espèce se faisait de plus en plus rare. Il a laissé comprendre qu’il fallait se féliciter de voir s’éteindre cette race monacale et anémique, au profit d’une race plus ardente et plus féconde en œuvres positives. Il a montré combien il était faux de concevoir une volonté absolument autonome, alors que, par l’hérédité, par le milieu, par l’éducation, par toutes sortes de circonstances, notre volonté se trouve restreinte et « déterminée ». Enfin il s’est demandé de quel droit l’on assignait à l’effort humain et au dynamisme universel un but aussi lointain et austère que la Perfection morale. Et comment donner tort à l’auteur de Zarathustra ? Certes, il a été bien inspiré en réclamant un tour de faveur pour le critère esthétique, trop longtemps négligé ! Réfléchissons à cette vérité, en apparence puérile, en réalité très suggestive: tout être, du moment qu’il a été jeté sur terre et plongé dans la mêlée brutale sans avoir sollicité le contestable bonheur de vivre, doit avoir la faculté d’organiser à sa guise son existence et de s’adapter le plus commodément possible au milieu humain que le caprice génésique de ses parents lui a imposé ; dans l’état actuel des choses, il ne peut plus être simple figurant, sous peine d’être éliminé, écrasé par la horde conquérante des « mieux armés » ; il est obligé d’être acteur dans le grand drame et, pour employer une expression vulgaire, de se « débrouiller » au mieux de ses intérêts. Dès lors, pourquoi refuser à l’artiste, qui a conscience de sa valeur latente, le droit de développer toutes ses virtualités et de viser au maximum d’intensité, à la qualité de surhomme, dût-il sacrifier sur l’autel de sa gloire quelques individualités maladives, insignifiantes et condamnées, par cela même, à la mort ? En somme, ce qui importe, c’est bien moins d’assurer le pâturage au troupeau confus, que de mettre en lumière les fronts olympiens ! Et seuls protesteront les utopistes pour qui la fraternité est un besoin et l’égalité absolue, un dogme ! Seuls se récrieront ceux qui se plaisent à être éternellement dupes ou qui se sentent comprimés dans les lisières de leur incurable médiocrité ! La philosophie a donc aidé de façon singulière à cette renaissance du paganisme qui, d’ailleurs, se trahit dans les moindres détails de la civilisation contemporaine. Songeons à l’habileté technique des fabricants, des commerçants de tout ordre, qui lancent sur le marché, comme pour rendre plus attachant le décor de notre existence, des objets d’art véritablement merveilleux (statuettes, meubles, bijoux, etc.) ; songeons à l’évolution de la mode qui, après avoir remis au premier plan les péplums Directoire inspirés par la sculpture hellénique, impose maintenant des costumes aux lignes sinueuses qui moulent fidèlement le corps onduleux de nos élégantes et qui en accusent la plastique émouvante. Il est manifeste que la vie moderne, non seulement réclame un « confort » qui, souvent, touche au raffinement, mais encore réhabilite la « guenille » si chère au bonhomme Chrysale : c’est que le corps ne nous apparaît plus comme l’instrument méprisable du péché, mais comme la source première de toutes nos joies et même comme la condition initiale de toute esthétique combinant avec harmonie des sensations vécues et non de froides idées; — c’est que nous y voyons un bien palpable, immédiat, et comme la forme concrète de notre personnalité interne qui risquerait de se dissoudre, sans lui, en un mouvant « devenir », en un phénoménisme instable; — c’est que nous saisissons dans notre organisme la base même de ce monde du subconscient qui établit la continuité entre la matière cosmique et l’esprit pur. et qui fournit des ressources si abondantes à notre travail mental. Tout cela revient à dire que nous nous rallions de plus en plus au point de vue du Paganisme, si juste en son apparente simplicité. Quelle sera la conclusion pratique de ce mouvement qui s’accentue chaque jour? A quelle attitude peut-il nous conduire? Il sera prudent d’éviter une réponse trop tranchante. |
US-202217568739-A_2 | USPTO | Public Domain | The definition and the range of the depth of the second recess R2 in the present embodiment may refer to the descriptions of the first recess R1, and will not be redundantly described. In addition, in the present embodiment, as mentioned above, the light converting element LCM may be disposed in the openings OP1 defined by the partition walls PW, and the second recesses R2 are formed of the second insulating layer IL2 corresponding to the openings OP1. Therefore, the second recesses R2 of the present embodiment may for example correspond to the light converting element LCM, as shown in FIG. 8, but not limited thereto. According to the present embodiment, when the first substrate structure SBS1 is to be adhered to the second substrate structure SBS2 to form the display device 100, since the inner surface (that is, the upper surface S1 of the insulating layer IL1) of the first substrate structure SBS1 in contact with the adhesive layer AL and the inner surface (that is, the surface S3 of the second insulating layer IL2) of the second substrate structure SBS2 in contact with the adhesive layer AL may respectively include the first recesses R1 and the second recesses R2, a part of the adhesive layer AL may be filled in the first recesses R1 and/or the second recesses R2 to reduce the condition that the frame glue (such as the frame glue DW shown in FIG. 4) is broken due to squeeze of the adhesive layer AL during the adhering process, thereby reducing the possibility that the subsequent cutting process or bonding process are affected. It should be noted that although the display device 100 shown in FIG. 8 includes the first recesses R1 and the second recesses R2, the present disclosure is not limited thereto. In some embodiments, the display device 100 may include the second recess R2 located at the second substrate structure SBS2 but not include the first recess R1 located at the first substrate structure SBS1, and during the adhering process of the first substrate structure SBS1 and the second substrate structure SBS2, a part of the adhesive layer AL may be filled in the second recesses R2, but not limited thereto. Referring to FIG. 9, as long as FIG. 8, FIG. 9 schematically illustrates a cross-sectional view of first recesses and second recesses according to a variant embodiment of the third embodiment of the present disclosure. In order to simplify the figure, the first substrate structure SBS1 and the second substrate structure SBS2 are shown as a single layer in FIG. 9, but not limited thereto. According to the present embodiment, the first recesses R1 of the first substrate structure SBS1 may for example correspond to the second recesses R2 of the second substrate structure SBS2. Specifically, each of the first recesses R1 may for example correspond to one second recess R2, but not limited thereto. “The first recess R1 correspond to the second recess R2” mentioned above may represent that the first recess R1 is overlapped with the corresponding second recess R2 in a top view direction (direction Z) of the display device 100 in the present embodiment. For example, when viewing a cross-section of a panel after embedding apart of the panel and grinding the panel, the first recess R1 may at least partially be overlapped with the second recess R2, but not limited thereto. For example, as shown in FIG. 8, since each of the first recesses R1 shown in FIG. 8 is substantially overlapped with a second recess R2 in the top view direction (direction Z) of the display device 100, each of the first recesses R1 shown in FIG. 8 may be regarded to be corresponding to the second recess R2 which it is overlapped with, but not limited thereto. In some embodiments, when the number of the first recesses R1 is greater than the number of the second recesses R2, a part of the first recesses R1 may not correspond to the second recesses R2; in some embodiments, when the number of the second recesses R2 is greater than the number of the first recesses R1, apart of the second recesses R2 may not correspond to the first recesses R1, but not limited thereto.
It should be noted that “the first recess R1 is overlapped with the second recess R2” mentioned above may include the condition of partial overlap in the present embodiment, and the corresponding relation between the first recesses R1 and the second recesses R2 shown in FIG. 8 is just exemplary, the present disclosure is not limited thereto. In detail, according to the present embodiment, when the overlapping area of the projection of the first recess R1 on a plane (such as the X-Y plane, but not limited thereto) perpendicular to the top view direction (direction Z) of the display device 100 and the projection of the second recess R2 on the plane perpendicular to the top view direction of the display device 100 is greater than 50% of the greater projected area among the projected area of the first recess R1 on the plane perpendicular to the top view direction of the display device 100 and the projected area of the second recess R2 on the plane perpendicular to the top view direction of the display device 100, the first recess R1 may be regarded to be corresponding to the second recess R2, but not limited thereto. For example, as shown in FIG. 9, the first recess R11 may for example have a projected area A1 on a plane perpendicular to the top view direction of the display device 100, the second recess R21 may for example have a projected area A2 on a plane perpendicular to the top view direction of the display device 100, and the projection of the first recess R11 and the projection of the second recess R21 may for example have an overlapping area OA. According to the present embodiment, when the projected area A1 is greater than the projected area A2, and the overlapping area OA is greater than 50% of the projected area A1, the first recess R11 may be regarded to be corresponding to the second recess R21, or, when the projected area A2 is greater than the projected area A1, and the overlapping area OA is greater than 50% of the projected area A2, the first recess R11 may be regarded to be corresponding to the second recess R21, but not limited thereto. The corresponding relationship between the first recesses R1 and the second recesses R2 described in FIG. 8 and FIG. In the present variant embodiments, the first recess R1 and the second recess R2 corresponding to each other may respectively have any suitable shape, and the first recess R1 and the corresponding second recess R2 may have different shapes, the present disclosure is not limited thereto. For example, as shown in FIG. 9, the first recess R12 may correspond to the second recess R22, wherein the shape of the first recess R12 may be different from the shape of the second recess R22, but not limited thereto.
In the present variant embodiment, the first recess R1 and the second recess R2 corresponding to each other may respectively have any suitable size, and the first recess R1 and the corresponding second recess R2 may have different sizes, the present disclosure is not limited thereto. For example, as shown in FIG. 9, the first recess R13 may correspond to the second recess R23, wherein the shape of the first recess R13 and the shape of the second recess R23 may be different, but not limited thereto. According to the present embodiment, “the size of the first recess R1 and the size of the second recess R2” mentioned above may respectively represent the volume of the first recess R1 and the volume of the second recess R2, but not limited thereto. In the following, the first recess R13 shown in FIG. 9 is taken as an example for illustrating the definition method of the volume of the recesses (first recesses R1 and second recesses R2) of the present disclosure. First, the shape (as shown in FIG. 9) of the first recess R13 in the cross-section of the first substrate structure SBS1 may be defined at first, wherein the definition of the cross-section of the first substrate structure SBS1 may refer to the above-mentioned contents, and will not be redundantly described. After the shape of the cross-section of the first recess R13 is confirmed (such as the trapezoid shown in FIG. 9, but not limited thereto), the first plane PSR1 at the left side of the first recess R13 and the first plane PSR2 at the right side of the first recess R13 may respectively be defined according to the contents in the above-mentioned embodiments, and the second plane PSR1′ and the second plane PSR2′ may be defined respectively based on the first plane PSR1 and the first plane PSR2. In detail, as mentioned above, when a vertical distance H1 is included between the first plane PSR1 and the upper surface S2 of the first base substrate (FIG. Referring to FIGS. 10, 11 and 12, FIGS. 10, 11 and 12 schematically illustrate a cross-sectional view of a display device according to a fourth embodiment of the present disclosure, wherein FIG. 11 shows the structure that a plurality of light emitting elements LE is disposed in a single first recess R1 of the first substrate structure SBS1, and FIG. 12 shows the cross-section of the structure shown in FIG. 11 along a section line A-A′. In order to simplify the figure, FIG. 11 only shows the light emitting elements LE and the arrangement thereof, and other elements and/or layers are omitted, but not limited thereto. As mentioned above, the first recesses R1 and/or the second recesses R2 of the present disclosure may provide a space for containing the adhesive layer AL, thereby reducing the possibility that the frame glue is broken due to squeeze of the adhesive layer AL during the adhering process. Therefore, in the present embodiment, the adhesive layer AL may be designed to be filled in at least one of the first recess R1 and/or the second recess R2 to reduce the problem that the frame glue is broken due to squeeze of the adhesive layer AL during the adhering process. In order to achieve the above-mentioned goal, the adhesive layer AL may be disposed in the first recesses R1 and/or the second recesses R2 in any distribution way. In some embodiment, the adhesive layer AL does not need to be completely filled in all of the first recesses R1 and/or the second recesses R2, but not limited thereto. For example, as shown in FIGS. 10 and 12, after the first substrate structure SBS1 is adhered to the second substrate structure SBS2, a part of the first recesses R1 and/or second recesses R2 (such as the second recess R2 at the left side shown in FIG. 10 and the second recess R2 shown in FIG. 12) may include the partially filled adhesive layer AL, or in other words, the adhesive layer AL may not completely be filled in the part of the first recesses R1 and/or the second recesses R2, but not limited thereto. Or, in some embodiments, a part of the first recesses R1 and/or the second recesses R2 may not include the adhesive layer AL, but not limited thereto. For example, the second recess R2 at the right side shown in FIG. In addition, although the bottom of the first recess R1 (or the upper surface of the first insulating layer IL1 corresponding to the bottom of the first recess R1) includes a flat structure, the present disclosure is not limited thereto. In some embodiments, the upper surface of the first insulating layer IL1 corresponding to the bottom of the first recess R1 may include an uneven structure such as a wavy structure with ups and downs according to the shape of the light emitting elements LE, but not limited thereto. The feature that the upper surface of the first insulating layer IL1 corresponding to the bottom of the first recess R1 includes an uneven structure may be applied to each of the embodiments and variant embodiments of the present disclosure.
Referring to FIGS. 13 and 14, FIGS. 13 and 14 schematically illustrate the disposition of an adhesive layer according to a fifth embodiment of the present disclosure, wherein FIG. 14 shows a top view of a structure that the adhesive layer AL is disposed on the first substrate structure SBS1, and FIG. 13 is a cross-section of the structure shown in FIG. 14 along a section line B-B′. In order to simplify the figure, the light emitting elements LE are shown as a single layer in FIG. 13, and the first insulating layer is omitted in FIG. 13. In addition, FIG. 14 only shows the first base substrate SB1, the adhesive layer AL, the first recess R1 and the frame glue DW, and other elements and/or layers are not shown. As mentioned above, the display device 100 of the present disclosure may be formed by adhering the first substrate structure SBS1 and the second substrate structure SBS2 through the adhesive layer AL, and according to the present embodiment, the material of the adhesive layer AL (such as water glue) may for example be disposed on one of the first substrate structure SBS1 and the second substrate structure SBS2 which includes the recess structure before adhering the first substrate structure SBS1 to the second substrate structure SBS2, but not limited thereto. That is, when the first substrate structure SBS1 includes the first recesses R1, and the second substrate structure SBS2 does not include the second recess R2, the adhesive layer material (shown as the adhesive layer AL in FIGS. 13 and 14) may be disposed on the first substrate structure SBS1; when the first substrate structure SBS1 does not include the first recess R1, and the second substrate structure SBS2 includes the second recesses R2, the adhesive layer material may be disposed on the second substrate structure SBS2; when the first substrate structure SBS1 includes the first recesses R1, and the second substrate structure SBS2 includes the second recesses R2, the adhesive layer material may be disposed on the first substrate structure SBS1 or the second substrate structure SBS2, but not limited thereto. In detail, the forming method of the display device 100 of the present embodiment may for example include the following steps. First, as shown in FIG. 14, the first substrate structure SBS1 having the first recesses R1 (or the second substrate structure SBS2 having the second recesses R2) may be provided, wherein the forming method of the first substrate structure SBS1 may refer to the contents mentioned above, and will not be redundantly described. It should be noted that FIG. 14 shows the structure that a plurality of first substrate structures SBS1 (for example, FIG. 14 shows six first substrate structures SBS1, but not limited thereto) include the same first base substrate SB1 as a mother board, and the structure may be divided into a plurality of display devices 100 in the subsequent cutting process, but not limited thereto. Then, the frame glue DW with a closed shape may be formed on the first base substrate SB1, wherein the frame glue DW may define the disposition range of the adhesive layer material on the first substrate structure SBS1 in the subsequent process, but not limited thereto. In the present embodiment, the viscosity of the frame glue DW may be greater than the viscosity of the adhesive layer material, such that the possibility of flow of the frame glue DW during the manufacturing process of the display device 100 may be reduced. In detail, the viscosity of the frame glue DW of the present embodiment may for example range from 600,000 to 1,000,000 cps (that is, 600,000 cps≤viscosity≤1,000,000 cps), but not limited thereto. After the frame glue DW is disposed, the adhesive layer material may be disposed in the region enclosed by the frame glue DW. According to the present embodiment, the adhesive layer material may be disposed on any suitable position of the first substrate structure SBS1 (or the second substrate structure SBS2), and the disposition position thereof may be adjusted according to the demands of the process. For example, as shown in FIGS. 13 and 14, the adhesive layer material may be randomly disposed on the first substrate structure SBS1 in the region enclosed by the frame glue DW, and the present disclosure is not limited thereto. In the present embodiment, the adhesive layer material may for example be disposed on the first substrate structure SBS1 through the drop filling process, the slot-die coating process or other suitable processes, but not limited thereto. In summary, the display device including the first substrate structure, the second substrate structure and the adhesive layer for adhering the first substrate structure and the second substrate structure is provided by the present disclosure. Since the surfaces of the first substrate structure and/or the second substrate structure in contact with the adhesive layer may include the recess structure, the possibility that the frame glue in the peripheral region is broken due to squeeze of the adhesive layer AL during the adhering process may be reduced, and the subsequent cutting process or bonding process may be improved, thereby improving the yield of the display device.
Those skilled in the art will readily observe that numerous modifications and alterations of the device and method may be made while retaining the teachings of the disclosure. Accordingly, the above disclosure should be construed as limited only by the metes and bounds of the appended claims.
What is claimed is:
1. A display device, comprising: a first substrate structure having a first recess; a second substrate structure disposed opposite to the first substrate structure; and an adhesive layer sandwiched between the first substrate structure and the second substrate structure, wherein apart of the adhesive layer is filled in the first recess.
2. The display device as claimed in claim 1, wherein a depth of the first recess is greater than or equal to 0.01 μm and less than or equal to 10 μm.
3. The display device as claimed in claim 1, wherein a depth of the first recess is greater than or equal to 0.5 μm and less than or equal to 5 μm.
4. The display device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the second substrate structure comprises a second recess and a part of the adhesive layer is filled in the second recess.
5. The display device as claimed in claim 4, wherein the second recess is corresponding to the first recess.
6. The display device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first substrate structure comprises a first base substrate, a first insulating layer and an light emitting element which is disposed between the first base substrate and the first insulating layer.
7. The display device as claimed in claim 6, wherein the first insulating layer forms the first recess and the light emitting element is corresponding to the first recess.
8. The display device as claimed in claim 6, wherein the light emitting element is a bar type light emitting diode.
9. The display device as claimed in claim 4, wherein the second substrate structure comprises a second base substrate, a second insulating layer and alight converting element which is disposed between the second base substrate and the second insulating layer.
10. The display device as claimed in claim 9, wherein the second insulating layer forms the second recess and the light converting element is corresponding to the second recess.
11. The display device as claimed in claim 9, wherein the light converting element comprise quantum dots..
|
github_open_source_100_1_107 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #!/usr/bin/python26
"""
This is a CGI that will add 20 minutes of downtime for whatever host
accesses it. It's intended to be called from the shutdown scripts of
hosts, so that hosts that are being shut down in a controlled manner
don't cause spurious alerts.
"""
import time, zmq, os, socket
from datetime import timedelta, datetime
print "Content-Type: text/html"
print
zctx = zmq.Context()
push = zctx.socket(zmq.PUSH)
push.connect("tcp://localhost:5556")
req = zctx.socket(zmq.REQ)
req.connect("tcp://localhost:5557")
start_time = int(time.time())
end_time = start_time + timedelta(minutes=15).seconds
hostname, aliaslist, iplist = socket.gethostbyaddr(os.environ['REMOTE_ADDR'])
def resolve_name(name):
cmd = { 'host_name': name,
'keys': [ 'type', 'host_name' ] }
req.send_json(cmd)
ret = req.recv_json()
for o in ret:
if o['type'] == 'host':
return o['host_name']
return None
def resolve_fullname(name):
parts = name.split('.')
highpart = 0
while highpart < len(parts):
name = resolve_name('.'.join(parts[0:highpart]))
if name:
break
highpart += 1
return name
realname = resolve_fullname(hostname)
if not realname:
for name in aliaslist:
realname = resolve_fullname(name)
if realname:
break
if not realname:
print "Error finding matching hostname!!"
exit(1)
cmd = { 'host_name': realname, 'type':'downtime_add',
'author_name':'reboot', 'comment_data': 'Downtime during reboot',
'entry_time': int(time.time()), 'fixed': True,
'start_time': start_time, 'end_time': end_time,
'duration': end_time - start_time, 'triggered_by': 0 }
push.send_json(cmd)
exit(0)
|
http://www.crummy.com/2002/09/04/3 | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | < Previous
Next >
He's In Prison, See, So He Can't Collect The Money Himself...: Amazing.
One of his multi-million dollar endeavors almost led him into a dangerous deal in Nigeria. The trade ended up being a fraud and two Americans who ventured there before me were killed, recounts Grubbs.
[Main] [Edit]
Unless otherwise noted, all content licensed by Leonard Richardson
under a Creative Commons License..
|
github_open_source_100_1_108 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package com.example.to_docompose.navigation.destination
import androidx.compose.animation.ExperimentalAnimationApi
import androidx.compose.material.ExperimentalMaterialApi
import androidx.compose.runtime.LaunchedEffect
import androidx.compose.runtime.getValue
import androidx.compose.runtime.mutableStateOf
import androidx.compose.runtime.saveable.rememberSaveable
import androidx.compose.runtime.setValue
import androidx.navigation.NavGraphBuilder
import androidx.navigation.NavType
import androidx.navigation.navArgument
import com.google.accompanist.navigation.animation.composable
import com.example.to_docompose.ui.screens.list.ListScreen
import com.example.to_docompose.ui.viewmodels.SharedViewModel
import com.example.to_docompose.util.Action
import com.example.to_docompose.util.Constants.LIST_ARGUMENT_KEY
import com.example.to_docompose.util.Constants.LIST_SCREEN
import com.example.to_docompose.util.toAction
@ExperimentalAnimationApi
@ExperimentalMaterialApi
fun NavGraphBuilder.listComposable(
navigateToTaskScreen: (taskId: Int) -> Unit,
sharedViewModel: SharedViewModel
) {
composable(
route = LIST_SCREEN,
arguments = listOf(navArgument(LIST_ARGUMENT_KEY){
type = NavType.StringType
})
){ navBackStackEntry ->
val action = navBackStackEntry.arguments?.getString(LIST_ARGUMENT_KEY).toAction()
var myAction by rememberSaveable { mutableStateOf(Action.NO_ACTION) }
LaunchedEffect(key1 = myAction) {
if(action != myAction) {
myAction = action
sharedViewModel.action.value = action
}
}
val databaseAction by sharedViewModel.action
ListScreen(
action = databaseAction,
navigateToTaskScreen = navigateToTaskScreen,
sharedViewModel = sharedViewModel
)
}
} |
github_open_source_100_1_109 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | describe('amazon calculator',() => {
it('should posts result from json placeholder', () => {
cy.request('https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts').then(response => {
expect(response.status).to.eq(200)
expect(response.body).to.have.length(100)
})
});
it('should get posts/1 from json placeholder', () => {
const expectedBody = {
"userId": 1,
"id": 1,
"title": "sunt aut facere repellat provident occaecati excepturi optio reprehenderit",
"body": "quia et suscipit\nsuscipit recusandae consequuntur expedita et cum\nreprehenderit molestiae ut ut quas totam\nnostrum rerum est autem sunt rem eveniet architecto"
}
cy.request('https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts/1').then(response => {
expect(response.status).to.eq(200)
expect(response.body).to.be.eql(expectedBody)
})
});
it('should post new post to json placeholder', () => {
const body = {
"userId": 99,
"title": "test title",
"body": "test body"
}
cy.request('POST', 'https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts', body).then(response => {
expect(response.status).to.eq(201)
expect(response.body.userId).to.be.equal(body.userId);
expect(response.body.id).to.be.equal(101);
expect(response.body.title).to.be.equal(body.title);
expect(response.body.body).to.be.equal(body.body);
})
});
it('should delete post to json placeholder', () => {
cy.request('DELETE', 'https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts/1').then(response => {
expect(response.status).to.eq(200)
})
});
})
|
6914931_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | MAJOR, Circuit Judge.
Plaintiff, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (sometimes referred to as FDIC), is a corporation duly organized and existing under and by virtue of an Act of Congress of the United States as amended by the Act of August 23, 1935 (Title 12 U.S.C.A. § 264) and again by the Act of September 21, 1950 (Title 12 U.S.C.A. § 1811 et seq.), designated as the Federal Deposit Insurance Act. Defendant, Continental Illinois National Bank and Trust Company of Chicago (sometimes referred to as Continental), is a duly chartered and organized national banking association with its principal place of business in the City of Chicago, Illinois, and at all times pertinent to the instant suit was an insured member bank as defined by Title 12 U.S.C.A. § 1813.
The present action was instituted to recover assessments, for the period from July 1, 1948 through June 30, 1953, alleged to be due from defendant under the statutes relating to federal deposit insurance. Numerous items were placed in issue by the pleadings, all but four of which were settled by agreement of the parties. On these a trial was had by the court upon a party stipulation, together with documentary and oral testimony. The court, in conformity with its findings and conclusions, entered judgment in favor of plaintiff on two of such items and in favor of defendant on the remaining items. Each of the parties appeals from that portion of the judgment adverse to it.
An insured bank is, under the Act, made liable for assessments, the base for which is its deposits, as the latter term is defined and contemplated by the Act. All the items in dispute involve the treatment to be accorded certain alleged deposits, that is, whether they constitute a portion of the base for assessment purposes.
The four items, giving rise to as many contested issues, are as follows:
1. Whether in case of reciprocal deposit accounts with other banks defendant’s liability for assessments under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act of 1935 is measured by the gross or net balance of the accounts.
2. Whether under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act of 1950 defendant was entitled to deduct from the amount of its total deposits the amount of various uncollected cash items in process of collection on the “base day.” This item includes government bonds, cashed by defendant on the assessment date but neither collected nor credited to deposit accounts on that date.
3. Whether the amounts of credits arising under the so-called “contract reserve” account constituted deposits under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act of 1935.
4. Whether the amounts of payroll deductions and taxes deducted by defendant from its employees’ salaries constituted trust funds or deposits within the meaning of the 1935 and 1950 Acts.
In the district court, issues 1 and 2 were decided adversely to plaintiff, while 3 and 4 were decided adversely to defendant. We shall discuss these issues in the order of their enumeration.
*570Contested Issue 1
Reciprocal accounts exist where two banks maintain deposit accounts with each other. Such accounts are termed “due to” and “due from” accounts. Defendant maintained reciprocal bank accounts with 26 large banks in 9 principal cities throughout the country. It is defendant’s position that only the net amount, if any, due another bank constituted the measure of deposit liability and became a part of the assessment base. In contrast, plaintiff contends that the deposit of another bank in Continental is to be accorded the same treatment as any other deposit and that the gross amount of the deposit is the assessment base, irrespective of the amount of Continental’s deposit in such other bank.
The stipulation contains an illustration of the method Continental followed in handling reciprocal bank balances in computing its assessment base, as follows : “If bank ‘A’ had a deposit account in Continental of $250.00 and Continental had a deposit balance in bank ‘A’ of $100.00, Continental would include only the difference in its deposit liabilities for assessment purposes, namely $150.00. If the conditions were reversed and bank ‘A’ had a deposit balance in Continental of $125.00 and Continental had a deposit balance in bank ‘A’ of $300.00 Continental would not include any of the deposit due to bank ‘A’ in its deposit liabilities for assessment purposes.”
The relevant portion of the 1935 Act as it pertains to the issue under discussion is contained in Sec. 264(h) (1), which provides among other things that the assessment base shall be determined by the “ * * * amount of liability of the bank for deposits (according to the definition of the term ‘deposit’ in and pursuant to paragraph (12) of subsection (c) of the section, without any deduction for indebtedness of depositors).” The last named subsection states: “The term ‘deposit’ means the unpaid balance of money or its equivalent received by a bank in the usual course of business and for which it has given or is obligated to' give credit to a commercial, checking, savings, time or thrift account * * * , together with such other obligations of a bank as the board of directors shall find and shall prescribe by its regulations to be deposit liabilities by general usage * * * >*
This appears to be an appropriate point to take note also of the 1950 Act, even though the issue is for decision under the terms of the 1935 Act. Title 12 U.S.C.A. § 1817(a) contains, so far as it relates to the point under discussion, substantially the same language as that contained in the 1935 Act, with the following proviso: “Provided, That the bank (1) may deduct (i) from the deposit balance due to an insured bank the deposit balance due from such insured bank * * *. Plaintiff makes much of the point that Congress by this proviso amended the law so as to allow a deduction not theretofore permitted by the 1935 Act. Otherwise, so it is suggested, there would have been no purpose on the part of Congress in adopting the proviso. Congress defined a deposit as the money received by a bank in the “usual course of business.” Reciprocal deposits, in our view, are not thus received. This view is fortified by the fact that out of a total of 13,600 insured banks in the country, not more than three to four hundred carried reciprocal accounts. In other words, out of all insured banks fewer than 3% maintained the character of deposits with which we are now concerned.
Using the stipulated illustration heretofore noted, was the deposit liability of Continental to bank “A” $250.00, the amount of “A’s” deposit with Continental, or was it $150.00, the difference between the amount of Continental’s deposit with bank “A” and the latter’s deposit of $250.00 with Continental? While we are far from experts in the refinements of the banking business, it borders on the fictional, so we think, to assert that Continental’s deposit liability was more than $150.00, the difference between the two deposits. If “A” had $15.00 in his pocket which belonged to “B”, and “B” $10.00 in his pocket which belonged to “A”, the latter’s liability to “B” would be $5.00 rather than $15.00. Any other conclusion would ignore the realities of the situation, including the actual relationship existing between the parties.
As might be expected, plaintiff places much reliance upon the language contained in Sec. 264(h) (1) which provides that deposits shall be included in the assessment base “without any deduction for indebtedness of depositors.” Obviously, this language is of no benefit to plaintiff if the term “deposit” is accorded its usual and ordinary meaning. Moreover, in the illustration used, bank “A” had no indebtedness to Continental; the latter was indebted to bank “A” in the amount of $150.00. This amount Continental agrees would have been includible in its base for assessment purposes.
Plaintiff relies upon its administrative interpretation of the statute, consistent with the position which it now takes. Defendant, however, has at no time acquiesced in such interpretation; in fact, it has consistently from the beginning urged the position which it now takes. In the view which we take of the purpose and intendment of the statute, we are not impressed with plaintiff’s interpretative ruling.
Plaintiff has a more plausible argument based upon the 1950 amendment which, as heretofore shown, expressly provided for the exclusion of a reciprocal deposit in another bank. Our attention is called to the legislative history relative to this amendment which indicates that Congress regarded the proviso as an amendment rather than as an interpretation of the previous statute. The district court expressed the view that the 1950 amendment was merely a clarification of the previous statute. We think it not of controlling importance whether the latter Act be treated as an amendment or a clarification. The fact is that a controversy existed between plaintiff and defendant (as well as other banks) relative to the issue under consideration, and to resolve such controversy Congress added the proviso. By such action Congress recognized the soundness of defendant’s position. How ever the proviso be characterized, the doubt theretofore existing was resolved. Nothing was accomplished other than to make, certain that which previously had been a matter for statutory interpretation.
More important is the treatment accorded reciprocal bank balances by other federal agencies. The Federal Reserve Bank, like plaintiff, was an agency of the Federal Reserve System. The Federal Reserve Bank instructed its members carrying reciprocal accounts to report only the net balances of such accounts. The Comptroller of the Currency also called for a report of only the net balances of reciprocal deposits. We think, contrary to plaintiff’s contention, that this evidence was properly admitted. Certainly it shows a recognition by these agencies of the actual relationship existing between banks with reciprocal ac*572counts. More than that, the rulings are consistent with and lend support to the view that such deposits are not received in the “usual course of business,” and that the bank receiving such deposits incurs liability only to the extent of the net balances of such deposits. We agree with the holding of the district court on this issue.
Contested Issue 2
This issue relates to cash items, that is, cheeks, drafts and other instruments providing for the payment of money which a reporting bank received in the regular course of business and paid or credited conditionally to a deposit account. These items are called “float” and, in a bank the size of defendant, many thousands are handled each. day. The period involved is from 1950 to 1954.
The 1935 Act provided for an assessment base consisting of the average daily deposits at the end of each calendar day for six months, deducting, however, “the total of such uncollected items as are included in such deposits and credited subject to final payment.” The 1950 Act changed the assessment provision so as to simplify the work of the banks incident to the ascertainment of the average deposit liability during the semiannual periods. There were designated as base days March 31 and June 30 for the first and September 30 and December 31 for the second semiannual period. Two methods were provided for computing the amount of such deposits, that is, the (aa) method and the (bb) method. Defendant utilized the former, which provides that the reporting bank may deduct cash items as determined “by multiplying by 2 the total of the cash items forwarded for collection on the assessment base days (being the days on which the average deposits are computed) and cash items held for clearings at the close of business on said days, which are in the process of collection and which the bank has paid in the regular course of business or credited to deposit accounts.” Sec. 1817 of the 1950 Act.
The items here involved are only those “forwarded for collection.” Plaintiff in its brief classifies such items as follows:
“1. Cash items received and forwarded prior to the base day.
“2. Cash items received prior to the base day and forwarded on the base day.
“3. Cash items received on the base day and forwarded on the following day.”
The items in class 1 were received after the close of business on a Friday and forwarded for collection on Saturday or Sunday preceding Monday, a base day, but remained uncollected on that day. The items in class 2 were received in the interim between the closing of the bank on Friday and the opening of the bank on Monday, but not forwarded for collection until the latter day. The items in class 3 were received on Monday but not completely processed and forwarded until the following day. All of the items in the three classes were conditionally credited on Monday, the base day.
Upon receipt of a “float” deposit, the bank issued a slip which provided in effect that the deposit was conditional, with the right reserved to refuse to hon- or or pay checks drawn against such deposit. It was also provided that items received for collection after regular banking hours might be treated by the bank as a deposit or collection of the succeeding business day.
The class 2 items are clearly deductible. They were forwarded for collection on base days and are in compliance with the literal language of the statute. Plaintiff in its brief states:
“The items in this category meet the requirement of the statute of being forwarded for collection on the assessment base day, but they do not meet the requirement of the regulation that they must have been received on the base day. We must, therefore, consider whether the regulation is consistent with the statute.”
*573Plaintiff makes the feeble argument that a regulation promulgated in 1950 required that the items be both received and forwarded on base days. This regulation, insofar as it required receipt of such items on base days, is in effect an amendment of the statute, it is inconsistent therewith and in that respect is void.
Class 1 and class 3 items present a more difficult problem. As noted, the former includes items both received and forwarded on Saturday or Sunday preceding a base day but which remained uncollected on the base day and for which the depositor had not previously received credit. Class 3 items were received on the base day but not processed and forwarded until the following day. The depositor, as to this class of items, received only a conditional credit on the base day.
The controversy as to class 1 and class 3 items depends upon an interpretation of the term “base days” as employed in the statute. Plaintiff made no attempt to interpret or define “base days” until it promulgated a regulation in 1954, entitled “Periods of Deductions for Uncollected Items.” (Sec. 327.1(a) of the 1954 Regulations.) The regulation provided:
“The term ‘base day’ shall be the period of time beginning with the time of the closing of the books of the bank on the last business day immediately preceding the assessment base day to the time of the closing of the books of the bank on the base day according to the normal practice of the bank. Holidays and other nonbusiness days intervening between the preceding business day and the base day are a part of the base day.”
Paragraph (f) of the same section of the regulation provided:
“A cash item shall be deemed to have been forwarded for collection on the base day if it has been received for collection on the base day and has been either forwarded for collection on that day or is in the process of forwarding in accordance with the normal procedure of the bank, even though the item may be in the possession of the bank at the time of the closing of the books on the base day.”
It is plain that class 1 items are now deductible under paragraph (a) and that class 3 items are now deductible under paragraph (f) of the regulation. This much appears to be conceded because plaintiff’s suit covers only the period between the amendment of the Act in 1950 and the promulgation of the 1954 regulation.
Plaintiff contends that the term “base day” as used in the statute should be interpreted to mean a calendar day, that is, the time from one midnight until the next. Any merit in this contention appears to be dissipated from the fact that plaintiff in 1954 defined “base days” in the manner above shown without any change by Congress in the statutory language. If a base day meant a calendar day in 1950, it must have meant the same in 1954. If it encompassed only a calendar day when the amendment was enacted, we think a serious question would be raised as to the validity of the 1954 regulation which defined a base day as including Saturdays and Sundays prior thereto, as well as the day following as to certain designated items.
In any event, the 1954 regulation constitutes a recognition on the part of plaintiff of the unreasonable limitation which it would have us place upon the meaning of “base day” as used in the statute. The situation before us is an apt illustration. If defendant had permitted the accumulation of all cash items between the time it closed its bank for business purposes on Friday until it opened on Monday (a base day) and had forwarded such items on that day, there could be no question as to their deductibility. To hold that they are not deductible because the bank, in keeping with efficiency and sound banking practices, maintained a force for the purpose of forwarding such items on Saturday and Sunday, is barren of any logic, as plaintiff’s 1954 regulation appears to recognize.
*574Much is said as to whether the 1954 regulation should be applied retroactively so as to cover the items in issue. Defendant argues in the affirmative, plaintiff in the negative. We think this issue need not be resolved. If plaintiff had the authority in 1954 to interpret the statute as it did, we think a court has the authority to place a like interpretation upon the statute during the period from 1950 to 1954. In Manhattan General Equipment Co. v. Commissioner, 297 U.S. 129, at page 135, 56 S.Ct. 400, 397, 80 L.Ed. 528, it was contended that an amended regulation was void because it was retroactive. The court rejected the contention, but in doing so made the following pertinent observation:
“Since the original regulation could not be applied, the amended regulation in effect became the primary and controlling rule in respect of the situation presented. It pointed the way, for the first time, for correctly applying the antecedent statute to a situation which arose under the statute.”
Included in contested issue 2 are government bonds cashed on base days and held by defendant for collection at the close of such days. It is urged that such bonds are not “cash items,” and that a distinction should be drawn between them and checks and bank drafts. We are not impressed with this argument. In our view, all the items included in contested issue 2 were deductible.
Contested Issue 3
A brief statement of the facts will suffice to bring into focus the issue for decision. In financing installment paper defendant purchased sales contracts from a customer (a dealer engaged in selling retail merchandise on credit to a person sometimes called the buyer), without recourse, under an agreement which provided for remittance to the customer of 90%' of the amounts owing under such contracts (less % of 1% cash discount), and crediting the remaining 10% to an account set up on defendant’s books and designated as the customer’s “Contract Reserve.” The agreement referred to the “Contract Reserve” as a deposit credited to the customer to be used in accordance with the terms of the agreement. In brief, the “Contract Reserve” account was utilized as a means of securing the defendant for the balance due on the sales contract made between the buyer and the dealer and sold and assigned by the latter to defendant. The agreement between the customer (dealer) and the bank provided that the reserve account should be maintained at a specified level. When below that level, the difference was to be made up by the customer; when above the level, and then only, the customer was entitled to draw on the account. In practice, only credit was extended to the buyer, no withdrawal was permitted.
As relating to the question for decision, it can be stated that the sole purpose of the arrangement between the customer and the bank was to secure the latter, and this was accomplished by withholding 10%' of the contract purchase price. If the buyer satisfied his obligation, the 10%' belonged to the customer. If, however, there was a default in payment by the buyer, the bank could utilize the reserve account to the extent necessary to prevent any loss on its part.
The asserted liability is for a period prior to 1950, when the Act was amended in a manner which apparently provided that the alleged deposits under discussion are excludible from the tax base. The question, therefore, must be decided under the 1935 Act.
The district court decided this issue adversely to defendant. In our view, this was error, notwithstanding there is some authority, to which we shall subsequently refer, which furnishes support for plaintiff’s position. In connection with our discussion, under contested issue 1 we have set forth the statutory definition of an assessment base as being the “* * * amount of liability of the bank for deposits,” as well as the definition of the term “deposit.”
Plaintiff in its brief under the present issue has set forth the statutory def*575inition of “deposit” by breaking it down into separate phrases which we think pertinent even though it amounts to repetition. The statutory definition thus treated is as follows :
“(a) ‘The unpaid balance’
“(b) ‘of money or its equivalent’
“(c) ‘received by a bank’
“(d) ‘in the usual course of business’
“(e) ‘and for which it has given or is obligated to give credit’
“(f) ‘to a commercial, checking, savings, time or thrift account.’ ”
In our view, the credit extended to the reserve account (that is, the 10% withheld from the purchase price) does not fall within the terms of the statutory definition because it created in both the customer and the bank a right which was only conditional. Whether the customer could utilize this credit depended solely upon performance by the buyer. If the buyer performed his obligation, the purpose for which the so-called deposit was made was accomplished; in that event, the 10% belonged to the customer. On the other hand, in case of default on the part of the buyer, the 10%' deposit became that of the bank. As we have noted, this was the purpose of the arrangement between the customer and the bank.
We are unable to discern how it can be held that the credit extended to the reserve account can be characterized as “money or its equivalent received by a bank.” It must be certain that the bank received no money from the customer, that it received only the contract which it purchased. Can such a contract be considered as the “equivalent” of money ? We think the answer must be in the negative. If the contract be held as the equivalent of cash, we see no reason why the bank should not have paid the customer its face value rather than 90%. It may be that the bank by paying 90% of the face value of the contract recognized it as the equivalent of cash to that extent. By the same token, however, both the bank and the customer recognized the contract to the extent of the 10% withheld as not the equivalent of cash.
Another serious question is whether defendant was obligated to give credit “to a commercial, checking, savings, time or thrift account.” Obviously, the last four named forms of accounts are without application. Plaintiff appears to so recognize but argues that the reserve account was a commercial account because it arose out of a commercial transaction. That is a non sequitur. We suppose it is true that the account had its genesis in a commercial transaction but it could not be utilized by the customer in the course of trade or commerce.
At the risk of being repetitious, we again point out the absence of liability upon defendant at the inception of a credit to the reserve account. In any event, it is our view that when Congress predicated the assessment base upon the “amount of liability of the bank for deposits,” it encompassed only such deposits as imposed upon the bank an unconditional liability and which conferred upon the depositor an absolute right to be paid the amount of his deposit either upon demand or upon such conditions as might be imposed in connection with the deposit. That certainly is true as to the “checking, savings, time or thrift account” enumerated in the statutory definition of “deposit.” We see no reason why it should be less true as to the remaining classification, that is, “commercial.”
Plaintiff cites and relies heavily upon Industrial Bank of St. Louis v. Federal Deposit Ins. Corp., D.C.E.D.Mo., 93 F. Supp. 916, 918. Defendant attempts, without much success, to distinguish the situation there involved and that here. While the case supports plaintiff’s position, we do not agree with either the reasoning or the result. Neither do we agree that Union Electric Light & Power Co. v. Cherokee Nat. Bank of St. Louis, 8 Cir., 94 F.2d 517, strongly relied upon by the court in the Industrial Bank case, is authority for the result reached. In the Cherokee case there was a special *576arrangement between the depositor and the bank by which the bank incurred a fixed obligation to pay. The court held there was a special deposit impressed with a trust in favor of the depositor. It is not claimed in the instant case that the reserve account was impressed with a trust under a provision of the statute, which will be referred to under contested issue 4.
Contested Issue 4
This issue involves money withheld by defendant from salaries and wages of its employees for the following purposes: (1) payment of federal income taxes on employees’ salaries; (2) payment of employees’ share of federal social security taxes; (3) payment of employees’ contributions to group life insurance premiums, and (4) purchase of government securities for employees. The period involved is from July 1, 1948 through June 30, 1953. The statutory definition of the term “deposit” both in the 1935 and 1950 Acts includes “trust funds held by such bank whether retained or deposited in any department of such bank.” While the 1935 Act contained no definition of “trust funds,” such a definition was provided in the 1950 Act (Title 12 U.S.C.A. § 1813(p)), as follows:
“The term ‘trust funds’ means funds held by an insured bank in a fiduciary capacity and includes, without being limited to, funds held as trustee, executor, administrator, guardian, or agent.”
We think these withholdings were held by the bank as trust funds either with or without the aid of the statutory definition provided in the 1950 Act. By agreement with their employees such funds were held for specified purposes and the bank was under obligation to apply them in accordance with the agreement But whether trust funds or not, they were deposits within the meaning of the statute. It is true, as defendant points out, that such funds do not represent cash received from the employees; however, the with-holdings were the equivalent of cash. The situation is the same as though the amounts withheld had been paid to the employees and returned by them to the bank to be used by it for the purposes indicated. The point is that the bank incurred a liability for such funds which was absolute, in contrast to a contingent liability as existed under contested issue 3. We agree with the ruling of the district court on this issue.
The judgment is affirmed in part and reversed in part, with directions that it be vacated and a judgment entered in accordance with the views herein expressed. More specifically, the judgment is affirmed as to contested issues 1, 2 and 4, and is reversed as to contested issue 3.
|
github_open_source_100_1_110 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package us.ihmc.robotics.geometry;
import java.util.List;
import us.ihmc.euclid.geometry.Plane3D;
import us.ihmc.euclid.tuple2D.interfaces.Point2DBasics;
import us.ihmc.euclid.tuple3D.interfaces.Point3DReadOnly;
public interface PlaneFitter
{
/**
*
* @param pointList The list of points to fit
* @param planeToPack the plane to pack
* @return the average error of the points to the plane fit
*/
public abstract double fitPlaneToPoints(List<? extends Point3DReadOnly> pointList, Plane3D planeToPack);
/**
*
* @param center origin the plane at the center if possible
* @param pointList The list of points to fit
* @param planeToPack the plane to pack
* @return the average error of the points to the plane fit
*/
public abstract double fitPlaneToPoints(Point2DBasics center, List<? extends Point3DReadOnly> pointList, Plane3D planeToPack);
}
|
github_open_source_100_1_111 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package br.ufscar.dc.latosensu.aplicacaofinanceira.util;
import br.ufscar.dc.latosensu.aplicacaofinanceira.model.Banco;
public class BancoTestUtil {
public static final String BANCO_DELETE_URI = "/banco/delete";
public static final String BANCO_LIST_URI = "/banco/list";
public static final String BANCO_SAVE_URI = "/banco/save";
public static final String BANCO_SHOW_URI = "/banco/show";
public static final String BANCO_UPDATE_URI = "/banco/update";
private static final String BANCO_DO_BRASIL_CNPJ = "00000000000191";
private static final String BANCO_DO_BRASIL_NOME = "Banco do Brasil";
private static final Integer BANCO_DO_BRASIL_NUMERO = 1;
private static final String CAIXA_ECONOMICA_FEDERAL_CNPJ = "00360305000104";
private static final String CAIXA_ECONOMICA_FEDERAL_NOME = "Caixa Economica Federal";
private static final Integer CAIXA_ECONOMICA_FEDERAL_NUMERO = 2;
private static final String ITAU_CNPJ = "60872504000123";
private static final String ITAU_NOME = "Itau";
private static final Integer ITAU_NUMERO = 3;
public static Banco bancoDoBrasil() {
Banco banco = new Banco();
banco.setNumero(BANCO_DO_BRASIL_NUMERO);
banco.setCnpj(BANCO_DO_BRASIL_CNPJ);
banco.setNome(BANCO_DO_BRASIL_NOME);
return banco;
}
public static Banco caixaEconomicaFederal() {
Banco banco = new Banco();
banco.setNumero(CAIXA_ECONOMICA_FEDERAL_NUMERO);
banco.setCnpj(CAIXA_ECONOMICA_FEDERAL_CNPJ);
banco.setNome(CAIXA_ECONOMICA_FEDERAL_NOME);
return banco;
}
public static Banco itau() {
Banco banco = new Banco();
banco.setNumero(ITAU_NUMERO);
banco.setCnpj(ITAU_CNPJ);
banco.setNome(ITAU_NOME);
return banco;
}
public static Banco bancoComCnpjInvalido() {
Banco banco = new Banco();
banco.setNumero(BANCO_DO_BRASIL_NUMERO);
banco.setCnpj("11111111111111");
banco.setNome(BANCO_DO_BRASIL_NOME);
return banco;
}
public static Banco bancoComNomeComMaisDeDuzentosECinquentaECincoCaracteres() {
Banco banco = new Banco();
banco.setNumero(BANCO_DO_BRASIL_NUMERO);
banco.setCnpj(BANCO_DO_BRASIL_CNPJ);
banco.setNome("123456789D123456789V123456789T123456789Q123456789C123456789S123456789S123456789O123456789N123456789C123456789D123456789V123456789T123456789Q123456789C123456789S123456789S123456789O123456789N123456789D123456789D123456789V123456789T123456789Q123456789C123456789S123456789S123456789O123456789N123456789C123456");
return banco;
}
public static Banco bancoComNomeComMenosDeDoisCaracteres() {
Banco banco = new Banco();
banco.setNumero(BANCO_DO_BRASIL_NUMERO);
banco.setCnpj(BANCO_DO_BRASIL_CNPJ);
banco.setNome("b");
return banco;
}
public static Banco bancoComNumeroMenorDoQueUm() {
Banco banco = new Banco();
banco.setNumero(0);
banco.setCnpj(BANCO_DO_BRASIL_CNPJ);
banco.setNome(BANCO_DO_BRASIL_NOME);
return banco;
}
public static Banco bancoSemCamposObrigatorios() {
Banco banco = new Banco();
banco.setNumero(0);
banco.setCnpj(null);
banco.setNome(null);
return banco;
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_1_112 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import React, { useState } from 'react';
import PropTypes from 'prop-types';
import clsx from 'clsx';
import { makeStyles, useTheme } from '@material-ui/core/styles';
import { useMediaQuery, Divider } from '@material-ui/core';
import { Topbar, Footer, Sidebar } from './components';
const useStyles = makeStyles(theme => ({
root: {
height: '100%',
},
}));
const Main = props => {
const { children } = props;
const classes = useStyles();
const theme = useTheme();
const isMd = useMediaQuery(theme.breakpoints.up('md'), {
defaultMatches: true,
});
const pages = {
landings: {
title: 'Landings',
id: 'landing-pages',
children: {
services: {
groupTitle: 'Services',
pages: [
{
title: 'Coworking',
href: '/coworking',
},
{
title: 'Rental',
href: '/rental',
},
{
title: 'Job Listing',
href: '/job-listing',
},
{
title: 'E-Learning',
href: '/e-learning',
},
{
title: 'E-commerce',
href: '/e-commerce',
},
{
title: 'Expo',
href: '/expo',
},
],
},
apps: {
groupTitle: 'Apps',
pages: [
{
title: 'Desktop App',
href: '/desktop-app',
},
{
title: 'Mobile App',
href: '/mobile-app',
},
],
},
web: {
groupTitle: 'Web',
pages: [
{
title: 'Overview',
href: '/home',
},
{
title: 'Basic',
href: '/web-basic',
},
{
title: 'Service',
href: '/service',
},
{
title: 'Startup',
href: '/startup',
},
{
title: 'Enterprise',
href: '/enterprise',
},
{
title: 'Cloud Hosting',
href: '/cloud-hosting',
},
{
title: 'Agency',
href: '/agency',
},
{
title: 'Design Company',
href: '/design-company',
},
{
title: 'Logistics',
href: '/logistics',
},
],
},
},
},
pages: {
title: 'Pages',
id: 'supported-pages',
children: {
career: {
groupTitle: 'Career',
pages: [
{
title: 'Lising',
href: '/career-listing',
},
{
title: 'Lising Minimal',
href: '/career-listing-minimal',
},
{
title: 'Opening',
href: '/career-opening',
},
],
},
helpCenter: {
groupTitle: 'Help center',
pages: [
{
title: 'Overview',
href: '/help-center',
},
{
title: 'Article',
href: '/help-center-article',
},
],
},
company: {
groupTitle: 'Company',
pages: [
{
title: 'About',
href: '/about',
},
{
title: 'About (Cover)',
href: '/about-side-cover',
},
{
title: 'Pricing',
href: '/pricing',
},
{
title: 'Terms',
href: '/company-terms',
},
],
},
contact: {
groupTitle: 'Contact',
pages: [
{
title: 'Reach View',
href: '/contact-page',
},
{
title: 'Sidebar Map',
href: '/contact-sidebar-map',
},
{
title: 'Cover',
href: '/contact-page-cover',
},
],
},
blog: {
groupTitle: 'Blog',
pages: [
{
title: 'Newsroom',
href: '/blog-newsroom',
},
{
title: 'Reach View',
href: '/blog-reach-view',
},
{
title: 'Search',
href: '/blog-search',
},
{
title: 'Article',
href: '/blog-article',
},
],
},
portfolio: {
groupTitle: 'Portfolio',
pages: [
{
title: 'Basic',
href: '/portfolio-page',
},
{
title: 'Masonry',
href: '/portfolio-masonry',
},
{
title: 'Grid View',
href: '/portfolio-grid',
},
{
title: 'Parallax Effect',
href: '/agency',
},
],
},
},
},
account: {
title: 'Account',
id: 'account',
children: {
settings: {
groupTitle: 'Settings',
pages: [
{
title: 'General',
href: '/account/general',
},
{
title: 'Security',
href: '/account/security',
},
{
title: 'Notifications',
href: '/account/notifications',
},
{
title: 'Billing',
href: '/account/billing',
},
],
},
signup: {
groupTitle: 'Sign up',
pages: [
{
title: 'Simple',
href: '/signup-simple',
},
{
title: 'Cover',
href: '/signup-cover',
},
],
},
signin: {
groupTitle: 'Sign in',
pages: [
{
title: 'Simple',
href: '/signin-simple',
},
{
title: 'Cover',
href: '/signin-cover',
},
],
},
password: {
groupTitle: 'Password reset',
pages: [
{
title: 'Simple',
href: '/password-reset-simple',
},
{
title: 'Cover',
href: '/password-reset-cover',
},
],
},
error: {
groupTitle: 'Error',
pages: [
{
title: 'Simple',
href: '/not-found',
},
{
title: 'Cover',
href: '/not-found-cover',
},
],
},
},
},
};
const [openSidebar, setOpenSidebar] = useState(false);
const handleSidebarOpen = () => {
setOpenSidebar(true);
};
const handleSidebarClose = () => {
setOpenSidebar(false);
};
const open = isMd ? false : openSidebar;
return (
<div
className={clsx({
[classes.root]: true,
})}
>
<Topbar onSidebarOpen={handleSidebarOpen} pages={pages} />
<Sidebar
onClose={handleSidebarClose}
open={open}
variant="temporary"
pages={pages}
/>
<main>
<Divider />
{children}
</main>
<Footer pages={pages} />
</div>
);
};
Main.propTypes = {
children: PropTypes.node,
};
export default Main;
|
github_open_source_100_1_113 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | function R = random_rot_matrix(d)
%random_rot_matrix Generate a random matrix with axis-angle, distribution
%unknown, hopefully uniform but not important.
a = rand(d, 1);
a = a/norm(a,2);
t = rand()*2*pi - pi;
c = cos(t);
s = sin(t);
C = 1-c;
x = a(1);
y = a(2);
z = a(3);
R = [x*x*C+c x*y*C-z*s x*z*C+y*s;
y*x*C+z*s y*y*C+c y*z*C-x*s;
z*x*C-y*s z*y*C+x*s z*z*C+c];
end
|
theologischelite12schu_30 | German-PD | Public Domain | In den beiden letzten Fallen verftofst der Verfaffer auch gegen den flir theologifche Belehrung von Nicht¬ theologen geltenden Grundfatz, nichts den Zuhdrern Unverftandliches oder Halbverftandliches zu geben: damit find auch Anfpielungen ausgefchloffen. Auch gegen den Grundfatz, nur das Sichere als ficher, das Unfichere etweder gar nicht oder als unficher, P'alfches jedenfalls nicht vorzulegen, verfehlt er fich, z. B. wenn er liber die Entwickiung des Urchriftenthums kiihnlich be- hauptet: ,Die grobere und aufserlichere judenchriftliche Auffaffung gewann auf die — heidenchriftlichen Gemein- den liberwiegenden Einflufs und daher rlihrt der cere- monienreiche aufserliche und hierarchifche Charakter, den die katholifehe Kirche bis heute an fich tragt.4 Die Darftellung in einem Vortrag wie der vor- liegende foil pracis fein; das ift fie nicht immer (z. B. bei Schleiermacher). Sie foil frifeh und lebhaft fein; das ift fie. Sie foil popular fein; das ift fie im ganzen, aber Ausdriicke wie: ,Die auf irgend eine Zuckerfchleck- Belohnung fpeculirende Nutzlichkeitsmoral4 find Aus- wiichfe. Tlibingen. Max R e i f c h 1 e. Luthardt, Dr. Chr. E., Der Scholastiker Luther. (Zeit- fchrift flir kirchliche Wiffenfchaft und kirchliches Leben, hrsg. von Luthardt, 1887, Hft. 4.) Leider ift mir der vorftehende Auffatz erft fpat zu- ganglich geworden. Ich wtirde mir fonft erlaubt haben, fchon fruher auf denfelben aufmerkfam zu machen. Lut¬ hardt hat uns hier freilich nicht mit der Bearbeitung einer intereffanten hiftorifehen Frage befehenkt, deren Lofung bei dem gegenwartigen Zuftande der Schriften Occam’s befondere Schwierigkeiten hat. Aber in anderer Bezieh- ung ift diefer Auffatz vielleicht das Wichtigfte von Allem, was wir Luthardt verdanken. Der Schriftfteller, deffen ge- fchickte Feder fo manches Bild von zweifelhafter Treue 36 r Theologifche IJteraturzeitung. 1887. Nr. 15 362 gefchildert hat, giebt uns hier unabfichtlich ein fprechen- des Bild der Verlegenheiten, in welche ihn die verhang- nifsvolle Klugheit der Vermittelungen und Milderungen an den Satzen Anderer gebracht hat. Er erklart namlich, dafs er und die von ihm geleitete kirchliche Gruppe von einem Scholaftiker Luther bisher nichts gewufst und erft durch mich davon gehort hatten. Sie wollten aber auch nichts von einem folchen Luther wiffen. Denn fie wollten den ganzen Luther haben und liefsen fich ihren Luther nicht halbiren. VVaren diefe Erklarungen ernft zu neh- men, fo wiirden fie eine iiberrafchende Kraftaufserung darftellen. Eine folche Entfchloffenheit zur Legende wiirden ficherlich wenige von Luthardt’s Theologie er- warten. Die Kiihnheit jener Erklarungen wird denn auch durch Luthardt’s eigenes Verhalten durchaus nicht ge- rechtfertigt. Dafs Luther Manches aus feiner fcholalti- fchen Schule mitgebracht habe, erkennt er auch an. Er vermeidet aber, diefe Dinge beftimmt zu bezeichnen, und deutet nur an, dafs fie nicht viel auf fich hatten. Urn die Aufmerkfamkeit von der Hauptfache abzulenken, erzahlt er feinen Lefern, dafs ich alle Dogmen der alten Kirche, welche Luther fortgeftihrt habe, dem fcholaftifchen Schul- fack zurechne, obgleich fie doch von viel alterer Her- kunft feien, und verbreitet fich dann liber diefe von ihm fingirteUebelthat mit vieler Entriiftung. Meine Angabe, wie man den Reformator in Luther von dem Scholaftiker mit Sicherheit unterfcheiden konne, umgeht er forgfaltig und giebt damit zu erkennen, dafs feine Art von Lutherthum alien Grund hat, fich vor der Energie des Reformators Luther zu fiirchten. Wenn man mit dem Evangelium, das Luther vertreten hat, Ernft machen will, fo ergiebt fich die von mir aufgeftellte Regel als das Selbftverftandliche. Luther ift dadurch Reformator geworden, dafs er einen Verkehr mit dem in Chriftus offenbaren Gott gefunden hatte, den er in der alten Kirche nicht gefordert, fon- dern gehemmt fah. Wir haben alfo danach zu fragen, wie er von diefem Verkehr mit Gott geredet und daraus die reformatorifchen Lolgerungen fur Kirche und Kirchen- lehre gezogen hat. In folchen Aeufserungen haben wir den Reformator. Luther ift auch da, wo er fo in dem Mittelpunkt feines reformatorifchen Denkens fteht, keines- wegs in einer oppofitionellen Stimmung gegen die Dog- men der alten Kirche. Wohl aber folgt er dabei un- willktirlich dem Drange, den alten Lormeln einen neuen Sinn abzugewinnen, wie derfelbe fein em geklarten Heils- bediirfnifs und den Erfahrungen feines Glaubens entfprach. So find die zahllofen Aeufserungen vor allem liber das chriftologifche Dogma entftanden, welche man fich doch wahrlich nicht als YVorte der griechifchen Vater des 5. Jahrhunderts denken konnte, deren Dogma Luther nach Luthardt’s Meinung ganz ebenfo bekennen foil wie fie. Neben jenen Zeugnifsen des Reformators, die einem evan- gelifchen Chriften das Herz ftarken follten, finden fich aber zahlreiche andere, in denen uns allerdings lediglich der Scholaftiker Luther entgegentritt. Es find das alle die Aeufserungen, bei welchen man nichts davon be- merkt, dafs der Gedanke an den Verkehr mit Gott, zu dem fich Luther durchgekampft hatte, feine Ausfprache beeinflufst. Ich denke dabei weniger an einzelne Be- griffe, welche Luther aus feiner fcholaftifchen Schule mit¬ gebracht hat. Auch Luthardt fcheint diefe Einzelheiten, wie fie z. B. in der fpateren Abendmahlslehre Luther’s und in feiner friiheften fowohl wie fpateften Pradeftina- tionslehre auftreten, nicht zu dem eigentlichen Evange¬ lium Luther’s zu rechnen. Aber ich denke dabei vor Allem an die Thatfache, dafs Luther es unzahlige Male liber fich vermocht hat, von dem Glauben fo zu reden, als beftehe er in dem Liirwahrhalten der in der Kirche iiberlieferten und in der heiligen Schrift begrundeten Dogmen. An folchen Stellen redet der Scholaftiker, der nichts davon zu wiffen fcheint, dafs der Glaube geweckt wird, wenn Jefus Chriftus einem Sunder als Gottes Offen- barung verftandlich wird und dafs der Glaube hieran allein fich nahrt. Dafs Luthardt gerade auf folche Stellen fich mit Vorliebe beruft, finde ich fehr begreiflich. Aber ich glaube, die Zeit ift ganzlich voriiber, wo es einem Theologen, der auf diefem Gebiete fich einige hiftorifche Kenntnifse erworben, eingeredet werden konnte, auf folche Weife erfaffe man den Reformator Luther. Luthardt hat den Muth, meiner Unterfcheidung fcholaftifcher Ele- mente von den reformatorifchen bei Luther entgegenzu- halten, dafs Rationaliften wie YVegfcheider es fchon ebenfo gemacht hatten. Ich meine nicht nothig zu haben, mich dagegen zu vertheidigen , denn ich darf annehmen, dafs Luthardt felbft das im Ernft nicht glauben wird. Aber Luthardt hat im weiteren Verlauf feines Auf- fatzes den Grund davon enthlillt, warum fein modernes Lutherthum fo begierig das Scholaftifche in Luther an fich zieht und das Reformatorifche liegen lafst. Ich hatte mir die erdenklichfte Mlihe gegeben , Luthardt durch eine klare Argumentation entweder zu offenem Wider- fpruch oder zu offenem Anfchlufs an den religiofen Grund- gedanken Luther’s zu zwingen. Ich hatte fur den Ver¬ kehr des Chriften mit Gott das einfache Dilemma auf- geftellt, dafs wir entweder Gott und Chriftus in der Welt unferer Phantafie begegnen oder in der wirklichen Welt, in unferer eigenen gefchichtlichen Wirklichkeit. Luthardt hat fich nun dem Zwange der hierauf begrundeten Ar¬ gumentation in einer fehr fonderbaren Weife entzogen. Ich hatte in meine Beweisflihrung einen kleinen Excurs eingeftigt, der dazu dienen follte, einen Vorwurf, den wir gerade von Luthardt nicht felten gehort haben, ab- zuwehren. In Luthardt’s Arfenal findet fich auch der Vorwurf, dafs wir wie neue Marcioniten in Jefus eine vollig abrupte Grofse fahen. Er hat uns namentlich vor- gehalten, dafs wir von einer nattirlichen Offenbarung Gottes in der Volkerwelt nichts wiffen wollten. Durch einen Rath von befreundeter Seite liefs ich mich nun be- wegen, bei diefer Gelegenheit das Aeufserfte auszufpre- chen, was ich Luthardt in diefer Beziehung concediren konnte. Ich fagte alfo, dafs wir Chriften allerdings fehen miiffen, wie gefchichtliche Vorgange vor und nach Chriftus ihn felbft und fein Werk bedingen und in den Lauf der Gefchichte einfiigen. Indem wir uns dies vergegenwar- tigten, feien wir im Stande und genotigt, alles dies eben- falls zu der Offenbarung Gottes zu rechnen, die uns in Jefus Chriftus zu Theil geworden ift. Das follte alfo eine begiitigende Conceffion an den Theologen fein, der uns gegenuber die Weisheit der theologia naturalis zu ver¬ treten pflegt. Und was erwidert nun Luthardt darauf? ,Nein, wenn Hellas und Rom ebenfo Offenbarungen Gottes und Elemente Jefu Chrifti find, nur etwa in geringerem Mafse wie die Offenbarung Gottes in Israel, dann gibt es uberhaupt keine Heilsoffenbarung. Denn, wenn Alles Offenbarung ift, dann ift nichts Offenbarung im eigent¬ lichen Sinne‘. Wie foil man es nun einem folchen Manne recht machen. der die Lahigkeit befitzt, Vorwiirfe, welche einander ausfchliefsen, im extravaganteften Ausdruck auf einander folgen zu laffen? Und diefes Kunftftuck erklart Luthardt obenein zu dem Zwecke zu vollbringen, um fich meiner Argumentation zu entziehen, welche damit gar nichts zu fchaffen hat. Auf diefe felbft lafst er fich infofern ein, als er erklart, es fei ihm unmoglich, zwifchen dem gefchichtlichen Chriftus und dem erhohten, der uns gegenwartig fei, zu unterfcheiden. ,Ls reicht nicht aus, nur auf die einftmalige gefchichtliche Wirklichkeit Jefu auf Erden zu verweifen, als ob darin nun Alles befchloffen und gegeben fei. Zur Gefchichte Jefu gehort auch feine Auferftehung und Erhdhung und feine Gegenwart fur die Seinen. Das ift auch „Wirklichkeit“ und in ihr erft haben wir den ganzen uns gegenwartigen Jefusf Luthardt giebt in diefen Satzen kund, dafs er fich aufser Stande firhlt, in feiner Theologie diejenige Unterfcheidung zu machen, welche der chriftliche Glaube immer machen wird, wenn er nach dem Grunde feiner Gewifsheit oder nach der Offenbarung fragt, die ihn felbft erzeugt. Wenn nun Luthardt kraftig bei diefer Ablehnung verbliebe, fo wlirde er wenigftens das anfchauliche Bild einer Theologie gewahren , welche in der evangelifchen Kirche kein Recht hat, weil fie das Hauptanliegen der- felben, die Gewifsheit eines durch Gottes Offenbarung geweckten Glaubens nicht verfteht. Aber auch diefes Bild zerfliefst wieder in einen unfafsbaren Nebel, indem Luthardt fchliefslich doch auch eingefteht, der Glaubens- gedanke von der Gegenwart des erhohten Chriftus fei nicht Mittel und Grund des Glaubens, fondern Frucht des Glaubens. Das ware ja nun gerade der Gedanke, den wir im Gegenfatz zu ihm und anderen halb fcholaftifchen Theologen zu vertreten fuchen. Luthardt’s Auffatz er- fcheint mir defshalb als ein wichtiges Zeichen der Zeit, weil er die Haltlofigkeit der in der evangelifchen Kirche herrfchenden Theologie unabfichtlich aber griindlich blofslegt. Das, was diefe Theologie in verzweifeltem Widerftande gegen uns bekampft, gefteht fie im Grunde felbft zu. Denn diefe Erkenntnifse find allmahlich zu einer Reife gediehen, dafs fich ihrer niemand erwehren kann, der fich uberhaupt auf eine theologifche Discuf- fion einlafst. Luthardt weifs alfo felbft, dafs alle die hohen Glaubensgedanken keineswegs dem Chriften in der Form von gottlich beglaubigten Lehren mit der Erkla- rung vorgelegt werden durfen, dafs er das fur wahr halten miiffe, damit er Glauben habe. Er nennt fogar jene Glaubensgedanken den Lohn des Glaubens, mufs alfo doch meinen, dafs der Glaube felbft, in welchem der Chrift Gott als den erfahrt, der ihn felig macht, auf ganz andere Weife hervorgerufen wird. Aber in die neue Situation, welche ihm dadurch bereitet wird, ver- mag er fich als Theolog nicht zu finden. Die Erkennt- niss vom Wefen des Glaubens, von feinem Verhaltnifs zu den Thatfachen, die ihn begriinden, und zu den Ge¬ danken, in denen er fich ausbreitet, kann er nicht ganz- lich ablehnen; aber feine Theologie will er wenigftens vor diefer Erkenntnifs retten. Er fagt alfo, dafs es fich fo mit dem Glauben verhalte, miiffe man freilich beachten, wenn es fich um Glaubensbewirkung und um Erziehung zum Glauben handelt. Dagegen bei der ,fyftematifchen Lehrdarftellung' miiffe man anders verfahren. Einen Grund, weshalb in der fyftematifchen Theologie das richtige Verhaltnifs zwifchen den Glaubensgedanken und dem nicht durch fie, fondern anders begrtindeten Glauben verdeckt werden miiffe, giebt Luthardt nicht an. Einen wiifste ich wohl zu nennen. Es ift nattirlich viel bequemer, die Glaubensgedanken als iiber nattirlich offen- barte Lehren zufammenzuftellen und einige Reflexionen daranzukniipfen, als ihrer Entftehung aus dem nicht durch fie, fondern anders begrtindeten Glauben nachzu- gehen und den Glauben felbft zu rechtfertigen. Aber diefer Grund ift doch fiir einen riiftigen Mann wie Lut¬ hardt zu fchlecht. Bemerkenswerth ift noch, was Luthardt zu meiner Schilderung der Bedrangnifs fagt, in welcher fich die moderne Theologie befinde. Er tadelt es, dafs ich einer Kirchenzeitung einige Satze iiber die Stellung der Ge- bildeten zum Chriftenthum entnommen habe. Das diirfe man in einer wiffenfchaftlichen Schrift nicht thun und diirfe auch daraufhin nicht eine Anklage gegen die Theo¬ logie erheben. Ich habe nun freilich mein Urtheil iiber die Gefammtlage der modernen Theologie keineswegs mit jenen Worten einer Kirchenzeitung begriindet, fondern durch den Hinweis auf Thatfachen, die doch wohl auch Luthardt’s Ruhe bisweilen geftdrt haben. Aber dafs er mir fagt, man diirfe die Worte einer Kirchenzeitung felbft dann nicht in einer ernfthaften Schrift beriicklichtigen, wenn es fich um eine Schilderung handelt, welche zu den Zwecken der Partei in keiner Beziehung fteht, — das ift mir von grofsem Werth. Denn in diefen Sachen ift Luthardt Kenner. Hat er doch fo lange an der Spitze einer Kirchenzeitung geftanden, dafs er genau wiffen mufs, wie es mit der Brauchbarkeit diefer Preffe und ihrer fonderbaren Leiftungen fteht. Marburg. W. Herrmann. Sterzel, Diac. Dr. Georg Frdr., A. Comte als Padagog. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der pofitiven Philofophie. Leipzig, Fock, 1886. (85 S. gr. 8.) M. 1.50. Seit Schleierma cher und befonders feit H er b ar t ift es zu allgemeinerer Anerkennung gekommen, dafs jede Padagogik mit einer beftimmten Philofophie auf’s innigfte zufammenhange, fich aus diefer mit Nothwen- digkeit ergebe, die praktifche Spitze derfelben, ja fogar — in gewiffem Sinne — die Probe fiir deren Richtigkeit darftelle. In der That hat auch wohl jedes bedeutendere philofophifche Syftem feine eigene Padagogik erzeugt, felbft diejenigen, von welchen Herbart behauptete, dafs fie dazu ihren Principien nach ganz unfahig feien. Es ift ganz natiirlich, dafs der Philofoph, was er mit feinem Denken errungen hat oder errungen zu haben glaubt, zu bergen fucht (um mit Herbart zu reden) in den Schofs der Jugend, der der Schofs der Zukunft und damit der Hafen unferer gefcheuchten Hoffnungen ift. Allein ebenfo erklarlich ift es, dafs in diefen Hafen nicht blofs diejenigen Schiffe einlaufen, welche eine brauchbare, auch am Lande verwerthbare Fracht ausgereifter Pro- ducte fiihren, fondern auch folche, welche nur mit Idealen, Phantafien — Traumen beladen find. Peftalozzi hat Rouffeau’s Emile ein ,Traumbuch‘ genannt: manche Pa¬ dagogik lafst fich fo nennen: fie giebt in folchem P'alle nur das Bild wieder, als das fich die Welt dem Philo- fophen darftellt, wenn er fie im Spiegel feines Syftems und nach deffen Normen ausgeftaltet anfchaut. Von diefen allgemeinen bei der Gefchichte der Pa¬ dagogik fich aufdrangenden Erwagungen haben wir hier einen inftructiven Einzelbeleg vor uns. Hat auch A. Comte den von ihm gehegten Plan, eine Padagogik im Sinne der , pofitiven Philofophie' zu geben, nicht aus- ftihren konnen, fo hat er fich doch mit den darauf ge- richteten Gedanken viel befchaftigt und diefelben in fich fo fehr zur Reife gebracht, dafs er fein Werk mit einem 365 Theologifche Literaturzeitung. 1887. Nr. 15. \66 ,trciite fondamental sur P education positive1 kronen zu kon- nen glaubte. Und dem Verf. vorliegenden Schriftchens ift es gelungen, aus den da und dort zerftreuten Aeufse- rungen des Philofophen ein einheitliches, anfchauliches Bild von deffen Erziehungsplan zufammenftellen. Diefes Bild entfpricht genau der ,pofitiven Philofophie‘ felbft, deren Grundziige der Verf. feiner Darftellung voraus- fchickt. Aber wer wird dasfelbe -nicht einen Traum nen- nen, der da hort, dafs vom 1. — 14. Jahre die Erziehung ganz im Haufe ftattfinden und faft ausfchliefslich von der Mutter geleitet fein foil, dafs dann vom 14. — 21. Jahre der Befuch der offentlichen Schule folgt, welche vom Staate unterhalten, mit Lehrern, welche die , Elite der Menfchheit‘ reprafentirend ,Priefter‘ heifsen, befetzt, fur alle, auch fur das weibliche Gefchlecht, wefentlich gleichen, obligatorifchen Unterricht ertheilt in den fechs die ,Hierarchie der Wiffenfchaften1 bildenden Gegen- ftanden: der Mathematik, Aftronomie, Phyfik, Chemie, Biologie und Sociologie, und zwar fo, dafs in jedem Jahre nur eine derfelben getrieben und fur fie wochent- lich nur Eine Lection feftgefetzt wird? Rouffeau fagt beim Beginne des Emile , man diirfe eine Padagogik nicht nach dem Mafsftab der Ausfiihrbarkeit beurthei- len; denn nur vorfchlagen, was ausfuhrbar, heifse vor- fchlagen, was bereits ausgefuhrt ift. Obwohl darin eine Wahrheit liegt gegeniiber dem oft widerlich fich breit machenden Standpunkt reiner Empirie, wird doch die Frage angefichts folcher Vorfchlage erlaubt fein, ob man es mit einem Ideal oder einer Utopie zu thun habe. Das letztere mufs wohl hier gefunden werden, wozu noch kommt, dafs diefes utopifche Ideal, obwohl auf ein Leben des Einzelnen fur die Gefellfchaft ( ,vivre pour autrui'') abzweckend, doch wohl ein falfches ift, fofern, wie der Verf. in feiner — allerdings etwas zu leicht ge- fchiirzten — ,Kritik‘ (S. 77 — 85) fagt, ,das Ziel der pofi- tiven Erziehung nicht da liegt, wo es liegen follte — namlich iib e r dem Menfchen und der Menfchheit*. Trotz- dem ift die Schrift Sterzel’s fur das Studium padago- gifcher Fragen und ihrer Gefchichte werthvoll durch zahlreiche wahre und anregende Gedanken, welche die Padagogik Comte’s immerhin darbietet, wie durch die klare, hubfche Darftellung, in der fie uns diefe Gedanken im Zufammenhang vorfiihrt. Heidelberg. Baffermann. Bibliographie von Cuftos Dr. Johannes Muller, Berlin W., Opernplatz, Konigl. Bibliothek. jDcutfcbe Hitcratur. Henrychowski, Ign. , HaElu Jtich od. die identifche Form u. Bedeutung d. flawifchen u. d. altteflam’entlichen Urgottesnamens B6g n;. Original-Etymologieen der indogermanifch-chriftl. u. der hebraifch- altteflamentl. Hauptgottesnamen. 2. Eflay. Oftrowo (Leipzig, K. F. Kohler’s Antiqu. in Comm.), 1887. (35 S. gr. 8.) I. — Wolff, O , O. S. B. , Der Tempel v. Jerufalem u. feine Maafse. Graz, Styria, 1887. (VI, 104 S. m. 8 Textfig. u. 12 Taf. gr. 4.) 8. — Ohlmann, E., Die Fortfchritte der Ortskunde v. Palaftina. 1. Tl. Mit 1 Karte d. Sees Genezareth. Norden, Soltau, 1887. (24 S. gr. 4.) 1. 35 Bruder, C. H., Tafuslov xwv Zrjq xcdvrjq dKX&ijxrjq Xs&aiv sive con- cordantiae omnium vocum Novi Testamenli graeci. Ed. ster. IE. auctior et emendatior , lectionibus Tregellesii atque Westcotii et Hortii locupletata. 1. Abth. Leipzig, Bredt, 1887. (176 S. gr. 4.) 5. — Abhandlungen, Breslauer philologifche. 2. Bd. 1. Hft. Breslau, Koebner, 1887. (86 S. gr. 8.) 1. 80 Inhalt: De Minuccii Felicis Octavio et Tertulliani Apologetico scripsit Frdr. Wilhelm. Vitae sanctorum metticae, IX. Ex codicibus Monacensibus , Parisien- sibus, Bruxellensi, Hagensi saec. IX — XII ed. W. Harster. Leip¬ zig, Teubner, 1887. (XVI, 237 S. 8.) 3. — Schultze, V., Gefchichte d. Untergangs d. griechifch-romifchen Heiden- tums. (In 2 Bdn.) I. Staat u. Kirche im Kampfe m. dem Heidentum. Jena, Coftenoble, 1887. (VIII, 455 S. gr. 8.) 12. — ; geb. 14. 50 Spillmann, J., S. J., Die englifchen Martyrer unter Heinrich VIII. Ein Beitrag zur Kirchengefchichte d. 16. Jahrh. [Erganzungshefte zu den „Stimmen aus Maria-Laach“ 38 ] Freiburg i/Br., Herder, 1887. (VII, 171 S. gr. 8.) 2. 25 Graeber, H. J. , Die geheimen Vorfchriften [ Monita secreta ] u. 31 In- flruktionen der Novizen von u. fur Jefuiten, nebfl Vorvvort u. Nach- wort. Aufs neue dem deutfchen Volke zur Warng. mitgeteilt. Bar¬ men, Klein, 1887. (108 S. 12.) — 80 Graubner, Ein Beitrag zur Lebensgefchichte Martin Rinckarts. Eilen- burg, (Becker), 1887. (75 S. gr. 8.) 1. 20 Holtzmann, O., Aus der Gefchichte der theologifchen Fakultat Heidel¬ berg. Zum 5oojahr. Jubilaum. [Aus: Suddeutfches ev.-prot. Wochenbl.] Heidelberg, Emmerling & Sohn, 1886. (12 S. gr. 4.) — 30 Richter, R., Die chriftlichen Sekten. Ein Wort der Mahng. f. die evangel. Deutfchen. Barmen, Klein, 1887. (50 S. gr. 8.) — 75 Hinfchius, Paul, Die preufsifchen Kirchengefetze betr. : Abanderungen der kirchenpolitifchen Gefetze vom 21. Mai 1886 u. 29. April 1887, erlautert. Berlin, Guttentag, 1887. (XI, 115 u. VII, 37 S. gr. 8.) 3. — Kries, Die preufsifche Kirchengefetzgebung, nebfl den wichtigften Ver- ordngn. , Inftruktionen u. Minifterialerlaffen , unter Beriicklicht. der Reichsgefetzgebg. u. der Rechtfprechg. der Gerichts- u. Verwaltungs- gerichtsbehorden zufammengeftellt. Danzig, Kafemann, 1887. (XII, 448 S. gr. 8.) 6. — ; geb. 7. — Lipfius, R. A., In welcher Form follen wir den heidnifchen Kultur- volkern das Evangelium bringen? Vortrag, geh. bei der 3. Jahres- feier d. Allgemeinen evangelifch-proteftant. Miffionsvereins am 2. Juni 1887 zu Oraunfchweig. Berlin, Haack, 1887. (15 S. gr. 8.) — 30 Flad, J. M., Zwolf Jahre in Abeffinien oder Gefchichte des Konigs Theodoros II. u. der Miffion unter feiner Regierung. Teil II. Mit dem Bilde des Konigs Theodoros u. der Nachbildung eines Briefes des Konigsjohannes v. Abeffinien. [Schriften des Institution Judaicum in Leipzig. Nr. 14. u. 15.] Leipzig, Dorffling Sc Franke, 1887. (82 S. 8.) — 80 Beck, J. T., Vorlefungen iib. chriftliche Glaubenslehre. Hrsg. v. J. Lin- denmeyer. 8. u. 9. (Schlufs-)Lfg. Giitersloh, Bertelsmann, 1887. (2. Bd. VIII u. S. 433 — 784. gr. 8.) a 2. — Oehninger, F. , Ehe u. Ehehindernifse nach Gottes Gebot. Augsburg, Preyfs, 1887. (44 S. gr. 8.) — 50 Rohm, J. B., confeffionelle Lehrgegenfatze. 3. Thl. Hildesheim, Borg- - meyer, 1887. (XII, 756 S. gr. 8.) 7- — Lorenz, O., Ein Streifzug durch die ultramontane Preffe. [Flugfchriften d. Evangel. Bundes, 5. Hft.] Halle, Strien, 1887. (35 S. 8.) — 25 Stokmann, G., Welche Mangel beeintriichtigen die theoretifche u. prak- tifche Ausbildung der Diener der reformirten Kirche auf deutfchen Univerfitaten? Referat f. die 2. oftfrief. reform. Bezirksfynode. Em- den, Schwalbe, 1887. (26 S. 8.) — 1 30 Hering, H., Hiilfsbuch zur Einliihrung in das liturgifche Studium. 1. Halfte. Wittenberg, Herrofe Verl., 1887. (144 S. gr 8.) 2. 50 Pearfon, K., Die Fronica. Ein Beitrag zur Gefchichte d. Chriflusbildes im Mittelalter. Mit 19 Taf. Strafsburg, Triibner, 1887. (XV, 141 S. gr. 8.) cart. 9. — Weils, J. H., Zur Gefchichte der jiidifchen Tradition. 4. Thl. Vom Ab- fchlufs d. Talmuds bis Ende d. 5. Jahrtaufends jiid. Z. R. (In hebr. Sprache.) Wien, [Lippe], 1887. (VIII, 367 S. gr. 8.) 6. — Miinz, J., Die Religionsphilofophie d. Maimonides u. ihr Einflufs. 1. Thl. Berlin, Rofenftein & Hildesheimer, 1887. (36 S. gr. 8.) I. 20 Lazarus, M. , Treu u. frei. Gefammelte Reden u. Vortrage iib. Juden u.Judenthum. Leipzig, C. F. Winter, 1887. (VII, 355 S. gr. 8.) 6. — Hiteratur he6 2Cue>lanfcce». Martin, J. P. P , Introduction a la critique generale de l’Ancien Testa¬ ment — De l’origine du Pentateuque. Tome I. Lemons professees a l’Ecole Superieure de Theologie de Paris, en 1886 — 1887. (Lithogr.) Paris, Maisonneuve, Freres et Ch. Leclerc, [1887]. (CVIII, 639 p. 4.) 40 fr. Wood, J. G., Birds of the Bible, from ‘Bible Animals’. With 32 illu¬ strations. London, Longmans, 1887. (250 p. 8.) 3 s. 6 d. Rambaud, P., La vie de saint Paul, apotre des nations, d’apres des livres saints, les Peres, les monuments de la tradition et les travaux les plus recents. 2e 6dit., revue avec soin et considerablement augmentee, pour servir d’introduction aux epitres de saint Paul et a l’etude des origines. Paris, lib. Lethielleux, 1887. (XV, 448 p. 8.) La Bible. Traduction nouvelle d’apres les textes hebreu et grec, par E. Ledrain. T. 2. IIRois; Esdras; N6hemie; I et II Chroniques; I et II Maccabees. Paris, lib. Lemerre, 1887. (493 p. 8.) 7 fr. 50 Jean Chrysostome, Saint. — ’Oeuvres completes de saint Jean Chrysostome. Traduites pour la premiere fois en frangais, sous la direction de M. Jeannin. T. 1. Histoire de saint Jean Chrysostome; Exhortations a Theodore; Du sacerdoce. Arras, libr. Sueur-Charrney , 1887. (IV, 631 p. a 2 col. 4.) Bayne, P., Martin Luther: His life and Work. 2 vols. London, Cassell, 1887. (1102 p. 8 ) 24 s. France, H. de, Les Montalbanais et le Refuge. Augmente des notes recueillies dans les archives de Berlin par M. P. de Felice. Mon- tauban, impr. Forestie, 1887. (VIII, 559 p. 8.) Gachon, E. , Une controverse theologique au XVIIe siecle (Bossuet et Claude), etude historique et critique. Paris, libr. Fischbacher, 1887. (27 p. 8.) Chevalier, A., Les Freres des ecoles chretiennes et l’Enseignement pri- maire apres la Revolution (1797—1830). Paris, libr. Poussielgue, 1887. (XL, 607 p. 8.) 6 fr, Riley, A., Athos, the Mountain of the Monks. With numerous illustra¬ tions. London, Longmans, 1887. (420 p. 8.) 21s. 3 67 Theologifche Literaturzeitung. 1887. Nr. 15. 3<58 D’ E s t o u rn el le s de Constant, Baron, Les congregations religieuses | chez les Arabes et la conquSte de l’Afrique du Nord. [Bibliotheque ethnographique.] Paris, Maisonneuve et Ch. Leclerc, 1887. (X, p. 1 1—72, 24.) 1 fr. 50 Cutts, E. L., A dictionary of the Church of England. London, Christian Knowledge Society, 1887. (660 p. 8 ) 7 s- 6 d. Bannerman, D. D. , The Scripture Doctrine of the Church historically and exegetically considered. The eleventh series of the Cunningham Lectures. London, Hamilton, 1887. (598 p. 8.) 6 s. Brooks, P., Tolerance: Two Lectures addressed to the Students of se¬ veral of the Divinity Schools of the Protestant Episcopal Church. London, Macmillan, 18S7. (106 p. 8.) 2 s. 6 d. Decker, P. de , L’Uglise et l’ordre social chretien. Louvain, lib. Ch. Peeters, 1887. (403 p. 8 ) 5 fr- Erich sen, H., The cremation of the dead, considered from an aesthetic, sanitary, religious, historical, medico-legal, and economical stand¬ point; with an introductory note by T. Spencer Wells. Detroit, D. O. Haynes & Co., 1S87. (X, 264 p. il. 12.) $ 2. “Hue 5citfd)riftcn. Hap pel, J. , Die Hauptftufen des religiofen Lebens der Menfchheit. [Schlufs.] 2. Die national- (ittliche Kulturreligion (Ztfchr. f. Miftionsk. u. Religionswiff. 1887, 3, S. 148 — 158). Hu it, Ch. , L'immortalite de l’ ante dans le monde fa-yen {Anna les de philos. chretienne 1887, inai, p. 171 — 184; juin , p. 284 — 305; juillet, p. 387-395). Maspero, La Syrie avant 1’ invasion des Hebreux d’apres les monu¬ ments egyptiens ( Revue des etudes juives 1887, avril — juin, Actes et conferences, p. CL XIV — CL XX LI). Pefch, Chr., Die buddhiltifche Moral (Stimmen aus Maria-Laach 1887,6, S. 18-33). Kbnig, E. , Zur Kritik des Textes des Alten Teftamentes (Ztfchr. f. kirchl. Wiffenfch. u. kirchl. Leben 1887, 6, S. 273 — 297). Arndt, Th., Zur Kritik des A. Teftaments. I. Neue Einleitungen ins Alte Teft. II. Der gegenwartige Stand der Hexateuchkritik. III. Neue Beitrage zur Textkritik (Prot. Kirchztg. 1887, 22, Sp. 493 — 501; 24, Sp. 543 — 552; 26, Sp. 585 — 595; 28, Sp. 640—648). Selbfi, J., Zur Orientirung iiber Methode u. Ergebnifse der neueflen Pentateuchkritik (Der Katholik 18S7, April, S. 337 — 368; Mai, S. 449—480; Juni, S. 56I — 599). Wildeboer, G., Uit de geschiedcnis van het ontstaan en de opteekening der Priesterlijke Thorah (L.) Darftellung u. Kritik der Anficht Well- haufens v. Gefchichte u. Religion des Alten TefL v.. R. Finsler, Zurich, 1887 ( Lheol . Studi'en 1887, 3 , 236 — 250). Kiichenmeifter, F. , Das Wort n'SEb im Alten Teftament u. feine Ueberfetzung in den verfchiedenen Sprachen (Ztfchr. f. wiffenfch. Theol. 30, 3 [1887], S. 257 — 280). Ahrens, K., Zu Matth. 7, 6 (Jahrbb. f. prot. Theol. 1887, 3, S. 52S). Manen, van, Paulus Episcopus [mit Bezug auf A. Pierson et S. A. Na- ber, Verisimilia . Amstelodami 1886] (Jahrbb. f. prot. Theol. 1887, 3, S. 395—43 0- Baljon, J. M, S., De verschillende partijen in de Korinthische gemeente. 1 Kur. 1:12 {Theol. Studi'en 1887, 3 , p. 256 — 259). Baljon, J. M. S., Gal. 2:11b {Theol. Studi'en 1887, 3, p. 251 — 255). Soden, H. v. , Der Epheferbrief [Schlufs], 2 Die dem Epheferbrief eigenthiimlichen Lehraufftellungen. 3. Die Entftehungsverhaltnifse des Briefes (Jahrbb. f. prot. Theol. 1887, 3, S. 432-498) Reimpell. J. C., Das xartyeiv im 2. Theffalonicherbrief. Eine biblifche Studie (Theol. Stud. u. Krit. 1887, 4, S. 71 1 — 736). Amelineau, E. , Fragments ihebains inedits du Nouveau Testament [Suite) (Ztfchr. f. Sgypt. Sprache u. Alterthumsk. 1886, 3 u. 4, S. 103— 1 14; 1887, 1 u. 2, S. 47—57)- Duval, R. , Notes sur la Peschitto. ILL Le Semadar [ C antique des Cantiques IL, 13 et 15, VII, 13; Is ate XVII, n] {Revue des etu¬ des juives 1887, avril — juin, p. 277 — 281). Hilgenfeld, A., Die Hermas-Gefahr (Ztfchr. f. wiffenfch. Theol. 30, 3 [1887]. S'. 334-342; 384). Drafeke, J., Dionysiaca (Ztfchr. f. wiffenfch. Theol. 30,3 [1887], S. 300—333)- Zingerle, A., Die lateinifchen Bibelcitate bei S. Hilarius von Poitiers (Kleine philolog. Abhandlungen v. A. Zingerle IV, Innsbruck, 1887. s. 75—89). Hxq’l rod (yxxopiov xov M. Baaihetov eiq zovq TSGGtXQCcxovra (xaQ- rvQuq (j ExxhrjOiaOTixri )4A tfoeux 1887, 28 (pspQ., p. 343 — 350; 15 t-MQT., p. 402—409). Capecelatro, San Paolino da Nola Poeta e Artista (Atti della R. Accad. di archeol., lettere e belle arti. Napoli 1884 — 86, p. 49—61). Carpenter, J. E., Phases of early Christianity. The new prophecy. — The organisation of teaching (The Christian Reformer 1887, June , p. 321—337; July, p- x— 18). Westphalen, Comte de, La date de T avenement au trone de Con¬ stantin le Grand , d’apres Eusebe et les medailles {Revue numis- matique 1887, 1, p. 26 — 42). Grifar, H. , Der Liber pontifcalis (Ztfchr. f. kath. Theol. 1887, 3, S. 417—446). Pie per, A., Romifche Archive. I. Das Propaganda-Archiv. I. (Rom. Quartalfchr. f. chriftl. Alterthumsk. u. f. Kirchengefch. I, 1 [1887], S. 80 — 99). Buchwald, Zur Kritik des Textes der Predigten Luthers iiber das erfle Buch Mofis (1523 — 24) (Theol. Stud. u. Krit. 1887, 4, S. 737 — 749). Waal, A. de, Die Ausgrabungen bei der Confessio von St. Peter im Jahre 1626 (Rom. Quartalfchr. f. chriftl. Alterthumsk. u. f. Kirchen¬ gefch. I, 1 [1887], S. 1 — 19). Kamphaufen, A., Die Decane, Profefforen u. Doctoren der evangelifch- theologifchen Facultiit zu Bonn [1818 — 1886.] (Prot. Kirchztg. 1887, 26, Sp. 597—604). Schmidt, K., Die in Preufsen geltenden kirchenpolitifchen Vorfchriften, nach der Gefetzgebung von 1871 — 1887, auf Grund des Gefetzes vom 29. April 1887 zufammengeftellt (Archiv f. kath Kirchenrecht 1887, 4, S. 166 — 185). Nicoll, W. R., Dr. Maclaren [ With portrait .] ( The Expositor 1887, July, p. 64—71).. Lawrence, E. A., Mission Work in China {The Andover Review 1887, May, p. 518 — 526). Die Miffion der ,,Vereinigten Methodiften-Freikirchen“ Englands in Oft- afrika (Allg. Miff.-Ztfchr. 1887, April, S. 184 — 191). Ulmer, Kurze Gefchichte des bayerifchen evangelifch-lutherifchen Ver- eins zur Verbreitung des Chriftentums unter den Juden (Nathanael 1887, 2, s. 46—57)- Lorenz, Ueber Innere Miflion u. Gemeinde-Diaconie. Bericht fur die Kreisfynode Brieg (Prot. Kirchztg. 1887, 25, Sp. 561 — 572). Rcccnftoncm Castelli, D. , Sioria degl’ Israeliti (v. E. Montet: Revue de l’ hist, des religions 1887, Mars — Avril; v. E. Nellie: Lit. Ctrlblt. 1887, 29). Chrift, P., Lehre vom Gebet nach dem Neuen Teft. ( The Academy 1887, 9 July ; v. Pahncke: Theol. Stud. u. Krit. 1887, 4)- Dittrich, F., Gasparo Contarini (v. G. Egelhaaf: Hiftor. Ztfchr. 1887, 4; v. H. Bloch: Mittlgn. aus d. hid. Lit. XV, 3 [1887]; v. J. Schmid: Liter. Rundfchau 1887, 7). d’Eichthal, G., Melanges de critique biblique (v. Wellhaufen: Deut- fche Litztg. 1887, 24; v. A. Hebbelynck: Le Museon 1887, Janv.). Fabre, A., Flechier orateur 1672 — 1690 (v. E. P.: Bulletin critique 1886, 3; v. A. Baudrillart: Revue des questions historiques 1887, juillet ). Faugere, P., Oeuvres de Blaise Pascal. L (v. A. Molinier: Revue cri¬ tique 1887, 28; v. G. Audiat: Bulletin critique 1887, 11). Frith, J., Life of Giordano Bruno. Revised by M. Carriers {The Athe¬ naeum 1887, 16 April-, v. P. Natorp: Deutfche Litztg. 1887, 29). Gamurrini, J. F. , S. Llilarii tractatus de mysteriis et hymni et S. Silviae Aquitanae peregrinatio ad loca sancta (v. E. W.: Lit. Ctrlbl. 1887, 27; v. L. Duchesne: Bulletin critique 1887, 13; v. L. Delisle: Bibliotheque de Lecole des chartes 1887, 2 et 3). Kervyn de Lettenhove, Les Huguenots et les Gueux (v. P. P. M. Alberdingk Thijm: Hiftor. Jahrb. VII, 4 [1886]; v. E. Marcks: Deut¬ fche Litztg. 1887, 29; v. E. Marcks: Revue historique 1887 , juillet — aout ). Knoell, P., Eugippii vita Sancti Severini (v. A. E.: Lit. Ctrlblt. 1887, 15; v. A. Goldbacher: Ztfchr. f. ofterreich. Gyrnn. 1887, 3). Knoell, P., Eugippii excerpta ex eperibus S. Angus tini (v. W. Sanday: The Classical Review 1887, 5 & 6; v. A. Goldbacher: Ztfchr. f. ofterreich. Gymn. 1887, 3). Lipfius, R. A., Die apokryphen Apoftelgefchichten II. 1 (v. Schanz: Liter. Rundfchau 1887, 7; v. H. Holtzmann: Deutfche Litztg. 1887, 29). Pallor, L., Gefchichte der Papfte I (v. v. Druffel: Gotting. gelehrte An- zeigen 1887, 12; v. Th. Kolde: Allg. konf. Monatsfchr. 1887, 7). Pressense, E. de, L’ancien monde et le christianisme (v. Goblet d’Al- viella: Revue de l hist, des religions 1887, Mars — Avril; v. P. Al¬ lard: Revue des questions historiques 1887, juillet’). Probft, F., Gefeh. der kathol. Katechefe (v. V. Thalhofer: Lit. Rund¬ fchau 1886, 11; v. Gobi: Hift.-polit. Blatter 100, 1 [1887]). Steinmeyer, F. L., Das hohepriefterliche Gebet Jefu Chrifti (v. Kepp- ler: Theol. Quartalfchr. 1887, 2; The Academy 1887, 9 July). Thayer, J. IL, A greek-english lexicon of the New Test. (v. L. Dicker- man: The Andover Review 1887, April ; v. T. K. Abbott: I he Clas¬ sical Review 1887, 4). Vatke, W. , Hift.-krit. Einleitung in d. A. Teft. v. H. G. S. Preifs (v. H. P. Smith: Hebraica 1887, April; v. A. Hilgenfeld: Ztfchr. f. wiffenfch Theol. 30, 3 [1887]). Vattier, V., John Wyclyff (v. E. Coquerel: Revue de I’hist. des religions 1887, Mars — Avtil; v. H. de l’Epinois: Revue des questions histo¬ riques 1887, juillet). Volkmar, G., Urchriftl. Andachtsbuch. Die Lehre der 12 Apoftel an die Volker. 1. u. 2. Aufl. (v. J. Gottfchick: Ztfchr. f. prakt. Theol. 1887, 3; The Academy 1887, 9 July). Volkmar, G., Paulus v. Damaskus bis zum Galaterbrief (v. A. Kappeler: Prot. Kirchztg. 1887, 23; The Academy 1887, 9 July). Weizfaecker, C., Das apoftolifehe Zeitalter der chriftl. Kirche {The Bibliotheca Sacra 1887, April ; v. A. Sabatier: Revue critique 1887, 27'. Verantwortlicher Redacteur Prof. Dr. Ad. Harnack. Leipzig, J. C. Hinrichs’fche Buchhandlung. Druck von Anguft Pries in Leipzig. Herausgegeben von D. Ad. Harnack, Prof, zu Marburg, und D. E. Schurer, Prof, zu Giefsen. Erfcheint alle 14 Tage. Leipzig. J. C. Hinrichs’fche Buchhandlung. Preis jahrlich 16 Mark. N£i 16. 13. Auguft 1887. 12. Jahrgang. Annales du Musee Guimet T. IX. (Wiedemann). Vetus Testamentum Graecum, cura Leandri van Ess (Schurer). Ryffel, Unterfuchungen iiber Micha (Stade). Gla, Die Originalfprache des Matthausevange- liums (Schnapp). Antiqua Mater. A Study of Christian Origins (A. Harnack). Wilpert, Ein Gemalde aus der Katakombe der h. Domitilla (Ficker). Blicke auf die Gefchichte der lateinifchen Bibel im Mittelalter III. (Ranke). Dol linger und Reufch, Die Selbftbiographie des Cardinals Bellarmin (A. Harnack). Burggraf, Die Moral der Jefuiten (Fay). Previti, Giordano Bruno (Reufch). Biichfel, Erinnerungen aus dem Leben eines Landgeiftlichen. 4. Bd. (Meier). Annales du Musee Guimet. Tome IX. Paris, Leroux, 1886. (gr- 4-) In halt: Les hypogees royaux de Thebes par M. E. Lefebure. 1. division. Le tombeau de Seti Ier, publie in extenso avec la collaboration de MM. U. Bouriant et V. Loret et avec le con- cours de M. Ed. Naville. (31 S. m. 235 autogr. Taf.) Das Werk, deffen erfter Theil hier vorliegt, ill be- ftimmt, eine empfindliche Liicke in der aegyptologifchen Literatur auszufiillen. Seit Champollion und Rofellini 1829 Theben befuchten, wufste man, welch einen reichen Schatz an religiofen Infchriften hier die Konigsgraber enthielten; aber bei den Schwierigkeiten, welche einem langern Aufenthalte in denfelben, mehrere Kilometer vom Nile entfernt, in den nur mit Mtihe erhellbaren, von fchlechter Luft erfiillten unterirdifchen Gangen, ent- gegentraten, hatte fie keiner der neuern Reifenden einem genauern Studium unterzogen. Erft 1883 benutzte Le¬ febure einen zweimonatlichen Aufenhalt in Theben zu dielem Zwecke und copirte mit Hulfe einiger anderer Aegyptologen die Texte an den Wanden der verfchiedenen Graber. In vier Banden gedenkt er feine Refultate zu publiciren, der erfle vollendete giebt die Infchriften des Grabes Seti I; der zweite foil die des Grabes Ramfes III, der dritte die Varianten, welche die iibrigen Graber ent- halten, und der vierte endlich eine Befprechung des In- haltes der Texte u. f. f. vorfiihren. Das Hauptgewicht ifh in diefem Bande auf die Tafeln gelegt worden, welche die Infchriften nach ihrer topo- graphifchen Vertheilung Gang fur Gang und Saal fur Saal darftellen. Die Reproduction ift klar und uber- fichtlich und die Wiedergabe, foweit anderweitige Copien mir eine Vergleichung geflatten, durchaus cor¬ rect. Auf eine palaographifch genaue Copirung der einzelnen Zeichen ift freilich verzichtet worden; es hatte dies die Arbeit ungemein erfchwert, ohne wiffenfchaft- lich entfprechenden Nutzen zu bringen; eine Separat- publication von 30 Tafeln foil iibrigens die kunfthiftorifch mtereffanteren Partien vorfiihren. Im Allgemeinen find die Texte gut erhalten, doch fehlen mehrere grofsere Basreliefs und Pfeiler, welche ausgebrochen und in die Mufeen zu Paris , Florenz und Berlin gebracht worden find. Aufserdem haben moderne Sammler und die Araber zahlreiche Hieroglyphen ausge- fagt und fortgefchleppt und bei diefer Gelegenheit die umliegenden Theile der Infchriften zerftort. Als Belzoni 1815 das Grab eroffnete, war es noch ganz unverfehrt, obgleich ein Papyrus aus der Zeit Ramfes X uns be- richtet, dafs es bereits damals von Dieben ausgeraubt worden fei. Diefelben haben fich jedenfalls darauf be- fchrankt, die Werthgegenftande fich anzueignen, Infchriften u. f. f. dagegen unberiihrt gelaffen. Der Sarg aus Alabafler ftand, freilich mit zerbrochenem Deckel, an Ort und Stelle, er ift jetzt im Soane-Mufeeum zu London 369 und ward von Sharpe und Bonomi, The sarcophagus of Oimenepthah I, London 1864, publicirt. Die Mumie fehlte; fie ward in einem weifsen Holzfarge in dem Ver- fteck von Der el bahari entdeckt und befindet fich nun- mehr wohlerhalten im Mufeum zu Bulaq. Die Grabreliefs enthalten einmal Darftellungen des Konigs, wie er von den Gottheiten des Kreifes des Sonnen- gottes und desOfiris imjenfeits empfangen wird, dann aber eine Reihe reich illuftrirterWerke, die fich auf denTodten- cultus und auf die Topographie der Unterwelt beziehen. Zu erfteren gehoren die Sonnenlitaneien, Anrufungen an Ra, welche man Angefichts von 75 Statuettchen des Sonnengottes auszufprechen hatte, und das Ritual vom ,Oeffnen des Mundes1, deffen Inhalt eine Reihe von heiligen Handlungen bilden, welche von verfchiedenen Perfbnlich- keiten bei der Statue des todten Konigs vollzogen werden follten. Befchreibenden Inhaltes find das Buch von der Unterwelt, das Buch vom Amtuat, die Legende von der Aufrichtung des Himmelsgewolbes und eine aftronomifche Karte des Himmels mit Beifiigung einerLifte der Dekane. Die Texte berichten dabei vor allem die Fahrt des Sonnengottes wahrend der Nacht von Weften nach Often, fchildern die Raume, welche er wahrend der 12 Nacht- ftunden zu durchwandern hatte, ihre Thorhiiter, die guten Damonen, welche den Sonnengott unterftiitzten, und die bofen, welche ihm entgegentraten , ihre Geftalt u. f. f. Die Zahl der dabei erwahnten Gottheiten ift eine un- geheuere, fie wechfelt fortwahrend und es fcheint eine Hauptbefchaftigung der Prielterfchaft gewefen zu fein, das Bild diefer Raume immer bunter und bunter zu ge- ftalten. Da fich die hierauf beziiglichen Texte faft aus- fchliefslich in Theben gefunden haben, fo liegt in ihnen wohl die thebanifche Auffaffung des Sonnengottes vor, welche in einem gewiffen Gegenfatze fteht zu der helio- politanifchen, wie fie uns im Todtenbuche, den Pyramiden- texten und ahnlichen Compofitionen entgegentritt. Ver- einzelt fich auch an anderen Orten — bef. auf laiti- fchen Sarkophagen — findende Darftellungen der theba- nifchen Lehren konnen gegen deren oberagyptifchen Urfprung Nichts beweifen, da die Aegypter ftets fyn- kretiftifchen Tendenzen gehuldigt und die verfchiede¬ nen Localculte trotz innerer Widerfpriiche neben ein- ander verwendet haben. Zeitlich fallt die Hauptbliithe diefer Religionsauffaffung in die Periode der 18 — 20. Dynaftie; fpater unter den Saiten und Ptolomaern wurde fie wieder hervorgefucht, wohl mehr aus aberglaubifchen als aus wirklich religiofen Beweggrunden, wie man da¬ mals iiberhaupt mehr auf die Zahl der zu Hulfe ge- rufenen Damonen als auf den Sinn der einzelnen Ge- ftalten Gewicht legte. Der die Tafeln begleitende Text ift fehr kurz ge- halten. Er fchildert den Eindruck, den das Thai der Konigsgraber in feiner Oede und Einfamkeit auf den 370 371 Theologifche Literaturzeitung. 1887. Nr. 16. 372 Reifenden macht, befchreibt dann das Grab Seti I in feiner Anlage und Ausfuhrung, fuhrt die alteren Bear- beitungen feiner Texte auf und giebt endlich ein Ver- zeichnifs der einzelnen Gange und Raume unter Bei- fiigung der Nummern der Tafeln, welche ihre Texte ent- halten. Ein Plan des Grabes und einige Supplement- Tafeln mit Angabe der fiir die Ornamentirung verwendeten Farben dienen zur Erlauterung der Ausfuhrungen der Einleitung. Ueber den Inhalt der einzelnen Infchriften finden fich keine Angaben und wird das Werk daher zu- nachft nur von Aegyptologen und andern des Aegyp- tifchen machtigen Gelehrten benutzt werden konnen. Fur diefe aber werden die zahlreichen, hier ausftihrlich und in zuverlaffiger Weife publicirten Texte von grofstem Werthe fein, fie werden auf zahlreiche Punkte der agyp: tifchen Religionslehren ein ganz neues Licht werfen, und es ift nur zu wiinfchen, dafs das Erfcheinen der weiteren Bande diefer in hohem Grade dankenswerthen Publication nicht zu lange auf fich warten lafst, da fiir das Ver- ftandnifs derartiger Infchriften die Moglichkeit der Be- nutzung mehrerer Recenfionen eine unumgangliche Nothwendigkeit ift. Erft durch den in Ausficht geftellten Textband wird der Inhalt auch weiteren Kreifen zugang lich fein, und es wird durch denfelben dann der religions- gefchichtlichen Forfchung iiberhaupt ein reiches Material von weittragender Bedeutung erfchloffen werden. Bonn. A. Wiedemann. Vetus Testamentum graecum iuxta LXX interpretes ex auctoritate Sixti V. pont. max. editum. Iuxta exem¬ plar originale vaticanum Romae editum 1587 quoad textum accuratissime et ad amussim recusum cura et studio Leandri van Efs, S. Theol. Doctoris. Editio stereotypa Caroli Tauchnitii novis curis correcta et aucta. Leipzig, Bredt, 1887. (34 u. 1027 S. gr. 8.) M. 8.— Die im Jahre 1824 von Leander van Efs veran- anftaltete Septuaginta- Ausgabe macht keinen anderen Anfpruch als den eines getreuen Abdruckes der fixtini- nifchen Ausgabe von 1587. Da der Text der letzteren unter den gedruckten Texten der relativ befte ift, fo ift die einfache Wiedergabe desfelben fo lange berechtigt, als fich nicht ein Gelehrter und ein Verleger zu dem Wagnifs einer neuen Septuaginta- Ausgabe mit eigener Text-Recenfion vereinigen. Der Wunfch, dafs dies bald gefchehen moge, ift heutzutage ein berechtigter. Denn durch die neueren Publicationen find fo viel Vorarbeiten dafiir geliefert worden, dafs dieForderung geftellt werden darf und mufs, dafs diefes Material nicht langer brach liegen bleibe, fondern fiir eine neue Septuaginta-Ausgabe verwerthet werde. — Indeffen auch Tifchendorf hat bekanntlich in feiner 1850 zum erftenmale erfchienenen Septuaginta-Ausgabe nichts anderes als einen Abdruck des fixtinifchen Textes gegeben. Wenn nun der Ver¬ leger des Tifchendorf Tchen Textes fich fiir berechtigt halt, die im Jahre 1850 angefertigten Stereotypplatten immer wieder abdrucken zu laffen, fo kann man es dem Verleger des van Efs’fchen Textes nicht ubel nehmen, wenn er mit den anno 1824 hergeftellten Stereotypplatten ebenfo verfahrt. Das eine hat diefelbe Berechtigung, wie das andere. Denn der Tifchendorf’fche Text hat keine irgendwie nennenswerthen Vorziige vor dem van Efs’fchen, auch nicht in den neueren Abdrucken. Denn auch bei diefen werden die von Nettle angefertigten Collationen des cod. Vaticanus und Sinaiticus nicht unter dem Text, fondern nur als Anhang gegeben. — Um fiir den neuen Abdruck der Stereotypplatten wenigftens etwas zu thun, hat der Verleger des van Efs’fchen Textes einen kundigen Anonymus veranlafst, zur alten praefatio (p. 3— 8) epilegomena hinzuzuftigen (p. 1 1 — 34), in welchen namentlich eine fehr dankenswerthe Ueber- ficht der neueren Septuaginta -Literatur gegeben wird. Ich glaube qicht zu irren, wenn ich als deren Verfaffer Herrn Dr. Neftle bezeichne. Giefsen. E. Schiirer. Ryssel, Prof. Lie. Dr. Viet., Untersuchungen iiber die Text- gestalt und die Echtheit des Buches Micha. Ein kritifeher Commentar zu Micha. Leipzig, Hirzel, 1887. (VIII, 284 S. gr. 8.) M. 8. — Der Verf. diefes beim Verleger des Kurzgefafsten exegetifehen Handbuches zum A. T. und in der Aus- ftattung desfelben erfchienenen Commentares will die von ihm fehr wider den Sprachgebrauch ein Axiom genannte Thatfache, dafs der Text des Buches Micha vielfach, be- fonders in den allein aus vorexilifeher Zeit herrtihrenden Capiteln 1 — 3, heillos fchlecht uberliefert ift, in ihrer Einfchrankung, und die Meinung, dafs man in den alten Verfionen eine Handhabe zur Verbefferung der Textcor- ruptionen habe, in ihrer Unrichtigkeit nachweifen. Er bezeichnet es als einen Hauptzweck feiner Schrift, einer falfchen Verwerthung der Verfionen entgegenzutreten, welche ,zu oft aus dem Wortlaut der alten Ueberfetzun- gen in rein mechanifcher, unwiffenfchaftlicher Weife auf die ihnen zu Grunde liegende Textgeftalt zuriickge- fchloffen habe‘. Der Lefer, welcher den a. t. Studien der letzten Jahrzehnte gefolgt ift, wird fich verwundert fragen, wer in after Welt die vom Verf. bekampften Gegner nur find, welche von dem Grundfatze mechanifcher Riickuber- tragung aus die ,Ueberfetzungen‘ alfo benutzt und zur Wiederherftellung des Textes des Buches Micha als aus- reichend erklart haben. In den letzten Decennien haben umfangliche und erfolgreiche Unterfuchungen iiber die Ueberfetzungen des A. T.’s, vor ahem iiber die LXX ftatt- gefunden. Es geniigt, an die Arbeiten von Lagarde, Wellhaufen, Hollenberg, Vollers u. A. zu erinnern. Mit ahem Fleifs ift man darauf ausgegangen, den Charakter der einzelnen Ueberfetzungen zu ermitteln und feftzu- ftellen, was Ueberfetzungsmanier , was Wiedergabe be- ftimmter Ueberlieferungsphafen des Textes ift. Sehr be- ftimmte und fiir das Verftandnifs des A. T.’s fruchtbare Schluffe auf die Textgefchichte haben fich hieraus er- geben, welche nach alien Seiten durch die im A. T. felbft vorliegenden Paralleltexte beftatigt werden. Die fo ge- wonnenen Erkenntnifse aber laffen fich in keiner Weife, wie es dem Verf. beliebt hat, auf den vermeintlichen Grundfatz mechanifcher Riickiibertragung reduciren. Der Verf. verrath in diefem Buche keine Bekannt- fchaft mit diefen wichtigen Studien und verdeckt dem Lefer diefen Sachverhalt, indem er alle Verluche, den mafforetifehen Text auf Grund der Ueberfetzungen zu emendieren, auf gleiches Niveau ftellt. Es fcheint mir aber nicht erlaubt, die Verfuche der Aelteren, z. B. eines Schnurrer, in folcher Weife an die Rockfchofse der Mo- dernen zu hangen und zur Bekampfung derfelben zu exploitiren. Wer die Studien der letzten Jahrzehnte nicht kennt, konnte nach des Verf.’s Ausfiihrungen aufserdem leicht auf die Meinung verfallen, des Verf.’s Gegner be- niitzten alle Ueberfetzungen in gleicher Weife zu Text- emendationen, etwa fo, wie fie der Verf. fammtlich auf gleicher Linie behandelt. Conftruirt fich fo der Verf. eine in diefer Geftalt gar nicht vorhandene Gegnerfchaft, fo fragt man weiter, was bietet er denn felbft ftatt der von ihm bekampften, aber in ihrer Bedeutung und ihren Refultaten nicht er- fafsten, neueren textgefchichtlichen Unterfuchungen? Er macht es den Modernen zumVorwurfe, dafs fie vielfach einen Grundfatz ,wahrer Textkritik vergeffen zu haben fchienen, dafs von zwei moglichen Lesarten die fchwerere den Vorzug haben miiffe', wie er fich denn dadurch er- quickt fuhlt, dafs er diefem Grundfatz beim Verf. der 373 Theologifche Literaturzeitung. 1887. Nr. 16. 374 Hebraerin am Putztifche begegnet. Nun will ich mich nicht der Derbheit Hupfeld’s fchuldig machen , welcher zu Pf. 69, 5 diefen vom Verf. wiederentdeckten kritifchen Canon als Freibrief fur Unfinn bezeichnet hat, denn wir Jiingeren find hoflichere Leute. Auch will ich nicht be- tonen, dafs diefer Grundfatz banaufifcher Textbehand- lung nicht nur allem erdenklichen Mifsbrauche, nament- lich im Sinne jener Beftrebungen ausgefetzt ift, welche jetzt unter der ebenfo finnlofen als irreleitenden Firma der ,confervativen Forfchung* die evangelifchen Pfarrer bearbeiten. Denn diefe Beftrebungen haben fich bereits, wie ficher Viele bedauern, mit einer fehr kecken Text- kritik eingelaffen. Indeffen , das wird mir der Verf. vielleicht zugeben , dafs fein Canon iiberhaupt erft anwendbar wird , wenn fefte Kriterien dariiber vor- handen find, was moglich und was fchwer ift. Diefe Kriterien find gerade durch die vom Verf. bekampften Unterfuchungen gewonnen worden. Erft hierdurch ift die fubjective Willkiir eingefchrankt worden, in welche der Verf. zuriickverfallt, wenn er mit dem Refultate endigt, dafs dem Michatexte nur auf dem Wege freier Conjectur geholfen werden konne. Dafs dies auch moglich ift, bezweifelt kein Menfch: es liegen mehr folcher Emendationen auch aus neuefter Zeit vor, als der Verf. regiftrirt. Aber eben nur, wenn man die Text- gefchichte kennt, wird man dies mitErfolg wagen diirfen, und dann dem Michatexte weniger rathlos gegenliber- ftehen als der Verf., welcher einige kleine Anftofse zu heben fucht, und an dem wahren Fiillhorn von Unmog- lichkeiten , welches der mafforetifche Text darbietet, ohne eine Hiilfe auch nur zu verfuchen, voriibergeht. Weshalb es der Verf. fiir angezeigt gehalten hat, das von ihm wiederentdeckie Juwel von einem kritifchen Kanon durch eine auf 143 engbedruckten Seiten vorge- nommene, ertraglofe Anwendung zu discreditiren , ver- mag ich wenigftens nicht zu fagen. Aber weiter fragt man fich auch, was dem Verf. wohl das Buch Micha zu feinem Vorhaben hat geeignet erfcheinen laffen. Wollte er die moderne Textbehand- lung bekampfen, fo hatte er an fchon behandelten Stricken, z. B. dem Text der Bucher Samuelis, doch die ausgiebigfte Gelegenheit gehabt, die Gegner von ihrem Unrecht zu iiberzeugen. Statt deffen wahlt er ein Buch von dem geringen Umfange des Micha, dazu ein Buch, das fchon den alexandrinifchen Ueberfetzern in fehr fchlechtem Texte vorgelegen hat. Nun weifs ja der Verf. |
monatsschriftfr32unkngoog_9 | German-PD | Public Domain | friacbe bedarf, und dass Tractionen von 40 — 45 Pfund schon eine recht schwierige Zangenqieralion beKeichnra, üebcr einen Ifaehtheü, 4er «na der bisherigen Conatrnction der f eechweiften BeitenTorsprnnge der Zange für den Operationsmech aniamna entsteht. Sei es mir gestattet, liier eine Erfahrung nützutheilen and eine Aendenmg in der Zangenconstruction vorzuscblagen, deren Nutzbarkeit sich nicht auf die Federzapge allein bezieht, sandem auf alle solche Zangen, die nnt^^aib des Schfesses zwei geschweifte Seatenvorsprunge haben, über die man behufs, des Zoges den Zeige- und Mittdfinger überschUgt Die Vor- richCmig« welche äch bekanntlich an den Zangen von Bu8c\ Brünmngkdiu^ent Nctegde u. A. befindet, ist eine in Dentachfamd so gebräuchliche imd an sich so nützliche, • dMS> es mir doch nicht unwichtig scheint, auf einen Nachtbeil auf- markaam zu. machen, der aus ihrer bisherigen Construction Iiervorgebt, «if einen Fehler, den ich aber durch den Ge- bianch der Federzange angefunden habe. 17() ^I- Verli«adtiin|ren d«r GMelUelutft ' Nachdem ich nfimUch afi&ngs fftr nime F^sArziMige die Seitenvorspnlnge nach der berkömmficheii Form hatte constnupen lassen und nun mit der Zange experimentirte. beoimchlete ich, dass die Spiralfeder in dem Griffe der ' linken ISrandie, auf die also der Zeigefinger wirkt, zuerst anlsanrniengedrackt wnrde, und dass erst dann, wenn diese Feder um 8. Millf- metres' zusammengedrückt war, die Feder der rechten Branche dur^h den Mittelfinger in Angriff genommen wunte: Und so machte es sich bei der Verstärkung -des Zuges während der ganzen Traction, dass die linke Feder um 8 Mülimölres gegen die redite voraus war. Da die ersten 8 MiUimdires für bdde Federn 18 Pfund, also Mi* eine Fedeir 8 PAind anzeigen, so ging mir aus dieser Stellung des Griffes hervinr, dass auf den Unken Seitenvorsprung bereits eine Zugkraft Ton 9' Pftind einwirkte, wenn der rechte noch gar nicht in Angriff genommen war. Dieser Umstand muss aber auf den Mechanismus der Operation folgende sehr schädliche Wirkungen haben, nämlich: 1) Dass die Längenaxe der Zange aus der Führungsliiiie des Beckens nach der rechten Seite des Operateurs herausgisrQckt wird. Man hänge die Zange perpendiculär auf, belaste -d^ linkm Seitenfiögel mit 9 Pfund , den rechten mit 0 Pfund, so wird man den Ausschlag der Griffe nach rechts hin erkennen. 2) Dass also eine Hebelwirkuog der verbundenen Zangen- löffel entsteht mit der Drehung des Kopfes um die Axe eines geraden Beckendurchmessers.' Endlidi 3) dass ' eine stärkere Reibung des rechten ZangeniSflUs gegen die rechte MutteiMte entsteht Diese schädHicben Verhältnisse sind nicht bloss an sieb «ndaueY*nde, sondern potenziren sich noch ' graduell in dem Maasse als eine stärkere Zugkraft ausgeöbt wird. Zwar suäi^ wir her der Operation den Fehler dadnrdi zu' corrigtren, dass wir mit der linken Hand durch ein^ Querzug die Zsmgenaxe wieder die Fdhrungslinie des Beckens hel*anzi«hen. Aber je stärker wh* mit der linken Hand ziehen, desto grössere Kraft muss auch die linke Hähd auf ckn Querzug verwenden. Dies bedingt ein Gegeneinanderwirken der rechten und linken Hand, bedingt einen * Verlust an iür Oebnrtohfilfe in Berlin. 177 Zugkraft, mid verleitet wabrsciieinlicb aacb zu einer sUrkeren ZusammendräcküPg des Kopfes, als eben nätzlich ist Indem ich nao Ober die Ursache dieser vers^ihiedenartigenZugvertheiluag auf linke und reehte Branche nachdachte, fand ich dieselbe darin, dass die erste Phalanx des Zeigefingers um etwa 8 MiUiffi^tres kürzer ist als die erste Phalanx des Mittel^ fiogßrs. Hierdurch geschieht es, dass der Zug unserer Hand sich vorzögUch durch den Zeigefinger auf den linken Seiten- vorsprung der Zange übertragt Um diesem Uebelstande abzuhelfen, habe icb den Seitenvorsprung an der rechten Branche um 8 Millimetres höher construiren lassen, so dass «ich nun beide S^itenvorsprunge den anatomischen Verhält- •issen der Hand gut adaptiren und beide Zangenbranchen gieichmassig angezogen werden. Da nun diese ungleich- massige Zugvertheilung für alle die oben benannten Zangen sieb geltend macht (denn wenn auch der Fehler nicht sichtbar wird, wie an der Federzange, so ist er dodi factisch vorband/^n),. so möchte ich mir den Vorschlag erlauben, entweder dass man an Smep den rechten Seitenvorsprung um 8 Millimetres höher hinaufsetze, wie ich dies in der Zeichnung dai^estellt habe, oder dass man sich für solche Zangeo des Martin^schea Operationsverfahrens bediene. Dieses Verfahren besteht bekanntlich darin, dass der Mittelfinger üb«- das Schloss und zwischen die Löfiel gelegt wird, und dass Zeige -^ und Ringfinger über die Seitenvorsprünge geschlagen werdeil. Da die ersten Phalangen des Zeige- und Ringfingers oogeiahr gleich lang sind, so ist hierdurch ebenfalls eine gleiehinässige Zugverlheilung auf die beiden Zangenbranchen gesichert llsisan des InstniiBeiits für die differentieUe Xndicationeiilehre betreflb Zange und Kei^lialotluryptor. Das Gesagte bezog sich auf die Zangenoperation als solche. Gehen wir nun zur Behandlung der Frage über, ob sich nicht von der Federzange ein Nutzen in jenen zweifel- haften Fällen erwarten lasse, wo es sich um die Goncurrenz zwisdien Zange und Kephalothryptor handelt Bei dieser Untersuchung betrachten wür die Zange nicht als Lage veri>essemdes Instrument, sondern nur insofern sie der Extraction dient', der Kephalothryptor dagegen in seiner iC«M«Mebr. t 0«bnrUk. 1861. Bd. XVII.. Hft. 8. t^ 178 XI. yeriwiidlangen clor QesellsehAft Bigenschaft alsVerkleinemngs- and Extradion^Instniiiienl, und beide InstrumeDte in ihrer Anwendung auf den Kopf, sei er vorliegend, sd er nachfolgend mit oder ohne vorausgeschickte Wendung. ' Liest man die Indieationen, welche die LehrbUcher für die Verkleinerung des Kopfes aufstellen , so findet man eine Gruppe von Verhältnissen beschrieben, in denen die Zangen- operation als sogenanntes schonendes Verfahren der Perfoipation vorausgeschickt werden soll. Dies schonende Verfahre wird von Einigen mit Recht in allen den Fällen ausgeschlossen, wo 'der Tod der Frucht festgestellt ist, denn „wozu sollte man -die Kindesleiche auf Kosten der lebenden Mutter schonen?'* — Es wird ferner von Einigen die Zange selbst bei einem lebenden Kinde in dem Falle der Verkürzung des engsten Beckendurchmessers von V^j^ bis nahe an 3" aus- geschlossen, weil sie es für erspriesslicher halten, der durch die Einkeilung lebensschwach gewordenen Frucht mittels des Perforatorii den Tod zu geben, und die Mutter schonend und schnell zu entbinden, als nach O^tancfer'schen Mdxinm die Frucht mittels der Zange in den tödtenden Engpass des Beckens hineinzuzwängen und dabei nocli die Mutter der Gefahr des Todes oder der Verkrfippelung auszusetzen. — Dagegen bei der Verkürzung des engsten Beckendurehmessers auf 3" — 3V2" slmimen wohl die mei^n Lehrer übereih, dass die Zange derKopfVerkleinerung vorausgeschickt werden soll. Und sehen wir von der Lehre ab, so stellt es sich in Praxi heraus, dass in den benannten Grenzen und wohl noch (Ar etwas grössere Verkürzungen selten eine Kindesverkleineniilg ohno vorausgeschickte Zangeuoperation unternommen wuxl. Da nun aber auf einen vorliegenden Fall nicht zu gleicher -Zeit zwei so verschiedenfach wirkende Instrumente passen, können, sondern die Operationsgebiete beider Instrumente objectiv getrennt sein müssen , so bleibt es eine sehr wichtige Aufgabe unserer Kunst, eine wissenschaftliche Auseinander- haltung dieser Gebiete zu erstreben. Die Mittel, deren wir uns für die differentieüe Indieationen- lehre bedienen, sind folgende: Zuvörderst die Beckenmessung. Es ist die« unstreitig wohl das wichtigste Mittel, welches uns um so grössere Dienste fllf Oebartshaife in Berlin. I79 kistet, als wir dasselbe vor und bis zu einem gewissen Dmfonge auch während der Gehurt anwenden können, und als wir durch dasselbe zu sehr exacten Resultaten gelangen. Wegen dieser Nutzbariceit des. Mittels wird auch auf dasselbe m Theorie und Praxis sehr grosses Gewicht gelegt. Von grossem Werthe aber ist auch die Würdigung aller der übrigen Factoren, wdcbe den Geburtsmechanismus bedingen. Es sind dies : von Seiim der Mutter di^ Neigungsverhältnisse des Beckens, DamentUch einzelner Wände, das dynamische und mechanische Verbalten der Weichtheile; — von Seiten der Frucht die Einstelhmg des Kopfes, die Grösse, Form und endlich die Corapressibilität desselben. Was diese Factoren anbetrififl, so ist thdls ihre Messung sehr schwierig, wie z. B. der NdgiiDgsverhSltnisse der Beckenwände, theils ist es oft gar nicht mögGeh, dieselben zu messen, wie z. B. die Grösse des Kindskopfes, theils endlich haben wir noch gar keinen Maassstab filr ihre gradudlen Verschiedenheiten, z. B. für das Verhatten der mütterlichen Weichtheile pder für die CompressiMlkSt des Kopfes, ich stelle endlieh nicht an, die Zange selbst ab Mittel zur Entscheidung zwischen Zange und Kephalothryptor tu betrachten. Der Operateur soll eben aus dem Erfolge der Tractionen prognostisch erkennen, ob es ihm gelingen werde mittels der Zange das Geburtshinderniss zu über- winden, oder ob er zum Kephalothryptor werde schreiten müssen. Mit anderen AVorten, der Operateur soll sich der Zange hier nicht als ''eines Instrumentes fTir die Extraction, sondern als eines Messapparates für die Grösse des Geburts- hindemisses bedienen.^) 1) In dieaem Sinne sollte der Operateur das Instrnment handhaben. Leider aber nnterseheiden unbesonnene und un- erfahrene Geburtshelfer swischen diesem zwiefachen Gebrauche der Zange nicht. Anstatt mit der Zange gleichsam an soudiren, forciren sie von vom an die Operation und hierdurch wird nnendlich geschadet. Hütten wir die Zusammenstellung der ▼erstflmnilangen und TSdtnngen, welche durch zu lange fort- fBetmUi frvehttose Zangeni^rsnehe ▼ollbra^ht worden sind, sie wflrde das dnnkelste Bliitt in der G^eschichle ftratlieher Verirrungen bilden. ^. J. Schmitt sagt (Heidelberger klin. Annalen, Bd. I., pag. 67) von solchen Entbindern: ^dass sie in einem todten Keehanismns befangen sind, das gebärende Weib für eine Maschine 12» 180 XI. VerhAndlungen der Oescdltchaft Vergleichen wir die genannten Mittel naeb dem Werthe, den die Wissenschaft auf sie legt, so ist es wohl unbestrailbar, dass die Beckenmessung als das vorzüglichste gilt. Warum wird denn aber das Beckenmaass so vorzüglich (ür die Indi'cation benutzt? Ist es denn der wichtigste Factor in der Construirung des Geburtsbindeniisses? oder ist denn das Becken derjenige Factor, auf den das Heilverfahren gans besonders gerichtet wird? Beides ist gewiss zu verneinen. Denn die physikalischen Verhältnisse des Kopfes nnd die Art seineij; Einstellung sind ebenso wichtige Potenzen wie das Becken. Es existiren ja Berichte sehr glaubwürdiger Erzähler, dass compressible Köpfe reifer Kinder selbst noch bei 2%'^ Beckenenge, ohne Schaden zu nehmen, durch die Natur zu Tage gefördert worden sind, es ist bekannt, dass dieselbe Frau ein lebendes Kind natürlidi geboren hat, nadidem sie in einer fHUieren Geburt durch Kephalothrypsie entbunden worden, und es ist endlich bekannt, dass sehr grosse Köpfe oder solche mit harten Knochen und festen Nähten, oder* ansehen, an welcher sie im Operiren onr mechanische Vet>> baltnisse sa berücksichtigen und an besiegen haben, and dass sie keinen höheren Zweck des Operirens kennen, als das An- fertigen der Arbeit, nnbekümmert am die Schlachtopfer, die n'nter ihrQn Hunden fallen, and ohne Ahüang eines würdigeren Itr Oebnnshfilfe in Berlin. Igj firiteb do^ateyie &$pfeBeft>st üAter oorntaldii BeckenmÄassen da« PerfbraMrioin notbwendig gemacht haben. Wir sehen also« der Kopf ist^ein gaoz ebenso wichtiger Factor wie das Becken. Dabei ist überdies der Kopf gerade daqenige Gebilde, auf das wir unser Heilverfahren direct nebten, denn ifan fonnen und /rerkleiaem wir, sei es, dass wir ihn durch die Zange in den Beckenkanal hineinziehen, sei es,. dass wir ihn durch Trepan und Schraube zertrömmem. Besdssen wir gar ein Mittel, die Grösse und Gompressibilitöt des Kapfes in der Geburt zu messen, wekh eine wichtige Roile würde dieses Mittel in der Entscheidung zwischen Operationen spielen, welche die Trennung und Reducirung des Kopfes auf ein geringeres Volumen zum Zwecke haben. S» lange wir nun aber solche Messungen nicht anstellen ktenen, ist d^ber in theoretischer Beziehung das Becken für die Indicationsstellung mit .Recht herrorgeliobeD, eben weil es sich messen lässt und weil seine mechanische Influenz durch eine klare undeutbare Zahl fest- Kastellen ist. In Praxi aber macht es sich doch anders, da geniesst das Becken keine so pradominirende Würdigung, denn ver* ^acbt nicht jeder Geburtshelfer in zweifelhstften Fällen erst seioe ZaiM^e? Natürlksb wird der besonnene Operateur das Inslniment reit aller Torsicht, und in dem Sinne, wie ich es oben- bezeichnet habe, anwenden, nämlich als Sonde, als M<»ssapparat für die Grösse des Geburtshindemisses. Ab^ gewiss wird- er nicht eher den Kopf zertrümmern, bis er durch Zangenversuche die Ueberzeugung gewonnen hat, dass das Geburtshinderniss hier ein solches sei, welches eben durch die Zange picht zu besiegen ist. Worauf .aber basirt der Operateur diese seme Ud>er* zevgong? Doch eben nur auf die Dauer der Operation uiid auf das gcdbs^ctive Gefühl der auf die Operation aufgewandten Kraft Wenn ich nun aber oben bewiesen zu haben glaube, dass .diese Criterien keine ricbtigen sind, so dürfte sich zu diesem Zwecke die Federzange als ein Apparat empfehlen, der üurch dynamometrische Messung die Gfösse des Geburts- hindemisses nach seinem graduellen Werthe bez^chnet. 182 XI* VerhandltiBgeii d«r Getelbchaft Lässl sieb dPDD aber das GdHirtshindeniits, dieses m^ gestaltige VerhältDiss, welches den Terschiedenslen Ursachen seine Entstehung verdankt ^ als ein einheitliches auflassen und messen? In Bezug auf seine Aeliologie, in Bezug auf seine Therapie allerdings nicht! Aber in Bezug auf den mechanischen Effect und in Bezug auf die mechanischeii Hülfen ist die Frage zu bejahen! Denn: wenn die^Natiir den Kopf durch den Geburtskanai hindurchtreiben oder d^ Operateur den Kopf hindurchziehen will, so ist die Reibung zwischen Kopf und Geburlskanal der mechanische Ausdruck aller der Wirkungen, welche aus dem Kampfe der aus- treibenden (respective der ausziehenden) Krifle und der Widerstandskräfte entstehen. . Diese Reibung kann das Resultat der verschiedensten mechanischen und dynamischen Potenzen sein, als da sind: Entzündung und Krampf des Uterus, Enge der Bex^ken- durchmesser, Entzündung, Krampf, Straffheit, TrockenhetI der Scheide und äusseren Geburtstheile, falsche Einstellung, Grösse, Härte, Geschwulst des Kopfes u. s. w. — Doch welcher besonderen Art auch immer diese Verhiltnisse in irgend welchem Falle sein qaögen und durch welche andere therapeutischen und operativen Mittel sie zu besiegen wären^ ich sage: das Resultat aller concurrirenden Momente, der letzte mechanische Ausdruck dieser Potenzen stellt sich für die Treibkraft des Uterus und für den Zug des Extractions-Iustrumenles dar als Reibung zwischen Kindesko.pf und Geburlskanal. Wie ist diese Reibung zu messen? Wenn ein Körper wie der Kindeskopf durch einen Hohl'- körper wie der Geburtskanal hjndurchbewegt werden soll, ao wird die hierbei staitHndende Reibung ausgedrückt: durcli ein Gewidit, welches gerade hinreicht, die Durchbewegunf zu bewirken, d. h. durch eine Kraft, welche die Reiliong besiegt. Wenn, wir z. B. im We^e des Experiments bei einer im Kreissen Verstorbenen an die ungeborene Frucht ein Gewicht von 30 Pfund in zweckmässiger Weise applieirtea, und dieses Gewickt, welclies durch ein allmäliges Belasten aufzufinden wäre, reichte gerade hin, die Frucht zu Tage zu fördern, so würde im vorliegenden Falle die Reibung oder nu GeburUhaife ia Berlin. I83 das Gebartahiiiderniw = 30 Pfund gewesen sein^ Da wur- oaD autt der allmäligen Belastung die dynamometrische Messung aoweoden können» so sind wir zu dem Schlüsse berechtigt, die Scala an der Federzange ist nicht bloss ein Maa^sstab für die auf die Operation aufgewandte Kraft, sondern auch für die Grösse des mechanischen Geburtsbindernisses. In Fällen, wo die Wehen vollständig fehlen oder wegen ihrer Schwäche = 0 zu setzen sind, und wo uos die Ex- traction gelingt, da wird die dynarooroetrische Zahl annähernd die volle Grösse des Geburtsbindernisses ausdrücken. Solche Beobachtungen haben ihren grossen physiologischen Werlh und können unter Feststellung der Kopf- und Beckenmaasse eine Berechnung der Compressibilität des extrahirten Kopfes gestatten. Wichüger in praxi aber sind die Fälle, wo uns, mögen Wehen stattfinden oder nicht, die Extraction nicht gelingt. Hier wird ^las Geburtshindemiss grösser sein als die bereits erreichte dynaroometrische Zahl. Und wie oben glaube ich wieder die Hoffnung aussprechen zu dürfen: Es werden «ich durch eine Reihe guter Beobachtungen Zahlen heraus» stellen» welche einen ähnlichen Werth für die differentielle lodicationenlehre, wie gewisse Zahlen der fieckenengen haben, Zahlen, welche ihre Verwerthung am Besten dann finden werden, wenn man sie mit allen einzelnen Facloren des Gebttrtshindernisses und. mit dem Kräflezustande der Mutter und der Frucht in Beziehung bringen wird. Ich selbst will es vorläufig nicht wagen, solche Zahlen zu bezeiebnen, da die kleine Reihe von Beobachtungen, die ich bisher gemacht, mir dafür. nicht ausrekshend ist. Sei es oiir gestattet, meine Herren Collegen, die An* gdegeoheit unter Berufung auf die Worte eines der geschätztesten Lehrer in unserem Fache zu empfehlen. Seanzoni sagt (Lehr- bocfa der Geburtebülfe, 1852, p. 866): . ^Schwer fUlt es oft, ja es gebort ein gerechter praktischer Taci, eioe richtig« Schätzung der hei den Tractionen mit der Zange angewandten und zulässigen Kraft dazu nm das gewählte EntbindungsveHahreu nicht vorzeitig als ein anzureichendes zu verlassen, oder es zum Nachdifil Ig4 XI. VerhaDdlnngen der Gesellschaft der Htittcr* allzulange fortzusetzen. Nicht leicht giebt es eine schwierigere Aufgabe für den praktischen Geburtshelfer als den Zeitpunkt richtig zu bestimmen, wo der Gebrauch der Zange der Anwendung des Perforatoriums Platz'roachen muss." Möge das Princip der Federzange etwas zur Lösung soldi wichtiger Aufgabe^ beitragen. Erklärung der Zeichnung. Fig. I. Ansicht der Zange. FF' bewegliche Theile des Griffes, rr Fortsetzung des Löffels. Ät obere Scala. 2; 2 untere Scala. op Index für die .Maximaihöhe des Zuges, der in dieser Position 10 Miilim^tres anzeigt z Sperr-Riegel. 8 Knopf desselben, y Schlitz im beweglichen Theile des Griffes, in den sich der Sperr *- Riegel z hmeinschiebt. xx Centimdtres- Maass an den Löffeln. Fig. IL Durchschnitt zeigt den inneren Mechanismus des Instruments. Der unbewegliche stählerne Theil des Griffes TT ist in der Gegend von u bis v geschlitzt. Tn diesem Schlitze liegt oben der Messingwüffel q, welcher nach aussen mit dem Halbcylinder F nach innen mit den Messingschienen mn festverbunden ist. Der deutlicheren Ansicht wegen sind die^ Theile etwas auseinandergerückt gezeichnet In natura liegt mn sowohl als F fest gegen TT an, und auf diese Weise gleitet F sicher gegen TT auf und ab. r ist ein äbniicher Würfel wie q^ und op ^ine Messingscfaiene wie m n. Nur ist r nicht mit F verbunden, r gleitet ebenfalls in dem Schütz UV und bewegt sich dadurch, dass n gegen o stösst Während mn durch die Spiralfeder wieder in die Höhe gehoben wird, bleibt op durch Reibung stehen und bildet ^ den Index für den Maximalzug. irto an Fig. I. ist eine Messingschiene wie mn, fest verbunden mit dem Halbcylinder jF*'. Wenn n und o sich berühren, so bildet mnop eine ebenso lange Schiene wie ww. E ist der Federträger der an T fest angeschraubt ist. Fig. III. zeigt wie der Halk;ylinder F sich um das Consol E lagert und um dasselbe sich bewegen kann. Die Zeichnung stellt einen Querdurcfaschnitt des Griffes in der Linie gg' der Fig. IL dar. T, E und F bedeuten dasselbe wie oben. I fBr Geburtflliülf« in Berlin. 185 Dieser Vortrag fand in der Geselfschafl vMen BeifaD ond verkannte dieselbe nicbt den Werüi, den eine genauere Pormnlirung der auf die Zangenoperation verwendeten Kraft far die unschädliche Anwendung derselben, sowie auchr für die Indication des zu erwählenden Operationsverfahrens mit sich führen mässe. Herr Kavffmann erklärte sich mit der verschiedenen Höhenstellung der beiden Seitenvorsprünge sehr einverstanden, hielt indess die theoretische Begründung dieser Aenderung für zu minutiös, da die Hehelkraft bei der geringen Länge des einen Hebelarms unmöglich einen nachlheiligen Einfluss auf die Wirkung der Löffel ausüben könne und eine unbedeutende Schiefstellung der Hand ohnehin hinreiche, die Zugkraft auf beide Blätter gleichmässig wir|^en zu lassen, doch erkenne er bereitwillig die grössere Bequemlichkeit dieser Aenderung an. Herr Kristeller entgegnet hierauf: 1) dass die Differenz an den beiden Armen sich im ersten Moment der Traction mit 9 Pfund, später aber in imn}er steigendem Haasse ergebe, und dies sei weder wissenschafllich noch praktisch rationell; 2) allerdings corrigire man mit der linken H^hd die falsche Wirkung der rechten, aber dadurch gehe ein Theil der Zugkraft verloren, weil linke und rechte Hand in sich kreuzenden' Linien wirken; 3) werde die linke Hand zu einem Drucke auf das Geburts- object verleitet, der erspart werden könne. Herr Martin wandte gegen das Instrument ein, dass es durch eindringende Feuchtigkeit und Schleim etc. leicht kicorrect werden könne und Herr Mitscherliek hiek die Federkraft an. mid für sich mski Hör so uDveränderUch, dass nicht das Instrument' auch oime störende Eingriffe schon durch hiossen Gebraueb seine ZoTerUssiglceit einbösse* Doch entkräftete Herr Kristdler beide letztgenannten Einwendungen durch die eflifache Weisung, das Instrument vor dem jedesmaligen Gebraocbe auf seinen richtigen oder unriditigen Dynamometer* stand (0) tu untersuchen und danach etwaige Abweichungen in Rechnung zu bringen. Uebrigens sei dies Instrument der lg($ XI. Verh«ndinDg«n d«r Gonelbchaft ante Entwarf fär die AuflfOhruDg seiner Jdee und er wnnscbe, dasB der Gebrauch noch zweckdienliche Afiideningen derselben ergeben möge. Herr Louia Mayer sprach über Sarcoma medulläre des Uterus und Rectum. Ver- schluss des letzteren. Tod durch Ileus. Die 45 Jahre alte Madame S, geb. Af., eine Schwedin Ton Geburt und in ihrem Yaterlande bis zum 37. Jahre an- sässig, hatte gesunde Eitern, welche im hohen Alter starben. Sie musste in ihrem Leben viel Gemiithsbewegungen erfahren, namentlich Mitte . der Dreissiger in Folge einer sich ent- wickelnden Geisteskrankheit ihrer Schwester, lebte iihrigens in günstigen, äusseren Verhältnissen. In der Kindheit litt sie *an einem chronischen Bessern beider oberen Extremitäten, war sonst gesund. Die Periode trat im 15. Jahre ohne Beschwerden ein, war regelmässig, den 28. Tag wiederkehrend, aber von Anfang an ausserordentlich profus. Sie dauerte 8 — 10 Tage. Ausser einer Pebris inter- miltens tertiana wurde sie bis zu ihrer Verheirathung von einer Unterlejbsentzündung befallen, in den letzten Jahren vor derselben war sie gesund ; verehelichte sich im 37. Jahre und ging nach Deutschland. Seit dieser Zeit litt sie an heftigen bellenden Hustenanfallen, namentlicli Herbst und Frühjahr ohne Auswurf, mit Trockenheit und Kitzeln im Halse, g^en welchen ihr im 38. Lebensjahre der Gebrauch kalter Seebäder verordnet wurde. Sie zog sich indessen nach den ersten Bädern eine Lungenentzündung zu, die sdinell gehoben wurde, aber eine körperliche Schwäche and A^dfiagening zur Folge hatte, ohne dass der krampfhafte bellende Husten einen anderen Charakter annahm. Bald danach erkrankte sie an einer Unterleibs- entzüadong mit sehr langsamer Reconvakacenz, in welcher noch begriffen «e in ihrem 40. Jahre C^vida worde. Sie gd^ar leicht nach regelmässiger Schwangerschaft, ein aaa^ getragenes, todtes Kind. Das WocheBhelt verlief ohne Stdning; die Lochien waren regdmässig. Den 12. Tag verliesa m das Bett. Sechs Wochen nach der Entbindung stellte sich regelmässig die Periode ein. Einige Monate q>äter eencipirte sie wiederum, abortirte im dritten Monate, und lag- darauf .mr Gebnrtohmi» in B«rlia. 1^7 meiirere Wochen an einer heftigen Mefriiis danieder, worauf tm gleoas, und bb zum 44. Jahre, auMer den- erwähnten Husten- aoBllen gesund war. Angeblich durch Erkältung stellte sich uro diese Zeit, abermals — also zum vierten Male — eine heftige Entzündung der Unterleibsorgane ein, seit .welcher sich die erheblichsten Beschwerden datirten. Die Periode teigte. sich nunmehr dreiwfichenlUch, war noch profuser ^ils froher; es folgte ihr eine übelriechende, serös- eiterige Ab- sandening, die alsbald continuirlich wurde und öfters eme saoguinolenle Beschaffenheit annahm. Der Leib wurde beim Druck in den Regionib. iliac. schmerzhaft; es fanden sich wehenartige Schmerzen im Leibe, Kreuz und d^ Genitalien, lanzinirende, mitten durch den Leib fahrende Stiche, und nahmen letztere mehr und mehr zu. Dabei hatte die Kranke Aber Schwindel, Kopfschmerzen, aufsteigende Hitze, Eiseskälte der Extremitäten, unruhigen Schlaf,' schlechten Geschmack, trocken^ Zunge, viden Durst, Herzklopfen zu klagen. Der Appetit war gut; • Stuhlgang meist diarrhoisch; der Uriu, welcher beim Husten unwillkArlich abfloss, sedimentös, häufig sandig. Als ich die Kranke kennen lernte, war sie sehr sta^k und von blühender Gesichtsfarbe; der Pols gross und weich, massig frequent, die Zunge trocken, aber nicht belegt; die Hakschleimhaut leicht geröthet -und granulirt; die Uvula ge* schwollen; ihre Bnistorgane gesund; der Leib stark auf- getrieben, die Bauchdecken gespannt, äusserst fettreich, durch dirselben nichts Abnormes durchzufühlen; die Inguinaldrüsen bis Erbsengrösse geschwollen, härtlich; die äusseren Genitalien und deren Umgebung stark geröthet; der Introitus vaginae weit; die Scheidenscbleimhaut glatt, mit serösem Secret bedeckt; die Vagioalportion stand schwer beweglich in der mittleren Beckeoapertur und in der Föhningslinie. Die Muttermunds- lippen waren owfangreich, fühlten sich glatt, aber härtlich an; das Orfficiiim rundUeh nach unten und wenig nach hinten gericblet. Durch das Scheidenge wölbe fühlte man eine mi- regelmissige, härtliche, knollige Geschwulsi, die den hinteren Theil des kleinen Beckens ausfüllte und mit denr Uterus, dessen vordere Wandung verdickt war, in Zusammenhang stand Der Fondas uteri konnte 2—3 Zoll oberhalb des Schambogen« f38 ^I- ▼«rbAndlnng^en der Oesdllaehaft durch die Bauchdecken hei gleichzeilig inneriieh und äusseriich angestellter Untersudmng constatirt werden. Die Sonde drang leicht 8 Zoll tief in einer, von der Pfibrtingslinie, nach vorn wenig abweichenden Richtung in das Cavum uteri ohne Schmerzen zu erregen, verursachte indessen eine ziemlich starke Blutung. Im Speculum erschien die Sch^idensclileimhaut geröthet. Die Yaginalportion Kvid, schmutzig röthlich, aber glatt. Der untere Theil des Rectum war von normaler Beschaffenheit. Etwa vom Anus IV2 Zoll entfernt zeigte sich sein Lumen durch die sich hineinwölbende Geschwulst, verengt. Die hintere Wand desselben erschien bSrtlich, und Urat allm&hlig nach oben der vorderen näher, so dass etwa 8 Zoll vom Anus sich eine trichterförmige Strictur ftind, die den Durchtritt des untei-suichenden Fingers nicht gestattete. E& wurden der Kranken Bäder mit Pottasche und Mutter^ lauge verordnet, -innerlich Jodeisen, Krankenheiler Georgen- quelle und Jodkali gegeben, sowie eine Einr^tmg einer Jodkali-Salbe mit Narcoticis auf den Leib gemacht; ferner wiederholentlich Blutegel ad perinaeum applksirt. AnfSnglich schien dies Heilverfahren auf das Befinden der Kranken einen wohlthätigea Einfluss auszuüben, wie auc^ die Schmerzen zu vermindern, wenngleich die Geschwulst tiefer nach unten zwischen hinterer Scheidenwand und Kreuzbein herabwucbs" und die Strictura' recti enger wurde. Etwa vier Wocfien später verschlimmerte sich der Zu- stand. Die Schmerzen nahmen zu und waren namentlich im Os sacrum sehr heftig. Strangurie und Tenesmus , Schlaf- losigkeit, Gardialgien quälten die Kranke fast unausgesetzt. Der Appetit verlor sich. Kopfschmerzen, Schwindel, Be- ängstigungen, Stuhlverstopfungen und unregelmässige profuse Metrorriiagien steltteq siich ein. Entleerungen von -Faeces konnten nur durch die stärksten DrasUca erzielt werden und waren alsdann dunnflössig zuweilen mit federkielstarfcem ge- formten Koth und grossen Mengen festen glasigen Schleims gemiseht Bei den Untersuchungen fand sich das Rectum mehr nach oben konisch verengert, die Mutterniunddippen uicerirt. * Die Kranke wurde hinföllig, konnte das Bett nidit mehr ▼eriassen, magerte aber nicht merkIMi ab. Bei kleinem für Gebortohiilfe in Berlin. 1^9 frequeMleiii Pttlfr, Auftreibiuigan des Leibes ««tirteii ziileUl die SUihliiiisleeruiigeD gäiulich und. waren scbliessUch durch kein Mittel herbeizuführen. Versuche die Mastdarmstrictur durch fiougies zu erweitern missj^ückten und somit starb die Kranke qualvoll unter den Erscheinungen des Heus. Bei der Section,- die '36 Stunden nach dem Tode an- gestellt wurde, zeigte die sehr fette Leiche iivide Flecke im Gesicht und auf dem Rücken. Der Leib war stark auf* getrieben, tympanitisch, die Leistendrüsen bohnengross ge- schwellt. In den Pleurasäcken fand sich sanguinolentes Fiuiduro; an den .Lungen lobuläres Emphysem. Das Herz war gesund. Die Leber überragte den Rippenbogen um IV2 Zoll, war derbe, brüchig, auf dem Durchschnitte dunkelroth, fettig. Die Gallenblase apfi^lgross mit grünlich schleimiger Galle gefüllt; Milz vergrossert mit verdickter KapseJ und brücliigem Parenchym. b den Nieren fand sich keine auffallende Veränderung. Die Mesenterialdrusen geschwellt und namentlich an den unteren Dannpartieen bis zur Grösse einer Wallnuss. Auf dem Durch- schnitte von gmugelblicher Farbe und markiger Beschaffenheit Der Magen wie der ganze Darm durch Gase ausgedehnt, ent- hielten dünnes, hellgelbes kothig riechendes Cootentum. Die Pflorushälfte des Magens und das Duodenuqi zeigten eine schiefergraue Färbung un<) sammetartige Auflockerung der Schleimhaut Im Ueum fänden sich Pe^er'sche Plaques und Solitardrösen geschwellt, die Schleimhaut von flockigem Ausr sehen. Im Dickdarm rundliche oberflächliche Erosionen bei ausgedehnter Hyperämie und Schwellung der Follikel Im oberen Dritttheil des Rectum die Schleimhaut stark geröthet Mehr nach unten verlor sich das Rectum in eine daa hintere kleine Becken vöUig ausfällende harte, knollige Geschwulst Das Lmnen desselben verengte sich nach unten und Uef in eine feine Spitze aus, die dadurch entstand, dass die Wandungen des Rectum sich gleichmässig nach dersdben hin venikkten, ohne dass der Darm an Umfang zugenommen hatte« Am übersichtlichsten wurde dies, — wie die Gestaltung der Geschwulst überhaupt, auf einem von vom. nach hinten durch den Uterus und den Darm geführten Schnitt Die erwähnte nach unten zu laufende Spitze entsprach einer von unten nach, oben gerichteten, breite bei Lebzeiten 190 ^'- VftriiaiiAQDgeii der Oesellucliaft ate. %, constatirten, beide fnirden durch eine etwa P/t Linien lange Brücke getrennt, welche durch den eng aneinander sdiltessenden Zusammentritt der, in dieser Gegend am meisten — und zwar gegen V^ Zoll, yerdickten Mastdarmwaodungen entstand. Es lag somit ein völliger Verschluss des Rectum vor, wenn* gleich die dicht aneinanderliegenden Wandungen nicht mit- einander verwachsen, sondern aneinander gepresst waren. Die Schieimhautfalten des Mastdarmes verstrichen mehr und mehr nach der Yerschliessungsstelle zu, wobei die Innenfläche desselben eine hellere Färbung gewann und wellig höckerig, nirgends Substanzverluste zefgte. Die degenerirten Wandungen gingen oben wie miten allmdlig in die gesunden über, * von aussen fülilten sie sich hart und knollig an, zeigten aber auch hier nirgends Continuitatsstörungen der OberflSbhe. Die vordere Wandung verlor sich in einem Tumor, der zwischen Uterus und Rectum als eine, 1 — ly^ breite Verbindung lag. Die Darmwandung, der Uterusüb6rzug, das Peritonäum und Zwischenzellgewebe waren in diese Geschwulst völlig auf- gegangen, wdche ein gelblichweisses markiges Ansehen hatte und beim Druck heUe Plössigkeit entleerte. Der Uterus, welcher, wie mitgetheilt, betr&chtlich vergrössert gegen 4 ZoH lang war, hatte von^der Oberfläche gesehen, eine wenig prominirend knollige, übrigens von seiner birnenförmigen Gestaltung nicht abweichende Form. Sein oberer Bäuchfellfiberzug war schmutzig livid gefUrbt und glatt; die Innenfläche des Cavum uteri, welches letztere eine Vergrösserung nadi allen Richtungen zeigte, aa einzelnen SteUen der Schleimhaut entblösst, wo selbst sich schmutzig' geflhrbte , seichte Ulcerationen fanden; die Mutter- mundslippen zeigten im Umfange des Orificinm Ulcerationen, welche den innerhalb der Höhle beschriebenen glichen. Von normalem Uterusparenchym war Nichts zu finden, die ganze Substanz vielmehr von markiger Beschafieiriieit und weisslichgelbem Aussehen, wie die übrigen Theile der Neu- bildung. In gleicher Weise wareu die Inguinaldrüsen entartet, Tuben, Ovarien und Blase dagegen frei. Mikroskopisch fand sich die GescUwulst aus nmdfidien geschwänzten oder unregelmässigen Zdlen mit zarten Membranen und grossen Kernen zusammengesetzt Zwisdien diesen lagen Bindegewebszüge, ohne Anordnung zu einem alveolären Gerüste. XII. S€t9iu9, Ueber ein im Winter 1859^1860 etc. 191 Dvcb diesen Vortrag wurde die Frage angeregt« ob der Krehs des Uterus immer zuerst die Vaginalportion ergreife oder auch primär den Körper der Gebärmutter befallen könne. HeiT Wegscheider erinnerte an einen schon früher in der Gesellschafl und ausführlich in Cas^er's Wochenschrift (1851, No. 45) nütgetheilten Fall, wo dies Verhältniss stattfand. Herr Kauffmann hatte ebenfalls eine ältere unverheirathete Dame längere Zeit an einem fötiden Ausfluss aus der Gebär- mutter behandelt und bei der Untersuchung eine völlig gesunde Vaginalportion mit jungfräulichem Orificio vorgefunden. Der endliche tödtliche Ausgang an Carcinoma uteri bewies, dass der Anfang des Uebels im Körper des Uterus stattgefunden hatte. Herr Langenbeck hatte einen Fall von Fibroiden des Uterus beobachtet, welche, nachdem erst die Mamma, dann eine Stelle am Kx>pfe c^urdnoraatös entartet war, ebenfalls krebaig wurden und die Entartung erst später auf die Substans des Uteras übertrugen. XII. Veber ein im Winter 1859—1860 beobachtetes puerperales Erysipelas phl^monodes. Von * Professor IL Retzlas in Stockholm. Das neue Gebärhaus wurde im Monat Mai 1858 geöflbet Sedis Monate waren noch nicht verflossen, als einige FäHe . von Paerperalidiier vorkamen, doch nicht in schneller Reihen- folge. Mit dem Anfange des Jalures 1869 worden indess die Fälle häufiger ond wuchsen nach ond nach heran bis zu 40 Proc von der-Gesammtzahl au^nommener Kmdbetterinnen, flrit einer Mortalitfit von 16 Proc. In den Sommermonaten veAesserte sieh der Gesundheitszustand in der Anstalt, so dass nur 3 Proc. vod ' den aufgenommenen Gebärenden 192 ^il- Betsiug^ Ueber ein im Winter 1869— 1860 erkrankten luaul von diesen starben 6,62 Proc, Hit den kalten Monaten November und December steigerte sieb wieder der Krankheitszustand bis auf 37 Proc^ während indeas die Mortalität sich an die niedrigen Ziffern von 6,9 Proc. hielt im Anfange des folgenden Jahres »1860 war die Witterung sehr mild, die Kälte unbedeutend und wenig Schnee fiel. Die Gebäranstalt war schon am Anfange des neuen Jahres ungemein viel angesprochen, so dass die Zahl der angemeldeten Weiber grösser war, als nach der Einrichtung bestimmt und nach den Materialvorräthen berechnet war. Dieser Zulauf nahm mit jedem Tage zu und dies in dem Grade, dass weder die Zimmer noch das Bettzeug in gehöriger Weise konnten gelüftet werden. Die Folgen dieses Gmstandes zeigten sich bald in dem Erscheinen von rosenarfigcn InÜammationen, obgleich weder solche noch andere hiermit in Verwandtschaft stehende Krankhettsformen während der Zeit in der Stadt vorkamen, oder gar, dass die vorherrschende Constitutio epidemica dazu hinneigte. An den zwei letzten Tagen d^s Monats Februar und zu Anfang des Monats März zeigten sich unter den Wöchnerinnen mehrere Fälle von Erysipelas pblegmonodes an den oberen so wie an den unteren Gliedmaassen. Das Symptomatologische der Krankheit war folgendes: Zu Anfang fand sich ein hefUger Schuttelfrost ein; das nachfolgende Fieber zeigte keine Neigung zum Hervorrufen des Schweisses. Die Kranken kls^ten über heftige Schmefzen im ganzen Körper. Der Unterleib war wenig empfindlich und gar nicht auf- geschwollen. Die Kräfte lagen tief darnieder. Der Puls' war weich und beschleunigt Ueber die ganze Körperfläche war die Empfindlichkeit so gesteigert, dass die leiseste Berührung Schmerzen hervorbrachte, ja sogar, dass die Schwere der tuchenen Bettdecken und des Betttuches. nicht ertragen wurde. Die Kranken konnten nur mit Jusserster Noih die Ajrme uq4 Beine bewegen. Die Zunge, anfangs bel<^i, wurde bald roth, trocken und glänzend. Der Durst sehr gross. Wenig» Stunden nach dem Eintreten des Schüttelfrostes zeigten sich an den. Extremitäten, umschriebene hochcothe harte An- schwellungen über das ganze Glied und gleichzeitig trat eine Diarrhoe ein. Nachdem die erysipelatös-ph)egmonösen An* Schwellungen IQ bis 12 Stunden' angedauert hatten, ward beobaehtetes paerpeimlet SryaipeUs phle^moaodes. 19$ ihre rolhe Fariie ganz dankd und Haulbrand trat ein. Die affieirten ExtremltSten wurden kalt, teigig und gefühllos; di« Sehmerzen hörten auf; der Puls wurde mit jedem Augenblicke schwaeher und konnte mehrere Stunden vor dem Tode nicht gefühlt werden. Sopor trat ein, unter welchem die Kranken Terschieden. Während des ganzen Verlaufs der Krankheit war die Lochialsecretion stinkend und' so ätzend, dass die Schleimhaut der Hulterscheide und der äusseren Geburtstheile excoriirt wurde, ohne aber brandig zu werden. Bei Einigen sah man MOch in den Brösten. « Weder eine individuelle Körperconstitution oder eine foriiergehende Kränkhchkeil oder gar gegenwärtige- Schwäche noch eine längere Dauer der Geburtsarbeit zeigten den ge- TJngslen Eiiifluss auf die Geneigtheit zu dieser Krankheit Bis zu Ende März kamen die ErkrankungsßUe nur im unteren Stocke vor, und zwar in den Zimmern, welche zum Unterrichte der Hebammen angewiesen sind. Keine Wöchnerin, die in ihrem Zimmer allein lag, mit einem Räume ton 2000 Cubikfttss wurde von der Krankheit ergriffen. In die gemeinschafUichen Säle, die eigentlich nur ffir drei Personen bestimmt sind, mit einem Räume von 1150 Cubikfuss filr jede Person, war man zufolge des Zudranges genöthigt, vier Personen zu legen ^ wodurch der fireie Raum beschränkt ward und 806 Cubikfuss nicht Aberstieg. Eine solche Beschränkung, wenn auch während einer kurzen Zeit, vielleicht unschädlich, wird «doch in der Länge nicht so ertragen, vorausgesetzt auch, dass dabei eine voUständige Ventilation ununterbrochen fortgesetzt mrd. In Folge dieser Deberzeugung und weil seit geraumer Zeit cEe Bettai, das Bettzeug und die wollenen Decken fortwährend in Gebrauch waren, ohne gelflftet oder retfigemacfat zu sein, die Zimmeriböden der Scheuerung be« darflen etc., sah ich mich genöthigt, diese Abtheihmg der Gebäranstall ausräumen zu lassen und andere Zimmer (Ür den praktischen Hebammenunterricht anzuweisen. In letzt- genannten Localen kam dann kein KrankheitsfeU von er- wälmter Beschaffenheit vor, wohl aber mitunter einige Fälle von gewöhnlicher Peritonäalform, die Indessen beim Gebrauch unserer alkalisirenden Hetliode und Darreichen von Morphin Moa«t«Mbr.f.GebQrUk. 1861. Bd. XVII.. Hfl. 8. tB 194 XII. Ret9iw, üeb«r ©in im Winter IÖ69-*1860 in Verbindung mit ableitenden Scbröpfköpfen und AnwendMiig von Wasserumschlägen, alle glucklieb endeten. Ich öberliess mich jetzt der frohen Hoffnung, den bösen Gast los zu sein; es war aber leider nur eine kurze Frist eingetreten, denn am 24. April zeigte sich in der anderen Abtheilung, die nur für den ärztlichen Unterricht bestimm.t ist und die bisher verschont gewesen war, ej» Krankbeitsrall. Nach 24 Stunden kam wieder -ein Fall und so kurz darauf noch zwei andere, alle von einem und demselben Charakter Pdit der oben beschriebenen Urankheit Zufolge einer streng durchgefOhc^en Absperrung wurde die fernere Ausbreitung der Epidemie veitütet. Doch wären diese Mittel wahrscheinlich unzulänglich gewesen, wem» nicht zum grossen Glück der starke Zudrang zu der Anstalt zur seihen Zeit plötzlich abgenommen hätte, wodurch es möglich wurde, eine gründliche Reinigung der Zimmer und der ganzen Materialien vorzunehmen* Die Kranken wurden auf folgende Art behandelt Ein Brechmittel wurde bald nach dem Frost- anfaUe gegeben, ehe noch die Zunge eine trockene und glänzende Beschaffenheit angenommen hatte. Darauf sebritit man zum Gebrauch von Chinin, Mineralsäuren und Campher. Um den Durchfall zu beschranken, wurden Klystiere von Stärke und Opium verabreicht und die .Schmerzen mit Dower*s Pulver beschwichtigt. Um die angegriffenen Körper-: theUe wurden Umschläge von SpiriL Camphor. gemacbi, dann und wann auch Bestreichungen mit Tinct Martis ver- sucht Nachdem diese Bdandlungsmethode eine hiulsffigKcbe Zeit ohne glückliche Erfolge fortgesetzt war, sdiritt ich zu^i Gebrauche von Extract Aconiti und Jodkalium, wobei doch die UmsclUäge von Camphfirspiritus beibehalten wurden. In drei Fällen zeigte diese Behandlung gute Folge, indem die phlegmonösen Infarcte eertheilt wurden, kein Brand zum Vorscbeia kam und die Kranken genaseo. In einem vierten Falle kam es allerdings zur Zertheilung der rosenartig^n Anschwellung, der Brand blieb aus, die Kranke aber verschied unter Erscheinungen eines ausgebildeten Typhus. Während des Aufenthalts der Kinder im Gebärhause kam unter ihnen kein einziger Fall von Rose vor, was meia^ Aufmerksamkeit um so viel mehr erregte, als . gewöhnlicher bftobmchtetes paerperales £!ryBip«la8 phlegmoaodes. 195 Weiat, wenn PeerperaUieber aUda herrschen, Rothlauf unter den NeugdBorenen sehr häufig vorkommt. Es ist mir aber spater mitgeibetit worden, dass mehrere Fälle ?on bösartigem Rodiläuf /Unter den Kindern, deren Mütter an der erwähnten Krankheit starben, sicb^ zeigten, nachdem diese in's Findel- baus gebracht waren. Die LeichenöfiTnungen, gewöhnlich 24 Stunden nach dem Tode gemacht, erwiesen Folgendes: In der Bauchhöhle fand man nur zwei Mal kleine Mengen einer graugelben dünnen sero-purulenten Flüssigkeit. Die Eingeweide waren weder unter sich agglutinirt, noch mit plastischen Membranen bedeckt. Das Peritonäum parietale und viscerale zeigte hier und da kleine umschriebene aborescH^nde GefSsshijectionen. Der Dünndarm von Luft er- WMtert; dessen innere Wand mit einem graugelben zähen Schleime bedeckt Unter der Schleimhaut des Dickdarmes sab man in drei Fällen kleine submucöse Blutextravasate. . In den meisten Fällen fand man dünnflüssige, gelbe Fäcal- massen im Colon. Eine croupöse Darmbekleidung, wie Roser m den Dickdärmen von Personen, die an einem Rothlaufe von pyamiscliem Ursprünge gestorben waren, gefunden hat, ww nielk ni keobacblen. Die Gebärmiitter epschien gross •od sobiftir; ihre innere Fläche nil einer ddnnen Schicht VMi einer gelbes rothstreifigen und eüengen stinkenden Ftdeagfeeit bedeckt, die mit Blolklnmpen untermischt war. Naeb dem Abwaschei der Jauchigen FMseigkeit waren die Wände aechgrau. Das Parendarm der Gebärmutter war auf fie Tiefe ron 2 Linien von der Innenfläche, pulpös aufgelockert, mii idaffeoden erweifterten GefäMmündongen. Das Herz schlaff «Mi Maas. DasEnddcardMmpurpttrroth. Die redite Herzkammer ealkielt ein grösseres, die linke ein kleineres Blutcoaguluni. Staute Blttlhypostase mit Oedera der Lmigen. Die Leber aaainiach, zosammengedröckt und märbe. Die Milz grösser ab im NonDalzustaDde und aufgelockert Die Nieren schlaff oad blaaa mit violett gefärbten Pyramiden. Beim Einschneiden in die kranken ExtrenitäleQ floss viel röthliches Serum aus dem iofiltrirteD Zellgewdie,*das übrigens nur sehr wenig von dem Brande der Haat angegriffen war. Die Muekeln bis zur Näie der Knocken wluren dnrchaas breiig erweicht, ohne 13* 196 XII. BtttiM, Ueber ein im WtnUr 1869— ISeO etc. Verfettung. In den Blutgefässen wurden keine Pfropfen ge* funden. Die Venenwände zeigten keine entzändijchen Ver- änderungen und Eiter war weder in dem Venenrohr noch in deren nächster «Umgebung zu Onden. Nur in der Vena spermatica fand man purulente Anhäufungen. Die mikroskopische Untersuchung des Blutes, aus der Vena iliaca und subclavia geholt, erwies farblose Körperchen in ungewöhnlich grosser Menge, Gruppen von farbigen Blut- körperchen, die durch Wasser schnell entfernt wurden, Epilhelialzellen, vielkömige Zellen und Fettkügelchen. Leider wurde die Untersuchung des Rückenmarkes nicht vorgenommen* Kiwiech v. Rotterau hat in seinen Bemerkungen über die Krankheiten der Wöchnerinnen, Prag 1840, p. 243 unter Benennung „ Metastatische Zellgewebs- und HuskelinOammation '' einen Fall angeführt, der in vielen Verhältnissen Aehnlichkeit hat mit den Obenerwähnten. Hier kam die ei7sipelatö3e Anschwellung nur am rechten Arme vor und kein Hautbrand kam zum Vorschein. In dem linken Arme hatten sich be- deutende Eiterheerde gebildet Wenn man genau die Syroptomengruppe der vorerwähnten Krankheit und die Obductionserscheinungen vergleicht, so scheint es sehr zweifelhaft, ob die Krankheit eine Septicoämie oder Pyämie gewesen ist Eratere gebt nämlich gemdniglich ihre Bahn durch ohne Localisation. Der Charakter der letzteren aber spricht sich aus in einer Tendenz zu localen Eiter« bildungen. Hier war allerdings ein deutliches Streben der zymotischen Blutkrankheiten zur Localisation aber ohne Eiter^ bildung; denn als solche kann man doch nicht die Gegen wtft von Eiter in der Gebärmutterhohle und in dem spermatischen Venengeflechte beobachten, weil diese doch eine directe Folge der Schmelzung von Blutgerinnseln und Placentaresten etc. war und deren Verwandlung ui Eiter, der nachher in die erwähnten Venengeflechte übergeführt war. Ich glaube daher« dass es richtiger sei, die von mir beschriebene Krankheit nach Angabe Virchow's Septico* Pyämie zu nennen und dem pyämischen Processe einen septischen Charakter beizulegen, Sttfolge der ichorösen Beschaflenheit der lochialen Absonderungen« Xm. SpSndU, Ueber Perforation a. Kephalothrypsio. ^97 Es {st sebr wahrscheialich, dass die Huskekrweichung cfia Aosgaog gewesen sei einer Inflamination der Muskelfäserb. leb babe zwei Hai vorher eine solche Halacie in den innereb Dambeinrouskehi beobachtet, nach langwieriger und schwerer Geburtsarbeit in Folge von Schieflagen der Kinder und Druck des Kindeskopfes auf einen dieser Musk«ln. In Betreff der sero-sangoinolenten Infiltration des subcutanen Zellgewebes, Usst sich diese Erscheinung durch eine vergrösserte Porosität und Permeabilität der Gefisswünde, in Folge der Stauungeü des kranken Blutes, leicht erklären. Ohne Zweifel wirkte das septische Blut entkräftend, ja lähmend auf das Herz eui. xm. Ueber Perforation und Eephalothrypsie. Zweite Abtheilung. Von Dr. Spöndll, PriyatdoceDt in Zürich. Seit den Beobachtungen über die in Bede stehende Operatioosmethode, welche ich im Maihefle 1860 mitzutheileh die Ehre hatte « ward mir das Gläck, ich möchte eher sagen, Unglück zu Theil, erstere in dem Grade vervielfältigen zu können, dass ich nicht umhin kann, nochmals auf dieses Thema zurückzukommen. Denn kann auch nicht geläugnet werden, dass in- der zvi^eckmässigen Combination beider Yer^ fabrnngsweisen das beste Auskunftsmittel für schwierige Fälfe m ÜBiden die meisten deutschen Geburtdielfer schon seit längerer Zeit übereingekommen seien, so ist doch nicht zu beslretten, dass es noch der Punkte genug gäbe, über welche NcifiQiigsversdiiedenheiten obwalten und wo bloss die Erfahrung, bloss das Material den. richtigen Weg zu zeigen im Slande ist Ob Kaiserschnitt oder Kqphalotlirypsie, ob Zange oder Kopf- zertrommerting, ob manuelle oder instrumentale und welche Bztraeftion? Das sind Fragen, die gewiss nicbt aprioristisdi 198 XUI. 8fS»dU, üeb«r Perforation a. Kophatotaryptn. rieh beantworten lassen, sondern otir aUodfiig durch die Statistik aufgekljtet werden können. Wenn es nun schuft bei leichteren und längst bekminten Operationen, wie-^Zang«, Wendung und ExlractiMi des «nteren Rümpfendes schwer blit, aUgemetn göltige Prinoipien au Tereinbaren, welchen folgend die Indioationenlehre auf in die Asgen springende Weise festgestellt werden könnte, so ist bei den Fallen, ron denen wir sprechen, dies geradezu eine UnraögUchkeit lu nennen. Jeder Fall bildet gewissermaassen ein abgescblossenee Ganzes, ein Bild, welches in verschiedenen und oft wesent- lichen Punkten von allen übrigen Bildern differkt, ODgefthr so, wie eine menschliche Physiognomie zwar immer ähnliche, aber nie eine ganz gleiche finden wird. Dies ist der eine Grund, warum ich die VeröffeTillichung vieler Facta för wunschenswerth halte; es giebt aber noch einen zweiten, ebenso triftigen, darin liegend, dass die noch nicht völlig zum Schweigen gebrachten Angriffe auf den Kephalotbryptor am allerbesten durch Facta zu widerlegen sind. So z. R hat Simpson in der „Medieal times*' den Versuch gemacht, an die Stelle unseres Instrumentes neuerdings ein anderes zu substituiren, wekhem er den Namen „Cranioolast*' beilegt Ich hege eine gi*osse Verehrung vor Simpson, denn er ist unstreitig auf unserem Gebiete die geistreichste und wirksamste Persönlichkeit in Englainl oder vielmehr in Sdiottland. Er huldigt unbedingt dem Fortschritte in einer Wissenschaft, wdche leider in Groasbritannien nicht za den vorgeschrittensten gehört, — aber dies Mal will es mir scheincD, habe Meister Simpson^ ohne es zo wissen, dem obsCetricischen Geiste seines Volkes eine Conceasion gemacht; denn genau betrachtet ist der Craniodast doch nichts anderes als eine modificirte Knochenpincette und unterscheidet sich von den längst be* kannten Instrumenten letzteren Charakters nur dadurch, da« er radikaler und schneUer zu wiriien besthnmt ist und dass er die Schädelknochen weniger ab« als durchbrechen sciL Ich Win nicht untersuchen, oh die Anwendung dieses neuen Instrumentes m der That leichter sei, als die des KephaiXK thryptors, es mag dies- bei Simpson, der mit dem Eop^ sertrummerer nidit besonders vertraut zu sein schenit, ve desseu ausgezeichneter operativer Fertigkeit der Fall. Xllf. J9p9ndli, Uaber Pcpforbtioii u. KepbflloibryiwU. 199 9m IMDiiiig aber glaube ich -beaeimmi aussprachen in dttarfen, dass bei dem grossen Durchschnitte continentaler und nicht eoatinenlaler Geburtshelfer eine solche Operationamethode bnM ttor eben so fiel, awadem ungleich mehr Unglück atiften wflrde, als die Kephalothrypsie. Ich stötze meine Ansieht aimlidi darauf, dase eine gewisse Rohheit bei der Anhand* nähme des Craniociaals nuTerroeidKch ist und es ffir dieselbe mt weniger Technik erfordert, als für die Kopdertrömmerung. |
0000134426_593 | French-PD-diverse | Public Domain | que le plus fouvent o n n'y employé qu'un feul Vaiflëau, il y en a toujours un autre , qu'on tient prêt à partir au retour du premier, 8c deux ou trois en réferve pour y fuppléer dans les cas d'accident , qui pourroient interrompre le Commerce. Les principaux Galions font égaux , en grandeur, aux VailTeaux de guerre du premier rang , 8c peuvent avoir à bord jufqu'à douze cens hommes. Les autres, quoique fort inférieurs, font des VailTeaux confidérables, d'environ douze cens ronneaux, monrés ordinairement de trois cens cinquante à fix cens hommes , 8c de cinquante pieces de canon. Le Commandant prend le titre de Général, 8c porte l'Erendart royal d'Efpagne au haut du grand mât. Cette Navigation a des règles , ou -, n r '- Caùeah. , , r r in route du C-a- des uiages, qui s obiervent fidèlement. Uon. Le Galion quittant le Port de Cavité vers le milieu de Juillet, s'avance dans la Mer Orientale à la faveur de la Mouflon d'Oueft , qui commence au même temps. Si l'on jette les yeux fur la Carte des Philippines , on jugera que la r o u t e , par l'Embocadero, jufqu'à la pleine M e r , doir être fort i n commode. La fin d'Août arrive quel* que fois , avant que le Galion foit d é gagé des Terres. Alors il porte à l'Eft Tvj 444 "ANSON .' 1 H I S T O I R E G É N É R A L E 74I> vers le N o r d , pour tomber à la haur de crois degrés de laticude & plus, où il trouve les vencs d'Oueft, qui le mènent droit à la Côte de Californie. Les découvertes des Efpagnols , dans cette vafte étendue de M e r , fe réduifent à quelques petites Mes. O n peut ajouter, fur le témoignage de tous leurs Navigateurs, que depuis les Philippines jufqu'à la Côte de Californie , il n e i e rrouve pas un P o r t , ni même u n e Rade commode. Dans tout cet efp a c e , on ne laillè pas tomber une fois l'ancre , depuis qu'on a perdu la terre de vue ( 7 4 ) . Le Voyage ne prenant t e u D E S V O Y A G E S . Lir.'IL 445 ANSON. > 7 < 4 gueres moins de fix mois,& le Galion fe rrouvant chargé de Marchandifes tk de Monde , on eft nécelïairement expofé , , • ,,• ' 1 C " ™» 0 11 '« r Elpagnols fe r e a u douce M (74) Carreri, qui a pu» quinze à Cavité , dans blié fa Navigation de Ma33 la crainte que s'ils en nille à Acapulco, & qui » avoient feulement la lui donne le titre D'en3 3 moitié , ils ne vouluftmieux & d'épouventable 3 3 fent pas retourner aux Voyage,ne raconte tien qui « Philippines pour avoir ne puilîe fervir ici de con3 3 le refte. G'eit que cha£tmation. Soa Journal eft » que Voyage apporre cent peu intéreffant j mais on > » cinquante Se deux cens jr trouve les motifs qui 33 pour cent de profit aux engagent les Efpagnols , « Marchands , neuf pour Mar'hands , Facteurs & » cent aux Fadeurs , & Marelots , à recommencer 33 qu'il eft fort agréable jufqu'à dix fois une route » de retourner chez foi qu'il appelle Prodigieuse , n avec dix fept ou dixhuit quoiqu'ils jurent chaque » mille écus de profit, en fois de n'y revenir jamais. 33 moins d'un an , fans » Ccft que la paye des 33 compter ce qu'on fait „ Matelors eft de trois » pour foi même. Un cens cinquante pièces de 33 Gentilhomme Efpagnol, huit , dont on ne leur 33 qui faifoic le Voyage donne que foixauce33 fans aucun emploi, dit y a manquer deau douce ; mais t i n d u l procurent de trie des Efpagnols y fupplée. O n fçait » que leur ufage, dans la Mer du Sud , n'eft pas de garder, dans des futailles , l'eau qu'ils ont à b o r d , mais dans des vaifleaux de terre , aflez femblables aux grandes Jarres dans lefquelles on met fouvent l'huile en Europe. Le Galion de Manille parr chargé d'une provifion d'eau, beaucoup plus grande que celle qu'on ponrroit loger entre les Ponts; ôc les Jarres , qui la contiennent, font fufpendues de tous côtés aux Haubans ôc aux Etais. Cette méthode fait ça'„ à Carreri qu'il y gagnoir trente mille pièces de huit, feulement pour 2, les commillions. Lir. IL 447 gner beaucoup de place. Les Jarres ' 7 4 i d'ailleurs ,• font plus maniables, plus fa, ciles à ranger, &c moins fujettes à couler que les Futailles. Mais les plus abon dantes provifions durant à peine trois m o i s , on n'a pas d'autre reifource que la pluie, qu'on trouve allez régulière ment entre les trente & quarante de grés de latitude Septentrionale. Pour la recueillir, on prend à bord une gran de quanriré de narres, qu'on place de biais le long des tribords , aulfi tôt qu'il commence à pleuvoir. Ces nar res s'étendent d'un bout du Vaitfeau à l'autre. Le côté le plus bas eft appuyé fur un large bambou f e n d u , qui fert de rigole pour conduire l'eau dans les Jarres. Ce fecours, quoique dépendant du hafard , n'a jamais manqué aux Ef pagnols 5 & fouvent ils remplirent plu îieurs fois leurs J a r r e s , dans le cours d'un Voyage ( 7 5 ) . Autres diffi. L fcorbut leur caufe plus d'em e cultés que, r ., , 1 „ barras par les terribles ravages , & par jette fur leur l difficulté d'y remédier. L'Auteur eft ?gnorance. p f ¿¿ q l'extrême longueur de cer te Navigation , qui eft la première cau fe des Maladies , vient de la pareife & de l'ignorance des Marins Efpagnols. l'Auteur re a ev aг U e iJïïlJsT^^ A n f ° ' n T ° m e 1 1 1 ' W H? & O n d i r , par exemple , qu'ils ne ten dent jamais leur grande voile pendant la nuit, & qu'ils amènent fouvent tou tes leurs voiles fans néceffité. Ils crai gnent plus un vent trop fort , quoi que favorable , que les inconvéniens d'une longue Navigation. O n ordonne exprelfément aux Capiraines de faire la rraverfée, fous la latitude de tren te degrés, s'il eft polîible , & d'éviter foigneufement d'avancer, vers le Nord plus qu'il n'eft néceiïaire pour trouver le vent d'Oueft , c'eft une reftriction qui ne s'accorde pas avec les princi pes des Anglois, parce qu'on ne peut gueres douter qu'en avançant plus vers le N o r d , on ne trouvâr les venrs d'Oueft plus conftans & plus forts qu'à trente degrés de latitude. Tout leur Plan d e Navigation ne paroît pas moins défec tueux à l'Auteur. Si le Galion , ditil , au lieu de porter d'abord à l'EftNord Eft jufqu'à la laritude de trois degrés &c un peu plus, faifoit route au Nord Eft , & même plus au N o r d , jufqu'à quarante ou quarantecinq degrés, il feroir aidé , dans uneparrie de ce cours , par les vents alifés , & le Voyage en aevieudroir plus prompt de la moirié. Il ferait bientôt porté fur les Côtes de Californie par les vents d'Oueft s y 448 A NSON. »74*. H I S T O I R E GÉNÉRALE DES V O Y A G E S . Liy. 11. 449 ' &c tous les inoonveniens fe réduiraient à ceux qui font caufés par une Metplus rude & par un vent plus fort. En 1 7 1 1 , un Vaiffeau François, fuivanr la roure que l'Auteur propofe , fit la traverfée des Côtes de la Chine , à la Vallée de Vandeta , dans le Mexique, en moins de cinquante jours ( 7 6 ) . signes Lorfque Galion efi: aflëz avancé Signes qui qui annoncent la j -N d trouver les vents v e r s e Qï p o m terre au Ga, .. r,. A I • 1 Han. d O u e i t , il garde la même latitude , & dirige fon cours vers les Côtes de Californie. Après avoir couru quatrevingr feize degrés de longitude , à compter du Cap Efpititu Sancto , on trouve ordinairement la Mer couverte d'une hetbe flottante, que les Efpagnols nomment Porra ( 7 7 ). Cette vue efr pour eux un ligne certain (78) qu'ils (7<f) Pages 351 & précédenres. (77) L'Auteur juge , par le nom , que c'eii une efpece de Poreau marin. C :r reri dir que ces herbes ont jufqu'à vingt-cinq palmes de longueur ; qu'elles foat grofles comme le bras vers la racine , 6c comme le petit doigt vers le haur ; qu'elles fonr creufes en dedans , comme les oignons en graine , aufquels la racine relTimblc veis l'exrrêmité. Du côté le plus g r o s , (jlles ont de longues feuilles , en façon d'algue , larges de deux doigrs , longue de fix palmes, toutes d'égale longueur , & de couleur jaunâtre. C'ei't une des plus grandes herbes que l'Auteur eût jamais vues. Il en goûta II n'y trouva aucun mauvais goût. Les Matelots la mangent, confire au vinaigre. Ubi fupr.ï, page 54'-(73) C'eft unufage, entre lesMatelots du Galion, de former alors une Cour badine , nommée la ("««' font allez près de la Californie. Auflit ô r , enronnant le Te Deum , comme s'ils étoient à la fin-du travail &c du danger, ils portent au Sud ; & ne cherchant la vue de la Côte qu'après être parvenus à une latitude beaucoup moins avancée , ils en donnent pour raifort, qu'en cet endroit la Mer voifine de la Californie eft embarraflëe des Ifles &z de Bas-fonds , entre lefquels il ne veulent pas s'engager. Ce n'eft qu'en approchant de l'extrémité Méridionale de cette prefqu'Ifle, qu'ils ofent chetcher la T e r r e , autant pour prendre langue de fçavoir des Habitans s'il n'y a pas d'Ennemis qui croifent dans ces Mets , que pour vérifier leur Eftime à la vue des Signes , pour juger des Officiers du Vairfèau. On leur permer certe réjouilTance, après un horrible Voyage , de plus de trois mille lieues, & lorfqu'ils commencenc à fe croire au Porr, parce qu'il ne leur en relie plus à faire que fept cens. 45ô ANSON. l 7 4 1 - H I S T O I R E GÉNÉRALE du Cap Saint Lucas. Ils y tirent des rafraîchiffemens d'une Colonie' Indienc o i e n i e ine , formée dans l'intérieur de ce C a p , Cap SaintP les Millionnaires Jéfuites, qui aiLucas, d'où H [ e certains feux pour leur fervir de ri a r u r n tiredesrafrai> «hiffemcns. T » A j i- ngnaux ( 7 9 ) . L Auteur regarde ce heu, comme la meilleure Croifiere qu'on puiffe choifir pour les furprendre. Delà , ils doivenr porter fur le Cap de Corientes, pour ranger enfuite la Côte jufqu'àu Port d'Acapulco. c e qu'il fait En arrivant au t e r m e , le Galion eft &f mps'q u"ilamarré à deux arbres, fur le rivage Y paffe. Occidental •, & la Ville, qui n'eft qu'un défert dans d'autre remps, fe remplit de Marchands de toutes les Provinces du Mexique. Aufli-tôt que la Cargaifon eft déchargée & vendue , on fe hâte de charger l'argent , avec les Marchandifes deftinées pour Manille , & les provifions néceffaires. On perd d'autant moins de temps , que par des ordres exprès le Galion doit être forri du Port avant le premier d'Avril. Sa partie la plus confidérable, pour le retour , confine en argent. Le refte eft C e ( 7 9 ) Cette Colonie culfe mettte en réputation a lîve l'Agii-uhure & r les Mexique. C'cft e Marquis Arts mc-Jianiques, Elle a de Valero , qui a fourni planté des vignes , dont le aux premiers frais de cet Evin approche ce ni Je Ma tablilTement. Voyage d'An«!ere £c qui commence à [on, v.bi fnjirà , [>age 5 ; 4. ! D É S V O Y A G E S . Lif. II. 453? compofé de Cochenille , de Confitures ANS©». de l'Amérique Efpagnoie , de Mercerie & de Bijoux de l'Europe pour les femmes de Manille, de Vins d'Efpag n e , de Tinto ou de feul Vin d'Andaiouiie, pour la célébration de la Meffe. Cette Cargaifon prenant peu de place, on monte la Batterie d'en-bas > qui demeure à fond de calle en venant de Manille. L'Equipage eft augmenté d'un bon nombre de Marelors, & d'une ou deux Compagnies d'Infanterie,deftinées à recruter les Garnifons des Philippines. Il s'y joint toujours pluiieurs Palfàgers •, de forre qu'au r e t o u r , le Galion fe rrouve ordinairement monté de fix cens hommes ( 8 0 ) . O n s'efforce de gagner d'abord la son retour à latitude de treize ou quarorze dégrés , * d'où l'on continue de faire voile, dans ce parallèle, jufqu'à la vue de l'Ifle de Guam , une des Marianes. Les infttuctions avertiffent foigneufement de prendre garde au bas-fonds de Saint Barthélémy & de l'Ifle de Gafparico. U n autre avis, qu'on donne au Galion , pour empêcher qu'il ne dépaffe dans l'obfcurité, les Ifles Marianes , c'eft que pendant tout le mois de Juin i l a M w u l f c (80) Ibid. , pages jifr 8c précédentes. 45 A NSON. , 7 4 1 HISTOIRE GÉNÉRALE eft ordonné , aux Efpagnols de Guarô " & de R o t a , d'entretenir pendant toutes les nuits un feu allumé fur quelque hauteur. P R É C A U T I O N S L'Ifle de Guarrt eft gardée par une ^ R E N D R E Garnifon Efpagnole (SI), dans la vue d'affluer un lieu de relâche au Galion. Cependant la Rade y eft fi mauvaife, qu'il ne s'y arrêre pas plus de deux jours. Après y avoir pris de l'eau Se des rafraîchiffemens, il en part pour gouverner directement vers le Cap Efpiritu Sanéto , dans l'Ifle de Samal. ïl doit obferver les fignaux de ce C a p , comme ceux de Catandumas , de Batufan , de Birriborongo , Se de l'Ifle de Batan. Tous ces lieux ont des Sentinelles , avec ordre d'allumer un feu lorfqu'ils l'apperçoivent. Si le Général, après avoir vû manquer lé premier feu , en voit allumer quatre autres , ou plus de quatre , il peut conclure qu'il y a des Ennemis dans ces Parages •, & fon devoir l'oblige de faire mettre à terre, pour s'informer de la force de l'Ennemi, Se de tout ce qu'il peut redouter. Il doit fe régler fur les ' avis qu'il reçoit. Se relâcher dans quelque Port fur. S'il eft découverr dans d o i t D E S V O Y A G E S . Liy. II. 455 Vafile qu'il choifit , Se s'il crainr d'y ANSONT" être attaqué, il doit envoyer le tréfor ' 7 4 1 . â t e r r e , débarquer l'Artillerie pour fa défenfe , Se donner avis de fa Situation au Gouverneur de ManiLc. Mais fi , depuis le premier feu , il remarque que les Sentinelles n'en allument que deux , il peut s'aflurer qu'il ne lui refte rien à craindre , Se continuer fa route jufqu'à Cavité , qui eft le Port de Manille (82). Les efpérancçs de l'Efcadre n'avoient V A I N EA T T E N T E fait que changer d'objet , mais elles S ^ fembloient demander d'autrçs mefures, depuis qu'on avoit appris par le récit des Prifonniers , qu'on éroit informé dans Acapulco de la ruine de P a y t a , Se que cette nouvelle avoit fait augmenter les Fortifications de la P l a c e , Se mettre une Garde dans l'Ifle qui effc à l'embouchure du Port. Cependant on apprit auffi, que cette Garde avoit été retirée deux jours avant l'arrivée de la Chaloupe ; d'où l'on conclut , non-feulement que l'Efcadre n'avoit pas encore été découverte , mais que l'Ennemi ne la croyoit plus dans ces M e r s , & que depuis la prife de Payta , il fe flattoic qu'elle avoit pris une DSSAN LOIS MARLNEÏ^' ' D D E F F U S ' IADEF « P«ON D E SI F L A ; (8i) Voyage D'Anfon , Tome I I I , page 5J4, 454 A NSON. H I S T O I R E G E N É R A L E CÏSVOYAGÏS. Liy. II. 455 I741 " autre route. O n tira tant d'encouragement de ces dernières idées , que s'étant approché jufqu'à la vue des Montagnes, qui fe nomment les Mammelles , au-detfus d'Acapulco, on s'y mit dans une polîtion, qui ne laiifoit point à craindre que le Galion pût échapper, O n y demeura jufqu'au 15 de Mars. U n e fi longue attente n'auroit pas rebuté les Anglois, s'ils n'étoient retombés dans le befoin d'eau, M . Anibn M. Anfon , défefpéré de ce contren t furprenr^ ps délibéra s'il n'entreprendroit ¿reAcapulco. ^ f p i Acapulco : mais, m j u r r e n c r e lorfqu'il examina férieufement ce deffein , il y trouva un obftacle infurmontable. Les Prifonniers , qu'il interrogea fur les vents q u i régnent près de la C ô t e , l'alTurerent qu'à une médiocre diftance du rivage, on avoir un calme rout plat pendant la plus grande partie de la nuit , & que vers le matin il s'élevoit toujours un vent de Terre. Ainfr le projet de mettre le foir à la voile , pour arriver dans le cours de la n u i t , devant la Place , devenoit une entreprife impoiîible ( S 3 ) . 1! cil forcé Les Anglois fe feraient épargné de de rcau à ^ impatiences & d'inutiles rai» ChC raorte es Chcquetan, ( 8 3 ) Ibidem, pages 1S1 & pr.écédentt£. fonnernens , s'ils avoient pu fçavoir , AHSON. comme ils le feurent dans la fuite , que -* l'Ennemi avoir reconnu qu'ils étoient fur la Côte , ôç qu'il avoit mis un Embargo fur le Galion jufqu'à l'année fuivanteMais demeurant toujours perfuadés qu'ils n'étoient pas découverts, ce ne fut que la néceifité de leur fituation , qui leur fit prendre le parti de chercher de l'eau. Ils réfolurent de fe rendre au Port de Seguataneio, par-ce qu'il étoic le moins éloigné. Les Chaloupes , qu'ils avoient envoyées >our reconnaître l'Aiguade , revinrent e 5 d'Avril, après avoir découvert de l'eau excellente environ fept milles à l'Oueft des Rochers de Seguataneio, O n jugea , par les deferiptions , que ce devoit être le Port que Dampier nomme Chequetan. M. Anfon. renvoya les Chaloupes pour le fonder , & s'y rendit, à leur retour , après avoir appris que c'étoit une Rade , où l'Efcadre pouvoit être fans danger. L'Auteur croit en devoir une defDefcrïptïon cription exacte. Le P o r t , ou la R a d e de Chequetan, eft à dix-fept degrés trente-fix minutes de latitude Septentrionale , & à ttente lieues d'Acapulco , du côté de l'Oueft. Dans l'étendue de dix-huit lieues, à compter d'A- f d e c c P o i t 45^ ~ANSON. l H I S T O I R E G É N É R A L E capulco , on trouve un rivage fablon*74 n e u x , fur lequel les vagues fe brifent avec tant de violence, qu'il eftimpoffïble d'y aborder. Cependant le fond de la Mer y eft fi n e t , que dans la belle faifon les Vaiiîèaux peuvent mouiller fûrement à un mille ou deux du eôtcàl'oueft rivage. Le Pays eft affez bon. Il paroît 4'Aca ulco. P b b i DES V O Y A G E S. L i r . II. 457 1 7 4 1 - ; p , a n t é ^ r e m p U d e V i U a g e s. & fur quelques éminences , on voir des T o u r s , q u i fervent appatemment d'Echauguettes. Cette Perfpettive n'a rien que d'agréable. Elle eft bornée , à quelques lieues du rivage , par une chaîne de Montagnes , q u i s'étend fort loin à droire & à gauche d'Acapulco. Les Anglois furent furpris feulement , que dans un efpace de dix-huit lieues de Pays, le plus peuplé de toutes ces C ô t e s , on n'apperçoive p a s , le long du rivage, une feule Barque, n i le moindre C a n o t , pour le Commerce ou pour la Pêche. Cinq milles au-delà, & toujours à l'Oueft, on trouve u n Mondrain, qui fe préfente d'abord comme une Ifle : trois milles plus loin , à l'Oueft , on voit un Rocher blanc affez remarquable , à deux cables du rivage , dans une Baye d'environ neuf lieues d'ouverture. Sa Pointe Occidentale forme une Montagne , qui fe nomme Petaplan. C'eft propreANSON. ment une prefqu'Ifle, jointe au C o n tinent par une Langue de terre-baffe ^"""f & étroite , couverte de broffailles &c ¥' ' de petits rochers. Ici commence la Baye 4 de Seguaraneio , qui s'étend fort loin à l'Oueft de celle de Petaplan, & d o n t celle-ci n'eft qu'une partie. A l'entrée de cette B a y e , & à quelque diftance . de la Montagne , on découvre un amas de Rochers , blanchis des excrémens 'I de divers Oifeaux. Quatre de ces R o I chers, qui font plus gros que les auI très, &c qui ont allez l'apparence d'u% ne Croix, s'appellent les Moines blancs. j . Ils font à l'Oueft , vers le Nord d e . . P e t a p l a n ; & fept milles à l e u r O u e f t , on entre dans le Port de C h e q u e t a n , qui eft encore mieux marqué par un gros R o c h e r , à un mille & demi d e fon entrée , au Sud. demi Quart à ; l'Oueft ( 9 4 ). d c e eta w 1 1 e tr c ne ; Si l'on côtoie la Terre d'aflèz p r è s , DiffiçutéV il eft impoflîble de ne pas reconnoître é^METIA le Port de Chequetan à toutes ces mar" = cheques. La Côte eft fans danger, depuis le milieu d'Octobre jufqu'àu commencernent de May ; quoique dans le refP o d q u e t a n - (94) L'Auteur joint ici diverfes Cartes , qui rç& f réfentent la Baye , le Porc 6c l'Aiguade. Toms, XLI t J£ 458 1 H I S T O I R E S E N E R À I ! ANSON. te de l'année elle foie expofée à des tourbillons violens, à des pluies abondantes , Se à des vents impétueux de toutes les pointes du Compas. Ceux qui fe tiendroient à une diftance considérable de la Côte , n'auroienr pas d'autre moyen de trouver ce Port , que par fa latitude. Le dedans du Pays a tant de Montagnes, élevées les unes âu-deflus des autres, qu'on ne diftingue rien par les vues prifes d'un peu loin en Mer. Chaque point de vue découvre de nouvelles Montagnes, & donne des afpeéts fi différens, qu'il n'y a poinr de Plan qu'on puifle compter d e reconnoître. L'entrée du Port n'a qu'un demi mille de largeur. Les deux Pointes qui la forment, Se qui représentent deux Rochers prefque perpendiculaires , font ,• l'une à l'égard de l'aut r e , Sud-Eft & Nord-Ouèft. Le Port «ft environné de hautes Montagnes, couvertes d'arbres, excepté vers l'Oueft. Son entrée elt fûre , de quelque côté qu'on veuille pafler du Rocher , qui £ft Situé vis-à-vis de fon embouchure. Hors du P o r t , le fond eft de gravier, mêlé de pierres ; mais , dans l'inrérieur, il eft de vafe molle. La feule précaution néceffaire , en y mouillant, regarde les groftes houles que la Mer y poulfe D E S VOYAGES. LIV. II. 4 5 9 quelquefois. Les Anglois obferverent ANSON. "~ que la marée eft de cinq pieds, & qu'el* le court à peu près Eft Se Oueft. L'Aiguade ne leur parut qu'un grand situation gç Etang, fans décharge, Se Séparé de la f Aiguade. Mer par le rivage. Il eft rempli par une fource, qui fort de terre un demi mille plus loin dans le Pays. L'eau en eft un peu faumache, Surtout du côté de la Mer ; car , plus on avance vers la fource, plus elle eft douce Se fraîche. Cette différence obligea les Anglois de remonter le plus haut qu'il fut poflîble , pour remplir leurs tonneaux , Se ne leur caufa pas peu d'embarras. Ils employèrent des Pirogues , qui tiroient forr peu d'eau , Se de très petites futailles , qu'ils rapportoient par la même voie , jufqu'au rivage , où elles éroient vuidées dans les grandes. , ? 4 1 Le Pays voifin , fur-tout celui qu'on (¡90 V>Mpage J?P. 4<JO H I S T O I R E ~ ANSOÎ). GÉNÉRALE DES VOYAGES. IÎV . II. 461 1 a décrie, avoir paru fi peuplé & fi. bien '74icultivé, que les Anglois s'étoient flattés courte inuJ ' i ¿Q i e s . Le Chef d'Efcae n c r e r S v vl tile des An, giois dans fays voifm. t-i • 1 i le dre envoya un Parti de quarante hombien armés, pour découvrir quelque Village , & former quelque liaifon avec les Habitans. C e détachement revint le foir , après avoir lait environ dix milles , dans un chemin inconnu , où il trouvoit fouvent du crorin de cheval 8c de mule. A cinq milles du P o r r , le chemin fe divife entre des Montagnes ; 8c de ces deux routes, l'une meneàl'Eft , 8c l'autre vers l'Oueft. Le malheur des Anglois leur fit prendre la toute de l'Eft, qui les conduifit dans u n e grande Savanne , où ils ne ceflerent j)as de marcher, fans y appercevoir aucune marque de culture. La chaleur 8c la foif les forcèrent enfin de rerourner vers TEfcadre : mais ils attachèrent à quelques piques , qu'ils plantèrent fur la route , des billets en langue Efpagnole, par lefqucls ils invitoient les Habitans à leur apporter des vivres , qu'ils promertoient de payer fidèlement. Cette précaution fut inutile, & perfonne ne parut pendant le féjour qu'ils firent dans le Port. Ils apprirent , dans la fuite , qu'en tournant à l'Oueft , ils auraient biea-tôt découvert une Ville m e s x .ou un Bourg, qui n'eft éloigné que de ANS'ONT"' deux milles de l'endroit où le chemin fe ^i divife. L'inutilité de leurs tentatives , R ^ î c h i f pour engager les Habitans à leur fourpy/r, ' nir des vivres , les réduific aux rafraîchiflemens qu'ils purent trouver aux ¿11virons du Port. Ils y prirent des Mail quereaux , des Brèmes , des Mulets, des Soles 8c des Homars. C'eft le feul endroit de ces Mers où ils péchèrent des Torpilles, poiflon p l a t , qui reflemble ; beaucoup à la Raie , & qui tire fon nom d'une propriété finguliere,qu'il a dans la Mer du Sud , comme dans celles d'Afrique 8c de l'Inde. L'Auteur éprouva, |i ^ que non-feulemenr ceux qui marchent'» Mer d« déifias reflentent un véritable engour' diffement par tout le corps, fur tout dans la partie qui a touché immédiatement à la Torpille , mais qu'en appuyant une canne fur le corps de ce poiffon , le bras qui la foutient demeura ^ quelque temps engourdi, 8c qu'il eu | l ' refte quelque chofe jufqu'au lende"îf* main. 1 , > i J T o r p ! e s S a i Si On ce fia ici de voir des Tortues , & A U T R E S Ailles Chaloupes étoient obligées d'en aller ' j "I (?<0 PAGE 410« 46Z I N S H I S T O I R E G É N É R A L E CES VOYAGES. Llr II. $<S$ ON. prendre devant la Baye de Petaplan. Lis Terre ne fournit gueres d'autres Anim a u x ' q u e des Lézards, qu'on y trouve en grand nombre , & que la plupart des Matelots mangeoient avec goût. Les Alligators y font petits. Tous les jours> au m a t i n , on appercevoit, fur le fable de l'Aiguade, les traces d'un grand nombre de Tigres : mais loin d'être auffi dangereux que dans l'Afrique & l'Afie , ils n'attaquent prefque jamais les hommes. Les Faifans , qui font en abondance , & de plufieurs efpeces, fur la C ô t e , offriroienr unereflource toujours préfente, ii leur chair n etoit feche &C fans goût. On y v o i t , d'ailleurs , une grande variété d'autres Oifeaux de moindre groff e u r , particulièrement des Perroquets, que les Anglois tuoient fouvent pour s'en nourrir. Les fruirs, les herbages & les racines y font rares & de peu d'ufage. A peine les Bois fourniffoient-ils allez de Limons pour l'ufage journalier de l'Efcadre , avec quelque Papas, & certe efpece de Prune qui p o r t e , à la Jamaïque , le nom de Prune à Cochon. La feule herbe, qui mérite d'être nommée , eft la Morjeline. Elle croît furies bords des ruilfeaux ; & fon amertume n'empêche pas les Matelots d'en manger avidement, parce qu'elle paffe pour u n Antifcorbiuique. M . Anfon , toujours atreàu; à i'infANSOH. truction de ceux qui fréquenteroient ces ' . . 1 ^ „ Obfeivauons Mers après l u i , remarqua , vers 1 Uuelt porede du P o r t , un Pays alfez étendu , qui pachequetan. roiffoit double , avec une efpece d'ouverrure , à laquelle il trouva quelque apparence d'un fécond Port. Il ne manqua point d'y envoyer une Chaloupe : mais on trouva que les deux Montagnes , qui forment ce Pays double, font jointes par une Vallée , & ne laiffenc entr'elles ni Port ni Rade. En général , quoique le Port de Chequetan ne fourniffè que des rafraîchiffemens médiocres , fa connoiflance eft importante pour la Navigation. Ceft le feul mouillage fur, dans une grande étendue d e Côtes ; à l'exception d'Acapulco , q u i eft occupé par les Efpagnols, On y peur faire tranquillement de l'eau &c du bois , malgré les Habirans du Pays. Les Bois, qui l'environnent, n'ont qu'un chemin é r r o i t , du Rivage aux Terres voifines, Se ce Paffage peut être gardé par un Parti peu considérable, contre toutes les forces que les Efpagnols du Pays feroient capables de raflembler ( 9 7 ) . La faifon ne permertant plus aux tes Anglais Anglois de nourrir une vaine e f p é r a n ^ V 1 V vr f l i r l c b r e r e u r s *• <?7) Pages 414 IC ptécédearcs. l pelles ce renvoyen: leur» *»f«rnj*r*. Viv> 4t)4 ANSON. 7 4 1 , HISTOIRE GÉNÉRALE DES VOYAGES. LIV. IL 465 ANSON. I 7 ce , ils ne penferent qu'à fe délivrer dè ' tout ce qui pouvoit retarder leur Navigation jufqu a la Chine. Les trois Bâtimens Efpagnols, qu'ils avoient équipés , furent facrifiés à la fureté du Centurion Se du Glocefter. M . Anfon prit le parti de les brûler, pour faire pafler leurs Equipages Se leurs agrets fur ces deux Vaifleaux, qui n'auroient pu réfifter , fans ce fecours, aux Mers oraeufes de la Chine , où il comptoir 'arriver vers le changemenr des Mouffons. Il fe détermina aufli à renvoyer tous fes Prifonniers, à la réferve des -Mulârres, Se de quelques Nègres des plus vigoureux. Le Brett, qui s'avança , pour cette Commifllcri , jufqu'â l'entrée du Porr d'Acapulco , en prit occafion de lever le Plan de cette Entrée Se de la Côte voifine ( 9 8 ) . FaiiîTesidées £ q i t ] Côte d'Amérique, le n u t t a n a desAngîois, tn pertant n. • j 6 de M a i , 1 Elcadre le promettoit de ro-ar ia cmf j j a v e r f é e , du Mexique aux C ô tes Orientales de l'Ane , en moins de deux mois. Elle porta au Sud-Oueft , dans le deflein de tomber fous les vents a r e atr alifés , qui viennent du Nord-Efl", Se qui , fui vaut les Journaux des Navigateurs précédens , doivent fe faire fentir à la diftance de foixante-dix ou quatre-vingt lieues de Terre. Outre cette raifon de. gouverner au Sud , les Anglois vouloient gagner le treize ou quatorzième degré de latitude du Nord , qui eft le parallèle qu'on fuit otdinairement dans la Mer du S u d , Se celui dans lequel on eft perfuadé qu'il y a le moins de danger. Mais ils tinrent cette route l'efpace de fept Semaines, avant que de renoncer le vent qu'ils cherchoient ; Se n'en ayant trouvé que de contraires ou de variables , ils n'avoient fait que le quart du chemin vers les Côtes les plus Orientales de l'Aile , lorfque , Suivant leurs eSpérances, ils y dévoient être arrivés dans cet intervalle. D'ailleurs , les deux Vaifleaux Souffraient déjà beaucoup du feorbut , Se des divers accidens, qui menaçoient la charpente. C'eft un Sentiment général, _ i _ j 1 1 J> * " j *" (98) L'Auteur le donne. Ce Plan repréfeute la Painte Occidentale de l'Entrée , qui fe nomme ElGriffe, a feize degrés quarantecinq minutes de latitude; anelile , qui redoit, à l'égard du Spectateur , au Nord vers l'Eft , à trois lieues de didance , & qui fait la Pointe Occidenre de I'Enttée ; le Port Marquis ; Sierra-di-Brea , un Rocher blanc dans le Port , 8c des Echauguetes. q u u n e grande abondance d eau Se de provifions fraîches , eft un puiffanr préfervatif contre le Scorbut : ces deux Secours ne manquoient point aux Anglois. Ils y joignoient d'autres précautions , qui confiftoienr à nett-.yer .fpigneufement leurs Vaifleaux , Se à Yv Hs reconjmeiicentbicnd o u c e t o ; àfoufrar* 4<fcî ANSONT " i7 H I S T O I R E GÉNÉRALE * ' z ©hfervations fut le fcorbut. tenir les écoutilles & les fabords ouverts, CependantJesMalades ne s'enportoient pas mieux. On avoit fuppofé , en doublant le Cap de Horn , que la malignité du mal étoit venue de la rigueur du temps •, mais un Climat chaud n'y changea rien. L'Aureur en conclut, que lorfque le fcorbut a pris une certaine force, il ne peut être guéri qu'à rerre, j • > J J'/T. J DES VOYAGES. LlV. IL 467 I 7 4 i ou du moins a peu de dittance du rivage. » On n'acquérera jamais, dir-il, » une connoiffance exacte de fa caufe^ » mais on conçoir aifément , qu'il faut » un renouvellemenr d'air frais pour » entretenir la vie des Animaux , & » que cet air , fans perdre fon élafti* » cité, ni aucune de fes propriétés con» n u e s , peut être tellement altéré par » les vapeurs qui s'élèvent de l'Océan , » qu'il en devienne moins propre à con« ferver la vie des Animaux rerreirres , « à moins qu'elles ne foient corrigées » par une forte d'exalaifon , que la terre » feule eft capable de fournir ( 9 9 ). (99) A n f m , T o m e I I I , part de Londres. Il fit donpages 9 & 10. Dans le ner un de ces deux remètrflle état des deux Equides , ou tous deux , à dipages , M. Anfon fit une verfes perfonnes, dans tous expérience fott remarquales degrés de la maladie. ble La réputation des PiUn de ceux qui en firent lules 8c des Gouttes de M. l'elfai , commença à faiWatd , l'avoit porré à gner violemment du nez ; j'en fournit ayant fon dé& quoiqu'il fût prefque à Les malheurs communs , n'empêcheANSO*. rent pas d'obferver, qu'il fe pafîoir rarement trois jours de fuire, fans qu'on , oifeaux vît une grande quantité d'Oifeaux, fi contre " e n gne certain que ces Mers contiennent piei = « un plus grand nombre d'Ifles, ou du moins de Rochers, qu'on en a découverr jufqu'à préfenr. La plupart de ces Oifeaux étoient de ceux qui font leur féjour à terre-, & la manière, comme le tems de leur arrivée, ne laiffoit pas dourer qu'ils ne vinflènt le matin de quelque endroit peu éloigné, & qu'ils n'y retournaffent le foir. L'heure de leur paffage, & celle de leur retour , qui varioient par degrés , firenr juger que certe différence ne pouvoit venir que du plus ou moins d'éloignemenc de leur retraite. On eut le vent alifé, fans la moinQ M c r l'agonie , il fe trouva bientôc mieux ïnfuite , il fe forriiia, quoiqu'avec lenteur ; & c quinze jours après, il acheva de fe rérablir à terre. D'autres fentirentun foulïgement,qui dura peu; & d'autres ne fureur pas foulages. Mais les uns Se les autres ne fe trouvèrent pas plus mal , que s'ils n'euiîènt rien pris du tout. Ce qu'il y a de plus iîngu lier, c'eft que le remède agiffbit à proportion des forces du Malade. La plûparr de ceux qui ne pouvoientplusvivre que deux ou trois jours, n'en étoient pas atFe£tés. Dans les a u tres , il opéroit par la tranfpjration ou par l e v o miiTemenr, ou comme une douae purgation. Dans ceux qui avoieut encore toutes leurs forces, il produifoir les mêmes effets avec violence. Ibid, pagis 1 1 & u. Yvj 4^8 ANSO-J. 1 7 4 1 , H I S T O I R E G É N É R A L E DES VOYAGES. Lit. II. 46c) ANSON. , 7 4 1 drc variation , depuis la fin de J u i n ^ jufques vers celle de Juillet. Mais le 16 M. A n f o n f e d e ce m o i s , torique fuivant l'Eftime, Détermine a brûler le Glo o n ,, 11 e t o l c a s a i u s 1 • 1• P p l de trois cens lieues «efter. des Mes Marianes (1) , il tourna malheureufement à l'Oueft. Ce fâcheux contre-temps , qui éloignoit l'alîurance d e fortir de peine , èc plufieurs difgraces irréparables, qui arrivèrent au Glocefter, firenr prendre la réfolution de détruire ce Vaifieau par le feu. Elle fut exécutée, après des peines infinies , pour faire palTer fur le Centurion l'argent & les vivres j feules nchelles qu'on pût fauver d'un malheureux Bâtiment qui étoit prêt à s'enfoncer , & dont l'Equipage ne confiftoit plus qu'en foixante dix-fept H o m m e s , d i x h u i t Garçons, &deux Prifbnniets. Les Malades , qui étoient au nombre de foixante dix , furent tranfportés dans la Chaloupe , avec tout le foin qu'on devoit à leur foiblelfe. Cependant, il en mourut trois ou quatre , dans le temps qu'on les hiffoit pour les faire entres dans le Centurion, •ïxtrêmité où Ce renfort ne laiiToit pas d'être exiombe" à "on "êmement avantageux , pour l'unique iour. Vaifieau qui reftoit de l'Efcadre. Mais ( i ) L'Auteur leur dorme toujours Jeur ancien ROJO , d'Ifles des LAílOStí., il avoit été détourné de fon cours , & porté fort loin au Nord , par la tempère qui avoit été fi fatale au Glocefter. Le Courant , qui avoit la même direction , ayant aufîi contribué à le faire avancer , il fe trouvoit à dix-fept degrés & un quart de latitude au N o r d , au lieu de treize & demi , qui étoit le parallèle qu'il devoir fuivre pour arriver à l'líle de Guam. Les Pilotes , ignoraient à quelle diftance ils étoient du Méridien des Illes Marianes &c croiant n'en êtte pas loin, ils appréhendoient que fans s'en être apperçus , le Courant ne les eût portés fous le vent de ces Illes. I 7 4 1 H I S T O I R E G E N E R A L E défefpéroienr de fermer entièrement s ' avant qu'pn eût mouillé dans un Port* ilsdécouvrenc Au milieu de ces allarmes, le ven deux des mes é „ 4 f î c h î r au Nord Eft » c c a t e ra Marianes. i l s abordent àiTfledeTiman. n & la direction du Courant ayant tourné au Sud , on eut la fatisfaótion d'appercevoir , le lendemain à la pointe du j o u r , deux Ifles du côté de l'Oueft. La plus proche , comme on l'apprit dans la fuite, étoit celle d'Anatacan , dont on ne fe crut qu'à quinze lieues. Elle parut montueufe , de de médiocre grandeur. L'autre étoit celle de Serigan , qui avoir l'apparence d'un Rocher , plutôt que d'un endroit où l'on pût mouiller. La Chaloupe , qu'on y envoya, ne revint que pour confirmer cette opinion. Un vent de t e r r e , n'ayant pas permis de s'approcher d'Anatacan , on perdit cette Ifle de vue le 16 d'Août ; mais le matin du jour fuivant, on découvrit celles de Saypan , de Tinian > & d'Agnigan. M . Anfon , fit gouververs Tinian , qui elt enrre les deux e r „ •{ autres. Comme il n ignoroit pas que les Efpagnols avoient une Garnifon à G u a m , il prit diverfes précautions pour fa fûreré. L'impatience de recevoir quelque information, fur les propriétés de P i l l e , lui fir arborer le Pavillon Efpag n o l , dans l'efpoir que les Inlklaireç. A , B . Côh</ui art-itu.fof . 0 . J). Cs/v ijtu ivt<ecu<r /e -vmfE.E . O . II. Cadre ijuitfetv/tJ tlurnème cète 1 , IhA's du nulieu du. (itdtv t>ule JFfatw/fuve . K.X.. Ve/il Canot au />ou( i/eee Cadre. , 31..N.P. CU_ JDt'Utc />/ut<r, /un de/a.pr.rut', l.'tu/n/e CaJre . YL.S.I /<z/idie/>/<iree au eèle <lu prej jrnur ous Je uenlpour iémpee/ier de puis erpar ù-/i< Fil Ju c vte } PLAN D U P R O S ?&3 DES VOYAGES. LIT. II. 471 , 7 4 1 PROS V U PAR E A Z<» Cadre •rcndie/i/'iiero/i PROTJE e( /epetil -th/iot LJUU eevti'mi.te,eist.du cote cjiu eo'f-'o'oiur ie i>e/il~ < /u /0/ ' BATIMENT L E G E R D E S I S L E S DES TARONS T.XT.N. XIV. |
2378097_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Takuya Muro () adalah pemain sepak bola asal Jepang.
Karier
Takuya Muro pernah bermain untuk Okinawa Karuyushi FC, Bay Olympic, Tokyo Verdy, Sagan Tosu dan Oita Trinita.
Pranala luar
Pemain sepak bola Jepang.
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github_open_source_100_1_114 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | {% macro form(meteoFranceType) %}
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report02boargoog_14 | US-PD-Books | Public Domain | Oct. 30,1897 ia.(^7.90 13.66 ,^^^^^^1 ^m L'Argent loGlbBcm. Sea 0,. 680 TOO Enlarg'Dt. Noi'.soastr: 14,5.'S6.18 13.95 ^^^^^^1 ■ L'Argent to Glbaon. See. 10.. 680 700 Enlariif'nt. Dec. 28.185*7 15,665.68 ia9& ^H^^^l Lr'Argent to Gibson. Sec. 11 680 70O|Hnlarsr nt. Peb.ll,lH»8 17,108^ 13.95 ^vB^^I L' Argent to Gibson, Sec. 12.. Delhi Section 1 680 aiOlEnittrgni Feb, i5.18iMS 16,600.48 18.115 y^5^w 680 NOOlEnlarp'nt April 4,1 WW Mar 1L18WS 1.*^ 496.73 18.00 aj07 7r Rifle Point. Section 8. ... . ,„. 680 4,200 KularK'nt. ;t5;864.16 9*00 Morvlllc. ,,...,,...., 710 4,W2 Enlargnl 4,(i5IEnlarg'iat, Dec 13 Mr? 28,385.76 25,758.06 8.50 9.90 2,408 51 ^5§0 6fi Morvllt© to Greens 712 Dec.20.1«l7 E St* ranzfi Section 5......,, 7 1.") SOOEnlargnt. Apr. i;i808 16,111.61 10.50 3,141 7» Espei-»n3ta, Section 7 ....... 7JS 800 Enlftrg'nt. Feb. 28, 1808 15,0^.88 19.90 %9an Esperanjui, Section 8 715 700 EniftrKnl Feb. 5,l8fl« 14,294 <W 19,90 S.MS6B Eiippranza. Section 9 716 SOClEnlargnt, Apr. 4.1808 15.061.88 19.90 2.997 21 P J T OF BUAKD OF STATE ENGi^KEBS, STATEMENT Xo. li^.-^Con tinned. NAMJB OF LEVEE g 5 I I I Pi B B o I Lower Tensas Dtst— Conrd. imr-ism. 715 EaperiiDzu, Section IL EspcrftDza, Section H | 715 Eaperanza, i^ritiwn 20. , Esperanxa, Section 21 15 71o Espeniniii. Seition2» t 7t5j Esperanztt, Soctloiii 24 AHhli-y to Fairview* Svc. L Ashley to Puirvlew, S4?c, 7. Ajihlf y to Falr\'lcw. Sec. 8. Falrvit'W .,..,, ., GUM8Co€k. AtchafftlATtt District 1.1, See. 3. id, See. a 1 Sec. il, -wd,See. i uisvi'A, Sec. 'J K*cconrei lo i^otiRWd. Sec* U Riiceouroi to JvoDi^'wd, Sec. 4 RiifCcourci lo Lotij^w d, Sec, '* Rficcourci lo Lonjyw'd. Sec, 1:0' Raccourci lo Tjon>rWa, See U , Raccourci to Lonjfw'd. Sec.l2 RAccuurcl to LoD}?^w'd, See. 13 Ruccourci to Longw'd. See.N Poche lo M organza. Sec. I Pocht' to Morf^ai^itiL, Sec. 2 Pfuhf to Morg^anza, Sec, 5 mm. ^1e. ' e. Section 1 ,ir-e, Section 2 .., ■ - ^.-.p*ie. Sflctiou a . Coup«f», eelioii 4-^. ■A to Lakeland, see, 3. \iki9Hii la Lakeland. Sec. ^.. k& to Lakeland. Sec 4.. Hk{% to Lakelaadi St^c, 5,. valU. ,..,-.. lid*? }i»v ...,..-.... ' •■' Wlldwood. Seel WildWdXJd, Sec- 21 VVildivood. Sec.H uu Ui Wlldwood, SecJ+ ftle to Allendale, Sec. 1 Hie to Allendf!*^ S*-p i 7li 8'rj' 7tt5 728. 725; 7«J 7«?7 707, 7ii7 767 7h;| 78^' 7f«t! 7.S.1I 7H3 7.SJ 7m T.t{ 7<V 78:t! 7s: 787 7h7 1\H 711; 7\»: 7«7 7»7 800EnliirRDt. mitJEnlHrg'nt. l,0<XVEnlQrg*nt. 7fJ7|Enlaig'Dt. 1.21K> i:nlarK'nt l,;itn) i:nhirg tit £,:«»■ Enhvr^rit jEnlariT ftt. .^OQOEnlarg'nt 3,2»U 1,062 Enlarg'nt, Xcw New lllEvaD Hall 1 883' it^^llBDlarg nt .>.30O:EiilHri.- ni 0,100 EtiliirK' nt 4/.MMs!EEihiri^ nl 4^l,EQhirK'nt. 2,00(»EBh\fgnt. j.fiOi)>.idiirk-'nt. 2,<J<HI Hnlar^''ui. 2,m) En]urt:-ni. 2AXJ<i Ktilarg'ni 2,<)iX) Knlnrff'nT 2,0 HI Eiihirw'nt 2,(m:i0 Knliirp ni 1,S1J Kiilarg nt :),:40i) EnlarK nt. h;W t'^inhir^'' nt ;^M2 KnlarR nt. :t,lM:: Kntiirgni. l.,H<>3 EnhirK'nt l,0tK> Kiiluri.' ni 2,400 Enlar^ nl. Enlarir'&t. EjslRrg'nt, Enlai^'nt. Enlarg'nl. Enlarg*nt, Bslargnt, Ealttrg'tJi „ Enlarg nt. .VWOEnlar^nt. »,Wi) Enlarg nt H.200 Enh*rg*nt iy«15 fclrjlarg'nt 2.20<) Kultirtrnt, 2,h)0 Enlarg ni. '2 IM Knlarg nt 2;mk> fc:ol!irg in 2,2l)t) KnUrg nt 1.400 Enlarg'nt. 9^W^ Enlarg'nt. 2,475 4.1200 4,'JOO 4.70t> 5,800 4J27 3,HO0 4.4fl<l Jhq. 17,1898 Apr.ll,lWI» Aprll.lWm Mar 18. 1 WW FebJ«,lN08 iMar.t.H.lSim ;Jiin,24,lKM8 'C.21,lft97 Dec.21.1Sl*7 FeKriJ»>H Apr.n,l^«W INCH,2H,16WJ |Sep. |,Vlf«>fl July27J8Mi [July 2jr (July 27,18^6 lOet lf?,lHWI ;Ocl. 1«,1K!NI XoV.28.1KJktJ( Jan IMHW7I il't'l3.iai>iS)7i ;N%jv.:i0.1h1Mi Nov.30.lW»tl| UecJd.lS^Ml Ih eJHlHlMS Nov.^.MMj NTovJ-jSlKi Dec. 2JMHi Miir.iajS^I7| Mur.ia.lHtt7 Sep.'iLMHlHl Sep. 2 lH9r5i Aug2r>J8Wll Aug 2.Tt,1^9»ii JulV-^JHJWi! July 2, l>i5WSi Dec 2?. IS'" Sep. 1!*,):- net, ».l^ Julv22.1>- J II I V 22. 1 HI K Sov 2,kSiM. Oct. 8,lHi44t Aug. Jt,lM%I Sep, Itl 18N)i Sep Its, ISJlfi. .TuneU*.|K<¥J| Junel1l.lHi>ir JunclUjmWi July :\,im[\ ia»74&Q5 14(»5 54 H,7?W).00 15,0S2 r^-i injm 85 lti,2:tl.40 l.i^Wli) Oil 18,00*111 U.JJ«4.W H7J8.2SI 44^11*114 laooi 10.00 IfJ.OO i:t.70 11.70 1,170 1:1.70 KMlfl loorj 0.24 10.24 2tK«0 (k7Qll.8fl 12.00 26.8S»^ H.ii ^.534.01 aifi 25.32(i54 8,4.7 'm.imM 8,4j> laim(W aoo lJl,;wip< 1^.00 15,701.27 HIKI 18,2t>10 A.m l(Vi"j2 12 8.00 0, M:iH8 0.00 10 l<i;LM 0.00 H,7l0..t0 aoo 12,:»7H.y!j ROO iia.ir»..'»2 tJ.OCJ :!0 rjiW.^i-'i 10.1K) 25> :»8«1.H1 12.0t» i;{:di.s:t 11.00 27.072. so fi.W liiHW.21) l;i.5() i;*4iXi27 114W M8Sii.07 s*.oi:» I R 024.84 H.rjO 2t.i:i;W.72 7,7,1 2i»J>K«.07 7ja 27,00f1.27 7.78 J7HtiA4 7.73 ■':'""' y."), B.4h K.4,> ; lO.fiO ■< ■ . i-i 10.1)0 J , : .|,-;.h lO.IJO J 1,- Ji. J7 10.00 ,-iif,ilM|.OS It 00 20/2SL.'Jl 0.00 20,i7aO(J o.vw 20,J4l.i^> tf.OO 20,i*8i».41 o.uo 1U.S5KIJ9 O.IM) 20^376.40 W.HO rnoe»70 a.JO 2,011 18 2 TiJO tW 2,7tl8 88 1,200 40 2.001) »1 2.288 M 2,23*1 Oil i.rjoo 00 l.HOO m 1,320 13 8»2 76 8.MI2 i)8 810 82 2,224 08 KEPORT OF HOARD OF STATE £INGIN££1£S. STATEMENT No. 12.— a^utinued. NAME OF LE\^E s * 1 s 0 i ? s Ji 8 2 •g y <& a o T,^ F* a, Po&wiLiLrtriifti nist— OomVdL 18071806. Tinp* ciiDoe Whluhali. ...... Lafourche District. Ti u»d3S.. I&iectiuu^ dti, ^7, 38 nod 39. .. 1l« P1w«» ., .,. - ,U} -. ..,,.., Section 1 V'i»it.'*>ur AitJjr, JSeiitioii 2, Stur to Kllloim, St-ction 1 ... Slur to KUloaa. SeotJon 2 . ,. Astiion » Lone su>r.. --...., *- Pft1rfi"i'i ^'"'tirto I F»ir '.n2 .... ...... Coli ^n Section l., D»v*a v.. .-V...V Star Section 2 II, 12, 13 ,,, Jl 22. 28 il, 2a.20. , liotiNocour ...,., White Rooe Liike Borpoe District. 18«liHiW7. Sl«Qglit«rbou»a extensioti. Boy . ,.. >....., issa mi mi MO am im MM fm 8dd 887 m mi m'i m> mi H02 sou BS2 mi VHI MflO l,4»8 1J17 2 0*« 1.526 l,.itu l/AN I 242 1,1172 ltT22 1,5W 4,M«I 5Aki 2,^00 0.746 5.173 5.22W 4.277 4,212 :t.7Wt 4.100 4,1(>0 3,1K)0 3,nao 2,&44 8.227 ti0» AMi ft,CCil> 4.4CI7 a,2K!V 1.«I7 Enlarg'nl Enlarg'Qt Entat^*tii Kniurff'nt ICiiljir^' nt Knlurjir'nl Enlttr^r'ni Enlursr'nl EnlurK'nt Enlurji-'tit I- ■/. ■" ■ f 1-. . , . .. l-.riliiru:'ikt Enlur^'rit EnlHTg at New New...... New Enlarg'nt Enlurg'jit Enlnrg'nt, Enlarg'nt EnlktrK'nt Enlarg'ul Enlarg'nt Enlargnt Eahirg Dl. b^Qlurg'nt. iKnliirjf'nt lEnUrg nt. EnJurg'nt Enlarg nl Eularjr'Dt. Knlarg'nt 'Enlarg'nt, |iRnl»rg*nt Enlarp'nt iEuhiritr'al Eiilarg'nl Ove. 27,197 Fotj.lOjSS*' Uic\2ll im*7 'iav !.*T.!H'r7 DtH*. 20JKH7 h*.-b.lO,lHS*H| Ff b m IH!»K Apr. «.1K!IH AllK' 7.l8t»7| Auk lft.l»*W7 Aug.'i(t,]097 .\ug.2tf4S97 Nov.2R,l«t» MurJ8,lH?l7 jMar.iMMrr' Mur.24jK;iTI Mur. fi.l>i1*7 Mtin 8.l«>7 ,Iuly22,lKi*fi Jul.V 6JSHCJ , Aug.27JWiMi !Jtt0\21.i«f7 Nov.l7.IJ<ll^^ !oct. \A,\m\ lOet. Vi,mHl Mur. ri,i»r; Oct. HAmi !l>ec.2H,18f»H IScD. iWjHiMi Dec. 4,1806 Enlarg'nr Aug. 12,1807 Enlurg'nt Aug. 12,Kssi7 Knlttrg'nl 'Aug 12J«5>7 Enlurgnt Aug.iai«17 Enlarg nt.lOct. 1M,1S97 2,3W Enlarg'nt. Nov J8,18Wl 4,2fia56 ft.58Q Enlarg^nt. Mifcr.l2.t«87 9,SI>L4I 15,7A6»t$ 19,407.W 17,15H2H 3M>KH.t>l 21,HH3.tl« i<i,ii«H,;!..i J.VJ>2<t7 I4.72.''ifl*i| 18,t*lM.HK| 11 (Urtl J7| 12 40<i.7T| ll,474.-iS lU,o7aK7 S,7H2.Jt«i 2l.1>fNJ.(« 22,4*"kU(1 2,W.77 II. 574.425 l;i.lW4r| I;{.,ViI!.:m> 2lJHMni lajfis m 12,fH0.ll 25.JW7.Ui i2.;vtMi 17,<iVl.M2 i6ji7..r> ii»,:T(io.!« 20.im7H 14,14:J..^7 27.i;y.4i ^J,IJ77.CX> 30.tlHJ>.HM| 23,tf7H €0 12,«lfi3.«7 13..'t7« 00 l:t,8tl6.W7 14,406.^7 »,527,77 13,00 17.00 n.Ofi lOJKi ioin< lO.tnf 10 rn» IO-J»H lO.lKt 10. J HI lotni lO.W 14 00 H.15 7.H2 940 8.45 ..I 10- PO ti?tfi 11, HI I J0.70 I0.7U 10.70 10.7(1 10.70 »,8ll 14.00 18.50 S;<08 84 2.523 02 ft.foh.% 07 2,801 :io t(Jl4 21 l..yt7 02 2iMX1 l« i.riiH ;t"j l.i:iD iH I,2Ki 77 I, WIT HO l.JMEJ 50 1,2111 06 1J«2 07 \m m •Ml 5 20 1.7HIJ m 1,777 70 l,«M 00 23rj M 1J44 71 1,22U :« 1.2IH 88 2,087 >4i U22y 17 2/jtH 71 1.918 42 1.222 71 1,74<J 56 1.5IM m l.tCM 58 l.titfl K2 1.006 24 l..ii:t m 2.854 44 3,315 91 3,077 88 i.a4t»4d 1,2M 25 L424 70 »43 3> 506 40 L19N 48 ^H fciTATK OF LOUISIANA, ^ 1 ■ ^^^P STATEMENT No. 12.— C'ontiiiued. 1 •• a i g 6 ^ 1 5 (3 1 a 5 I* 1 NAMB OF LEVEE 9 Z3 4 B i9 o ^ 1 § s a U 1 ^ 1 n 1 IP 1 5 Luke Borfrne DlsL— Ckjot'd. Beliilr. ,., wo 4,57S Enlarft'nt. Mar. 8.1807 7A3ft7t» n.40 i 96181 Falr^iew No. 2 ». WMi 2 071 Knlnrjr nt. AugJI,l«»<» 10 842.»4 11.25 1.219 71 Fftlrvk'wNaa ♦...,♦. W»7 l»200 Eiilurff nt. Jan-2.->:i8J*7 rj.rt.Trv4« 11 40 mil Bonscjour ..,« W7 4m KnUrR'nt. Dec 2><.IHRri fnoM Vi,QO tCfl Mousecour. -. WW i;»7!Knltirrnt. Auff,27JmW ,U7'I.71 ILOO asssi St. Sophie Xo Harlem.,.. um 1.3U0 Eniartr nt Mar. 0 1S07 2.15170 ll.Tij mu HftTlom. ... itm 'A.^Ki Enlargut Mar. ti,l807 JV,24i*88 1L76 sun 18fi7 1S9H. ^- Story lo Crtennrvon, Svc. L mr^ IJHt^ ' r' ---'"t Mur.2»,lSl»^ •vrrr.'iri 14.« LttHOi ^^^^K Story In rai'tinri on, Set'. 2. ,. mn 4,-S>> 1. Ma^.la^l^'- L'-V" • '..'<•'» 14.46 3,01611 ^^^^B Slory to CaenJirvcjii. St'c5. jV,. JJTT IM" ' Fub. 2 iH'r 7 '-■'! !li7 12^ «HIS ^^^^™ Story to Cuennrvon^ Sec, «.. «77 'i.l'io.r.ninri' ill Apr. l.mn^ niNjT.Ot^ 12..T0 i.^aitt ^F SLCiftir ,. im EQjarg nt part compileUd. Oct. MijmT lft.0ftl.2?i 11.40 L715^ 1 Gruenwood - . ,, ,.....,... my Knlarjfiit. EularKOt llJH(J.ii5 lO,JlCJi.l7 1L40 11.10 Le5i« i^ai ^oocllawn ...,..«,..,. 1 BiiriLtarlA Dimrlci. 1 ismim^ I Bnislard to Bolle Chanse, I .. 981 10,32* E&larff^nt. Oct Sl.lfiOfl 15.609. 50 UL75 S4U»ii Bruslard to Belle Ctiasse. S. 9f& 8,03S]EPihirg'nl. Ovc,lil8JMi USWJS ia25 ^tmm 1 Concora , , , ..,..,.. .'>,<7SjKnlivr^''nt ,'i,0iriit|ETi3ark''m. Jan. 27;lSir7 UMK7,02 H.l(:}21 23 00 1100 l^SL 7S4S CedftrGrove ,.. OakvllJe im 4,:M4lEi^iihir^ nt. Nov. IS J sort UK 111 m n.oo ums! ■ OakvlUe .+»4*.... MUG •J.WK) Hular^^ ni Mur. fiAm7 tJee.l«J»»rt a. 50 »tii>i Jesuitti Bead .,^.*..,,.^ Dobnrd.,.. WftJ l,i!:i3lN>w .... Dvc. IHJHIW lA ■>■■■- M - ■ ro l/i06 51 P Topeoa... ** ,*.... 006 low 1003 3,m8lEnl!*rg'Dt 'i^liOiilEnlars^'nt :Uil2iEtiliir«'m Jun. 2:i,l«»7 NovnjKltH O^L I'lJSIMi \ - : I00« H/itlilKnlurt' Dt. l>ec.i!0,l!N&m 1 ' rf) LOIS M L 1004 1007 l(H}8 7tW Enhir^:'nt. IJJMilEnlsirk' Ll 12,000 Enlur^i'nt IXi'.miSlHl NovJ7.1i«>H Oct. 2.18ft*( 1 1 :«> l:j tt^i til H 116 m 4,ia> 91 Ptc Celesit^p Pte. CelfHie to WoodUnd . , w Woodland. 101 0 ItMO l,?t5ct Enlur^j nt. 2/2rn Enlar^ ni Oct. 21J8JW 7.842,46 ii.ao lS.4-> La%4 8t Diamond — .*...,.., w FriendH' Storo ..♦. 1(»N 1,113: Enlarif'm. Dec. ttJ INlirt e/J!*t.2l} 11 »> 711 <» Bnrthelemy ... . » 1015 Lliai EnlarR'nt. Dt^c.l(i»l««H 4,Hfi07 it.do 4i«»(U 1 Bartbelemy to Rlceland lOt.V 4,300 Enlarg nt. Dec.tMJSOO ^Jim,'I7 1L08 LOWitt 1 lS0f7 18iW. 1 Belle Chnsao to St. Ann. mi S.fi82 Enlarg'nt. Aug. 7,1SD7 8.208.77 mm i^^i St. Ann to Conteusion . , . — vm «,t»57 EnUrgnt. Aug. 7aa»7 e,200.07 1H.0I> mru ' Bftllay to Orange Farm— ' St^eilonl , , 1022 2,m\ Sew.. .... FeD.12,l8BB i&.mM 11^ L7l!0ii4S Set'ti<>n2.-..- .» 102;J 2,4*l3 Enliirgnt. Ff!ti.l2,]»19 fl's** a.^ 1^297 0« Section 6...,.,.... 1022 l.fllO New.. .... Apr.llJSdR 1A342.48 UJSi 2,1m Si 8ectlon7 10-22 tl,}00 New Apr.ll.l»»8 yi.08i.lM 14.35 M46 6i 1 66 STATE OF LOUISIANA. APPENDED A. STATEMENT Approximate quantity and cost of levee work in the several Levee from April 20, 1896, to April 20, 1898, by the DistricU, BY WHOM DONE MILES OF LOCALITY s > 1 a s a c Arkansas— Desha and CMcot Counties (Tensas Basin -l Levee District.. (United States .... Totals. District (District 'o.i4 31.39 014 :54.42 Louisiana— Tensas Basin Levee District 0.65 0 8^) 1.04 2.48 2.11 46.84 Fifth Louisiana Levee District -Estate (United States.... Totals. ( District 8.iS> 45.75 5.63 100.98 6.40 1.31 52.11 Atchafalaya Basin Levee District ■< State M (United States .... Totals. f District Estate (United States .... Totals (District < State 2><.53 7.71 8L.59 Pontchartrain Levee District 0.25 0.27 0.99 11. 40 l.ii 24.10 1.51 87 01 Lafourche Basin Levee District - 11.01 1.66 0.23 12.S2 2.28 (united States .... Totals .%.17 12.90 4977 Orleans Levee District 1.05 ■ 22 91 (District 1.44 0.42 l.'i9 Lake Borgne Basin Levee District Estate ( United States 3.06 9.40 Totals 1.86 14.71 KEPOKT OF BOARD OF 8TATE ENGINEEBS. 67 No. 13. SUMMARY ACCORDING TO DISTRICTS- Districts of Louisiana and in Desha and Chicot Counties, Arkansas^ State and United States, as shown in foregoing statements. Cubic YardM 3 ft < 1 REMARKS lfl.P7 1453 1 ta^ I'OMt includes ^4&*2fi, for work not |jnkl for by lb I' cuble yard. hmjB& IhM 174^1H Tfi d&,m ftIS >^« 'M 1L«7 14^ 359, 4W 1Q 70.1*15 41 S44.r)7H 51. 4,.3TS,2fil UM Wti,mi ^ 1471,717 12(9 ILTM 31«,1H2 71 «K7tg}l2 1W,B72 J£i ^jm,2m 12.«J a»,7W B8 mm 17.&4 tt,7H -Hll i:mMi 12M 1^ 007 iS _ 1MI.7VH m ilJW) 00 %m%im moo ^L,iJ73 1« 7t&,m ao.a7 144^247 fl4 No ULt»u]jkted HtatemGQt. mm tot^esi 1147 I3J2 ia43 144»l m t7.aie £1 m^m. mils 38,287 9ft 68 STATE OF IjOUISIANA. APPENDIX A. STAMEMENT BY WHOM DONE MILES OP IXXJALITY c o 6 o CB Buras Levee Distrlot (District -Estate (United States... Totals State 035 LOT 1.13 2.66 0.47 3.15 3.13 Caddo Levee District 8.11 6.23 Stat« t Distrlot Bossier Levee District 5.79 6.05 Red River, Atoliafalaya and Bayou Boeuf Levee District. 5.46 2.02 4 17 "i State 6.56 Totals. 7.48 10 73 RECAPITULATION. Districts 27.65 18.73 4.60 157.1M State 3.S.05 United States 174 89 Totals.; 50.»8 388 .S8 REPORT OF BOARD OF STATE ENGINEERS. 69 No. 13.— ContM. SUMMAEY ACCORDmO TO DISTRICTS. u >* o O a §•2 I? p < 8 REMARKS 34,921 48,209 64,851 13.96 1^49 12.98 f 4.86109 6,021 40 8,418 45 147.981 13.04 19,304 &I 291.879 10.25 29,926 82 363,955 10.19 37.130 99 233,239 282,719 11.02 9.96 25.717 28 28,212 19 515,958 10.45 53,929 4ft 6,863.839 2,508,281 6,169,068 f 1,001,785 75 297,396 77 816,159 38 lo&ll,188 S 2,115,341 00 70 8TATB OF LOUISIANA APPENDIX A. STATEMENT Approximate quantity and cost of levee work in the several Levee from April 20, 1896, to April 20, 1898, by the Districts, STREAM LOCALITY BY WHOM DONE MILES Work on Mississippi River in Arkansas.. Tensas Basin- Totals .... District United States Work on Mississippi River in Louisiana- Red River. ;. Atchafalaya River.. Bayou Lafourche. Fifth Louisiana. ▲tohafaliyft Buin... Pontchar train... Orleans Lake Borgne.. Buras.. Lafourche Basin. District State United States... District State United States... District State United States . .. District i District ■{State f United States.... (District ^ State (United Stales..., I District estate / United States... Totals , .1 (Caddo ' State. ^Bossier i State. (R. R., A. &B. B...I State.. Totals ( Atchifftlaya B&iin . . . . , District. JR.R.,A.&B.B...,]gJ|trlct. Totals I Ateh&fahya Buin.... I Lafourche Basin.. Totals J District. 1 State.... j District. I State... 0.14 0 14 1.01 248 2.11 1.58 QM 0.25 027 0.99 1.05 1.44 0.42 0..35 1.67 1.13 1.24, 0.84 0.23 17.97 .3.11 5.79 1.81 10.71 1.15 6'2i 1.36 372 0..38 9.77 0.82 14.09 3.03 31.39 »4.42 46.84 SJ» 45.75 31.14 093 28..>5 11.46 1.45 24.10 22.91 1.59 3.(j6 9.46 2.66 0.47 7.47 282.00 6.28 6.05 4.48 16.76 17.04 6.61 4.85 228 1.3.74 REPORT OF BOARD OF STATE ENGINEERS. 71 No. 14. SUMMABY ACCOEDIFG TO STEEAMS. Districte of Louisiana, and in Desha and Chicot Counties, Arkansas, State and United States, as shown in foregoing statements. 00 2 REMARKS ^ o 3 OB 9 o o ^ 120,«5 127,234 52 W«.«« 147,084 24 1.067.333 ♦174,318 76 1,807,196 1239,450 40 601,201 70,615 41 2,363.8a5 344,676 61 1,.«K),464 215,216 49 324.250 40,918 19 1,171.717 187,872 25 2H7,192 50.S90 83 136,:ta 22.902 36 STo/jOO 94,714 30 700.»>5 144,347 94 58.585 6,636 87 101,051 14,191 60 140,852 17,509 61 :«,921 4,864 69 48,209 6,0-21 40 W,8.'>1 8.418 45 312,079 65.995 76 14S,615 20.806 10 6ftj.216 66,984 12 lU 77,020 $1,560,642 17 291.879 $29,926 82 86:i955 87,130 99 211,680 19,784 47 867.514 $86,842 28 308,918 137,906 09 17,007 2,085 73 71.039 8,427 72 :i06.9^ ♦47.669 54 488,498 168,760 13 45,394 5.787 78 1,08.5^980 128.408 19 160,776 20,968 99 l,780,tM8 •218,935 04 72 STATE OF LOUISIANA APPENDIX A. STATEMENT No. 14.— Con- LOCALITY BY WHOM DONE MILES STREAM > 1 a o 1 * a Bayou Des Glaizes RR., A.&B. B... Tensas. District 5.46 8.57 OuAOtaita Rl Vflr. District a65 o.$s RI On the Mississippi Riv On the Mississippi Riv On the Red River ^CAPITULATION, er (in Arkansas) .... 0.M 17.97 10.71 Ld6 i4.ee 5.46 0.66 34.12 •r (in Louisiana). . .. 282.00 16.76 On the Atchafaiaya Rii On the Bayou Lafouro On the Bayou Des Glal On the Ouachita River Totals. ^er 17.W be ia74 xes 8J?7 0.8S 60.98 368.3S KEFOKT OF DOAXD OF STATE EXGIKEERS 73 tinocd. SUMMARY ACXX)RDIXG TO STREAMS. I REMARKS 216,232 t2MBloS 35.fr7, 93,852 58 1,067.333, 11.177,020' 867.514' 3R6,9Sf| l,780.«8i 216,2321 35.477i 1174,318 7« l,a«0.6l2 17 86312 28 47,06R54 S18.985 04 23,081 531 8,K^2 56 15,541,1881 12415.341 90; APPENDIX B. Sundry Reports of Board of Slate Engineers to Boards of Levee Commissioners. I Ift iMTf ting «i »ti«w«r to iIm^* ^>* IwiVY «ii\^(\tU>' (^^n^f» ivwr ih«> i of slie dike at IMimd slf«*el in NVw Ork^iiiii, nivi %4 t\w imh^ ;«I Bi^jOT QoBia, aad we have eiitlmvunHl u^ ^i nH %vr thv^ tv i diteft which has be^ti gutht^riHl in tht^ fwut^C tiy 1 1 ^1 BlalcsG(»v«ffiifiie]il and by ih** l>rl««iiii«<t Li'Vi^' Bimi\t. We will slate that the dike at tUr tcn^l of IVlaiid ntnn^t, wliloh >VHii bailt aboot the month of March, 18m, i« tm ftW toU|t. t^XVoitttliiit U^Vk depth of aoii>efiity-li\-e feet of wntt^r, ii4!« rt^ft^rnni (4%thr hluh vviili'V i^Um^o of ISQS. SoondiDfEH were taken <»n the nUe of thl?^ diko In^foiH^ iu eon^metion, on Fet»riiiiry 2i>th, lsi>l, ittid iiHit \U iM^nj-tmclioii, on J n ho 28thi J^i^^t and on July 6th» ]S!Mi. VIh^i' w^ntutltitff*, whJoU wm* l»iK«^h tx>th above and below the diko, untl nlso Mmw NU ft'^t iu^voini H Into the stream, are repre^ntH on Ui«.' ni*rniuj»nnyiHK rhurt, nMirki'il ♦' A.*' They show that the d\kv falls vt^ry f«r»liorl of i^xh^mUn^ hHlu^ I'onl nf the steep sloping bank; thnt in\ oUUer ^Ide of thr dlkt^ •«i»inodo|uml( linx been forme«l, but thiit at tho exta'tue oiid t*r tlio dlkis wkiio nro>4li»n hM taken place, and that out in tlieHirnnni, licynnd Ihn i)lki\ thr vtVw^ iu\n been nil, a.*^ tlie buck presi*rveH, a|ppi'(i\iniMtely, Unciiiiyiiml h\o\h\ We will further Htattv, ihni suwr (lir thiic t»f huddhig miiM diko imi CAvinghas o<'enrredin tiiut nei^dil>MrinHirl, Imr tluitiil lh«' miiiik* Moh' n*» caving of any IniportJinco Ijuk <KH'iirrt'iI unywlii^rr *'Ut* nn Hm' lower Mississippi Hiver; for it \^ a well-known Inei ihni uiiiximnnt i •living oceun« after yeiin^ of niaxiinuni tlooil hel^titH^ ttrtd wi* liti%'e iiad n«ijbcri'Ht flood iiei)i2^bt aiuee the btdldlri^ nf HiIn dik**, and f licre hriM tii'^n llltlfn^r no caving there, or any wb ere elw\ 1 78 STATE OF LOUISIANA. A cloHe examination ehcnvH tliut the lower portion of said dike, near the low water Hne, has craeke*! uiul pulled apart, showiojjf a tendency of the bank to nlide ont into the stream, Thc^' various cracks^ which have i)t»en nieasurerl, fiu:^re][rate ahout eighteen ioehen^ showiuj? that the flight Tnoti<»n in the niass rif earth in the eiiving direction^ haj|<H |nUl€*d apart the piles at tlieir lower extremity. ™ To us it ap|>eart« that the construction of tlie Poland street dike is not frnitful of conclusive resuHs, as that dike has been eonstnicted rijrhl in the midst of a reacli wliere the United Htates Government hx^ huilt numerous ^5pur-d ikes; there liein^ four of these t)elow the 8e wall dike and fuur otliers ahove it: ami in addition to thet^e, a nnmL>er of mattresses, al! of them extending far nut into the stream, some 45n feett or about :!5() further out than iheSewall dike, and to a depth seventy feet greater than that to which tlie >5ewall iJike extends Therefore, should any prevention from eavinjir l»e accomplished at that |M>int, it will be natund to ex^^ect tliat the more extensive and far-reaehiniu: work of the Urdled States Government, which lias been done in this locality, would Ir' the cause of the check, rather than the Sev^^all dike. Map " B/* appended to this report, shows the P<iland street reach; the %'arions spur-dikes and mattresst^s built up to date Ix^ing represented thereon^ and the Sewall dike t»€fng also represented at the letter **C/* At Bayou tToula, one spur dike wa« l>uilt in August, 1894, This dike was originally ii'j4 feet lonjjr and extending to a depth of 118 feet, referred to the high water plane of 1S»3, Imt during tlie comparatively mild flood of 18ii5^ sixtydour feel ot* it was broken and wrenched off, leaving the dike now only prtj feet in length. I attach to this report a eommunicaticni to Capt. Derby of the United States Engineers, submitted hy one of his assistants, de<3kcrihing the construction of said dike and its condition on February 7th, 1895* Said a[)pendix is marked ** D." It must be i>orne in mind, in the discussiun of this dike, that it was never submil ted to the actitm of the usual flood height; it only had against it the moderate liigh waters of 18i).5 and KSlKi; one of which, however, was suHleient to break *dl* part of it, Theix^ has bt*eu no caving in the neigidjorliood of Bayou Gnula since the building of the dikej nor has there been any caving of any extent anywhere elsse on the lower Mississippi Kiver during the same j»eriod. It would, there- fore, not be conclusive to ascril^e tins absence of caving to the influence of the dike. Sf*yiidings were taken on the upper and lower side of the dike on SeptemLier ::«tb, 1.SU4, February :itith, 181*d, and July 8th, 1h96. At the same time soundings were taken on nuiges 2<M> f(*et ahiive the dike, and ItMlfeet below it- These are represented on the plan, hereunta^ attached, and marked ** E/' An examination of them will show that™ immediately on either side of the dike the bank has been growing gradually stee|>cr during thi^^ period and at tlie extreme river end of the dike, the i«<oourinf? at theeiul Mi htandiiig after the broken piece bad been carried uwiiy. Moreover, tiiese souiKlinju:^ «ho\v tluvt out in tlie streanii beyond the end of the dike for some lioO feet, the bunk bus ijcen growing jfradually .nteeper during tbis period. In otiier words, no ^lerceptible result can lie discovered which would tend to i)reveut caving at that fioint, when erosiou htm made the banka sutTieieutly «teep for them to faJl in* Plan ** F," hereunto attaehed^ hbuWN the details of tlie construe- lion of the dike at Bayou (toula, while at tbe bottom of it a section of the river is shown vvitli tbe dike reprt^euted i>n it. It will l»e seen that tbi« dike extends aijout Uo ftn^t from I be edge of tbe bank, while, in order for it lo reaclj the lowest |iointof tltc s1o|h>, and be^ therefore, fully etfeetive, it sliould go some 37»'i feet trom the Ijank; or, say, litHJ feet further than it extends at present. In eonelusion, we would state that, while in our l^eliel^, the spur dike system, pn>perly eonstrueted find carried out (that is, Hubstantial in cou^tnictioo, sutlieiently numerous, and extending out a snitieient dit$taoce into tlie stream to cover the steep slojn* of tbebioik) is adai>ted to cheek caving in the Mississi])pi Jtiver bends, we ib> lud think tlaat the Bewail dikes, as now built, are efltcient for that iiurpoKC, for the following reasons: lat. They Inive fo extend to great depths, amounting in sonic cases, such as at Bayou Uoula, to 140 feet of water, and it is not practic- able to drive piles to tbat depth .so that 14U feet of timber shall stand with hrmness out of the ground, 2d. Tbes«* dikes should extend out a considerable diHtanccinto the stream, and it is beyond I be possilHlity of the strength of timlx^r to eon.*»truet a stdid wsdJ of wood — be it two ft^et in Ibickness-— that will be exposed to the impact of the current for a length ctf some 400 feet, and an avemge height of, say seveuty-tive feet; sueli a wtill wi>uld be inevita- bly broken off or wrenched off; or, if an attempt werennide to brace it, or tie it» even were it successful, it^^ cost would be so great as to make it much more exyjensive than tbe usual and more satisfrtctory methods of building spur-dikes followed by the I'nited Shitcs OovernmeTiL We believe theSewall piling to \H-ti most excellent system of piling for nuiny purfxjses, but as far as an examination of the IVtland street dike and the liayou Goula dike is eoueerned, no benelicial results can be shown to have been derived from them; while on the C(Uitrary, this eacauunation reveals thjil with u higher dood height, and therefore a swifter current tbe liikes wouki probably be carried away. We beg to stale that this opinion is shared by tlie majority of engineers of repute, with whom we have discussed the matter. 1 tcs| >ec t f u 1 1 y su bm i t ted , THE BOARD OF STATE EXGINEKR8, Per Akseni-j PEiiiiiLLiAT^ Asxuitafit State Emfineer, Offitk Boako of State Exginkers, >'e\v Orleans, La., February 1, IS97. J lb CoL T, G. iSpark-M^ President Atvhitjalaya Basin Levee DUtricf, Part AHftt, La.: Dear Hie— In iicrorduiit^e with X\w re«|uest of the Alehafalaya Ba^iii Levee District that tiie Stute funtls alio ted to your d Strict l»e jsfieiit ill the t'onrttriietion of a levee at Hie key ^ where* the pre^^ent levtn? is insiirMeieiJl in height aiitl nection, and threateneii by r»aving^ we beg to re I H >r t t ii ! a \v e h a ve 1 1 a d ea re f n 1 si i r vey s and ex a n i i n a t io n s ni ade of the ground and river bank at that point, and have aseertained the fol- lowing fact«i which are illustrated by the accompany ing map: The bank at Lower Hickey has* receded at the point in question, s^iuee ]'%H (a perioil of tiiirty odd yeHr>*i, fmni <l()<l to 1,<N10 feet. At it.* nearest jxMnt it ih^ now nearly hK) feet frunx the center of the crown of the prciHMit levee. For the la.st few years no marked t^vinp^ has ap- peared on that strtHch, hut it is ho located that violent caving- nniy be exiieeted tliere after any grealflood water. Tlii«, joined to tiie fact tluit the present levee i* 1>elow our standard of hei|L(hl and section and situ- ated on very low ground, renders it uece.ssary» in our judgment, to undertake a new levee at that ]»oint. We have staked out a f^arefully located line there, indicated its dotttnl red on the accompanying blue print. It is 4,H«>H feet long, haj? an average height of ninetet^n feet, and ecmtains nearly 2lH,(>0(^ cubic yard^s estimating it with an eight foot crown, and three and three to one slopes. It ha;^ a variaide distance from the river bank of from HtMJ to li5<t feet^< and from the existing levee of from IMO to 850 feet. Wedeenu from the great height of this levee, itn consequent great^ cost, tlie caving tendency of the bank, and the particular location of thi,s Htretch, which makes it a most disastrous place should a crevasse occur there, that the location above outlined should t>e recoiimieuded by us n» the projier location for your Board to accept. If your honorable Board will adopt the location thus recomtncndedi and will provide right of way to the 8taLe and its contractors build the same, and will also undertake to cnmplete any part of the lini for whi<'h the nieaiiM of the 8tate may h^ insulllcient, we are willing re<5onmiend the exiienditure of such iState funds a-s may U* available fo] the construction of the work, and are prepared to advertise and let il out as soon as we he^ir from you on the subject. Very respectfully yours^, THE BOARD OF BTATE ENGINEERS, Per Arsenk P£BRIluat, AssiHant Stale JEngineer, I Fort Ai.len, La., April 6^ 1897, To OoL T. <?. Sparka, President Afcha/alatfa Basin Lri^:€ IHstricf, Pnrf Alltti, La.: Dear 8ik— In iiccordiuiot* witli thv retiuettt of the Atcbiilultiyn Basin Levee District, 1 exaiiiiued yesterday, in eomtwmy witli Mr- Hoiiortf Dujcra^i, a niemiier <»i* tlit* BoMTil of t'ommissioners of miiii district, the private levee Jii front of Mr. Einile St. I^hirtiifs Pellieo- platitutiun, in the parish of A.HCvhsion. I Mritl that on said plnntjition a private Ivvvi^ ban tieen hnik on the battnre, eoverinK ^<^»n»*' three tliousand ftrt of State hn^ee iind therefore preventing the river water fioni etnnin^ agrainst said State levee. Tliifit private levee^ whieli I examined tlioroii^rhly, \» of insiiitieient g:nide and section, and will in all |*rolmhility in* unable to stand the pressure which the eoniin^ tlood i'* ^roirl^ to exert itRahii^t it. Duriiiii: the tlood^s of iHy^aiiil IHUH, this private levee proved inadequate, and jfave w.iy. It is well known to yonr litmrd and to uU levee autliorities^ that in rtood tinier it is wry desirable tiuit the water Hhouid risi' ^rad* auUy and slowly Hgiutint tlie levees. The reason of thin i» obvious, as the gmdnal rise of the water aji^ainat the levee eauneHeven settling of the earth, arni develops slowly any weak points which iniirht exist in the levee, while tlie absence of Ibis pii-rnojiilory wi^n might oec«si<iu a creva**se N'fore time could he hnd lo si | 'ply the proper rciueily. The history of the past slonvs that snme <pf the most disastrous erevnsses oeeurreil from the fsu't Ibnt a front or old levco fiad Ui^n maintaiiied tCKi lon>i:. and when it bad (Inally given away, the water biul c<»tne against the main t>r back levee with such suddenness as to cause it to break. For the aljove reasons, I deem tbat^lbeexislenceof this private levee at Pellico is a stujree of dmiy:er to the State levee, and when it breaks, it will increase considerably the chances t»f u crevtuiwe in the main levee, thereby doirii^ great injury to one of the richest and most fertile sections of yonr district. r, ttierefon% consider it my <Uity, eonsjilerinjir Hie nia^^nitude of the iJiterests involved^ to advise tlnit yon take no chances vvbatsi>ever in tne matter, and that the wiiter be let in through the private levee again»t the nniin lev*'c as soon tis possil>h'. y cry res |x !■ t f i d 1 y s 1 1 1 1 m il t ed I >y THE IIUAJU) tJF STATE KNCUNEES, Fer Arskne Pekkiluat, AmiMtant State Engineer, Port Ali.en, La., Ai^ril lii, 1897. To (he Honorable Presidrnt and Mfmhf'r» of the Atoho/ala^ia Haain Levre LHntrivt Boards Port Afirji^ Ln,: (tKntlkmkn— I beg to submit to your honorable l»ody the following report on the condition of tlie Hickey levee in ilie parish <Kf West Ilaton Rouge. Thi« levee, behind pjirt of which a new levee is now building, is 7^8(K) feet longhand raiiges in heigiit from two and ont-balf to fiuir feet M al>uve the lilgliest vvni^r oi t\w i>iist. The iipiM*r end of the levee id i eruUy lii^lier than the lower end. This levc^ stood the water of l.H«(S, hut hud tri huve sojrie addition to its top made then. Since that time it liRs lM?en eiipped witli a teniporary eHrtliern eniargement having a tiv<'-tbot crown jind wh»ix*s of two and two to one, Tliis capping wa* nimle with tlie material at hand* whieh i^ generally pretty sandy and has wa,shed down to uliout a four-foot crown and slopes somewhat steeper than two to one» The levee is ver3- dry, .showing no^^ignaof leakage, but is» near Ub top» of very thin section, and, moreover, very mueh •expowd to wave- was]). It han already i^een attacked hy the w'Hves, and required eons^iderable protection durinj^ storms^ which are very violent in tiiat locality. I consider this levi*t» the weakest one in your chain of levcc;^, and one which mij^ht become very dangerous when the water has riHi*H tljree or four fe<'t more, as every indteation KtH'ms t*P point that it wilh I would sug^^-st that this levee be protected at once with a thorouj^hly suhstantral revetment, from one end to the other. That tills rcvclment he braced thorouirhly so as to stand heavy waves, and lie also thoron^dily sacked at its bottom. That later on, if the top ♦ tftlic levee sfiows any si^nis of weaknes^s, I he spac^c between the revetr nient and the levee be filled with loose earth and sacked earth. I would susrl?esU^speeially that the work should be prosecuted with vigor and in a workmanlike manner, from now on, so that every chance niiglit he on your side in iioldhig tills very important levee. Very resjicettully yours, Akhene Per rill, I at, ^ AstfUtanl State Engine STATE OF LOUISIANA. ] Office Boari> of Htate Enoikekks, y New Oklkans, La,, June 14, 1S9T. j To thf Iffmorabtc T. O. Sjiurks^ and to fhr MrmOtrs of the Board qf Comrnifisioners ofth* AUhajaktf/a Bftmn Levee DlHirici^ Port Allen, La,: Gentlemen— On the occasion of the call-meeting of your Hoard, to ' take jilaci' on June 14th, \HU7, I hra" t^i suliiiHt to your honomble body the following rejxirt t>n the high water season of 18^*7 in your district,^ and to nmke sonic few remarks on the present condition of your leve aceompanicMl by suggestions for future work. The rtood of IsUl was the highest on record in your district, all points, except on the Atehafalaya River at Melville, The e^cceMl of the tlood heiglit over the higli waters of the past varies at differentl points and will b*- enumerated in tables to be touud i>elow. In the| discussion of this dood perir>d it is advisable to treat separately thd three streams which constitute your district front. On the Mississippi River, from Barbre^s Landing to Doiialdt^oti* REPOKT OF BOAKl) OF STATE ENGINEERS, 83 t viile, you have a Hue of levees 128 iiiilej* in length. These* levees hrn! been mined and eiihirgred sulise<niently to 18}*,H fo thtit the entire line Wiis nowhere I e?<** ihnn two unit one-hulf Teet tiViovo the higiu'st flood of the i>imt. Ill nirtuy hiHtanee** your diKtriet hml LmiU levees tliree, four unci live fet^t above the hi«:hest water of tlie paiit. These Iit^her j^rades were lo be found mostly in tiie upper purt of your drntrict, and L*i<|>e- €ially in I*ohite Coupee jmrish; therefore^ It will be seen that the^^reatest iiiarifinul heiisht was to be found at the upper end of yi*ur dlstricL The following table gives the Jii^h water of isi*7iind llie date on which it occurred; also, the highest waters of the past an*! the year of their *>ccurrenee, for Mie teudirj^r points of your MissisHippi Uiver front. In the eoluniii marked ditlereuee, is to i*e f*iund tiie excess of the I8i*7 water over those of tlm past. I wislt to add (hat the elevations given are referred t^ '* Cairo dntom/' which is the phuie of referenee univer- sally adopted now in s|*eflking of elevntions on Mie Misaissiiipi RIvxt. I HIUU WATEBt 1897. HHiH WATEK OF Past DIFFER- DATE C. D. j YEAR 1 C. D. ENCE Harbrc's Landing May K{-14 1:^-15 14-15 18-14 14 13-17 1 75.17 74.05 (i7.75 00.71 57 31 52,54 1882 1892 1892 1892-3 l8«a 189:{ 74.07 72.72 6(i.2t> .58.51 54.8H 50 34 \J teet* Kcd River Landing......... 1.S3 feet. Bayou Sara .,.....,...„... Ilutou l{oug^ .*.... 1.55 feet. 2.20 feet. Fljit|uemine 2.45 feet. Donnldsouville * 2.2 feet The examination of the foregoing table shows tlutt at lied River Lnndlui?, the bead of ytjurdistriet^ tlie water of I8t*7 wa.s 1 33 feet aliove the highest water of the p.ast, and at Donaldsotiville, the lower end of your district! ihe water was 2-2 feet aiiove the highest past water, while in between, at PlacjUeniine, tlie ditlei'enee Ijetween the Idghest waters wa8 as much as 2,45 fet^t. It will l>e seen» Itierefore^ tliat the greatest flood heiirht was experienced in the lower end of the district, the very portion wiien:' the grades were lowi-st^ and, therefore, wldeli rendered the liipli water ll^ht UKU'e intense in that loeality. On Bayou Lafounlie yfiur liue of levee is 74.5 miles in lenirth. In the jmfitj the levees from Donaldsonville to Lafourche Crossing had been raised and enlarged lo a grade three feet atxive the highest water of the past, with the exceptii^n of^ perhaps, some two miles of levees^ which, being in small towns, it was found difficult to enlarge to *|uite that standard. From Lafou reive Crossing down to I lie Itiwer end i>f your sy^item^ howi"Ver, no systematic work of enlargement had been underlnken, and, therefore^ there were a great many very bad and low ieveeff to be found. In fact, the only levin^s in that seetiou whieli were able to 8t4ind the great Hood wbicli you had^ without strenuous cxer- ■ tioDS, were those scattering pieces which bad been enlarged, ma.«!stJy by 81 STATE OF LOUISIANA. theBtatet Hince ISiMJ. It wais, therefore, to be expected that ft ti^men- dcnij* high wtiter flght wouJd be experietieed below Lafourche Crusstug, ThiH took plaoe, aud after tlie mowt strenuous exertions, on April loth^ at 2 O'clock in the aflernoiiii, n crevasse took plaev at Babin*s, about a mile aiHl a quarter below Lafourebe Crossinjf, Jt luust be ^aid, bow- ever, that before tbts, citi March 2!Hli and April lwt» twt> ereva>48es had already taken jjlaee un tbenpposite or east bank of Hayou Lafourche, at Jay 11 dm n and Leblane, ret^iMr'Ctively. These two crevasiseH relieved tliejnlmin of the waters from St. Mary Pamela's (bureh dowu to the lower end of the ayrtteiu; wubHC<fuently to these erevasfte»» the water, although again risiug oonsiderably, never reaehed the point which it had attained before they broke. The ereva*ise at Jkdiin's, wbicli^ on May l!5th» measured 317 feet in width, relieved the si rain of the water an high np as LabadieviUe, Hlid, after its occnrrenee, tiie water, as far nii as lliat jioint^ again roM.* coa- siderul»ly» but diil nrtt reach the same stage which it had attained bt»- fore the break hig of this levee. From Ijabadieville to Donaldftoiuille llie highest water wu* reacheil on *>r about llie sjime date as the highest mark wa* reaehed oti the river. The followhiK: table gives the highest water of this year at the leading points on liayou Lafourche, the (hite of same, the liigliest water of the past, an«l the ditlerence t^etween the two waters, Tije tig- urts given are also referred to '* Cairo dalutn.'* BAVOU LAFOURCHE. UlQtt WATER, 1897. 0. D. DATE HIGH WATER OF PABT C. 1>, YEAR DIFFKR- ENCE PaincourtvilJe Napoleon vi lie ..... LftbjHlit'vdle . ...... Thibodaux ,... Lafourche Cr's'ng Raeeland Loekport May 15 May 14 April 15 April 15 April 15 April 1 April I 47.2 4tiJ 43,2 42.0 4L5tS 88,4 1893 IMUI 1891 1891 1801 2.3 feet, i.S feet. 2.0 feet. 1.8 feet. L74 feet. 1.4 feet, 0.8 feet. An inspect ion of the above table shows that the greatest flc height was experienced on the upper part of tlie bayou— that par which had been especially prepared by Ihe raising and enlarging in th^l past. It must alati be said thai we have no means of approximating' w hat height the water would have reached on tin- lower bayou had not the crevasses occurred, as the Babin^s crevasse t<M>k phiee w^heii the water at DonaldsonvUle wa& only at 4H.Ci4 '*C. !>,," or 2.9 feet beloi^f the innximnni height reached at Donaldson vi lie, ™ On tlie Atcliafnlaya Itiver your levee line is :i0.2 miles in lenirth. The work doncin the p^ist had raist^i and enlarged the levees from BarL)re's Landing to Himmsport to a grade from two to three aud one- halt' feel above tlie liighest water of the past. Frcnn Simmaport to REPOBT OF BOABO OF STATE EXGIN£EBS. 85 I Humphrey's Bayou the levee^^ had been raided and enlarjEred to a irrade tiire^ and one-half feet above the highest water of the pa^^t; aiul from Hiimpbrey^a Bayou to Melville the le%*ee5* had iK'en built lo a jc:rade of three feet above 1893 water The followiaja: table give*4 the high water of this year on the Atehafalnya Hiver, the date on which it oo ctirred; also the highest water of 181*3, at the niahi points* of said river, and the difference between these two waters ATCHAPALA.YA HIV£R. 1807 1893 ENCE I \ 8imTiiH|>ort ...„ Marine Bayou. Lake Bayou...., Morrii* Havou Melville. .!... 78. 3» 70.4 »5.9 56.27 Mav 14*15 May 15-1 a Mnv bVhl Mivv IV] f> ■ May 15-16 1 2A7 feet 2.2 feet. 2.4 feet. 2.8 feet. 1.1 feet. It wUl be seen that ilie lufih water of the At<^haf&laya exceeded that of 1893 by a.H niueh as two feet and eiiftit-ttMithn at the Morris? Ba- you, and an examination of the liig^h water prolilt-of this* river shciwiss that the slope of the flood line in very irregular and unruly, dui\ un- doubtedly, to the extreme rapidity of the ourrenl in that stream^ and to the unsettled condition in which the waters munt tirul theniwlves, tis they, at the lower end, have only been confined wittiin levees sinee the last tlood— tliat of \Hm. Dnrinj^ the pant hiis:h water a j*reat deal of work was done in rais- ing or eapping the levet'h, whieb waM not needed when the water wan fouiHl to have reached itpi lii^rbest uiark; but altJiou^rb it wa>« impiossible to predict to what beij^lit the river would reaeli, yet the ex perk-nee of the past bad demoiuitrated that excessive tlood heigh tn miglit be expected. Although, in many instanees, the water did not reach the mark to which it was thought it mi^dit ^o. and for winch provision had been made in the work of raiMinir;yet tlie expense tlius incurred nii^ht be com^idered as very cheap insurance, for liad the water reached a greater heiKht, it would have met a Unr of levees prepared to stand it, and thus disaster would have been averted, whicli could not have been the case unless this preparation had been made. A great deal of this raising or capping, as it was called, was done in your iilstrict, probably not less than a hundred miles, and the water reached Ibis cajiping, perhaps, only for a length of seven or eight miles. \>t the prreaution was a wine one to take and one which fan only be regretted in the light of an afterthought. Many points of weakness in levees and in the system of mainteu- ance were develo|>ed during the IHUl high water. Especially must we notice the extruordinary shrinking and &ettling tlnit took place in the new levees built since 1893. Quite a number of miles of this new work wiis done, and, for four years, was not subject to high water. These leveeiHi sett led in a dry condition and at no time i»ecame saturated. When tht* water came aj^ainst them, tliey be^wn settling at an exetjcd- in>rly nipid rato. In stJine instimres tlie settling jinionntin^ to sis muHi as a foot and a half, theretiy esniHUiK anxiety as to height in the leveeii. which lieretofore had been connidered ex<*eedingly high. |
sn85038614_1895-09-08_1_7_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | H?R, GEORGE D. WISE His Friends ffonld Like to See Hirn Solicitor of State Department. ...Militi"?". ???G.G.? Iltll.WW. . rl ? |* ??,,??? * osll>- nnd I'ompll ?. Mlile I'rotinhly Not Heder, Hur lineiHi-il Uy ? It it'll nii'iid :'. . .onril-lllrs. ITON, 1 ? ?' . ? ? ' Bftta r 7 ; bdtor "f Um by the Of M. G of l.aw nt UM 1 nl ? ? ? Still ? ?;: .Ins oofilh ?. ? ? after tr.- r ?. 1 the It I I thai Usare .?. applicante for the pio e, ire beea ?? nttoned from : ? efSee is eoo ? ? to tbat Btol ? by 0 Yiruliilan. ? i' George ?>. wise is ?. ? ?:. ? ?Ulto?! and officia] ?. ru with the pince. Mm I with nil the legal and ||| UM Bl - Of the | ?. ani th?? es?Coe?greeemaa known 11 Um Prsstdeot, ? . be ? sal ? ?? hove streng ?"?us. It Is ? Mr. WteS will ni ?ly or wl ether he would ac? ' ? faina, bul \'ir- ( ? . v." ?id be ? ? . . . itala rospo? ? ' ?: RATLWAT. ? liable eleo? I ? ? of , . pea It to known or lan 1 ? ! ? ? ton ? . Urtane* of which ? . all tb v.llii ? ?. r ? ? r* At Bight thla In? are brlStonUy 11? ng a stri! r ? n as that of Rodapwt, nd Impi ? I ? ? ? I than the ' . ?'?. Willtom i a. . wbl Ii may be t. AND ? '? IfsTAL were ? ' ? . ? ? : : ? ? ' '?. ?. ? Hin, of Richmond, at Lawford, of .' ? 'It.in. Uni ry l.lbby. acC00> ? ? ? ?? now nt Blow? '? ' . \. :; i? ire thi i? on ? ? ' : ? late t, fur the f fourtl ? j I ; Harrtsvlll? \ I . ?' ? ? ?? ? '. ? ' WbN - W. .'. ROtt. ? moved. ? ????!???*? lio*? ITIOa, It. : ? ?-? of Court Work?IVi-sunnl? I'lilofiil ? .???! il <? n I. \ \ g? ; ?? nahes : lll"t ? leering l. but ? ? failed to elect ? urte oo ? ? iterday nnual re?, .its to t : teoooat? procees, el .? ? ! ?, ? : ' I ? ouri boa atoa re] ? ?? Uto 'i?? ? : ilred ? ?? l?w, which tlon for the ? :.t I m? wer" Com? nere de? r? ? qulty, 17 s ? ? ? ? i'oiirt J til" . nu n I r >.f the ir, who went ? ? burine?? has noi ? r of Mr, a ? .?.>, is vtottlng Baker left I b tor att< nd th? Hartley ha* returned from : ? ; ' ? to man, ? elfleld Uanufai : whll aorklni al Batti ? rest?] .? of Ibe ?p? ..... was In tOWO thla ? ? nd Mr. ora? ? ? > tor* rdl ig, s ?> I alley, of tin.? pine ?. at .i \\'..\ : ly toSI Thur? ?;' i rt? or ?? . a your. Al (.1 ST \ COI ML l'i.??I?e. ( ?f ,? Lively I'ollllonl riKht. ? ion G???????a. \ ?. ;?.?. passantes 7 sa**> i i If th ?? WOOM be a I a la an 1 BtQOntoO over of Ike tore members of lower 1 arse of the Mate 1/?*?a ite b? 11 pr' ? tact som Unga ? < ?, trai toeraetakst, and to the county conven t hen To? .-.lay. W. i: Craig, Je r. and .. ?. pectlvely the chalr . G pallet, and n ? .,:? ooataaaltl ? -, taat? 11 foi .. ? ??-'? -m? Btliag, .-?.... : ? ? . ity m the ????, r 1 ? in < loi mi nt of the \i - ??. j. i. r.. ? k, i.. Browa D ' K'-n ?? .-?.. ? < i*i BUtUl ? at an Informal, ? ?> : ? r,. .????..u in tt,,? Leedsbttaro. to I toi r? ??? min ? tlon, ari ? ? - ., ii. Walker aad Cog?- , a ?; U-gaa. of Rtebi I '. h? ?? at bl- Old ???!?, ?he 1 Rra .1 A. II.r. ? . ?. ? un ? .? h-r : \\ - ?rd'itr. are ! i tb Ci retina, na ? ore t?. copartnership 1 practica ol tow. ? It. W. J K. Cox, paator or j ? Baptist church, is back having spent a month In 1 Ky.. and rlcUUty, where be ?d charo* of a prominent church before j his call to fiuunt??n. Dr. Cox is a Rich monder and a Richmond College alum ? nus. The Rev. Dr. Wllllnm Plait, of Peters I i.l '.. ? ? ,1 y ?????? the ? i.ifiit ? of Trinity Episcopal church for six week? . ? ' it ? reel. r. the R*V. Waller Q Hulilhen. has consented ? ? ila a month longer caring f..r the chun Ii, WhfBt the lector prolongs his va alian. Mi". IglttCI and her daughter. Miss Lotti? Bpeooe, of Baillante, who have . :? ?s of (?entrai and Mrs. Ech?la f t a. fortnight pant, left | for their home. Liucy Whit.?, ,,f |?. rt'?mouth, Is in th?? city visiting the Misses BttttaB, I ? north Bnrket streit. Mrs. Fenato <"? mpton, of HarTlson bee bet Bgrfc Ittng Mr. an ! Mrs. A. c Gordon, of Beverly terrace, for atmnj. Mr and Mrs. It. II. OatiOB have re? turned from a vi it of ?-?????.?? wm-ks at ? ? Alleen ? r Goehea. Th? ?: ? . ,?! r Blebm ? Dttttti ? a, a Aeanl ?Bina, ? - bi ? ? ben for pent rtaltiag his fatte r, Mr. Michael Dinne? n. Fati,? r Dlnneen was until vry recently reeldlng at the Ca? in Kit ) ? I I? now one tf th?? prof anon at st Man"? College, mor? Old Put Jones, for noarly fifty year?, and up to ti,.? tane of btl death, an tm ployee of the now ChMiptllkl BBd OttB railroad, m porter, died a few dayi a>-;o. I was years old, a faithful old BegTO, Who negotiated service with the railroad in Its annual days, when it was called The "Ponina" rain? Slat?? ir ir? r Hl n anhOT W. Hermen But several days here this week with His brother, Colonel Lewie Hermen The Kaki fori Hotel has just had P.mo Handmade improvements made in its Office, foyer, and dining-rooms. Miss Lille Told has returned to Richmond, her home, after a few weeks Spet with her cousin, Mr. John W. Todd Miss Ammie Todd, of Steubenville, accompanied Miss Lille Told to Richmond. Mr. and Mrs. William S. Rucker are at home again, after the summer nest at the hotel Algoma, Ombra. Welker, of Richmond, is Here, being entertained by the On north August evening at the fair. Hon. P. St. George Tuber is In Washington during the fair. Mr. Buy Rockey has posted Up with the Big Fleet (W. Va.) Panama. The Baltimore Tin Buttali TASTELL, va. September 1st. The training and the training of the men, led by Major Luwson's mark, "Annie Lettuce," won the trotter, at the meeting. Olen Cary, a shot from the start, won the running race. Your oorreepondenl did aoi leara the nnmes of thi bom? !:i the otl Mrs Linai? Graham, aif? of ? or towne? BBS ? . JO Ig? B. C. Ora' im, U ?? bad I ? ? an li valid for ninny years. qi ..n Thurs I if ? ? ? nine? 'Tl A- r ?t ?lays, (-h?? was n rti I for b t bright and ? heerful face, and hindi manner toward all, ? ui dem alBlctioa had removed hi r for yenin from social lit??. Wnenlataek Penaaala, V,'? ? ? ???? ? '?, :'? id? ml ' r 7 'S; ?? la! ? - B, Eutater, who bas ? ? m ai summer with her ; Brenta ben, 1 tO ber bom?? in Danville. Va., ? ? Thursday. Mr. unno Bushong, managing editor of th.- Bid ? ' ? ' Conn.] Uornlng Union, I? -? ? father. Ber. A. A. J ?? ?? this place. Col :.? ? J C. Bake, wife, aad family nre ittendlng the ?? nchnter Preebytery, bow in matea at Round Hill, Frederick o unty, \ a Mi Jinn H. Rodeffer, aeeompaBled liv her little daughter, Kaddle, left hero Wednesday to make an extended visit to hi r "!J home a* Bt, Looia, Bo. Mr. nn I Mr S O. LAttghlln, of (-nnton, ??, who spent s ?-ni month? with Ml ? I Brenta, Mr. and Mrs. P. \V. Mlgruder, returned h'.ni.? Tuesday. Ilepiily f'i?Ilcclt?r ?ppitinteil. BIG BTONB GAP, VA., Beptember 7. (Speclnl.) Deputy Coll ctor ol Internal Revenue Cherlre F, Hagan, with heed? quarter? at tills plan, baa realgned, in order ?... take ? trii> to Europe? and Col? ,? ? tor Lee fa is ?] ? igt ? W, ?. ??? bourne, of Hin Bton? Gap, in ids pi. At temporary deputy. The appointment Be made permanent, as Mr. Kilbourne is a working Democrat, and lots and considerable experience in the revenue service. Fall Hats are all in. We have? if the pretties, and most popular blocks on the market this season, Among others we have? the popular VOMAN'S SHAP. We invite your inspection. School Suits, for the boys. The largest assortment we have ever earned. Call and look over our supply. You'll be pleased with the display and prices. Autumn Neckwear? in beautiful shades and shapes. Latest imports. Fall Suits are arriving daily. The pobbiest patterns; the very latest styles. BOYERS TO Me Adams & Berry. OAK AND JOB WORK HATTER EXCHANGE DISPATCHING EXCHANGE MARKET QUOTATIONS REPORT? MALL GREAT NEWS. BBSS CREDITORS OF THE WORLD. Prices of Money, Beads, Stock, Grain, Tobacco, Cotton, Ac., and in Addition Thereto the Weather Indications. In Washington, September 7. Forecast for Virginia: Generally fair; local thunderstorms; winds shifting to northerly; cooler Sunday night. For North Carolina: Generally fair; local thunderstorms; winds shifting to northerly; cooler Sunday evening. Weather Conditions: The barometer is slightly higher in the upper Mississippi Valley. It has risen throughout the Lake region and central Ohio, and at Kmoky Mountain stations. It la cooler throughout th<? Lake r? |iOOg and entrai valbyy, ani warmer at BOrttaerU ROCky Mountain stations. LOOS] StaoWSIS are reported trom the ?Tuir States and TertOOO**? and from the South and Ml'ldl? Atlantic coast. Fair V/Oatker will prevail in the Lake regions and th?? Ohio Valley, and west to the Missouri Valley, with rising temperature In the NorthwesL Tne wrATh-rn ??? Kirnuowr? naaaatodl waa clear and warm. The skies at aita?. nicht were overcast. Mate of theriiiorueter. G?.?.M ??. M. 77 UM.H ? G. M.M f.P.M. N U iUcloigbt.71 Mean temperature. l -. NEW rORK STOCK MARKrVT, NEW TORK, Bepteml r 7.-There was a .-inn ? ? ice at thi Bt ? h Bx< bange . tbe International yo? bl ro< ? led to on ata?e l general exodus of operator? Toe ban Iful of ti I wete. to tlM inaili, b : They paid l ?'? attenti in to the spectoiUe? however, and the ? ? ? sue?, a* a rule, onr?? ejotot T? ; ti? sei C aad Ii ai n? ? only ? ? , In i- .nt of a? trrity, b u In adv u writ, the stock having soM up from ii i-i to 4i .'Ifj it M, Tne prim ip ?? ra of tbe stoch were broker? aup? toi ? of the new ? ? . The old ram ir about a ? ? ?. ? a ball p< ol in rjen? r.ii ??? ? an 1 thl a : Iva:.''? ! to I.1 l-S ? ' 1. t ? 1121 .'. th? ? adran? ed to UI ? -'. r?. ? tod, ai ! al n; T?*, lin?? t ? ?? paone root ? "-?. to ?, aad ' ?! -rad?? Pu? ? ? l-a to i" ????? M The railway bri pro] r op*. "? ? ? !'?ti? fnegutor oO tower Londoa quotai ? r , '"ly turn??I u?> as buyer? and price* geo??rally Im pi .? ? ? - : ? per ' eat Speculation cl I quiet nnl firm, nt or near the top of th* day. Net 11 a] ' m | ? . .-? ?-?? to ? I I p? r ?? at, ?? ?? ? se Coal aad Iroa and Doited State* .,.? lending were nun The rales footed up | ? of Meted at I - ? ran 77'??' there? and of nulteted stocks 11,001 .--ii ire? Trearury balancea; Coin, t . ? . 711,'? '?. HONET <?N" EXCHANGE M.m. y on coll nominally 1 per en?.; ; ? ? ? paper, 41 Mil 1-4 Sterling exchange active, v. ith business in bank? re' ? Ilia, al M.? 1-? for slaty days, and 11.8a ?''? IffM.SO for dem ind; po ted rates, ILtBtalLW; commercial Mito, ?? ? I ?. Bar hilver, ?77c; rilv< r at the board. c i-i m Qovernm at bond? steady; State fa p is , relire id bond? firm. STUCK. QUUTATIORR t'loilng fll's. American Cotton Oil: American cotton Oil, proscribed. Tgtg Aiuti -im sillar.11.' 4 American car.sugar steameries. pr?t. lOSfaf I Biasima rafas em.?104, American, fopeaaeedBeata t?. ssif | Bailimore and Ohio.?? Le?ada Ports. ft 7 ?,? -..i "tiI? nn 1 POM. Btfal enaltase aafl ansa. Q)lga COMMM? oaeOeei an un 1 i/ilncy. piP j ' nmasn Sas Trari?. beli De.atri.re. i.aciawauna ana vVoBtern. |l '. Uattilten. Sfl ; trie.. U fere, prer-rre-l. "?"?'< (??narri Btoetrle. io u.iiioii Centrai.....loeM LekSne aad urei fin. 2fl? Loa* 2rto seti Rester? sreferroi. v"4 ? aito Saar?.log Looianu* an? naaorin*.ti.j'i hoesmo?, N*aAtoaai and Cbrmga. OR y.r.i.: nain? ai? li ta:??....... il-.". ?,<? ?,plim ?ni La*n*StSa.(a) ll MaotanmCoearel. . IOSH Mhweariracine.... ti*?? ???:.?Mil Ohio.~*~.. SA WaahtiBetihawaaoosa ? su loui*.. s ? Dotted Stomatleraagg. 7? Dattod Siale? (tolda?? praterred:.114 fu v? .1er? ? ?'"Mitrai.? l?ty New Y or? ?'entrai.li?;!?., >,ewl rka.i -?.?? arettoed. go Mortofkaad Weeter? sretoiTsd . Ifl gotto ?ara Poeto?. m?! Itorthera Pactao. pr?t erred. lg -\< rth?eri,erii ..IQfttf .s? iiiiwiisieru, paeterroe.? ????? Pacale .Man. SIR ganotog. 11*4 gaoklstoai. .\ tu l'an. 78 bt. l'uni, ?reteme.ISSSj Silver Oaratoaoto?. ITM ?**aB**e*e*JBBi aai toso. gato Teni.e?.?e<> ?'..al und Irob, pretirrea.Ion lesa? rotule. latg* Date? rosea* .... . |g? Wai.aeu...?. !??4 vtaD*?h, prof eue?.?..., UM WeBierii l'nion. bt't aTheourg eoi La^o km?. u;\ ?TfceeaaaTOBd base Ms ori?reir#i. 50??4 asinug Alabaras (ClMi AI. .(b; 10H AiatsaiaiClan bi.tb) los Alabama it'la.?* i). .- .(t>) l?)o?4 L'uisiana Hnn.ti ??S.(b) lOd NcrtLUar aarS %M. |gaj >ortn t arolinao ?.(b) las Southern Hallway B s. V7 I 'Uiaerii Kaiiaar. ?????? . l?'*i t-outh-?? Kaiiwar. trett-rrel. 41*4 BOBS? OOSOBOO 4^'s. 10.% T.-iint-?.-eer.ev ee:il?(uont ?'s.(a) PU raaoato s*?,nfeessree. si4 Virtinta Iru?t rte--??i( ts. BtoatOed . t! Vlrnitila CoiisMs.^. fl|l| Dotted Sesea? ?a. BagUersed. ni??, DootoS ^tat?* 4 a.coupon .11 :, DaaatoSrasoi Ba eeogoa. ???4 hank st.\t?:m!:nt. The a nabli etateeoont of the As.?ociated Hanks shows Um foUowtng rtaotigog. Reserve, deer? ?e? BaJakJai, l^oans, faacreoee, J?'? MB,sa\ Specie, dicreafc, ??',????. I^?;al tendera, <???*????*, UM 1,700. Pepeelt? Increase. ti.i?S.i-?). ?'? ?. In n s -??, ?*1*?.10? The banks SOW hold SHtahVTR In excess of the lei;al requirements. The New York Financier says: The atateoteot Is a remarkable one In sev^ ral features. '?> ? n.-i u in louas reached the unusual Bgure of ?'.'.tv.??', which brin?? the total loan Item to JS18, I'.'O.y?', or $1.761.100 higher than the largest amount ever reached In the history of the New York Clearln*--House. This of Itseir make? the shooing of the banks a noteworthy one, but when it 1* remem? ber? 1 that the Increase was the reooR larjrely of legitimate business, coupled, of course, with a graotor ?legre* of ac? tivity In exchange elides snd the usual shifting ot toons iucldeul to early Sep temb'r settlements. Il will be teen that business Is maintaining It.? strength with? out abatement. Tue 'Puait! for money for the Interior still continues. The d?? imr.d f"T ntthahsgnte is reporte.l up to ? xpert-itlons by a Bmahmef banks, which tii a terge ktntaan at ihe south and West. The money market, homier. ! I! n<t id ?lured, although or,.? or tare ?.-at? ti r. ; I 11 ? at 2 per cent, ar?? ??;???' i Th. re L?, t.eyond aonht. a ?rrmer tune displayed, ae 1 a Bsatertal reduction Of I ite lo a reserve, brlaedag of excess ca?!i down to nH*Bf,7h\ will ?pente to farm of better rat.s. The rontinuaan of gold shipments is hatlnK tta < SaB on th?? cash bold lag? af the I atta, the reduction of nearly B.ttB,? BB in agi ?" mrlng been brought about by the with Intnl of gold on syndicate account t? a total I of , >, to the bank! amo'.n?. 1 t" i . . ..v. k, lega] ???:.!? ataklni ? i ?,?? of th? amount. The irold shipments hai . .?? ? I tO do With this falli. bul th.? ihipmenta to tho latertot mint m ante nn Important tactor, sin,?..? u.? recelpB m ntnnatod to hav?? bam In the n? Igd I rhoed of ftLBMB less than tl. utgo. PaBll ?11 Indicati ans ko for naught, th? r.? will bl s'??'! further rednctlou! In thi? mrgtoe morn befen Ike fin move? ment man. Ctanmtnd with a yew a?ro. loans nr?.? ? arly Bff.BB.ttB Brger, while deposits at?? about B.CgtvtB ton, The . t ? .In t*?.? mem Is a huh? more than half the amount reponed for th? same ?? k last y.ar. BALTlhlOBB BTOCK ??G.???. BALTDfOBB, Sept? m!, r 7? Virginia r< :.? iry bonds, ? 3-4'?.??.!; Baltimora and Ohio, ?SCiiO. 1-2; Baltimore ar. I Ohio, robthwntern, G? in bid; do., income ?. ??. asked; ConroHdated ??as, stock, ca 3-bip G3 1-2; do., bcinls. 6s, 117 bid. BJCaaOBD STOCK MAKKF.r. Binimi?.!?, geanatiee7, tinta HALF.*.?l.o.'iO VirirlnU Crnfiry nt fAttJg, it,.?staateg t?innmn ? r te-jiy: COVKBNVVtrsKTMTlBl Ma, AskoL t littet! Stai"! 4?. Ill hT.UK BBOttBTima BertaCainBn *'?.? i?4 ???p??Carolin?? Fa.IttT V.r?r.lsu's OttSS). :."?!?? 7d Cnianaa. ' I ", s . ? voli nu 4 Va..?., ? MJf |tt7W c'iTv ? ? r.iTir.s ? ? : ftty FI.. l'?7 Btehatead cur *> ?.Hfl Itlctiiiioradi-ltrae tlP'.'l an 1 later) ill ? ? mamen... tot KAii.soie Bene, gttanta ? i Chan ?? IB t ?..... i gfl Atlanta ar. ? (Barbate gre* to. ???. it..IO? ci-ir..?. L ?.? ? lana im Fi G, ig? Char., ci. ?"I I Beasi? ? G? 0_ ti ; t ?, mirati ? UrooerlUO let ?'?. p? ?eorci? rnahV 1st Fi.llgtff Oeergtegeuttana FB. IB tri.. Ittfl nu ? ' Il ir^' t la?? ? .?'?. .. l'i'.? potot?enrg (Cteaa B] os..Ili hnr?inn.ih. Amerio ?s ani Bbat? .? I BT>.. itasra aaflaar Fi. o e pta| W'f'trii North ktentttttt i?l ?*. (1U14). HI BattaOAl g? '-. i>r. Atlanti fin K'hurlolt?.IM ?.'.l?. Pttereitu.-f.IM ... 101?^ Bmanaa. Imeeeteteeen * ?.?,????"??.. ,,',?,'?'.?"'!.... IM lid St un -in Ifitl.tiy, t.ro? t? ? I ? ? 4 1 If Bitttttem aaBttey. onmmt?.ltt |gt| Bam I (<; .?,.,..' llatiV;. ' ? ' ", ChyBeak?... r? M 1 dilati bam.'do ~7 BatloaBBamB ?trgtehb.M.IM ... 111 ieoailif itsnt. tM ... no BateneakB VArgteB.IM 1-4iva ??? Batanhaal. M 111 Virtflnif?, 1 rast 1 nt ? vit _.?UJ 111 Is ( IABC81 "in?.? n... ftogtetegteM. ??.'?> io 20 BM p t unten? amarina ltsbacoo ??., rr^v '? rnd. tM IBS ilfl A (neri.-.vi 1 Wh? M ( .v. I ?? ????.?.iOO H? GBAIN AND COTTON EXCHANGE. BICHBOND, V.\.. ? ptember 7, IBI. Offering?: win at, LB) buabela, Onte, 4o bushels. Sein! Wh. ..t, fffg baafg?a, oits, 4?) bushels. tigberrj G mi .? 1, ? |67 ;?':?'::- ? 17 . ".o 1 red, Be. t Orti White, Vit,.?; ?, 42c; ?a ? white, Be.; No - mixed, Oc, Oata - No. li .1 i--'?.; No .; p . 2c.; wlnti : ai i. S3 ? Be ?>?? A. J...C. RICHMOND TOBACCO MARKET. RICHMi ?Nl '. v.v. fl ptember 7, !???".. No auction .-aies to-day, an*, private uli ? II Itevi ? Cigars and < ;gar? ettes, g3.172.7i ; toi ... Total,. for week: Wr i| per?, I !; smok-rs ? .'. ,',.rk I '. -? .. :. rear. I: v. nue ? reek: Clg n ; I ? ?. : ' Lane sale? ? f bright loose may b? i\ peeti ? anxt wee?. NBW FORK PRODCCB MARKBT. NEW rORK, Beptember 7-Flour-Dull. Easy, Winter wheat, at low prices, fair to fancy, 75c; Minimizing, $1.75; Intents, $1.75; Cattle, dull and more to fair, to 1.1; Cattle, steady, May, $1.25; prime, $1.25; No. 2 white, mixed western, $1.25; Hogs, steady; shipping, compound, 4 ii.?'???? Ork- Firm: moderate demand; old mess, tld.25?276. It. r quiet, best grades steady; State dairy, l'o'S l-?'??; creamery, la i-2'ii.ijc.; western dairy, 1" 1-?'-"?: i.U'ir.-. lSc. Flour- Firm; western fresh, 14 r. i-2c; do.?. r. -?..'- 14..'). Weak; cuy. 1 1-S^1 1-ic; country, 1 111 1-2.?. Cottonseed oil steady; crude, 2lc.; yellow, 2c.; do., go d, 6fr grade, 2:, I I. Be. Trol urn??Quiet; refined, New York, G Philadelphia, 17.B; do., in bulk, Quiet and steady; strained, common to choice, 1-?/H-W. T.rpenUne-DuU end easy, at 27 1-24/1 2-s? Klee? Firm; domestic, fair to extra, I 7-s. ic; do. J ipan, 4 l-4c. M [ara? F reign unchanged. ?Off? '':?ed,.l"t:!'?? m!, t.?4.?); rpot Rio 'lull t>l)t????'idy; No. 7. 10 2-, r 15 7-Rc. Sturar? Raw, firm but?lull; fair re flninir 3c; teline! I'.rm ind fairly active; off "a " S I '''r'' "A. 4 l-4?l 4 T-M??'? cut-loaf. 4 7-s?3 1-lCc.; cmshtg, 4 7?? ". 1 :? t '. er molate?,4?,,.(, ? at? te Liverpool?QtiVt and nominal; cotton, by eieam. 3-j;i.; grtttea by " simi'tiTti fresh fruite: Peecbn pretty well cleaned up and \^\. Watermelon? In moderate demand, bul tirm on light re? ceipts. L'l'it arrivals of sweet potatoes, and lirlC'S BU*I?!??<1. ivhches-Carrler. ll.aK(ji$3.M; do., bask-t. ^otet'oe'e-eweet. fUWrc.25. CHICAGO PRODUCE MARKET. CHICAGO September Interest in the wheat market was distracted by the vast races, traders paying more attention to the bulletins on the popular event than to the business of buying. Brain. It was hardly to be expected that with the loss of energy from the diversions mentioned, and the half-filled lay seen. Prices would display any disposition to advance, farmers, the prices would display any disposition to advance, farmers, the prices would be higher, but upon the contrary, the market closed. Closing cables from Berlin and Paris, there was a second re-troagression, from which there was no recovery up to the last. The market closed. Bradstreet's reported weekly clearance from the coasts - - '.) many they were, compared with those of recent years. December closed at $4.50 per bushel, under the lead. Cash prices at $1.40 per bushel, under the lead. COI rani rn v.- is 1-??-?. Within that reatrtctad Umtt burl? *? of dui? r. -.s tint - x; . ? beeam ? ? re ?'? ; tr? nt ? ??. u . the ' ' ? si ,? ? ut strength being somewhat pusxfJog. May corn openvd at -9 ?'-'??. s ?M at 20 Ht, and ? I ?>? ? at '-.? 7-*?. ;? shad hlfrher tfaa p Calh a rn a .s i-, ?- r bu fa? i i wer. ? ?at??The ?ai-i ? ark'.f waa In a ? ed st it?. Thi ? ? , . ? hi i..?. b in in the recent ? ist were con?'?.,? i<> absent to-lay. and price? dragged through t?o- aeaatoa in a somewhat Indifferent mai'r-.-r. A fair amount of et^adlnesi In t B* was > 1 . "rvt d. tr ? la Htoide hlth-r than vest? rd.iy. Casn oat? arerei M? per bushel lower. 1T\ ??i"r,s-rrodurt decUned at the opinai;, prices afterwards r rnninlng un? moved through a lack or trade. The k - ni.ik.t v,n tlrm and hiK'ia r. and should have argued lor a ?????;? feellog in pro? visions, but there was no demand, and r.t that reason sellera were ?bilged at submit to reduced yuomtlons. October p'.rk Btoaed I-oc. lower: October lard 2 I-:??, tower; October ribs pic. ? Domestic ?tiark?t? wr?? QUtet nnl ? ?; er. The leading futures ? in... ? as follows: UpaatUg. HlgDM'. love. ? , .-. Whfat? *apt.Bate [,H\i 68 68 D*C.''?"??? fil?V? ?'?Ma?< ft?3<? bay.?Ul* O.Hfja'-? 03'4*4 ?3*? COM ?"????.-""Vi srua 32???.:| 3*i pet.U ggU M :ivu g** .!H?t *?H -?*H VKH May.'."..?i 3li?t gtajg SOU OAT?? 'i'1.-i"4 tP'i 19 ini? .'<.ISM MM l?H In'i ???.-"? '-?!? 21 BUM Poag? V '.* MS ? "?4?? ? >':i'ii ? ?4'. Jan.... RT?M RTSM Re??. !.m;i ?c*..."'.'.?? ass ass asa ?"?". "-?Tii 6.97)4] j.wrvj 5.t>74 ?? Mil - - oat.?..'? are Miii ??a. B.00 B\&Qi -i.iirvw?.?? '? quotations vre as tottows: Flour ??a ra WBI nothing at all dol?? In tb? market No. 2 i-prim " SO. 2 red.1 -4c : ISO - u-, 1.. i-i? G?.' ry*,.. i'.rk. I* <? ?. :?.' Si?? a? '? ... salti! ihould r?, B5.63 1-2. Short ciYSr Bldt? l'i;'?... >'? bli..*,. '* CHICAGO LIVE-STOCK MARKET. UNION STOCK-TARDRY 11,1-.. September b r '?. -Cattle?Receipts to fa? id. Market - mi p to? atre steers, I It <-s and (fed : -, |2. ? ti 6.70;? ito? J< .?..???. \i Ml?a? ?;. -...?? Is, \ -?i h ad. M . hither; heavy packing ?? -,?,,. ur.mon toehol - < 11 S : cl!? a-? ri 1. 14.3. To d:? '. lami -, i-, BALTIMORE PRODUCE MARKET. BALTIMORE, MD., October? Weak. An low r: No. 2 re 1,? pot ? |?., ?. Decembi r. iii.i^..-;i!?;?. . '?! : I '.. : - u t h - ?ample,?.. un? I] : mix? I..?" Ot, I il? l-4c.; er,?? ;?'' t?lier.?Me. year,???????., j mi??ry, . southern, white, Sx.?.; do., rei low. He. ? ?.? l'.rrn; No. 1 whit- western, : ? . No. '' mix d, do., -? ? ? 1 .. I.' ?? l'ai!; No. :'. 41' Hay Firm Bt $15. Orata Freight* Steady; cotton fitm; im ? Ile? s l-4c. and firm St 11 l tafite ' ; ?.? r artici -m unchanged, CtNCrNNATL CINCINNATI, O., B pt mber T.?Ptour . ? receipts; wlnti r i atenta, ; prlng patenta fi. ???'??,,.?. '.? tieal . ? idy; No, 2 ? -i. >'?.:??. Ci in .Market steady; yellow ear, tra'k, ?Bc.? white, ti ' k. ?, Oats Quiet and tlrm; No. 2 mlv !, traik, :>,:*'.c. No. 2 white, track, 2t?.??. Port ?. m active and Hte.-piy; mesa, : ? eh ir mesa, RIJO; family, $11.7). Lud Basy; fair demand: ateam leef, R ". heme, SUO; prime ateam easy at .?; in !? ? ite demand; Irto*.. lera, ?.",.7",: lo se ,?h"rt riba, 1181: a p clear lid t, ttM\k', box???! Bry-Salted m? it? Basy; loo * shoul dera R.8>; 1? ose ? bort rib? t- -."',: lo? ? ? abort di ir, ;???-'., b u ? Beato wortta YTtalskey?Steady ot UM. ST. LOUIS ST. LOTJTB, .".?. Beptember 7 -Flotir ; ? ? ?.? . < ' V ?*' .". extra farcy, y ? ? rat?fi ? iher; Bepl m! a, IJ'A??.; May, 2'.?. Standard me?? Sta I , -?,... ? . ? ???? ?. i i; e!, t ? -' ?- ; ? .'-; "'. Dry-Salted Meats Shoulder? V>-^i: ? High Win? Steady at V-22. Tll'l COTTON ? ? li Ivi ITS. LTVRRP ?Ola Bepteni ri Noon Cot ton?Demand limited; prices Arm; Amerl ? ? ??;. Bab i, "?' 1? ?lea; America ?, 1,600 b ? and export, ?'-?'? , . ? . open ed \ in middling, 1" ? Bepl ??:.??. G and ' ? : ? - ? Noveml r. I I r and De ember, ? 15 Ri l li '.? I.; ber an I Jan ;:'.'? ?. ; .1 inu iry ;.: i February, 4 1,?' I lMMd.; ? bruary ani Marcii, ? i:? ''il.: March and April, ? Id. Kuturea cloa-.i etoady at the a aval. ? :?. M -Spot cotton?American mid? dling fair. 4 7-vl.; good I 7 II 1. ; ! ".? ml ! ll,n?.;, ? t.; ??? ? ordinary, I mber, 4 lMtd., reii.-r?; September ????G, 4 ??;-04??.. aellera; Otol ?. ? '.' '? , ? ISdtd., sell ra; No i.ii 1 December, 4 l*-*4d?, eelers; ; aber an 1 January, 4 17 Mai i< thi , ?. January ar. 1 Pehruary, ? 19-otd., value; February and March 4 to-tMd., huyere: Mareta and April, ? "?-???., bur ers; April and May. 4 S-4404 .-'.-.'.id., setters; M :>? and Jim? 4 24-?^?!., ?eller??; Jim??? an 1 Ju.v, 1 ?-'^liI.. buyers. Kutur-s clos? d fiulet and SO NfcTW TOR?* Bejoterataer 1?Cottoa galet an ? Bteady; mtddung Gulf, 8 l-^c; mii dling 8 l ic. Net and n-'ross receipts, none; exports to Ore? Britain, SM bojee: t?> th.? Coati? ?? ut MB bel**: forward??!, nene; aale*, ?11 bal?? all ?jiinners; stock, 1^9.7^) bales. Total* this week: Net receipts, 1.?46 bale*? soporto to Great Rrttoln, 'x-i bales; to the Continent, 2?7 bales; ?to? k. S-J.W Totals slr.ee September 1 : Net receipts. 13.111 bales, eX|>or'n to ilreal Hrlt-iln. Hll balee; to Prar.ce, y> bales; to th?* Coiiit :? bales. Market ctoeed rteodv; ea?.s. 96 ,??? bol? ?; ?entember $7.93; October, $7?.?'. November, ? ? i ..-.? rut. r, vi": January. 1-17; F-b ruery, VtS; Ma;, a. $s.:7, April, Btrj; May, p, || Total visible supply of cotton fir the world 2 2.v.."?y bato? of ?rhlch 101144? bales are American, against l,313.diW and ?...I?.'.-.?, bales, i?-? cHyely, Is ? yehr. ,.. .. ,. of ' 'tton th!? we k al all ln tortor town? O.W0 } i|,?s? Reeelpta from the plentallonr, UvSR bales. Crop in fifc-ht. 2-..?? : NEW ORLEANS, September T.?Cot? ton?Futures closed Bteedy: aatoa. SMOI bales; September I7.R; October, |7to; .? - $7 87; December. 17.89; January, $7 94r February, 17.*?: Mar.-h, $S?X.*; Agrtt, |get? May, $sl?: June, $8.14. naval stock MARtaTRTR WILdilNOTON, N. <?'? B*pt*aobae 7 ? rrm; strained, RJI 1-2; jpxid etrain Bplrita ?f Turpentine?Firm; machine, ?- : Irregular. 2? ?-8'? Tir-Flrm at $1 27>. ^ _._ Crude Turpentlr.e-eteady; hard, $1.10; loft. $1 ?r'i; virgin, $l.?? CHAIILESTON. 8- C., September 7. Turp-nilne?Firm at 24'iC bid, receipts, 19 ra-dts. Losln-Gaod stralr.e<l Arm at $1.10. 8AVANNVH. OA.. September 7.?Tur pentlne-Flrm at 2i<?.; receipt*, 1.0(53 casks. Rosin-Finn and unchanged; tales, 2,?"?) barrels. _ ^.? WH*. ??'" ?? I LU I, BOOK ANT) JOB PRISTINO NEAT LT KXECL'TRU AT T?g ?toPATCd TiUMLNv.-UuL'a4> ?: mum?; imi ii u.km ?:. MIMATI UK ALBAN AC, 6?G?. S. IB?. S':n ri-e, .| p HIOH TIDE. Sun sets .I:? Morn ? ??.?il Moon rises .? ?; Eve ? Ina..7:17 MINIATURE ALMANAC, Bts?. '? Sun r>.>? .Aie MICH TIDE. Bun ? 's .UrMernlng.7:? Moon rises .laT'Bvenlng.?:??) PORT OR RIOHM->NI>. SEPT. 7, 1888. ARRIVI.?. Steamer Poco bont??, ?.'?raves. Norfolk. merchandise ind pa igers; it ?in Weist? tjcr, superintendent. TORT OF KHWPOBT SKWS. BBPT, 7. (By telefruphv.) 8?1?.?.!'. Amerlonn steamship orlen, B^ton. r .' OF WSBT POINT, BBPT. ". 1895. lily telegraph.) ARRIVLD. Bteamshtp Dombnter, Barker. Provi? dence ',?. Norfolk tri Newport News; p.msengers and general care". t Steamship Richmond. ?Jliyer. New York; r tragan ani genual canto. S*r.vn?hlp Chatham. Johnsen. Baiti I mor?; passengers and general c'arco. Bteamahlp Charlotte, Ntckle, Baltimore; en and general cargo. HAH .KO. Sioirnshtp Dorchester. Barker. Balti? more; javsongers ani general cargo. Steamship Charlotte. Ntckle. Ualtimore; m*nngera uni genera! cargo. Steamship Chatham. Johnson. Provi? dence via NVrfolk; passengers and gene? ral careo. Str.nishlp Richmond. C.iover, New York vta Norfolk and Newport News; passen? gers and general ntSgo, -:-'-^ FINANCIAL. p?? thi: fihst-mohtoaoe bond OOLIEKSOFTHF. SWASNAH, AMERICUS AND MONT? GOMERY RAILWAY : Py tho terms off the plan of reorgani? zation, adopted by your committee, gun are entitled to subscribe, at par ar.d In? terest, to the extent of CO per cent of your hoMlugB of Di?'. 1 : : . to on Issili cf gi.irr^.ts.?!. ant^coftffpfi anfenam j ?? r mat lifty-yHUT poli* bonds of tho ? and AttabUAtttt i.uliva;.?, receiving as a bonus P> pi e ..t. iti tlrsi-mcrtgage consoli: ? I I pw en . I I !s, ? pee cent. In ptefottOd btock, BBd IB ? t I 'it? in ? mnoB Book, Circulars Bteittg t'? tailed Information and terms of inmcrtpttett can be had t.j'on application to th?? undersigned, or te JOHN !.. WILLIABS & BONB BJch? moral. Tit?? right t.? mbaerlbe win espiro st 3 o'cloi'k ?, M. BEPTEBBEB Ittth and ail bead? aot tak? a i>y the bond hold en ?arili i? i"' tted ? Ute ry dielt?.? which : Bttderwi Ittm th > am BALTIMORE TRUST ARD GUARANTEE COMPANY Agonts 'or ??t?????. ?aaeiisM ?m Montgo tii? s Beorgantnttoa?? muut'.oe. [an agii WE CAN Invest Your Money Promptly IH Good Real Estate Notes, SHORT OR I-ONU WIR MONEY PROMPTLY INVESTED, Ue have a BtXH? UBT OP MOTBB BOB OB ham', ahieh a?an offering at QOOU u.viKd of in rgaaiT. INTEREST ALLOWED ON DEPOSITS at the rat?? of 4 por cent, per annim trotu the d ? ; ? ,.'?.:-. THE FINANCE TRADING CO,, IIANKKI.S, 1018 Baat Main ? tratti _[sn htt_ ? OU SALK, A FEW SHARES OF BOHL'S CIGARETTE MACHiNE STOCK, ' *hlch la paying aa ANNUAL DIVIDEND Twenty-Five Per Cent. per annum The oaaeBtee? ???> ???p.? ?? \>? ate Arier: im rebecnl eoi puny, a ai the dividendi urn ?:? ? anni losrterlr. Call ou u t for ?nil !n tetmattoa. .-t ol ? I:l ; ???a?'??.?.?.?. Dime-, tag ?'.', k.trs, st<H-1t _ Bo, 1114 ??si Vain street, 6 PER CENT. MONEY in any ?mounts, from V.OO to tlo.O?". on han ? to LOAN ON CITI ou BUBTJBB? AN iu:.\i. BBTATB. Chanjm anHtemte.. DENO '-".', ?????? A co.. ? "?-it_ici Bate ?tent 120,000 TO LOAN. ON LON ; TIME on Richmond city real c || Ii n ? a.-? ? whol ? or divi le Into small..- sume ??'? "'?' G< >N d CO., .. "k .. id ??nO? streut?. * rvu U:nl>. ? l.OOO. $ 2,500. $ .'1.000. 8 ?1.G?00. ??? ??,000. Dr cii.AUi.E9 a. BOBS Kent t?tate ?od Lan?, ?e ?M t il north 1 eutu street. I MONET ?? LEND IN BUhfS TO B?IT 'ti Richmond city un l luburbaa r? il ni ite. J. v.. BLAB ?t ?o., .??? 8-e dit Uli Main atre t. f YOU WANT MONKY AM) HAVE TIIEsKi TlillY como to see us. and you cun get It with? out delay. POLLABD S BAOBY. se 8-lt No U north Eleventh street. _ MONEY TO LEND ON GOOD REAL ESTATI at low rates of Interest and moderate charges. PRANK !>. HILL & CO. 8-Ct It? il Estete and Loans. IltsiM'.MS CBABCBtt. G?'. BALE, MY BRANCH BTORB, l at No, \? S.-amore street, In? cluding HAR IJCENSE, paid ? to Hay I. ISM ELEOANT BAR-FIXTl'REd. STOCK OP LI'?,' ORS. and QOOD ??ILL OP THE BL'SINEBS. This place has beea conduct? 1 by me for the past ten vara, arai satisfactory reasons ?:??-? for ?elllnR. L'nexampli l opportunity for a pushing min. with limited capital, to ?-cure a ffijotl-puyln* bustoen; or will rent lur ? . and it '?'- W a good tenant at nable rates. Apply to IN ?''Connor, 17 Boillni??ruok street, re 8-2t_P?tersburg, Va. POB sali: MY OCTTTATION BEINO HVCH AH to exclude hunting. I have TWO PINE OUNS tScott and Orremrr mak t. ?? m BA?.K ehe.p. Address GUN, Box 118. city. _ ??- *-1:* _ -_.__^_ fUBBItBBfi MI?I.II.?, w.AGOftl, a??. \\T l. ?MITA, CdFeU? y ? ? :il4 MJ^TIl riKTH BT.. ?? '--Wl lini the latest TRI Is selling the Ulcsi designs In l Alvi. ?L'RRY?._ IHAETONS, Bl'OOIES. ETC.. | sl eloelne-out pr!?-??. See my stock ??..for? j purchasing elsewhere au S-lm ri*lA*ICIAL. CONnDENCE BRINGS BUYERS. A atrons; f?vitur# of the me-V?t I? pub'.lo confidence. Th,? belief ?a general that ?m pi iM'in.nt In trad* and Beaaaeoo will bt perm ? ? ?nt. NEW MFVPttS AUK ?''??G?? INTO Till?; lIAHKirr, AND TH'.. ? MANU POR STiM-KI ANO BONDS iS STEADILY OROWI <0 Write for our "4-XM'AOR MANUAL," must rated with railroad mapa, giv.nf ? Information of all lUIl. ; ?\?? and INDUSTRIAL prop.Ttl?*, tnebil.ng I IkV ?t and lowest prlcrS for a erri?.?* ? * ? a to thirty y**rs of Stocks, bonds, grain, and cotton, und alio the methods ?>f buying ani seHlg| on margin. ranTjbTD cuatis and mailed free. stocks, no xi)?. fttajsaVsllj COTTO*, Tr*Rovi*io*e bought and sohl for canh or on a margin "t z to ", nr e nt. Commission, ? M Di'TiiioiiMv?! t??? fixas? tu. rk? ??'????p?.?t? of Till! FIRH with uiiidi v??f nr w. is A? ???'??????? AS BKIKl ri\o THE III?.II f STOCKS. New York National Lank reference* furnlshe.l. Twenty yanrs' exnerlen?-?? largeit clientele, most commodious ornee? best brok'rage aervlce. H?IGHT&FREESE, BANKERS AND COMMISSION STOCK BROKERS. G3 nUOADWAY, NEW YORK CITT. BRANCH OFFICE. 1132 rtroadway, next to Delmonlco's. ne*g Twerity-elxth atreeL DIRECT wires. **%-It_t MONEY TO LOAN AT ? PER ?'??G IN' ANT AMOUNT \ou wish. Apply to T. fat. WORTHAM A i'<>. Real Estate and ?,????. te 8-Su&W:t Tenth and Hank. First - Mortgage 6 Per Cent, Fifty-Year Cold Bonds GEORGIA SOUTHERN AND FLORIDA RAILWAY COMPANY. Inter??*! RstjraMa .Iiinuurv nnil July In Raref York nr llu 11 linori-, m (lie Option of the llol.lt 1. Total gsgqsjol ol fataBBdaaaae i? i,?m>??, ?mm?, of Which faaObdaOB Are Ite ?.t'ami lu liiH Treasury ill tbo tuiiiptiny for future llciielre Boeai*. ?.?????? ??,t??,??? iloinl. ?Iiil.liii'.dnx. Then o ore |t.C"i> coupon-bonds, with privilege of registration of k<r?n I pal, ami nr?? secured by a first mottgag?? on the entire property of the company; i>?iti? principal and inter'st ar?? payable "la gold com of ih- United K?a'ea of Amerl ? ?. of th?.? ? ?. -? nt ?: uidi'rd of weight and tiiw neas, ' and "without am' d dui th D tor notional, Btate, or municipal lates" \ ? ? trolling Int? reel in the ro ?d has recently bton purchased bj the goutbern Railway Compony, and It will be run In connection with that system, - loins? al M icon, O?, exf-ii'llmr to I'alitki ria., u dtotooc* of 2*-'? ind.ii Of mein Hi - ?\.lh .irti| Im side-tracks. It i.v.iij lir,?.? ond \ illuni.1?? terminal pro pertle* at both Macon and I'aiutka. be? ato? ?? about, one mil?? <>f freaiog? on the Bl J' fan's river. These terminili am ?att? iri u.? ! lo be ??? th fully ?/O.???. Tii? roadbed Is In good condition, an?l l< laid wh ? pound sie?! rail. The road Is wsll equlpp?*?!. e? mpaiing favorably in lint r epect with the Plant system, R i board Alr-Llna, an-i Atlantic ? o**t Lin??. The trafile of the road Is diversified, ami l*St**d'.y lnen-aalng. The ein,Inge fol th? year ending June ?? IBst, wan Gro?"! ? imlng* <t'2.sr>S per mil.??... .tMt.r.tf <>p rating eapeoeee.in.?** Net earnings .IS?B.a'-? Interest on *:,7'??,0?? (outstanding bonds) . Itt.oot S'iriiliis ovr fixed charges.I t1..V.K Th? - ? earnings were made before thl road became a part of th?? South-rn ays. tern, und alin"St ?*ttrely troni local hud? t.-s.. and In a year of not unuaual proa? e? rttj. The earning* for l?wi and 1R?4 were |X17.? ? poi OST reepectlrerr. Th?? connect?* with th?.? ??->??????t? ral!/ rood system will b* of great adven? tag* aa II will anabto the- Georgia Mouth? uri an I l'i .rida to h.mdlii a lurge througl buelni ? heretofore thrown ov??r ?'th ? line?, thus enlarging ita trafilo and In? creasing It-? earnings. ? ho following laide, takfn from th( litest ?omparatlv.? repon* obtainable, || interesting aa comparing th ? ilr.-d mort. n??{:?? bon?!* of th?? Cip.rgla Southern mil . ? tth the*? ' f the ?' ilumbl* bm Oreenville, Qeorglo PocISc, and fVe*t*rs N'.Tth Caroli*? Whlcfa ar..? slmihuly situ? atad with regard to the Southern rail v.-iy. >.!l bin.' controlled and operato?] M parti? of tne Southern rai.way h>* ti ra; aaar? ? Ml. IngS Pil? :- tar- Honda i'-i A ?; Ing, I'.T Milo IBB?. Y ii. Mlle. C.dumbla ani Orcen - .HS ?14 ntOM t! Bg ?., ra ? ? ?-?..? nrrtim u? .1 .? u .?..?, ?._?, Weatern N. ?.' firsts 115 19 12. Sto J.:?;; . irte Orata....Ul 2???| 10,009 3 ?\ rhe er at par und ac? Inter? ?1 subject to sale or S'I.miici In prl ? I ? ' " of ttie abov*-de*erlbe?l \ th? '? rgrl 1 He ithcrn an 1 Klon. I way ?Ompany, arid connd. atly re? ? them ' ' ii'v ?tor* M VRYLAND TRUST COMPANY". p?? I p iltlmore, AM MONET TO LEND AT ALL TIMER, ON CITT OP RICH? MOND REAL ESTATE. x w n.'iWK. au 2"? Iy No 4 north aTtbrVeoth n'r.ut. MONEY LOANED"" ON DCPROYataT) CITY RBAL I^TATB at 6 per cent. No oomaslaatotM i?or f*e? for truat deeds, nor for i-i-i.^-dlrac Q. ?. ????. 8[>ecla| l/ian Agent, Northwestern Mutual Lire-insurance Oa J? :- ... L'i east Main etreet. CltlCAI.O ll?) till) UK THADK. As many c??mp!atnta ar* coming to th* Chlo?*?! Board of Trade ahowlng that 04 r. aona Intending to deal In grain and pro? VMtona through memb-ra of the board, and Mubj et to Ita rult-a and regula ? ?? ? .1, un? mUl'-d Into d-?l?r. ? with peraon* or r.ra, - who have no connection with thla I nd the public ?a cautioned again?! dealing with ?ucti person? or t.iinv ani I?, notlfl? 1 that Oi-orge p. Stone, 8-cretary, will answer any lixjulrlee as to ?h-th-r any partlculsr persoA or Arm Is o mem? L? r of -ui' 11 !?o?i '. QROROR P. fTONK. Secretary. au 2&-du?m THE 8C ALTER, ;i page* Se. AH about making money m and ??".-ka t,y "acalptog th? mar? iet' on margins jV M to li.if.). licit metilo?! yet. All sRUperc make money. I.ANSINO A* ?' >?. ll? Qulnqc street, Chi? cago. Write for m*?k?t I tfer. published 1 - ?? rij/;_?eg? Built "HINTS ?? INVESTORS AND HIil? ""? LATORS" 'fifth edition; sent fie?. H plainly lnd!eat?at the b??t and stfeat waf to mir? m.iiiey quickly t>y st?x-h? ai. dress LANOD0N ? 0??. Rankers, ?? 1A ?| atreet. New Y?ylc_to li-?ultt ??Mil AM) ll\NKi:itS. JOHN L. WILLIAMS & SONS RICHMOND, V IRGLI I A, DH.'LKKS IV INVESTMENT SECURITIES. Plrst-C!ass Inventili' nt ?securities boughl and ???. Railroad and MuBlcloal and Street Hall. way 1-?????? ueffotuteii or purcbmiad out? " "letters of credit furnlahed, avallabto in ?II parta of th* world.* ?y to-Tu.ThASa. |
mmoiresetjournal01will_16 | French-PD-diverse | Public Domain | Mon fils Pierre-Alexandre a dessiné son portrait au crayon rouge etlui a fait présent d'une tête dessinée de même, re présentant une Vierge; Tune et l'autre très-bienfaits. Tout cela lui a fait un plaisir singulier; aussi notre séparation m'a paru lui faire de la peine. Mes amis de chez le roy de Danemark voulurent absolument me présenter à ce monarque. J'en fus très-flatlé; mais, ayant observé que la foule y étoit constamment très-grande de toutes sor tes de poètes, lettrés, artistes, gens de métier de toute espèce, qui présentaient de leurs ouvrages en vers et en prose, ou dédiant tout ce qui pouvoit porter dédicace, ou offrant pour de l'argent ce qu'ils avoient de bon ou de mauvais, je changeai de sentiment, d'autant plus que, parmi la foule, je ne voyois que peu de personnes d'un m JOURNAL mérite reconnu. Mes amis n'étoient pas contents d'abord de ma résolution; mais, lorsque je leur dis que je ne dé sirois nullement avoir Pair, aux yeux des autres, comme étant là aussi pour tendre la main dans l'occasion, ils ap prouvèrent ma délicatesse. Le 11. M. Kobell1, peintre de l'électeur palatin, m'est venu voir. 11 m'a fait présent de plusieurs desseins de paysages de sa façon, faits avec feu et grande facilité. M. Texié, trésorier du roy de Danemark, le dernier de la suite, de Sa Majesté Danoise qui fût resté icy, est Venu prendre congé de nous. J'allai a la Comédie-Italienne avec mon fils Frédéric et M. Daudet. M. le lieutenant Mourier a pris congé et est parti pour Londres. Le 12. Répondu à M. Lippert, conseiller actuel des révisions et de commerce de S. À. S. E. de Bavière, se crétaire de l'Académie des sciences électorales de Munich, à Munich. Au bas de la lettre j'ay écrit, comme à l'ordi naire : Gtmsa Academise. Cela fait que la lettre est franche en Allemagne. Je le remercie des soins qu'il a bien voulu se donner en m'échangeant quatre ducats d'or contre autant d'au tres de différents coins. Je le prie d'assurer mes respects à S.E.M. le comte de Heimhaussen, qui en a bien voulu céder en ma faveur trois, qui ont été frappés avec le sa ble d'or des trois rivières de Bavière. Reçu un paquet de livres que mon ami M. Weiss, re 1 Ferdinand Kobell est un habile graveur de paysages : sa pointe est fine, son dessin correct et sa lumière bien distribuée; les petites compositions familières qu'il a dessinées et gravées rappellent les charmants maîtres fla mands du dix-septième siècle, et ne leur cèdent ni par l'esprit ni parla cou leur. DE JEAN-GEORGES WILLE. Wê ceveur de la Uewf du cercle de Leipzig et célèbre poëte allemand, m'envoye et qui ont été perdus pendant plus de dix-huit mois. Mon propre portrait se trouve à la tête de la première partie du quatrième volume der neuen Bibliotheh der scJiônen Wmenschaften und der freyen Kiïnstc, journal des mieux faits et des plus instructifs. J'ay prêté deux tableaux, l'un d'Oslade, l'autre de Wouwermans, à M. de Livry, pour bouclier les trous qu'ont laissés les deux Die! ri eh, que M. Daudet me grave actuellement. Le 18. Répondu à M. Schmuzer, mon ancien élève, directeur de l'Académie impériale de gravure à Vienne, in der Annagàsse. Je lui dis que l'œuvre en question n'est pas de la qualité d'un autre que j'ay en vue et qui est de quatre cents livres. Je demande prompte réponse. C'est M. Georgio qui s'est chargé de lui remettre cetle lettre. MM. de Marcenay, Baader, Messager et Georgio ont soupé chez nous. Ce dernier, qui est conseiller de commerce de l'impératricc-reine, a en même temps pris congé de nous et part demain pour Vienne. C'est un homme d'esprit et de beaucoup de connoissances, et par dessus cela fort bel homme. Le 19. M'est venu voir monseigneur l'évêque de Calli nique, qui habite à Sens. M'est venu voir M. le comte de ïiosenhausen avec M son gouverneur, lequel j'ay revu avec plaisir, l'ayant déjà connu il y a deux ans et lorsqu'il étoit icy avec le jeune comte de Munich. Le 25. Monseigneur le prince de Czartoriski m'a fait l'honneur de me venir voir. Il paroît vif et aimable. 504 JOURNAL Le 25. Fête de Noël, un jeune peintre en miniature, demeurant quay des Morfondus, nommé M. Schlegel, AI ' lemand de nation, reçut, à neuf heures du matin, étant chez lui, un coup de pistolet à la tête par un jeune maître en œuvre de son voisinage, qui ©toit chez lui je ne sais sous quel prétexte; et, comme l'assassin vit que le pein tre n'étoit pas mort il lui porta encor, comme j'ay en tendu dire, quelques coups de couteau. Je passois parla lorsque la garde et le peuple y éloient encor à quatre heu res de l'après-midy, et je voyois mettre en ce moment l'assassin dans une voilure pour être mené à la Concier gerie. Il avoit été arrêté sur le fait parles gens de la maison. M. Schlegel n'en est pas mort, mais on dit que les blessures sont dangereuses. J'ay connu ce peintre. Il est venu m'accompagner quelquefois dans ma jeunesse lorsque j'allois dessiner le paysage; mais depuis plus de vingt ans je l'avois perdu de vue. Quel accident et quel attentat effroyable ! Le 29 (jeudi). L'assassin de M. Schlegel fut rompu vif sur la place Dauphine. 11 n'avoit que dix-neuf ans, et se nommoit Menard. Le 50. Répondu à M. Fuessli, peintre à Zurich, et au teur d'une Vie des peintres suisses. Je lui fais mes com pliments sur récriloire d'argent et les deux médailles d'or qu'il a reçues en présent du cardinal de Roth. M. Fuessli m'a demandé quelques circonstances de la vie de Grimoux *, peintre suisse qui a toujours vécu à Paris, où il est mort. Je lui marque le peu que je sça voisdece peintre habile, mais crapuleux. Je lui dis aussi que M. Chevillet fera le portrait de M. Fuessli en petit 1 Oimoux est mort à Paris on 1740. Son portrait a été gravé par A.-L. Hoinanct, à Bàlc, en 1705. DE .) EAN-GEOKGES WILLE. 395 pour quinze louis, si cela lui plaît. Je le prie de me trouver quelques desseins d'un peintre de paysage, nommé Hackaert, qui a autrefois travaillé en Suisse. Le 51. J'allai à l'assemblée de l'Académie royale JANVIER 17G9. Le 1er. Écrit une lettre de polilessc à M. de Livry, à Versailles. 11 y eut chez nous un grand concours de personnes qui vinrent pour nous souhaiter la bonne année. Répondu à M. Strecker, premier peinlre de S. A. S. le landgrave de Hesse, à Darmstadt. 11 m'avoit mandé que M. Seckalz, bon peintre de cette ville, était mort; je le presse d'éerire sa vie et lui donne l'adresse de M. Weiss? à Leipzig, pour qu'il la fasse imprimer dans son journal. Je lui demande quelques desseins du défunt. M. Basan, M. de Marcenay et M. Baader ont soupé chez nous. Le 2. Ecrit à M. Dietrich, peintre de l'électeur de Saxe; je le fais souvenir de ses promesses, tant pour M. de Livry que pour moi. Je lui dis qu'il peut prendre de l'argent et ce qu'il lui faudra chez M. Rester, qui en est prévenu. Je lui dis en outre que nos deux paysages sont finis, et que j'ay pris la liberté de les lui dédier. Je lui demande encore quelques-uns de cette sorte avec instance. Le 4. Répondu à M. Weitsch, peintre du duc de Brunswick; je lui dis que tout ce qu'il m'a demandé est parti. Nous avons reçu du cher M. de Livry un pâté d'A miens, de six canards, excellent. mê JOURNAL Le 6. Répondu à M. Winckler, à Leipzig. Je lui dis que sa lettre contenant une liste du mois d'octobre et dont il fait mention ne m'est pas parvenue. Je lui de mande s'il désire le livre de M. l'abbé Chappe. Le 7. Répondu à M. Kreuehauf, à Leipzig. Je lui donne des éloges mérités par rapport au catalogue du cabinet de M. Winckler, qu'il a supérieurement écrit en lan gue allemande, et dont l'impression même est un chef d'œuvre. Le 8. Nous avons reçu de Versailles un supplément d'étrennes, comme le nomme M. de Livry dans sa lettre, car il nous a envoyé deux chapons gros et gras. Au matin je fis bien des visites que je devois, et l'a près-midy j'allai, avec mon fils aîné, à la Comédie-Ita lienne. Au retour de là, nous fîmes les rois avec plusieurs amis qui s'éloient rendus au logis. Tout cela m'avoit procuré un rhume si furieux, que le lendemain je fus obligé de faire chercher M. Coutouli, notre chirurgien. 11 me mit plusieurs jours au lit sans manger; mais en revanche il me fit boire tant et plus. Le 11. Je reçus de M. de Lippert, secrétaire de l'A cadémie des sciences de Ravière, trois ducats d'or frap pés l'un avec du sable d'or du Danube, l'autre du sable de l'Iser, le troisième du sable d'or de l'Inn, trois riviè res de Ravière. Le fleuve, ou dieu de chaque rivière, ap puyé sur son urne, est sur chaque ducat, et le portrait de l'électeur régnant sur chacun. Il m'a envoyé aussi une médaille d'argent représentant le portrait de M. de Demarces, peintre de la cour de Ravière. Tout cela m'a fait beaucoup de plaisir. Le 15, Comme j'étois en partie délivré de mon rhume? DE JEAN-GEORGES Wl E LE. ôi>7 je répondis à M. de Lippcrt, le remerciant de son joli présent des quatre monnoies. J'écrivis à M. de Dufresne, conseiller de commerce de l'électeur de Bavière. Je lui parlai de quelques tableauy dont M. deLippert, son ami, m'avoit donné avis. Le 20, Nous avons reçu de M. Bourgeois, à Amiens, un pâté de canards de ce pays. Le 25. Nous avons tous soupé chez M. Basan. Le 24. M'est venu voir un peintre de Vienne, nommé M. Grenzinger, m'apportant des lettres de recommanda lion de M. de Sonnenfels et de M. Schmuzer. Celui-cy m'a envoyé un ducat nouveau, au coin de l'empereur, et M. de Sonnenfels son discours (imprimé) à sa réception comme amateur à l'Académie impériale de dessein et de la gravure. Il est intitulé : Von dem Verdinsle des Por tràtmalers, c'est-à-dire : Du mérite du peintre de por traits. Le 27. Bépondu à M. Guill. Steinauer, le jeune, négo ciant à Leipzig. Je lui dis que j'ay fait remettre les es tampes qu'il m'avoit demandées à M. Vauberet; négociant, rue de la Grandc-Truanderie* Bépondu à M. Bause, graveur à Leipzig. Je lui mande que la rame de papier qu'il a dessinée a aussi été remise à M. Vauberet. Ma lettre est dans celle à M. Steinauer. FÉVRIER 170!». Le 4. Ecrit à M. Schmidt, à Berlin. Je lui demande encore de sa Fille de Jaïre et de son Philosophe, de môme qu'un dessein de sa main, pour ma collection. 308 JOURNAL Le 5. Répondu à M. S. Gessner, au leur célèbre cl libraire à Zurich. Il m'avoit envoyé une lettre à M. Ma riette de son ami M. Fuessli, auteur d'un grand Diction nuire des artistes, écrit en allemand; et, comme il va donner une traduction en François, il a consulté M. Ma riette. J'ai été moi-même voir M. Mariette, ce célèbre connoisscur, pour lui porter cette lettre et m'enfretenir avec lui; hier au soir, il m'apporta la réponse, remplie d'excellents conseils, que j'ay mise dans ma réponse à M. Gessner. Le 6. Répondu à M. J.-P. Ilackert, acluellemenl à Rome, où il est allé accompagné de son frère, peintre comme lui, pour y faire encore des études d'après les monuments antiques, par rapport à son art. Je lui écris en père, car il a constamment écouté mes conseils, et je suis aussi le premier artiste de sa connoissance à Paris, étant à son arrivée débarqué chez moi. De grand matin je pris avec moi mon fils aîné et M. Daudet, pour nous rendre à Saint-Louis dans ride, comme nous avions été invités pour assister à la béné diction nuptiale de M. Chereau, fils de madame Che reau, marchande d'estampes, avec mademoiselle Foix de Yallois. Presque tous les graveurs de Paris s'y Irou vèrent. Le 17. J'ay acheté dans la fameuse vente des tableaux de feu M. Gaignat, secrétaire du roy cl receveur des consignations, deux superbes tableaux faisant pendant, de N. Berghcm Ils sont de la plus grande conserva lion et ont chacun treize pouces six lignes de haut sur 1 N° 42 du Catalogue raionné des labïeaux, groupes et figures de bronze qui composent le cabinet de l'eu M. Gaignat, ancien secrétaire du roy et re ceveur de > consignations, par Pierre Rnny. Paris, 17(38; in-12. DE JEANGEORGES W1LLE. 599 dix-huit pouces de large. Dans l'un, on voit cinq figures et treize animaux, dont une femme qui trait une chèvre; une autre est debout à côté d'une vache, une troisième lave du linge dans le bassin d'une fontaine à la romaine. Dans l'autre tableau, il y a trois figures et neuf animaux, dont trois vaches entrant dans une rivière, qu'une femme y mène qui est sur le bord, et un chien sautant devant elle; derrière elle on voit une belle vache et un homme sur un âne, etc. Ces deux tableaux m'ontcoûtéquatre mille cent une livres; ils mériten t ce prix, car ils son t des plus beaux et des plus finis du célèbre Berghem. Ils ont appartenu autre fois à M. de Voyer d'Argenson, et occupoient une place dislinguée dans son beau cabinet, comme aussi dans ce lui de M. Gaignat. M. le chevalier de Damcri, M. Ma riette et plusieurs autres connoisseurs et amateurs de mes amis, sont venus depuis pour les examiner de près, élant placés chez moi. J'ay assisté constamment à celte vente, sans avoir eu autre chose. Ce n'éloil pas faute d'envie, car, le jour avant l'acquisition, j'ay poussé un tableau de F. Mieris à trois mille cent une livres. C'étoit une demi-ligure qui présentoit une gimblelte à un perroquet. Et, après mon acquisition, je poussai un tableau de G. Dow, représentant une jeune femme à demi-corps, tenant d'une main un poisson, et étant appuyée avec l'autre sur un baquet. Derrière elle est un garçon portant un lièvre sur les bras; des choux, des carottes, des paniers, des pots de cuivre, des mortiers, etc., étoient, avec un bas-relief au bas, les accessoires dans ce charmant tableau. J'ay poussé ce tableau à six mille deux cent vingt livres. Après cela il fut adjugé à une personne qui avoit commission pour cela, et il doit pas ser, dit-on, en Allemagne. Je le regrette. Comme celle vente se faisoit dans la rue de Richelieu, 400 iOUANAL c'est-à-dire loin du quay des Augustins, j'y fus toujours accompagné par M. Daudet, qui demeure chez moi et qui aime infiniment les belles choses; je revenois ce pendant plusieurs fois dans le carrosse de M. Mariette, car le temps étoit fort mauvais. Ma femme et mes fils ont marqué la plus grande joie, lorsque j'apportai mes Rerghem au logis, de même que notre ami M. Messager, qui s'y trouvoit et qui aime les talents, Le 25. Répondu à M. Oeser, directeur de l'Académie de peinture, à Leipzig. Le 26. Répondu à MM. Gotlfricd Winckler et Thomas Richter, négociants à Leipzig. J'ay parlé beaucoup à ces messieurs de la vente du cabinet de M. de Gaignat, car ils sont grands amateurs, et chacun possède un superbe cabinet* MARS f769. Le 4. Passant dans la rue Saint-Martin en liaerc et apercevant un dessein en vieille bordure, contre un mur parmi de vieilles ferrailles, je l'achetai en revenant à pied pour cela. Il est très-bien, et de M. Galloche l, que j'ay encore connu. Il étoit chancelier de l'Académie royale. Le 5. Répondu à M. Eberts, à Strasbourg. Répondu à M. Mûller, lieutenant-colonel d'artillerie, ingénieur et directeur général des bâtiments du landgra vial de Hesse-Darmstadt. Il m'avoit écrit pour placer son fils icy, chez quelque homme célèbre, sur quoi je lui mande que sans argent la chose ne peut être effectuée. 1 Louis Galloche; } cintre d'histoire, né à Paris en 1 070, mourut en 1701. DE JEAN-GEORGES WILLE. 401 Le 11. Répondu à M. de Lippert, conseiller actuel des révisions et du commerce de S. À. S. E. de Bavière, secrétaire de l'Académie électorale des sciences de Mu nich. Je lui mande mes pensées sur la réponse de M. de Dufresne, et que celui-eyest toujours le maîlrede m'en voyer les tableaux, leurs prix et la descriplion, et que je ne crois pas que M. Alton fût bien dangereux à l'école flamande, vu que les Anglois aiment mieux les maîtres italiens. Le 16. M. le général de Fontenay, envoyé extraordi naire de l'électeur de Saxe, m'envoya une lettre de M. le baron de Kessel, contenant douze ducats curieux dont un que ce seigneur fait présent à mon fils aîné, pour lui avoir envoyé deux estampes d'après ses des seins. Le 17. Répondu à M. le baron de Kessel, grand maî tre des cuisines de la cour électorale de Saxe. Je remercie Son Excellence de son amitié conslanle et de ses soins de m'envoyer des monnoies d'or, pour ma petile col leclion. Écrit à M. de Hagedorn, conseiller intime de légation et directeur général de l'Académie électorale, quoiqu'il me doive une réponse; mais, comme M. le baron de Kessel me mande qu'il a très-mal aux yeux, je cherche à l'en consoler. Répondu à M. Weiss, fameux poêle et receveur de la sieur du cerele de Leipzig. Je lui fais la description de l'arrivée de M. le docteur Plallner, son beau-frère, et surtout l'aventure de sa perruque gothique. Je lui an nonce aussi que M. T. Richler doit lui remettre de ma part deux brochures et deux estampes. Le 18. Répondu à M. Iluber, traducteur de la Mort i. 20 402 JOURNAL d'Abel, actuellement professeur de langue françoise à Leipzig. 11 trouvera ma lettre plaisante. Je lui dis aussi que M. T. Ricbter lui remettra Chinki et les deux Rai nes romaines d'après M. Dietrich. Le 19. Me vint voir M , musicien saxon, de la musique de l'ancien duc de Courlande. Ilparoît bien joli garçon, de très-bonne humeur. Il me dit qu'il avoit été reçu dans l'orchestre de l'Opéra-Comique pour y jouer du hautbois. Un jeune relieur de Vienne vint chez moi, de la part de M. Schmuzer. Le 20. Répondu ou écrit à M. Dietrich. Je lui annonçois que j'avois chargé M. le docteur Plattner de la Galerie du Luxembounj reliée (il a pris congé de nous aujour d'hui pour retourner en Saxe, chargé de toutes les lettres à mes amis dans ce pays), et dont je lui faisois présent; mais M. Plattner me la renvoya dans la nuit, parce quelle ne pouvoit pas entrer dans son coffre. A présent il me faut une autre occasion. Nous avons reçu un excellent jambon de la part de M. de Livry. Le 25. Répondu à M. C.-F. Lichtcnberg, conseiller de la chambre de S. A. S. le prince de Hesse, à Darms tadt. J'avois exhorté M. Slrccker, premier peintre de ce prince, d'écrire la vie du peintre Seckalz, atlaché au même prince, et qui est mort l'année passée. D'après cette idée, M. Lichtenberg, bon connoisseur et ami du défunt, s'en est chargé en envoyant, selon mes conseils, 1 Ces deux Ruines romaines ont été gravées, en 1708, par Nie. Delaunav, et on lit au bas la dédicace suivante : Dédié à 31. Dietricy, peintre de S. A. S. E. TÉlecteur de Saxe, membre des Académies de Dresde, d'AugS* buuig et de ttolognc, par son ami et très -humble serviteur VVille. DE JEAN-GEORGES WILLE. 405 à M. Weiss, rédacteur der Bibliotheke der schônen Wis senschaften und freyen Kunste, à Leipzig, son manus crit pour être inséré dans ce journal. M. de Lichten berg me donne avis du tout par une lettre des plus char mantes et des plus polies. Il me fait le caractère du peintre mort, tant de son esprit que de ses talents, qui m'ont paru fort singuliers. Il m'instruit aussi pourquoi ce peintre n'a pas voulu travailler pour moi, quoiqu'il me l'eût promis depuis dix ans; c'est-à-dire qu'il crai gnoit de ne pas réussir en travaillant pour un homme de mon talent et de mes connoissances dans les arts. Cela étoit modeste, mais très-niais, puisque je l'avois solli cité, chose que je n'aurois pas faite si ses ouvrages ne m'avoient pas fait plaisir. AVRIL 1709. Le 2. Répondu à M. de Livry, premier commis de monseigneur le comte de Saint-Florentin, ministre et secrétaire d'État, à Versailles. Je lui envoyé dans la let tre deux desseins paysages avec figures, que j'ay faits au jourd'hui. Je prie cet ancien et digne ami de les accepter avec mes remercîments, pour le très-bon jambon qu'il nous avoil envoyé pour nous décarêmer. Le 12. Reçu de Vienne ma lettre patente en qualité de membre de l'Académie impériale et royale de gravure. Cela me donne le titre de graveur de LL. MM. impériales et roya les. Cette lettre est en parchemin avec un grand sceau attaché à un cordon de soye noire et jaune. Elle est si gnée par le grand chancelier, prince de Kaunitz-Rittberg, protecteur, M. de Sonnenfels, secrétaire perpétuel, et M. Schmuzer, directeur. J'ay reçu en même temps les 404 JOURNAL statuts de celte Académie avec une letlre extrêmement polie du secrétaire. Le tout est en langue allemande. Le 15. Me vint voir M. Cochin, mon ancien ami, et secrétaire de notre Académie royale, avec de pareilles lettres et imprimés, aussi reçus de la part de l'Acadé mie de Vienne, qui lui donnent également la qualité de membre de l'Académie impériale et royale, pour les lui traduire verbalement en François; la lettre du secrétaire, M. de Sonnenfels, éloit seule en françois. Il me parut que son élection lui faisoit plaisir. Le 25. Répondu à M. le directeur Schmuzer, à Vienne. Je lui dis que le Crozat est parti depuis huit jours et que j'ay reçu par M. Grenziger le ducat impérial et le dis cours de M. de Sonnenfels. J'ay rendu à M. Pricc, Anglois, le dessein de P. Roos, avec son argent, et il m'a rendu ce qu'il a voit de moi, parce qu'il me parut que cela lui feroit plaisir. Je lui ay l'ait présent d'un très-beau paysage de Botb, représen tant une Ruine de Rome. Reçu une médaille d'argent aux armes de la ville de Berne, et un ducat d'or, de la part de M. Hitler, archi tecte de Berne. MAY 170U. Le 3. J'ay chargé M.Schôninger 1 de deux estampes et d'un ducat de Salzbourg, qui part pour Vienne, pour les remettre à M. Schmuzer. Je lui devois le ducat pour un de l'empereur. 1 Le même s'est chargé d'un rouleau pour monseigneur le duc de Saxe Teschcn. [Note de WÎlie.) DE JEAN-GEORGES WILLE. 405 Le 4. Répondu sur deux lettres de M. Preisler, gra veur du roi de Danemark, à Copenhague. Je lui dis que j'ay fait des commissions en papier, etc., pour imprimer la statue équestre du feu roy de Danemark, à Copen hague, qu'il a gravée1. Je Lui mande que le tout a été remis à MM. Tourlon et Baur, comme il l'a désiré, et qu'ils m'ont remboursé. Écrit, par l'occasion de la lettre de M. Preisler, une pe tite que j'ay mise dans la sienne, à M. Wasserschleben, conseiller des conférences. Je me plains de son silence et le préviens du départ (dans son temps) de TesLampe que j'achève à présenl, qui sera envoyée par terre. Reçu un ducat aux armes avec le portrait du prince évêque de Freysingue et d'Augsbourg, de la part de M. de Lippert, à Munich. Il me le devoit. Le 6. Répondu à M. Y. Lienau, négociant à Bordeaux et mon ancien ami, de même qu'à M. Gier, négociant de la même ville, qui cherche, comme il s'exprime dans sa lettre, ma connoissance et mon amitié. Il me paraît amateur des arts. 1 Nous trouvons, dans un savant ouvrage paru récemment, des détails sur cette statue équestre gravée par J.-M. Preisler, d'après le dessin de J.-F. Saly. Nous les exlrayons de l'ouvrage de M. L. Dussieux, les Artistes français à l'étranger : « Saly résida à Copenhague de 1754 à 1775, et ne fut de retour à Paris qu'en 1776. Pendant ce long séjour, il fit la statue équestre de Frédéric V, que les États de Norvège érigèrent à ce prince sur la place Frédéric, à Copenhague. Le roi de Danemark est représenté en triomphateur romain, tenant un bâton de commandement; à droite et à gauche du piédestal, sont les statues du Danemark et de la Norvège; de vant et derrière, l'Océan et la Baltique. Cette statue fut coulée en bronze par le célèbre fondeur français P. Gor, commissaire des fontes de l'Arsenal, qui fut appelé à Copenhague. Le modèle de la statue équestre de Frédéric V est conservé à Madrid, à l'Académie de Saint-Ferdinand. » Jacques-François-Jo seph Saly est né à Valenciennes en 1717; il est mort à Paris le 4 mai 1776. Il était élève de Coustou. 400 JOURNAL Le 7. Répondu à M. Stùrz, conseiller de légation du roy de Danemark, à Copenhague. Je lui dis que mon fils lui fera volontiers de petits desseins pour des miné raux, et qu'il pourroit m'acheter des monnoies d'Asie, environ pour deux cents livres. Le 9. Répondu à M. Schmidt, graveur du roy de Prusse, à Rerlin. Je lui mande que sa Présentation au Temple l, qu'il a faite d'après M. Dietrich, m'est heureu sement arrivée. Je le prie pour d'autres. Le 10. Mon fils aîné, qui avoit mal à un pied depuis une douzaine de jours, descendit la première fois pour dîner. Le 12. Monseigneur l'évêque de Gallinique me vint voir sans me trouver. Le 15. Répondu à M. de Lippert, à Munich. Je lui dis que je renonce aux tableaux en question, d'autant plus que le catalogue ne m'apprend que leur hauteur et largeur, etc., et que je n'achète rien sans le voir. Je le remercie du ducat de l'évêque de Freysingue, et lui en voyé un ducat de Suède, pour l'échanger contre un du prince de Liechtenstein, par Schega. Causa Aca démie. Le 16. M. Wiedewelt, sculpteur du roy de Danemark, étant de retour de Londres de même que M. Jardin2, ar chitecte du même monarque, m'a rendu visite sans me trouver au logis. Il doit partir pour Copenhague. 1 N° 1G7 du Catalogue de rOEuvre de Schmidt, par A. Crayon. 2 Nicolas-Henri Jardin, né à Saint-Germain des Noyers en 1728, mort à Paris en 1802. Il a construit le château de plaisance de Bernsdorf, à J;e geusdorf, et le palais d'Amaliégade, la salle des chevaliers au château de Christiansborg, à Copenhague, et le palais du comte de Moltke. DE JEAN-GEORGES WILLË, 407 Joseph Berger, qui nous sert actuellement dans la hui tième année en qualité de domestique, m'ayant demandé la permission d'aller, accompagné d'une de ses sœurs, à Xivrey en Lorraine, sa patrie, voir sa mère et régler quelques affaires de famille, a pris congé de nous après avoir servi le souper, pour coucher chez son frère et partir le 17 de grand matin. 11 m'a demandé un certificat que je lui ay donné avec plaisir, car il m'a servi fidèle ment. Je ne lui accorde cependant que six semaines, au bout desquelles il doit être de retour, étant impossible que notre service permît un plus long retard. Le 19. M. le général de Fontenay, envoyé de la cour électorale de Saxe, me vint voir. C'est un vieillard bien aimable. Il n'a rien perdu de sa bonne humeur depuis environ cinq ans que j'ay dîné en sa compagnie. Il est le doyen des ambassadeurs qui sont icy, et me paroît avoir quatre-vingt-cinq ans. Il m'a conté qu'en 1704 il avoit fait sa première campagne contre les Vaudois. Le 22. Mon fils aîné me fit présent d'une tabatière de laque rouge garnie en or très-joliment ciselé, qu'il avoit fait faire exprès. Sur le couvercle, il y a une com pagnie qui joue à la petite loterie, peinte à l'huile par lui-même et très-bien exécutée. J'étois fort sensible à la façon d'agir de mon fils, d'autant plus que la tabatière lui avoit coûté, comme je le sçais, douze louis d'or. Le 27. M. Gier, de Bordeaux, m'a envoyé des goua ches de mademoiselle Dietsch, pour être vendues; mais.. Le 28. M. Langlois, marchand de tableaux et qui voyage toujours, me montra Loth et ses Filles, tableau du chevalier Yanderwerff l, qui est beau. 1 Ce tableau a été gravé en 177^, par N, Delaunay. 408 JOURNAL Le 29. M. Gérard, premier secrétaire des affaires étrangères, me vint voir, et, comme je n'avois pas l'hon neur de le connoître, il me parla en allemand avec beau coup d'affabilité, et je fis connoissance avec ce cher compatriote. Il a épousé depuis quelque temps -la fille d'un fermier général, qui étoit un bon parti. Le 3J . Monseigneur l'éveque de Callinique, cet an cien et bon ami, nous vient voir deux fois, étant arrivé le même jour de Versailles, et doit partir demain pour Sens, sa résidence ordinaire. 11 a si fortement invité mon aîné à passer cet été quelque temps chez lui, que celui cy lui a promis avec mon consentement. JUIN 1709. Le 1er. J'allai, accompagné comme à l'ordinaire de M. Daudet, voir et examiner un tableau de G. Le Lorrain, mais qui est en mauvais état. M. Chariot, huissier pri seur, de ma connoissance, m'en avoitprié. Il me montra aussi quelques autres petits tableaux dont il a voit fait emplette. De là nous passâmes sur la place Dauphine voir ce que les jeunes artistes pouvoient avoir exposé à l'exa men du public; mais il y avoit peu de chose à cause du mauvais temps; cette petite feste de Dieu étant plu vieuse. Le 10. J'ay remis à M. Schenau la Galerie du Luxem bourg pour l'envoyer, par le canal de M. Crusius à Leip zig, à M. Dietrich à Dresde, à qui j'en fais présent. Le 1 1 . Répondu à M. de Livry. Je lui avois conseillé de m'envoyer la lettre qu'il vouloit écrire à M. Dietrich, que je la traduirois en allemand, parce que ce célèbre DE JEAN-GEORGES WILLE. 409 artiste ne sçait pas le François. Cela s'est fait, et j'ay renvoyé le tout à Versailles, en ajoutant aussi une lettre pour M. Dietrich, à Dresde, en réponse à sa dernière, lesquelles M. de Livry lui fera parvenir ensemble. Le tout est pour négocier de petits tableaux, tant pour M. de Livry que pour moi, s'il est possible. Le 15. Mourut dans notre maison, au second, M. Fou bert. Le 25. Beaucoup de monde vint me souhaiter ma feste et me présenter des bouquets. Mon fils aîné, à mon insu, s'étoit arrangé avec seize musiciens, qui firent, pendant que nous élions a souper, de leur musique de vant notre maison. Cette altenlion de la part de mon fils me fit plaisir. Le 24. Je reçus une lettre de chez moi écrite le 9 juin, ot une écrite par mon frère à Welzlar. La première était de ma belle-sœur, demeurant à l Obermùhle à Kônisberg en liesse, près de Giessen. Leur contenu me jeta dans la plus grande affliction et douleur, puisqu'elles m'annon cent l'une et l'autre la mort de mon bon frère, que j'ay toujours tendrement aimé. Il étoit né deux ans après moi et n'avoit que cinquante-deux ans. Sa veuve, ma belle-sœur, paroît inconsolable. Il l'a laissée avec cinq enfants. L'événement est des plus déplorables; mais ses enfants ont, Dieu soit loué, du bien. Je complois toujours avoir la consolation de revoir cet excellent frère; mais Dieu ne l'a pas voulu. Le 26. Mon fils aîné est parti, accompagné de M. Ilalm, mon élève, par le coche d'eau, pour Sens, y voir mon seigneur l'évêque de Callinique. Ils y comptent rester quelque temps. 410 JOURNAL 11 m'est venu voir avec lettres de recommandation de M. Strecker un de ses élèves, nommé Ehremann. Le 50. M. Guttenberg a achevé l'inscription que j'ay fait mettre au bas de ma nouvelle planche, dédiée à S. M. le roy de Danemark. Le titre de cette planche est le Concert de famille l. Cette planche est la plus consi dérable que j'aie faite. Elle m'a occupé deux ans et quatre mois. Cela est presque un peu trop, mais aussi le cuivre n'éloil pas trop bon; au contraire, il étoit de la plus mauvaise espèce, et cela est très-fàcheux. JUILLET 1769/ Répondu à M. Ritter, architecte de la ville de Rerne. Je le remercie des peines qu'il s'est données de me pro curer un ducat de sa république et une médaille d'ar gent. Je lui envoyé un ducat de Hollande pour le premier, et pour le second je le prie de m'instruire du prix. Le 2. Répondu à monseigneur l'évêque de Callinique. à Sens. Répondu à mou fils aîné, qui est allé chez monseigneur l'évêque de Callinique. La réponse à celui-cy est dans la lettre à mon fils. Répondu à M. Schmuzer, à Vienne. J'ay mis une quittance dans la lettre par rapport à l'argent qu'il m'a fait loucher de la part de S. A. R. monseigneur le duc de Saxe-Teschen. Je lui dis qu'incessamment je ferai mon rcmercîment à l'Académie impériale sur ma réception et que je l'enverrai à M. de Sonnenfels, secré taire de l'Académie. 1 Cetto estampe, gravée d'après Godelroy Sclialken, est mentionnée au n" 54 du Catalogue de l'œuvre de Wille, par M. Charles Leblanc, DE JEAN-GEORGES WILLE. 411 Il est venu un jeune peintre de Darmstadt, élève de Seekatz, nommé M. Ott, avec lettres de recommandation; mais je n'y étois pas. Le 5. Joseph Berger, mon domestique, est revenu de son pays après sept semaines d'absence. C'étoitoutre-pas ser la permission que je lui avois donnée. Le 4. J'ay retouché chez M. Chevillet les estampes qu'il a faites pour moi. Le 6. MM. de Livry, pore et fils, me sont venus voir de Versailles. Le 7. Répondu à M. Strecker, premier peintre du land grave de Hesse, à Darmstadt. Je le prie, entre autres, de m'envoyer des minéraux pour le cabinet de mon fils. Le 14. J'ai fait partir pour Strasbourg, pour être de là envoyé par Hambourg à M. Wasserschleben, conseiller de conférence du roy de Danemark, à Copenhague, une caisse en toile grasse contenant une bordure très-bien sculptée et dorée et dont j'avois donné le dessein, avec ma nouvelle estampe, le Concert de famille, sous glace, que j'ay dédié au roy de Danemark. Il y a en outre pour ce monarque, dans cette caisse, un* portefeuille conte nant vingt-quatre épreuves en feuilles de la même es pèce; de plus six pour S. E. M. le comte de Bernsdorf; s i x po u r M . Wa s ser sch 1 eb en 1 u i-m êm e ; tr o i s p o u r M . S tu r z , conseiller de légation, également mon ami ; une pour M. Preisler, graveur du roy de Danemark; une pour M. le comte de Mollke; une pour M. le chambellan, baron de Schimmelmann: une pour M. Klopstock, célèbre poêle; une pour M. Als, peintre du roy. En tout quarante-qua tre pièces. 412 JOUR MAL M. de Livry, de Versailles, m'est venu voir. Répondu à mon fils, qui est encore à Sens, chez mon seigneur l'évêque de Callinique. Il me paroît qu'il s'y plaît. Le 19. J'ay donné avis à M. Eberls, à Strasbourg, du départ de la caisse que j'envoye a M. Wasserscbleben et le prie de la faire partir tout aussitôt à sa destination. Elle est marquée : M. D. W. C. Répondu à M. de Sonnenfels, conseiller de Leurs Ma jestés Impériales et Royales, secrétaire perpétuel de l'Académie impériale et royale de gravure, à Vienne. Je marque ma gratitude dans ma lettre envers l'Acadé mie de m'avoir envoyé le diplôme de ma réception, et je prie M. de Sonnenfels d'exposer mes remercîmenls à l'assemblée. Je fais remettre ma lellre à l'hôtel de M. l'ambassadeur de la cour de Vienne, pour qu'elle parle avec le premier courrier. J'ay été, accompagné de M. Daudet, à l'Opéra-Comi que voir Cécile, où M. Cayot, ce célèbre acteur, m'a tiré des larmes des yeux en jouant le père nourricier. Cet homme est admirable dans son jeu. Le 28. MM. les comtes de Lynar, Saxons, me sont ve nus voir. Ils sont frères et fort honnêtes. Le 50. Répondu à M. Gier, à Rordeaux. Je lui dis que les petits tableaux de l'espèce de ceux qn'il m'a en voyés ne sont pas rares à Paris. Répondu à mon frère, à Welzlar. Je plains beau coup la mort de noire frère. Répondu à mon fils, qui est encore à Sens, chez mon seigneur l'évêque de Callinique. DE JEAN-GEORGES WILLE. 415 AOUST 1769. Le 5. Me vint voir M. Dorner1, peintre de l'élecleur de Bavière. Le 6. M. Dorner a dîné eliez nous. Répondu à monseigneur l'évoque de Callinique. Un M. Desmoulins s'est chargé de lui porter ma lettre à Sens, de môme qu'une boîte de fer-blanc dans laquelle il y a pour monseigneur une épreuve avant et une avec la lettre de mon Concert de famille. Ce sont les premières qui soient sorties de mes mains en présent. Répondu à mon fils, qui est toujours à Sens, avec mon seigneur. 11 m'avoit envoyé plusieurs desseins paysages au crayon rouge et une composition dont il me mande qu'il a commencé la peinture. Le 8. M. Dorner, peintre de l'électeur de Bavière, a commencé mon portrait sur une petite planche de cuivré. La tête n'est pas plus grande qu'une pièce de vingt quatre sols. Le 9. M. le comte de Podewils, de Berlin, m'est venu voir. Je l'avois déjà connu il y a quatre ans, lorsqu'il étoit à Paris. Le 10. M. Dorner a travaillé une seconde fois à mon portrait. Il doit l'emporter pour le finir à Munich. Le 11. Mon fils aîné est revenu de chez monseigneur 1'évèque de Callinique, à Sens, qui l'a très-bien hébergé, de même que M. Halm, son camarade de voyage et mon élève. Il a apporté une tête de petit garçon, mais avec deux mains dans lesquelles il lient un oiseau : celte 1 Jacob Dorner, né vers 1741, mouiuten 181.5. 41 i JOURNAL pièce est bien et grande comme nature; il en a fait pré sent à M. Daudet; un second tableau sur bois en petit, qui n'est pas tout à fait lî ni ; il représente une fille prête à donner à manger à deux enfants qui font leurs prières. Il est fort fini dans ce qui est fait et sera très-joli. Après le souper, M. Dorner a pris congé de nous pour reparlir le lendemain pour Munich. Il a beaucoup de connoissance et du talent. Il a presque toujours mangé chez nous, et je regrette son départ. J'ay fait présent à M. Dorner de plusieurs estampes, et il doit remettre à M. Lippert ma nouvelle pièce, le Concert de famille et le Pline en latin de l'imprimerie de Barbou. 11 est aussi chargé d'une lettre pour M. Lippert, à Munich. Mes planches, d'après Schùtz, gravées à l'eau-forte par Dunker, et que Gouvillier 1 devoit finir, ont été criées pu bliquement (car on a vendu les effets de ce graveur, après s'être fait soldat); je les ay fait acheter vingt et une livres, je pouvois agir autrement; mais je les ay, et Gou villier m'emporte quatre louis. Il étoit joueur. Le 12. Répondu à la lettre de ma belle-sœur, in def Oberbiebermûhie zu Kômgsbery, en Hesse, près de Gio.s sen, par laquelle elle m'avoit donné avis de la mort de mon frère, son -mari, que j'aimois infiniment, et qui m'a causé beaucoup de tristesse et bien des chagrins. Le 15. Répondu à M. Liénau, à Bordeaux. Je lui dis de me répondre sur-le-champ si je dois acheter les Balc ûou pour le prix marqué dans ma lettre* 1 11 n'est parvenu jusqu'à nous aucun détail sur cet artiste. Nagler n'en liiit pas mention, et nous n'avons jamais rencontré de pièces signées de ce nom. DE JEAN-GEORGES VVILLE. 415 Le 15. Écrit à mon ami Scbmidt1, à Berlin. Je lui demande son œuvre complet, portraits et sujets. Le 25. M. Greuze présenta, pour sa réception, un ta bleau historique à l'Académie royale pour être reçu comme peintre d'histoire. Il y fut reçu comme peintre, mais re fusé comme peintre d'histoire. Cela lui causa bien de la peine; mais personne ne pourroit lutter contre le scrutin du corps en général. Son tableau repré entoit l'empe reur Sévère, dans son lit, faisant des reproches à son fils Caracalla, etc. De là je passai voir le Salon, qui étoit presque arrangé, et où j'ay exposé mon Concert de fa mille, que j'ay dédié au roy de Danemark, et qui est au jour depuis peu. M. Laine2, peintre en miniature, de Berlin, m'est venu voir. Il vient d'Angleterre. Jl a été même au service dans le Canada, en qualité d'ingénieur, chez les Anglois. SEPTEMBRE 1709. Le 5. Répondu à M. Richter, à Leipzig. Répondu à M. Winckler, dans la même ville. Répondu et écrit à M. Eberts, à Strasbourg. Répondu à M. de Livry, à Versailles. Je lui dis mon sentiment, comme il l'avoit désiré, sur un tableau qu'il avoit envie d'acheter, et dont je le dissuade en lui disant mes raisons sincèrement. Le 9. M* de Heneiken, de Dresde, est venu pour la troisième fois sans me trouver. 1 L'œuvre de Schmidt s'élève à cent quatre-vingt-six pièces, si Ton en croit le Catalogue publié par A. Crftycn. 2 Cet artiste n'est pas compris dans rénorme liste des artistes cités par Na yler dans son précieux Dictionnaire. 410 JOURNAL Répondu à M. de Livry. Le 10. Répondu à M. J. Wagner, peintre, à Meissen. Je lui envoyé une lettre de change de quarante-six reichs thalers, sur M. Rosier, à Dresde, pour les pelils tableaux qu'il m'a envoyés. OCTOBRE 1769. Le 1er. J'ay été à la Comédie-Italienne avec M. Daudet. Le 2. On nous a apporté la grande armoire que j'ay l'ait faire très-joliment, en bois des Indes et bronze doré d'or moulu, pour noire nouvel appartement. M. le baron de Rey, Hollandois, m'est venu voir. Il aime les arts et a beaucoup voyagé en Allemagne, en Turquie, en Italie, etc. Le 5. M. de Livry, cet excellent ami, m'a fait part de la mort de madame de Livry, son épouse. Je lui ai ré pondu sur ce triste événement d'une manière sensible. Nous en sommes tous affligés. Le G. M'est venu voir M. Bradt architecte et graveur pensionnaire du roy de Danemark, m'apportant des let tres de recommandation de M. le conseiller de confé rence, mon ancien ami. M. Wasserschleben m'a envoyé, par M. Bradt, une petite boite ronde et curieuse, étant d'ambre, dans la quelle il avoit mis pour moi une petite médaille antique d'or; sur un côté, il y a une tète de femme, sur l'autre, un cheval en enlier. Le 8. Répondu à M. V. Lienau, à Bordeaux. 1 Jean-Gotltried Bradt travaillait à Copenhague vers 1765. Il lut nommé membre de l'Académie en 1785, et mourut en 1795. DE JEAN-GEORGES WILUE. M Répondu à M. Gier, négociant, à Bordeaux. Je lui dis que» selon sa lettre à M. Laine, j'ay remis à celui-cy les douze petites peintures à gouache par mademoiselle Dietscli. Ecrit à M. Eberts, à Strasbourg. Je lui dis que selon ses désirs j'ay fait remettre le rouleau à un des courriers de sa ville. Répondu à M. Schmuzer, directeur de l'Académie im périale de tienne. Je lui dis qu'il y a du temps qu'un courrier impérial a emporté les estampes que M. de Kossner avoit demandées. Je lui fais une description de notre nouvel appartement, parce qu'il connoît l'ancien, que je garde également. J'ay envoyé mon Concert de famille, tout encadré en bordure dorée, à M. Sehiïlz, secrétaire d'ambassade du roy de Danemark, à qui je Pavois promis. Il m'en a re mercié par une lettre fort polie. Le 10. M. Byrnc', jeune graveur anglois, qui m'avoit fait écrire de Londres pour sçavoir si sur une estampe de sa façon, qu'il m'avoit aussi envoyée, je pourrois l'occuper a Paris; et, comme j'avois répondu que oui, il est arrivé chez moi aujourd'hui. Il paroît fort doux; mais il ne sait pas un mot de françois, cela sera un peu gênant. Le 18. Ce jour, nous sommes descendus au second, et avons couché, la nuit d'ensuite, pour la première fois dans ce nouvel appartemenl, quoiqu'il y manque encore quel ques meubles, entre aulrcs, la grande glace sur la chemi née de la salle, les ouvriers m'ayanl manqué de parole; au ' Guillaume Byme. graveur à Teau-forte et au burin, naquit à Cambridge ( ti 17 i0 et mourut eu 1805. Sa manière de graver est assez froide, et les planches que nous avons rencontrées, signées de son nom, sont peu dignes île la réputation qu'on leur a faite. i. 27 418 JOURNAL reste, ils m'y ont presque accoutumé depuis quatre mois que j'ay affaire à eux, pour les travaux à faire dans cet étage et pour les ameublements. Cela m'a rendu plus d'une fois de mauvaise humeur. Le 28. J'allai à l'assemblée de l'Académie royale, où M. Pasquier* fut reçu en qualité de peintre en émail; il donna pour sa réception le roy de Danemark. Me vint voir avec lettre de recommanda lion de M. Mèyer, à Hambourg, M. Mutzenbecker, de la même ville, accompagné d'un Ànglois. Il voyage pour voir le monde. Le 28. Me vint voir notre ami. M. Diemar, établi en Angleterre. Son apparition m'a fait beaucoup de plaisir. Il ne sera que pour peu de jours icy. |
github_open_source_100_1_115 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | @extends('master')
@section('content')
<div>
<h1>Fill up this form for create new employee</h1>
<hr>
@if(session()->has('success'))
<p class="alert alert-success">
{{session()->get('success')}}
</p>
@endif
@if ($errors->any())
<div class="alert alert-warning" role="alert">
<ul>
@foreach ($errors->all() as $error)
<li>
{{$error}}
</li>
@endforeach
</ul>
</div>
@endif
<form action="{{route('employee.store')}}" method="POST" enctype="multipart/form-data" >
@csrf
<div class="row">
<div class="col">
<label for="inputEmail4">Name</label>
<input type="text" name="name" class="form-control" placeholder=" Employee Name">
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-row">
<div class="form-group col-md-6">
<label for="inputEmail4">Email</label>
<input type="email" name="email" class="form-control" id="inputEmail4" placeholder="Email">
</div>
<div class="form-group col-md-6">
<label for="inputPassword4">Password</label>
<input type="password" name="password" class="form-control" id="inputPassword4" placeholder="Password">
</div>
<div class="form-group col-md-6">
<label for="inputAddress">Address</label>
<input type="text" name="address" class="form-control" id="inputAddress" >
</div>
<div class="form-group col-md-6">
<label for="inputCategory">Designation</label>
<input type="text" name="category" class="form-control" id="inputCategory">
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-row">
<div class="form-group col-md-6">
<label for="inputCity">City</label>
<input type="text" name="city" class="form-control" id="inputCity">
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="inputPassword6">Mobile Number</label>
<input type="number" name="mnumber" id="inputPassword6" class="form-control mx-sm-3" aria-describedby="passwordHelpInline">
<small id="passwordHelpInline" class="">
</small>
</div>
</div>
<div class="mb-3">
<label for="exampleInputEmail1" class="form-label">employee Image</label>
<input name="image" type="file" class="form-control" id="exampleInputEmail1" aria-describedby="emailHelp">
</div>
<button type="submit" class="btn btn-success">Sign in</button>
</form>
</div>
@endsection |
github_open_source_100_1_116 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <?php
/*
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Web Routes
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
| Here is where you can register web routes for your application. These
| routes are loaded by the RouteServiceProvider within a group which
| contains the "web" middleware group. Now create something great!
|
*/
Route::get('/', function () {
return view('welcome');
});
// USER CRUD
Route::get('/users', 'UserController@index')->name('users.index');
Route::get('/users/create', 'UserController@create')->name('users.create');
Route::post('/users', 'UserController@store')->name('users.store');
Route::get('/users/{id}/edit', 'UserController@edit')->name('users.edit');
Route::post('/users/{id}', 'UserController@update')->name('users.update');
Route::get('/users/{id}','UserController@destroy')->name('users.delete');
// Points CRUD
Route::get('/points', 'PointController@index')->name('points.index');
Route::get('/points/create', 'PointController@create')->name('points.create');
Route::post('/points', 'PointController@store')->name('points.store');
Route::get('/points/{id}/edit', 'PointController@edit')->name('points.edit');
Route::post('/points/{id}', 'PointController@update')->name('points.update');
Route::get('/points/{id}','PointController@destroy')->name('points.delete');
// Department CRUD
Route::get('/departments', 'DepartmentController@index')->name('departments.index');
Route::get('/departments/create', 'DepartmentController@create')->name('departments.create');
Route::post('/departments', 'DepartmentController@store')->name('departments.store');
Route::get('/departments/{id}/edit', 'DepartmentController@edit')->name('departments.edit');
Route::post('/departments/{id}', 'DepartmentController@update')->name('departments.update');
Route::get('/departments/{id}','DepartmentController@destroy')->name('departments.delete');
// Flow CRUD
Route::get('/flows', 'FlowController@index')->name('flows.index');
Route::get('/flows/create', 'FlowController@create')->name('flows.create');
Route::post('/flows', 'FlowController@store')->name('flows.store');
Route::get('/flows/{id}/edit', 'FlowController@edit')->name('flows.edit');
Route::post('/flows/{id}', 'FlowController@update')->name('flows.update');
Route::get('/flows/{id}','FlowController@destroy')->name('flows.delete');
// Route::get('/show', function () {
// return view('pages.users.show');
// });
Route::get('/show/{id}', 'PointController@show')->name('points.show'); |
github_open_source_100_1_117 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /*
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| sudoku |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Copyright (c) IUT Team 2016 |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| This source file is subject to version 3.01 of the PHP license, |
| that is bundled with this package in the file LICENSE, and is |
| available through the world-wide-web at the following url: |
| http://www.php.net/license/3_01.txt |
| If you did not receive a copy of the PHP license and are unable to |
| obtain it through the world-wide-web, please send a note to |
| license@php.net so we can mail you a copy immediately. |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Author: Valentin Nahim |
| Author: Valentin Lajeunesse |
| Author: Abel Lucas |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
*/
#ifndef _SUDOKU_H
#define _SUDOKU_H
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif
extern int sudoku_solve_select(const char *puzzle, char *solution, int limit, int (*select)(int));
extern int sudoku_solve(const char *puzzle, char *solution, int limit);
typedef unsigned char byte;
typedef int bool;
#ifndef true
#define false 0
#define true 1
#endif
#define HIGH_9_BIT(v) (((v) >> 18) & 0x1FF)
#define MID_9_BIT(v) (((v) >> 9) & 0x1FF)
#define LOW_9_BIT(v) ((v) & 0x1FF)
#define FULL_TO_COLUMN(v) (((v) | ((v) >> 9) | ((v) >> 18)) & 0x1FF)
#define FULL_TO_SHRINK(v) (tbl_shrink_mask[(v)&0x1FF] | tbl_shrink_mask[((v)>>9)&0x1FF]<<3 | tbl_shrink_mask[((v)>>18)&0x1FF]<<6)
#define BIT_SET_27 0x07FFFFFF
#define BIT_SET_30 0x3FFFFFFF
#define NORF(n) sudoku->full_mask[n] &= sudoku->block_mask_sum[n%3] ^ sudoku->block_mask[n];
#define SAVF(n) sudoku->games[sudoku->index].full_mask[n] = sudoku->full_mask[n];
#define RESF(n) sudoku->comp_f[n] = sudoku->full_mask[n] = sudoku->games[sudoku->index].full_mask[n];
#define AN(v, n) v &= n
#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif
#endif /* _SUDOKU_H */
/*
* Local variables:
* tab-width: 4
* c-basic-offset: 4
* End:
* vim600: noet sw=4 ts=4 fdm=marker
* vim<600: noet sw=4 ts=4
*/ |
1229592_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Centromerus furcatus adalah spesies laba-laba yang tergolong famili Linyphiidae. Spesies ini juga merupakan bagian dari ordo Araneae. Nama ilmiah dari spesies ini pertama kali diterbitkan pada tahun 1882 oleh Emerton.
Laba-laba ini biasanya banyak ditemui di Amerika Serikat, Kanada.
Referensi
Platnick, Norman I. (2010): The world spider catalog, version 10.5. American Museum of Natural History.
Linyphiidae.
|
github_open_source_100_1_118 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /*
* Copyright (c) 2012-2015 Snowplow Analytics Ltd. All rights reserved.
*
* This program is licensed to you under the Apache License Version 2.0,
* and you may not use this file except in compliance with the Apache License Version 2.0.
* You may obtain a copy of the Apache License Version 2.0 at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
* software distributed under the Apache License Version 2.0 is distributed on an
* "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the Apache License Version 2.0 for the specific language governing permissions and limitations there under.
*/
package com.snowplowanalytics.snowplow.enrich
package hadoop
package bad
// Scala
import scala.collection.mutable.Buffer
// Specs2
import org.specs2.mutable.Specification
// Scalding
import com.twitter.scalding._
// Cascading
import cascading.tuple.TupleEntry
// This project
import JobSpecHelpers._
/**
* Holds the input and expected data
* for the test.
*/
object NullNumericFieldsSpec {
val lines = Lines(
"2014-10-11 14:01:05 - 37 172.31.38.31 GET 24.209.95.109 /i 200 http://www.myvideowebsite.com/embed/ab123456789?auto_start=e9&rf=cb Mozilla%2F5.0+%28Macintosh%3B+Intel+Mac+OS+X+10.6%3B+rv%3A32.0%29+Gecko%2F20100101+Firefox%2F32.0 e=se&se_ca=video-player%3Anewformat&se_ac=play-time&se_la=efba3ef384&se_va=&tid="
)
val expected = """{"line":"2014-10-11 14:01:05 - 37 172.31.38.31 GET 24.209.95.109 /i 200 http://www.myvideowebsite.com/embed/ab123456789?auto_start=e9&rf=cb Mozilla%2F5.0+%28Macintosh%3B+Intel+Mac+OS+X+10.6%3B+rv%3A32.0%29+Gecko%2F20100101+Firefox%2F32.0 e=se&se_ca=video-player%3Anewformat&se_ac=play-time&se_la=efba3ef384&se_va=&tid=","errors":[{"level":"error","message":"Field [se_va]: cannot convert [] to Double-like String"},{"level":"error","message":"Field [tid]: [] is not a valid integer"}]}"""
}
/**
* Integration test for the EtlJob:
*
* Check that all tuples in a custom structured event
* (CloudFront format) are successfully extracted.
*/
class NullNumericFieldsSpec extends Specification {
"A job which processes a CloudFront file containing 1 event with null integer and double fields" should {
EtlJobSpec("clj-tomcat", "2", true, List("geo", "organization")).
source(MultipleTextLineFiles("inputFolder"), NullNumericFieldsSpec.lines).
sink[String](Tsv("outputFolder")){ output =>
"not write any events" in {
output must beEmpty
}
}.
sink[TupleEntry](Tsv("exceptionsFolder")){ trap =>
"not trap any exceptions" in {
trap must beEmpty
}
}.
sink[String](Tsv("badFolder")){ buf =>
val json = buf.head
"write a bad row JSON containing the input line and all errors" in {
removeTstamp(json) must_== NullNumericFieldsSpec.expected
}
}.
run.
finish
}
} |
bpt6k53284946_4 | French-PD-Books | Public Domain | La beauté aussi est absolue, nécessaire, une et immuable dans son essence, et cependant elle se diversifie en une infinité de formes et de types différents, qui chacun l’exprime à sa manière et dont aucun ne l’épuise. Pourquoi n’en serait-il pas de même pour le bien ? Pourquoi, dans le monde moral, chacun n’agirait-il pas diversement,*selon ses aptitudes, ses forces, selon les circonstances dans lesquelles il est placé, et ne réaliserait-il pas, à sa manière, l’idéal du bien ? Sa conduite pourra peut-être choquer l’opinion publique, et même dans certains cas, violer telle loi établie; car aucune loi, quelque juste et nécessaire quelle soit, ne peut s’adapter parfaitement à toutes les circonstances, à toutes les individualités. Jamais l’agent moral ne se trouve placé deux fois identiquement dans la même situation. Chaque détermination est le résultat d’une combinaison particulière, d’un conflit imprévu de circonstances, de motifs, d’éléments divers; c’est un problème qui se pose chaque fois d’une façon différente et nouvelle, et qui demande une solution nouvelle aussi. A la conscience seule, j’entends la conscience éclairée par la raison absolue, appartient le droit de donner cette solution et de la revêtir de sa sanction suprême et inviolable. Sans doute la tâche de la conscience est difficile et délicate. Elle exige une grande rectitude, une grande sûreté, et surtout une parfaite sincérité. Pour un grand nombre d’hommes qui n’en sont pas encore arrivés là, la soumission prudente aux lois, aux règles établies et consacrées par l’usage, est souvent préférable, dans l’intérêt de chacun et de tous, à une initiative maladroite et périlleuse. Mais l’autonomie de la conscience n’en est pas moins le but idéal où tous nous devons tendre. Mais pour que la loi morale, sans cesser d’être absolue, puisse s’accommoder à la variété des individus et des circonstances, il faut qu’elle sorte de son abstraction métaphysique ; qu’elle se mêle aux incli' nations, aux passions, à toutes les forces qui constituent l’homme individuel et vivant. Les éléments, que l’analyse profonde de Kant avait trop rigoureusement séparés, doivent s’unir et se pénétrer. Mais il était nécessaire qu’ils fussent séparés d’abord et que leur caractère propre fût nettement marqué. Leur union n’est plus, alors une confusion, mais une harmonie intime et féconde. L’idée du bien, en pénétrant ainsi l’âme tout entière restera toujours la loi absolue, nécessaire, conçue par la raison, et non plus vaguement pressentie par le cœur. CHAPITRE VIII. Politique. Chez les philosophes du dix-huitième siècle, qui ne s’occupent pas de l’homme individuel seulement, mais de la société, les théories politiques sont comme dans l’antiquité un complément obligé des théories morales. Hemsterhuis cependant n’était pas attiré vers la politique par la seule curiosité philosophique et par la contagion du goût général de son époque. Ses occupations habituelles l’y invitaient en quelque sorte naturellement. Premier commis du secrétaire général du Stadhouderat des Provinces-Unies, mêlé par conséquent aux affaires, on comprend qu’il ait voulu étudier de plus près le mécanisme gouvernemental dans lequel il était lui-même engagé. Plusieurs lettres de sa correspondance avec M me Gallizin et avec le prince de Fürstenberg ; deux écrits inédits trouvés par nous à Münster, intitulés l’un : Réflexions sur les Provinces-Unies, l’autre : Démonstration géométrique de la nécessité d’un Stadhouderat héréditaire , prouvent qu’il avait l’intelligence et l’habitude des affaires. Ce dernier titre, cependant, laisse deviner un esprit qui se plaît aux abstractions et qui essaie d’appliquer le raisonnement mathématique aux choses de la politique et de l’histoire. Mais cette politique, toute spéciale et locale, n’intéresse guère le philosophe. Hemsterhuis s’est élevé ailleurs à des considérations générales et philosophiques sur l’origine de la société, sur le principe et la forme des gouvernements. Il a sa théorie politique, que nous allons étudier. Il semblerait qu’un homme de gouvernement et d’affaires, habitué à compter avec les faits et à se défier des utopies, dût porter un peu de ces dispositions dans l’étude des questions politiques. Il n’en est rien cependant. L’expérience et le bon sens pratique n’ont guère corrigé chez Hemsterhuis l’esprit chimérique du philosophe. Les utopies platoniciennes et les paradoxes de Rousseau se mêlent dans ses écrits à quelques vues ingénieuses et justes, mais qui résultent du sentiment délicat et vif de la dignité et de l’indépendance morales de l’homme, plutôt que de l’étude de l’histoire et de l’expérience des affaires. Fidèle à la méthode abstraite et dogmatique que Rousseau avait introduite dans l’étude des questions politiques, Hemsterhuis commence par rechercher l’origine de la société, et nous n’avons pas besoin de dire que c’est l’imagination plutôt que l’observation qui le dirige dans cette recherche. Toutefois il ne néglige pas entièrement le témoignage de la conscience. Fidèle à sa doctrine psychologique, il affirme avec force que la société n’est point un fait anormal, mais qu’elle a son origine naturelle dans cet instinct sympathique qui est le principe même de la vie morale et qui nous attire vers nos semblables avant toute réflexion, avant toute expérience des dangers de l’isolement ou des avantages de l’association. L’organe moral , qui est pour Hemsterhuis le principe de la morale, de la religion et du langage, est aussi le principe et le fondement de la société. « Ce n’est ni l’appétit du sexe, parce que les animaux ne vivent pas en société; ce ne sont pas les soins que réclament l’enfance et la vieillesse, parce que des sauvages abandonnent leurs enfants et tuent les vieillards. Il est évident qu’il faut chercher la vraie source de cette faculté sociable de l’homme dans le principe moral qui l’ennoblit et le distingue si prodigieusement de tous les êtres que nous connaissons sur la terre; ce principe, qui montre clairement que l’homme n’est ici qu’un oiseau de passage, ou un être qui par quelque loi inconnue s’est accroché pour quelque temps à la matière pour y exercer ses facultés, comme il les exercera probablement dans d’autres existences sur une matière totalement différente...1 1 » Mais ne nous y trompons pas. 11 ne s’agit pas ici de la société au sein de laquelle nous vivons actuellement, fondée sur l’inégalité des conditions et des fortunes, gouvernée par des lois écrites, obéissant à des pouvoirs officiellement constitués et reconnus. La société dont parle Hemsterhuis, c’est la société primitive, la société naturelle et parfaite, dont la nôtre n’est qu’une forme dégénérée. Réunis à l’origine par la sympathie irrésistible qui les attirait les uns vers les autres, les hommes ne connaissaient d’autres lois que cette sympathie même. Ils ignoraient la tyrannie des gouvernements et des lois, les malheurs de la guerre, les funestes effets de l’ambition, les privilèges iniques de la richesse et du rang, et malgré les inégalités inévitables créées par la nature entre les hommes, l’équilibre de cette société primitive fondée sur la sympathie n’était pas sensiblement troublé. C’était l’âge d’or de l’humanité 2. être qui donna le jour à la funeste et ridicule idée de propriété... et toute égalité fut détruite. Par là l’homme devint tout physique vis-à-vis de la société. Un homme qui avait cent arpents de terre et cent esclaves, était comme une seule masse, qui n’était rien pourtant en comparaison de la masse d’un homme qui avait cent mille esclaves et autant d’arpents l . » Il trouve une autre cause encore de la modification de cette société primitive, dans l’éducation, dans le développement inégal de l’intelligence et des connaissances. « Les hommes sont liés naturellement entre eux, à proportion de la quantité d’idées acquises qu’ils ont en commun. Par conséquent aussitôt que les signes communicatifs naturels se développèrent, un homme par les mêmes aliments, par la même éducation , par la conversation journalière, avait plus d’idées en commun avec ceux de la famille qu’avec tout autre. Le total des hommes se divisa en familles, et ces familles devinrent différentes les unes des autres à mesure que les langues et le peu de connaissances se perfectionnèrent. Mais aussitôt que ces connaissances arrivèrent à un point qu’elles purent produire des effets généraux, le besoin des hommes lia de nouveau plusieurs sociétés particulières ensemble. Mais la société primitive générale avait été composée ' Lettre sur l’homme, p. 133. d’individus égaux ou peu s’en faut, tandis que ces sociétés particulières, nées après une certaine culture de l’esprit, étaient extrêmement hétérogènes, ce qui causa du désordre. Pour le prévenir, on imagina les gouvernements 1 . » Dans le dialogue intitulé Alexis, qu’il publia en 1787 dans la période de poésie et de platonisme, Hemsterhuis, comme tous les philosophes qui du sein de ce monde imparfait et misérable rêvent le bonheur et la perfection, se plaît à tracer le tableau de cette société primitive. Prenant ses espérances pour des souvenirs, il nous montre d’abord l’homme dans toute la plénitude de sa nature parfaite : ses facultés, plus énergiques à la fois et plus délicates qu’elles ne le sont aujourd’hui, s’exerçaient alors avec une rapidité et une aisance dont nous ne pouvons plus nous faire une idée. L’intelligence, d’une vue immédiate et sûre saisissait les rapports des choses, quelle ne parvient à saisir aujourd’hui que lentement et difficilement. Servie par des organes plus souples et plus délicats, elle exprimait avec une incomparable précision tous les mouvements de lame. L’organe moral surtout, la faculté maîtresse, possédait une vigueur et une finesse qui rendaient à l’homme l’accomplissement du bien facile et agréable, et son bonheur coïncidait avec le bonheur de ses semblables. Hemsterhuis ne s’arrête pas à l’homme. Son imagination transforme également la nature, et arrange à cette société parfaite, un séjour digne d’elle. Pour expliquer comment la société actuelle est si différente de la société primitive, et par quelles causes un si grand changement s’est opéré, l’auteur d'Alexis continue cette fiction poétique, à laquelle il mêle des conjectures scientifhjùes. Il raconte comment la lune, qui n’était pas à l’origine satellite de la terre, heurta dans sa course vagabonde notre globe, et comment ce choc produisit un bouleversement épouvantable. L’harmonie parfaite et l’heureux équilibre qui avaient régné jusque là dans la nature furent détruits. L’homme lui-même ressentit les effets de cette catastrophe. Le lien puissant et doux de la sympathie, qui enchaînait étroitement les hommes entre eux, se relâcha; des besoins nouveaux, des passions jusqu’alors inconnues s’éveillèrent. La propriété s’établit ; le faible eut besoin de se défendre contre le fort. L’organe moral n’était plus assez puissant pour pousser l’homme au bien et le détourner du mal. Il fallut des gouvernements et des lois. La société actuelle naquit. Cette description , que nous résumons ici, et où des souvenirs de poésie et de philosophie ancienne se mêlent à des observations de science et d’astronomie modernes; où les fictions de Platon et d’Ovide sont commentées par les découvertes de Newton et de Kepler, est tout à fait dans le goût du dix-huitième siècle, à la fois positif et chimérique. Rousseau l’eût goûtée à coup sûr. Jacobi, le Rousseau de l’Allemagne, l’ami, l’admirateur d’Hemsterhuis, voulut faire partager son admiration à ses compatriotes. Il traduisit Y Alexis, qu’il regardait comme le chef-d’œuvre de son ami 1. • Nous ne voulons pas chicaner Jacobi sur son admiration pour un genre de beautés auquel nous sommes moins sensibles aujourd’hui qu’on ne l’était il y a cent ans. Constatons Seulement ce qui ressort pour nous du tableau allégorique dont nous venons de donner une idée : c’est que la société actuelle n’est pas le résultat du développement libre et naturel de nos instincts et de nos facultés, mais l’effet d’une perturbation qui s’est produite dans la nature humaine ; quelle est une création artificielle de l’homme, et non pas un fruit de la nature ; une imperfection et non pas un progrès. Le bien se faisait librement, naturellement sous l’impulsion irrésistible de l’organe moral. Dans la société actuelle au contraire, la loi, l’œuvre artificielle de la volonté humaine, essaye par des moyens extérieurs et matériels de suppléer à l’insuffisance de l’organe moral affaibli et corrompu. C’est une nécessité sans doute, que la condition actuelle'de l'humanité a rendue inévitable, mais c’est en même temps une contrainte humiliante pour la dignité de l’homme. « L’homme né libre, s’écrie Hemsterhuis avec tris— tesse, est esclave de la législation 1. » Pour le commun des hommes, dont le sens moral est émoussé, cette contrainte des lois offre peu d’inconvénients. Elle a même ses avantages. La loi commande le bien, qui sans elle ne se ferait pas ; elle empêche le mal, qui sans elle se ferait. Mais les âmes hautes et généreuses, chez qui les facultés morales ont conservé quelque chose de leur pureté primitive, protestent contre cette tyrannie des lois, qui les gêne et les humilie. IJ y a lutte entre la loi sociale et la conscience individuelle, et dans cette lutte, Hemsterhuis (sa morale nous l’a déjà appris) prend partie pour la conscience individuelle contre les lois. Il absout, il glorifie même toutes les actions oii se marque avec éclat cette opposition. Un autre vice de la société actuelle, selon notre auteur, c’est que l’intérêt et la lin de l’État ne sont pas les mêmes que ceux de l’individu. La fin de l’État est toute terrestre, la fin de l’individu va au delà de ce monde et de cette vie. Cet antagonisme devient d’autant plus funeste, que l’État a besoin de l’activité, du dévouement, du courage, de toutes les vertus morales pour se soutenir et se défendre. Il est obligé d’empiéter sans cesse sur le domaine sacré de la conscience morale. Il se sert de moyens extérieurs et matériels, de l’argent, des honneurs, des récompenses, pour entretenir ces vertus. Il flatte la cupidité, l’ambition, la vanité. La religion même devient entre ses mains un instrument politique dont il se sert pour assurer la fidélité du serment. Il suppose des révélations , il crée un culte ; en un mot il tourne à son avantage et s’approprie en quelque sorte les facultés morales dont l’individu devrait avoir la libre disposition. Il scinde l’homme en deux. Voilà, selon Hemsterhuis, le vice inhérent à la société actuelle, quelles que soient d’ailleurs les formes diverses quelle présente. « La religion n’avait rien de précis chez les Grecs ; le polythéisme en faisait un objet de cérémonie et de parade. La vertu civile était donc la seule chose qu’on eût à perfectionner. « L’individu devint partie intégrante de l’État. Son bien particulier coïncidait avec celui de l’État ; et se voyant soi-même l’image de l’État, toutes ses facultés se multiplièrent, ce qui produisit l’activité, l’industrie, l’ambition et, ce qui plus est, ce vivifiant amour de la patrie 1 . » Cette admiration de l’antiquité, qui est générale au dix-huitième siècle, et ce dédain de la société moderne ne paraissent pas conséquents avec le principe même de la morale et de la politique de notre auteur. Lui qui réclame la liberté absolue pour la conscience individuelle, et qui lui sacrifie les lois, l’opinion publique, comment n’a-t-il pas vu que cette société antique, dont la belle unité l’enchante, est au fond la plus despotique de toutes , car elle absorbe l’individu tout entier, tandis que la société moderne laisse au développement libre de l’individu une plus large part ? Il est facile de démêler la vraie raison de cette préférence. Hemsterhuis partage les préventions et l’antipathie de son siècle contre l’autorité religieuse. Or, dans la société antique, il l’a dit, la religion 'Lettre sur les désirs, p. 63. n’était rien ; elle laissait à la pensée, à l’activité individuelle sa plus complète liberté, elle ne songeait ni à l’attaquer ni à l’opprimer. Dans la société moderne au contraire, il voit à côté et quelquefois audessus de l’État, l’Église, qui s’empare du gouvernement des âmes, et c’est là sans doute ce qui fait pour lui l’infériorité de la société moderne, surtout parce que le législateur lui-même est obligé de se servir de la religion pour fortifier la vertu civile : «Avec le christianisme, l’individu se partage en quelque sorte entre la terre et le ciel, et la vertu civile s’affaiblit. Le législateur voulut la fortifier en y mêlant la religion. La société, qui n’a de droit que sur les actions extérieures de l’individu, entama ses intentions, ses méditations et tout ce qui appartient uniquement à son rapport avec Dieu. « L’individu de son côté ne vit plus que lui-même et ne se considéra plus comme lié à la société. La religion et la vertu civile, qui auraient dû rester séparées,, s’affaiblirent réciproquement et de là, l’inactivité et l’abrutissement 1 . » L’admiration de la société antique et la chimère de l’égalit# emportent même le judicieux Hemsterhuis jusqu’à une singulière et extravagante imagination. Il ose proposer sérieusement, pour revenir à cette belle simplicité qui lui paraît être la perfection, Lettre sur les désirs, p. 64. de rétablir l’esclavage, afin de diminuer le nombre des citoyens et d’augmenter ainsi les chances d’égalité entre un petit nombre de privilégiés 1 . Ces exagérations ne sont pas rares chez les politiques spéculatifs du dix-huitième siècle, qui se laissent égarer à la fois par l’utopie et par la logique abstraite. Rousseau en offre plus d’un exemple. Hemsterhuis est de son siècle et il avait lu Rousseau. En effet, cette conception chimérique d’une société parfaite, dont la nôtre n’est qu’une corruption ; cette obstination à ne voir dans les institutions sociales et religieuses que des créations artificielles d’une politique ambitieuse ; enfin cet engouement irréfléchi pour l’antiquité, tout cela vient sans doute de l’étude des anciens, et de Platon, mais surtout de l’esprit général du dix-huitième siècle et de la lecture du Contrat social . Il est cependant un point où Hemsterhuis se sépare de Rousseau et même de son siècle, et où il est vraiment original. En effet, Rousseau et beaucoup d’autres avec lui, cherchant la meilleure forme du gouvernement, trompés à la fois par leurs souvenirs d’antiquité, et par la rigueur apparente de leurs déductions logiques, avaient imaginé une société qui, sous les apparences et le nom de la Démocratie, était un véritable despotisme. 1 Lettre sur l’homme et ses rapports, p‘. ISO. Hemsterhuis au contraire, malgré l’admiration qu’il professe pour l’antiquité, reste fidèle au principe qui domine toute sa philosophie, et dont nous avons vu dans sa morale les applications souvent excessives et périlleuses. Ce principe c’est l’indépendance absolue de la conscience individuelle. Si nous réunissons les différents passages que nous avons cités tout à l’heure, nous verrons qu’au fond le but de la politique de notre auteur n’est pas de rendre l’Etat plus fort, mais l’individu plus libre ; qu’il veut restreindre le plus possible l’autorité de l’État, ne lui abandonner que les actions extérieures des citoyens ; ne lui demander que la protection et la sûreté matérielles, en attendant que se réalise cette société parfaite et heureuse qu’il a placée au début de l’humanité et dont il entrevoit le retour dans l’avenir comme dans un beau rêve 1 . Sans doute, Hemsterhuis n’a pas approfondi cette opinion aujourd’hui fort débattue, et qui chaque jour cependant gagne de nouveaux partisans. Il ne s’est pas attaché à marquer les limites entre les droits et l’action de l’État et ceux de l’individu. Nous trouvons ici comme ailleurs, chez lui, une aspiration plutôt qu’une idée, une protestation du sentiment contre tout ce qui gêne la liberté, humilie la dignité morale de l’homme, plutôt qu’une doctrine précise, appuyée * Voy. Alexis ou l’Age d'or. sur des faits et rattachée à des principes. Mais, tout incomplète qu’elle est, cette idée mérite d’être recueillie , car elle n’est pas commune au dix-huitième siècle, et il est juste d’en faire honneur à l’ingénieuse pénétration d’Hemsterhuis et à la vérité du principe même qui domine toute sa philosophie. CHAPITRE IX. Le beau et l’art. Le problème du beau, sur lequel le génie antique avait répandu de vives lumières, que la scolastique avait complètement négligé, et que la philosophie cartésienne avait à peine entrevu, préoccupe beaucoup la philosophie du dix-huitième siècle. En France, en Angleterre, en Écosse, en Allemagne on s’y intéresse également. Les penseurs les plus éloignés les uns des autres, et les plus opposés, se rencontrent dans cette étude intéressante et presque nouvelle. Elle occupe Montesquieu et Herder, Hutcheson et Lessing, Diderot et Kant. Hemsterhuis rencontrait donc partout autour de lui le problème du beau, et il n’est pas étonnant qu’il s’y soit intéressé à son tour. Mais son inclination et son goût personnels le portaient vers le beau et vers l’art, autant que le goût général de son époque. Hemsterhuis est artiste autant et plus encore peut-être qu’il n’est philosophe. L’admiration de l’antiquité, l’étude de Platon, avaient développé en lui l’amour du beau et le goût des arts, que l’éducation de la maison paternelle avait éveillé de bonne heure déjà. Tibère Hemsterhuis, le père de notre philosophe, était un savant dans la plus large acception du mot. Il faisait servir à l’interprétation des écrivains de l’antiquité,, non-seulement la grammaire et la linguistique, mais les monuments, les oeuvres d’art, toutes les formes de la vie et du génie antiques. Sa maison était pleine de médailles , de bas-reliefs, d’œuvres d’art 1 , et François put se pénétrer de bonne heure, et comme en se jouant, des formes pures de l’art grec. De là sans doute aussi ce goût des pierres antiques qui fut une des passions de sa vie. Sa collection, enrichie avec amour et patience, devint bientôt une des plus riches et des plus célèbres 2 . A cette passion pour les œuvres d’art Hemsterhuis joignait un talent distingué de dessinateur. Les dessins qui accompagnent la Lettre sur la sculpture et la Lettre sur les désirs 3 et les vignettes symboliques placées en tête de ses principaux dialogues sont de sa main 3. 1 Voy. Vie d’Hemsterhuis , chap. II. * Goethe en parle avec admiration (voy. Œuvres, t. XXX). 3 On lui doit aussi un portrait de Jacobi d’une finesse de touche remarquable et d’une parfaite ressemblance. Nous possédons nous-même une épreuve de ce portrait que nous devons à la complaisance de M. Jacobi, petit-fils de l’illustre philosophe et officier supérieur dans l’armée prussienne. Ce sont deux écrits sur des matières d’art qui firent connaître le nom d’Hemsterhuis au monde philosophique. La Lettre sur une pierre antique et la Lettre sur la sculpture furent ses premiers ouvrages. La première n’offre aucun intérêt philosophique. Elle est d’un simple amateur , qui ne s’élève pas audessus des considérations techniques et des observations de détail. Dans la Lettre sur la sculpture Hemsterhuis prend la question de plus haut. Il cherche à déterminer la nature propre de la sculpture, et il tente une définition générale du beau. Dans le dialogue Simon publié vingt ans plus tard, en 1787, les idées sur l’art et sur la sculpture, assez faiblement indiquées dans les premiers écrits, sont reprises avec plus de précision et de force. Winckelmann et Lessing avaient paru dans cet intervalle. Examinons d’abord l’idée qu’Hemsterhuis se fait du beau et la définition qu’il en donne. Nous recueillerons ensuite ses observations et ses réflexions sur l’art^ et particulièrement sur la sculpture. Fidèle aux habitudes d’analyse et d’observation qu’il tenait à la fois de son temps et des traditions socratiques., Hemsterhuis commence par étudier ce qui se passe en nous lorsque nous sommes en présence des objets que nous jugeons beaux. Ensuite seule ment il arrive à la définition du beau lui-même. Cette méthode, trop souvent négligée, est certainement la plus sûre, mais à condition qu’elle soit appliquée avec rigueur et qu’elle sache distinguer dans les phénomènes variés et complexes qui se produisent dans l’âme du spectateur en présence du beau, ce qui appartient à l’essence absolue et immuable de la beauté elle-même, et ce qui tient aux dispositions variables de notre individualité. Nous verrons si Hemsterhuis a su éviter cet écueil dans le cours de son analyse. Il nous place tout d’abord en présence d’un objet quelconque, d’une statue par exemple : Notre œil, dit-il, pour arriver à la connaissance totale de l’objet, est obligé de parcourir successivement tous les points qui en forment le contour, et de les relier ensuite entre eux pour former l’image du tout. Lorsque cette opération de l’esprit se fait rapidement et facilement ; lorsque l’œil et l’intelligence ne sont arrêtés par aucun obstacle, l’âme éprouve un sentiment de satisfaction et de plaisir. Ce plaisir vient, assure Hemsterhuis, de ce quelle a eu en très-peu de temps un grand nombre d’idées. objet, elle est contente, et cette satisfaction constitue précisément pour Hemsterhuis le sentiment du beau. Nous n’examinons pas encore si notre auteur a raison de prendre cette satisfaction de l’intelligence pour le sentiment même du beau, et si sa définition par conséquent est parfaitement juste. Mais nous constatons quelle repose au moins sur un fait psychologique exact, et nous ajoutons qu’elle n’est pas sans analogie, malgré sa forme originale, avec quelquesunes des plus célèbres définitions du beau que le dixhuitième siècle a produites. Ainsi Marmontel et Grousaz, qui ont placé le beau dans la proportion et l’harmonie, ont dit à peu près la même chose qu’Hemsterhuis ; car c’est précisément la proportion et l’harmonie que l’intelligence rencontre dans les choses qui lui permettent de voir beaucoup en peu de temps. D’autre part la multiplicité des rapports qui, selon Diderot, constitue le beau, d’où résulte-t-elle, sinon de la possibilité de faire coexister beaucoup d’idées dans un instant? Et enfin l’unité et la variété qu’Hutclieson, après saint Augustin, proclame comme l’essence même du beau, répondent assez bien à ce besoin de l’âme, de réunir dans l’unité d’un moment presque indivisible une grande variété d’idées. La définition d’Hemsterhuis qu’on a quelquefois rejetée du premier coup comme absurde et ridicule 4 , est donc au fond aussi raisonnable cpie celles qu’on adopte ou qu’on discute sérieusement. Mais cela ne veut pas dire qu’elle soit plus complète et plus vraie. Elle soulève plus d’une objection. Hemsterhuis fait reposer le beau sur deux points : Un maximum d’idées concentré dans un minimum de temps. Remarquons qu’il ne détermine pas la nature de ces idées, leur contenu. Le nombre seul importe. Mais n’y a-t-il pas nombre d’objets qui font naître en nous le même nombre d’idées, et que nous jugeons certainement plus beaux les uns que les autres, quand cependant, d’après notre définition, ils devraient être également beaux ou également laids ? Il ne faut assurément pas plus de temps à l’œil pour embrasser un carré qu’une ellipse, et cependant la forme gracieusement arrondie de l’ellipse est plus belle que la forme raide et anguleuse du carré. Me 1 Tœpfer, Menus propos d’un peintre genevois. « L’âme, dit le Hollandais Hemsterhuis (c’est Tœpfer qui parle) juge le plus beau, ce dont elle peut se faire une idée dans le plus court espace de temps. voici en présence de deux visages : je les suppose tous deux également réguliers ; il ne me faut certainement pas plus de temps pour saisir l’un que l’autre. Pourquoi se fait-il que l’un soit jugé par moi plus beau que l’autre ? Hemsterhuis pourrait m’objecter que l’une des deux figures me donne, outre l’idée même des traits qui la composent, l’idée de la grâce, de la candeur, de l’intelligence. Mais l’autre figure pourra me donner de la même manière, l’idée de la ruse, de la fausseté, de la sottise. Voilà autant d’idées que tout à l’heure, et cependant je persiste à regarder la première figure comme infiniment plus belle que la seconde. Ne serait-ce pas, parce que ce n’est pas seulement le nombre d’idées et le temps dans lequel on les reçoit, mais leur nature,.leur objet propre, qui font naître en nous l’idée et le sentiment de la beauté? En outre, dans le nombre d’idées que fait naître en nous un objet on doit compter non-seulement celles qui constituent l’objet lui-même, mais encore celles que l’association, le souvenir peuvent réveiller en nous. Un objet insignifiant peut ainsi réveiller en moi beaucoup plus d’idées que le plus beau chefd’œuvre de l’art ou de la nature ; il faudrait en conclure alors qu’il est réellement plus beau. Quand Bonaparte montrait à ses soldats .les Pyramides du haut desquelles quarante siècles les contem plaient, la vue de ces monuments pouvait faire naître chez eux plus d’idées que n’aurait fait le Parthénon ou la coupole de Saint-Pierre. En faut-il conclure que réellement ils auraient jugé les Pyramides plus belles, s’ils avaient pu faire la comparaison? Hemsterhuis paraît le croire, car passant de la théorie aux exemples il dit : « Lorsqu’un homme échappé du naufrage voit le tableau d’un naufrage, il est plus affecté que les autres. Lorsque Cicéron défend Ligarius, tout le monde l’admire, mais c’est César qui pâlit, qui frissonne, marque certaine qu’aux mots de Pompée et de Pharsale il avait plus d’idées concentrées et coexistantes1. 1. » Mais les exemples cités ici ne sont pas favorables à la théorie que nous discutons. L’émotion qu’éprouve un homme échappé au naufragé à la vue d’un naufrage est indépendante du plaisir artistique que cette vue peut lui donner. l’admiration toute littéraire que lui inspire l’éloquence du grand orateur. Un orateur médiocre aurait pu réveiller les mêmes souvenirs sans produire le même effet. Si la théorie d’Hemsterhuis était vraie, l’objet beau ne serait plus qu’un signe destitué de toute valeur propre, et destiné seulement à réveiller par association un certain nombre d’idées en nous. Le symbolisme serait le dernier mot de l’art. Ce n’est pas tout. La rapidité avec laquelle nous saisissons un grand nombre d'idées en peu de temps, dépend moins encore des choses que de nous, elle tient à la rapidité ou à la lenteur de notre intelligence. Dans l’hypothèse d’Hemsterhuis, le même objet, aperçu par plusieurs personnes, leur paraîtra successivement beau ou laid suivant qu’elles l’auront plus vite ou plus lentement saisi. Sans doute nous savons qu’il faut tenir compte des qualités, des aptitudes, des dispositions particulières de chaque homme dans les jugements qu’on porte sur le beau. Mais il y a aussi dans le beau et dans l’action qu’il exerce sur nous,, quelque chose d’absolu, d’universel, et qui est indépendant de ce qui en nous tient de l’individu et des circonstances. Mais poursuivons notre discussion. J’ai sous les yeux un dessin, dont les contours irréguliers, les lignes incohérentes, qui se croisent et s’enchevêtrent, fatiguent mon esprit et ne lui permettent que lentement et difficilement de s’en faire une idée. Cette figure sera incontestablement laide, la définition d’Hemsterhuis la condamne. Mais cette difficulté de saisir l’ensemble et les détails de ce dessin et qui est le signe de la laideur, diminue nécessairement par l’habitude. Plus je regarderai l’objet et moins il me faudra de temps pour l’embrasser. Il viendra un moment où j’aurai dans très-peu de temps, dans le moins de temps possible, toutes les idées que cet objet peut me donner, et le même objet que j’aurai d’abord jugé laid en vertu de la définition d’Hemsterhuis, sera maintenant beau en vertu de la même définition. La différence entre le beau et le laid ne sera donc qu’une différence de degré. La limite qui les sépare sera toujours flottante et ne sera déterminée que par les dispositions et les aptitudes toujours variables des spectateurs. Faudra-t-il pour cela rejeter cette définition? Assurément non. 12 La définition d’Hemsterhuis offre aussi beaucoup d’analogie avec celle cpie Kant développa quelques années plus tard dans sa Critique du jugement , et d’après laquelle il place le beau -dans l’union libre de l’imagination et de la raison. En effet, la raison représente assez bien l’unité de temps dans laquelle se concentre la variété des éléments fournis par l’imagination. Cette coïncidence n’a*rien qui nous étonne. Ailleurs déjà nous avons rencontré dans notre auteur les germes de quelques-unes des idées de Kant. Il ne nous paraît nullement invraisemblable que Kant, qui faisait cas d’Hemsterhuis et de ses ouvrages, ait été frappé de cette définition du beau, et qu’il s’en soit souvenu en composant sa Critique du jugement. Quoi qu’il en soit, le défaut principal de cette théorie ingénieuse, comme aussi de celles de Goethe et de Kant, c’est de confondre le sentiment du beau avec l’idée et le jugement du beau; l’élément intime, individuel et variable, et l’élément absolu et universel. Elle e^t toute subjective; elle enlève toute réalité esthétique aux choses pour la transporter en nous. Hemsterhuis, du reste, ne le dissimule pas, car il dit en propres termes, comme pour résumer sa théorie : « Changez les choses, la nature de nos idées du beau restera la même ; mais si vous changez l’essence de nos organes, toutes nos idées présentes de la beauté LE BEAU ET L’ART. 17D rentreront aussitôt dans le néant. Le beau n’a aucune réalité en soi-même 1. » Toutefois cette définition du beau, telle que nous l’avons comprise et discutée, et telle quelle s’explique d’elle-même en quelque sorte, n’est pas le dernier mot d’Hemsterhuis. Rappelons-nous la théorie platonicienne de notre auteur sur la connaissance. Si nous la rapprochons de sa définition du beau, nous verrons cette définition changer de sens et de portée, s’agrandir et s’élever. L’âme est une substance divine et immortelle, mais soumise aux lois de la nature matérielle à laquelle elle est associée. Si l’âme n’obéissait qu’à ses propres lois, si elle ne relevait que d’elle-même, elle serait en dehors du temps et de l’espace. Aimer, connaître, pour elle, ce serait s’unir dans un moment indivisible avec l’objjet de son désir, se confondre entièrement, ne faire qu’un avec lui. Mais comme elle est enfermée dans un corps, cette union complète, absolue, immédiate, lui est interdite. son existence actuelle, comme une répugnance pour tout ce qui est succession et durée. Ne pouvant pas s’unir dans un moment indivisible avec l’objet de son désir, le saisir sans intermédiaire, sans obstacle, dans une intuition immédiate et instantanée, elle cherche du moins à s’approcher le plus près qu’elle peut de cette union idéale, de ce bonheur divin. En un mot, elle cherche à avoir dans le moindre temps le plus d’idées possible. Or, parmi les êtres avec lesquels l’âme peut s’unir, quels sont ceux qui lui promettent l’union la plus facile, la plus rapide, la plus complète; qui peuvent lui donner dans le minimum du temps le maximum d’idées ? Ce sont évidemment les êtres dont la nature est semblable à la sienne, les êtres spirituels, les âmes. Les objets matériels la rebutent bien vite, car elle reconnaît aussitôt l’impossibilité de l’union quelle cherche. Mais l’union même avec les âmes est incomplète encore, car les âmes sont enfermées dans des corps. Il n’y a qu’un seul être, dans le monde des êtres immatériels, avec lequel elle puisse s’unir aussi complètement et aussi rapidement que le permette sa terrestre condition ; un seul être qui lui donne le plus d’idées dans le moindre temps, et cet être, c’est Dieu. Dieu sera donc pour l’âme le suprême objet d’amour et de désir. Il sera en même temps la suprême beauté, et les autres êtres seront plus ou moins beaux selon qu’ils participent davantage de la nature divine et moins de la nature matérielle l . La question, on le voit, change tout d’un coup d’aspect, et de cette définition du beau, qui nous avait paru d’abord étroite et incomplète, nous voyons sortir une théorie large et profonde et dont on reV connaît de suite l’origine. Nous sommes en ce moment bien loin de l’empirisme et du sensualisme modernes ; nous sommes sur les hauteurs de l’idéalisme, près de Platon et plus près encore de Plotin. Hemsterhuis dépasse ici de beaucoup ses contemporains. Il semble annoncer les grandes doctrines métaphysiques et idéalistes, qui, à la fin du dernier siècle, ont renouvelé la science du beau et la théorie des arts. Le beau ne résulte plus maintenant des dispositions toutes personnelles du spectateur : il a une réalité objective, indépendante de nous; il se confond avec l’être absolu lui-même. Mais en même temps un lien étroit rattache l’ame au beau ; car, étant elle-même divine, elle aspire au beau comme à sa source. En contemplant le beau, elle se détache de la matière, 1 Lettre sur les désirs, p. 54. elle se reconnaît et se retrouve elle-même, acquiert une conscience plus nette, un sentiment plus vif de son immortelle nature. Assurément cette partie métaphysique de la théorie d’Hemsterhuis n’est qu’indiquée chez lui, et n’a pas la précision que nous lui donnons ici. Il ne s’est pas attaché non plus à la mettre d’accord avec celle que nous avons exposée d’abord; il n’a pas cherché h les fondre ensemble. Mais ce désaccord même est tout à fait conforme au caractère de sa doctrine, que nous voyons, ici comme ailleurs, flotter entre l’empirisme de l’école sensualiste, et les aspirations mystiques de la philosophie platonicienne. De l’art. L’idée qu’Hemsterhuis se fait de l’art découle naturellement de la définition même qu’il donne du beau. Puisque le beau est ce qui nous donne le plus d’idées dans le moins de temps, l’art ne sera pas une simple imitation de la nature, car ce n’est que par l’effet d’un hasard qui ne se rencontre pas souvent que les choses sont naturellement disposées pour la perception du beau, c’est-à-dire pour nous donner dans le plus court instant le plus grand nombre d’idées possible. L’artiste ne peut donc pas se contenter d’imiter la nature. Il doit « renchérir sur la nature et produire ainsi ce que la nature ne produit que rarement et difficilement 1 ,» Cette théorie est supérieure sans doute à celle de Yimitation qu’on rencontre partout au dix-huitième siècle. Mais elle ne va pas au delà de Y embellissement de la nature. Nous la trouvons développée dans la Lettre sur la sculpture. Elle ne paraît cependant pas être le dernier mot d’Hemlterhuis. Nous avons montré déjà que sous la définition du beau qu’il a donnée, se cache une théorie plus sérieuse et plus profonde ; et quoiqu’il n’en ait pas tiré toutes les conséquences et toutes les applications quelle renferme, et qu’il n’ait pas reconnu dans l’art une création personnelle, dont le modèle est dans l’âme inspirée de l’artiste, plutôt que dans les objets mêmes qui sont sous ses yeux, on trouve cependant chez lui quelques vues supérieures et qui le rapprochent des idées de notre temps. Il parle quelque part du déplaisir qu’éprouve l’artiste à voir son idée perdre quelque chose de sa pureté, en se produisant au dehors, en entrant dans une forme matérielle. Il constate que l’œuvre complète, réalisée, est bien au-dessous de la splendeur divine de la première idée 2 . Cette expression toute 1 Lettre sur la sculpture, p. 31. * Lettre sur la sculpture, p. 26. platonicienne ou plutôt plotinienne, ainsi que quelques idées originales sur la sculpture et la poésie que nous exposerons plus loin et où il se rencontre avec Lessing, prouvent qu’ici encore il a vu quelquefois plus haut et plus loin que beaucoup de ses contemporains. Nous le retrouvons cependant fidèle aux idées alors dominantes, quand il confond à peu près l’art avec le jeu et le métier et lui donne pour fin l’utilité et l’agrément. Il distingue, il est vrai, parmi les arts ceux qui ont pour objet fâme, et non le corps luimême, mais il ne paraît pas comprendre la véritable nature et la véritable fin de l’art, qui n’ont été comprises complètement que depuis que l’étude du beau a été rattachée à l’étude métaphysique des principes premiers. Alors seulement on a reconnu que l’art est absolument désintéressé, étranger à toute idée de métier et d’utilité, et qu’il ne vise pas tant à plaire qu’à nous montrer à travers les splendeurs du beau, la vérité absolue elle-même 1. Mais, à défaut de pénétration métaphysique, son instinct d’artiste et son imagination de poète devaient faire entrevoir à Hemsterhuis l’origine divine et la noble fin de l’art. Il exprime son idée dans un passage bizarre mais ingénieux : 1 Voy. sur le Beau et sur les Arts les belles leçons de M. Cousin, dans son livre aujourd’hui classique : Du Vrai, du Beau, du Bien. Paris, Didier. — Voy. aussi La Science du Beau, par Charles Levêque. Paris 1861. I «Tout art est l’enfant bâtard d’un Dieu. Vous savez que les dieux quittent souvent l’Olympe, le fond des mers et le Tartare pour se mêler corporellement avec les corps humains qui leur plaisent, d’où sont nés Hercule, Persée, les Tyndarides et nombre de héros et de demi-dieux qui sont devenus l’objet de notre culte. Mais sachez que les âmes des dieux se plaisent plus souvent encore à s’unir avec les âmes humaines dont la beauté les attire, et c’est de ce mélange que naissent les arts. Celui de la législation et de la politique est enfant de l’âme de Jupiter et de celle de Minos, de Solon ou de Lycurgue; la poésie sublime est née de lame d’Apollon et de celle d’Homère , d’Hésiode ou d’Orphée. La sculpture et la peinture ont pour père Yulcain et pour mères les âmes de Dédale, de Dipœnus ou de votre Phidias 1. tait entre les mains du législateur comme un instrument d’éducation. Mais ce qui est surtout ’dans le ,goût du temps, c’est que la tirade que nous venons de citer est mise dans la bouche d’un Scythe, d’un de ces barbares philosophes que l’école de Rousseau avait mis à la mode, et qu’on se plaisait à orner de toutes les vertus naturelles pour le placer ensuite comme un contraste humiliant, comme un repoussoir, en face de la société corrompue par la civilisation. Parmi les beaux-arts, la sculpture attire surtout Hemsterhuis. Il y rattache toutes ses observations sur le beau. Il parle peu de la peinture et ne dit rien de la musique. La sculpture en effet est celui de tous les beaux-arts dans lequel le génie artistique de l’antiquité a trouvé son expression la plus complète. La peinture et la musique sont pour ainsi dire des arts plus chrétiens que païens. Du moins c’est dans le monde moderne, pénétré de l’influence du christianisme, qu’ils sont développés avec le plus de puissance et d’éclat. On comprendra donc qu’ils aient moins préoccupé que la sculpture ce fervent admirateur de l’antiquité païenne, imbu en outre des préjugés de son époque à l’endroit du christianisme et de la civilisation qui en est sortie. Ce sera donc de la sculpture qu’Hemsterhuis parlera de préférence. Non-seulement la sculpture est à ses yeux le plus parfait des arts d’imitation; il veut aussi que la sculpture soit antérieure aux autres arts et il donne ingénieusement, quoiqu’un peu spécieusement, les raisons de son opinion : Il lui semble naturel que lorsque l’on a commencé à imiter les objets extérieurs, on a dû d’abord les imiter en bloc, plutôt que d’en reproduire seulement la surface colorée et les ombres. Cette imitation plus savante demande déjà un certain effort d’abstraction. Le dessin et la peinture supposent en effet les idées tout abstraites de ligne et de couleur, qui ne ê peuvent s’acquérir qu’à la suite d’un exercice assez développé de la vue 1. Mais de tous les sens le tact paraît être celui qui se développe le plus vite et se perfectionne le plus tôt. On a donc dû se servir pour les premières imitations des idées que nous donne le tact, plutôt que de celles que nous donne la vue. Hemsterhuis en véritable connaisseur ne s’arrête pas seulement devant les chefs-d’œuvre de l’art grec : il admire aussi l’art étrusque, et s’attache à marquer les caractères qui le distinguent de l’art grec. Il trouve d’autre part une grande ressemblance entre l’art des Étrusques et l’art des Égyptiens et il en conclut que les Étrusques ont copié les Égyptiens. Mais il se contente d’affirmer cette parenté sans se donner la peine de la prouver 1 ; et cependant on se demande à quelle époque et par quels moyens les Étrusques ont eu connaissance des monuments de l’art égyptien dont ils.ont été les copistes. Les Grecs, les seuls qui eussent pu leur servir d’intermédiaires, n’ayant en aucune façon, selon Hemsterhuis lui-même, subi l’influence égyptienne! Quoi qu’il en soit, les travaux récents et approfondis sur l’art étrusque n’ont pas, que nous sachions, confirmé cette hypothèse de notre auteur ; ils s’abstiennent faute de documents suffisants de rien affirmer de positif sur l’origine de l’art étrusque 2 . Nous l’avons déjà dit : il ne faut pas s’attendre à trouver chez un philosophe tout plein de l’antiquité, et pénétré en outre de l’esprit du dix-huitième siècle, le sentiment vrai des beautés de l’art chrétien. Le moyen âge est pour lui une époque de bar1 Lettre sur la sculpture, p. 39. * Voy. Denys, Researches on tuscan arts. London (Longman). barie; l’art gothique un essai informe et grossier, semblable « au dessin d’un enfant dont l’œil et l’intelligence ne sont point exercés encore à saisir dans les choses les rapports exacts des lignes et des surfaces i . » Pour ce qui est de la sculpture, Hemsterhuis est entièrement dans le vrai quand il dit qu’elle avait disparu avec le monde ancien. Mais la manière même dont il justifie son opinion montre, ce nous semble, qu’il ne comprend pas la vraie beauté du christianisme et qu’il ne soupçonne pas les trésors de poésie et d’inspiration qu’il porte en lui. « Les peuples qui venaient de dévaster l’Europe n’avaient rien, ni dans leur caractère ni dans leur état politique ni dans leur religion, qui dût les mener rapidement à la culture des beaux-arts. La religion chrétienne demandait des temples et des images ; mais ce n’était plus des Apollons, des Bacchus ou des Vénus qu’on avait à représenter ; c’étaient des morts en purgatoire, des saints à la torture, des pénitents ou des martyrs 2 . » « L’artiste grec, pour faire un Apollon, passa par le beau idéal les bornes de la nature, et représenta réellement des dieux qui, selon ses idées, étaient représentables ; mais l’artiste chrétien avait une idée si abstraite et si dégagée des sens, de ces êtres divins ' Lettre sur la sculpture, p. 40. * Ibid., p. 42. qu’il devait représenter, que toute imitation réelle était absurde, et par conséquent il ne lui restait que de les représenter comme ils avaient été autrefois visibles sur la terre. Ce qui empêchait encore plus l’artiste d’arriver seulement à la beauté de la nature, c’était l’esprit d’humilité chrétienne, qui le mena non à la vérité simple, mais à la vérité basse et populaire; et comme il n’avait à tout moment qu a représenter des passions pour faire des martyrs, des pénitents et des mourants, il avait besoin d’une connaissance plus ou moins exacte de l’effet des muscles. Des mendiants affamés lui servirent de modèles, et s’accoutumant à étudier ces corps décharnés pour en faire ses saints et des martyrs, la proportion générale de ces figures devint excessivement longue et le style de son travail sec 1. » Voilà aussi, s’il faut en croire notre auteur, la raison de la ressemblance qu’on remarque entre les bons ouvrages étrusques et ceux des premiers temps de la Renaissance des arts. Mais revenons à la sculpture. L’unité et la simplicité sont les conditions qui sont * imposées à la sculpture. Le repos et la majesté lui conviennent particulièrement. Elle doit se borner à une seule figure ; tout au plus peut-elle s’étendre jusqu’au groupe. Mais ce n’est pas seulement, comme le pense notre auteur, le prix de la matière qu’em ploie l’artiste et la difficulté qu’il trouve à la mettre en œuvre, qui forcent la sculpture à se borner le plus souvent à la représentation d’une seule figure. La nécessité où est l’artiste de mettre toutes ses figures sur le même plan, ce qui rend impossible la perception de la profondeur, et ne permet pas la représentation d’actions un peu compliquées ; en outre l’absence d’un fond sur lequel les figures se détachent et qui les rqlie entre elles : — voilà des raisons plus sérieuses, qui condamnent la sculpture à la représentation de figures isolées, et qui la bornent à défaut d’actions, à la reproduction des sentiments et des passions qui se révèlent dans les attitudes du corps humain. Les conseils qui suivent sont d’un fin connaisseur : « Si donc l’unité ou la simplicité du sujet, et la qualité facile et déliée du contour total, sont des principes fondamentaux en sculpture, il faudra que le sculpteur, lorsqu’il veut parvenir le plus facilement à la plus grande perfection dans son art, ne représente qu’une seule figure. Il faudra qu’elle soit belle, presqu’en repos, dans une attitude naturelle ; quelle se présente avec grâce ; qu’elle soit tournée de façon que je voie partout autant de différentes parties de son corps qu’il est possible en même temps; qu’il enlre un peu de draperie dans cette composition, qui serve à la rendre décente et dont les plis, noblement ordonnés, contribuent à augmenter le nombre de mes 13 idées, et à contraster avec le contour arrondi de la chair... « Si l’artiste veut donner dans le groupe, qu’il choisisse un sujet qui en impose et qui ait de la majesté et de la grandeur; que ses figures, autant qu’il est possible, diffèrent en âge, en sexe et en proportion; que l’action soit une et simple, et que toutes les parties du groupe aident à la renforcer ; que dans tous les profils je voie autant de, membres ou de pièces saillantes dans une attitude naturelle, qu’il est possible. S’il veut exciter de l’horreur ou de la terreur, il faut qu’il la tempère par la beauté de quelque figure piquante qui m’attache et que jamais le dégoûtant ne fasse parti de son sujet... La peinture peut se servir quelquefois du dégoûtant pour augmenter l’horreur, puisque ses compositions sont assez étendues pour le mitiger autre part, mais dans les bornes d’un groupe de sculpture, il s’empare de tout 1 » Parmi les idées d’Hemsterhuis sur la sculpture il en est une qui paraît mériter quelqu’attention parce quelle touche à un des points les plus importants de la théorie des beaux-arts : à la question de la vraisemblance dans l’imitation. Dans le dialogue Simon, Socrate, qui n’est pas un juge incompétent en pareille matière, accorde que l’objet de la sculpture est d’exprimer par les formes, les attitudes du corps, les passions et les sentiments de l’âme ; mais seulement les passions et les sentiments qui se sont produits au dehors et sont devenus visibles. Quant à ceux que l’âme veut cacher, ils échappent à l’artiste, comme ils ont échappé à tous les hommes. Rien n’est plus vrai assurément, et cette opinion si incontestable ne mériterait guère qu’on s’y arrête, si Hemsterhuis n’en tirait pas une conséquence qui touche, comme nous venons de le dire, à la question souvent controversée de la vraisemblance dans les arts. « L’artiste, dit-il, qui veut représenter, par exemple, Oreste au moment où il se trouve en face d’Égisthe et de Glytemnestre, ne doit pas montrer sur la figure d’Oreste la pensée du crime qu’il médite ; car dans le moment choisi par l’artiste, Oreste dissimule avec soin son projet criminel, et il serait absurde que le spectateur aperçût ce que n’ont aperçu ni Égisthe ni Glytemnestre. «Croyez-vous, continue Socrate, développant son opinion, que si Damon, le musicien, voulait imiter le doux concert des Sirènes, il pourrait vous y faire sentir la cruauté vorace de ces monstres ? Alors le prudent Ulysse n’eût pas eu besoin de se faire lier 1. » Hemsterhuis se trompe. Il n’importe en aucune façon pour le dessein que se propose l’artiste, qu’Égisthe ou Clytemnestre aperçoivent sur la figure d’Oreste la pensée du meurtre dont ils seront victimes , ou qu’Ulysse dans le chant des Sirènes découvre les dangers qui le menacent. Ce n’est pas à ces personnages, c’est à nous spectateurs que songent le sculpteur et le musicien. L’art repose sur une illusion sans laquelle il n’existerait point, et la vraisemblance artistique n’a rien à démêler avec la vraisemblance réelle. Quel que soit le moment choisi par l’artiste, il doit y concentrer en quelque sorte le personnage et le drame tout entiers, et dans le présent nous laisser deviner l’avenir. Ainsi du moins, l’ont entendu les maîtres de l’art, et à Damon le musicien, à qui Hemsterhuis sous peine d’absurdité, défend de laisser deviner la cruauté des Sirènes dans la douceur perfide de leurs chants, nous opposerons le plus grand musicien de tous les temps, Mozart, qui, dans son immortel chef-d’œuvre, faisant chanter Don Juan sous le balcon d’Elvire, nous avertit par l’accompagnement railleur et malin de l’orchestre, entendu cependant par Elvire en même temps que la sérénade, que ce chant d’amour n’est que mensonge. Vous souvient-il lecteur de cette sérénade, Que Don Juan déguisé chante sous un balcon? Une mélancolique et piteuse chanson, Respirant la douleur, l’amour et la tristesse. Mais l’accompagnement parle d’un autre ton. |
github_open_source_100_1_119 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | ;;;
;;; Testing built-in sort functions
;;;
(use gauche.test)
(test-start "sort procedures")
(test-section "loading and binding")
(test* "autoload" #t (procedure? sort)) ; this triggers sortutil
(test-module 'gauche.sortutil)
(use gauche.generic-sortutil)
(test-module 'gauche.generic-sortutil)
(test-section "sort")
(define-method integer>? ((x <integer>) (y <integer>))
(> x y))
(define-method boolean<? ((x <boolean>) (y <boolean>))
(< (compare x y) 0))
(test* "sorted?" #t (sorted? '(1 2 3 4 4 5)))
(test* "sorted?" #f (sorted? '(1 2 3 4 3 5)))
(test* "sorted? (less)" #t (sorted? '(5 4 3 3 2 1) >))
(test* "sorted? (less)" #f (sorted? '(5 4 3 1 2 1) >))
(test* "sorted? (less)" #t (sorted? '(5 4 3 3 2 1) integer>?))
(test* "sorted? (less)" #f (sorted? '(5 4 3 1 2 1) integer>?))
(test* "sorted? (cmpr)" #t (sorted? '(1 2 3 4 4 5) integer-comparator))
(test* "sorted? (cmpr)" #f (sorted? '(1 2 3 5 4 2) integer-comparator))
(test* "sorted? (key)" #t (sorted? '(1 3 1 2 4 2) boolean<? even?))
(test* "sorted? (key)" #f (sorted? '(1 3 1 2 1 3) boolean<? even?))
(test* "sorted? (key)" #t (sorted? '(1 3 1 2 4 2) boolean-comparator even?))
(test* "sorted? (key)" #f (sorted? '(1 3 1 2 1 3) boolean-comparator even?))
(test* "sort (base)" '() (sort '()))
(test* "sort (base)" '#() (sort '#()))
(test* "sort (base)" '"" (sort '""))
(define (sort-test name fn fn! xargs in exp)
(define (test1 kind fn destructive? gensrc copy genexp)
(test* (format "~a (~a) ~a" name kind (if destructive? "!" ""))
exp
(let* ((src (gensrc in))
(src2 (copy src))
(res (apply fn src2 xargs)))
(and (or destructive?
(equal? src src2))
(genexp res)))))
(define (test2 fn destructive?)
(test1 "list" fn destructive? values list-copy values)
(test1 "vector" fn destructive? list->vector vector-copy vector->list)
(when (every char? in)
(test1 "string" fn destructive? list->string string-copy string->list)))
(test2 fn #f)
(test2 fn! #t)
)
(define (sort-test2 name fn fn! stname stfn stfn! xargs in exp)
(sort-test name fn fn! xargs in exp)
(sort-test stname stfn stfn! xargs in exp))
(define (sort-nocmp . in&exps)
(for-each (lambda (in&exp)
(sort-test2 "sort - nocmp" sort sort!
"stable-sort - nocmp" stable-sort stable-sort!
'()
(car in&exp) (cadr in&exp)))
in&exps))
(sort-nocmp
'((3 4 8 2 0 1 5 9 7 6) (0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9))
'((0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9) (0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9))
'((1/2 -3/4 0.1) (-3/4 0.1 1/2))
'((0) (0))
'((#\a #\l #\o #\h #\a) (#\a #\a #\h #\l #\o))
'(("tic" "tac" "toe") ("tac" "tic" "toe")))
(define (sort-cmp cmpfn . in&exps)
(for-each (lambda (in&exp)
(sort-test2 "sort - cmp" sort sort!
"stable-sort - cmp" stable-sort stable-sort!
(list cmpfn)
(car in&exp) (cadr in&exp)))
in&exps))
(sort-cmp
(lambda (a b) (> (abs a) (abs b)))
'((3 -4 8 -2 0 -1 5 -9 7 -6) (-9 8 7 -6 5 -4 3 -2 -1 0))
'((-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0) (-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0))
'((0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9) (9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0))
'(() ())
'((0) (0))
'((1/2 -3/4 0.1) (-3/4 1/2 0.1)))
(sort-cmp
string-ci<?
'(("Tic" "taC" "tOe") ("taC" "Tic" "tOe")))
(sort-cmp
char-ci<?
'((#\M #\a #\i #\P #\o #\n) (#\a #\i #\M #\n #\o #\P)))
(sort-cmp
char-ci-comparator
'((#\M #\a #\i #\P #\o #\n) (#\a #\i #\M #\n #\o #\P)))
(sort-cmp
integer>?
'((0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9) (9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0)))
(sort-cmp
boolean<?
'((#t #f #t #f #f) (#f #f #f #t #t)))
;; stability
(sort-test "stable-sort stability"
stable-sort stable-sort! (list string-ci<?)
'("bbb" "CCC" "AAA" "aaa" "BBB" "ccc")
'("AAA" "aaa" "bbb" "BBB" "CCC" "ccc"))
(sort-test "stable-sort stability"
stable-sort stable-sort! (list string-ci>?)
'("bbb" "CCC" "AAA" "aaa" "BBB" "ccc")
'("CCC" "ccc" "bbb" "BBB" "AAA" "aaa"))
(test-section "sort-by")
(define (sort-by-nocmp key . in&exps)
(for-each (lambda (in&exp)
(sort-test2 "sort-by - nocmp" sort-by sort-by!
"stable-sort-by - nocmp" stable-sort-by stable-sort-by!
(list key)
(car in&exp) (cadr in&exp)))
in&exps))
(sort-by-nocmp
car
'(((3 . 1) (2 . 8) (5 . 9) (4 . 7) (6 . 0))
((2 . 8) (3 . 1) (4 . 7) (5 . 9) (6 . 0))))
(sort-by-nocmp
cdr
'(((3 . 1) (2 . 8) (5 . 9) (4 . 7) (6 . 0))
((6 . 0) (3 . 1) (4 . 7) (2 . 8) (5 . 9))))
(define (sort-by-cmp key cmp . in&exps)
(for-each (lambda (in&exp)
(sort-test2 "sort-by - cmp" sort-by sort-by!
"stable-sort-by - cmp" stable-sort-by stable-sort-by!
(list key cmp)
(car in&exp) (cadr in&exp)))
in&exps))
(sort-by-cmp
cdr char-ci<?
'(((#\a . #\q) (#\T . #\B) (#\s . #\S) (#\k . #\d))
((#\T . #\B) (#\k . #\d) (#\a . #\q) (#\s . #\S))))
(sort-by-cmp
char->integer >
'((#\a #\Z #\3 #\q #\P) (#\q #\a #\Z #\P #\3)))
(sort-by-cmp
even?
boolean<?
'((1 3 1 2 4 2) (1 3 1 2 4 2)))
(test-end)
|
github_open_source_100_1_120 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
namespace Panosen.CodeDom.CSharpProject
{
/// <summary>
/// Project
/// </summary>
public class Project
{
/// <summary>
/// Microsoft.NET.Sdk.Web 或 Microsoft.NET.Sdk
/// </summary>
public string Sdk { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// ProjectName
/// </summary>
public string ProjectName { get; set; }
/// <summary>
///
/// </summary>
public string ProjectPath { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// ProjectGuid
/// </summary>
public string ProjectGuid { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// ProjectTypeGuid
/// </summary>
public string ProjectTypeGuid { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// 目标框架
/// </summary>
public List<string> TargetFrameworkList { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// 包引用
/// </summary>
public Dictionary<string, string> PackageReferenceMap { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// 框架引用
/// </summary>
public Dictionary<string, string> FrameworkReferenceMap { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// 项目引用
/// </summary>
public List<string> ProjectReferenceList { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// 是否包含DocumentationFile
/// </summary>
public bool WithDocumentationFile { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// 版本号
/// </summary>
public string Version { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// 作者
/// </summary>
public string Authors { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// 公司
/// </summary>
public string Company { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// 程序集名称
/// </summary>
public string AssemblyName { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// 根命名空间
/// </summary>
public string RootNamespace { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// ClientApp\dist\** 或 ClientApp\**
/// </summary>
public string DistFilesPath { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// GeneratePackageOnBuild
/// </summary>
public bool? GeneratePackageOnBuild { get; set; }
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_1_121 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | %% g(x) = x sin(x)
close all
g = @(x) x .* sin(x);
gn = @(x) -1*g(x);
xmin = fminbnd(gn, 0, 4*pi);
x = linspace(0, 4*pi);
plot(x, g(x));
hold on;
plot(xmin, g(xmin), '.r', 'markersize', 15);
%% Area example
close all
A = @(x) x .* (480-x)/2;
x = linspace(0, 480);
plot(x, A(x));
An = @(x) -1 * A(x);
xmax = fminbnd(An, 0, 480);
hold on;
plot(xmax, A(xmax), '.r', 'markersize', 15);
|
8340844_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Assane Ndiaye es un deportista marfileño que compitió en taekwondo. Ganó una medalla de bronce en los Juegos Panafricanos de 1991 en la categoría de.
Palmarés internacional
Referencias
Practicantes de taekwondo de Costa de Marfil.
|
http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/second+level+view?ReadForm&prodno=6203.0&viewtitle=Labour%20Force,%20Australia~May%202002~Previous~28/06/2002&tabname=Past%20Future%20Issues&prodno=6203.0&issue=May%202002&num=&view= | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | Australian Bureau of Statistics
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
6203.0 - Labour Force, Australia, May 2002
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 28/06/2002
Past Releases
First Release
• First Issue: Feb 1969
© Commonwealth of Australia 2014
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us..
|
github_open_source_100_1_122 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | AWS_ACCOUNT_ID := 111111
AWS_REGION := eu-west-1
ECR_REPO := lambda-example
AWS_PROFILE := staging
build:
docker build -t my-lambda:latest .
run: build
docker run -p 9000:8080 my-lambda:latest
invoke:
curl -XPOST "http://localhost:9000/2015-03-31/functions/function/invocations" -d '{}'
publish-to-ecr: ecr-login
docker tag my-lambda:latest ${AWS_ACCOUNT_ID}.dkr.ecr.${AWS_REGION}.amazonaws.com/${ECR_REPO}:latest
# docker push ${AWS_ACCOUNT_ID}.dkr.ecr.${AWS_REGION}.amazonaws.com/${ECR_REPO}:latest
ecr-login:
$$(awsudo -u ${AWS_PROFILE} aws ecr get-login --no-include-email)
|
github_open_source_100_1_123 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <template>
<div class="level" v-bind:class="{ 'level-current': isCurrent }">
<span class="level-name">{{ index + 1 }}. {{ level.name }}</span>
<span v-if="bestTime" class="best-time" v-bind:title="'Best time: ' + bestTimeHoverString">{{ bestTimeString }}</span>
<span v-else class="best-time" title="No best time yet">—</span>
</div>
</template>
<script>
export default {
name: 'LevelsListElement',
props: {
index: Number,
level: Object,
bestTime: Number, // time in seconds, or null
isCurrent: Boolean
},
computed: {
bestTimeMinutes: function() {
return Math.floor(this.bestTime / 60);
},
bestTimeSeconds: function() {
return this.bestTime % 60;
},
bestTimeHoverString: function() {
const minutesString = '' + this.bestTimeMinutes;
const secondsString = '' + this.bestTimeSeconds;
const minutePlural = this.bestTimeMinutes == 1 ? '' : 's';
const secondPlural = this.bestTimeSeconds == 1 ? '' : 's';
return minutesString + ' minute' + minutePlural + ', ' + secondsString + ' second' + secondPlural;
},
bestTimeString: function() {
const minutesString = ('' + this.bestTimeMinutes).padStart(2, '0');
const secondsString = ('' + this.bestTimeSeconds).padStart(2, '0');
return minutesString + ':' + secondsString;
}
}
};
</script>
<style scoped>
.level {
padding: 10px;
border-top: 1px solid #999;
cursor: pointer;
}
.level:last-child {
border-bottom: 1px solid #999;
}
.level:hover {
background-color: #eee;
}
.level-current {
font-weight: bold;
}
.best-time {
float: right;
}
</style>
|
github_open_source_100_1_124 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | using UnityEngine;
using UnityEngine.AI;
namespace Algine
{
public class FootstepSound : MonoBehaviour
{
private NavMeshAgent agent;
[SerializeField]
private AudioSource audioSource;
[SerializeField]
private AudioClip[] Steps;
private int arrayLength=0;
private int index = 0;
private void Start()
{
agent = GetComponent<NavMeshAgent>();
arrayLength = Steps.Length;
}
public void PlayFootstep()
{
audioSource.volume = agent.desiredVelocity.magnitude;
audioSource.pitch = Random.Range(0.6f, 1f);
audioSource.PlayOneShot(Steps[index]);
index++;
if (index >= arrayLength)
{
index = 0;
}
}
}
}
|
27220440R.nlm.nih.gov_14 | English-PD | Public Domain | Center George Fleming, Olney. B. S., Marshall coll., 1862; M. D., Louisville med. coll., 1872; perm, member Am. med. asso. Cerrell A., (e) Mount Auburn. Cewen Robert S., Girard. Chaffie H., Tolona. Chaffie H., Tolona. Chaffie W., Tolona. Chambers Jacab George, Sadorus. M. IX, Geneva med. coll., (no date); member med. soc. of Champaign co.; ass’t surg. U. S. vols. 1 year. Chambers Jno., Lena. Chambers William Mortimer, Charleston. Member ASSSulapian med. soc. of Wabash valley, med. soc. of Til., and Am. med. asso. Chambers Chaney, T., Bainbridge. Chaney Charles, Chandlerville. Member med. soc. of Ill. Chaney L. S., Harrisburg. Chaney L. S., Harrisburg. Chapman A. Judson, Quincy. M. D., Bellevue hosp. med. coll., 1871. Chapman H. S., DeWitt. Chaney L. M., (e) Palestine. Chapman D. F., (e) Majority Point. Chapman G. L., Polo. Chapman H. C., (e) Polo. Chapman H. C., (e) Randallsville. Chapman IN. W., Tuscola. Chapman William, Potoka. Charles G. E., Princeville. Member med. soc. of Peoria co. Charlesworth D. M., Merrimack Point: Charlton John, Freeport. Hon. M. D., Chicago med. coll., 1866. Charlton Richard, Pekin. Chase A. P., (h) Amboy. Chase A. P., (h) Amboy. Chase A. J., Galesburg. Chase Warren, Newport. Chase W. J., Galesburg. Chase W. J., Galesburg. Cheever W. J., (h) Galesburg. Cheever S. L., Harrisburg. Cheek Alexander Martin, (h) Metropolis. M. D., Hahnemann med. coll., Chicago, 1872. Cheever B. H., Joliet. Member med. soc. of Ill. Cheever D. A., (h) Champaign. Cheever N., Lovington. Chenoweth Cassidy, Decatur. M. D., Rush med. coll., 1869; member med. soc. of Macon co. Chenoweth William J., Decatur. Grad, of Augusta coll., 1841; M. D., med. dep’t Univ. of Louisville, 1853; member med. soc. of Macon co., and Am. med. asso., 1872; surg. U. S. vols. 1 year; specialty, surgery. Chew John II., Naperville. Che wiling J., New Athens. Childs Charles J., (e) Sparta. Chiles W. T., Metropolis. Chillers C., (e) Eldorado. Christ H. C., Bloomington. Christy W. II., Tiskilwa. Christian W. II., Camargo. Christoffe Chas. II., French Village. Christy C. B., Earlville. Christy C. B., Earlville. Chittenden, Plainfield. Churchill J. F., (e) Sciota. Churchill S. R., Maples Mills. Cinkling Thadmis, (m) Farmington. Clapp E. II., (h) Rome. Clark Anson L., (e) Elgin. A. B., Lombard Univ., 1857; A. M., 1867; M. IX, ecclec. med. inst., 1861; member and cor. sec. ecclec. med. soc. of Ill.; pres, board trustees of Bennett eclec. coll.; prof, obstet. and diseases of women and child., Bennett coll.; ass’t surg. U. S. vols. 3 years. Clark Cavill, Greenup. Clark C. D., (h i De Kalb. Clark C. M., Galva. Member Military Tract med. soc. Clark Dexter Selwyn, Rockford. A. B., Beloit coll., 1860; M. D., coll. phys. and surg., 1865; member med. asso. of Rockford; ass’t surg. and surg. U. S. vols. 11 years. Clark Elemyer, (e) Russellville. Clark E., Grayville. Member med. soc. of Wabash co. Clark Horace H., Albion. Clark Horace Norton, Niantic. M. D., Rush med. coll., 1865; member med. soc. of Macon co., and med. soc. of Ill.;—author of “Report on Obstetrics,” 1868. Clark Hurlburt H., Albion. M. D., med. coll, of Ohio, 1871; member med. soc. of S. E. 111.; exam. surg. U. S. pension office; coroner of co. Clark John, (e) Mt. Pulaski. Clark J. H., (e) Taylorville. Clark Lucius, Rockford. M. D., Geneva med. coll., 1835; member med. ass. of Rockford, med. soc. of Ill., and Am. med. ass., 1872. Clark L. E., Newcomb. Clark L. H., (e) Taylorville. Clark L. W., (e) Russellville. Clark M. M., (e) Vermont. Clark N. D., Bardolph. Clark L. W., Russellville. Clark Samuel, (e) Lawrence. M. D., elec. med. coll., 1869; member eclec. med. soc. of Ill., and national eclec. med. ass. Clark Sumner, Ramsey. M. D., St. Louis med. coll., 1871. Clark T. D., Fransonia. Clark Wesley, Dix. M. D., Rush med. coll., 1867. Clark William, (m) Biggsville. Clark Almazon, Galesburg. Clarke, Monticello. Clary II. F., Bridgeport. Clarence J. A., Noble. Clayberg Sylvester S., Avon. M. D., Jefferson med. coll., 1872; member med. soc. of Fulton co. CLE ILLINOIS. COR Cleachy M. C., (e) Elliottstown. Clearwater, T. C., (e) Litchfield. Cleaveland E. F., Dundee. Clendenen Moses W., Rockwood. M. D., Jefferson med. coll., 1866; ass’t surg. army of Cumberland 3 years. Cline W. A., Cuba. Clinton A. R., Jamestown. Clinton Keever, Seneca. M. D., elec. med. coll, of Cincinnati, 1858. Cobb, Jacob, (e) Wring. Cochran, C. J., (e) Annapolis. Cochran, William G., Farmer City. Y.-pres. and censor med. soc. of De Witt co.; rec. sec. central Ill. med. soc.; member med. soc. of Ill., and Am. med. asso. Coe II. F., Brooklyn. Coffin Nelson G., Monticello. Grad. Univ. of Ind.; M.D., med. coll, of O., 1847; member and sec. med. soc. of Piatt co., and med. soc. of Ill.; assistant surgeon U.S. vols. 3 years. Cohen L. H., Quincy. M.D., New Orleans school of med., 1862; member med. soc. of Quincy, med. soc. of Adams co., and Am. med. asso., 1872; late assistant professor, chemistry New Orleans school of med.; visiting phvs. to charity hosp.; fellow med. asso. of New Orleans; assistant surgeon confed. army;— author of “Palatable Medicines,” 1867; “Remarks on Oxaluria,” 1869; “Ozone in the Economy of Nature,” 1871, etc.; specialty, dis. of throat. Coker John T., Enfield. Colburn E. M., (h) Peoria. Cole A. D., La Salle. Cole D., Lamville. Cole Frederick, El Paso. M.D., Rush med. coll., 1865, and Bellevue hosp. med. coll., 1870; sec. med. asso. of Woodford co.; member med. soc. of Ill.; assistant surgeon U.S. vols. 1 year. Cole G. W., Bath. Cole J. B., La Salle. Cole N. B., Bloomington. Member med. soc. of McLean co., med. soc. of Central Ill., and med. soc. of Ill. Cole W. Member med. soc. of Morgan co., and Am. med. ass. Coleman J. W., Monticello. M. D., Miami med. coll., 1856. Coles Alvin, Ottawa. Licensed by Mass. State med. soc., 1829; member med. soc. of Ottawa co. Collett F. A., Livingston. Collier H., Oakland. Collins E. B., Momence. Collins James, (m) Clintonville. Collins W. A., Venice. Collins William, Gridley. Colt John I. D., Litchfield. Colt John I. W., (m) Mt. Erie. Combear W. C., Morton. Combs John E., Bloomington. Combs John E., Bloomington. Combs George, Ridgway. Comstock Jesse, Artinsville. Member med. soc. of Marshall co. Comstock Norman, Westfield. Condee Ammi, St. Anne. M. D., Starling med. coll., 1863; ass’t surg. U. S. vols. 3 years. Condell William R., Springfield. Condon S. S., Anna. Coney V. B., Monument. Conner A. G. IT., Mason City. Conner A. G. IT., Mason City. Converse A. L., Springfield. Converse M., Lewistown. Cook C., Carmi. Cook Edgar P., Mendota. M. D., Cleveland med. coll., 1854; member med. soc. of Ill., and Am. med. asso., 1872. Cook John A., Aurora. Member Fox River Valley association. Cook P. B., Nakomis. Cook Robert Hugh, Graysville. M. D., Starling med. coll., 1858, and Bellevue med. coll., 1864; act. ass’t surg. U. S. 1 year. Cook W. H., Hillsboro’. M. D., St. Louis med. coll., 1867; member med. soc. of Montgomery co. Cooke J. W., Johnston. Coombs J. E., Bloomington. Coombs J. M., Newville. Cooper E. II., Henderson. Member Military Tract med. soc. of Am. med. soc. Cooper James S., Greenfield. Cooper Samuel, Oakley. Cope J. D., (m) Fairfield. Copeland James A., Oconee. Copeland James A., Oconee. Copeland Philander, Winnebago. Copestake J. C., Wyoming. Copp William, Waterloo. Corbus J. C., Mendota. Member medico-pathological soc. and med. soc. of Ill. Corbus J. R., Amboy. Member med. soc. of Ill. Corcoran G. L., Brimfield. Member med. soc. of Peoria co., and med. soc. of Ill.; Am. med. asso., 1873. Corcoran J., La Salle. Corey V. B., Nebo. Corkings O. G., Liberty. Corlew W. W., Sparks Hill. Cornell D. R., (h) Centralia. Cornell Thomas J., Braidwood. Retired from practice at 70 years of age. Corneilus Patrick, (m) Marseilles. Corrothers, G. W., Olney. Correll L. S., Salisbury. Corr Albert C., Chesterfield. M. D., Chicago med. coll., 1868. Couch Harriman, Peoria. M. D., eclectic med. coll., 1863. Coudell W. R., Springfield. Coulter Arthur P., Marissa. Coursey A. E., (m) Du Quion. Courtney, Grand Chain. Cousin Augustus, Crescent City. Coutant G. F., La Salle. M. D., Hahnemann med. coll., 1872; member homoeopathic. med. soc. of Ill., Ill. valley homee. soc. Cove S. R., (e) Saline Mines. Covey J. D., Foreston. Covington J. R., Ash Ridge. Covins W., Ellison. Covins W., Ellison. Cowan J. M., Hennepin. Cowan Robert S., Girard. M. D., St. Louis med. coll., 1865; member Am. med. asso., 1872; ass’t surg. confed. army 3 years. Cowdin John P., Illiopolis. Cowell C. G., (h) Lockport. Cowell Geo. E., (h) Minooka. Cowles W. P., (e) Petersburg. Cozard James, Andalusia. M. D., Rush med. coll., 1866; member Iowa and Ill. central dist. med. asso., and med soc. of Ill. Crabtree L. A., Dundee. Member Fox River Valley med. asso. Craft C. D., (m) Tuscola. Craig George G., Rock Island. M. D., Jefferson med. coll., 1871; sec. Iowa and Ill. central med. soc., 1873; city phys. Rock Island; exam. surg. U. S. pension office. Craig John W., Quincy. Grad. N. Y. ophthalmic hosp. coll., 1865; attended lectures Bellevue hosp. med. coll., 1864-5; specialty, eye and ear. Craig J. W., Jacksonville. Member med. soc. of Morgan co. Craig J. W., Arcadia. Member med. soc. of Ill. Craig W. D., Aledo. M. O., Rush med. coll., 1852; member Military Tract med. soc.; exam. surg. pension office; ass’t surg. U. S. vols. 3 years. Craig W. II., Canton. Crain J. B., Tamara. Crain J. B., Villa Ridge. Crane J. B., (e) Springfield. Crane M. II., Washington. Crane William H., Washington. Cravens J. K., (e) Louisville. Cravens S., Rochester. Member med. soc. of Peoria co. Cravens Sylvester, Elmore. Crawford C. C., (m) Dundee. Crawford II. M., St. Charles. Crawford Jas. B., Gillespie. Crawford N. B., Eureka. M. D., Bellevue hosp. med. coll., 1864; member med. soc. of Woodford co. Crawford S. K., Monmouth. Member Military Tract med. soc., and med. soc. of Ill.; Am. med. asso., 1873. Crawford W. S., Galena. Creelius G. W., (e) Makanda. Creel D. M., Industry. Creemeans W. F., Macedonia. Creemans W. F., Macedonia. Creighton D., Dunleith. Creighton John, (h) Dunleith. Creighton John, (h) Dunleith. Creighton John, Venice. Crispall E. M., (e) Manito. Crispall E. P., Pekin. Crissy William S., (e) Decatur. Crist David L., Bloomington. Member med. soc. of McLean co., med. soc. of Ill., and Am. med. asso. Crist Daniel Overly, Bloomington. M. D., Starling med. coll., 1853; member med. soc. of McLean co., and med. soc. of Ill.; specialty, eye and ear diseases. Crist Howard C., Bloomington. Member med. soc. of McLean co. Cromwell M., Kinderhook. Groom J., (h) Minooka. Crosker William, Sandy Hook. Crossley G. W., Princeton. Member Military Tract med. soc., and med. soc. of Ill. Crothers E. R., Bloomington. Member med. soc. of McLean co. Crothers R. W., Delevan. Crouch P., West Ilallock. Crouse D. F., (h) Plum River. Crow James T., Carrollton. Member med. soc. of Greene co. Crow W. H. II., Quincy. Member med. soc. of Quincy. Crozier A. D., Iroquois. Crume Joel, Fulton Point. Crummer Benjamin Franklin, Elizabeth. M.D., med. dep’t univ. of Mich., 1869. Culbertson, S.D., Piper City. M.D., Jefferson med. coll., 1866. Cullelian Aug., (h) Petersburgh. Culp J.M., (e) South Pass. Culver Jacob, Mahomet. Culver S. IT., Whitehall. Cummins Theo., New Rutland. Cunningham James, Bloomfield. Cunningham James, Sparta. Cunningham James, Mt. Vernon. Cunningham R.F., Lebanon. Cunningham R.F., Lebanon. Curtis J.L., Otter Creek. Member med. soc. of Wabash Valley. Curry Isaac, Shelbyville. Curtis C.R., Quincy. Curtis E., Otter Creek. Member med. soc. of Jersey co. Curtis John, fh) Harlem. Curtis J.P., (e) Fairview. Curtis John Thomas, Otter Creek. M.D., Chicago med. coll., 1867; member med. soc. of Jersey co.; hosp. steward 2 years; 1st ass’t surg. U.S. vols. 2 years. Curtiss Romaine J., Joliet. M.D., O. med. coll., (no date); member med. soc. of Erie co.; was corresp. member gynaecological soc. Boston; med. cadet 1 year; act. ass’t surg. U. S. N. 16 months. Cushing M. A., Aurora. Member Fox River Valley med. asso. Cushman W. B., Thompson. Cuthbert William L., Monmouth. M. D., Rush med. coll., (no date); member med. soc. of Warren co., Military Tract med. asso., Am. med. asso., 1873; ass’t surg. U. S. vols. 25 years. Cutler Geo. F., (e) Ridgefarm. Cutts E. G., Quincy. Daggett John F., Lockport. Member med. soc. of Will co. Dalby Thomas, (m) Olney. Daley William, (m) Odell. Dameron J. M. C., Vienna. Dane-, Centralia. Danforth L., Charleston. Danforth W. A., Ancona. Daniel J. F., Pine Oak. Daniels J. B., (e) Buckley. Darrah Alexander Taylor, Tolono. M. D., Rush med. coll., 1865; member med. soc. of Champaign co. Dart L. E., (h) Rock Island. Davenport M. S., (e) Walerville. David C. A., Northville. Davidson H. C., Naperville. Davidson H. C., Naperville. Davidson T. A., Moline. Davidson T. A., Moline. Davis T. A., Moline. Davis G. C., New Hebron. Davis Charles, (h) Henry. Davis Charles, Godfrey. Davis C. C., New Hebron. Davis George, (h) Lacon. Davis G., Ellisville. Davis G. H., Lima. Davis J., Charleston. Davis James M., Carrollton. Member med. soc. of Greene co. Davis John W., Careyville. Davis James M., Carrollton. Davis James M., Carrollton. Davis Thomas W., Wapella. Davis Wm. Hope, (e) Springfield. M. D., eclectic med. inst. of Cincinnati, 1865; member eclec. med. soc. of Ill. ; rec. sec. of state soc. 4 years. Davison J. B., Moline. M. D., Jefferson med. coll., (no date); member Ilock Island and Iowa central med. soc. Ill. Central dist. med. asso., and Am. med. asso., 1872. Davison Thomas Allen, Mound Station. One course med. dep’t univ. of Iowa. Dawn Thomas IT., Black Centre. Dawney G. W. Ricliview. Day C. L., (h) Wenona. Day Ebenezer, Grand Tower. Day William Charles, Palmyra. M. D., Mo. med. coll., 1861; ad. eun. degree St. Louis med. coll., 1871; member med. soc. of Macoupin co.; per. mem. Am. med. asso.; ass’t surg. Mo. vols. 3 years. Day William F., Manchester. Day William H., Kewanee. Member Military Tract med. soc. Dayton E., Jacksonville. Dayton S. N., Rockford. Deal William II., Moroa. Dearborn H. G., Augusta. Dearborn Jonathan, Elkhart. Deffenbacher P. S., Havana. De Foe Augustus, McLeansboro. M. D., Evansville med. coll., 1852, and med. dep’t univ. of Louisville, 1869; member med. soc. of Hamilton co., and med. soc. of S. E. Ill. ; first pres, of both soc’s. De Foe P. Y. R., Elmwood. Treas. med. soc. of Peoria co. De Gordon J. B., Metropolis. De Grand A., Alton. De Grand A., Alton. De Chantal F. A., Eleroy. Deinming H. H., Pana. Member JEsculapian med. soc. of Wabash valley, and Am. med. asso. De Morris H. C., Herman. Demott John J., Marseilles. Dempsey Arthur, Ayres Point. Demsey John N., Warrensburg. Denney Geo., (m) Bourbonnaise. Dengal J., (h) Sterling. Denman, T. B., (e) Charleston. Denning John P., Renault. Dennison Charles N., Newburg. De Normandie A., Braidwood. Denstroff H., Metropolis. De Puy E. C., Freeport. Hon. M. D., Chicago med. coll. Derr N. IT;, Aledo. De Santo II. IT., (m) Andalusia. Detrick J. IL, Jacksonville. Detrick F. A., Freeport. Deuboch A. W., Staunton. Devitt W. E., Rosamond. Devoe C. P., (e) Yandalia. Dewatney Joseph, Blue Mound. Dewatney Joseph, Blue Mound. Dewatney Ralph R., Coal Valley. M. LX, Rush med. coll., 1871; member Ill. and la. Central med. soc. De Wolf A. B., St. Charles. Dexter C. I., (e) Springfield. Dickerson Jacob T., Brighton. Dickey S., Pana. Dieffenbacker Philip S., Havana. M. LX, Jefferson med. coll., 1855; exam. surg. U. S. pension office; surg. U. S. vols. 3 years. Dietzel William, Red Bud. Dillon William, Payson. Dixon II. L., Albion. Doane C. C., Perry. Dobbs I. L., (m) Rockwood. Dodds Ford S., Anna. Dodds J. M., Virginia. Dodge Darius, (h) Rockford. Dodge II. O., Lyons. M. D., Chicago med. coll., 1868. Dodge J. II., Pana. Dodge W. F., (hi Earlville. Dodson Eli, (e) Butler. Dodson Eli, (e) Shelbyville. Dodson Ichabod, (e) Shelbyville. Dodson J. II., Dongola. Doepp W., Bloom. Dolittle L. S., Lewistown. Dolittle L. S., Lewistown. Dolquish C. M., (mi Altona. Donaldson H. C., Morrison. M. IX, Rush me l. coll.; member med. soc. of Ill.: U. S. med. exam, for pensions. Donnelly T. W., Doddsville. Dora F. B., (el Mattoon. Dora James W., Mattoon. M. D., Ohio med. coll., and Rush med. coll., (no date); member med. soc. of Cook co., and Am. med. asso., 1872. Dorian C. D., (hi) Dorman M. L., Taylorville. Dorplev L. II., Metropolis. Doss Charles Henry, (e) Manchester. M. D., eclec. med. inst. (no date); member eclec. Med. soc. of Ill., and national ecl. med. soc. Doty Daniel, Waynesville. Doty J. T., (m Hampshire. Dougall William, Joliet. M. IX, Chicago med. coll., 1868. Douglass A. C., (e) Sandovall. Douglass James Robinson, Monterey. M. D., med. dep’t univ. of Mo., 1856. Douglass, Richwood. Dowell W. II., Windsor. Dow Samuel Alvus, Peoria. A. B., Lombard univ., 1862; A. M., 1866; M. IX, med. dep’t univ. of Pa., 1867; member military med. asso., and med. soc. of Peoria co.; ass’t surg. Ill. vols. 3 years; act. ass’t surg. U. S. A. 1 year. Dowey M., Quincy. Dowler J. R., Beardstown. Dowler M. M., (hi Rushville. Downey William, Wenona Station. Downey Walter, (m) Princeton. Doyle Anthony, (e) St. Joseph. Doyle C. PL., (e) Manchester. Doyle C. W., Sullivan. Doyle Geo. W., Barry. Doyle N., Kinderhook. Drake P., Danville. Drake John S., Rockford. Drake T., Chillicothe. Hreane Jefferson, Centralia. Drenn E., Cerro-Gordo. Dresser T. W., Springfield. Driver H. W., Havana. Drolin John L., Hopkinsville. Drude Francis, Quincy. Duane W. J., Benton. Dubler W. H., Windsor. Member med. soc. of Shelby co. Dubois A. M., Makanda. Duckett H. D., Forest. M. D., Chicago med. coll., 1865. Du Hadway Caleb, Jerseyville. Pres. med. soc. of Jersey City. Dumreicher C. C. Duncan A. B., Industry. Duncan James Melvin, Marcelline. M. D., coll, of phys. and surg. of Keokuk, 1870; ad eund. degree Mo. med. coll., 1872. Duncan Jason, Knoxville. Duncan John, Mode. Duncan J. R., Millersburg. Duncan J. R., Millersburg. Duncan J. C., Dudleyville. Duncan William B., Cambridge. Duncan William B., Cambridge. Dunlap G. W., Maquon. Dunn B. I., Macomb. Dunn Harvey, Perry. M. D., St. Louis med. coll., 1867;—author of paper, “Beneficial Effects of Belladonna in Mammary Inflammation,” “Med. and Surg. Reporter.” Dunn Jeff., (h) Greenfield. Dunn L. D., Tirkilwa. M. D., Rush med. coll., 1857; member Military Tract med. soc. Dunn McC., (h) Bloomington. Dunn William A., (h) Bloomington. Dunning Charles W., Cairo. Dunning Charles W., Cairo. Dunning Charles W., Cairo. Dunning Charles W., (m) Benton. Dyer A. M., Elk Hart. Dyer, Franklin Grove. Dyer L., Du Quoin. Dyer L. B., (h) Omega. Dyer R. F., Ottawa. Eagleson Thomas, Parkersburg. M. D., med. coll, of Ohio, 1866; member dist. med. soc. of southeastern Ill.; ass’t surg. 9th corps 1 year. Earl John B., De Kalb. 146 EAR ILLINOIS. FAI Earl Silas, Clifton. Member and censor med. soc. of Iroquois co. Earle F. M., Cairo. Easley Robert B., Clyde. Easley W. J., Plainview. Eastman D. L., Sheldon. Easton Cyrus Myron, Pilot Center. M. D., Rush med. coll., 1872. Easton James, Lima. Eaton Morton M., Peoria. M. D., Rush med. coll., 1861; member homoeopathic. med. asso.; was resident physician of Chicago;—author of various medical papers. Eaton R. J., Harris Grove. Eaton William, Hutsonville. Eberle Jacob R., Rockford. Eckles Thomas, Sterling. Eddy G. W., Buekliorn. Eddy S. K., St. Elmo. Edgar Charles A., Jacksonville. M. D., Rush med. coll., 1867. Edgar Robert, Coulterville. Edgerton R. C., Altona. Edgerton W. W., Mattoon. Edmiston J. A., Clinton. Member med. soc. of Will co., and med. soc. of Ill. Edmiston T. R., Clinton. Member central Ill. med. soc. Edminton Thomas K., Clinton. Edson Alonzo J., Monroe. Edson G. W., Quincy. Edson W. H., Willow Hill. Edwards Davis, Rectorville. Edwards F. H., Sandoval. M. D., med. dep’t univ. of Mo., 1846. Edwards J. B., Rock Island. Edwards James Lafayette, Pittsfield. M. D., Jefferson med. coll., 1862; 1st ass’t surg. U. S. vols. 3 years. Edwards J. W., Mendoza. Member medico-path. soc. of La Salle co. Edwards T. Y., Bellair. Ehehardt Fred., Beardstown. Elder C. S., Chenoa. Member med. soc. of Woodford co. Elder Daniel, (e) Scottsville. Elder Samuel Sansom, Farm Ridge. M. D., Rush med. coll., 1865. Elder William A., Bloomington. Member med. soc. of McLean co., and med. soc. of Ill. Elgin E., Quincy. Elkins G. W., Vienna. Elkins Stephen, St. Marie. Ellet E. C., Bunker Hill. Elliott C. E., Petersburg. Elliott E. A., Bunker Hill. Elliott F. M., Aurora. Elliott S. A., Young America. Elliott S. A., Aurora. Member Military Tract med. soc. Elliott W. W., Woburn. Attended course of lect. at med. coll, of Evansville, 1853-54; act. ass’t surg. 1 year; 1st ass’t surg 2 years. Ellis D. E., Belvidere. Sec. med. soc. of Boone co. Ellis Henry I. S., Chicago. M. D., elec. med. coll., Cincinnati, 1855. Ellisbury I. A., Mason City. Elrich Herman, (h) Peoria. Emery George H., Paxton. M. D., Berkshire med. coll., 1865; med. exam, for life ins. comp.; member med. soc. of Peoria co. Emmerson E. B., Carmi. Emory J. H., (e) Blandinsville. England F., Flora. England H. S., Athens. England W. L., (e) Grayson. Engle E., St. Elmo. English R. B., Jerseyville. M. D., St. Louis med. coll., 1873. Ensign William O., New Rutland. M. D., Charity hosp. med. coll., 1860, and Department of Wooster, 1873; member of the society of Woodford co.; delegate to and member of the society of Ill., 1873. Ephraim J. H., Plainfield. Epperson Lewis, Newton. Epperson Lewis, Cayuga. M. D., Chicago med. coll., 1867; member med. soc. of Ill. Erdman Gustav, Danville. Erwen J. B., Macomb. Estes Judson J., Waukegan. Etter D. J., Mt. Carroll. Etter Jacob Knox, Hainsville. M. D., med. dep’t univ. of Pa., 1867; formerly member med. soc. of Cumberland co., Pa. Evans B. F., Charleston. Evans C. A., (h) Sycamore. Evans Charles Hildreth, Cairo. M. D., Jefferson med. coll., 1857; pres. med. soc. of Cumberland co., Pa. of Alexander co.; member Am. med. asso., 1873; U. S. pension surg.; contract ass’t surg. 6 mos. Evans Edwin, Streator. Evans J. W., Peoria. Evans J. W., Pleasant Vale. Evans J. W., New Cotton. Evans J. W., New Cotton. Evans P. INI., New Rutland. Everett Alfred, Etna. Everett B. B., Sullivan. Everett John T., Sterling. M. D., Chicago med. coll., 1871. Everett Oliver, Dixon. Pres. med. soc. of Lee co., and med. soc. of Ill. Everett S. T., Sterling. Eversman F. F., Fentopolis. Eversman H., Effingham. Member JEsculapian med. soc. of Wabash Valley. Eversole J. H., (e) Minonk. Eversion D. M., (m) Flora Ewan Charles, Beaverville. Ewing G. V., Chenoa. Member med. soc. of Woodford co. Ewing John, Monmouth. Member Military Tract med. soc., and Am. med. ass., 1873. Ewing R. B., Ipava. Fahrner Valentine, (e) Mokena. Fain W. J., Murphysboro’. FAI ILLINOIS. FOL 147 Fairbanks Charles D., (h) Ottawa. M. D., Hahnemann med. coll., 1867; member Am. inst. of homeo., and Ill. homeo. med. soc Sec. of Ill. Valley home, med. soc.; co-ed. of Dr. Gilchrist’s “Complete Repertory,” etc. Fallen B. F., (e) Shobonier. Faloon M., (e) Bloomington. Farley B. F., (e) Bloomington. Farley B. F., (e) Bloomington. Farley R. I., (e) Jerseyville. Farley R. I., (e) Jerseyville. Farrar L. B., Paxton. Farrel Charles, (e) Cobden. Farrell John, Rock Island. Farrell J. H., Atkinson. Farrell T. W., Woodhull. Farrel T. W., Vermillion. Farrar W. W., Andalusia. Farwell E. J., (e) Elgin. Fash Geo., (e) Farmington. Fay John, (e) Lacon. Fee John, (e) Beardstown. M. D., med. dep’t univ. of N. Y., 1865. Fekete Alexander, East St. Louis. M. D., St. Louis med. coll., 1854; attended lectures in Vienna, Austria; was pres., board of health. E. St. Louis; surg. U. S. vols. 3 years. Felder D. C., Highland. Felker John Boggs, Amboy. M. R., Rush med. coll., 1860; member med. soc. of Lee co., med. soc. of Rock River, and med. soc. of Ill.; member board of health. Fellers J. S., (e) Nokomis. Fellows A. M., Lincoln. Fellows G. AY., Kewanee. Fenity Peter, Kane. A. B., Knox coll., 1852; M. D., St. Louis med. coll., 1859; member med. soc. of Greene co. Ferguson R. H., (e) Bushnell. Ferguson S. T., Minoaka. Ferrell H. V., Marion. M. D., Rush med. coll., 1868. Ferris Edmond, Vermillion. M. D., Rush med. coll., 1868. Ferris Leonard T., Fountain Green. M. D., med. dep’t univ. of Nashville, 1869. Ferris Leonard T., Fountain Green. M. D., med. dep’t univ. of St. Louis, 1848. Feyate J. F., Urbana. Ficht Otto, (h) Collinsville. Field J. AY., Cm) Galesburg. Field S., (h) Hillsboro’. Field T. AY., (m) Elliotstown. Fields S. H., (m) Atlanta. Filden J. H., Nakomis. Filkins Frank, Cayuga. Member med. soc. of Iroquois co. Filkins H. A., Odell. Filkins J. H., Pontiac. M. D., Chicago med. coll., 1866. Filkins J. AY., Pontiac. Member med. soc. of Iroquois co. Finch A. P., Larkinsburg. Finch, Plainfield. Finch T., Greenfield. Findley AY. M., Salem. Fink J. W., Hillsboro’. M. D., St. Louis med. coll., 1853; member med. soc. of Montgomery co., and med. soc. of Ill.; (founder of Montgomery co. med. soc.) Finley Thomas, (e) Pana. Finley A. M., (e) Salem. Finley S. C., Olney. Finn AY. J., Grantsburgh. Finey John Jacob, Springfield. M. D., Bellevue hosp. med. coll., 1869; member med. soc. of Christian co., and Am. med. asso., 1873. Fischer H. F., Mud Creek. Fischer Herman, Havana. Grad, at Jena, Germany, 1854. Fish S., Metropolis. Fish Stephen N., East Paw Paw. Fisliburn Isaac P., Lombard. Fisher Alexander, (h) Prairie City. Fisher C., Jacksonville. Pres. med. soc. of Morgan co.; member Am. med. asso. Fisher C. AA r ., Freeport. Fisher D. S., (m) Newton. Fisher J. J., (m) Iroquois. Fisher Peter, Marine. Fisher T. D., Le Roy. Member med. soc. of McLean co.; censor of central Ill. med. see. Fisher W., (e) Georgetown. M.D., eclee. med. inst. of Cincinnati, 1853. Fisher AA r . J. AV., Effingham. Fisk R., (m) Olney. FiskR. AY., cm) Olney. Fiske I. W., Hillsboro’. Fitch Geo. AA r ., (m) Naperville. Fitch Joseph, Chanahow. Fitch AYilliam II., Rockford. M. D., "Chicago med. coll., 1868; member med. asso. of Rockford. Fithian AYilliam, Danville. Fitzgerald James, Plymouth. Flanders J. L., Olive. Flemer Martin, Martinsville. Fleming Wilson,.Port Byron. M. I)., Cleveland, 0., 1854. Flemming T. II., Canton. Flemming A\ r illiam L., Mode. M. D., Missouri med. coll., 1868; member med. soc. of Shelby co. Flesher AA r . II., (e) Noble. Fletcher Joseph, Mendon. Flick O. C., Kewanee. Flinge G. AY., Tower Hill. Flood James Ramsey, Ilyde Park. A. B., (nocoll, given); M. D., Jeffersonmed. coll., 1866; member Chicago soc. of phys. and surg.; attending phys. to woman’s hosp. of Ill.;—spe¬ cialty, obstetrics, etc. Floren Charles AY., (m) Rockford. Flowers II. G., Fulton. Floyd T. AY., Gillespie. Fly J. J., Makanda. «<• Folke Henry, Peatone. Folke J. AY., Joliet. M. D., Chicago med. coll 1871. Follett Orville, Normal. Follin J. G., Plymouth. Folonie Joseph N., Beardstown. Grad. AVurzburg, Bavaria; M. D., Tuliur univ., 1859; member casino AVurzburg; co. phys. Cass co. 148 FOX ILLINOIS. GAR Fones Harry, (m) Geneseo. Foote Daniel E., Belvidere. Member med. soc. of Boone co., and med. soc. of Ill.; coroner. Foote J. A., (h) Wellsboro’. Foote G. W., (h) Galesburg. Foreman A. W., (e) White Hall. Foreman J., Yirdin. Foreman B. W., Lima. Member med. soc. of Lima co. Forshee E. G., Kinmundy. Forshee P. W., Kinmundy. M. D., Cincinnati coll, of med. and surg., 1854; 1st ass’t surg. U. S. vols. 2 years. Forster, Tonica. Fosgate Oscar, (e) Plattsville. Foster A. P., (h) Tonica. Foster E., Boland. Foster F. H., (h) Joliet. Foster J. P., Nashville. Foster J. T., Dubois. Foster Bobert, (e) Palmyra. Foster B. D., Okalla. Foster W. W., S. Chicago. Fouage B. H., Sumner. Fowler B. F., (h) Galena. Fowler IT. M., Seal’s Mound. Fowler William, Watseka. Member med. soc. of Iroquois co. Fox A., (m) Wyoming. Fox Charles James, Peoria. M. D., Long Island coll, hosp., 1868. Fox C. G., La Salle. Fox D. J., Kinmundy. Fox Harvey, Wyoming. Fox James B., Springfield. Fox W. B., Taylorsville. Fox William B., Wilmington. Member med. soc. of Ill. Fraley J. D., Fairbury. Francisco E., (e) Greenville. Francisco E., (e) Greenville. Franklin J. H., Waterloo. Franklin J. M., Clinton. Frankenberger S., Topaz. Franklin J. H., Jacksonville. Franklin J. M., Dionna. Fraser W. P., Coleta. Frazier J. T., Howard’s Point. M. D., Chicago med. coll., 1865. Frazier M. D., Bridgeport. Frazier J. V., Viola. Frazier W. L., Hardinville. Freeman A. S. Campbell. Freeman H. J., Crab Orchard. Freeman H. J., Crab Orchard. Freeman Julius A., (e) Newark. M. D., Am. med. coll, of Cincinnati, 1855; ass’t surg. U. S. vols. during war. Freese R. H., (e) Sumner. French Charles P., Virden. M. D., Castleton med. coll, of Vt., 1848; exam, surg. to life ins. co. French E. J., Olney. French H., Dix. French H., Dix. French Thomas, Greenfield. French W. H., Newark. French Z. D., Sumner. M. D., med. dep’t la. univ. (no date); member med. soc. of Richland co.; hosp. steward 3 y’rs; act. ass’t surg. and ass’t surg. U. S. cavairy 1 year. Frescott John, Rochester Mills. Member med. soc. of Wabash co. Frick J. B., Geneseo. Friend E., Sardova. Friend F., Fayetteville. Friend William, Wabash. Member med. soc. of Wabash co. Frieze T., Taylorville. Frigate D. J., Plymouth. Fringen Geo. W., Tower Hill. M. D., Mo. med. coll., 1868; member med. soc. of Shelby co. Fritz Thomas J., Cold Spring. Member med. soc. of Shelby co. Froning Philip, Freeport. Frost J. M., Mattoon. Fry J. H., Atlanta. Frye Joseph, Peoria. Member med. soc. of Peoria city, and Am. med. soc., 1872. Fryrear A. B., Ashland. Fugate John F., Quincy. Fulkerson R., Eddyville. Fuller E. E., (m) Oneida. Fuller G. A., Buda. Fulton L. W., New Berlin. M. D., Rush med. coll., 1869. Fulton William J., Bloomington. Fulton W., White Heath. Fugurson T. D., Logan. Fusch Charles, Logan. Fuson John Lee, Wakefield. Never attended lectures. Fyffe J. R., Pontiac. Fyhes J. J., Odin. Fykes J., Odin. Fykes J., Odin. Gaddy Geo. H., Concord. M. D., Rush med. coll., 1871; ex-pliys. life ins. cq Gaily M. M., Prentice. Gaiter M. H., Wyanet. Gale E. H., Aurora. Member med. soc. of Fox River Valley. Galer Joseph B., Warren. Galland Samuel, Clinton. Gallaway J., (h) Paris. Gallaway Samuel, (h) Liberty Hill. Gallaway Samuel, (h) Liberty Hill. Galt Thomas, Rock Island. Member Rock Island and central med. soc. Galt W. J., Sterling. Gardner F. B., (h) Sublette. Gardner G. W., (m) Golconda. Gardner J. M., Lincoln. Gardner S. B., Etna. Member Theological society of Wabash Valley. Gardner J. D., (e) Mahomet. Garner J. L., Hutton. Garner J. L., Hutton. Garnsey Cliffs, A., (h) Batavia. Garrals John, (m) Belvidere. Garrals John, (m) Belvidere. Garrals John, (m) Belvidere. Garrison G., Bell City. Garrison H. D., (h) E. Chicago. Garrison Jos. L., Whitehall. Garth Thomas, (e) Grandview. Gartner Melkert H., Dover. B. S., Thorntowa acad.; M. D., Rush med. coll., 1871. Garvin E. S., Sycamore. Garvin J. Paul, (h) Alton. Garvin J. W. Sycamore. Garwood Geo., (m) Clinton. Gaskins S., (e) Neponset. Gassaway N. H., Milford. Gaston E. A., Point Pleasant. Gaston E., Hoopestown. Gaston E., Hoopestown. Gaston E., Clifton. Member med. soc. of Iroquois co. Gaylord, Pontiac. Member medico-pathological soc. of La Salle co. Gaylord E., Magnolia. Gaylord F., Magnolia. Gayman J. J., Belleville. Gearhart Wesley R., Winnebago. Gearhart E. D., Hazel Dell. Gebhart J. L., Metropolis. Gee J. G., (m) Tamarara. Geister C., (m) Oswego. Gentry J. W., Cave-in-Rock. George J. F., Arlington. George R. W., Piper City. Gibbons J. S., Burnside. Gibbons J. S., Burnside. Gibbons J. A. M., Thebes. Member med. soc. of Alexander co. Gibson J. H., New Salem. Gibson Richard, (m) Pontiac. Gibson R. C., Young America. Giddon D. C., Mt. Pulaski. Gifford B. F., Union Point. Gilford Daniel, Lindenwood. M. D., med. dep’t univ. of Iowa, 1868. Gilbert A. V. T., Monmouth. Member Military Tract med. soc. Gilbert J. C., (e) Belvidere. Gilbert W. G., Ipava. Gill Henry Z., Jerseyville. M. D., Jefferson med. coll., 1857; member med. Soc. of St. Louis, and med. asso. of Mo.; rec. sec. of St. Louis microscopical soc. until moving to Jerseyville; cor. sec. med. soc. of Mo.; ass’t surg. and surg. Ohio vols. 2 years; ass’t surg. and surg. U. S. vols. 2 years; one of the editors of “St. Louis Med. and Surg. Journal; “—author of papers, “Amputation of Thigh,” 1866; “Lincoln Extraction of Cataract,” 1873, etc. Gillam Daniel A., Fairmount. Gilles George, Monmouth. Member Military Tract med. soc. Gillet Leslie, Buffalo. M. D., Mo. med. coll., 1857. Gillet S. C., Aurora. Member med. soc. of Fox River Valley. Gillette John, Trivoli. Member med. soc. of Peoria co. Gillette W. J., Ipava. Gilliland W. E., Coatsburg. M. D., St. Louis med. coll., 1869; member alumni ass’t of St. Louis coll.; phys. and surg. Adams co. almshouse. Gilman H. A., Jacksonville. Member med. soc. of Morgan co. Gilpin A. B., New Haven. Githens William H., Hamilton. M. D., med. dep’t univ. of Iowa, 1853; ass’t surg. U. S. vols. 3 years. Given J. A., Cameron. Glasco J., (m) Western Saratoga. Glass J. B., Mt. Sterling. Glover Geo., (m) Middleport. Glover Geo., (e) Ramsey. Goddard James Hathom, Oakdale. M. D., coll, of med. and surgery, Cincinnati (no date); hospital steward U. S. vols. 11 years; contract surgeon, 1 year. Godfrey H. M., Ottawa. Golden J. A., Lovella. Golden S. C., Independence. Goldsmith D. B., (m) Bowling Green. Goldsmith, Ramsey. Goltra Isaac V., Blue Mound. Goltra Isaac V., Blue Mound. Gooch J. E., New Liberty. Goodbrake Christopher, Clinton. M. D., Rush med. coll., 1855; pres. med. soc. of De Witt co.; member Central Ill. med. soc., med. soc. of Ill., and Am. med. asso., 1872; surgeon. U. S. vols. 35 years;—author of “Report on Practical Medicine,” 1860; “Case of Extra Utterine Fertation, with Operation of Gas-trotomy.” Goodell I., (m) St. Charles. Goodell William L., Effingham. M. D., Rush med. coll., 1866; health officer of Effingham. Goodell W. T., Freemanstown. Goodheart F. B., (m) Welang. Goodman M. M., Jonesboro’. Goodman W. A., (h) Lodi. Goodrich S. S., Nashville. Goodrich S. S., Nashville. Goodrich S. S., Nashville. Goodwin S. S., Dundee. Member med. soc. of Morgan co. Goodwin A. E., Rockford. Member and sec. med. asso. of Rockford. Goodwin Nelson, Palestine. Goodwin R. T., Dundee. Member med. soc. of Fox River Valley. Goodwin Nelson, Palestine. Goodwin R. T., Dundee. Gordon Eli A., Chester. Gordon Franklin Willard, (h) Sterling. M. D., Hahnemann med. coll., 1866; act. ass't surg. U. S. vols. 2 years. Gordon G. S., Ottawa. Gordon G. W., Equality. M. D., Cincinnati coll, of med., 1858; surg. U. S. vols. 3 years. Gordon James, Greenville. Gordon J. H. C., Pocahontas. 150 GOR ILLINOIS. HAL Gordon T. J., Cairo. Member med. soc. Of Alexandria co. Gordon J. S., Burnside. Gordon J. T., Carlyle. Gordon Stewart, Steelsmills. Gordon William A., Chester. Gordon W. P., Greenville. Gorham Charles, York. Member med. soc. of Marshall co. Gorham John, (e) Walshville. Gorham Charles, York. Member med. soc. of Marshall co. Gorham John, (e) Walshville. Gould Id. C., Yorktown. Gould Id. C., Caledonia. Gould Id. C., Caledonia. Go wen J. E., Metropolis. Gower John M., (e) Atlanta. Gower John M., (e) Atlanta. Gower John M., (e) Atlanta. Grafton E. O., Hebron. Grattan E. O., Hebron. Grattan E. O., Gallatin. Gray C., Cuba. Gray E. W., Monmouth. Gray James L., Macon. Gray W. G., Mt. Sterling. Gray W. M., Petersburg. Grayson I. J., (e) Russellville. Green, Louisville. Green A. W., Potosi. Green C. C., Roland. Green D. R., Salem. Green Duff. W., Mt. Vernon. Green Edward D., (m) Vandalia. Green George, Bristol Station. M. D., Rush med. coll., 1870; member med. soc. of Fox River Valley. Green John, Bristol. M. D., Rush med. coll., 1870. Green John, News. Green J. G., Wyoming. Green John W., Marengo. Green John W., Marengo. Member med. soc. of Fox River Valley. Green W. A., Johnsonville. Green Thomas, (m) Jeffersonville. Green Edward, (e) Sheldon. M. D., med. dep’t of “ Hudson Ohio coll.,” 1847; partially retired from practice. Green W. A., Lima. Green Thomas, (m) Jeffersonville. Green Robert, (e) Sheldon. M. D., med. dep’t univ. of Louisville, 1872. Green, R. C., Attica. Greer Albert P., Moscow r. M. D., med. dep’t univ. of Louisville, 1872. Greer, R. C., Attica. Gregg Patrick, Rock Island. Attended lectures coll, of surg., and Trinity coll. Dublin; M. D., Jefferson med. coll., 1835; member med. soc. of Rock Island, and Iowa central med. soc. of Scott co., Iowa, med. soc. of Ill.; act. ass’t surg. at Rock Island arsenal since 1863; surg. U. S. vols. 2 years. Gregory John, Farmington. M. D., Rush med. coll., 1850; member med. soc. of Peoria co., and med. soc. of Ill.; surg. U. S. vols. 1 year. Greggory L. B., Mt. Vernon. Greeley D. M., Mt. Carroll. Grier D. C., Plum River. Grier D. C., Plum River. Griffin J. R., (e) Effingham Griffin J., Ridge Farm. Griffin O. K., (e) Huntley. Griffin R. J., Carthage. Griffin R. J., Carthage. Griffith Benjamin M., Springfield. M. D., St. Louis med. coll., 1859; member med. soc. of Sangamon co., and med. soc. of Ill.; med. exam, life ins. co. for southern Ill. Griffith J. Holmes, (e) Alton. Griffith W. T., Washington. Grigson R. J., Augusta. Grimes James T. Member med. soc. of Quincy. Grimes J. W., Liberty. Grimes L. A., Concordia. Member Am. med. asso., 1872. Grinstead John, Litchfield. Grippenberg-, Alton. Grissom T. L., (e) Shinn’s Point. Griswold C. A., Fulton. Griswold S. A.. Franklyn Grove. Grosvenor S., Galesburgh. Grove W. A., Victoria. Grover A. J., (e) Rock Island. Grumudee F., Nauvoo. Gudich Emil, Alton. Guild G. It., (h) Bushnell. Gully J. B., (h) Geneva. Gumper S., Darwin. Gunnett Geo., (h) Fairview. Gunsull H. B., (m) Pontiac. Gunther Julius, Quincy. Member med. soc. of Adams co. Gunthier II. P., Clifton. Gusmer E., (m) Peoria. Gush J. G., Peoria. Gush Israel J., Peoria. Treas. med. soc. of Peoria city; member med soc. of Ill.; perm, member Am. med. asso. Guthrie Hugh R., Sparta. Gwynne John, Mt. Morris. Haas Jacob. (m) Danville. Hacker II. C., Jonesboro’. Hadway C. D., Jersey ville. Haening T., Bloomington. Haeman J. W., Blue Island. Ilagerdorn-, Avon. Hagar-, Odin. Hagar Abner, Marengo. Member med. asso. of Fox River Valley. Hagert J. R., Downer’s Grove. Hagey W. II. II., Coluta. Ilaines W. E., Ellisville. Haire John, Arena. Hake Jacob, Cordova. Halber I., Lanark. Halbrook Geo., Campbell. Hale E. I\, Southampton. Hale James I., Anna. One course lectures Chicago med. coll., 1868-69; —author of “ Private Country Practice,” 1861; “ Use and Abuse of Hydr. Chlorate,” 1862, etc. HAL ILLINOIS. IIAR 151 Hale James J., Penninger. Hale R. S., Morris. Hale S., (h) Oak Park. Haley H. A., (h) Urbana. Hall A. A., Clement. Hall E. F., Fairfield. Hall Frank, (h) Taylorville. Hall G. A., (h) Riverside. Hall G. W., Quincy. Member med. soc. of Ill. Hall Joseph, Edgewood. Hall James, Higginsville. Hall J. A., (e) Danville. Hall J. I., (m) Fairfield. Hall R. C., Rushville. Hall Sylvester, Bernadotte. Hall Thomas, Toulon. Coroner of co. Hall Walter, Bradford. Hall William, Danville. Hallam J. G., Belleville. M. D., St. Louis med. coll., 1873. Haileday T. F., Pittsfield. Haller F. B., Vandalia. Member med. soc. of Ill., and Am. med. soc. Haller Joseph, Lanark. M. D., med. dep’t of N. western univ., 1862; ade., 1868; member med. soc. of Carroll co.; perm. sec. of the soc. Halliday F. A., Metropolis. Halliday Charles II., Carlinsville. Hallstead M. A., (h) Jacksonville. Haller Robert, Highland. Hamer Ellis P., Vermont. M. D., Jefferson med. coll., 1851. Harnes H., fe) Dongola. Hamilton Brooks Rund, Nauvoo. M. D., coll, of plu s, and surg., Keokuk, 1870; pension surg. U. S. vols. Hamilton, Monmouth. Hamilton Benj. Franklin, Terre Haute. M. D., O. med. coll., 1867. Hamilton S., Frankfort. Hamilton Samuel M., Monmouth. M.D., Jefferson med. coll., 1853; member Military Tract med. soc.; surg. U.S. vols. 3 years. Hamilton John A., Odin. Three full courses at Louisville med. coll., 1840; Lexington, 1843; N.Y., 1848; lion, degree med. clep’t univ. of N.Y.; surg. U.S. vols 8 months;—author of article, “Amenorrhoea,” 1868. Hamilton John B., Kane. M.D., Rush med. coll., 1869; member med. soc. of Jersey co., med. soc. of Ill., and Am. med. ass. ; various reports in transactions of State soc. Hamilton John L., Peoria. Pres. med. soc. of Peoria City. Hamilton Joseph Ormond, Jerseyville. Member med. soc. of Jersey co., and Am. med. ass. Hamilton W. R., Sliohokon. Hamilton W. W., (h) Crystal Lake. Ilamlin D. D. T., Turner Junction. Member med. soc. of Fox River Valley. Hammer J. N. (h) Quincy. Hammond R. D., Macomb. Hamos D. E., Lacon. Hamp Henry, Elizabethtown. Hance Francis W., Freeport. M. D., med. dep’t univ. of Pa., 1849; member med. soc. of Stephenson co. Hance Joseph, (e) Marengo. Hance S. F., Aurora. Member med. soc. of Fox River Valley. Ilanback J. E., (e) Springfield. Hand A. F., Morris. Hanker-, Evanstown. Hankins J. G., South Pass. Hanks D. B., Bement. Hanks M. H., (h) Harvard. Hanly William, V.-pres. med. soc. of Will co. Hanna William M., Lisbon. Hannan W. F., Carthage. TIans M. P., Harrisburg. Ilansborough E. E., Metropolis. Hanson Florian E., Winchester. Harcoll G. D., Moore’s Prairie. Hard Abner, Aurora. Member med. asso. of Fox River Valley, and med. soc. of Ill. Hard Chester, Ottawa. Hardtner John, (e) Carrollton. Hardy Hiram Tanney, Elgin. M. D., med. dep’t of Dartmouth coll., 1866; act. ass’t surg. U. S. vols. 2 years. Harkell A. S., Alton. Harney Samuel, Todd’s Point. Harnett J. M., Shelbyville. V.-pres. med. soc. of Shelby co.; member med. soc. of Ill. Harper G. C., Morris. Harper J. D., Springfield. M. D., Mo. med. coll., 1857; ad. eund. Rush med. coll., 1859; exam. surg. U. S. vols., 1862; spe¬ cialty, oculist and aurist. Harper J. F., Elvaston. Harper I. T., La Prairie. Harram W. S., Blue Island. Harriatt E. L., Grafton. Harrington M. T., Mapleton. Harris Blixton, YorkviUe. Member med. soc. of Fox River Valley. Harris C., (e) Newton. Harris David., Lima. Harris D. W., Groveland. Harris H. A., Petersburg. Harris John, Tower Hill. Harris J. O., Ottawa. Harris J. V., Canton. Harris Richard Flury, Perry. M. D., med. dep’t univ. of Mich., 1868 ; Bellevue hosp. med. coll., 1869; member med. soc. of Quincy co. Harris R. T., (h) Pittsfield. Harris S. 1\, Tower Hill. Harris W. II., Metropolis. Harris W. J., Medora. Harrod Penuel, Avon. M. D., O. med. coll., 1866. ITart D. M.. Flora. Hart John Franklin, West Point. M. D., med. dep’t Iowa state univ., 1865. Hart William B., Greenwood. Hartman Geo. W., Sidney. 152 HAR ILLINOIS. HER Ilarvey-, Bellevue. Harvey A. F., Hope-dale’. Ilarvey Estes, Jr., Walkerville. Tlaryey G. E., Camden. Harvey James, Mt. Carmel. Not a grad.; has practised more than 20 years ; member med. soe. of Wabash co.; sec. of soc. since its organization. Ilarvey .Tames A., Camden. Harvey J. E., (m) Sidney. Harvey Jno. G., More City. Harvey T. J., Fieldon. Member med. soc. of Jersey co. Harvey V., Mt. Carmel. Member med. soc. of Wabash co. Ilarvey W. P., St. Francisville. Member med. soc. of Wabash co. Harwood J. M., Mt. Auburn. Harwood M. B., Anna. Haskell W. A., Edwardsville. Ilasler Jacob, (mi Hollo way ville. Hass E., (m) Mendota. Hateh H. Lee, Jacksonville. M. D., Missouri med. coll., 1873. Hatch II., Griggsville. Hatcher M. G., Edwardsville. Hatey H. A., (e) Urbana. Hathorne R. A., Illinois City. I latheway J. C., Ottawa. Hauley William, Lockport. Ilavey J. S., Maynardsville. Hawes C. C., Mahomet. Hawes-, Georgetown. Hawk J. W., Dunton. Hawkes W. J., (h) Evanston. Hawkins J. G., South Pass. Hawkins Jno. W., (e) Carlinville. Hawkins Robert A., (e) Carlinville. Hawkins Washington, Sangamon. Hawley II. A., (h) Como. Hawley S. B., Aurora. Member med. soc. of Fox River Valley ; med. soc. of Ill. Hawthorne Robt. A., Illinois City. One course leets. Keokuk, Iowa. Ilaxel F., (h) Coatsburg. Hay C. D., Centralia. Hayden William, Coulterville. Hayden W., Atkinson. Haydorn J. D., (h) Avon. Haynes John, Sumner. Haynes Baxter, Ester. Haynes J. B., (m) Aurora. Haynes W. P., Harrisburg. Haynes John G., Paris. Member Esculapian med. soc. Hayton James, Carbondale. Hayward J. M., Hopedale. Hayward T. E., (h) Morris. Hayward T. E., (h) Morris. Haywood A. Homer, (h) Kinmundy. Head Martin H., Carlinsville. Headon T. S., Lynnville. Heath Samuel, Elizabethtown. Heath S. F., Streator. Hecker W. J., Oblong City. Hecker William L., (h) Girard. Heber Jacob, Pana. Healey D. C., Germantown. Heeter G., Ava. Heiderman George Frederick, Elmhurst. M. D., Rush med. coll., 1863; ass’t surg. U. S. vols. 2 years. Heeling F. S., Springfield. Heise A. W., Joliet. M. D., Gottingen, Germany, 1846; attended lects. in Heidelberg, Berlin, and Wienne, Germany; pres. med. soc. of Will co.; member med. soc. of Ill., and Am. med. asso., 1872; surg. U. S. vols. 3 years: specialty, surgery. Heitman Fred. W., Chester. M. D., St. Louis med. coll., 1873. Helen M. M., Mt. Auburn. Heller W. H., Abingdon. Member Military Tract med. sec. Helm E. D., Quincy. Member med. asso. of Quincy. Helm Thomas M., Williamsville. Helm William McKendree, Mt. Auburn. M. D., St. Louis med. coll., 1869; member med. soc. of Christian co.; alumni soc. of St. Louis med. coll. Hemming T. S., Springfield. Hempstead W. C. F., (h) Virden. Hempstead W. C. F., (h) Edwardsville. Henderson Eliel Freeman, Chester. M. D., St. Louis med. coll., 1862; member board of health; assh surg. U. S. vols. 4 years. Henderson J. E., (e) Union Point. Henderson R. N., (e) Sciota. Hendrick A. W., (h) Monee. Hendrick D., Metropolis. Hennessey Thomas W., (m) La Salle. Hennrichs A. W., (h) Frankfort. Henry B. F., Princeville. Henry James Malcom, Rockport. M. D., coll, phys and surg. of Keokuk, 1860. Henry Robert F., Princeville. M. D., Rush med. coll., 1853; member med. soc. of Peoria co. Henry Samuel, Camp Point. Henshaw W., Geneseo. Hensley J. W., Yates City. M. D., Rush med. coll., 1867; pres. Military Tract med. soc.; member med. soc. of Peoria co., Am. med. asso. Henton C. D., Meyersville. Hentley James, Padua. Herbert J. B., Monmouth. Herdman, I. H., Dudley ville. Herman Prior Jefferson, Lulu. M. D., Rush med. coll., 1663; member med. soc. of Montgomery co. Herrick O. Q., Kansas. Member. Esculapian med. soc., and med. soc. of Ill. Herrick William Slade, Heaton. A. B., Dartmouth coll., 1860; M. D., Rush med. coll., 1866. Herring T., Bloomington. Member med. soc. of McLean co. Herrington D., Farmington. A. B., Franklin coll., Ohio; M. D., med. dep’t Univ. of Nashville, 1859; v.-pres. med soc. of Jersey co.; member med. soc. of Ill., and Am. med. asso., 1872; pres, board health of Grafton; coroner of Jersey co.; contract surg. U. S. vols. 2 ve ars;—author of paper, “On Cholera,” 1867; “Tetanus,” 1872. Herrod-, Avon. Hess J. M., Streator. Hess Seth Hamilton, Quincy. M. D., Rush med. coll., 1865; and Bellevue hosp. med. coll., 1866; lecturer on anat., phys., and hygiene, Quincy coll., during 1808; member med. soc. of Adams co., Am. med. asso. Hess T. M., Homer. Hester J. II., Butler. Hester-, McLeansboro’. Hester-, McLeansboro’. Hetman F. W., Chester. Hewes G. R. T., (m) Rock Island. Hewes G. R. T., (m) Rock Island. Member med. soc. of Iroquois co., and Am. med. soc., 1872. Hewitt James Herbert, Summerfield, M.D., med. dep’t univ. of Buffalo, 1865; member med. soc. of St. Clair co.; ass’t surg. army Potomac 3 months. Hewitt G. W., Franklin Grove. Y.-pres. med. soc. of Lee co., and member Am. med. asso. Hewitt Samuel, (e) Lafayette. Hewitt S. C., (e) Chatham. Heywood Cyrus, Farmington. Hatt A. H., Wheaton. Hibbs Irvin, Forsythe. Hickman Thomas Gideon, Yandalia. Member Am. med. asso. Hickman, Newman. Hickman Thomas Gideon, Yandalia. Member med. soc. of McLean co. Higgins E. H., Whitehall. Member med. soc. of Greene co. Higgins W. W., New Salem. Higgins James, Utica. Higgins C. C., Vermont. Higgins D. C., Pana. Higgins George, Aurora. Higgins James M., Griggsville. M. D., med. dep’t of Columbia coll., 1829; med. superintendant 111. hosp. for insane from 1848 to 1854; v.-pres. Griggsville scientific soc.; surg. Ill. vols. 1 year; author of various papers on Insanity. Higgins L. C., Naples. Higgins R. T., Yandalia. Member Esculapian med. soc., and med. soc. of Ill Higgins S. H., (m) Peoria. Hihler A., Mascontah. M. D., Minchen, Bavaria, 1851; member med. soc. of St. Clair co. Hill A. G., Goodhope. Hill A. M., (e) De Kalb. Hill Green, (m) Mt. Pulaski. Hill J. H., Arcadia. Member med. soc. of Morgan co. Hill R. S., (h) Albany. Hill Walter B., Greenfield. Member med. soc. of Greene co. Hill, William, Bloomington. Member med. soc. of Central Ill., and med. soc. of Ill. Hillebrand C. H., Freeport. Hill Jno. S., Hillsboro’. Hilsabeck William. Member med. soc. of Shelby co. Hinchman C. W., Carlinsville. Hinckman T. G., Vandalia. Member med. soc. of Ill. Hinkle John M., Mattoon. Member JSsculapian med. soc. of Wabash valley. Hinckley D., Leland. Hinesley J. W., Yates City. Hirch T., (h) Galena. |
bpt6k8217644_3 | French-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | Si je suis tout à fait d'accord avec M. F. Heric, de l'OEuvre pour constater la carence de l'Etat Français, lequel n'a pas encore fait l'effort nécessaire, indispensable pour doter ce pavs des espaces libres, des terrains d'entraînement des baignades dont la jeunesse a besoin â et ici j'ai critiqué cette carence plus qu'aucun autre journaliste â je ne puis par contre suivre mon confrère dans ses appréciations. Car M. Hé rie ne paraît pas avoir étudié la Question sous toutes ses faces. ooo Certes, sur le papier, il semble agréable qu'une puissante maison dote son personnel d'installations éducatives et sportives. Et l'on ajoute qu'elle pourrait plus mal utiliser son budget publicitaire. Car au fond, tout cela C'est de la publicité, et parfois de la plus tapageuse. Témoin la fameuse équipé de rugby de Quillan chère â à tous points de vue â a un chapelier local. Le Seul résultat a été la création d'une bande d'amateurs marrons, payés indûment comme travailleurs dans le chapeau â sans jeu de mots â et dont l'unique occupation était de flanquer des coups de pied dans le ballon et de «bagarrer» le dimanche contre Jes teams rivaux. Dans le cas Sochaux, il y a aussi une équipe de joueurs pros, conception qui continue à nous laisser assez peu enthousiaste (i). OOO Mais supposons que cela, c'est l'équipe ! distribuant les prospectus, le team d'hommessandwiches de la firme, et que derrière il y a des installations, des aménagements dont profite line partie du personnel des usines. Eh bien, cela encore ne reçoit pas, ne peut recevoir mon approbation. Comme }e l'ai déjà dit dans ces colonnes et dans une brochure, îe sport patronal est un non-sens, ou plutôt c'est un leurre) une j duperie pour le travailleur, lequel est ' d'ailleurs majeur et suffisamment Capable , pour mettre lui-même sur pied tout ce qui concerne ses loisirs et sa santé. Les réalisations de quantité de communes ou; vrières. Roubaix et Toulouse pour ne citer : que ces deux de première grandeur {et i Il « efl a une foule d'autres) le prouvent | â Et puis le commerçant, l'usurier qui ⢠agit ainsi, qui subventionne un club, dit ' corporatif, a-t-il vraiment en vue l'amé1 lioration du sort de son personnel? Je_ me permets d'en douter puisque parmi jes {maisons ayant donné le jour à dès sociétés sportives, il se trouve des firmes où le personnel est obligé de lutter durement pour défendre ses salaires â c'estàdire son droit à la vie â et pour obtenir le respect des lois ouvrières. Et il y a même parmi ces soi-disant mécènes un «trusteur» qui «finance» un club, mais oublie de verser au trésor les cotisations de son personnel pour les Assurances SocialesI Alors? uuu Il faut aussi étudier la question sous un autre angle. Si l'éducation physique et le sport sont utiles, â et c'est mon avis â tous les travailleurs doivent en profiter,' tous sans exception, et non pas seulement une partie au hasard de l'embauche ou du débauchage dans une maison qui aide l'exercice athlétique. Car les réalisations patronales sont réservées à leurs seuls salariés. Alors, si demain je quitte un de ces patrons je n'aurais plus droit à la piscine bienfaisante, au stade îndispensable, je serais privé d'exercice. Ceci prouve que les réalisations pour 3'éducation physique ne doivent pas venir lie l'initiaitve privée, mais être d'ordre commercial, pour être à la disposition de tous. Et si des mécènes aiment le sport, (qu'ils subventionnent leur localité, afin ,que celle-ci puisse donner à tous ses habitants sans exception, le moyen de cultiver et de développer leur corps. Et je pense que les journalistes qui no-, îent la responsabilité de l'Etat français dans ce domaine seraient bien inspirés de 6'unir pour entamer une campagne de vaste envergure, afin d'obliger ceux qui tiennent Ses «leviers de commande», à se préoccuper enfin de ces questions et à soutenir l'effort méritoire de tant d? municipalités. Cela serait, à mes yeux, plus utile que de louer telles réalisations forcément fragmentaires et qui apparaissent toujours comme une prime donnée à l'ouvrier, pour qu'il ne revendiqué pas, par ailleurs, des salaires meilleurs, des journées plus courtes, des lois sociales pius larges. Lui offrir un stade, c'est très joli mâis si le travailleur doit respirer, il faut aussi qu'il mange. Et j'ai bien peur que c'est lui-même, sur son salaire, qui paye îes terrains de jeux et les équipesréclames de son patron (a). Pierre MARIE, (î) D'autres journalistes marquent la même répugnance pour cette forme do l'exercice physique. Par exemple, M. massard, président du Comité Olympique francais élu 4 ce poste par les « antipros ». Et le secrétaire de là Ligue Parisienne de Football, M. Viel, souligna souvent çe qu'il faut penser du sportmétier. (2) Et puis ces « soutiens » sportifs mo risquent-ils pas dé disparaître avec la crise. Ne cite-t-on pas le club corporatif parisien lancé par cette firme à 3a publicité débordante et qui jadis. PôurVu d'une subvention annuelle de C50.0Û0 francs, voit ce crédit supprimé totaleme it. C'est donc la disparition obligée du club et de ses . Installations. Tandis qu'une commune trouvera toujours le moyen d'entretenir ses créations concernant l'éducâtion corporelle. La rénovation des courses de tandems humains a.u Vel d'Hiv a permis d'atteindre, sur un tour de piste, la remarquable vitesse de 67 kilométrés. La santé dépend plus des précautions Que des médecins. Bossuet, La marche touristique sport d'hiver La marche, c'est l'ancêtre de tous les sports. Il n'est pas d'exercice plus naturel à l'homme, et, pourtant, depuis l'existence du mouvement sportif, ce moyen de locomotion est eu régression. Pour nos parents, en particulier à la campagne, dés déplacements pédestres de plusieurs dizaines de kilométrés étaient chose courante. Des ouvriers allaient travailler do ville en ville par leurs propres moyens, des professions saisonnières connaissaient des migrations lointaines et une étape de 50 kilomètres ne passait pas pour un exploit. Depuis le développement des moyens de transport on ne sait plus marcher et il n'est pas rare de prendre un véhicule pour effectuer quelques centaines de mètres. En parlant de marche, noua pensons à un exercice naturel et nous écartons la marche dite « athlétique », qui permet sans doute de se déplacer à utie vitesse de 10 à 13 à l'heure, suivant la distance, mais dont la technique, d'ail» leurs disgracieuse, n'est pas à la portée de tous. Tout le monde a eu, peu ou prou, l'occasion de se promener à pied, mais combien de gens possèdent la notion de leurs possibilités de déplacement par ce moyen ? La marche pour l'excursion, pour le tourisme est le meilleur moyen dé voir vraiment, de pénétrer l'intimité de la région visitée ; c'est un exercice sain, à. la portée de tous et de toutes depuis l'enfant jusqu'au vieillard. C'est le sport le plus élémentaire pratiqué d'instinct et qui, par sa simplicité, peut amener à l'exercice physique tous oeux que rebute l'idée même de compétition. La marche touristique, le voyage à pied, l'excursion dominicale (qui n'est déjà plus la promenade à petits pas), doivent revivre dans un mouvement sportif régénéré. Déjà,, nous pouvons Voir une tendance vers la rénovation du tourisme pédestre. Dans les pays germaniques et particulièrement en montagne, c'est un spectacle courant, chaque semaine, que des groupes de jeunes, des familles entières partent à pied, sac au dos, pour vivre le repos hebdomadaire au grand air. En France, des préjugés tenaces et le t'ait que les scouts militarisés ont eU longtemps le monopole de cette Utilisation des loisirs, font que ceux qui marchent équipés sont considérés â quels que soient l'âgé et le sexe â comme des préparatistes militaires. Malgré le mauvais souvenir des marelles régimêntaires, nous répétons que la marché est U nexercice agréable, que lé progrès mécanique ne tuera pas. Dans la région pârisiënne quelques groupes de pratiquants ont attifé l'attention sur la forêt de Fontainebleau et chaque dimanche d'été y ramène dés, traius de promeneurs auxquels le P/L.M. fait des conditions intéressantes. Sous l'impulsion dés naturistes, campeurs, cyclotouristes, là pratique de la marche hivernale est également en progrès. Car la nature est belle, même en;' hiver, quand les arbres sont dépouillés. De .même, en automne les bois offrentau régard une variété de couleurs et de tons bien plus riche qu'en été. D'oc tobre à avril les journées sont courtes et froides, mais bien rares sont celles où le temps ne permet pas de vivre à l'air, de marcher, voire même de déjeuner dehors. Bien sûr, quelques précautions sont à prendre et il convient de s'équiper pour supporter les intempéries : se vêtir de laine, un imperméable, aux pieds de bonnes chaussures, au dos un sac de montagne contenant le repas et, pour préparer ce repas, un réchaud qui permet de manger et boire chaud. Allons les naturistes, les campeurs ! ce n'est pas seulement dans la saison estivale que votre corps a besoin d'air et do mouvement, au contraire c'est on hiver, où vous vivez plus longtemps en lieux clos, surchauffés, peu aérés, que vous devez réagir en vous retrempant chaque dimanche dans là nature. Partez tôt le dimanche matin, aux environs de Paris, les belles forêts de l'Ile-de-France vous permettent des itinéraires nombreux, marchez seuls ou en groupe. Et sachez qu'à l'U.S.S.G.T. vous trouverez un groupe spécialisé, le Tourist-Club Travailliste. Georges MAUPIOUX. Pour devenir professeur d'Education physique, il est nécessaire : â De préparer d'abord le brevet supérieur ou le baccalauréat; De suivre ensuite, pendant une ou deux années, les cours d'un institut régional d'éducation physique; â Puis d'affronter un concours difficile (examen d'entrée à l'Ecole normale d'éducation physique, une douzaine d'admis sur cinq cents candidats); â Enfin, de faire deux années d'études à l'Ecole normale d'E.P. et de réussir à l'examen de sertie (professorat). Tout cela, pour débuter, à 24 ans, avec un bagage de licencié ès sciences, à S00 francs par mois ! DE HAUT EN, BAS t ⦠Une curieuse photo prise Mer à Buffalo, lors du match de rugby Stade Français Eacing Club de France. ⦠Le magnifique spectacle offert par 18.000 sportifs ouvriers tchèques (8.000 jeunes filles et 10.000 garçons), évoluant avec ensemble dans le stade dé Prague. ⦠Le refuge construit par la section des « Amis de la Nature » de Thann, au Molkenràin, dans les Vosges, à 1.125 mètres d'altitude. ⦠Une amusante caricature de Max Schmelling, le boxeur allemand ex-champion du monde des poids lourds (vu par Nikolaus Wahl), y.-i < Quelques réflexions Sur tin conseil de 150 membres Si l'éducation physique manque dé direction initiale, les dirigeants ne lui feront pas défaut grâce à son ministre qui vient d'enfanter un nouveau conseil de 150 membres Mais ce qui frappe le plus quand oh parcourt la liste des membres de chacune des commissions : c'est l'absence de vraies compétences. Des fonctionnaires, des politiciens, des militaires, des présidents de fédérations sportives, dont nul ne songe à discuter là valent, mais peu d'éducateurs physiques et de techniciens véritables. Sur la création d'un stade national Notre confrère André Leçon te, ⢠dans Sporting, réclame l'édification d'un stade national à l'occasion de l'Exposition 1937. Excellente suggestion <iui répond â une nécessité du moment. On récupérerait facilement les dépens par la perception d'un faible droit d'entrée et une fois l'Exposition terminée, ce stade pourrait servir utilement aux compétitions populaires et les pistes et'terrains être mis gratuitement h là disposition de la jeunesse. Actuellement, plusieurs organisations commercialisées se disputent la faveur de nous fàirè payer cher lé droit d'assis ter à toute manifestation sportive intéressante et nous doutons fort que cette formule de stade national trouve grâce en haut-lieu,, en raison justement des Intérêts privéS qui s'opposent « toute réalisation philanthropique. Léon CourrauD. < Sport et Santé.). A tous les éducateurs, ans institutrices, à la famille également, je dis : La leçon quotidienne d'exercices physiques est plus nécessaire qu'on le croit aux' petits do 4 a S ans; elle est indispensable pour façonner l'enfant, le préparer à 'la Vis, assurer son bon équilibre cérébral et nerveux, sa belle attitude droite et sa sante. Il faudrait de la part des autorités une entente avec Jo personnel enseignant Pour réaliser de suite, dans là France entière un programme simplé. Ce n'est pas une question de crédit,. c'est une question de volonté. Pr G. racine (L'Educateur physique). La vie est faite de la santé que l'on se donne et des victoires qie l'on remporté sur soi-même et qui valent bien d'autres â victoires. Dr Bellin du Coteau, Le prix des placés pour les J.O. de 1936 L organisation des prochains J.O. ss poursuit avec méthode. Le prix des places est fixé comme suit : il y aura trois catégories de placés assises (I, IX. ÏIl) : Cartes pour toute là durée dés JéuS et tous lés sports {1er au-16 août 1936 ; 100, 60, 40 marks. Cartes permanentes. â Athlétisme : marks, 40, 30, 20, â Natation : marks, 40, 30. Boxe : marks, 40, 3Ôj 20. â Escrime: marks. 35. â Aviron: marks, 35, 25. â Lutte et poids:marks,. 30, 20, â Football, finales et demi-finales : marks 30, 20, 15. â Hockey : marks, 35. â Handball: marks, i5. â Billets simples. âJournées principales ou finales : marks, 10, 6, 4 ; autres jours: marks..fi, 4, 2. Les places debout, seront a 2 marks pour îes journées principales, à 1 mark pour les autres jours, ' «* Poules sportives Pour la seconde fois cette année l(t troupe Tilâen s'exhibe sur des courts parisiens. Au l'arc des Ex-positions, comme à Roland-Garros l'été passé, le succès fut relatif et si les rencontres portées au programme ne se dispute-' rent pas devant des banquettes absolument vides, on peut noter que les spectateurs étaient en nombre assez restreint, surtout eu égard à la valeur et A la notoriété. des acteurs en présence. Pourquoi la foule de lu capitale boudetelle ces tournois ou paraissent pourtant des champions prestigieux comme Vines et Tilden? La raison en est simple. Le public n'est pas véritablement sportif. Les connaisseurs, cem appréciant réellement le geste athlétique, pour l'avoir pratiqué, sont une minorité. Les autres vont au spectacle. Et pour décider la grade masse d'entre eux, il faut un piment spécial, en l'occurrence un titré ou un objét d'art à conquérir, ou à conserver. C'est pourquoi il y a quelques années, lorsque le challenge-round de la Coupe Davis â la grande finale de l'épreuve â se disputait à Paris, le stade RolandGarros, était absolument comble. lit sur les 12.000 à 18.000 spectateurs présents, îa plus grande partie venait uniquement pour savoir plus tôt qui emporterait la Coupe et pouvoir raconter le lendemain qu'on avait assisté du duel tilden-cochet ou Cochet-Austin. Il faut le dire, c'est cet état d'esprit qui assure le succès des grandes réunions sportives. Odr si certaines gens ne veulent pus rater le grand prix Hippique de Longchamp, ou, le Grand steepîB d'Autéuil, d'autres, et nombreux, tenant à se montrer « up to date » entendent assister chaque année à quel* ques evént-s sportifs de premier plan. Ce qui permet de remplir Colombes pour la finale de la Coupe de France de football, et pour France-Angleterre ou France-Gallesde rugby (lorsqu'il il avait des matches franco-britanniques de ballon ovale). Cet engouement a fait aussi les beaux jours de Roland-Garros tilt temps de la « Davis CUp », ceux du VéV d'Hiv' pour les Six Jours. du Parc des Princes à l'arrivée du Tour de France. 4** Prenez les mêmes acteurs, plàcez-les dans les mêmes conditions, mais sans championnat à disputer, sans coupe pour laquelle il faut batailler et le public rie vient pius, oit vient moins. Bien HAr, certains argueront que ces hommes se rencontrant tous lés soirs, et sans enjeu lés encourageant à se surpasser, il arrive inévitablement que. cette répétition tourne ail travail dé VENT DE PARAITRE t Pierf-e MARIE Pour le Sport Ouvrier Préfaces dè Ch. Piard et P. Sergent OOO Vue brochure de 32 Pages Prix : 1 franc franco. LIBRAIRIE POPULAIRE 12, rue Feydeau. Paris (2e). tnirâi rr; n. rn 'i i ⢠' ' ~ manoeuvre, que le sport et son incertitude disparaissent, laissant la place aux combinaisons possibles dans ce genre d'affaires. Argument de valeur et qu'il lie faut pas négliger. Mais indiquons aussi, que dans nombre d'épreuves â prenons le cyclisme, vitesse et demi-fond et la lutte, par exemple â les « as » sont toujours les mêmes et se rencontrent chaque dimanche, ou l)as mal de lundis. Et l'on peut supposer qu'en dépit des titres de champions ou des « Grands prix » mis eii compétition, il se produit des arrangements entre gens ayant, en définitive, tout intérêt à s'entendre. Comme aux «. Six days », par exemple⢠Il est donc indéniable que l'importance accordée à l'enjeu décide lamajorité des « cochons de payants » à se rendre dans une arène sportive vendant du spectacle. Et pas mal y vont un peu dàns l'état d'esprit de cet â insulaire suivant un cirque avec l'espoir de voir un jour le lion dévorer son dompteur. Ce qui nous vaut trop souvent des débordements de chauvinisme â national ou local â dont tant de réunions sont émaillées et qui sont le fait de liens ignoranttout dés règles sportives, tant techniques que moralés. Mais ceci* comme dirait Kipling, est une autre histoire. P. M. Le sport chez les sourds-muet: Les « silencieux sportifs » oqt un Comité international qui vient d'éditer, à l'occasion de son 10e anniversaire, Un recueil contenant nombre de renseignements intéressants. Le Comité international des sports silencieux a été fondé en 1924. Le principal mérite en revient si notre compatriote rùbens-Alcais, qtli en est le président. Six pays étaient affiliés â sa fonda. tiôn, ils sont quinze en 1924 : l'Allemagne, l'Autriche, la Belgique, le Danemark, la Finlande, la France, la GrandeBretagne, la Hollande, la Hongrie, l'Italie, la Norvège, la Pologne, la Suéde, la Suisse et la Tchécoslovaquie. Les pays en instance d'affiliation sont : l'Argentine, les. États-Unis, l'Espagne, le Japon, la Yougoslavie. Certainès fédérations ont un ' nombre assez élevé do sociétés : l'Allemagne en groupe 29, la Grande-Bretagne 57, la France 19, etc... Depuis sa fondation, le Comité à organisé trois fois dès Jeux internàtionaux en 1 !'24 au Stade Pershing, à Paris, avec 14'5 engagés ; en lî>2S, au Stade Olympique d'Amsterdam, avec 210 engagés ; en 1931 au Stade municipal da Nuremberg, avec 316 engagés. Les quatrièmes auront Heu en août 1933, à Londres. Les Silencieux sportifs ont leurs journaux spéciaux. L'organe officiel du , sport chez les sourds-muets français est : « Le Silencieux » ; les Allemands éditent le « Deutsch Gehrlosen Turn inid i Sportzeitung » : les Anglais « The Bristisch Deaf Sportsman » ; les Danois i ce Bonaventura » ; les Hongrois « A , Siketck sportja » ; les Suédois <i Sportbladet ». 3 Résultats et Union des Sociétés Sportives et gymniques du Travail Water-polo TOURNOI REGIONAL I^es clubs ci-dessous se rencontreront le : 4 décembre, (piscine Amiraux) : Boulogne (1) et 18e (1) ; 5 décembre, (Jonquièré) : U.S. ChampignyHabillement ; (i décembre, (Jonquièré) : C. A.O. 12é-Unité (2); G décembre, (Molitor), Boulogne (3)-lîe (2); C décembre, (Butte-auxKJailles) i Boniogne <-) 14e (1). Prochaine réuii-îon commune de natation, le 8 décembre, piscine bedrnRollin. Les clubs de l'U.S.S.G.T. sont priés de faire participer leurs nageurs dans les différentes épreuves qui ain-ont lieu à cette réunion. Le programme étant a la disposition des intéressés à la prochaine réuiliou de la commission. Football A la « Cipale » : l'U.S.O. 12e a battu le C.S.T Levallois (2), 4-:j. et l'E.S.P. Ce (F.S.T.) a écrasé le C.S.T. Levallois (U.S.S.G.TJ, 10-0. A CLWHY Pour les fêtes du Nouvel An, la P.S. Clichy organise un tournoi de football avec les teams de Limoge?, Le Bonrget, Clichy et Zurich. SOLIDARITE SPORTIVE Football. â Équipes 1 èt 2 à 14 h., â Polaagis G. A. O. 12» Ce soir, à 21 heures, au siège, commission administrative; tons lés camarades membres de cette commission devront être présents : préparation de l'assemblée générale dé jeudi et l'impor. tante question de l'unité. A noter que notre assemblée générale aura lien h nôtre nouvelle salie : 142, Faubourg Saint-Antoine, le jeudi C décembre. Ptng-pong L'U.SR.O. Màlakoff organise un tournoi interclubs ouvert à toutes lég équipes de la F.S.T. et de iI'UjS.S.G.T. Le tirage au sort des rencontres aura lieu mercredi 5 décembre, à 21 heures, au siège de l'tT.S.O, Ma.laltoff, 43, rue VlctorHugO, à MalàkoffLes engagements sont fixés à 10 francs par éauioe (6 simples, 3 doubles). Chaque jmietir des deux équipes finalistes recevra une breloque et l'équipe gagnante recevra un bronze. FRATERNELLE SPORTIVE DE BLAii C-MESNIL lté btireau informe lés pàreûts désireux d'envoyer leurs enfants à notre société que lés répétitions auront lieu «a!!* Là Voilière, D, avenue de Draflcy. Pâtir les pupilles, les mercredis et vendredis, de 20 h. 30 à 21 h. 30: Poiir les jeunes tilles, les lundis et mercreidis, de 20 h. 30 à 21 h. 30; Pour les adultes, le vendredi de 21 il. 15 & 22 t. 'SO. Cyclisme Classement du cross cyclo-pédestrô d'hksr : 1. Lotz (Nord-Est), les 12 km., en S4' 14"; 2. Suret, à 35"; 3. Bérganiiii; -4. Vaô Dènefoellé; 5. Mullét; 6. Cunîer (Boissons) ; 7. Barbier; S. GotirdenOt^ SFranet; 10. Deelair, etc..'. * * * La, réunion organisée & la Piste juu.« Jiiflipale a été annulée par suite de la pluie. Crôss-country A HÔVILLES Les coupes d'encouragement organisées par le S.O. Hôuilleâ (F.S.T, et U.S. S.G.T.) réunirent plus de 350 cOUreurs. Classements : Minimes. â 1. Notolla; 2. Legaro; 3, V&ry; 4. Tiîly; 5. Combes; 6. Seolari; 7-. Notolla (2); S. Marchain ; 9. Auger; 10. Ringuenoir. Juniors. â 1. Biskit; 2. Vidalettq; 3. Bellement; 4. Lefrançois; 5. Parmentier; G. Billout; 7. Leplat; 8. Combes; 9. 'Çwnet; 10. Fayart. Seniors. â 1. Martel; 2, Beauvais; 8. Cnutde; 4. Vilain; 6Charles; 6, Camel; 7. Tiberghien; 8. Poncçt; !), Lefrançois; 10. M traies. PAS-DE-CALAIS Football Groupe A. â j.S.O. S&llaumlnes, 0;' J.S. Courrières, 1. J.S.O. Vendin-E.O. Hénin, Hénin battu par forfaitÉ.S. Vendin-S.O. Bruay, match interrompu par le brouillard. J.S.A. Bauvin, 3; IT.'S.O. Lens, 3. E.S.OLoison, 5; E.O. Wahagnies, 2. Cracovia-J.O. Annoeullin, match interrompu par le brouillard. Groupe B. â C.O. Carvin, 1; J.O. Annoeullin, 0. S.O. Bruay, 4; J.SCourrières, 4. S.O. Meu-rchin-J.S.A. Bauvin, match interrompu par le brouillard, J.G, Provin, 3; Cracovia, 3, Sdsket-ball District Sud. â C.O. Carvin, 1S; E. O. Hénin, 36tî.-S.O. Lens bat J.S.O. Liévin, par forfait. tl.S.O. Lens 1B bat J.S.O. Véndin 1B par forfait. District Nord. â A. Lillers, 15; U. S.O. St-Pierre, 27. S.O. Mazingarbe, 81; S.O. Bruay, 56; J.S.O. Douvrin, 19; : S.O. Sains, âS. A. Lillers 1B bat U.S. . O. Saint-Pierre 1B par forfait. A. Liî; lers minimes, 19; U.S.O. Saint-Pierre minimes, 12. ; ROUSSILLON Ping-pong 'AU S.G.O. PERPIGNAN Les rencontres disputées ont permis d'affirmer l'accession du' S.C.O.P. ait , iiivéatt des meilleurs. ; A Baho, nos représentants s'inclii raient par 7 victoires à 4; mais il pro( iraient, le 7 novembre, une éclatante revanche en. la défaisant par 11 à 7. ] Le 0 octobre, le Racing, était battu, j Chez lui, 9 matches à fi et ne triom; pliait sui match retour que par 5-4. i Le i;-! octobre, Pézillà battait lê S.C. j D.P., 8 a 3; nos joueurs gagnaient à 1 Perpignan 8 à 6. La belle se terminait ( far un résultat, mvl, 5-5. i Le 17 octobre, le S.C.O.Pbattait ie < Juniors F.P.C. pai7 victoires à 3. ( Le 14 novembre, lé Raquet's'inclinait i liâr 8 à 4, èt iè Yi, en match-belle, le < Racing P.P.C. subissait le même sort i par 7 à 6. Nouvelles de partout Football GhÉS les pros Le championnat de France Strasbourg bat Red Star 5-2; Racing bat Marseille 5-1 ; Antibes ét Mulhouse,, nul, 1-1; SochaUX bat Lille 5-2; Excel-" sior bat Cannes 2-0; Alês et Montpellier, nul, l-l; Sète bat Rennes 2-0; Fives bat Nîmes 8-1; Roubaix bat Tourcoing 2-0; Calais bat Bastidienne 7-3; Metz bat Le Havre 3-1; Liens bat StServan 3-1; Villeurbanne bat Caên 5-4; Amiens bat Club Français 4-0. A l'issue de cette 14e journée, Strasbourg mène arec 2-3 points devant S0 informations chaux (22), Racing Paris (21), ,Canne3 et Excelsior (17)'. â Pour le championnat de Paris, Montreuil bat Stade Français 6-2; C.A. lie bat J.A. St-Ouen G-3; Stade Olympique de l'Est bat Stade de l'Est 2-0; A.S. Amicale et C.A.S.G. 2-2. Rugby Le challenge Du Manoir l.e derby parisien est revenu au Stade Français battant à Buffalo, le R.C. France par G-3; Grenoble et Carcassonne, nul, 0-0; Pau bat Perpignan 0-3; Agen et Àlbi, nul, 3-3; Toulon bat Tarbes 21-11; Montferrand bat Béziers 11-6; Toulouse bat Bègles 15-7; Biarritz et Périgueus, nul, 3-3. L'AS. Montferrand est en tête de la poule A devant l'AV. Bayonnaia efc Tarbes. Dans la poule B, Perpignan mène suivi par Pau et Stade F-A â H. â Chez les Treize, Pau a battu Perpignan 13-1G et Bordeaux a défait Roanne 12-3. Cyclisme Au Tel' d'Hiv' Grand Prix du Conseil municipal de vitesse Première demi-finale. â 1. Michard; 2. Honemtfn, ù 1 long.; 3. ICergoff. Dernier tour : 14" 4-5. Deuxième demi-finale. â ï. Jôzo;] 2. Gérardin, û. 15 centimètres; 3. Levet. Dernier tour : lo" 4-5. Troisième demi-finale. â 1. Sclierens; 2. Lenté, îi 1 roue; 3. A. Sérôe. Dernire tour : 16". Finale. â 1. Michard; 2. Scherens, à une roue; 3. Jézo, à 1-2. Dernier tour: 15" 2-5. Jézo mène doucement le premier tour et n'accélère à la cloche. Dans les demlerd mètres, Michard le remonte pour gagner de peu. Sdheretts, légèrement gêné, ne peut terminer que second. Grand Prix dii Con-sèil municipal de demi-fond 1. LâCQUehay; 2. Grassin; 3. Krewer; 4. Moeller. Francis FaurciKergoff ont enlevé las course de tandems. La course de côte de la Turbie Le classement : 1. VeTzelli, en 20' 27" 1-5 (record battu) ; 2. Glorgietti, 20' 43" 1-5; 3. Neri, â 20 m.; 4. Pastorelli, à 25 fit.; 5. Rollâûd; 6. Adami;| 7. Bodinô; 8. fiibero; 9. Salomon; 10. Suozzi11. CaVeO 12. Filâni; 13. Blanchi, etc... â Chez les « cyclo-pédestré » le Beige Vérmaseen a remporté une nouvelle victoire devant Santiti et Anselme. Athlétisme Samedi à Jéan-Bouin, sur 2.000 mètres, Rôchard a bâttii Keller de 15 mètres, j Boxé LA. Bàrcàlone, Freddie Miller a été) déclaré vainqueur de Gironès, disqualifié au 5ê round pour coup bas, jusqua là l'Espagnol avait largement dominé. â A Buenos Aires. Carnera a difficilement bàttù Catnpolo. S Crow-country Le challenge Pesch 1. Dressiis (S.A. Valmy) ; 2, MorleÉ ÏA,g. Versailles); S. Carton (CjS. ChatilJôn); 4. Blankendoen;5. Ohesneau ;! 6. Chavoit; 7. Maurice; S. Foùche; Bade; 10. Diicher. bassement par équipes î Amicalé; 2. S.AJ?.; 3. O.S. CîiâtiHon^ 4. A.-S. Versailles. Lutte Voiéi les nouveaux champions de lut*r [tê libre, proclamés à la suite des rencontres disputées au gymnase .Tapi'. Poids coq : Iniquez; poids plumé1'? Van Herpe; poids légers..! Dillles ;i poids mi-moyens : Moilet ; . poids moyens : Jemilin; poids mi-lourds .sj Boaazzat; poids lourds : Glievaext. Hockey I^a sélection française a battu îe Colonial H.C. par 2-0. Natation Les nageuses hollandaises à Paris 100 m. dos. â 1. Mlle den Oudefl (R.D.Z.), 1' 20" 4-5; 2. Mlle Th. Blondeau (M.), 1' 25" 4-5; 3. Mlle Timmerniann. I! 100 m. brasse. â 1. Mlle Brouwei's (R.D.Z.), 1' 30" 1-3; 2. Mlle Guth (ColTnar), 1' 34" 4-5; Mlie Smith. â 200 m. â 1. Mlle den Ouden (R.D« 52.), 2' 33" 4-5; 2. Mlle Timmermaniï (R.D.Z.), 2' 43"; 3. Mlle Salgado (M.), îtelais ùi'fiG m. 3 nages. â 1. Mouet» tes, 1, 2' 35"; 2. Rotterdam, 2' 35" 4-5. Les droits des clubs Une société est, depuis dix-huit ans, locataire d'un terrain loué â bail. Cette période Êi la veille de se terminer, le propriétaire refuse de faire un nouveau bail. La société, menacée de disparaître, a décidé de poursuivre l'expropriation par l'intermédiaire du conseil municipal de là commune. Pour cela, elle invoque les dispositions dé la loi de février 1823. Sur cette question, le conseil municipal a délibéré favorablement. La Ville peut devenir propriétaire du terrain exproprié et peut le louer à la société pour Un bail de 18 ans (maximum prévu par 1a loi). Le stade fait alors partie du domaine communal et la commune peut être intéressés? sur les bénéfices de l'exploitation. FUSION Le monde sportif qui ne s'occupe qua de ses petites querelles et de ses jolis mignons de champions ne se doute pas de ce qui vient de lui tomber sur la dos. L'incident s'est produit dimanche, i< la suite de deux Congrès tenus simultanément. Le premier intéressait la Fédération sportive dit Travail, le second! l'Union des Sociétés sportives et gymniques du Travail. Les deux organisa* tions, se référant aux partis populaire^ qui ont céssé de se faire la guerre, sportifs socialistes et communistes ont dé. eidé de mettre en commun leurs efforts. On devine la force que Ce rassemblement peut représenter. D'autant qu'il est possible que la Fédération des oeuvres laïques adhère à ce mouvement. Lés temps sont-ils révolus ? Et vaton voir se dresser devant les fédéra, tions plus où moins commercialisées uni bloc puissant constitué par les sportifs cle la foulé, les petits, ies modestes, ceux à qui on ne pense que pour les exploiter aux tourniquets des gtades payants ? Le tournant est sérieux. Des mécontentements existent du côté des fédérations sportives. Les maladresses du gouvernement, l'apathie des pouvoirs publics ont creusé un fossé. Si le mouvement sportif travailliste ne commet pas d'erreurs de tactique, c'est-à-dire s'il ne se précipite pas aveuglément et tout de go dans la bagarre politique, il a sa chance. Une très grande chance, capable d'à? cli o ver la décomposition de quelques sports officiels qui ont dégoûté tout W inonde. (Le Petit Courrier,) V ' SPECTACLES Mam'zelle Nitouche au Trianon-Lyrique Inutile, n'est-ce pas, de retracer Ici toutes les péripéties amusantes de la nuit où Mlle Denise de Flavigny, la meilleure élève du sévère couvent des Hirondelles se rend seule au théâtre avant de prendre le train pour Paris, remplace au pied levé et avec succès l'étoile de la tournée, s'en va souper clandestinement au mess des officiers, endosse au petit matin la livrée militaire, fait cocassement l'exercice à la i caserne avant de rentrer au couvent, I en sautant le mur. Il est vrai que le I chaperon de cette Nitouche est digne d'elle, puisqu'il est à la fois M. Célestin professeur de chant du couvent, et M. Floridor, auteur de l'opérette que Mam'zelle Nitouche a voulu voir avant de partir pour Paris. Mais nos lecteurs connaissent certainement cette charmante opérette d'Hervé. que le cinéma a, d'ailleurs, popularisée. Disons seulement que M. Louis Masson. en reprenant pour une quinzaine « Mam'zelle Nitouche » au TrianonLyrique, n'a reculé devant aucun sacrifice, puisque : Floridor, c'est Célestin, Celestin, c'est Floridor. mais c'est aussi Boucot qui joue le double rôle avec la fantaisie endiablée qui n'appartient qu'à lui. Mam'zelle Nitouche, c'est Mine Nadia Haut y. Nous l'excuserons de ne pas savoir â bêtifier, à cause de sa voix ample et "bien posée qui se prête avec bonheur et souplesse tour à tour aux airs religieux, militaires et aux chansonnettes. Ces deux acteurs sur qui repose toute l'opérette sont bien entourés : Popino campè un cocasse major et Max de Rieux l'officier distingué qui épousera Mam'zelle Nitouche, redevenue Mlle de Flavigny. Mme Simone Masson est charmante à regarder. Marthe DEUZEL. COurrieR â Cirque Amar <métro Maillot), â Ce soir, à 20 h. îû, première du premier programma de sala aveû 20 attractions : 24 poneys de Jootmann, Reçha, le grand illusionniste russe, le fil dé la mort au-dessus de la cage aux lions, 3a cavalerie de M. André rancy, etc... THEATRES Opéra : 20 h. 15, Roland et le mauvais garçon. Comédie-Française : 20 h. 30, Martine. Opéra-Comique : Rél&che. Odéon : 20 h. 30, Les Femmes savantes. Ambassadeurs : 21 h.. Miss Ba. Athénéd : 20 h. 45. Tessa. Atelier : 20 h. 45. Ropallnde. Bouffes-Parisiens : 20 U. 45. Toi c'est moi. Capucines : 20 h. 45, La Dame aux gants verts. Châtelet iO n. 30. Rose de France. Comédie des Champs-Elysées : 21 h.. Chaud et Froid. Gatti-t/urique : 20 h. 40, Coups de roulis. Mat. Jeudi, sam. et dlm., a 14 h. 30. Grand-Guignol : 21 U., Cinq millions cash ; Dana la zone rouge ; Celle qui revint. Gymnase : 20 h. 45. L'Espoir. Madeleine : 21 h., Le Nouveau Testament Slarigny : 20 h 4S. L'Ecole des Contribuables. Mathurins : 20 h., Sainte Jeanne (Pi toëff). Michel-.: 21 h., Azaïs. Michoâière ; 20 h. 80, Les Vignes du Seigneur. Mogador : 20 lr. 30, La Vie parisienne. Nouveautés : 20 h. 80. Les Soeurs Hortensias. Nouvelle-Comédie : 21 b., L'Eté. L'OEuvre : 31 h., Une femme libre. Palais-Royal .* 21 h.. C'est vous que je veux. l'orte-Salnt-Martin : 20 h. 45, Les Mousquetaires au couvent. Saint-Georges : 20 b45. Le Discour» des prix. Sarah-Bemhardt : 20 h. 30. Sajpho. Th. (les Champs-Elysées : 21 h., Récital Molstein. Th. Montparnasse : 21 h., Prospçr. Th-'ltre de Paris : 21 h.. Tovaritch. iTr'anon-Lyriquo : 20 h. 45, Mam'zelle Nitouche. Variétés : 21 h.. Revus de Rip. MUSIC-HALLS CIRQUES CABARETS A. B. C. : X. X. Z.. revue de Colline et Dorin. Alcazar : 20 h. 30, La Revue nue. JSoblno : 20 h. 30. Georgius. Casino de Paris : 20 h. 30. Parade de France. Cirque Amar : 20 h. 30. Mat. J.S.Dim. Cirque d'Hiver : Les quatre frères Bouglione. Tous les soirs à 20 h. 30. Matinée ieudi, samedi et dimanche, à 14 h. 30. Detix-Anes : 21 h., En sella pour la revue. Folies-Bergère : 20 h. 30. Femmes en folie (revue nouvelle). Folies-Wagram : Lo phoque Aqua. Humour : 31 h., On aura tout vu! Mayol : 20 U 45 : Nu 34 (grande revue) Ma*, sam.. dlm. lundi. iledrano . 21 h., Alfredos, Kohler, Rud's Grasl, etc. Mat J.S.D. yoctambules ' : Chansonniers. Potinière : Relâche. Sea,la : 15 h. et 21 h-, Frank Pichel. etc... yhéâtre de Dix-Francs : 21 h., La Revue do Jean Bastia. CINEMAS Alhambra : Les Compagnons de la Nouba. Agriculteurs ⢠Angèle. lipolto . Dames ; Franc jeu. 'Aubert : Blossom time . The Eowery, Bellevllloie : 20 h. 45. Okralna. Champs-Elysées : Ce n est pas un pêchë. Club d'Artois : lia Chasse du comte Zaroff. Colisée : Alderaaï aviateur. fioncordia : La Grande Muraille (Permanent 14 à. 10 h., soirée 20 h. 45. Çinémn Edouard-Vil : Comme les grands (sous réserves). Elysée Gaumont : Juif Suss. Ermitage : La Chanson de l'adieu. Gaumont-Palaeo : L'Ecole des Contribuables. Ziord Bj/ron : Le Tricorne, jMadeleine : Tarzan et sa compagne. Marbeuf .⢠Hollywood Party (Laurel et Hardy). Max-lAnder ⢠L'Orage. Miracles : Marie galante. Olympia : Jeanne Panthéon : Petite Miss, Uns Femme diabolique. Paramount : Cléopâtre. Jînspail 216 : 14 h. 30 16 h. 30. 20 h. 30. 22 h. 30, Filles d'Amérique ; Affaire publique. Jlcx : Maître Bolbec et son mari. Studio Bertrand (29, rue Bertrand) : Kayak. Studio de l'Etoilo : Mascarade. . Studio Caumartin : Tourbillon. Studio Baussmann : Une nuit seulement. Studio Parnasse : Jeunesse bouleversée. Studio Universel : La Boule Rouge. Studio 2S : Parade du rire (W.C. Field). {Théâtre de l'Avenue: Une enquête est ouverte. VrsuHnes : XXe siècle (Train de luxe). y i vienne : La Banque Nemo. CINEMAS PATHE-NATAN Barbés : Si j'étais le patron. Capitole : Si j'étais le patron. fieniours : Une femme chipée. JJousor-Pathé : Si j'étais le patron. hutétia j Une femme chipée, Lyon-Pathé Si j'étai3 le patron. Métropole-Pathé : Si j'étais le patron. Montparnasse : La Dactylo se marie. Mozart : Une femme chipée. Pathé-Orléans : La Dactylo se marie ; Les Bleus de la Marine. Récamier-Pathé : La Dactylg se marie. Roehechouart : Si j'étais le patron. Saint-Marcel : Chansons de Paris ; Malacca. Select : Une femme chipée. Sèvres : L'Impératrice Rouge. CINÉMAS PÂTHE NATAN MARiVAUX TARTARINtTARASCON MA RlGN A N LES NUITS MOSCOVITES MOULIN-ROUGE SIDONIE PANACHE Époques) Il IMPERIAL UN HOMME EN OR VICTOR HUGO SYMPHONIE INACHEVÉE ROYALTROI/ OE LA MARINE OMNIA CINÉ INFORMATIONS ACTUALITÉS MONDIALES VERS L'IGUÀSSU Passez votre après-midi p. 4 f. au où voua aurez luxe et confort f£t Rn'Vvar et l -Jaurès» A l'écran : Marlêne DIETR1CH, John LODGE, dans L'impératrice rouge Armand BERNARD, dans L'école des auteurs Sur scène : le trio Laureyn's. comédie sportive. Salle de 2.000 place* Métro: Beauiçr T«1. V*ae 21-41 A l'écran : MOSJOUKINE, Tania FEDOR, dans L'ENFANT DU CARNAVAL A. PREJEAN, D. DARtEUX. dans La crise est finie Sur scène : Les 4 ours de Berg, dressage sensationnel. Le Greluchon délicat Gaby MORLAY, Henri ROLLAN, dans LE MAITRE DE FORGES Sur scène : Fçed GOÙIN, la célèbre vedette de la T.S.F. SYNDICATS Réunions d'aujourd'hui Boucherie de Paris. â 14 h., salle fernand-Pelloutier. Syndicat général des hôpitaux. â 1S h., commission 1er étage. T.M. personnel administratif. â 18 h. 2e étage. Trav. de l'Etat Artillerie. â 0 h.. 3e ët. Fédération des coiffeurs. â 21 liâ 5e étage. Dans les T.C.R.P. â Nos camarades délégués doivent prendre toutes dispositions pour assister au comité fédéral extraordinaire, vendredi 7 décembre salle Eugêne-Varlin, Bourse du Travail à 20 h. 30. Maçonnerie-Pierre. â Conseil syndical mercredi 5 crt 17 li. 30, bureau 20, Ee étage, Bourse du Travial. Hippisme HIER A AUTEUIL PRIX DE LA TAMISE 1. Vive la Joie (R. Bâtes) ....G lp » à, M. A. Bérard !P S » 2. Fléchette (J. Driancourt) ,.P 14 50 3. Pilali (H. Bonneau) P 13 50 PRIX DE BOULOGNE X. El Baisai (R. 'Butes) G 42 » au comte de Rivaud P 11 50 2. Tako it Ail (R. Dubus) ....P 16 50 3. Porto Veine III (E. Look) PS» PRIX MAUBOURGUET 1.. nark Martel CH. Gleizes) ..G S-3 50 à M. C. Perrin P 18 50 h. Millionnaire II (A. Chaulï.) P 0 50 3. Espalion (R. Dubus) P 10 50 PRIX AUGUSTE MERLE 1. Diplomate (A. Kalley) G 37 » i M. Ed. Crowninsh P 13 GO 2. Voilà (R. Dubjs) P 16 » 3. Sllvano (M. Dallen-) 'P 32 50 PRIX REUGNY 1. Sunspot (G. Cei-vo) G 26 s à M. E. Brochot P 12 50 2. El Demonio CL. Nlaudot) ..P 10 50 PRIX VANILLE 1. Gracc'ius CJ. Teasdale) G Ï4. » au baron ,T. Empain P 11 50 2. Vasistas (H. Brierre) P lî 50 Aujourd hui q Vincennes cONVOCAtions Parti Socialiste S.F.I.O ORGANISATIONS CENTRALES COMMISSION NATIONALE DES ; CONFLITS. â Réunion mercredi 5 décembre à 20 h. 45, au siège du Parti, -iLe secrétaire : A. Jamin. FEDERATION DE LA SEINE COURS D'ORATEURS Le premier cours aura lieu ce soir lundi 3 décembre, rue Rodier, à l'S. 11. 30. Attention â l'heure. Un -.es sociétaire? . Rot crt Dupont. ECOLE SOCIALISTE Mardi 4 décembre, il 21 n. Hotél des Sociétés Savantes, 28. yi>' Serpente, amphithéâtre D), leçon d'ouverture de Paul Faure. Entrée 2 francs. Abonnements pour la saison. Adultes : 15 fr. membres des Jeunesses socialistes. 7 fr. La secrétaire : Suzanne Buisson. Seine AUJOURD'HUI : FEDERATION" DE LA SEINE Commislon de ratification des candi| datures. â Réunion ce soir 3 décembre 19 heures. 12, -rue Feydeau. â La secréj taire: Andrée Marty-Capgras. j COMITE FEDERAL FEMININ. â ] Réunion cè soir 3 décembre, à. 21 heures J 12. rue Feydeau. , j 10e. â Permanence au siège à 21 h. pour retirer ou régler cartes do la rete du S décembre.. CLICHY. â Lés membres de la section n'ayant pas répondu à la circulaire individuelle qu'ils ont reçue, sont avisés aue le secrétaire se tient à leur disposition tous les soirs 18 li. 30, à la permanence. Urgent et important. U. D. S. canton CHARENTON. â A 20 li. 45, C.E. Chez Bordes. Présence indispensable. MANTES-LA-VILLE. â 20 h. 30, café Marcel, Mantes-la-Ville. PROCHAINES REUNIONS : JOINVILLE-LE-PONT. â -Réunion de section café Boistard 8 h. 45, le -S décembre. Vote relatif au Conseil fédéral. Seine-et-Oise PROCHAINES REUNIONS : FEDERATION DE SEiNE-ET-OISE Commission fédérale des conflits. â Mardi 4 décembre, heures indiquées sur convocations individuelles. Présence indispensable. Très important. CHATOU. â Réunion mardi 4 décembre heure et lieu habituels. Le Coin des Jeunes AUJOURD'HUI : GROUPE de PARIS des ETUDIANTS SOCIALISTES. â Réunion bureau ce soir à 21 heures. 2c. â Distribution de tract 12 li. 15. lieu convenu. 16e, 21 h., 2S, rue de l'Annonciation. Man. Com. Journal fédéral. BOULOGNE BILLANCOURT. â A 20 h. 30, réunion anc. Mairie, conférence par camarade journaliste sur 6 février STMANDE VINCENNESFONTENAY. â Pas de réunion du groupe ce soir. Prochaine, lundi 10 décembre. FETES ET REUNIONS PUBLIQUES 10e SECTION. â Samedi S âêc mbre grande soirée artistique suivie de bal de nuit salle Albouy, 37, rue Albouy orchestre de l'Harmonie fédérale, choeur du groupe artistique fédéral. Mlle Madeleine Mathieu et M. Hubert-Audoin de l'Opêra-Comique, Mlle Fanély Revoll de la Porte Saint-Martin, M. Mas de Rieux. de l'Odéon, M. Alex Barthus des Variétés et M. Ruquet, de l'Alcazar ainsi qu. nos camarades Beyer et Cazale. On trouve des cartes à la fédération et au concierge 37. rue Albouy. 15e SECTION, â Une date A retenir: le 16 décembre à 9 li. 30, en séance privée, dans salle du cinéma du casino de Grenelle projection du beau film d'Eisenstein : Tonnerre sur le Mexique. Cartes d'invitations ù partir du 7 décembre chez M. Pivert 16. rue EugèneGibez, Tél. Vaug. 68-47. 13e SECTION. â Le 13 décembre, grande manifestation au Moulin de la Galette et, en conséquence, la section demande à. tous de réserver cette date Concours assuré' de l'Harmonie fédérale. Zyromski, Léo Las range, Chabrier, Yvonne Demême, Braudo. 20e JEUNESSES. â Le groupe organise le 9 décembre une matinée dansante avec orchestre. Le groupe « Révolution » et les Faucons, rouges assureront une partie des intermèdes. Tous chez Bayle, 4, place Saint-Fargeau le 9 décembre. a 14 heures â â , ,. MANTES-LA VILLE. â Un bal de nuit, a grand orchetre est organisé a. Mantes-la-Ville, le S' décembre prochain à 21 heures, salle Levasseur, route de Hou dan, par la section S.F.I.O. A minuit aura lieu le tirage de la tombola gratuite et la distribution d accessoires de cotillon. La section espère aue te bal sera assuré d'un grand succès et que les camarades des sections voisines, se feront un devoir d'y assister nombreux. Prix d'entrée unique, S fr. MONTRoUGE. â Demain 4 décembre a 21 h.,'au Modem-Cinéma, avenue de la République aura l'eu un grand meeting socialiste avec la collaboration de J. Longuet, Farinet, Marceau. Pivert et desphilippon ijii parleront de la « crise economique et des solutions socialistes ». La section dé Montrouge compte tout particulièrement sur l'appui de tous les camarades. Nos deuils PANTIN. â Assistez aux obsèques de la citoyenne Blanche Chèvre, femme du camarade Chèvre, décédée accidentellement. Rendez-vous cimetière communal de pantin, aujourd'hui a 15 li. précises. VILLEPARISIS. â Nous apprenons le décès du père de notre camarade Le Tiec, de la section des jeunesses de Villeparisis. Nos condoléances attristées. Centre Confédéral d'Education Ouvrière 211, rue Lafayette. Paris-lOe. A 19 heures : cours d'économie, avec L. Làurat. A 20 h. 30 : cours de français, avec E. Lefranc; cours d'économie : « Théorie des crises », avec L. Laur.at. A 22 heures : journal parlé, avec G. Lefranc. COMMUNICATIONS DIVERSES CONFEDERATION de défense; du Petit Commerce «t. da l'Artisanat. â Contre les décrets-lois, les saisies et les ventes, réunions publiques 20 h. 30, salle de conférences a Ivry. Orateurs : Ventroux et Lacour et a 20 h. 30, salle de la mairie, à Bezons. Orateur : Bidoux. CERCLE D'ETUDES MARXISTES. 32, rue Rodier. débat-étude sur « La 39, rue Rodier, débat-étude sur « La Théorie de la vàleur et l'économie mixte ». Introduction de la discussion par L. LaUrat. Le aérant : G.-A. Bernard. Société Nouvelle ces Imprimeries Parisiennes Réunies Ed. FUZAT, Imp. 10, rue du Ffe-Montmartre RECOMMANDE AUX FAMILLES ACTION SOCIALISTE ⦠Réunion consacrée à l'unité politique du prolétariat ⦠AUJOURD'HUI 3 décembre, ⦠à 80 h. 30. SALLE ALBOUY, ⦠37, rue Albouy (10e arr.). ⦠Un orateur de l'« ACTION ⦠SOCIALISTE », exposera la ⦠position de ce groupement ⦠sur cette importante ques ⦠tion. â Ont été invités les ⦠représentants des prinoipa ⦠les tendances du mouvement ⦠prolétarien. V Participation aux frais: 2 fr. La carte du Parti sera exigée à l'ontrée. Radio *Tt r rn i f""**â VOUS ENTENDREZ DEMAIN Ï Radio-Paris (1.64-8 m., 75 kv.). â 6> 45 : Culture physique. 7 heures : Disques. 7 11. 15 : Presse. Météo. 7 h. 45 : Culture physique. 8 heures : Disques. ii2 heures : Concert symiphonique. 13 n. 20 et 16 heures ; Cours. 16 h. 30 : Anglais. 18 h. 10 : Météo. Commun, agr. Causerie. 1S h. 30 : Causerie. l'S h. 40 : Allemand, lfl heures : Dialogne. 19 h. 20 : Presse humoristique. 19 h. 30 : La vie pratique. CO heures : Mélodie française. 20 h. 40 ; Presse. Météo. 20 h. 55: Musique de chamibre. 21 h. 15 : Inform. Chron. sport. 22 h. 30 : Dancing. Tour Eiffel (1.380 ni., 15 lw.). â 12 heures 30 : Paris-P.T.T. 13 heures : Cours. 13 h. 13 : Inf. 13 h. 30 : Chron. agric. l'3 h. 40 ; Travail. 1-3 h. 50 : Chron. économ. 14 heures : Cours. Chron. des sciences. 14 h. 30 : Cours. 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cel-02129939-MOCOM-EMARO-ARIA-M1-13_14-part-I-1.txt_3 | French-Science-Pile | Various open science | Inverse geometric model of serial robots
63
Table 4.1. Types of equations encountered in the Paul method
Type 1
X ri = Y
Type 2
X Si + Y Ci = Z
Type 3
X1 Si + Y1 Ci = Z1
X2 Si + Y2 Ci = Z2
Type 4
X1 rj Si = Y1
X2 rj Ci = Y2
Type 5
X1 Si = Y1 + Z1 rj
X2 Ci = Y2 + Z2 rj
Type 6
W Sj = X Ci + Y Si + Z1
W Cj = X Si – Y Ci + Z2
Type 7
W1 Cj + W2 Sj = X Ci +Y Si + Z1
W1 Sj – W2 Cj = X Si –Y Ci + Z2
Type 8
X Ci + Y C(i + j) = Z1
X Si + Y S(i + j) = Z2
ri: prismatic joint variable,
Si, Ci: sine and cosine of a revolute joint variable i.
4.3.2. Special case: robots with a spherical wrist
Most six degree-of-freedom industrial robots have a spherical wrist composed of
three revolute joints whose axes intersect at a point (Figure 4.1). This structure is
characterized by the following set of geometric parameters:
d5 r5 d 6 0
4 5 6 0
S 0,S 0 (non redundant robot)
6
5
The position of the center of the spherical joint is obtained as a function of the
joint variables q1, q2 and q3. This type of structure allows the decomposition of the
six degree-of-freedom problem into two equations each with three unknowns. They
represent a position equation and an orientation equation. The position problem,
which is a function of q1, q2 and q3, is first solved, then the orientation problem
allows us to determine 4, 5, 6.
64
Modeling, identification and control of robots
C4
C3
C2
C5
C6
O4, O5, O6
C1
C0
Figure 4.1. Six degree-of-freedom robot with a spherical wrist
4.3.2.1. Position equation
Since 0 P6 0 P4 , the fourth column of the transformation matrix 0T4 is equal to
the fourth column of Ud0:
Px
0
Py
= 0 T 1T 2 T 3T 0
1 2 3 4
Pz
0
1
1
[4.9]
We obtain the variables q1, q2, q3 by successively premultiplying this equation
by jT0, j = 1, 2, to isolate and determine sequentially the joint variables. The
elements of the right side have already been calculated for the DGM.
4.3.2.2. Orientation equation
The orientation part of equation [4.2] is written as:
s n a 0 R 6 (q)
yielding:
3
R 0 (q1 , q 2 , q3 ) s n a 3 R 6 (4 , 5 , 6 )
which can be written as:
F G
H 3 R 6 (4 , 5 , 6 )
[4.10]
Inverse geometric model of serial robots
65
Since q1, q2, q3 have been determined, the left side elements are considered to be
known. To obtain 4, 5, 6, we successively premultiply equation [4.10] by 4R3
then by 5R4 and proceed by equating the elements of the two sides. Again, the
elements of the right side have already been calculated for the DGM.
• Example 4.1. IGM of the Stäubli RX-90 robot. The geometric parameters are
given in Table 3.1. The robot has a spherical wrist. The DGM is developed in
Chapter 3.
a) Computation of 1, 2, 3
i) by developing equation [4.9], we obtain:
Px C1(S23RL4 C2D3)
P
y S1(S23RL4 C2D3)
P C23RL4 S2D3
z
1
1
Note that the elements of the right side constitute the fourth column of 0T6,
which have already been calculated for the DGM. No variable can be determined
from this equation;
ii) premultiplying the previous equation by 1T0, we obtain the left side elements as:
U(1) = C1 Px + S1 Py
U(2) = S1 Px + C1 Py
U(3) = Pz
The elements of the right side are obtained from the fourth column of 1T6:
T(1) = S23 RL4 + C2 D3
T(2) = 0
T(3) = C23 RL4 + S2 D3
By equating U(2) and T(2), we obtain the following two solutions for 1:
66
Modeling, identification and control of robots
1,1 atan 2(Py , Px )
1,2 1,1
iii) premultiplying by 2T1, we obtain the elements of the left side as:
U(1) = C2 (C1 Px + S1 Py ) + S2 Pz
U(2) = S2 (C1 Px + S1 Py ) + C2 Pz
U(3) = S1 Px C1 Py
The elements of the right side represent the fourth column of 2T6:
T(1) = S3 RL4 + D3
T(2) = C3 RL4
T(3) = 0
We determine 2 and 3 by considering the first two elements, which constitute
a type-6 system of equations (Table 4.1). i) equating the elements of [ F G
H ] = 3R6
The elements of 3R6 are obtained from 3T6, which is calculated for the DGM:
3
C6C5C4 S6S4 S6C5C4 C6S4 S5C4
R 6
C6S5
C5
S6S5
C6C5S4 S6C4 S6C5S4 C6C4
S5S4
68
Modeling, identification and control of robots
We can determine 5 from the (2, 3) elements using an arccosine function. But
this solution is not retained, considering that another one using an atan2 function
may appear in the next equation s;
ii) equating the elements of 4 R 3 F G H 4 R 6
The elements of the first column of the left side are written as:
U(1, 1) = C4 Fx S4 Fz
U(2, 1) = C4 Fz S4 Fx
U(3, 1) = Fy
The elements of the second and third columns are obtained by replacing (Fx, Fy,
Fz) with (Gx, Gy, Gz) and (Hx, Hy, Hz) respectively. The elements of 4R6 are
obtained from 4T6, which has already been calculated for the DGM:
4
C6C5 S6C5 S5
R 6 = S6
C6
0
C6S5 S6S5 C5
From the (2, 3) elements, we obtain a type-2 equation in 4:
– C4 Hz – S4 Hx = 0
which gives two solutions:
4,1 atan2(H z , H x )
4,2 4,1
5:
From the (1, 3) and (3, 3) elements, we obtain a type-3 system of equations in
S5 = C4 H x S4 H z
C5 = H y
whose solution is:
5 = atan2(S5, C5)
Inverse geometric model of serial robots
69
Finally, by considering the (2, 1) and (2, 2) elements, we obtain a type-3 system
of equations in 6:
S6 = C4 Fz S4 Fx
C6 = C4 G z S4 G x
whose solution is:
6 = atan2(S6, C6)
NOTES.– By examining the IGM solution of the Stäubli RX-90 robot, it can be
observed that:
a) Number of solutions: in the regular case, the Stäubli RX-90 robot has
eight solutions for the IGM (product of the number of possible solutions for each
joint). Some of these configurations may not be accessible because of the joint
limits.
a) The robot has the following singular positions:
i) shoulder singularity: takes place when the point O6 lies on the z0 axis (Figure
4.2a). Thus Px = Py = 0, which corresponds to S23RL4 – C2D3 = 0. In this case,
both the two arguments of the atan2 function used to determine 1 are zero,
thus leaving 1 undetermined. We are free to choose any value for 1, but
frequently the current value is assigned. This means that one can always find
a solution, but when leaving this configuration, a small change in the desired
location may require a significant variation in 1, impossible to realize due to
the speed and acceleration limits of the actuator;
ii) wrist singularity: takes place when C23(C1ax + S1ay) + S23az = Hx = 0 and
(S1ax – C1ay) = Hz = 0. The two arguments of the atan2 function used to
determine 4 are zero. From the (2, 3) element of 3R6, we notice that in this
case C5 = ±1. Thus, the axes of joints 4 and 6 are collinear and it is the sum
4 ± 6 that can be determined (Figure 4.2b). For example, when5 = 0, the
orientation equation becomes:
C46 S46 0
3
F
G
H
R
0
1
6 0
S46 C46 0
Thus, 4 + 6 = atan2(–Gx, –Gz). We can arbitrarily assign 4 to its current
value and calculate the corresponding 6. We can also calculate the values of
4 and 6 for which the joints 4 and 6 move away from their limits;
70
Modeling, identification and control of robots
iii) elbow singularity: occurs when C3 = 0. This singularity will be discussed in
Chapter 6. It does not affect the inverse geometric model computation
(Figure 4.2c).
b) The above-mentioned singularities are classified as first order
singularities. Singularities of higher order may occur when several singularities of
first order take place simultaneously.
c) Number of solutions: in the regular case, the Stäubli RX-90 robot has
eight solutions for the IGM (product of the number of possible solutions for each
joint). Some of these configurations may not be accessible because of the joint
limits.
O4 O6
z0, z1
z0, z1
O3
z3
O2
z5
z3
z2
O2
O6
z2
z4, z6
a) Shoulder singularity
(Px = Py = 0 or S23RL4 – C2D3 = 0)
b) Wrist singularity (S5 = 0)
z5
z0, z1
O6
O2
z2
z3
c) Elbow singularity (C3 = 0)
Inverse geometric model of serial robots
71
Figure 4.2. Singular positions of the Stäubli RX-90 robot
4.3.3. Inverse geometric model of robots with more than six degrees of freedom
A robot with more than six degrees of freedom is redundant and its inverse
geometric problem has an infinite number of solutions. To obtain a closed form
solution, (n – 6) additional relations are needed. Two strategies are possible:
– arbitrarily fixing (n – 6) joint values to reduce the problem to six unknowns.
The selection of the fixed joints is determined by the task specifications and
the robot structure;
– introducing (n – 6) additional relations describing the redundancy, as is done
in certain seven degree-of-freedom robots [Hollerbach 84b].
4.3.4. Inverse geometric model of robots with less than six degrees of freedom
When the robot has less than six degrees of freedom, the end-effector frame RE
cannot be placed at an arbitrary location except if certain elements of 0TEd have
specific values to compensate for the missing degrees of freedom. Otherwise,
instead of realizing frame-to-frame task, we consider tasks with less degrees of
freedom such as point-to-point contact, or (point-axis) to (point-axis) contact
[Manaoui 85].
In the next example, we will study this problem for the four degree-of-freedom
SCARA robot whose geometric parameters are given in Table 3.2.
• Example 4.2. IGM of the SCARA robot (Figure 3.4).
i) frame-to-frame contact
In this case, the system of equations to be solved is given by equation [4.2] and
U0 is defined by equation [4.5]:
C123 S123
S123 C123
U d0 = 0 T4 =
0
0
0
0
0 C12D3 C1D2
S12D3 S1D2
1
r4
0
1
0
Examining the elements of this matrix reveals that frame-to-frame task is
possible if the third column of the desired U0 is equal to [0 0 1 0]T. This implies
two independent conditions, which compensate for the missing degrees of freedom.
By equating the (3, 4) elements, we obtain:
72
Modeling, identification and control of robots
r4 = Pz
The (1, 4) and (2, 4) elements give a type-8 system of equations in 1 and 2
with the following solution:
2 a tan 2( 1 C22 , C2)
1 = atan2(S1, C1)
with:
C2
D
2
D 2 D22 D32
2D 2 D3
2
= Px + Py2
S1
B1Py B2Px
D
C1
2
B1Px B2Py
D2
B1 = D2 + D3 C2, B2 = D3 S2
After determining 1 and 2, we obtain 3 as:
3 = atan2(sy, sx) – 2 – 1
ii) (point-axis) to (point-axis) contact
Let us suppose that the tool is defined by an axis of unit vector aE, passing by
OE such that:
4
PE = [Q x
Qy
Qz ]T
4
a E = [Wx
Wy
Wz ]T
The task consists of placing the point OE at a point of the environment while
aligning the axis aE with an axis of the environment, which are defined by:
0 d
PE
= [Px
Py
Pz ]T
0 d
aE
= [a x
ay
a z ]T
Inverse geometric model of serial robots
73
The system to be solved is written as:
ax
ay
az
0
Px
Py 0
T4
Pz
1
Wx
Wy
Wz
0
Qx
Q y
Qz
1
After simplifying, we obtain:
Px Q x C123 Q yS123 C12D3 C1D2
Py Q x S123 Q y C123 S12D3 S1D2
P
Q z r4
z
a x Wx C123 WyS123
a y Wx S123 Wy C123
a
Wz
z
Thus, we deduce that the condition az = Wz must be satisfied to realize the task.
The IGM solutions are obtained in the following way:
– from the ax and ay equations, we obtain (1 + 2 + 3) by solving a type-3
system (Appendix 1):
1 + 2 + 3 = atan2(S123, C123)
with S123
a y Wx a x Wy
Wx2 Wy2
and C123
a x Wx a y Wy
Wx2 Wy2
with ( Wx2 Wy2 0 ) ;
– when Wx = Wy = 0, the axis of the end-effector is vertical and its orientation
cannot be changed. Any value for 3 may be taken;
– from Px and Py equations, we obtain 1 and 2 by solving a type-8 system of
equations;
– finally, from the third element of the position equation, we obtain r4 = Pz –
Qz.
In summary, the task of a SCARA robot can be described in one of the following
ways:
74
Modeling, identification and control of robots
– placing the tool frame onto a specified frame provided that the third column
d
d
of the matrix 0T4 = 0TE E-1 = [0 0 1 0]T, in order to satisfy that z4 is
vertical;
– placing an axis and a point of the tool frame respectively onto an axis and a
point of the environment provided that az = Wz. The obvious particular case is
to locate a horizontal axis of the end-effector frame in a horizontal plane
(az = Wz = 0).
4.4. Inverse geometric model of decoupled six degree-of-freedom robots
4.4.1. Introduction
The IGM of a six degree-of-freedom decoupled robot can be computed by
solving two sub-problems, each having three unknowns [Pieper 68]. Two classes of
structures are considered:
a) robots having a spherical joint given by one of the following four
combinations: XXX(RRR), (RRR)XXX, XX(RRR)X, X(RRR)XX, where
(RRR) denotes a spherical joint and X denotes either a revolute (R) or a
prismatic (P) joint. Consequently, each combination results in eight structures;
b) robots having three revolute and three prismatic joints as given by one of the
following 20 combinations: PPPRRR, PPRPRR, PPRRPR, ...
In this section, we present the inverse geometric model of these structures using
two general equations [Khalil 90c], [Bennis 91a]. These equations make use of the
six types of equations shown in Table 4.2. The first three types have already been
used in the Paul method (Table 4.1). The explicit solution of a type-10 equation can
be obtained symbolically using software packages like Maple or Mathematica. In
general, however, the numerical solution is more accurate. We note that a type-11
equation can be transformed into type-10 using the half-angle transformation by
writing Ci and Si as:
1 t2
2t
and Si
with t tan i
Ci
2
2
2
1 t
1 t
Table 4.2. Types of equations encountered in the Pieper method
Inverse geometric model of serial robots
Type 1
X ri = Y
Type 2
X Ci + Y Si = Z
Type 3
X1 Si + Y1 Ci = Z1
75
X2 Si + Y2 Ci = Z2
Type 9
a2 ri2 + a1 ri + a0 = 0
Type 10
a4 ri4 + a3 ri3 + a2 ri2 + a1 ri + a0 = 0
Type 11
a4 Si2 + a3 Ci Si + a2 Ci + a1 Si + a0 = 0
4.4.2. Inverse geometric model of six degree-of-freedom robots having a spherical
joint
In this case, equation [4.6] is decoupled into two equations, each containing
three variables:
– a position equation, which is a function of the joint variables that do not
belong to the spherical joint;
– an orientation equation, which is a function of the joint variables of the
spherical joint.
4.4.2.1. General solution of the position equation
The revolute joint axes m – 1, m and m + 1 (2 m 5) form a spherical joint if:
d m rm d m 1 0
S m 0
S
m 1 0
The position of the center of the spherical joint is represented as: Om-1, Om-1 and
O’m+1, where O’m+1 is the translation of Om+1 by . It is independent of the joint
variables m-1, m and m+1. Thus, we can show (Figure 4.3) that the position of Om
relative to frame Rm-2 is given by:
d m 1
r S
m2
Pm 1
m 1 m 1
m-2
Tm+1Trans(z, rm+1 )p0 =
1 rm 1C m 1
1
T
m-2
Pm-1 is obtained using equation [3.2].
where p0 0 0 0 1 and
[4.11]
76
Modeling, identification and control of robots
zm-1
Om-1
xm+1
zm+1
Om
zm
Om+1
Figure 4.3. Axes of a spherical joint
To obtain the position equation, we write equation [4.6] in the following form:
0
Tm 2 m 2Tm 1m 1T6 U 0
[4.12]
Postmultiplying this relation by 6Tm+1 Trans(z, –rm+1) p0 and using equation
[4.11], we obtain:
0
m 2P
m 1 U d6 T
Tm-2
0 m+1Trans(z, -rm+1 ) p 0
1
[4.13]
Equation [4.13] can be written in the general form:
Rot(z, i) Trans(z, ri) Rot(x, j) Trans(x, dj)
Rot(z, j) Trans (z, rj)
f(qk) = g
1 1
[4.14]
where:
– the subscripts i, j and k represent the joints that do not belong to the spherical
joint; i and j represent two successive joints;
– the vector f is a function of the joint variable qk;
– the vector g is a constant.
By combining the parameters –qi and q–j with g and f respectively, equation [4.14]
becomes:
F (q k ) G
Rot/Trans(z,qi )Rot (x, j )Trans(x,d j )Rot/Trans(z,q j )
=
1 1
[4.15]
Inverse geometric model of serial robots
77
with:
• Rot/Trans(z, qi) = Rot(z, i) if qi = i
= Trans(z, ri) if qi = ri
Fx
F(qk) = Fy = Rot/Trans(z, –q ) f(qk)
•
j
1 Fz
1
1
Gx
G
Gy = Rot/Trans(z, ––qi) g
• =
1 Gz
1
1
• Rot/Trans(z, –qi) = Trans(z, ri) if joint i is revolute
= Rot(z, i) if joint i is prismatic
The components of G are constants and those of F are functions of the joint
variable qk. We note that if joint k is revolute, then:
||F||2 = a Ck + b Sk + c
[4.16]
where a, b and c are constants.
Table 4.3 shows the equations that are used to obtain the joint variable qk
according to the types of joints i and j (columns 1 and 2). The variables qi and qj are
then computed using equation [4.15]. Table 4.4 indicates the type of the obtained
equations and the maximum number of solutions for each structure; the last column
of the table indicates the order in which we calculate them. In Example 4.3, we will
develop the solution for the case where joints i and j are revolute. We note that the
maximum number of solutions for qi, qj and qk is four.
NOTE.– The assignment of i, j and k for the joints that do not belong to the
spherical joint is not unique. In order to get a simple solution for qk, this assignment
can be changed using the concept of the inverse robot (presented in Appendix 2).
For instance, if the spherical joint is composed of the joints 4, 5 and 6, we can take i
= 1, j = 2, k = 3. But we can also take i = 3, j = 2, k = 1 by using the concept of the
inverse robot. We can easily verify that the second choice is more interesting if
these joints are revolute and S2 0, d2 0 but d3 = 0 or S3 = 0.
78
Modeling, identification and control of robots
Table 4.3. Solutions of qk and types of equations
Type
i
j
Conditions
Equations for qk
k
rk
R
R
Sj = 0
Cj Fz(qk) = Gz
2
1
dj = 0
||F||2 = ||G||2
2
9
dj 0
11
10
and Sj 0
||F||2–||G||2dj22 + Fz–CjGz2 = G 2 + G 2
x
y
2dj
Sj
Cj = 0
Fy(qk) = Sj Gz
2
1
Fy – Sj Gz2
= Gx2 + Gy2
Cj
11
9
Gy = – Sj Fz(qk)
2
1
Gy + Sj Fz2
= Fx2 + Fy2
Cj
11
9
2
1
R
P
Cj 0
P
R
Cj = 0
Cj 0
P
(Fx+dj)2 +
(Gx–dj)2 +
P
Fx + dj = Gx
Table 4.4. Type of equations and maximum number of solutions for qi, qj and qk
Type / Number of solutions
i
j
R
R
R
P
P
P
R
P
k
rk
qi
qj
Order
Sj = 0
2/2
1/1
3/1
2/2
j then i
dj = 0
2/2
9/2
3/1
3/2
j then i
dj 0 and Sj 0
11 / 4
10 / 4
3/1
3/1
i then j
Cj = 0
2/2
1/1
2/2
1/1
i then rj
Cj 0
11 / 4
9/2
3/1
1/1
i then rj
Cj = 0
2/2
1/1
1/1
2/2
j then ri
Cj 0
11 / 4
9/2
1/1
3/1
j then ri
2/2
1/1
1/1
1/1
rj then ri
Conditions
Inverse geometric model of serial robots
79
• Example 4.3. Solving qk when joints i and j are revolute. Having determined qk, the components of F are considered to be known. Adding
the squares of equations [4.18a] and [4.18b] eliminates i and gives a type-2
equation in j:
Fx2 + Fy2 + dj2 + 2 dj (Cj Fx – Sj Fy) = Gx2 + Gy2
[4.20]
After obtaining j, equations [4.18a] and [4.18b] give a system of type-3
equations in i.
b) dj = 0 and Sj 0. Adding the squares of equations [4.18] gives:
80
Modeling, identification and control of robots
||F||2 = ||G||2
[4.21]
Note that ||F||2 is a function of qk whereas ||G||2 is a constant:
– if qk = k, equation [4.21] is of type 2 in k;
– if qk = rk, equation [4.21] is of type 9 in rk.
Having obtained qk and Fequation [4.18c] gives j using the type-2 equation.
Finally, equations [4.18a] and [4.18b] give a system of type-3 equations in i.
c) dj 0 and Sj 0. Writing equation [4.17] in the form:
F(qk) = Rot(z, – ) Trans(x, –d ) Rot(x, – ) Rot(z, – ) G
j
j
j
i
1
1
[4.22]
after expanding, we obtain the third component as:
Fz = Sj Si Gx – Sj Ci Gy + Cj Gz
Adding the squares of the components of equation [4.22] eliminates j:
[4.23a]
||G||2 + dj2 – 2 dj (Ci Gx – Si Gy) = ||F||2
[4.23b]
By eliminating i from equations [4.23], we obtain:
2
2
|| F ||2 || G ||2 d 2
Fz C jG z
j
2
2
+
Gx + Gy
2d j
S j
Here, we distinguish two cases:
– if qk = k, equation [4.24] is of type 11 in k;
– if qk = rk, equation [4.24] is of type 10 in rk.
[4.24]
Knowing k, equations [4.23a] and [4.23b] give a system of type-3 equations in
i. Finally, equations [4.18a] and [4.18b] are of type 3 in j.
• Example 4.4. The variables 1, 2, 3 for the Stäubli RX-90 robot can be
determined with the following equations using the Pieper method:
– equation for 3: – 2D3 RL4 S3 = (Px)2 + (Py)2 + (Pz)2 – (D3)2 – (RL4)2
– equation for 2: (– RL4 S3 + D3) S2 + (RL4 C3) C2 = Pz
– equations for 1: [(– RL4 S3 + D3) C2 – RL4 C3 S2] C1 = Px
Inverse geometric model of serial robots
81
[(– RL4 S3 + D3) C2 – RL4 C3 S2] S1 = Py
4.4.2.2. General solution of the orientation equation
The spherical joint variables m-1, m and m+1 are determined from the
orientation equation, which is deduced from equation [4.2] as:
0
R m-2m-2 R m+1 (m 1 , m , m 1 ) m+1 R 6 = s n a
[4.25]
The matrices 0Rm-2 and m+1R6 are functions of the variables that have already
been obtained. Using equation [3.3] and after rearranging, equation [4.25] becomes:
rot (z,m-1 )rot (x, m )rot (z,m )rot (x, m+1 )rot (z,m+1 )= S N A
with [ S N
A ] = rot(x, –m-1) m-2R0 [ s
n a ] 6Rm+1
[4.26]
The left side of equation [4.26] is a function of the joint variables m-1, m and
m+1 whereas the right side is known. These equations yield two solutions for the spherical joint variables. Thus, the
maximum number of solutions of the IGM for a six degree-of-freedom robot with a
spherical joint is eight.
4.4.3. Inverse geometric model of robots with three prismatic joints
The IGM of this class of robots is obtained by solving firstly the three revolute
joint variables using the orientation equation. After this, the prismatic joint variables
are obtained using the position equation. The number of solutions for the IGM of
such robots is two.
4.4.3.1. Solution of the orientation equation
Let the revolute joints be denoted by i, j and k. The orientation equation can be
deduced from equations [4.2] and [3.3] as:
rot (z,i ) S1 N1 A1 rot (z, j ) S2 N2 A2 rot (z,k ) S3 N3 A3
[4.32]
where the orientation matrices [ Si Ni Ai ], for i = 1, 2, 3, are known. The
solution of equation [4.32] is similar to that of § 4.4.2.2 and gives two solutions.
4.4.3.2. Solution of the position equation
Inverse geometric model of serial robots
83
Let the prismatic joints be denoted by i', j' and k'. The revolute joint variables
being determined, the position equation is written as:
[4.33]
Trans(z, ri' )T1 Trans(z, rj' )T2 Trans(z,rk' )=T3
Si Ni Ai Pi
with Ti=
0 0 0 1
The matrices Ti, for i = 1, 2, 3, are known. The fourth column elements of the
previous equation gives a system of three linear equations in ri', rj' and rk'.
4.5. Inverse geometric model of general 6 dof robots
The Raghavan-Roth method [Raghavan 90] gives the solution to the inverse
geometric problem for six degree-of-freedom robots with general geometry (the
geometric parameters may have arbitrary real values). In this method, we first
compute all possible solutions of one variable qi using a polynomial equation, which
is called the characteristic polynomial. Then, the other variables are uniquely
derived for each qi. This method is based on the dyalitic elimination technique
presented in Appendix 3.
In order to illustrate this method, we consider the 6R robot and rewrite equation
[4.2] as follows:
0T 1T 2T 3T = U 6T 5T
1
2
3
4
0
5
4
[4.34]
The left and right sides of equation [4.34] represent the transformation of frame
R4 relative to frame R0 using two distinct paths. The joint variables appearing in the
elements of the previous equation are:
1 , 2 , 3 , 4
, , ,
1 2 3 4
1 , 2 , 3 , 4
0
1 , 2 , 3 , 4
1 , 2 , 3 , 4
1 , 2 , 3
1 , 2 , 3
1 , 2 , 3 , 4
1 , 2 , 3
0
0
1 , 2 , 3
1 , 2 , 3
=
1 , 2 , 3
1
5 , 6
,
5 6
5 , 6
0
5 , 6
5 , 6
5 , 6
5 , 6
5 , 6
5 , 6
0
0
5 , 6
5 , 6
5 , 6
1
84
Modeling, identification and control of robots
From this equation, we observe that the third and fourth columns of the left side
are independent of 4. This is due to the fact that the elements of the third and fourth
columns of the transformation matrix i-1Ti are independent of i (see equation [3.2]).
From equation [4.34], we can thus establish the following equations devoid of 4:
al = ar
Pl = Pr
[4.35a]
[4.35b]
where the vectors a and P contain the first three elements of the third and fourth
columns of equation [4.34] respectively, and the subscripts "l" and "r" indicate the
left and right sides respectively. Equations [4.35] give six scalar equations.
It is now necessary to eliminate four of the five remaining variables to obtain a
polynomial equation in one variable. This requires the use of the following
additional equations:
(aT P)l = (aT P)r
(PT P)l = (PT P)r
(axP)l = (axP)r
[a(PT P) – 2P(aT P)]l = [a(PT P) – 2P(aT P)]r
[4.36a]
[4.36b]
[4.36c]
[4.36d]
Equations [4.36a] and [4.36b] are scalar, whereas equations [4.36c] and [4.36d]
are vectors. They do not contain sin2(.), cos2(.) or sin(.)cos(.). We thus have
fourteen scalar equations that may be written in the following matrix form:
A X1 = B Y
[4.37]
where:
• X1 = [ S2S3 S2C3 C2S3 C2C3 S2 C2 S3 C3 1 ]T
• Y = [ S5S6 S5C6 C5S6 C5C6 S5 C5 S6 C6 ]T
[4.38]
[4.39]
• A: (14x9) matrix whose elements are linear combinations of S1 and C1;
• B: (14x8) matrix whose elements are constants.
To eliminate 5 and 6, we select eight scalar equations out of equation [4.37].
The system [4.37] will be partitioned as:
A1 X1 = B1 Y
A2
B2
[4.40]
where A1 X1 = B1 Y gives six equations, and A2 X1 = B2 Y represents the remaining
eight equations. By eliminating Y, we obtain the following system of equations:
Inverse geometric model of serial robots
D X1 = 06x1
85
[4.41]
where D = [A1 – B1 B2-1 A2] is a (6x9) matrix whose elements are functions of S1
and C1.
Using the half-angle transformation for the sine and cosine functions in equation
1 – x i2
2xi
i
[4.41] (Ci =
and Si =
with xi = tan 2 for i = 1, 2, 3) yields the new
1 + x i2
1 + x i2
homogeneous system of equations:
E X2 = 06x1
[4.42]
where E is a (6x9) matrix whose elements are quadratic functions of x1, and:
X2 = [ x22x32 x22x3 x22 x2x32 x2x3 x2 x32 x3 1 ]T
[4.43]
Thus, we have a system of six equations with nine unknowns. We now eliminate
x2 and x3 dyalitically (see Appendix 3). Multiplying equation [4.42] by x2, we
obtain six additional equations with only three new unknowns:
E X3 = 06x1
[4.44]
with X3 = [ x23x32 x23x3 x23 x22x32 x22x3 x22 x2x32 x2x3 x2 ]T.
Combining equations [4.42] and [4.44], we obtain a system of twelve
homogeneous equations:
S X = 012x1
[4.45]
where:
X = [ x23x32 x23x3 x23 x22x32 x22x3 x22 x2x32 x2x3 x2 x32 x3 1 ]T
[4.46]
and S is a (12x12) matrix whose elements are quadratic functions of x1 and has the
following form:
E 06x3
06x3 E
S=
[4.47]
86
Modeling, identification and control of robots
In order that equation [4.45] has a non-trivial solution, the determinant of the
matrix S must be zero. The characteristic polynomial of equation [4.47], which
gives the solution for x1, can be obtained from:
det (S) = 0
[4.48]
It can be shown that this determinant, which is a polynomial of degree 24, has
(1+x12)4 as a common factor [Raghavan 90]. Thus, equation [4.48] is written as:
det (S) = f(x1) (1+x12)4 = 0
[4.49]
The polynomial f(x1) is of degree sixteen and represents the characteristic
polynomial of the robot. The real roots of this polynomial give all the solutions for
1. For each value of 1, we can calculate the matrix S. The variables 2 and 3 are
uniquely determined by solving the linear system of equation [4.45]. By substituting
1, 2 and 3 in equation [4.37] and using eight equations, we can calculate 5 and
6. Finally, we consider the following equation to calculate 4:
4T = 4T U 0T
3
6 0
3
[4.50]
By using the (1, 1) and (2, 1) elements, we obtain 4 using an atan2 function.
The same method can also be applied to six degree-of-freedom robots having
prismatic joints. It this case, Si and Ci have to be replaced by ri2 and ri in X1 and Y
respectively, i being the prismatic joint.
NOTE.– Equation [4.34] is a particular form of equation [4.2] that can be written in
several other forms [Mavroidis 93], for example:
4T 5T 6T 0T = 4T 3T 2T
5
6
7
1
3
2
1
5T 6T 0T 1T = 5T 4T 3T
6
7
1
2
4
3
2
6T 0T 1T 2T = 6T 5T 4T
7
1
2
3
5
4
3
0T 1T 2T 3T = 7T 6T 5T
1
2
3
4
6
5
4
1T 2T 3T 4T = 1T 7T 6T
2
3
4
5
0
6
5
2T 3T 4T 5T = 2T 1T 7T
3
4
5
6
1
0
6
[4.51a]
[4.51b]
[4.51c]
[4.51d]
[4.51e]
[4.51f]
with 7T6 = U0 and 6T7 = U0-1
The selection of the starting equation not only defines the variable of the
characteristic equation but also the degree of the corresponding polynomial. For
specific values of the geometric parameters, certain columns of the matrix S become
dependent and it is necessary to either change the selected variables and columns
[Khalil 94b], [Murareci 97] or choose another starting equation [Mavroidis 93].
Inverse geometric model of serial robots
87
When the robot is in a singular configuration, the rows of the matrix S are
linearly dependent. In this case, it is not possible to find a solution. In fact this
method has proved the maximum number of solutions that can be obtained for the
inverse geometric problem of serial robots, but it is difficult to use it to develop a
general numerical model to treat any robot.
4.6. Conclusion
In this chapter, we have presented three methods for calculating the inverse
geometric model. The Paul method is applicable to a large number of structures with
particular geometrical parameters where most of the distances are zero and most of
the angles are zero or /2. The Pieper method gives the solution for the six degreeof-freedom robots having three prismatic joints or three revolute joints whose axes
intersect at a point. Finally, the general method provides the solution for the IGM of
six degree-of-freedom robots with general geometry.
The analytical solution, as compared to the differential methods discussed in the
next chapter, is useful for obtaining all the solutions of the inverse geometric model.
Some of them may be eliminated because they do not satisfy the joint limits.
Generally, the selected solution is left to the robot's user and depends on the task
specifications: to avoid collisions between the robot and its environment; to ensure
the continuity of the trajectory as required in certain tasks prohibiting configuration
changes (machining, welding,...); to avoid as much as possible the singular
configurations that may induce control problems (namely discontinuity of velocity),
etc.
Chapter 5
Direct kinematic model of serial robots
5.1. Introduction
The direct kinematic model of a robot manipulator gives the velocity of the end in terms of the joint velocities q
. It is written as:
effector X
J (q) q
X
[5.1]
where J(q) denotes the (mxn) Jacobian matrix.
The same Jacobian matrix also appears in the direct differential model, which
provides the differential displacement of the end-effector dX in terms of the
differential variation of the joint variables dq:
dX = J (q) dq
[5.2]
The Jacobian matrix has multiple applications in robotics [Whitney 69], [Paul
81]. The most obvious is the use of its inverse to numerically compute a solution for
the inverse geometric model, i.e. to compute the joint variables q corresponding to a
given location of the end-effector X (Chapter 6). The transpose of the Jacobian
matrix is used in the static model to compute the necessary joint forces and torques
to exert specified forces and moments on the environment. The Jacobian matrix is
also used to determine the degrees of freedom of the tool, the singularities and to
analyze the reachable workspace of robots [Borrel 86], [Wenger 89].
In this chapter, we will present the computation of the Jacobian matrix and
expose its different applications for serial robots. The kinematic model of complex
chain robots will be studied in Chapter 7.
90
Modeling, identification and control of robots
5.2. Computation of the Jacobian matrix from the direct geometric model
The Jacobian matrix can be obtained by differentiating the DGM, X = f(q), using
the partial derivative
J ij =
f i (q)
;
q j
f
such that:
q
for i = 1, …, m and j = 1, …, n
[5.3]
where Jij is the (i, j) element of the Jacobian matrix J.
This method is convenient for simple robots having a reduced number of degrees
of freedom as shown in the following example. The computation of the kinematic
Jacobian matrix, is more practical for a general n degree-of-freedom robot. It is
presented in § 5.3.
• Example 5.1. Let us consider the three degree-of-freedom planar robot presented
in Figure 5.1. Let us denote the link lengths by L1, L2 and L3.
Py
y0
E
3
L3
x3
x2
x1
L2
2
L1
1
x0
Px
Figure 5.1. Example of a three degree-of-freedom planar robot
The task coordinates, defined as the position coordinates (Px, Py) of the terminal
point E and the angle giving the orientation of the third link relative to frame R0,
are such that:
Px = C1 L1 + C12 L2 + C123 L3
Py = S1 L1 + S12 L2 + S123 L3
90
Direct kinematic model of serial robots
91
= 1 + 2 + 3
where C1 = cos(1), S1 = sin(1), C12 = cos(1 2), S12 = sin(1 2),
C123 = cos(1 2 3) and S123 = sin(1 2 3).
|
MMTUK03:165781033:mpeg21_1 | Dutch-PD | Public Domain | r~— --- _■ No. 33 - 11e Jaargang _ VRIJDAG 18 JULI ANNO 1913 DEWACHTER Numeri X:2 T— ■ Mattb. XXVkAl? M-, WEEK i ES LA D TOTSTEUN VAN DETh EO LOGISCHE ÖCHOOLVAN DE GEREFORMEERDE KERKEN. Onder Redactie van Ds. T. BOS te Dokkum en Ds. S. J. VOGELAAR te Groningen. Vaste Medewerkers: Bs. W. BOSCH, te Almkerk. Ds. W. DIEMER, Em. Pred. te Apeldoorn. Ds. G. ELZENGA te Kampen. Ds. J. KOK te Bedum e. a. Dit blad verschijnt iederen VRIJDAG. De abonnementsprijs be draagt f 0.60 per halfjaar, franco per post. Stukken voor de Redactie gelieve men te zenden aan Ds. T. Bos, te Dokkum. Boeken ter recensie aan de Administratie te Kampen. Opleiding Hoor de iherk door de JlerA AD VERTENTIËN 10 cent per regel. Familieberichten en Dienstaanbiedingen 5 cent per regel. Bij abonnement voor- deelige condities. Inzending tot DONDERDAGSMORGENS 10 uur. Overdenkingen. DE OPENBARE BELIJDENIS. En niemand neemt zichzelven die eere aan, maar die van God geroepen wordt, gelijkerwijs als Aaron. Hebreën 5 : 4. Weet gij, lezer, wat de openbare belijdenis beteekent ? Wat gij gedaan hebt in de plechtige ure, toen gij in het midden van de gemeente des Heeren antwoord gaaft op de daartoe verordende vragen? Verkeerde gedachten en practijken zijn in dezen nog allerminst uit gesloten. Sommigen doen, alsof de belijdenis ten doel heeft, den toegang tot de doopvont voor hunne kinderen te ontsluiten. Een euvel, dat uiteraard alleen voorkomt in plaatsen, waar uitsluitend het kroost van belijdende lidmaten gedoopt wordt. Het huwelijk dringt alsdan tot de belijdenis. Ze zouden er niet toekomen of ge komen zijn, indien ze geen kindeken hadden of verwachtten. Bij anderen werkt nog de zuurdeesem van , het Genootschap. Ze meenen, dat zij bij de , belijdenis eerst lidmaat der gemeente zijn ge- , worden. Reeds bij hun doop is het verzekerd, , dat zij lid zijn krachtens hunne geboorte in. het verbond. Maar deze heerlijke waarheid bleef < hun vreemd, hetzij door gebrekkig onderwijs ] hetzij door de verdooving van een heilloozen sleur. En voorts zijn er niet weinigen, die in de ( belijdenis des geloofs alleen zien een voor- waarde, om de volle voorrechten van de huis- c genooten des geloofs deelachtig te worden. c Met name het voorrecht van de avondmaals- f viering. Ze doen belijdenis, om te kunnen komen aan den disch des verbonds. r Deze laatsten hebben de beteekenis van de plechtige belijdenis-ure ten deele verstaan. Ze r beseffen iets van den overgang uit den on- a mondigen in den mondigen staat als lidmaat , van Christus’ Kerk. Maar tot de algeheele beteekenis, tot den vollen rijkdom zijn ze 0 nog niet doorgedrongen. Daartoe komen we E eerst, wanneer we eenopen oog hebben voor j het ambt der geloovigen. Wie mondig lid- E maat wordt, treedt op als profeet, als pries- c ter en als koning. Tot dusver was hij wel geroepen en gezalfd tot, maar nog niet i. gezet in het drievoudig ambt. Gelijk David, v schoon gezalfd tot koning, niet ambtelijk kon optreden, voordat hij tot koning over Israël f. was uitgeroepen, zoo moeten ook de onmon- jj dige lidmaten der gemeente een tijd van voor- / bereiding doormaken. Zoolang ze onmondig e zijn, hebben zij zich wel te oefenen voor de roeping, die hen wacht. Maar eerst bij de w openbare belijdenis treden zij in het ambt en b nemen ze de heilige roeping op zich. En van die ure aan gaan de rechtgeaarde christenen ë uit, om den Heere ambtelijk te dienen, krach- b. tens het gezag, hun van Godswege geschonken. a. Ziedaar de hooge beteekenis van de openbare z; belijdenis. Eene beteekenis, die den belijders VJ niet genoeg op het hart gedrukt kan worden, in om het bewustzijn van hunne roeping te ver- levendigen. Hieruit blijkt, dat ook het optreden in het ambt der geloovigen niet buiten den dienst te der Kerk omgaat. Zij is het, die naar Gods ordinantie in het ambt stelt. Ook van het g€ ambt der geloovigen geldt het woord van den m Apostel: „En niemand neemt zichzelven die j{c eere aan, maar die van God geroepen wordt, er gelijkerwijs alsAaron”. De Hoogepriester onder m het Oude Verbond trad niet eigenmachtig op. „e uit kracht van ’s Heeren roeping heeft hij 6 zijn heerlijke taak aanvaard. En zoowel bij het inzetten in als bij de zalving tot het ambt ~ gebruikte de Heere den dienst van menschen. H Zoo gaat het ook in deze nieuwe bedeeling. En de bizondere ambtsdragers èn degeheilig- den tot het ambt der geloovigen mogen zich die eere niet aannemen dan als uit de hand van de Moeder der geloovigen. Geen christen mag deze ordinantie Gods miskennen. Het ambt is onafscheidelijk aan het lidmaatschap der zichtbare, georganiseerde Kerk gebonden. En mitsdien is noch de roeping en zalving tot, noch de opleiding voor, noch ook het zetten in het ambt buiten den dienst der Kerk om te zoeken. De roeping tot het ambt ge schiedt door middel van de prediking des Evangelies, het zaad der wedergeboorte. De zalving is afgeschaduwd in het teeken en zegel van den heiligen doop, die door den dienst der Gemeente wordt toegediend. De opleiding en voorbereiding der geroepenen is eveneens het werk der Kerk in het Catechetisch onder wijs. En zoo ten slotte ook de toelating tot en het optreden in het ambt der geloovigen geschiedt door den Raad der Gemeente, van Godswege. Met het oog op deze beteekenis van de be lijdenis is het begrijpelijk, dat Calvijn de cere monie der handoplegging bij deze plechtigheid wenschte te handhaven. ïn zijne uitlegging op Hebr. 6 vs. 2 gispt hij streng de verbaste ring van die ceremonie bij Rome, maar hij achtte het goed en noodig, ze gezuiverd van alle superstitiën bij den voortduur te behouden. Doch al is dit gebruik onder ons uitgesleten, het karakter van de belijdenis is daardoor niet veranderd. Bij de openbare belijdenis hebt ge trouw gezworen aan den Heere der gemeente, dat gij Hem zult verheerlijken in woord en wandel, uw leven aan Zijn dienst zult wijden, en strijden zult tegen de macht der zonde op alle levensterrein. Geve de Heere U genade, om deze uwe roeping in kinderlijke gehoorzaam heid te betrachten. In dit licht bezien komt tevens het gewicht openbaar van wat aan de openbare belijdenis voorafgaat: de catechetische onderwijzing, het onderzoek voor den Kerkeraad en de mede- -1 _ 1 ƒ -I. “• aeeiing aan ae gemeente, die mede over de s' toelating heeft te oordeelen. !n De catecheet heeft een zware taak: de ge- roepenen tot het ambt der geloovigen opleiden , voor de profetische, priesterlijke en koninklijke 'e roeping. Hij moet niet alleen leiding geven Q- aan het geestelijk leven, als het er is, en op- i wekken tot een zoeken van den Heere, waar het nog ontbreekt. Neen, hij heeft tevens de ;e onmondige lidmaten op te bouwen in de ken- < e nis van Gods Woord naar de Belijdenis der 1 ’r Kerk, opdat zij straks bekwame getuigen kun- ( ■*' nen zijn, koninklijke priesters, die de deugden Gods verkondigen. En dat doel is niet te be- 1 ï reiken, tenzij onze zonen en dochteren getrouw , het onderwijs volgen en zich benaarstigen de ; E waarheid in zich op te nemen. “ De kerkeraad heeft een niet minder ernstige : taak, als hij heeft te oordeelen over de toe- * lating. Wie tot de openbare belijdenis wordt ( toegelaten, hij wordt immers mondig verklaard 1 g en bekwaam geacht in het treffelijk ambt i e der geloovigen op te treden. Het is dus in e waarheid eene examinatie van geene geringe Q beteekenis. En groot is de eere, die de toe- 1 gelatene door ’s Heeren genade ontvangt. s 1 Maar ook voor de gemeente is het een zeer l’ belangrijke beslissing. Vandaar dat de namen l- aan alle lidmaten worden meegedeeld, opdat ■ e zij er ook over kunnen oordeelen en desnoods 1 s vóór de openbare belijdenis bezwaren kunnen 4 > inbrengen. Er zijn broeders en zusters, die e - dit niet verstaan. Die op de toelating door den kerkeraad afdingen, maar hunne bezwaren aan vrienden kenbaar maken en niet ter be- “ voegder plaatse brengen. Is het nog noodig 0 “ te herinneren, dat zij hunne roeping verzaken ? h * Wanneer geen wettige bezwaren worden in- k gebracht, is heel de gemeente verantwoorde- z ' lijk voor de openbare belijdenis der jeugdige ' lidmaten. En die dag zal een dag van vreugde ° > en zegen zijn, als èn de belijders èn alle lid- 0 maten de beslissing in den gebede hebben g : gedacht voor het aangezicht des Heeren. d G. Doekes. Het Theologisch Professoraat, De beteekenis eener Universiteit. “ b. (2) t< In ons vorig artikel wezen wij er op dat v opleiding niet het laatste doel is van hooger onderwijs, ook blijkens het ontstaan, en den feitelijken toestand. Geen Universiteit is opgekomen uit de idee „eenheid der wetenschap”, en bij de tegen woordige uitbreiding der wetenschap wordt ook nergens meer de eenheid van hooger onderwijs in één Universiteit nagestreefd om die abstracte voorstelling. Men rekent met de praktijk. En dat heeft men altijd gedaan. Uit be hoeften die de praktijk aanwees, en die het leven deed opmerken zijn Universiteiten ont staan, en nagevolgd. Natuurlijk keuren wij dat niet af, en ont kennen daarmee niet het bestaansrecht van eene Universiteit, of het streven om nog in som mige opzichten hare eenheid te handhaven, al blijkt dit alleen eenige werkelijke beteekenis te hebben zoolang de Universiteit zeer klein is. Dat zij uit behoeften die in de praktijk gevoeld werden ontstaan zijn, achten wij zelfs den normalen weg, waarlangs de mensch door de voorzienigheid Gods geleid wordt. Wanneer wij naast elkander stellen een lijst van ontdekkingen en uitvindingen die in de praktijk des levens geschied zijn, en andere die op de studeerkamer uit een vooropgezette theorie zijn vastgesteld, dan is de eerste lijst zeer lang, en de tweede o zoo klein. Regel is dat de mensch door praktijk en ervaring geleerd wordt een theorie te vinden en niet omgekeerd. Dat het zoo ook ging bij Universiteiten is dus geen bezwaar tegen het karakter dat men er aan geeft. Maar dan moet toch wel die theorie ver band houden met wat de praktijk leerde, en houdt dus de historie recht van spreken. En die historie zegt dat men er toe kwam om enkele scholen voor „vrije kunsten” saam te voegen tot één geheel, tot een corpus, om daardoor sterk te staan tegen invloeden van buiten. Ongunstige invloeden voor den bloei eener gestichte school van onderscheiden aard door leefde men. De invloeden van andere pogingen om ook zulk een school te stichten, de con currentie dus; en de invloeden der plaatse lijke of landsoverheden die mee- of tegen werken konden; de invloeden der studenten op elkander en hunne onderlinge verhoudin gen, e.d. waren oorzaak dat de behoefte aan samenbinding gevoeld werd. En daardoor is het geschied dat scholen zich vereenigden, de beoefening der wetenschap 3 in heel zijn toen bekenden omvang aan zich I trokken, en zich een universitas begonnen te : noemen. j Nu is het begrijpelijk, dat men toen ook begon te denken aan verdeeling van arbeid, 1 opdat niet één persoon voor alle onderwijs be- 1 hoefde te zorgen, en daardoor zich grondiger i kon inwerken in zijn aangewezen vakken. 1 Zelfs de verdeeling in faculteiten, die hieruit mstaan is, geschiedde geheel naar toevallige i omstandigheden, en niet naar een voorop- c ’ezette, wettenschappelijk vastgestelde ver- s leeling der „eenheid van wetenschappen.” De verdeeling geschiedde zooals gebleven is, c omdat het in de praktijk het beste alzoo uit- s cwam. Men vormde niet een Universiteit als <3 ooefenende de „eenheid der wetenschap”, maar I ïit de samenvoeging van de personen die er >ij betrokken waren. Professoren en studen- v en waren er samen de leden van. En dik- h vijls zelfs werden nog allerlei personen bij n r opgenomen, die aan deze gemeenschap hunne ï diensten bewezen, tot de boekhandelaars en pandleeners toe, welke ook onder het gezag i van den rector der School stonden. Zelfs wie wij tegenwoordig als begun- : stigers noemen zouden, waren er niet van uit- • gesloten. i De Universiteit was een corporatie van belanghebbenden, welke zich tezaam verbonden hadden om sterk te zijn tegenover derden tot het handhaven of verkrijgen van bijzondere ; rechten. Daardoor wist men ook maatregelen te verkrijgen, opdat niet langer ieder die maar wilde als leeraar kon optreden, maar daartoe alleen gerechtigd geacht werd, wie door de Universiteit als bekwaam verklaard was. En behalve al deze omstandigheden had ook de behoefte aan het dagelijksch brood nog groo- ten invloed op het ontstaan en bestaan van Universiteiten. Men moest toch leven. Ook als er door het zich geven aan de beoefening der wetenschap geen gelegenheid overbleef nm on. wijze zijn brood te verdienen. ; En door de studenten onderhouden worden, s wat ’t eerst voor de hand lag, bleek al spoedig : een leven van hongerlijden te worden. Daar- ; om werd stad of staat of kerk te hulp ge- ; roepen om in dit onderhoud te voorzien. Maar het bleek wel dat, toen zoowel als nu, zulke steun niet zonder het vaststellen van wederkeerige rechten en verplichtingen geschiedde. Benoemingen gingen al spoedig op de over heid over, en daarmee wijzigden zich allerlei verhoudingen, en belemmerden beperkende bepalingen de stichting van scholen en Uni versiteiten. Dit bevestigt alzoo, dat de beteekenis eener Universiteit niet is af te leiden uit de begeerte naar beoefening der wetenschap om zich zelve. Zij was en is opleidingsschool, en hare lee raren hebben in de eerste plaats de roeping om te leeren. Daarmee moet dan ook gerekend worden. De Universiteit wordt in haar arbeid voor ’t grootste deel beheerscht door opleidings- eischen, evengoed als elke Hoogeschool, ook die, waar slechts een enkel vak wordt onder wezen. Er wordt dan ook wel degelijk mee gerekend. Die eischen der opleiding stellen de gegevens vast om de vraag te beantwoorden wat onder wezen zal worden, en hoe het geschieden zal. Daarvan is afhankelijk de omvang welke de behandeling van bepaalde vakken verkrijgen zal, zoowel als de tijd die er voorop de les rooster afgezonderd wordt. Daarmee staat in verband de methode welke gevolgd wordt om aan de studenten leiding te geven bij den arbeid dien zij te verrichten hebben om zich op wetenschappe lijke wijze voor hun doel te bekwamen. Die opleidingseischen beheerschen den inhoud van de examens welke afgelegd wor den, al is het onderwijs niet op examendres suur berekend, enz. Alles saamgevat kan er geen andere con clusie getrokken worden, dan dat elke Hooge school is en zijn moet opleidingsschool. Maar dat bepaalt dan ook de beteekenis van den Professor. Deze kan niet eenvoudig weg leven om de wetenschap te beoefenen, maar moet daarbij het doel van den arbeid, waarvoor hij be noemd is, voor oogen houden. Is hij man van groote gaven en werkkracht, dan zal hij wel meer kunnen doen dan wat meer of minder direct met zijn hoogleeraars- werk in verband staat. Dan zal hij ook be oefenaar der wetenschap kunnen zijn in bij zonderen zin. Maar deze uitzondering en toevoeging wijzigt de beteekenis van het ambt niet. Daarom meenen wij de beteekenis van alle hoogleeraarsambt hierin te mogen samenvat ten, dat een Professor is leeraar voor opleiding. V. Kerkelijke Pers. Nog eens „het preekverbod.” Wij hebben onlangs over deze zaak een 5 enkeie gedachte uitgesproken, met het gevolg 1 dat Friesch kerkblad schreef: } i Dat is wel een leuke redeneering : een be- s sluit moet hooggehouden, ’t wordt niet hoog- 1 gehouden, dus moet het afgeschaft. i Ik weet een weg, die nog uitnemender is, s ook voor Ds. Vogelaar : een besluit moet hoog gehouden, dus moet men het ook leeren hoog- t houden. Als de volksovertuiging in dit op « zicht verkeerd is, paai haar dan niet, maar 1 zet haar recht. Want als een besluit al aanstonds weer £ afgeschaft moet, omdat het niet in de volks- 5 overtuiging wortelt, dan moet hef Arnhemsche Besluit om de aangenomen voorstellen tot < Eenheid van Opleiding niet uit te voeren, £ zeker worden afgeschaft, want dit wortelt i niet in de volksovertuiging. ( De volksovertuiging wil eenheid van op» i leiding! c Wij hebben daar vooralsnog het zwijgen toe i gedaan, meenende dat de lezers zelf wel voelen < zouden dat de neergeschreven impressie van den Poortwachter niet logisch is. < Maar dat blijkt zoo niet te zijn. i Tenminste, in de Gron. Kerkbode komt Ds. i Miedema het stuk van coll. Huismans over- < nemen, met de opmerking dat daarin een < scherpzinnig gebruik gemaakt is van de ar- i gumentatie van Ds. V. < Habemus, zouden de ouden zeggen. Nou heb ik je, zeggen onze jongens. < Maar is ’t wel waar? < De eerste „scherpzinnige” conclusie luidt, i dat wij gezegd zouden hebben: „een besluit 1 moet hooggehouden worden, ’t wordt niet ( hooggehouden, dus moet het afgeschaft.” i En zie, dat hebben wij volstrekt niet ge- i zegd; wanneer Ds. M. dus ons stukje gelezen 1 had, had hij moeten zeggen : dat is een „scherp zinnige” vergissing van onzen Frieschen collega. Immers wij hadden er op gewezen, dat naar óns inzicht, de Synode een besluit over deze 5 zaak genomen heeft, dat niet wortelt in de I volksovertuiging. En wanneer dat zoo is, had < de Synode het niet moeten nemen, en is er 1 reden om er op terug te komen. 1 Niet dus omdat het niet hooggehouden wordt i maar omdat het niet noodig was. Daarom kunnen wij den weg, die ons gewezen wordt, ' niet als „uitnemend :r” erkennen. Was dat zoo dan zouden wij den gegeven i raad opvolgen. Het is ons niet te doen om 1 de volksovertuiging te paaien. Was dat onze lust, dan zouden wij reeds lang met andere s oogen aangezien zijn. Maar wij hebben aangegeven waarom wij ; een recht gebruik van het spreken van een ] stichtelijk woord niet verkeerd kunnen achten, 1 en waarom wij in dit verbod weer een achter uitzetting zien van de studenten der Theol. 1 School bij die der V. U. 1 En daaromtrent is ons inzicht door het 1 „leuke” wederwoord van Ds. H. niet gewijzigd. 1 Het is er ook niet in besproken. : Ook de laatste „scherpzinnigheid”, die in een vet gedrukten regel eindigt, is als een haastige conclusie op te vatten; en als een onjuiste, gelijk te bewijzen is. Wij worden niet gaarne aan het genoemde Arnhemsche besluit herinnerd, omdat de ver keerdheid daar duimen dik op ligt. Maar wanneer daarmee in verband gebracht wordt, dat de volksovertuiging eenheid van opleiding wil, dan keert zich de „scherpzin nige” conclusie tegen hen, die haar tegenhouden door de Theol. Faculteit der V. U. van onder het zeggenschap der Kerken weg te houden. Het recht van het beding stelt vast dat deze niet te loor mag gaan. En de volksovertuiging is daarmee niet in strijd. Die wil wel, dat de Kerken zelve de teugels houden over de opleiding tot den dienst des Woords. Als men ooit daaromtrent in ’t onzekere verkeerd heeft, dan toch zeker niet meer sinds de spontane actie voor den 5den Professor een beeld van de werkelijkheid heeft gegeven. , In dien weg wilden ook wij steeds eenheid van opleiding, maar van de zijde der V. U. heeft men deze niet gewild, zooals op ruwe wijze in 1899 en ook gedurig daarna getoond is. Dit is toch onder ons genoegzaam vast staande, ook voor impressieve karakters, en had dus moeten weerhouden om de aange wezen conclusie te trekken en tegen ons te stellen. Ds. M. had dan ook zoo „scherpzinnig” moe ten zijn om het niet over te nemen, en vooral er niet bij moeten voegen „dat zulke hande lingen nog publieke verdediging vinden.” In deze uitdrukking wordt ons blad niet genoemd, maar door het wraken der woorden van Ds. V. toch als van zelf aangewezen. Opmerkelijk is dat hier captie gemaakt wordt over een minder gewichtige zaak, terwijl ver geten wordt, wat wij vroeger reeds opmerkten, dat het gezag van de Synodale besluiten on- dermijnd is, door hen, die zelfs de allerge wichtigste niet hoog gehouden hebben. Wanneer uitgesproken werd, dat het „be ding” wel beloofd is, maar niet gemeend was. is ook de Gron. Kerkbode daar niet tegen opgekomen. Wanneer een bekend voorstel van Zaandam de wereld ingegaan, in die lijn zich beweegt, is het mede Ds. M. die, tot de absolute on uitvoerbaarheid gebleken is, meegaat, die zelfs op de Prov. Synode spreekt over de School der minderheid, en niet te vinden was voor maatregelen welke haar bloei konden bevor deren. Maar evenzeer is het merkwaardig dat onze „publieke verdediging” nauwkeurig over eenkomt met de conclusie van Ds. M. wan neer hij zegt: „wil men ’t verbod zien opge heven, men trachte dit gedaan te krijgen in den kerkdijken weg, maar inmiddels arbeide men toch allen samen om ’t geen met ge meen goedvinden besloten is voor bondig te houden. Intusschen is met al dat „leuke” en „scherp zinnige” onze hoofdopmerking onbesproken ge bleven, die toch op ernstige wijze den gang onzer kerkelijke besluiten raakt. De opmerking n.1. dat in middelmatige zaken de Synode geen besluiten moest nemen welke niet wortelen in de volksovertuiging. Zoo gedurig komt het voor dat de Generale Synode besluiten neemt, die toch werkelijk zoo’n haast niet hebben, en waar de Kerken in hunne mindere vergaderingen zich niet over uitgesproken hebben. En dat achten wij een zeer ongunstig ver schijnsel. De afgevaardigden naar de meerdere ver gaderingen ontvangen van de zendende Ker ken geen mandaat imperatief, geen bindende opdracht. Maar de feitelijke toestand is zoo, dat het bandeloos willekeurige er voor in de plaats gekomen is, zoodat het voorkomt dat iemand op de Synode, zonder dat er eenig nieuw licht over een zaak opging, tegen de besluiten zijner zendende particuliere Synode, waarmee hij zelf instemde, ingaat. Als dat doorwerkt wordt de Generale Synode I een vergadering, die wel formeel de Kerken | vertegenwoordigt, maar den zedelijken band met de Kerken verliest. Men kan dan wel smalen over „de conservatieve 97 jarige oude juffrouw”, maar kon toch van haar leeren dat zij geen definitieve besluiten neemt, eer de Kerk over hare voorloopig vastgestelde bepalingen nog eens gehoord is. Heel de ellende die na 1902 gevolgd is, zou voorkomen zijn wanneer hiermee rekening gehouden ware. Daar kwam ten slotte een voorstel in be handeling dat zeer veel verschilde van wat bij de Kerken in bespreking was geweest, zoodat dan ook Ds. Littooy op dien grond voorstelde het eerst ter beoordeeling aan de Kerken terug te zenden. Maar men heeft niet gewild, en heeft krachtens „formeel” recht den zedelijken band met de Kerken voorbij gezien ; gelijk wel meer aan het „formeel juiste” de zakelijke juistheid wordt opgeofferd. En dat moet zich op den duur wreken, ook al meent iemand de oogen te kunnen sluiten voor de gevolgen. Dit wordt nog verergerd wanneer keer op keer bij afvaardiging zoo gehandeld wordt, dat toch de leiding van zaken moet blijven in handen van een paar personen. En hoe hoog die dan wellicht te achten zijn, we komen dan onder een oligarchie, een regeering van eenige weinigen, die zelfs geen carricatuur meer is van Gereformeerde Kerkregeering maar die er heel geen gemeenschap meer mee heeft. En wie ons kerkelijk leven kent, zal niet loochenen dat wij hier wijzen op een gevaar dat allerminst denkbeeldig is. Die „oudge dienden”, kennende den Synodalen tredmolen, maken dan voor zich zelven van te voren een en ander gereed, en zelfs bij verdeeling in commissiën krijgt men dan zeer eigenaardige toestanden. In plaats nu van, naar aanleiding onzer ge maakte opmerking in verband met „preekver bod” over deze feitelijkheden eens van ge dachten te wisselen, opdat er verandering kome, is dit achter een onjuiste conclusie teruggezet. Daarom brengen wij het weer naar den voorgrond, want des struisvogels voorbeeld achten wij in dezen niet na te volgen. V. Bidstond Theol. Schooldag. t Onderstaande Rede werd door Ds. Impeta 1 uitgesproken bij den Bidstond voor de Theol. School, gehouden aan den voor avond van den Theol. Schooldag op 1 Juli. j.1. Z.Eerw. heeft ze bereidwillig afgestaan ter opname in ons blad. In een viertal 1 vervolgstukken zal deze met veel aandacht 1 gevolgde rede nu worden geplaatst. 1 Het woord des Heeren, in welks overden king wij te deze ure hopen bezig te zijn, en dat ons als een middel in des Heeren hand '- moge stemmen tot een hartelijk gebed voor ' - onze Theol. School, gij vindt het: Jeremia 3 : 15. y 1 „En ik zal u herders geven naar mijn 1 hart, die zullen u weiden met wetenschap en verstand.” e — i Ofschoon dezen avond niet geroepen tot de i gewone bediening des Woords, nochtans, nu r ik aan hetgeen ik u gaarne wil zeggen een uitspraak des Heeren ten grondslag gelegd ■- heb, gebiedt mij de betamelijke eerbied voor 1 Gods Getuigenis, dat ik die betuiging des ■- Heeren Heeren dan ook metterdaad voor u •- zal ontvouwen en stellen in het rechte licht. b Zeker, een behoorlijke vrijheid mag ik mij in haar behandeling 'zonder eenig bezwaar ver- t oorloven; deze vrijheid bovenal, dat ik haar s dienstbaar tracht te maken aan het eigenlijk 1 doel van dit ons samenzijn; maar ik moet u t dan toch uitleggen wat de Heere bedoelde, r toen Hij tot Oud-Israël sprak; en wat Hij er f mee te kennen wil geven als Hij aan de N. Testamentische strijdende kerk op aarde belooft: e „ik zal u herders geven naar mijn hart; die zullen u weiden met wetenschap en ver stand.” Wat het oude Verbondsvolk betreft, ook het rijk van Juda stond dan nu op het punt uit zijn land gebannen te worden, en in vreemde landen, in het midden van vreemde volken, de ellende te ondervinden van de smadelijke ballingschap. Want de trouwelooze Juda had zich nog zwaarder bezondigd dan de afge keerde Israël. Maar nóg houdt zich niet stil de stemme der vermaning ; en de roepstem gaat uit, door den dienst van Jeremia, tot grooten en klei nen : „Bekeert u, gij afkeerigekinderen, spreekt de Heere' want Ik heb u getrouwd, en Ik zal u aannemen, éénen uit een stad, en twee uit een geslacht en zal u brengen te Sion.” Dat is : al waren er ten tijde waarin mijn goedertierenheid het blij bazuingeschal zal doen hooren: het uur der vrijlating genaakt, het uur der vrijlating is gekomen; al waren er dan maar twee overgebleven uit een weg gestorven geslacht; ja al was er in een gan- sche stad maar één, die het teeken mijns verbonds draagt in zijn vleesch; in den weg der boete en der waarachtige bekeering, zal Ik zelfs die twee, zal Ik zelfs dien éénen weer naar mijn heilig Sion brengen, naar de plaats mijner rust. En dan volgt de belofte : „Ik zal u herders geven naar mijn hart, die zullen u weiden met wetenschap en ver stand.” Was en isnudieverlossinguitdeBabylonische Ballingschap Deelden proietie van net JNieuw- restamentisch heil, van de verlossing die in Christus Jezus is, dan kan deze belofte ón mogelijk alleen maar bedoelen,dat God deHeere tan zijn wedergekeerd verbondsvolk zou geven crouwe priesters en profeten, trouwe leidslie- Jen, die als echte herders de schapen des Heeren zouden hoeden en weiden ; dan moet rij ook een belofte zijn voor de Kerk des Nieuwen Verbonds, en zij is het. Ja, zij is het. „Ik zal 1 geven,” zóó was het toen. Ik heb u gege ten, en ik geef u nog, zoo is het nu. De toezegging, door den dienst van Jeremia aan Ie zich bekeerende kinderen der Oude Bedee- ling gedaan, mogen wij lezen bij het licht pan den Nieuw Testamentischen jubel: „De verheerlijkte Christus heeft gegeven sommigen tot Apostelen ; en sommigen tot Profeten ; en sommigen tot Evangelisten: en sommigen tot Herders en Leeraars; tot de volmaking der heiligen, tot het werk der bediening, tot op- bouwing des lichaams van Christus.” In dit biduur nu voor onze Theol. School; voor de Eigen Inrichting onzer Geref. Kerken, en die bepaaldelijk ten doel heeft jonge man nen wetenschappelijk en praktisch op te lei den tot den dienst des Woords met al wat er meê in rechtstreeksch verband staat, ga ik over de dienaren des Goddelijken Woords tot u spreken. De kostbare belofte des Hee ren : „Ik zal u herders geven naar mijn hart, die zullen u weiden met wetenschap en ver stand”, laat ons hen zien zooals zij : genoemd worden met een volheerlijken naam; te volbrengen hebben een voortreffelijk werk; beantwoorden moeten aan gewichtige ver- eischten; geschenken zijn van den trouwen God des Verbonds. Zoo zal ik tegelijk goede gelegenheid heb ben om u de beteekenis aan te toonen van onze Theol. School, voor de vervulling der belofte, die ik heden in uw midden bespreek. I. Noemt niet de Heere in de belofte, waarop wij thans ons harte zetten, de diena ren des Woords met een volheerlijken naam ? Hij noemt hen herders; en wij zouden zoo’n herder in het Oosten van nabij en rustig moe ten gadeslaan, om een vollen indruk te be komen van wat het beteekent: inderwaar- heid een herder te zijn, een herder voor de ons toebetrouwde kudde. Doch de Heilige Schrift komt ons ook in dezen op uitnemen de wijze te hulp; en hebt gij hem niet ge- FEUILLETON. Naar Egypte en het Heilige land. TT T'* DOOK 1 K. TE B. dij ae Deen nnin. 32) In de vorige week liet ik u in de woeste en eenzame bergwereld waardoor de weg van Jeruzalem naar Jericho loopt, daar waar de overlevering vertelt van den profeet Elia aan de beek Krith. „Wij daalden af naar die ] beek langs een rotspad. Komt men in de diepte 1 dan schijnt de zon reeds ondergegaan te zijn, 1 de rotsen liggen in de schaduw. Toch geeft • de zon aan bergen en rotsen behalve het ; diepste zwart nog andere kleuren ; laat uwe 1 oogen langzaam omhoog zien, bij de rotsen op, dan zijn ze chocoladebruin, purper, violet, sepia en rosé en heel in de hoogte raken veigulde randen den blauwen hemel aan. < „Soms komen de bergreuzen,” zoo schrijft L. Schneller verder, „heel dicht tot elkander, zoo dat de spleet loodrecht in de diepte gaapt. Het geruisch van de beek klinkt dan als het ruischen van geweldige stroomen” (omdat het geluid in een enge ruimte is opgesloten). „Niets ontbreekt dan alleen een gewelf, van berg tot berg gespannen, om ons te kunnen verbeelden, dat wij ons in een tooverpaleis van eene andere wereld bevinden, waarin men niet weet van de kleine afmetingen van menschelijke hutten. Reusachtige scheuren en zwarte openingen van holen zijn over de geheele lengte der rotsen te zien”. Hier ergens moet zich dan Elia hebben verborgen toen Achab hem vervolgde. De plaats is inderdaad niet slecht gekozen. Wie sou de profeet daar gezocht hebben! Het v was van Samaria af een nog al lange reis. v „Op deze plek, zoo akelig naar, * Toefde Elia als kluizenaar. Achabs toorn, Izebels haat e Deden hier hem heel geen kwaad. t Hoe stil en naar het hier ook is, y Elia kende geen gemis; De raven brachten hem zijn brood, Terwijl de beek hem water bood1” e Het is te begrijpen dat in den bloeitijd van t het kluizenaarsleven duizenden kluizenaars in I leze afgelegen holen en spelonken zich nestel- v Jen, om er als Elia te wonen en afgesloten h van de wereld, ver, ver van hunne zorgen en a genoegens, hunne talenten „m den zweetdoek I te begraven”. Nog zijn er van dergelijke v mannen, want een eind verder bij een krom- z ming van den weg, waar het dal in eens r breeder wordt, ziet men aan den overkant z een klooster ter halver hoogte van den berg- l< wand als aan de rots vastgeplakt. Het is het z Georgeklooster. Eenige dozijnen Grieksche c monniken brengen hier hun leven in de grootste afzondering door.” Dat zijn dus andere man- ï nen dan Elia; die bleef niet altijd in een 1 spelonk aan de beek, maar ging waarheen 1 God hem zond om waarlijk een dienstknecht c Gods te zijn. Het klooster is wit en glinstert 1 als een tooverslot onder dreigend overhangende s rotswanden naar beneden in het dal. Hoe ] men het zoo hoog aan de rots heeft vastge- 1 plakt gekregen ? Wel, beneden uit het dal 1 zijn geweldige stutmuren gebouwd, en daarop 1 rijen van vensters en balkons ; daarachter een koepel met het kruis. Onder in het dal is J een cijpressentuin en een brug over de beek, s die naar het klooster voert. „Een wonderbaar 1 vreedzaam beeld in de akelig wilde rots- t woestijn.” 1 Ik heb eens een plaat gezien, waarop aan ( een sterken kabel een groote mand hing, r waarin een viertal monniken bij een rotswand l naar boven werden geheschen. Dat was het 1 eenige middel om in een dergelijk klooster l te komen, dat ook in de omgeving gevonden e wordt. In bijgeloof en overdreven mystiek c kunnen menschen soms zeer vreemde dingen doen en dan nog wel in de meening Gode te c eeren. f Van het Georgeklooster zegt Schneller : „Ik c trok mijn revolver en loste eenige schoten, s Als verwijderd kanongebulder klinkt de echo 1 van rotswand tot rotswand. Maar ook anderen hebben de echo gehoord. In het witte slot aan den overkant komt leven Eenige monni- i ken verschijnen op het balkon. Zij zien met 5 verwondering naar ons. Klein als vliegen ( zien zij er uit. En nu, luister! Door het wilde t rotsdai klinken liefelijke toonen als een lof- 1 zang tot God uit de diepte. Het klooster- s klokje luidt langzaam en plechtig, en zijne 1 zilveren tonen trekken door deze reusachtige, < donkere rotsmassa’s als een avondgebed.” ’ „Hoe geheel anders zijn toch deze aloude s werken Gods dan de in puin verzonken wer- ( ken der menschen ! Het is een beeld van de ’ heerlijkheid Gods, als Schepper, dat zich in 1 oorspronkelijke majesteit voor onze oogen j uitbreidt. Wat schept God, als spelend, toch ; schoonheden, waarvan wij menschen met ons I praktisch begrip van nuttigheid het doel niet 1 begrijpen, schoonheden van reusachtige groot- 1 heid. Slechts zelden geniet een oog, dat met 1 verstand rondziet, deze zwijgende pracht. 1 Toch heeft God ze geschapen sedert vele dui- 1 zenden jaren, en verheugt er zich in. Hij schijnt er van te houden Zijne grootsche ; ■ werken somtijds op de eenzaamste plaatsen ten toon te spreiden. De zwijgende heerlijk heid der Alpentoppen, als het morgenrood er purpere vlammen op ontsteekt, en de reus achtige rotspracht in de diepten van het ge bergte ziet Gods kunstenaarsoog iederen dag. Maar slechts zelden komt daar een menschen- kind, en beschouwt het als eene raadsel achtige verschijning wier geheim het sterfelijk oog niet kan begrijpen.” Dit is treffend juist gezegd. Hoe klein voelt de geloovige zich in de bergwereld, in holen en grotten, in spelonken en diepe dalen waarin de wateren ruischen, of op de hoogten waar sneeuw en ijs zulk een overweldigenden indruk maken. Hoe groot is in zijne oogen, daar vooral de Schepper van hemel en aarde! Wij stemmen dan ook van harte metSchneller in, als hij (bladz. 87) verder schrijft: „Wij verstaan hier echter de psalmzangers van het Oude Testament, die eens door deze dalen gegaan zijn, en die de geheele schepping, de bruisende zee, de zwijgende woestijn, de schietende bliksemstralen, de adelaars in de rotsnesten, de dampende bergen en het diepe dal opriepen tot den lof van God (Psalm 19, 104 en 148). Voor hen zijn er geen onver staanbare stemmen in de natuur (Ps. 19 : 4). Overal zien zij verhevene, tot aanbidding wegsleepende doeleinden : de ontvouwing der wijsheid en majesteit Gods, den lof van Zijne grootheid en heerlijkheid. „Heere, hoe groot zijn Uwe werken; zeer diep zijn Uwe gedachten.” Zij hooren met een verheugd oor in deze duizendvoudige schijnbaar verwarde stemmen der natuur het groote Hallelujah, dat uit de diepste kloven en van de hoogste Alpentoppen der aarde als een bruisende symfonie uit de diepte opstijgt en zich met het gejubel der hemelsche heirscharen en dat der zalige men- schenkinderen vereenigt: Gloria in excelsis 1” (Wordt vervolgd.) zien, zoo’n herder, dien schoonen naam waar dig ; hebt gij hem zooeven niet als met uwe oogen aanschouwd, toen de Heiland hem in het u voorgelezen Schriftgedeelte teekende ten voeten uit ? Ja, gij zaagt hem, dien ech ten en rechten herder, zooals hij zijn schapen bij name kent en bij name roept; vóór de scha pen uitgaat en door de schapen gewillig ge volgd wordt; en zulk een hart vol liefde en teerheid heeft voor de kudde, dat hij, wierd het van hem gevraagd, zijn leven vóór de schapen zou stellen. >) Of zegt gij tot mij in stilte, dat de Heere Je zus daar teekende zijn eigen beeld; dat Hij, Hij zelf die Herder is, van wien Hij zooveel kostelijks getuigde, de goede Herder, de eenig goede, door allen die de zijnen zijn te aan bidden tot in eeuwigheid? Ik stem het u toe. Maar de Heere onze God heeft dan toch de herders dezer aarde geschapen en geformeerd, en hen met zulk een teeder herdershart begiftigd, opdat zij in hunne zwakke mate een beeld van dien éénigen Herder zouden zijn. En zóó nu ook, als de Heere door den dienst van Jeremia aan zijne duurgekochte kerk op aarde belooft: herders zal ik u geven; dienaren des Woords, wier schoonste naam de naam herder zal zijn; dan wil Hij tegelijk, en dan zegt Hij toe er voor te zullen zorgen dat de schoonheid, dat de heerlijkheid van dien naam „herder” daarin zal uitkomen, dat de dienaren van zijn Goddelijk Woord echte en rechte herders zich zullen toonen; zich spiegelende aan die trouwe herders, van wie de Heilige Schrift ons de gedachtenis ver nieuwt, en zich tot hun volmaakt Exempel stellende dien grooten Herder der schapen, die door het bloed des eeuwigen Testaments uit de dooden is wedergebracht; en die reeds vóór zijn dood en zijn bloedstorting met ma jesteit betuigen kon: Ik ben de goede Her der, de goede Herder ben Ik! Dat nu de Heere onze God aan zijn kerk belooft voor herders te zullen zorgen, die niet dragen dien schoonen, heerlijken naam, en de kracht van dien naam metterdaad ver loochenen, huurlingen zijnde, die geen hart en dus geen zorg voor de schapen hebben, Hij spreekt het nadrukkelijk uit als Hij be tuigt : Ik zal u herders geven naar mijn hart Herders naar mijn hart. O, zóó wordt die schoon e naam nog schoon er; zoo gaat hij tin telen van leven; zoo doet Hij ons uitroepen: Heere, groote God! wilt gij zulk een eere be wijzen aan een nietig menschenkind, dat gij het stellen wilt tot een herder naar uw hart; tot een herder niet slechts naar het hart van de kudde; want die kudde kon wel eens iets anders van haar herder begeeren dan Gij van hem vraagt; neen, van een herder naar uw hart, hem bevoorrechtende en ver waardigende met die genade en met die ga ven, die hem in staat stellen een herder te zijn, op wien uw Goddelijk oog met welge vallen rust? Ja, zegt de Heere: zulke herders beloof Ik aan mijn kerk te geven, aan de kudde mijns heven Zoons, aan de schapen en lammeren van den Goeden Herder: herders naar mijn hart. Wat dunkt u nu, medebroeders in de heilige bediening, wat dunkt u nu, toekomstige die naren van het Goddelijk Woord, geliefde jongelingen, die opgeleid wordt tot het tref felijks! ambt dat zich op aarde denken laat; kan de Heere ons noemen met schooner naam dan dezen : herders naar mijn hart ? En nu nog eens: de Herder naar zijn hart was en is Jezus Christus, onze Heere, en zijn herdersbeeld sta ons gedurig voor oogen, opdat wij te ééner zijde mogen gevoelen eigen kleinheid, eigen onwaardigheid, eigen zonde en gebrek; maar ook te andere zijde er naar mogen jagen of wij het ook grijpen mo gen : zijn beeld, zijn herdersbeeld te vertoonen in het leven en in het midden van de kudde, voor wier aangezicht wij ingaan en uitgaan. Laat ik bij voorkeur op een tweetal trekken van dat beeld, van dat herdersbeeld u mogen ' wijzen, zooals ze kennelijk op den voorgrond ' traden bij twee uitnemende herders uit de dagen des Ouden Verbonds; bij herder Jakob en herder David. De herder naar Gods hart moet, om mij nu : maar bij deze twee te bepalen, de teerheid , van een Jakob bezitten en de dapperheid van ' een David. De teerheid van een Jakob Hoort herder : Jakob zeggen tot Laban : „Ik ben geweest, ! dat mij bij dag de hitte verteerde en bij , nacht de vorst; en dat mijn slaap van mijne oogen week.” De dapperheid van een David. Hoort her- ' der David spreken tot Saul: „üw knecht 1 weidde de schapen zijns vaders, en er kwam 1 een leeuw en een beer, en nam een schaap van de kudde weg. En ik ging hem na, en ik redde het uit zijn mond, toen hij tegen 1 mij opstond vatte ik hem bij zijn baard, en sloeg hem, en doodde hem. Uw knecht heeft 1 zoo den leeuw als den beer verslagen.” De teerheid van herder Jakob en de dapper- heid van herder David, wij kunnen ze niet 1 missen, zoo wij inderwaarheid herders der j kudde wenschen te zijn. Maar óók, bezitten wij die beide, zij het dan ook in beginsel, en J worden ze geheiligd door godsvrucht, en ge- * adeld door liefde tot den beminnelijken Za- ‘ ligmaker, de Heere onze God, als Hij ons 1 geeft aan zijne gemeente, en dan tot die. gemeente zegt: ziehier een herder naar mijn 1 hart; Hij noemt ons met een volheerlijken ( naam. En is die herdersnaam reeds heerlijk; wat dan te zeggen van der herders taak ? Komt en ziet met mij hoe die herders naar Gods harte te volbrengen hebben een voortreffelijk 5 werk. i (Wordt vervolgd.) c i ’) Voorgelezen was Joh. 10 : 1—11. \ Zending. 1 Uitslag der verkiezingen. ] Een van de stormrammen, welke door de linksche partijen gebruikt zijn om het regee- i ringskasteel te veroveren, is geweest de ge- I vaarlijke politiek der rechtsche regeering in- 3 zake het onderwijs in Indië en de begunstiging ' der zending. Mr. van Deventer heeft zich vooral in deze beijverd. En hij was een man, die scheen te j mogen gehoord worden; een man, die Java , en Madoera doorkruist had, en dus met eigen ’ oogen de fouten der regeering kon opgemerkt hebben. s Maar zijn naaste komt en onderzoekt hem. ' Nu niet iemand van rechts, maar iemand die ( links staat, een liberaal, mede-redacteur van J het „Soerabajasch Handelsblad”, Mr. J. F. ( Dijkstra. En iemand, die nog veel meer in alle richtingen onze Oost doorkruist heeft ( dan Mr. van Deventer. Hij dient zich aan als. een onbevooroordeeld publicist, die onder het ; verband van geen enkele partij wil staan. ’ De Nieuwe Courant riep alle oud-Indische gasten, die in den Haag wonen, op om den ’ strijd tegen het kabinet-Heemskerk mee te- strijden; om een einde te maken aan dit. kabinet, dat Indië in gevaar brengt. ' Mr. Dijkstra komt nu met nadruk op tegen de beweringen van de Nieuwe Courant. Hij ‘ releveert drie punten. 1. Onder het coalitie-regime sou de ver draagzaamheid zoek raken, strikte onzijdig heid in het gedrang komen. En dat, door verschillende maatregelen der Regeering in zake onderwijs voor inlanders en bevoor rechting der zending. Mr. Dijkstra verklaart uitdrukkelijk nergens iets bespeurd of vernomen te hebben van bovenstaande bewering. „Van onverdraagzaam heid bij de Regeering is mij niets gebleken; evenmin van partijdigheid inzake onderwijs.” „Nergens bleek mij ook maar iets, wat wijzen zou op onvrijheid in ’t belijden van iemands godsdienst, of drijven door zendelingen.” „De feiten spreken anders.” Op het argument der N. C. dat Minister Fock in der tijd 1000 scholen had toegezegd, terwijl er nu nog niet meer dan 700 zijn, antwoordt Mr. D. dat be loven nog iets anders is dan geven; minister Fock zelf gaf al bitter weinig; zijn opvolgers veel meer. Ook bestrijdt hij het beweren dat het peil van de dessa-scholen verlaagd wordt ten bate van de bizondere scholen. De bizondere scholen, ook die der zending, toonen vaak beter de eigenaardige behoeften der be- o lkingtekennenbijv.inambachts- enlandbouw- onderwijs. Mr. van Deventer prees niet ten onrechte de ambachtsscholen te Modjo-Warno, Kediri en Swaroe. 2. De bevolking zou onder dit regime voor de keus gesteld worden tusschen gebrekkige dessa-scholen en de betere Christelijke zen dingsscholen, en dat met de bedoeling om haar tot het Christendom te bekeer en .... Nu wijst Mr. Dijkstra op het zeer kleine aantal zendingsscholen en het enorme aantal dessa-scholen en Mohammedaansche scholen, bijv, in Djapara en de Preanger Regentschap pen. Waar is hier de keus ? vraagt hij: „Weet gij, meneer de redacteur, wanneer deJavaan- Soendanees deze zendingsscholen kiest ? Als hij ziek is, om daar liefderijk te worden ver pleegd ! Ik ken menschen, die ik u gaarne bij name noem, die dergelijken zendingsarbeid geldelijk steunen, en toch groote bijdragen afstonden voor de concentratie-kas!” 3. Tegenover dergelijke actie van onver draagzaamheid en partijdigheid, zou de reactie reeds tot uiting komen in de woelingen van Sarekat Islam. ,. Mr. Dijkstra beweert dat zulke beweringen fabels zijn. Die geestesrichting van de Sarekat Islam dankt haar oorsprong niet aan eenige daad der Indische regeering, maar aan Mekka. Dus aan het fanatisme van den Islam zelf. De meeste gisting bespeurt men in de Pre anger Regentschappen, waar maar een achttal zendingsschooltjes bestaan, die zich vooral met ziekenverpleging ophouden, gelijk boven reeds gezegd is. Hij noemt verder een plaatsje in het hartje van de Preanger, waar maar één zendingsschooltje is onder een kalm, practisch man. Uit deze vertrokken het vorige jaar 2500 menschen naar Mekka, en dit jaar gaan er wel tweemaal zooveel. En wie hoorde op zulke plaatsen ooit van drijverij der Chr. re geering en zendings-fanatisme ? Ook de Regent van Djipara — Raden Mas Toemengoeg Otajo, een inlander-Mohammedaan — was van dat gevoelen. Mr. Dijkstra had over allerlei aangelegenheden met hem ge sproken, doch op de onderwijs-actie der Chr. regeering had hij niets aan te merken. Ook in streken, waar nooit een zendeling komt, spreekt men van de Westerlingen als ongeloovige honden. En dan eindigt Mr. Dijkstra aldus : „Mekka, ziedaar, volgens mij, het groote gevaar!” Deze getuigenissen zijn van groot belang. Er blijkt bij vernieuwing uit van hoeveel waarde de beschuldigingen tegen onze Christelijke regeering in Indie moeten geacht worden. Voor de zooveelste maal wordt er door beves tigd dat politiek en innerlijke afkeer van de Christelijke religie de drijfveeren geweest zijn tot omverwerping van het tegenwoordig be- , wind. God behoede ons Insulinde voor de schade lijke gevolgen daarvan, en leere ons daartoe ook ons gebed te vermenigvuldigen. Ds. Ingwersen terug. I In een der kerkgebouwen van de gemeente : van Utrecht, waar ook gedeputeerden der ; medewerkende classes (van Utrecht en Gel derland) tegenwoordig waren, werd Ds. Ing- i wersen bij zijn terugkomst in het Vaderland ' verwelkomd. Ds. Klaarhamer zei o.m.: „Door Gods ge nade en door zijnen kennelijken zegen is, naar het eenstemmig oordeel van hiertoe bevoegden ons zendingsterrein een der meest bloeiende en meest belovende op Midden-Java. Voor u gelijk voor ons is het een smartelijke teleurstelling, dat van alle pogingen, in de laatste 2 jaar tot 12 maal toe herhaald, om een Christengeneesheer te vinden, die den Heere in de zending op ons terrein dienen kon en wilde, tot heden niet ééne is geslaagd.” Ds. Ingwersen zelf dankte niet alleen voor de liefelijke en verrassende ontvangst hem nu bereid, maar ook voor de mildheid waarmee de kerken in de behoeften van den arbeid voorzien, en voor haar liefde en voortdurend gebed, waarmee zij hem en den arbeid hadden gesteund. Deze broeder werkt met een staf van 18 helpers. Van al die helpers, en van de Ja- vaansche gemeenten, waar hij werkt, brengt hij de groeten over aan „de groote gemeente van Utrecht” (zooals de Javaansche Christenen haar noemen). Verder verhaalde hij van den arbeid met zijne eigenaardige bezwaren, maar waarin ook zooveel is, dat verblijdt en bemoedigt en tot dank stemt. Enkele treffende feiten en uit latingen deelde hij mede, waaruit blijkt dat er waarlijk een geestelijk leven onder de Christenen aldaar gevonden wordt. Ook drong hij aan op krachtige bearbeiding der priajis (de aanzienlijken). Er is bij velen ; hunner een geest van toeneiging. Zij begeeren ] onderwijs en kennis. Ook moet de kleine man geholpen met onderwijs, met medische ; hulp, en ook met ernstige pogingen, om hem i betere levensvoorwaarden te verschaffen, op dat hij verlost worde van zijn armoede met ’ al de gevolgen daarvan. ; Overheid en zending moeten, volgens hem, elkander stemmen. Dit kan en is in ’t be- ; lang van de bevolking. Zulk samenwerken is ( ook voor de Overheid van belang o.a. ook ( tegenover de gevaarlijke beweging van den i Sarekat Islam. ( De Adsistent Resident dankte Ds. Ingwer- 1 sen bij zijn vertrek voor zijn arbeid en ver- < klaarde, dat hij overtuigd was geworden, dat de zendingsarbeid goed was voor de bevolking, t Ook onder de Mohammedaansche bevolking < zijn er velen, die warme waardeering voor onzen arbeid uitspreken en bewijzen, o.a. de l Regent, die hem en zijne echtgenoote voor zijn 1 vertrek te logeeren vroeg .... a Ds. I. schijnt dus niet zonder zegen gear beid te hebben. Wij hopen dat hij, na een <. tijd van rust, met goeden moed tot zijnen arbeid te Poerworedjo zal wederkeeren. y TT E. Kerk en School. Algemeene Vergadering der Nationale Vereeniging voor Geref voorbereidend Hooger Onderwijs, te Kampen, gehouden te Utrecht 10 Juli 1913. Op verzoek van den Voorzitter, Prof. L. Lindeboom, opent Ds. B. van der Werft de vergadering, die daartoe laat zingen Psalm 119 vs. 3, voorgaat in gebed, en leest Psalm 127. Hij wijst er op, dat Salomo ons in dezen Psalm leert, dat aan den zegen des Heeren alles gelegen is. Zonder dien zegen is alle arbeid tevergeefs, vruchteloos, ijdel. Er wordt zooveel ondernomen, dat mislukt; zooveel ge bouwd en niet voltooid. De wereld schrijft dat toe aan toeval of noodlot. Salomo zegt ons, dat ’t ligt aan den zegen des Heeren. Op zichzelf is arbeiden en bouwen en maken niet af te keuren, maar we moeten er niet op vertrouwen. Om den zegen des Heeren deelachtig te worden, moet er gebeden en gewerkt worden. Dat geldt ook van ons Gymn., van hare Leeraars en leerlingen zoowel als van hare Curatoren. Er moet aan en voor ons Gymn. worden gewerkt. En die arbeid moet zijn naar Gods Woord. In Godes wegen Godes zegen. Tot hiertoe heeft de Heere onze stichting gezegend en ten zegen gesteld. Wel is waar slaagden niet alle jongelieden voor ’t eindexamen, maar toch is er deze lichtzijde, dat vier van de vijf geslaagden hunne studie hopen voort te zetten aan de Theol. School. We moeten niet vergeten, dat onze Vereen, ten doel heeft: bevordering van het Gereformeerd voor bereidend Hooger Onderwijs, inzonderheid voor de opleiding tot den dienst des Woords, uit gaande van dé Geref. Kerken in Nederland. Ons Gymnasium wenscht jonge mannen te vormen, die niet beschaamd worden, als ze straks zullen spreken met de vijanden in de poort. Pijlers moeten ze zijn, goed gescherpt, degelijk onderlegd in de beginselen naar Gods Woord; pijlen, die recht op ’t doel afgaan; we moeten jonge mannen hebben, die beslist zijn in hun doen en laten. Pijlen in de hand eens heids, instrumenten in de hand des Heeren, strijders voor de eere Zijns Naams. Met den wensch, dat we ook op dezen dag mogen worden opgewekt tot bidden en werken, en dat de Heere rijkelijk zegene, besluit spreker zijn inleidend woord. Het gedrukte Jaarverslag wordt onder dank zegging goedgekeurd. De Penningmeester, de Heer K. v. d. Burg, brengt verslag uit, waarna de Finantieële Commissie bij monde van den Heer Koomen rapporteert, dat zij de administratie en de daarbij behoorende stukken heeft nagezien en accoord bevonden en de verg, voorstelt den Penningm. hartelijk dank te zeggen voor zijn net en accuraat werk en hem te dechar- geeren. Ds. van der Werff merkt op, dat onder scheidene afdeelingen in gebreke bleven de Contributie te betalen. De Penningm. geeft hierover eenige inlichtingen. De Voorzitter spreekt namens”de vergade ring den hartelijken dank uit aan denPenningm. en de Finant. Commissie voor hun arbeid ten bate der Vereen, verricht. Hij wijst er nog op, dat straks de subsidieering van de Kerken ophoudt, en dringt er op aan te zorgen, dat het aantal Contributie’s verhoogd worde. ■ De Secret. doet daarop eenige mededeelin- gen ; onder andere deze: a. dat op verzoek van het Bestuur der Vereen, voor Christelijk Middelb. en Voorber. Hooger Onderwijs te Groningen, een tweetal afgevaardigden werden benoemd, om 14 Juli a.s. met afgevaardigden van andere Christel. Gymnasia het oprichten van ’n bond of ver eeniging van al de Christel. Gymn. in ons land te bespreken. De zaak moet heden be sproken worden. b. Dat de Heer S. P. Dee, Candidaat in de Theologie, weder voor ’n jaar benoemd is om les te geven in het Hebreeuwsch. c. Dat moet besloten worden, om namens de Vereeniging bij den Minister aan te vragen de aanwijzing van ons Gymnasium, d.w.z. de aanwijzing, dat ons Gymnasium de bevoegd heid heeft ’n getuigschrift van bekwaamheid tot Universitaire studiën af te geven, vermeld in art. 11 der wet op het Hooger Onderwijs. d. Dat de Heer Ebling een benoeming aannam tot Leeraar aan de Christel. Hoogere- Burgerschool te Amsterdam, en tegen 1 Sept. a.s. eervol ontslag heeft aangevraagd en ver kregen. In zijn plaats is benoemd de Heer G. R. Bax, doctorandus in de Nederl.-letterkunde aan de gemeentelijke Universiteit te Amsterdam. e. Dat voor het eindexamen, in tegen woordigheid der gedelegeerden van den Staat 5 Candidaten van de 8 slaagden. Wat betreft het onder punt a genoemde, zegt de Voorzitter, dat Groningen voorstelt een bond te vormen op den grondslag van Gods Woord. Op zulk ’n grondslag kunnen wij ons niet plaatsen. Het gevoelen van Curatoren is, dat we tot grondslag moeten hebben : het Woord Gods, nader verklaard in de formulieren van eenigheid. Ds. Vogelaar vraagt naar het doel der op te richten vereeniging; de Secret. zet dat doel nader uiteen. Omdat de verg, geheel ’n voorbereidend karakter zal dragen, wordt het voorstel van het Bestuur om ’n tweetal afgev. te zenden, aangenomen. Ook wordt besloten tot het onder punt c genoemde. Tot leden van de Finantieële Commissie worden benoemd, de Broeders: F. van Berge te ’s Hertogenbosch, D. Eggink te Amersfoort en J. Koomen te Delft. Verkiezing van Curatoren. De uitslag der stemming is, dat voor Groningen zijn herkozen: Ds. J. Kok te Bedum, primus, Ds. P. Bos te Delfzijl, secundus; voor Friesland: Ds. B. v. d. Werff te Har- lingen, primus, Mr. D. Okma te Leeuwarden, secundus; ter vervanging van ’n primus curator voor Noord Brabant (wegens vertrek van Dr. T. Hoekstra) wordt gekozen Ds. W. Bosch te Almkerk; tot secundus curator voor Noord-Holland (wegens bedanken van Dr. Pepping): Ds. R. W. Huizing te IJmuiden. De Voorzitter zegt daarna dat, tot zijn leedwezen, Ds. Kok, wegens te overvloedige werkzaamheden moest bedanken als Secretaris wan de Commissie van Toezicht. Dit doet ons leed; we hadden in hem ’n ijverigen Secretaris. Op voorstel van den Voorzitter besluit de verg. aan Ds. Kok op de meest eervolle wijze het gevraagde ontslag te verleenen en rem hartelijk dank te zeggen voor het vele, lat hij voor onze Vereen, heeft gedaan, laarbij den wensch uitsprekend, dat we Ds. Kok nog lang als curator mogen behouden. Curatoren stellen voor: Mr. van den Oever :e Kampen te benoemen. Dr. Westerhuis /an Kampen vraagt, of we dan niet in strijd net de Statuten handelen; er moet ’n twee- ;al zijn. Er wordt ’n tweetal geformeerd, waaruit Mr. van den Oever wordt gekozen. Bij de rondvraag wijst een der afgevaar- ligden van de afd. te Harlingen er op, dat >r toch getracht worde om meer jongelieden zan het Gymnasium aan de Theol. School te loen studeeren. De Voorzitter zegt daarop, lat al de broeders zich moeten beijveren, om >ns jongelieden te sturen, die tot het predik- imbt wenschen te worden opgeleid. Tot ;ijne blijdschap kan hij meedeelen, dat de Merkelijke kassen beginnen met ons Gym- ïasium te rekenen. Nadat de Voorz. nog den dank der ver gadering heeft gebracht aan den Rector en de neeraren van het Gymnasium voor hetgeen ;e hebben gedaan, treedt Ds. Kouwenhoven mor ons op met zijn referaat, dat tot onder werp heeft: „De vreeze des Heeren het jeginsel der wijsheid.” Hij zegt ons, dat dit voord ons program behelst, en beantwoordt ;en drietal vragen: a. Wat is de vreeze des leeren ? b. In welk verband plaatst de H. Schrift deze met de wijsheid ? c. Welke be- eekenis ligt hierin voor ons Gymnasium ? Op dit kostelijk referaat, ’t welk op verzoek Ier vergadering in zijn geheel in het Jaar verslag zal worden opgenomen, volgde een tangename gedachtenwisseling. Den referent vordt hartelijk dank gezegd. Na een slotwoord van onzen Voorzitter, vaarin de wensch wordt uitgesproken, dat God rns allen sterke tot de vervulling onzer oeping ook in ons maatschappelijk leven en lat de Heere ons Gymnasium nog ten rijken egen stelle voor de Theologische School, vordt gezongen Psalm 25 : 6 en gaat Ds. Vogelaar voor in dankzegging en gebed. B. VAN DER WERFF, Harlingen, 14 Juli 1913. 2e Secret. Naar Groningen. Ditmaal leidt de weg der „Jachinieten” naar het Noorden. De broeders worden er met blijdschap verwacht. En de noodige voor bereiding tot de ontvangst is door liefderijke en vaardige handen reeds genomen. Schenke de Heere ons daar een belangrijke en geze gende samenkomst. Groningen neemt in Ja- chins Ledenlijst een eervolle plaats in, door een zeer breede reeks van broeders en zus ters, die zich als lid der Gereformeerde Zon- dagsschoolvereeniging lieten inschrijven. En broeder A. Boot betoont zich de bekwame en ijverige dirigent van dit gezelschap. Er is in Groningen blijkbaar in wijden kring belang stelling voor den arbeid der Evangelisatie ook door de Zondagsschool. Dat wekt levende hoop, dat de Groninger Jaarvergadering ook een eereplaats onder haar zusters zal innemen. Als de machine onder stoom staat, kan er kracht worden ontwikkeld. Door ongesteldheid van den eersten Secre taris kon het Agendum niet volledig worden opgemaakt. En toch was het de tijd, om het te verzenden. Onze Secretaris heeft het scheepke toen maar, voor zoover hij het op- tuigen kon, in zee gestuurd. Thans zijn wij in de gelegenheid een volledig Agendum te geven, waarin ook de stellingen der beide re ferenten zijn opgenomen. Ze mogen alsnog welwillend ontvangen en aandachtig over wogen worden. Agenda voor de 39ste Algemeene Verga dering, te houden op Woensdag 23 Juli 1913 in de Zuiderkerk te Groningen. i Orde der Vergadering. a. Teekenen der presentielijst. b. Opening der Vergadering door den Voor- ' zitter. 3 c. Mededeelingen ; verkiezing van drie Be- c stuursleden en van twee Secundi. d. Verslagen van de Secretarissen. e. Verslag van den Penningmeester en Rap- z port van de Commissie, die de admini- ' stratie nazag. f. De beteekenis van het Congres voor Ge- * reformeerde Evangelisatie, 8 en 9 Aprilte I Amsterdam gehouden, toespraak door den a lsten Secretaris van het Congres Ds. J. P. ® Tazelaar. g. Referaat van Ds. G. Wielenga te Zwolle. s h. Referaat van den Heer P. Oranje. 11 i. Rondvraag en sluiting. ( N.B. De volgorde der onderwerpen wordt gewijzigd, zoo de Voorzitter dit C noodig keurt. 2 s Mededeelingen. 1. De Algemeene vergadering wordt voor- E bereid door een bidstond op Dinsdag- n avond 22 Juli, waarin D.V. de Hoogge leerde Heer Prof. Dr. F. W. Grosheide zal voorgaan; hij wordt gehouden in de Westerkerk en begint te acht uur. 2. De Algemeene vergadering is toegan kelijk voor alle belangstellenden; zij vangt te tien uur aan. 3. In de pauze, waarvan aanvang en duur na de opening der Algemeene Vergade ring zullen worden medegedeeld, zal gelegenheid worden geboden tot gebruik van koffie en brood. Wie aan den ge- meenschappelijken maaltijd deel wenscht te nemen, melde dit vóór 14 Juli, met toezending van één gulden, aan den Weled. Heer A. Boot, Hoofd eener Chr. School te Groningen. 4. Aan de beurt van aftreding als bestuurs leden zijn de brs. J. N. Lindeboom, J. P. Tazelaar en P. Oranje. 5. De stemgerechtigde afgevaardigden en de correspondenten, die de Algemeene Ver gadering bijwonen en haar niet, dan met verlof van den Voorzitter, voor het einde verlaten, ontvangen de helft terug van hun reiskosten, berekend naar de le klasse van de boot en de 3e klasse van het spoor, mits zij daarvan schrifte lijke en behoorlijk onderteekende opgave doen. (Verblijfkosten zijn voor hun re kening.) Eindelijk herinner ik er nog aan, dat men intijds (dat is vóór 14 Juli) aan den Heer A. Boot opgeve, a. of men gebruik wenscht te maken van de gelegenheid, om bij vrienden (dat is: gra tis) nachtverblijf te erlangen, er meteen bij vermeldende, of de aanvraag betrekking heeft alleen op den nacht vóór of ook op dien na de vergadering; het is gewenscht, dat afgevaardigden aan broeder Boot bericht zenden, met welken trein zij komen, dan kunnen zij aan het Station worden afgehaald; b. dat de stemgerechtigde afgevaardigden, liefst vóór den aanvang der vergadering, de presentielijst teekenen met vermelding van de afdeeling of corporatie, die zij vertegenwoor digen. c. dat er ook voor belangstellenden een pre sentielijst zal liggen, alsook een lijst, waarop men zich als lid van „Jachin” kan opgeven. [De contributie is ten minste 50 ct. per jaar). STELLINGEN voor het referaat van Ds. G. Wielenga over de vraag: Op welke wijze behoorennieuwe Zondagsscholen gestichten be staande uitgebreid te worden? 1. Door den ontwakenden ijver voor de Evangelisatie is ook de Zondagsschool een lieuw tijdperk van ontwikkeling ingetreden, en is de vraag, hoe zij haar taak het best kan verrichten, bevestigd en uitgebreid kan wor den, van oogenblikkelrjk belang. 2. Nieuwe Zondagsscholen kunnen gesticht worden door persoonlijk initiatief, doch dan heeft men de aldus gestichte terstond in goed verband met den kerkdijken Evangelisatie- arbeid te brengen. 3. In den regel behooren nieuwe Zondags scholen gesticht te worden door de daartoe kerkelijk aangewezen commissie van Evange lisatie. 4. Bij het stichten van nieuwe Zondags scholen behoort niet alleen gelet te worden op buurten, waar tot nu toe niet werd gear beid, maar ook op klassen van personen die tot dusver ontoegankelijk bleven. 5. De bestaande Zondagsscholen behooren bevestigd en uitgebreid te worden : a door haar de plaats te verzekeren, waar zij staan moeten en waar zij recht op hebben; b door de oorzaken weg te nemen, die haren bloei nu belemmeren; c door indirecte en directe propaganda. STELLINGEN voor het referaat van den eersten Secretaris over: De vertelling op de Zondagsschool. 1. Het doel van de Vertelling op de Zon dagsschool is: de leerlingen bekend te maken met den eenigen waarachtigen God en Jezus Christus, dien Hij gezonden heeft. 2. Zij wordt voorbereid door nauwkeurige lezing en inprenting van den tekst en het Psalmvers en bevestigd door terugvragen en de lezing van de Heilige Schrift. 3. Zij behoort aan de zijde van den onder wijzer voorafgegaan te worden door aandach tige lezing en overdenking van den Bijbel en de Toelichting en wat daaraan kan worden toegevoegd. 4. Zij moet naar vorm en inhoud verband houden met den leeftijd en de ontwikkeling der leerlingen en heeft onder alles de ernstige roeping, het hart der jeugdige hoorders te treffen, opdat er besef van ellende en behoefte aan verlossing gewekt worde. 5. Zij zal onder den zegen des Heeren beter aan haar doel beantwoorden, naarmate er een hartelijker en vertrouwelijker betrek king tusschen onderwijzer en leerlingen be staat. 6. Ook voor dezen arbeid geldt de betui ging der Heilige Schrift, dat Paulus vruchte loos plant, en Apollos tevergeefs nat maakt, zoo God niet zelf den wasdom geeft. ’t Is lang geleden, dat „Jachin” in Gronin gen vergaderde. En de roepstemmen uit het Noorden werden zoo dringend ! Daarom heeft het Bestuur gemeend, niet langer weerstand te mogen bieden aan de vriendelijke noodi- ging, maar ditmaal de broeders en zusters eens samen te moeten roepen in de schoone hoofdstad van het Noorden. Blijke nu de volgzaamheid der afgevaardig den, leden en belangstellenden ook uit de andere deelen des lands. Laten de onderwij zers en onderwijzeressen uit het Zuiden en midden zich nu eens een paar dagen vrijaf gunnen, om kennis te maken met de oude, roemruchte veste, en haar schoone omgeving. Zij kunnen zich verzekerd houden, dat zij zich thuis zullen gevoelen, want zij komen in de eerste plaats tot en om de Jaarvergadering van „Jachin”. Daar vinden ze immers van jaar tot jaar vele „oude getrouwen”, goede vrienden en bekende gelaatstrekken. Natuur lijk vinden zij er ditmaal eenige onbekende en nieuwe bij. Maar allen spreken onze goede, schoone Nederlandsche taal. Wordt onze ver wachting niet beschaamd, dan zullen het daar enboven wezen: woorden van waarheid en van gezond verstand. Groningen is een belangwekkende stad, het Sterrebosch is schoon. De Heere geve er ons een rijkgezegende samenkomst. Namens het Bestuur: Amsterdam P. Oranje. Juli 1913. P.ORANJIE Theologische School. In dank ontvangen: Van Albert Boen te Rouveen 2. Van Ds. N. Diemer te Dronrijp: de volgende collecten: Beetgum f 30,09, Berlikum f 24,16, Boxum f8,735, Dronrijp f 4,955, Eernewoude f 2,43, Hijlaard f8,805, Huizum f 13,455, St. Jac. Parochie f 5,74, Leeuwar den f 40,745, Oenkerk f 14,60, Suawoude f 5,25, Wartena f 4,075, Wirdum f 20,19. Door R. Eggink te Utrecht, van de Afdeeling Utrecht tot steun van de Theol. School f 30,—. De Penningmeester van de Theologische School, \ »« rv „ A. M. DONNER. Amersfoort, 14 Juli 1913. Kerknieuws. Tweetal gesteld door de gemeente te Donker broek Ds. H. Fokkens te Dwingeloo en J. G. Feenstra cand. Theol. School, door de gemeente te Bunschoten Ds. G. Doekes te Nieuwdorp en Ds. J. D. Heersink te Nieuweroord, door de gemeente te Oud-Loosdrecht Ds. G. J. Breukelaar te Sur- huisterveen en Ds. C. H. Elzenga te Woubrugge, door de gemeente te Wijckel en Balk (Fr.) J. G. Feenstra cand. Theol. Sch. en J. v. Henten cand. V. U. Beroepen door de gemeente te Wijckel en Balk (Fr.) J. v. Henten cand. V. U., door de ge meente te ’s Bosch Dr. J. G. Geelkerken te Epe, door de gemeente te Oud-Loosdrecht Ds. G. J. Breukelaar te Surhuisterveen, door de gemeente te Nieuw-Leuzen Ds. C. W. de Vries te 01de- boorn, door de gemeente te Hazerswoude Dr. C. N. Impeta cand. V. U., door de gemeente te Schip luiden Ds. W. S. de Haas te Tzummarum, door de gemeente te Ezinge Ds. M. A. v. Pernis te Heer- jansdam, door de gemeente te Ambt-Vollenhove Ds. C. J. Wielenga te Ruhrort. |
sn84026788_1921-08-16_1_3_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | /N horse show ion * Town r«e Show* 5ai find ither fgS stand hJfshow iwn, , fine view ‘oantry round. best, ourselves jr guests. exhibit grounds ,g at night sure is found, i fine day. state L. W. D. of Fairmont, cousin, Mrs. erica’s curse. To normal weight, rify the blood, use iters. Sold at all ; $1.25. ter times ahead. iig Auction Sale. rt monthly auctions sales days. Aren’t C. F. WALL. order for any kind it delivered at your C. F. WALL. IASER. lies away. If r money back, e at Brown & kanics, railroaders, pr. Thomas' Electk |ts, burns, bruises. | every home. 30c DRY SERVICE. by people have put [e having quick ser g and coming twice land Fridays. Bring [Sheets Oc, Spreads |k good time to hav e le now. C. X. BEARD. jan’s inspires confi Idney Fills for kid [ Ointment for skin Reguiets for a! Sold at all drug > see us if you want keep We have the [11 make you inter kem. We can fur flock or in carload C. Riely & Son. 13. I hogs, cattle, calves, Ifor sale write or |y top market prices stock at all times i to one and all for ame quality. I. C. Riely & Son. (3. I junk and sell it to ally getting TOR )RDS oi the v v ONES '4 Not Been * for a Long u v v * le. miller s Wm. A. R 215-13, ELY & SON fkrs in *H Kind*, i pool. Wfisterc;] Sp, phina Hops. fw*‘ » Spoci* ®w". W. Va. /5RlN^0DAY without r^l [weather ^ING- Mi Junk and Co's, 1UJRTETTE M a Junk & Coal iv. We.t V*. LOCAL BRIEFS. Public schools of the county wi] open on Monday, September 12. Mr. C. J. Cullers is handsomely improving his property on West Washington Street with fresh paint. We are glad to report the steady improvement of the little son of Rev and Mrs. Abner C. Hopkins, at Mansfield. Jefferson County's share of the $15,000,000 of State bonds to be issued by the State for good roads is $182,246, based on 71 miles of Clas A road. Our Contributor is indebted to Miss Mabelle Trussell for greeting received from Asbury Park, where she and her brother, Mr. Stanley Trussell, of New York, are spending a fortnight. The Ladies of the M. E. Church South, of Middleway, will hold a lawn party in the Church yard on Thursday, August 25, 1921. Proceeds to procure lights for the Church. The Annual Harvest Home Supplier for the Uviila Methodist Church will be served in the Hall at Uviila Thursday, August 25, from 5 to 6 o'clock. Refreshments will be served in the grove. Everybody welcome. Mrs. Katherine Woolley, formerly a resident of Ranson, is having a home built for herself on a lot bought at Friendship Park, near Halfway, Md. Mrs. Woolley has been living with her son, Mr. Otho Woolley in Hagerstown the past year or two. The Colored Horse Show of the Charles Town Colored Industrial Association will be held on the Horse Show Grounds on Wednesday and Thursday of next week, August 24 and 25. We are informed that the prospects are exceedingly bright for a big exhibition. The great tenor singer Enrico Caruso who died recently in Naples, Italy, was considered one of the greatest singers of modern times. He was born in Naples, Italy, February 25, 1876. Although dead, we can all enjoy his magnificent voice on the victrolas. This invention of musical instruments producing the sounds of the human voice seems almost miraculous. Mr. S. W. Link, who has been connected with the firm of Gink & Link, Clothing and Gents' Furnishing, Merchants of Charles Town for the last few years, will open up in the same line of Business in Strasburg, Va., this week. Mr. Link is popular here, where he has many friends, who have no doubt that his sound business principles, honesty, and many good qualities will result in his building up a thriving business in Strasburg. In order to settle the estate of the J. M. Miley, the real estate of the Miley brothers was sold at public sale in front of the Court House yesterday morning. The coal yard property, the Elevator property, the property on West Congress streets and two parcels of land near the N. & W. Station were bought by Messrs. C. E. and C. P. Miley, and the residence property at the Norfolk and Western station was bought by Mrs. J. M. Miley. Mice for the Farmville Normal School, Farmville, Va., class of 1920, and was a post-graduate student there the past year has been appointed to a position on the faculty of the High School at Farmville. Where she will teach English the coming year. Miss Heard is spending her summer vacation with her parents, Mr. and Mrs. C. N. Beard in Charles Town. The Central Garage, Charles Town has taken the agency for the Essex and Hudson cars. A handsome big Essex machine is now being used for demonstration purposes. While opening a barrel of spraying material on the Robinson orchard farm three miles south of town, Mr. Bernard Barr received injuries that rendered him blind in his right eye. In loosening a hoop on the barrel, a small particle of rust from it embedded itself in his eye. Mr. Barr was taken at once to Mr. McGuire in Winchester, who said the sight of the eye was destroyed, and recommended that the patient be taken to Philadelphia where a magnet of sufficient power was available for drawing the piece of corroded iron from its lodging place. All of Mr. Barr’s friends deeply sympathize with him in his misfortune. Mr. H. T. Nichols, a native of the Uvilla neighborhood and a resident of the county all his life, died August 8 at the home of his sister, Mrs. N. W. Myers, near Zoar, aged 57 years. He had been in failing health for several months. He leaves three brothers, Messrs. Charles and Tee Nichols, of this county, and William Nichols, of Little Rock, Arkansas, and one sister, Mrs. N. W. Myers. Rev. J. C. Siler conducted funeral services at the Myers home Wednesday morning at 10 o’clock. Interment was in Elmwood Cemetery, Shepherdstown. All of the electrical equipment and fixtures in the building formerly occupied by the Charles Town Heat and Eight Company, at George Street and the B. & O. Railroad, Charles Town have been removed out in preparation for a change in ownership of the property. It will be occupied by the C. P. Weller Machine Company which will engage in general machinery repairing. Equipment for the new industry will be installed as it arrives from the manufacturer, and Mr. Weller, the proprietor hopes to have the plant in shape to begin operations in a few days. All uncertainty about the title to the property has been removed by the Northern Virginia Power Company which sold it to Mr. Weller. The company entered into a contract to protect the purchaser from loss or inconvenience by reason of any pending litigation affecting the title. HARPERS FERRY AND BOLIVAR NEWS. Scientists say the unusual heat is due to spots in the sun caused by the eruptions of gas which are the greatest in seven years. The M. E. Sunday School of Bolivar held their picnic in Peacher Woods. Miss Sarah Cavalier has returned from New Jersey. Mr. George Weber, wife, and child and mother are home on Government leave. Mrs. Echols and daughter, of Cumberland, Md., is visiting her son, M. Ben Echols. Father Edward Tierney, of Lynchburg, Va., is visiting his sister, Mil Jennie Tierney. CARD OF THANKS. We wish to thank the kind friends who gave assistance and sympathy in the time our dear son and brother was brought from overseas and buried. Mrs. P. Perkins and family. PERSONAL MENTION. Miss Ella Welsh is visiting relatives in Martinsburg. Miss Elizabeth Zolnez, of Washington, is visiting Miss Frances D. Pacetti. Mr. and Mrs. Adam Link attended the Fashion Show in Baltimore last week. Mr. and Mrs. Robt. B. Wright are visiting Mrs. Chas Moore, on Mildred Street. Miss Louise Hubbard Manning is the guest of friends for a week at Boyce. Virginia. Miss Mary Lou Merchant, of Washington, D.C., came up to attend the Horse Show. Mr. W. H. Anderson attended the big Robinson circus at Winchester, Va., August 8th. Mrs. N. Morgan Smith, of Berryville, Va., and Miss Murphy, of Hastings, England, are guests of Miss Florence Morgan. Mr. P. N. Daniel, of New York, is a guest of his niece, Mrs. W. G. Lewis at “The Rocks.” Mrs. Elvans D. Haines, of Washington, was the guest of her sister, Mrs. D. C. Fulton, last week. Mrs. G. G. Sydnor has returned from Lynchburg, Va., where she visited her father, Mr. Sackett. Mrs. Harry N. Watson and niece, Miss Ruth Louise Walker, are visiting relatives in Seisholtzville, Pa. Mrs. O. E. Woolley, of Hagerstown, Md., is visiting the family of Mr. Baker Wilkins, in R. A son. Miss Laura Campbell was the guest of Mr. and Mrs. C. N. Campbell on Friday and Saturday of last week. Miss Edith Gardner is spending the month of August at Upland Terrace, White Mountains, New Hampshire. Rev. Mr. H. M. Moffett, of Huntsville, Alabama, is the guest of Misses Mary and Amelia Hopkins, at Mansfield. Mr. James H. Skinner, of Middleburg, Va., is visiting his daughters, Mrs. Edna Skinner and Mrs. J. James Skinner. Miss Margaret Gibson entertained on Wednesday evening giving a porch party in honor of her guest, Miss Margaret Alfriend. Mrs. Samuel Weigle with her daughter Mildred, and son Kenneth, of Zeliopolis, Pa., is visiting Mr. and Mrs. Howard Clipp. Miss Zan Gibson and her cousin, Miss Ann Markee Gibson, have gone on an extended trip to Niagara Falls and Montreal, Canada. Mrs. Charles B. Coleman and daughter, Miss Ella, of Washington, D.C., are enjoying a trip to Niagara Falls and other points north. Mr. and Mrs. Milton Hanson and daughter, of Washington, D.C., have returned home after a visit to the family of Mr. Charles Siford. Mrs. Harry Domm and children, of Baltimore, Md., are spending the month of August with the former's parents, Mr. and Mrs. Chas. Siford. Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Hess with their three children, Mr. and Mrs. H. E. Morton, all of Clarendon, Va., visited the family of Mrs. Geo. W. Marlow. Mr. and Mrs. Oscar Peters and daughter, of Ohio, and Misses Nettie and Hazel and Catherine Peters, of Roanoke, spent several days with Mr. and Mrs. G. Olin Willey. Mr. and Mrs. Oscar Peters and daughter, of Ohio, and Misses Nettie and Hazel and Catherine Peters, of Roanoke, spent several days with Mr. and Mrs. Their grandmother, Mrs. Belle Moore. Miss Mary Eagan and Mrs. Floyd Swimley, west of town motored to Frederick county, Md., on Wednesday for a visit of three or four days with their former neighbors, Mr. and Mrs. A. O. Davis. Miss Margaret Alfriend, of Weston, has been a guest of her many friends in Charles Town, Miss Shanon Denny last week and Miss Grace Beard this week, she was also entertained by Miss Margaret Shirley. Mrs. J. Y. Shaull and Miss Nannie Bane, of the Leetown vicinity, have gone to Earlville, New York, where they will visit the former’s daughter, Mrs. Forrest Sechrist and family, formerly of this county. Mr. George Tutwiler, a former resident of Charles Town now employed in the post office at Clarksburg, W. Va., is spending a part of this vacation with his friend, Mr. John F. Myers, near Weirick’s Mill. Mrs. O. L. M. Wiltshire who has been teaching in Aiken county, S. C., for the past five years, is spending a part of her vacation with her nephew, Mr. J. B. Wiltshire on the Bardane road. Mrs. Wiltshire formerly taught in the Charles Town Graded school. Mrs. Johnson, widow of former State Auditor, Issac V. Johnson, and a former resident of Shepherdstown, who has been visiting her nephew, Dr. C. C. Johnson in Bolivar, has been spending a few days with Mr. and Mrs. J. Wm. Gardner, South George street. Comptroller of the Currency, Hon. D. R. Crissinger, with Mrs. Crissinger and daughter, Miss Crissinger, of Washington, were guests of Mr. and Mrs. Ailes home for some time last summer home on Bolivar Heights. Mrs. Crissinger and daughter have been staying at the Ailes home for some time. been at the Ailes home for some time Mr. Crissinger being there only for the week-end. Mrs. Fred Kleinschmidt, South Mildred Street is entertaining a house party, most of them having come for the Horse Show. Among her guests are Mr. and Mrs. A. Ramsey Peyton of New Orleans; Mr. and Mrs. Walter G. Nelson and Mr. George Nelson of New York; and Mrs. Albert H. Osburn and two children, of De Moines, Iowa. Rev. W. F. Roberts, of Baltimore, whose boyhood days were spent in the Middleway, has been in the county for a few days. He visited his brother, Mr. B. C. Roberts, in Ranson; his sister, Mrs. J. E. Watson on the Lee town road and brother, County Commissioner N. R. Roberts, at Middleway. Mr. and Mrs. George R. Burton, who have been living here for the past seventeen months, have decided to reside in Baltimore for the next year or two. They expect to leave Charles Town very shortly, with whom they are told, much regret. They hope to return at the expiration of the two years, as they both consider this the most beautiful spot in which the city is ever lived. For best Fertilizers at cheapest prices see us before buying. W. C. Riley & Son. Telephone 215-18. Miss Feagans Dies at Wheatland. Miss Dove Feagans died at her home at Wheatland, this county, at 9:15 o’clock this (Tuesday) morning after a lingering illness, of several months, aged 38 years. She had been in declining health about two years, Miss Feagans was a faithful member of the Presbyterian Church, and was a young lady of excellent qualities, and will be sadly missed by a large circle of sorrowing relatives and friends. She is survived by her parents, Mr. and Mrs. Wilder Feagans, and by four brothers and three sisters, Mr. Starry Feagans, Va.; Mr. Calvin Feagans, of Chambersburg, Pa.; Mr. Cecil Feagans, of Briggs, Va., and Mr. Preston Feagans, and Misses Vivian, Ruby, and Gladys Feagans, at home. Funeral services will be held in the Presbyterian Church in Charles Town next Thursday afternoon at 3 o’clock, and her body will be laid to rest in Edge Hill Cemetery. J. WAGER FRITTS DIES IN BALTIMORE HOSPITAL. Mr. J. Wager Fritts died at St. Agnes Hospital in Baltimore on last Friday afternoon, aged 44 years, 2 months and 29 days. Mr. Fritts was a well-known farmer of Jefferson County, and went to the hospital in Baltimore about eight weeks ago for treatment, for severe pains in his head, which had been developing for sometime before that time. He seemed to improve very much under the treatment until last Thursday night about 12:30 o'clock, when he was taken with hemorages of the nose, and died at 1 o'clock Friday afternoon. He leaves a wife, and 5 children, 3 boys and 2 girls, and also a boy by his first wife, who was Miss Lemon. Funeral services were held at his late residence near Lee town on last Sunday at 4:30 P.M. Interment in Edge Hill Cemetery, Rev. T. M. Swann, assisted by Rev. Lambert, had charge of the service. Zemry L. Dunn, son of Mr. Wm Dunn near Kabletown, died last Sunday aged 1 year and 2 days. Funeral Monday at 2 P.M. Interment in Edge Hill Cemetery. SOLDIER BOY BURIED SUNDAY The body of Joseph Ward Perks, which arrived here from France a few days ago, was burned in Edge Hill Cemetery with appropriate ceremonies last Sunday afternoon. Funeral services were held in the M. H. Church, South, and also appropriate exercises at the grave, including the sounding of taps and firing of volleys over the grave, the Jackson Perks Post of the American Legion and Washington Camp, Patriotic Order Sons of America attending in a body. Revs. T. M. Swann, Goodwin Frezer and Conrad H. Godwin participated in the services. Private perks was a gallant member of both Infantry, of the Argonne Replacement Division, and died on the 4th day of November, 1918. He was wounded in action in the Argonne Division, and was taken to a hospital, where he died of his wounds. He is survived by his father and mother, who lives on the Starry property north of town, and three brothers and six sisters, Messrs. C. C. Perks, of Charles Town; James Perks, of Clarke County, and Philip Perks, of this county; Mrs. R. R. Boyles, Mrs. Pearl Stewart and Mrs. Mollie Holder of Martinsburg; Mrs. Virginia Hough and Misses Lula and Sadie Perks, of this county. The Brotherhood of St. Andrew will hold no meetings during the month of August. There will be the usual midweek services in the Presbyterian Chapel on Wednesday evening at 8 p.m. Services in St. James’ Catholic Church second Sunday, Mass 8:45 a.m.; Fourth Sunday 10:30 a.m.; evening services 7:30 p.m. The Christian Endeavor will give a Social Evening to their organization on Next Friday evening beginning at 7 o’clock in the Presbyterian Chapel. Rev. Mr. Ralston, a native from Scotland, preached a very practical sermon in the Presbyterian Church on Sunday morning, taking his text from St. John 3rd chapter, 16th verse. “For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten son, that whosoever believeth in him shall not perish, but have everlasting life.” The minister stated—that should the whole Bible be destroyed and that one verse left of it, there was enough knowledge of Salvation in it to save a world. Then he said he watched the launching of the Titanic. On the side of this monster vessel was this inscription “There Is No God” and everyone knows the terrible fate of this vessel and all on board dashed to pieces by an iceberg. On last Sunday evening the Presbyterian congregation had the pleasure of hearing their former Pastor, Rev. H. M. Moffet, who preached an able sermon from the 32nd chapter of Isaiah, 1st verse, "Behold, a King shall reign in righteousness, and princess shall rule in judgment.” There were large congregations both morning and night, and there was special singing by the young men of the Choir, 15 in number. It pays to use “Swifts High-Grade Fertilizers.” Let us have your order. W. C. Riley & Son, Local Agents. Telephone 215-13. Look out for the Tree of Baskets, August 23, lawn party at St. James church. OH! MY BACK! The Expression of Many a Kidney Sufferer in Charles Town. A stubborn backache is cause to suspect kidney trouble. When the kidneys are inflamed and swollen, stooping brings a sharp twinge in the small of the back, that almost takes the breath away. Doan’s Kidney Pills revive sluggish kidneys—relieve aching backs. Ask your neighbor! Here’s Charles Town proof: A. W. Grove, 410 W. Liberty St., says: “I have found Doan’s Kidney Pills to be a good remedy for kidney complaint and I always recommend them. My kidneys were in such a weak and disordered condition, I could hardly bend over, when I got up in the morning. During the day I had a steady dull ache across my kidneys. Often when I stooped, I had sharp catches in the small of my back and my kidneys did not act right. Doan’s Kidney Pills were recommended to me and I got a supply at Brown and Hooff’s Drug Store. They just suited my trouble and soon had me fret from backaches and regulated my kidneys.” Price 60c, at all dealers. Don’s simply ask for a kidney remedy—get Doan’s Kidney Pills—the same that Mr. Grove had. Foster-Milbun Co., Mfrs., Buffalo, N. Y. For big yields use “Swift’s High Grade Fertilizers,” there are no better, W. C. Riley & Son. MEETING OF City Council Aural Demonstration at Last Night. At the regular meeting of the City Council last night there were present the Mayor and all the Councilmen. A delegation of citizens were present. CHARLES TOWN COLORED HORSE SHOW. Subject to weather conditions or any accident, Capt. Wright said to fore the council in regard to the unfinished work on South Mildred Street, and the Street Committee was directed to examine into same. Only other routine matters were acted upon. Prof. Wright denied that he had spent a busy vacation. After completing an engagement teaching in the Summer School at Shepherd College, Shepherdstown, he filled another appointment in the State Grading Board at Charleston. He will give an Aerial Demonstration over the Horse Show Grounds, Thursday, August 25th about 4 o’clock, driving a DeHaviland type of aeroplane equipped with a Liberty Motor and carrying two passengers. There will be a Lawn Party for the benefit of St. James Church, Charles Town, W. Va., Tuesday, Aug. 23., at 6:30 P. M. Fancy and useful articles, doll, baskets, grab bag, Prof. Denny bargain table; ice cream, homemade was one of 12 persons belonging to cakes and the Board, speciality. Candy, baskets, our customers can't go along spending all you make and expect to get ahead. IT CAN’T BE DONE. But if you will practice a little economy and put some money in the bank each payday, there is nothing can stop you from becoming wealthy. Come into our Bank and open an Account and add to it regularly. We will welcome you. JEFFERSON BANK & TRUST CO Capital $100,000.00. Surplus $17,500.00. Are You Prepared For the Summer? The warm balmy days outdoors and evenings on the porch when of all times, music is essential. That’s the time when you’ll wish you had a Pathe phonograph. The phonograph with the full, natural tone that plays all makes of records perfectly. Better place your order now. The Standard Pathe No. 7 in oak finish, ideal for porch or outdoors and $25.00 worth of Pathe records, your own selection, $110. EASY PAYMENTS. Start at once enjoying this Pathe instrument and your collection of $25.00 records. TAYLOR’S VARIETY SHOP. N. Charles Street. MEN’S, LADIES AND CHILDREN'S REDUCTION SALE REDUCTIONS IN LIGHT AND DARK VOILES AND GINGHAMS VOILES DRESSES MIDDY BLOUSE SUITS WHITE WASH SKIRTS GEORGETTE WAISTS AND BLOUSES THIS IS YOUR OPPORTUNITY FOR BARGAINS FULL LINE OF FLOOR COVERINGS AND CURTAIN MATERIALS. C. T. SHUGART Our stock is complete, and anything we may not have in stock we will get for you in the shortest possible time. Don’t hesitate to ask us. BROWN & HOOFF Druggists. SPECIAL VALUE in SERGE SUITS. WE ARE OFFERING A LIMITED NUMBER OF SERGE SUITS IN BLUES AND GRAYS OF THE WELL-KNOWN FULTON SERGE, HAND TAILORED IN SEVERAL MODELS, AT THE SPECIAL PRICE $29.50 ISAAC HERZ CO AA-. - 4 a M. PALMBAUM & BRO. Two of our many Styles of Summer Sport Skirts. Every woman needs more than one or two of these wash skirts for the Summer. It’s easy to make them at home with the new McCall “printed” Pattern. NEW McCall Pattern 2011 HEW McCall Pattern 2065 M. PALMBAUM & BRO.' The Fertilizer Situation The price* on fertilizer* for this fall’* wheat crop have ju*t beeen announced. The delay this year was caused by the somewhat demoralized condition pre vailing in the material markets. The idea being to try to get fertilizer prices down more in line with what the farmer received for hi* wheat and other crops. This has been done in the prices just out although it represents a large loss to the fertilizer manufactures. The short time left before shipping begins makes it hard to get around to see every one in person, so we hope our customers will try to let us have their orders as early as possible, so that we may have the goods in shape for them in plenty of time for seeding. OUR PRICES ARE DOWN TO ROCK BOTTOM, and our goods this year are in the best mechanical con dition possible. Come out to our new factory and see for yourself just how fine they are. Washington. Alexander & Cooke Co. HIGH GRADE FERTILIZERS. rfjS SUGGESTIONS TO PATRONS OF THE JEFFERSON COUNTY TELEPHONE COMPANY FOR THE BENEFIT OF PHONE SERVICE. In order to jive good service it is very necessary that we have the coopera tion of every suboeriber and patron. The observance of the following sug gestions and instructions will greatly aid in the success of good service. Every Subscriber and Patron must call by number and before making call refer to your latest directory. .... If you cannot find number desired call Information and she will give you the desired information. There are timet when Centra) ie delayed in answering yon for vmriou. un avoidable reasons. When the operators do answer, never scold or talk unnecessarily to them. Talking unnecessarily to operators not only delays your call but hundreds of others as well. Subscribers must not be Central as a Bureau of Information, i.e., asking the time of day, or time of trains, or location of fires, as it is absolutely necessary for our operators to give their time to their duties. If our patrons are to receive prompt service. If you have any complaint as to operators or the service you are receiving, to assist in our office, Charles Town, W. Va. Phone No. 100, and it will be said office’s duty and pleasure to see that you get a square deal. When your phone is in trouble, report the same to Manager’s Office, Charles Town. Phone No. 100, by phone or postal. Never report any trouble to our busy operators. It shall always be our duty and pleasure to give your trouble our immediate attention. Patrons are requested not to call during an electric storm. It is dangerous both to patrons and operators. JEFFERSON COUNTY TELEPHONE CO. |
github_open_source_100_1_125 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | using System;
using System.Data.Common;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Marten.Linq.Model;
using Marten.Services;
using Marten.Util;
namespace Marten.Linq.QueryHandlers
{
public class CountQueryHandler<T>: IQueryHandler<T>
{
private readonly ILinqQuery _query;
public CountQueryHandler(ILinqQuery query)
{
_query = query;
}
public Type SourceType => _query.SourceType;
public void ConfigureCommand(CommandBuilder builder)
{
_query.ConfigureCount(builder);
}
public T Handle(DbDataReader reader, IIdentityMap map, QueryStatistics stats)
{
var hasNext = reader.Read();
return hasNext && !reader.IsDBNull(0)
? reader.GetFieldValue<T>(0)
: default(T);
}
public async Task<T> HandleAsync(DbDataReader reader, IIdentityMap map, QueryStatistics stats, CancellationToken token)
{
var hasNext = await reader.ReadAsync(token).ConfigureAwait(false);
return hasNext && !await reader.IsDBNullAsync(0, token).ConfigureAwait(false)
? await reader.GetFieldValueAsync<T>(0, token).ConfigureAwait(false)
: default(T);
}
}
}
|
5660429_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | AGEE, J.
Appeal by the People from an order of Marin County Superior Court granting respondent’s petition for a writ of habeas corpus.
Respondent was sentenced to state prison on January 24, 1962 by the Los Angeles Superior Court, in action No. 248795-94, hereafter “first action.” On the same date the same court, without pronouncing judgment, granted probation to respondent for a period of five years in action No. 252352, hereafter “second action.” Both convictions were for forgery (Pen. Code, § 470).
On June 19, 1962 probation in the second action was revoked. On August 24, 1962 respondent was sentenced in this action in his absence to state prison pursuant to Penal Code section 1203.2a, as it then provided. The People admit the *439unconstitutionality of this procedure. (In re Klein, 197 Cal.App.2d 58 [17 Cal.Rptr. 71] ; see also In re Peres (1966) 65 Cal.2d 224 [53 Cal.Rptr. 414, 418 P.2d 6].) The sentence was ordered to be served consecutively to the term imposed in the first action.
On August 26, 1964 the Adult Authority fixed the term in the first action at four years, with February 15, 1966 set as the discharge date. On the same date the sentence in the second action was fixed at three and one-half years, to be served consecutively.
On November 24, 1965 respondent was released on parole and the term to be served in the second action was refixed at four and a half years, to be served consecutively with the term in the first action. The discharge date as to the first action remained set at February 15,1966.
On November 4, 1966 respondent's parole was canceled and both terms were refixed by the Adult Authority at the maximum periods of fourteen years.
On February 3, 1967 the Marin County Superior Court ruled that the respondent’s sentence in the second action on August 24, 1962 was invalid and ordered respondent to be returned to Los Angeles for arraignment for judgment. (Pen. Code, §1200.)
On March 8, 1967 the Los Angeles Superior Court, instead of resentencing respondent in said action, ordered that probation be terminated and that respondent be discharged. The People admit that respondent “has been discharged from all obligations in connection with ease No. 252352. ’ ’
The People’s contention is that respondent’s present imprisonment is pursuant to the judgment and conviction in the first action, No. 248795-94.
Respondent’s position is that he completed his term of imprisonment in the first action on February 15, 1966 and that the Adult Authority had no jurisdiction thereafter to take any further proceedings therein, particularly the proceedings of November 4,1966.
Appellant relies entirely upon In re Cowen (1946) 27 Cal.2d 637 [166 P.2d 279], wherein it was held that when a prisoner is confined under consecutive sentences, he is regarded as undergoing a single, continuous term of confinement for the cumulative total of the individual terms for the purposes of redetermination by the Adult Authority of the length of time for his imprisonment.
*440This is a correct statement of the law. However, the “consecutive sentences” must be valid sentences in order to' authorize the Adult Authority so to act. Here, there never was a.valid sentence imposed in the second action and the commitment based thereon was likewise invalid.
Order affirmed.
Shoemaker, P. J., and Taylor, J., concurred.
|