identifier
stringlengths 4
37.2k
| collection
stringclasses 46
values | license
stringclasses 7
values | text
stringlengths 0
737k
|
|---|---|---|---|
CHP/1893/CHP_18931206/MM_01/0007.xml_1 | NewZealand-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | THE PRESS, WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 6, 1893. I Msrey. MONEY gfipCD. ft TirtOT* SXJUS trO'rt Ml&%.akd fisher, ttta«e**s.er conmr. SIOSKY TO LSXa. _„ jm J»m. *-k **»» **** «ad fifa*»» n?«** titconUM at a RITCHIE. 'Jμ Ilinu'tici *sr<z«*:. C&rlttchcrsh. --""""'"" yOXKY IO LEX a I tm***"" w. a. CATHua I MONEY. I M. DONNELLY, I a. :,.;!*„ r, farsi *st*:',. Cua»c-iarr i. I Jml DBCX>IIST COI4FANY J wrOMABT *OtIOK. i ■■mn •*»*« *.eae.p*ar *n m» t'maiii * I * I»al ii.s truaa **"i u> *;s.<*3o^ I ■ & f&i a«i'*< »wr-3ritT at *»r kiad> I D*EJ**» «*■•*«.» £C*M«d. 1 drnCi*-,3-1 i-ICH«ELi> tTiitET. I Bssixa<*s Notices. A, Cutsw MB F. W. "THOMPSON, ■ BIOE eTMjPET. CMRISTCrfUECH AUSTRALIAN MUTUAL PROVIDENT SOCIETY, mzw Zealand branch f&ZHi Office Concert-uoa*e Quay, Well-Locat. Board or Directors: fit Bee. Morgan 5* v t ace, MJX, O.M.G. M-L.C. * Ik-pa: * -CfaiirtQAu) AHm* e« B*tfc* Br*«don, Esq. ffct Hflc Kdw*rd Riehardsoe, CM.%, JLLX. JUa. Daac*r, E->q. liimicAi OrriCKR: Tk. W. G. Kemp, M.8.05. (EngUmdi. mai OLDEST, WEALTHIEST Asn» MOST PUOSPEROUS ACSTBALIAN LIFE OFFICE AND THE L\ TBS BRITISH EMPIRE. <gm OXLT COLONIAL LIFE OFFICE WHICH Tvmrr tiT" l!!* A BONUS EVERY YEAR He Method tl Valuation adopted by Omt Socialj ti d th Most Striugeat QkxnteUT, »ud eusura* a Coo&dcrj Is&m Eeaerce to Meet Liabilities than Him todn bj *ry ether offic* in the Aα* tfriinftn Cola&ies. accumulated funds, {eleven millions} sterling AS laT>r»t*d to yield nearly 6 per cent. rouciEs m force... 116,205 SHimnd.- ~ £38,55.5.253 lflCs3ialil«l Fand.... £11,328,418 JMBMwJ Hiloaoae...... £1,96U,123 C*4S Sou uses Diridexi... JCS.-ki4.6i2 BONUSES. CASH POXES for O.VS Tesr, IS2, «SWjS3I, jle.'dics Rerenionarr Bosoms amaautin* to £1.03i.00a Abtr o*»king SPECIAL REiBRVES «s<maiiaic to jfeSU.Sii. CASH BONUSES declared for la.t FIVE Tans oTer TWO MILLIONS, jield la« ReTer»ionarv BoaUMS axCMdiog FOCsl MILLIONS. ASSURE YOUB LIFE IX THJC A.M.P. SOCIETY And secure a I BONUS EVERY YEAR SxpttUMM of Maaageraent j H PER CENT. ON THU TOTAL INCOME, EDWARD W. LOWB. | Resident Secretary; HHa Omar— C&»toet Boa»e quay. WeUingtoo, W. H. DBRRY, Citric; Secixtary, Cfcriatchureb. PHOIOGKAPHER. XT BPKUL TO KARL OSSUJW. ITinmnTHE disttogcished patron. U AUK or «A_a.Priici*Gtcrc« cf VValea zatkato Data ot CMrcnoe Tμ Cari aad Oosbccm of Oaatow Tμ £*rt «ed Coaoce«e of Meata Lord H*nim air W. t". l». J«rrois A<*relr»lF*»r<>x SL-W. H«>t4ary» Sir A. MuAjtore Sir ¥. Bto «mc Lord U**»cr«a« i Connire* of #. » &c "> **• i HASfXIKG hATiea,b*cn teioared oy r'l'JC* apsm u»« *e«ra U ustrtot* per*»ace». jS™r*.«»at« &tj»ilii«ai *« * k*. Ou.-er*pMc GKMi"oF AIVT. ! "JHS IiBaMAUNK*PHOTOGRAPHS H _ Are <a c> ai t*»iia:; i. ami C-JLiIUSKtNa^OWN pa rfc.STPROCKSS. ***f *r« -*r jw p r*ftr i*> a»U wucli mw* E??*** 11 *-' , t*»- o iiu-r Matt »urf*ce vro- M «c t&oro'jjcaijr tiuraii*. »ad will tOJ DO*S AI_L UIS OWN OPkU ViING. *** pwr»c»..Uy the «*hoie of the Worfc. Tb«T»»s rxTx-nenc . O'>£aiee<l by CHM. ia J»e tmanmereUe tr*neae*o/Use ihnoj:rtFfci<j *nim i«g h;« i*-iiaj» and jmwrsuUa »r*T«l?, aujrwU i-a h>- the Eecetal l**ae of it, m M.U,,, a fu*nuiiee w»i*U w« k. »,u*d f.twn id* Ateli«r wi 1 b* of •»•■***. atuetica U t.rawa to the Rremide il c; J i..d Lars« Family Gtoap*. SEOIGS OF "! HE~EARLy SETTLERS OF CANTERBURY ON VIEW •tadja—ua Coomt» »n«et, ChHetcharch. N.Z. Business Notices. WOOL. WOOL. SEASON IS93—W. PREMIER POSITION OF THE WOOL OF AUSTRALASIA. rjOLDSBROUGH, MORT »od CO., LIMITED. In wbieh t* the uS,iSf! U Ageutjy »nd Banking Corporation, Mort aad Campany »nd B. Uuiasbroasch and Company, Ldmited, Melbourne. CAPITAL ... I~ A 6,000,000. CHRISTCHDRCH AGENCY, MALINGS AND CO.'S BUILDINGS. Bankers—The Colonial Bank of New Zealand. boTr^ror^^*^ 0 « ceiff e CONSIGNMENTS of WOOL «or shipment %o Mcl- Sβ Ammil-Sf T, *° d ° 1^ ake CA3a ADVANCES same Free of Interest, SSfniS , f?° i Oa,y "\- ade; no char Ke storing in Melbourne; all eharßei Rhhi?»««.i!** 86; tb l ay «:?« 8 c *»te per lb on a bale containing 4 cwt is three r!£?£ » °»« P»nn.T. »g/in«t lid when shipped to London. ii UO f^ r , inß,x -° ten w from date of shipping. Hints to k P i" r ,* ach b *- le - ? D , to 4 - wt - tnUi les,ea charj?ae7 consign early, br ut e r? U ° Wa laitLUs ' ai »d consiga to oar care, adrieing particulafs Full particulars p Wen on application to , c ,a BISLEY BROS, and CO., Agents, Maling'3 Baildinga, Christchqre b. THE TONIC OF MODERN TIMES. COMPOUND SYRUP OF HYPOPHOSPHITES. A PREPARATION containina: Hypophosphite of Iron, Lime, Soda, Potash, - Quinine and Strychnin*. A valuable brain and nerve tonic (as the mIVS! k lD. d. lc * te />- Oar. preparation is a Syrup guaranteed to contain the true Kvpophosphite of every ingredient mentioned, and we guarantee further that lb will not deposit or undergo decomposition under all ordinary conditions. a- This is the VERY BEST TONIC yet discovered, SOLD IN iLB BOTTLES, 2s 6d ; Ilb BOTTLES, 4s 6» ; ALSO IN BULK. AIL COUNTRY ORDERS WILL RECEIVE PROMPT ATTENTION. BARNETT. CHEMIST, CHRISTCHUBCH, tJ^irJP, l^ 8 ?^ (OPPOSITE SALVATION. ARMY BARRACKS), jIKLiKPHONE No. 438. 5979 CONTRACTOBS TO THE NEW ZEALAND GOVERNMENT. ASHBY, BEROH & CO. (LATE b. NAbHELSiLij, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL IRONMONGERS HARDWARE MERCHANTS, AND GENERAL IMPORTERS, .117 HIGH STREET AND I£9 HEREFORD STREET CHRISTUHURCB, INVITE INSPECTION OF THEIR LARGE AND VARIISD STOCK ENGLISH, AMERICAN, AND CONTINENTAL HARDWARE In all Branches, which they are now offering ab LOWEST POSSIBLE PRICES In crder to make room for Extensive Shipments shortly to arrive, STATION AND FARM REQUIREMENTS A SPECIALITY. HAVE REDUCED THE FOLLOWING LINES SUGAR (GREENSLAND DRY WHITE) at $1.00 New Zealand says: "I have it that I pay to ride the best, having own Oter $400 worth of Prizes on Zealand's, besides securing first place in every Amateur Championship of New Zealand this season." —W. J. SHAY WARD, Champion of New Zealand." NOW READY, THIS NEW PATTERN ZBALANDI AS. For Season 1983-94. Special Racer from... $200. Light Roadsters from... $200. B&ocn from... $200. Pull Roadsters from... $200. Cash or Time Payment. Place your orders at once to see this magnificent Catalogue. Now Ready, the New Catalogue for 1893-94. P Js free to any Address. N. OATES. ZBALANDIA CYCLE WORKS, COLORADO EXCHANGE, CHRISICHUBCH. Business Notices: MRS. MURPHY BEGS to announce to the Ladies of Christ Church and Sabbath School that she has returned from Sydney, and RE-COMMENCED BUSINESS at 90 MADRAS STREET, Where she will be pleased to see any of her old Friends and Customers. While in Sydney, Mrs. M. studied all the Latest Sciences of Cutting by Measurement. Ladies living at a distance will be supplied with instructions for Self-measurement on application. MRS. MURPHY, SO MADRAS STREET, CHRIST CHURCH, N.B.—Wedding and Mourning Orders punctually attended to as usual. ELECTRIC BELTS, &c. ARTISTIC ROUSE - FURNISHING WAREHOUSE. CHRIST CHURCH, up to RECENT ABRIVALS of SEVERAL EXTENSIVE SHIPMENTS have Made X the STOCKS IN ALL DEPARTMENTS MOST COMPLETE. CARPETS, UPHOLSTERY, FLOOR CLOTH AND LINOLEUM CROCKERY AND FURNISHING IRON FURNITURE OF ALL KINDS. MONGERY BEDSTEADS AND BEDDING. A. J. WHITE INVITES ALL TO CALL AND INSPECT HIS STOCK. COTTAGES FURNISHED. Including CUTLERY, BLANKETS, SHEETS, EARTHENWARE, POTS, AND STEAM FACTORY, TUAM AND ST. ASAPH STREETS, CHRIST CHURCH. ANNOUNCEMENT. S. K. INGOLD, HAS Much Pleasure in Announcing that his Showroom is now under the Superintendence of Miss Goater; miss goater, miss goater, late of Melbourne, Late of Melbourne, Late of Melbourne, Late of Melbourne, And in order to signalize this fact he has determined to Rive SPECIAL BARGAINS IN MILLINERY ALL THIS MONTH. See Window. ALL THIS MONTH, SPECIAL BARGAINS IN MILLINERY All this Month. See Window. ALL THIS MONTH, SPECIAL BARGAINS IN MILLINERY All this Month. See Window. ALL THIS MONTH, SPECIAL BARGAINS IN MILLINERY All this Month. See Window. ALL THIS MONTH, SPECIAL BARGAINS IN MILLINERY All this Month. See Window. ALL THIS MONTH, SPECIAL BARGAINS IN MILLINERY All this Month. See Window. ALL THIS MONTH, SPECIAL BARGAINS IN MILLINERY All this Month. See Window. ALL THIS MONTH, SPECIAL BARGAINS IN MILLINERY All this Month. See Window. ALL THIS MONTH, SPECIAL BARGAINS IN MILLINERY All this Month. See Window. ALL THIS MONTH, SPECIAL BARGAINS IN MILLINERY All this Month. See Window. ALL THIS MONTH, SPECIAL BARGAINS IN MILLINERY All this Month. See Window. ALL THIS MONTH, SPECIAL BARGAINS IN MILLINERY All this Month. See Window. ALL THIS MONTH, SPECIAL BARGAINS IN MILLINERY All this Month. See Window. ALL THIS MONTH, SPECIAL BARGAINS IN MILLINERY All this Month. See Window. ALL THIS MONTH, SPECIAL BARGAINS IN MILLINERY All this Month. See Window. ALL THIS MONTH, SPECIAL BARGAINS IN MILLINERY All this Month. See Window. ALL THIS MONTH, SPECIAL BARGAINS IN MILLINERY All this Month. See Window. ALL THIS MONTH, SPECIAL BARGAINS IN MILLINERY All this Month. See Window. ALL THIS MONTH, SPECIAL BARGAINS IN MILLINERY All this Month. See Window. ALL THIS MONTH, SPECIAL BARGAINS IN MILLINERY All this Month. See Window. ALL THIS MONTH, SPECIAL BARGAINS IN MILLINERY All this Month. See Window. ALL THIS MONTH, SPECIAL BARGAINS IN MILLINERY All this Month. See Window. ALL THIS MONTH, SPECIAL BARGAINS IN MILLINERY All this Month. See Window. ALL THIS MONTH, SPECIAL BARGAINS IN MILLINERY All this Month. See Window. ALL THIS MONTH, SPECIAL BARGAINS IN MILLINERY All this Month. See Window. ALL THIS MONTH, SPECIAL BARGAINS IN MILLINERY All this Month. See Window. ALL THIS MONTH, SPECIAL BARGAINS IN Led. Medical men recommend these pipes for use in Halls, Dining and Sitting-rooms, but more especially in Bedrooms, because of their washing and cleaning qualities. Call and See Patterns. S. SMART AND SON, ASPHALTERS, SYDNEY, Office—Meeger Scott Bros. heater, TENNIS COURTS and GARDEN PATHS LAID WITH MIXED ASPHALT. Correct Measurement Guaranteed. Telephone No. 60S. WALTERS AND CO., 43, 45, 47 VICTORIA STREET. FURNISHING WAREHOUSE CASH OR HIRE. EASY SYSTEM—"TIME DEFERRED INSTALMENT PAYMENT." WIRE-WOVE MATERIALS MADE ON THE PREMISES. J. W. Voik, P. P. Pack, Late Partner in the Late Board Snitch with Firm of Bryant and Boon and Stevens. Voice. CENTRAL CARRIAGE WORKS, Established 1872. LICHFIELD STREET, CHRIST CHURCH. VOICE & PEAT, Manufacturers of Fine Carriages. Tandem Carts, Polo and Pagnal Carte, Racing and Road Sulkies. Specialty. Business Cart and Waggons. Written guarantee with all new work. Carriages Exchanged, Bought or Sold on Commission. Special Quotations for Repairing and Renovating Vehicles for the Coming Season. Correspondence solicited and promptly re-purchased. G. D. CRONIN, Late HOLLAND AND CRONIN, AMERICAN COACH FACTORY, 128 Caehel street, Christ Church. BUGGIES CARTS, GIGA, WAGONS, and Vehicles of every description unequalled for finish, durability and cheapness. SLESINGERSS BHEUMATIO BALSAM IS the Ouiy utsnuiue and oclemiuc ±*re pttration for th« Care of tiout, Kbea matisru, Sciatica, &c, sec Thousands hay« beatified to the Cores effected. BeeP^tuphlet*. SLESINGEB'S. HORSK, CATTLE AND UUdr M^DIOIN-S Are approved of by all owners o( Horaes, Cattle and DogH ail through New Zealand and Australian Colonies. Every person who used them was pleased aud not a single cocuplaiafe m»de these forty years. . souTby— r S. COOK, Chemise Oashel street, C. S. HO WELL, Saddler, . ■ Gaunel acreefc. KINCAID& G.LC., 101 olouibo street. W. PIRIE, Fartler, Otiihel atreet. W, H. 'TRAVIS, SaUdltr, St. Antipu etreec WALLACE a ni CO., <Jhei»l*ta, iii<ii street. AU of Oiiiistchurcii. WuoieHitle from H. F. STEVU'Na, Wholesale "D-uggUb, 188 CzaHvl street. A Gold Medal was Awarded, mc «6 the Ohrlsichurcu Exhibition, aud Flrec and Highest. Ay/aid at Chriscohurch and Dunedin Exhibitions. s. sleSllnger, VETERINARY SUttGEON, puiswm. J, £~ MANSFIELD, MAKCH£BTSB TRB£T SOUTH. IS „ «KJEATLY OVEHBTOCKKI) wlfeh -Aio.N v iiJhJM'S and o« II aeicupuons. a Groat KednctioD in Concrete Sacloearee »ao I on Fences, ace. No reMonableo fler will be ?el*fled Cor the prewoe atovc // c fli ff CAPSULES. TheClwApeit, Sim- II M L* P lest - fe st, and Beet Anti-Fat ox. I" ■ T t*at Tbe recipe of a Celebrated Bill ■ English Physician .and Dietitian of Worldwide Renown. The only SAFE *v !_ o j CU ?F for Stojitneea, Corpulency and CbsSity. Reduces from 3to 51b3. a week. Price per package, 7* 6d post fr«e, from the N.Z. Sole AgenU -ORUe SUPPLY CO., Sox 60. Ounedln. • . . . Tfcese famous, ia*telea* Capsaics act directly en I She food whilst in the Stomach, preventing iv con . Tersion into fat. aud quickir cleans*, tone, and 1 strengtben the whole %y»twn, britstpng back enerey r mod vjgoor, aad improvement in figure and health. t "I P'» CAPSULES «re a pleatant. radical, i - a.i. permanent, and speedy c»are for Stoetnees : in either and are warranted quite safe and genuine,. Particulars and testimonials free, under mart, en r**ei©to< «tMß9ed addrMMd eorela©*. Business Notices. ACADEMY H. PUBDIE, BURGON DENTIST. 173 COLOMBO STREET, CHRISTIAN HALL. TYPE-WRITING OFFICE THE H. S. MALLORY, 10 Cathedral Square, CHRISTIAN HALL. Document and Music of all kinds complete. All work treated as private. Instruction given on Remington Typewriter. Terms on application. WM. STOCKS, MONUMENTAL MASON, MADISON STREET SOUTH. Christian Hall, WISHES to inform people (in want of Monumental Work that he has tendered to SELL PURCHASE STOCK, consisting of Granite, Marble, and other SON Monuments at a REDUCTION of from 10 to 30 percent to ensure your work in connection with the trade done in first-class style. Early inspection invited. Several years later, lately arrived. PHOENIX BY V. S. MALLORY, S. C. Specializing. STUDIO, 218 High street, CHRISTIAN HALL. STREETS (Opposite A. J. White's). James Clark, WHOLESALE and RETAIL PERAMBULATOR MANUFACTURER. Warehouse and Works, Corner High and Thomas streets (Opposite A. J. White's). Conveyances. HOT SPRINGS, HAN ME*i_ PLAINS. DERBETT'S ROYAL_MAIL ACHK4 f k H* 2, o ul * Malls Hottb JL ot Cuiveiuou, le*v« uuir«i«lt>u tot iayn Jtxvtvt, via JLtt/ijj.ej t'e JeOM-'a Fft«s JJmiiy tiota JNoveujuer l»c to Apd W)M ruiuiuiuK f'xm Jiuumer Pl*mi JUailjr dur ln» uuiuwer tuoatua aud everj Tue»d»T aud auturnuj, returuiau Mondays aad Thurauaya from Mujr let o October 3ls& duciug winier muutiio. Ttuou«u Jteturu ticket* are eeaod ab Chmtcuurcu lljllway tiutloa dally 'llcketa avalinblo lor two caieutlar mouttif roiu date ot Usue. Firs* ottuts SO* coach * d I3ffLv3£DJBN ROTHKRHAM ' * VVAiAU A.Ni-» jbLAHUJUKA. Coacu luaVcS LUiveiuou xvi* rtutuerhooa AuU JDttily rubutuiug fruui Wataa iJaiijr; Mondaj'e couoli to *v aiau oouuoots wjWi «u»eh tor JU.tilK.uura, Tuea d»y» ( Btft>uitf WeaueeUay Iα Kulkoura, reiuruiug iuuibdoy; Bie6b«lia oowU leavea Kalkouia 'lUur»u a y. CulverdeQ o KalU^ura— Slogle, SS* returu, *SJ. .. Cuivciueu to Bleahalna — otiW* r OuivLiue'u to Hamaor Plalne—Single, itiOd; retain, X4a. _ v Oμlvβrae» t-o W aUu—Single « ca ®*» HA^^t>wOU*j» WaggOQeiiti ieuvfca Waiau for MtaaiPi fjiruttacuw auu Ai«wk*<vt>y<l «V»ry ifrlcMMs aeliv"r«a. auwuaea to. «*i««JiaA t)oacii«a, Douulo »u*i »»u«i© Jiu^'es, diaw JWr«- Oro«« tiirouMH P°s6 or wire Oook *ad luuriet C»fc»»wl»*l Cliriatcliwch. jHQs. DBflßujxx, Jt roytletor. ' COVEBNOR'S BAY COAOJJ. ; ON and alter •» v. liitia Ist the / tioreruor'e Bay Goaoh will »en • Xj n>. italirtray btatioa ab 9.30 turn, auu v p.«J» j uari. k viewU ...Goverooi- , * i»ay at 8.15 *.m» end 4. 6 p.m., we.i. n«i and other areata: Stances permitting. '•-,*., v- •■ ---cv..cv will ruu any day ojr epp,yiiy,t9 w,H.-mp*-. n LyU«Uvi», oi Uovernor * Bay. cobb AiND ca AKABOA. LiNiToff COAOiiBS. MEJSi'S ma Traiu ub JUtti© Blwr W.: Mwudtty, W«due«day, *"U tJafcur ft Meetß the Steamer At Pigeon J3»y OH Tuesday. Thin-aday, aud Filday. S. Li JS. Ptojorlator, l>uvauoiwlt<j c Bay. Information can be um.ulu..u t»o«u and SOUS, Toumt* , AK«noy, OAtftedral equare. > MBTHVEN ANP ASHBUBTON COAOH A COACH RUNS boi-ween METUVBN and ASUrfuliXON ouXUJWDAYS ttua SAi UHDaYB. Leavaa .Uuthir«n c a.m., arrive* Ashburton 1U.45 a.m. Leaves Aaliburtou *.O p.tn., arrives Methven o.iu aud Orders left at Somereeft Stables, AshburtoOj and Methveu Livery S0* bleß *_ NEIL PUFF. |
7936055_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | El Limón är en ort i Mexiko. Den ligger i kommunen Cochoapa el Grande och delstaten Guerrero, i den sydöstra delen av landet, km söder om huvudstaden Mexico City. El Limón ligger meter över havet och antalet invånare är.
Terrängen runt El Limón är kuperad västerut, men österut är den bergig. El Limón ligger nere i en dal. Den högsta punkten i närheten är meter över havet, km söder om El Limón. Runt El Limón är det ganska glesbefolkat, med invånare per kvadratkilometer. Närmaste större samhälle är Llano Perdido, km väster om El Limón. I omgivningarna runt El Limón växer huvudsakligen savannskog.
Årsmedeltemperaturen i trakten är °C. Den varmaste månaden är april, då medeltemperaturen är °C, och den kallaste är september, med °C. Genomsnittlig årsnederbörd är millimeter. Den regnigaste månaden är juni, med i genomsnitt mm nederbörd, och den torraste är januari, med mm nederbörd.
Kommentarer
Källor
Orter i Guerrero.
|
sn85026214_1882-01-08_1_2_2 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | And now Louis XV., the much-loved one, appeared in the side-door with a sweet, repulsive smile. In the delirium of arrogance he had hung about his shoulders the royal purple, which he wore only before the eyes of his people, in solemn moments, when he wished to represent the imperial and anointed dignity of France. And, indeed, to honor this countess, he would now, in horrid mummery, represent France as a slave humbled before this coarse favorite. So the grotesque old man approached with affected dancing steps, bearing the cup of coffee in his hand. Zamore, at a motion from his master, reeled forward and took the golden urn that held the rest of the coffee from the improvised cooking house. Over the coarse, broad lace of the countess was placed again the grinning mask, the flattery of tenderness, and the whip trembled lightly in her hand, and played as a little snake upon the cheeks of the king. The countess smiled, and smiled, and the whip coiled and trembled. "Attend, Zamore," called the king; "with thy urn wait in attendance as a dog." And Zamore knelt and waited in attendance as a dog. And the countess smiled more and more and merrily chuckled. "Our handsome chamberlain, the Viscount de Letorieros, must indeed enjoy this picture." It is too droll. Go, ‘La France,’ ring, that he may come, and see what he has never seen before.” “La France,” yet dancing with affected grace, presented the coffee, saying, sweetly: “Thy handsome viscount cannot appear, m’amie; he can never appear, since he is dead.” “Dead!” was the word screamed from the mouth of the countess, as her smile petrified into a grimace. “Yes; it was due thy honor, m’amie. This is a little vaseount became too bold through thy favor. Yesterday he ventured aloud to shame thee and to revile thee in a most reckless manner, in a little play, before the whole court. But I have revenged thee, m’amie. Count Meervelt, the surest swordsman in the world, met the handsome viscount early this morning and pierced him through and through. Am I not a gallant knight, my lady? What?” The stony grin was again as a mask over the face of the countess; yet a moment trembled the tamed snake, the whip, and then hide yourselves, oh! Cupids and caryatids hide yourselves, oh! folds of silk and dazzling lustre of glass; hide yourself, oh! sun; hide yourself, oh! France—for your purple has been done. I graced; your lord and master has been dishonored and branded; for, like a whipped slave, if the blood-red streams have dripped over his terrified, fat, weak face. But little time remained for disfavor or reconciliation after this unheard-of act. Louis XV died soon after, and the countess was obliged to allow her coffee to be prepared by quite common hands. The Revolution roared over the land as a purifying thunderstorm, and one day Zamore, who once “was nothing human,” stood before the Revolutionary Tribunal, opposite his terror-quivering mistress, and accused her of treason to her fatherland. Without, in Luciennes, raged the mob, tore down the curtains, crushed the mirrors, pierced the pictures, shivered the vases, and shattered the gilded furniture. And the silken tatters of the dress of the woe-stricken, screaming woman who, in the pouring rain, was dragged up the steps dripping with blood from the guillotine— these silken tatters which the heavy shoe of the executioner tore from her clothing and trampled into the red mire, said, “Bissle, rustle— I was right.” And the head of the ex-countess fell, and a second head fell, and the third, and yet many, many heads fell; and the “knitting-women” of Boquespierre, who would lose no execution, and yet were forced to earn their daily bread, sat about the scaffold, ever knitting, knitting, knitting, knitting. Answered for the Argonaut from the German by May 18. Treat. The History of a Beautiful and Gifted Woman. In 1754, a little girl was born to Gratien Philip, an engraver and jeweler, who lived in a dingy house on the Quai dos Orfevres, on the banks of the Seine, Paris. Out of seven children, she was the only one who lived to grow up. She received the names of Marie Jeanne, but her parents—who were very fond of her—always called her Manon, a pot name equivalent to our Molly. Manon, in her eighth year, was instructed in writing, geography, music and dancing, and to each of these she applied herself with astonishing energy and success. Her great passion, however, was reading, and every book within her reach, no matter on what subject, was eagerly seized upon, and carried to “a little alcove adjoining her father’s workshop, which was fitted up as a miniature bedroom, and contained a tiny cot bed, a small table, a chair, and a few shelves.” In this retreat, Manon would sit for hours at a time, absorbed in her beloved books, and what books for a girl of nine! Among them were “Plutarch’s Lives,” “The Adventures of Telemachus,” and a translation of Tasso’s “Jerusalem Delivered.” Her greatest favorite was Plutarch, and every day during Lent that year she took it with her to mass, and re-read it, instead of conning over her prayers and reading devotional exercises. As the girl merged into the woman, her mind underwent a change. Books of devotion took the other favorite favorites; the “Lives of the Saints" in particular gave so serious a turn to her thoughts that she begged to be allowed to enter a convent in order to better prepare herself for her first communion, at all times a most solemn sacrament with the majority of French girls. Accordingly, in May, 1763, she entered as a pupil the establishment of La Congregation, in the Faubourg St. Marcel. Here she remained for a twelvemonth, being placed among the older girls on account of her superior intelligence. Here she was really happy, and made some of her most faithful friends. On her return home, great was her grief to find that her father devoted so much time to the affairs of his commune that he neglected his business, and her mother was forced to take his place. As this domestic disarrangement prevented Madame Phippon bestowing the desired attention on her daughter, the young girl was next transferred to the care of her maternal grandmother, in the St. Louis. While staying with this worthy woman, Ma non contrived to live pleasantly with her cherished books and flowers. Gradually, as the native strength of her mind developed, reason began to assert its sway more powerfully than imagination. The passion of devotion, which had nearly led her to taking the veil during her stay in the convent, was now succeeded by a questioning, scrutinizing spirit, such as at that time took a strong hold of the leading minds of France. Her republican sentiments revived again, and with increased force, the revival no doubt being hastened by the treatment she experienced at the hands of a certain Madame Osmond, whom her grandmother one day took her to see. Madame was above them in station, and the young girl could scarcely control her indignation as she witnessed and felt the insulting condescension with which they were received. At seventeen—the marrying age in France—Manon's beauty was of that kind called interesting. Taken separately, her features wore not classically beautiful; the point of the nose was thick, the mouth large, but the smile was charming—so soft, gentle, and kind, and the teeth were white and regular. The forehead was powerful; the brows thick, dark, and highly arched; the eyes of a deep blue, looking in some lights dark brown, were always lively and full of expression. Her arms were well-rounded; her hand, with its long taper fingers, was not small but shapely, her bust finely formed, her complexion brilliant, and her hair, of a dark brown, almost black, fell in long luxuriant curls over her shoulders. Altogether she presented an attractive picture of health, vigor, and womanly grace; and her personal gifts, to which was added a fortune of 20,000 francs, brought her many suitors. In the Spring of 1775, Madame D'Hippon died. It was a heavy affliction to Marie Jeanne; her father was dissipated and estranged from her, and "in losing her mother she lost all her family." After vainly striving to win her father back to his home, there was nothing left for her but to console herself with her books, and these she studied with great diligence. Among the intimate friendships she had formed at the convent was one Sophie Cannot, who lived at Amiens and corresponded with Mario on the most affectionate terms. In her letters the lively Sophie continually lamented the stupidity of the society in her neighborhood. “There was, however, one exception in the person of a well-informed, middle-aged gentleman named Boland. He was not much at home, spending some months of the year in Paris, and making yet longer visits to Italy and Germany.” Sophie had also spoken to M. Boland, of her dear friend Marie’s superior mental gifts, and had shown him her portrait. M. Roland became interested in Mademoiselle Phippon, and one day in the Winter of 1775, he told Sophie he was going to Paris, and offered to take a letter for her to her friend. Mario received M. Roland with every respect. He was about double her age, that is, past forty, tall, thin, and yellow, with a bald head and stiff manners. He had one charm, a very pleasing voice, and on Marie’s delicate ear it fell agreeably. His conversation was that of a intellectual mind. He was not a man to inspire love; there was, however, much mental sympathy between them, and when Roland proposed for her hand she was prepared to accept him, thinking it better to marry for mind rather than heart. Her fortune had been long ago dissipated by her father, and Marie, while agreeing to accept Roland, honestly told him how poor a match this would be for him in a worldly point of view. Roland would not allow her want of fortune to make any difference; he was in a good position, being superintendent of a large factory at Amiens, and after various delays the marriage took place. Only one child, a daughter, was the result of this union, and in her all Madame Roland. Signs warmest affections were centered. In the meantime, events were marching rapidly in France. The Girondists—so called because their prominent men came from the department of the Gironde—were becoming a formidable party. They professed to be Moderate Republicans; with them Roland allied himself, and his wife, feeling at last that the dearly-cherished dream of her youth was about to be realized, entered with all the enthusiasm of her nature into their projects. At length came the memorable 10th August, 1792; the Monarchy was swept away, and the Republic established. In the evening the leaders met at Madame Boland's. Her beautiful face was flushed with excitement, the dream of her young days was now realized. The triumph of the Girondists was short-lived. Madame Boland had the inexpressible anguish of beholding the ruin of her idol. The Girondists and their rivals for power, the Jacobins, “ began to tear each other to pieces, and Robespierre, the cunning jackal, quietly devouring the prey while they were fighting, and looked forward to feasting on their very carcasses.” One of the first the Jacobins tried to arrest was M. Roland. He refused to acknowledge their authority, and being passionately urged by his wife, he made good his escape to Rouen. Madame was next arrested; she was forced to leave her beloved child, and the crowd that gathered round the fiacre in which she was placed, shouted, “A la guillotine!” The guard politely asked if she would like the windows closed. “No,” she replied; “oppressed innocence must never take the attitude of guilt. I fear no one’s looks.” “You have more courage than many men,” said the guard, unable to repress their admiration. She answered: “I groan for my country; I regret the error which made me think it worthy of liberty and happiness.” She was conveyed to the prison of Sainte Pelagio, and even here sought to make the very best use of her life. One day she is informed of her own name is on the black list of Forequier Tinvite, and that it is signed by none other than Robespierre, the man who had been one of her earliest friends, the man she had brought forward in the political world, who had been her guest time and again, and whose life she had on one occasion tried to save. Oh, bitter irony of fate! This was the man who signed her death warrant. When at length convinced that all chances of justice for her were over, Madame Roland devoted the remainder of her time to the writing of those brilliant memoirs which were published two years after her death, under the title of “An Appeal to Impartial Posterity.” It is hard to believe these remarkable records of her life were written in prison “under the very shadow of death;” yet such was the case, for she knew not from one hour to another when her own might come. Once only, during the last six months of her captivity, did her indomitable spirit give way to her, she was very weary and in ill-health, and she procured poison "to put an end to her misery." Before taking it, she wrote a deeply touching letter to her daughter; when she had finished writing her old courage, she returned, she flung the poison away, and resolved to keep death bravely. In November, 1793, she was removed "to that fatal Conciergerie, from whence in those days no prisoner issued except for the guillotine." After her trial—a mere mockery of justice—at which she was vainly pressed to reveal her husband’s place of concealment, she ran quickly down the steps, and as she passed her friends, she drew her finger across her delicate throat to show them she was condemned. When the tumbril came to take her to the guillotine, she was dressed simply in white, her long rich hair falling over her shoulders "like a Spanish vail." Her face had lost its freshness from long confinement, but its beauty was greater than of old, for it had more than gained in expression what it lacked in color. The guillotine stood in the Place de la Concorde, and close by was a huge clay statue of Liberty. Turning toward the statue, Madame Boland bowed to it and cried: "Oh, Liberty, Liberty! how many crimes are committed in thy name!" She then mounted the scaffold, and in a few seconds her head rolled into the basket prepared to receive it. Thus perished this remarkable woman in the Thirty-ninth year of her age. A CHILD’S APPEAL. “SAY, MISTER, PLEASE LET MOTHER OUT.” (From the St. Louis Globe-Democrat.) When the hour hand of the clock pointed to nine last night, Freddie Mack was wide awake. He might have been in bed dreaming of the good things other boys had eaten for their New Year’s dinner, if business of an imperative nature had not called for his presence at the police station. About the hour mentioned, Officers Flynn and King walked into the Chestnut street station with two prisoners, who occupied their whole attention, and as one of them was scarcely able to walk, for a reason which they clearly understood, they scarcely noticed that Freddie trotted after them. The prisoners were his father and mother. They had been celebrating the new year at their home in the third story of the building at the corner of Sixth and Chestnut streets. Freddie had been trying to keep them from fighting, and now that they had fallen into the hands of the police, he had another object in view, namely, to secure their release. Freddie will be six years of age on his next birthday. His father loaned against the railing for support, and, turning to his wife, said, in a cold, stern way: “Make your charge. What is it?” The officer, who had been supporting Mrs. Mack by the arm, released his hold, supposing, no doubt, that she would sustain herself by clinging to the balustrade; but the floor seemed good enough for her. She sank upon her knees, took hold of the supports of the railing, and wept. “Oh, Lord! Oh, Lord!” she cried, in a tone suggestive of cruel need; but if she meant to ask a boon, she did not make the want known. It was not the drinking of water that so deeply affected her. Officer Flynn put his hand upon her shoulder and said: “Get up from here. If you were so helpless on the outside, you would not be here.” “Look here,” said John Mack, with the air of an advantage gained by the mistake of an officer, “that woman is my wife. Be careful. And then turning to her he said, “Stand up and prefer your charge.” The officer assisted the woman to her feet, but she did not or could not talk, so it devolved upon the officers to make the charge. They said that the couple had been raising an awful disturbance in the building at the corner of Sixth and Chestnut, in which so many people had become interested that the street was blockaded. “What’s your name?” asked the officer in charge of the station of the head of the family, who said “John F. Mack.” Freddie danced around nervously amid the group. He must have been in a station-house before, for he knew what this meant. His father was to be locked up. He sided around to his mother in a sort of speechless confusion. His mother recovered sufficient strength at his approach to lift him to the railing, and when she was asked her name the child put his arms around her neck and looked appealingly at the sergeant: “Mister, please don’t take my mother inside, will you?” He said. The officer looked at him doubtfully. “What can get her out? Won’t you let my mother go with me? Let me loose, mother. Hush, don’t cry. Say, mister, let my mother out, won’t you? Let her come home,” the little fellow said, rapidly and appealingly. There were no tears in his eyes. He was one of those youngsters who are cradled in care and taught in the school of self-denial. As the officers took the woman by the arm and moved toward the cells, Freddie, who was in his mother’s arms, asked very coolly: “Where are you going?” “Into the calaboose,” somebody said. Freddie said nothing until he got inside. Then his whole system relaxed and he began to cry. His mother cried, too. She cried so loud that she discouraged him. He stopped and made one last effort to effect the release of the party by force of juvenile argument. “Mamma, mamma, wait a minute,” he said, between her sobs. “Let me tell you something, I let you think something, mamma; if you’ll hush maybe they’ll let you out.” But she wouldn’t hush. The boy called the officer, and tried to explain how much better it would be to let them all out, but the officer only said he was sorry, but he couldn’t. All hope was now gone, and Freddie joined in the chorus. The boy was told he could go, but he preferred to stay. (From the Chicago Tribune.) “Kne” In obedience to the beautiful girl, flung herself in an abandon of grief near the bed on which lay dying the eighth Duke of Twenty-second street, Rubert Rollingstone. “ Rupert the Red” he had always been called—not by reason of the sunnily-gold locks that clustered in riant growth about his fair, white forehead, but because when childhood’s happy days were yet his to enjoy he would merrily run across the broad demesne that stretched away in front of his father’s castle on Blue Island avenue and shout “Hi! Hi! Read Head!” at a little boy who lived next door. His mother had noticed this, but had only said: “’Tis but the buoyant nature of his blithe Saxon spirit,” and gone qu with her singing. One day the other little boy came over the fence, and vaccinated Rupert several times in the same place with a big game, copper-toed boot. After eating his meals standing for a week or so, Rupert had said to his mother one day: “After giving the subject considerable attention, mamma, I have concluded that the Jones boy is not so red-headed as I thought he was.” And now he was dying—dying away out on the West Side, far from those who loved him, and whose words of sympathy and affection would have been a sweet boon in this dreadful hour. A cold, contracted by endeavoring to bow to each one of a string of school-girls who were out for a walk, had developed into quick consumption. The dread disease had made known its presence while Rupert was at the house of a friend on Laflin street. “You cannot live more than a week,” the doctor had said. “ But my people,” cried the sick man, in an agony of fear; “ they are on Twenty-second 1 street, and too poor to hire a carriage. How shall I see them ?” and ho wrung his hands in 1 an agony of despair. . # # * . * “It cannot be done, my lass,” said tho street 1 railway suporintoudent, looking down kindly into Lurline’s face. “ I would gladly do aught that might ease the last moments of a dying man, but I cannot accomplish impossibilities. A car from Twenty-second street to tho corner 1 of Laflin and Van‘Buren in five days? By my halidom, you jest bravely I” and picking up a pair of shears, he again resumed his occupation ■ of cutting coupons from Government bonds. 1 It was on her return from this interview that • the words quoted at the beginning of this story > were uttered. When Lurline had knelt by tho > dying man, he turned to her and spoke. ’ “ Lurline, mv darling,” he said, “ I am dying > down. I shall soon be in the sweet pretty quick. But ere I start I want you to make mo one promise—a sacred one, that you will keep - forever.” > “ Name it,” said the girl, in a sob-choked 1 voice. “ Whenever you are in a hurry, avoid the 1 street car.” t “Ipromise,” was the reply. > Rupert’s face lit up with a sweet, peaceful • 1 smile. 1 “ Good-by, my angel.” “ Bung soir,” was the faint response, as the > girl’s head fell on his breast amid a storm of > sobs. “ I see hoavon,” murmured the dying man. “I know it is heaven, because there are lots of street cars, and they run every three minutes.” Rupert was dead.—From. “If we Get There,” by Murat Halstead. THE BRAKEMAN. “Some of the various specimens.” BY THE HAWK-EYE TRAVELER. On the way down was a cheery fellow who sang out the stations in such a hearty welcoming way that made the wayfarer who got off feeling as though everybody in that town wanted him to come and was glad to see him. “How many types of the many sided brakemen we have traveled with,” said the Jester, musing over five years of platform travel. There is the plural one, you know, who always doubles up on the names of his stations and calls out ‘Clevelands I Clevelands I Change cars for Hudsons Havens and Akrons! This car for Buffaloes I’. And the jovial one, said the fat passenger, the jolly brakeman, who is always happy, who, when we run into a penitentiary town, always shouts ‘Moyamenoing! Change suits! Seven years for refreshments I’ If you tell him the fire has gone out he wants to know who left the door open. The Grosser the passengers are, the merrier he is, and it would be a thing without parallel to see him mad. Laughs every time he calls a station, and when he sings out ‘Cincinnati! Oh, oh, everybody laughs with him.’ And the dismal brakeman, said the cross passenger, who puts wet wood in the stove, and leaves the door open, and spills grease on you when he lights the candies, and if you ask him when we get there, he sighs and says we may never get there. He points out of the window at a whistling post and says, ‘There’s where No. 6 run off and killed Billy Bly last week.’ And when we cross a ravine he says, ‘This is the same kind of a bridge the Ashtabula disaster happened on.’ And he points to a heart-broken-looking young man two seats ahead of you and tells you. This wife is dead—we've got her in the baggage car. And then, in a determined effort to increase your gloom, if possible, he adds, "Only one who had." And the cautious brakeman, said the slow-spoken man who always looks at his watch very carefully before he will tell you at what hour the train is due at the terminus, and looks out of the window very earnestly to get his landmarks before he tells you where you stop for dinner. And he looks at a nursing baby in its mother’s arms, bald as a billiard and with never a tooth in its cunning little mouth, as though he doubted if that child wasn't over six years old and amenable to half fare. And he is cautious about the stations. When we roll into the yards, he opens the door, looks out, looks at his watch, and calls out cautiously, in the finest nonpareil, with an audible interrogation point: "KOKOMO!" And then, feeling sure of his ground, roars out in confident upper case and astonishes: "KOKOMO!" "And the irascible duffer," said the man on the wood-box, "who roars 'Naw!' when you ask him if this is a mail train, and bangs the door against your elbow every time he comes in, and tells a bewildered woman who wants to know how she can get to Niblot's Siding that night 'that she can get off at the tank when we stop at Brewster's, run down on 12, and catch 22 coming back on 15's time, and that's the only train that stops there." And he gets so filled with wrath that he has to go out on the platform now and then and swear it off at the little snow birds on the telegraph wires. I know him," the man on the wood-box said, and he rubbed his elbow with pathetic emphasis. “And the liar,” said the woman who talks bass, “who tells you that the train makes close connections with other trains at places that are not junctions; who tells you he’ll build a fire in that car after they leave the next station, and you find that station is the end of his run; who says he’ll help you out with your bundles and then runs back into the parlor car to talk with the engineer’s daughter; and who always tells you he has no key when you ask him to turn a seat for you.” Verily his name is legion, and there are numberless types of him; but in the main, and by a large majority, he is a good-natured, patient, courteous fellow, who works hard, gets up early, sits up late, endeavors to spend his salary about as fast as the company can pay it, and deserves better luck than he usually gets. THE DUMMY ENEMY. HOW TWO MEN SUCCEED IN BUSINESS. (From the San Francisco Post.) “Archibald, my boy,” said old Mr. Dimmerer, the rich commission merchant the other day, as he called his son into his private office, “my dear boy, I have just executed the deeds by which I retire from business today, and leave you sole active partner in the wealthiest house on the coast. Naturally you expect me to give you some timely counsel for your future business-guidance.” “Keerect!” replied young D., who was a member of the Bohemian Club, and knew it all. “You probably suppose that I wish to enjoin upon you frugality, temperance, integrity and punctuality as the sure means of success. Not at all. Those virtues are all very well for the copybook, but the only real requisite to success in life—especially in this State—is a really good, reciprocating dummy enemy.” “A what?” queried the ‘scion of the house of D., as he put his feet on the desk and lit another cigarette. “Why, a first-class, bitter, unrelenting dummy enemy. Something like my dear old friend Guffey, for instance.” “Why, I thought you were down on that man the worst way.” “That’s just the point—that’s just the joke of it,” said old D., with a chuckle. “Fourteen years ago I met Guffey on the steamer, coming round here from New York. We had both failed in trade—in Boston, he in Philadelphia—both, of us fairly driven out of business by the usual slanders, jealousies and underhand’defamation peculiar to—well, to everywhere.” “Why didn’t you go into partnership?” asked the junior. “I’ll tell you. After talking the matter over, Guffey and I agreed that the only way for a man with a small capital to get along was to have some trusted friend on the outside who would keep him posted as to the doings of his enemies. Someone whom they would talk to, don’t you understand?” “I catch on,” remarked the youth. . “So we concluded to act as each other’s dummy enemy. And from the day that we stepped off the steamer down at the wharf, Guffey and I have never spoken to each other, except on the 1st and 15th of each month, when I visit him in disguise to compare notes.” “Well, by Jove!” “It was a fact, though. Every time my enemies—and everybody has them; they sort of grow so much—put up a job on me, or lie about me, or try to injure me in any way, they go to Guffey and attempt to rope him into the plot. He sympathizes with them; says I’m the most infernal old wretch unhung, and then sits down and writes me the particulars. Good scheme, that, eh?” and the old merchant laughed until he was black in the face. “Well, I should smile,” grinned the other. “Of course I do the same for Guffey. Why, I can’t tell how many thousand times I’ve scowled at him on the street, and remarked to whoever I was walking with: “There’s that miserable scoundrel, Guffey. Look at the airs he puts on because he is rich. I’d like to break his rascally head with a club!” “Was Guffey rich, then?” “Why, no; of course not, at first. It was a part of our scheme, don’t you see, to brace up each other's credit under the cover of abuse. For instance, I’d apply for a big discount at some bank, and the cashier would slip around to Guffey for information, knowing he’d give away all my weak points. Guffey would scowl, and gay: I suppose the old villain is solid enough, out of a man who’d turn his mother-in-law out of doors on a cold winter night. The old beast! I wonder they haven’t tarred and feathered differently years ago. They say his grandmother is in the poorhouse. With all his money, too, just think! Why, certainly. A bank cashier doesn’t care for grandmothers. What he is after is stingy old capitalists, and other Muldoons. Why, Guffey once borrowed fifty thousand dollars because I privately told McLane that G. had swindled the government on a half million contract. Mac had him up to dinner the very next day. Think over what I have said, my dear boy, and go’thou and do likewise. And promising to look carefully around up at the club, which was crammed full of dummies of all kinds, young Diffenderfer dived into his ulster, and hastened to get up on Kearney street before the matinees let out. Vegetine. I MADE UP MY MIND TO TRY THE VEGETINE. Buffalo, Dec. 27,1878. Mr. H. R. Stevens: Dear Sir—I reside at No. 745 Niagara street, of this city. I sin sixty-nine years of age. For several years past, I have been in feeble health. My complaint is what the doctors call GENERAL DEBILITY of the system. At times, I suffered severely with pains in my side and back. I used a number of remedies without receiving any relief. My attention was called to your advertisement of VEGETINE in our paper. I made up my mind to try VEGETINE, sent and bought some. It seemed to help it from the first, and in a short time my health improved. I have used a number of bottles, and am now enjoying better health than I have for a number of years. I have recommended the VEGETINE to my sister and also to several acquaintances, and they have used it with equally good results. It is the best medicine for Weakness and General Debility of the system that I know of, and I do with great confidence recommend it to all my friends as a good medicine. I would also state that for a great many years I have been a sufferer from Rheumatism, and since I commenced using the VEGETINE I have had but very little trouble from it. Yours respectfully, Mrs. SAMUEL GREENE. I am personally acquainted with Mrs. Greene, and know her as a reliable and honest lady, and also know that the above statement is true. Yours respectfully, Dr. B. SMITH, Dispensing Druggist, No. 983 N. Main street. Vegetine, Zas Is Its Equal. LUNG Selma, Ala, May 12, 1872. Mr. IL R. Stevens. Boston, Mess.: I take great pleasure in recommending your Vegetine. I have been suffering for a long time with the LUNG DISEASE, trying every kind of medicine that I could get, but none seemed to do any good, until I tried your great Vegetine Remedy. I had used it only a short time before I could discover a very great change in my health for the better. I don’t consider that your medicine has its equal for the disease which you propose to cure, especially the diseases that I have been afflicted with. JOHN HOMAS. Vegetine IS SOLD BY ALL DRUGGISTS. |
http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/ProductsbyTopic/A293F684FFD74BBECA2570A500167A93?OpenDocument | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | Australian Bureau of Statistics
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
2040.0.30.002 - Census of Population and Housing: CDATA 2001 Add-on Datapack -- Indigenous Profile, 2001
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 26/06/2003
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
• About this Release
ABOUT THIS RELEASE
An interface within CDATA 2001 allows easy import of these datapacks into the CDATA 2001 operating environment. This interface will ensure that the other Profiles can be imported and presented, manipulated and mapped in the same way as the Basic and Time Series Profiles on the standard CDATA product. Individual Datapacks are available for the following: Indigenous Profile; Usual Residents profile; Expanded Community Profile; Working Population Community Profile; Estimated Resident Population and SEIFA.
See2040.0.30.003 -- 2040.0.30.007
© Commonwealth of Australia 2014
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us..
|
github_open_source_100_1_248 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package edu.pasudo123.board.core.comment.service;
import edu.pasudo123.board.core.comment.dto.CommentOneRequestDto;
import edu.pasudo123.board.core.comment.dto.CommentOneResponseDto;
/**
* Created by pasudo123 on 2019-08-15
* Blog: https://pasudo123.tistory.com/
* Email: oraedoa@gmail.com
**/
public interface CommentUpdateService {
CommentOneResponseDto updateOnById(final long commentId, final CommentOneRequestDto dto);
}
|
github_open_source_100_1_249 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package com.ergdyne.tasktimer;
import android.app.AlertDialog;
import android.app.DatePickerDialog;
import android.app.TimePickerDialog;
import android.content.DialogInterface;
import android.database.Cursor;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.v7.app.ActionBar;
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.util.Log;
import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;
import android.widget.ArrayAdapter;
import android.widget.AutoCompleteTextView;
import android.widget.DatePicker;
import android.widget.TextView;
import android.widget.TimePicker;
import com.ergdyne.lib.AppConstants;
import com.ergdyne.lib.DBMap;
import com.ergdyne.lib.EpicDate;
import com.ergdyne.lib.ErgAlert;
import com.ergdyne.lib.ErgFormats;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
/**
* Created by j on 3/30/17.
*/
public class EditEventActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
/**********************/
//Variable definitions
/**********************/
public static final String EVENT_ID = "eventID";
public static final String IS_CURRENT = "isRunning";
private static final String TAG = "EditEventActivity";
private long eventID;
private boolean isRunning; //is currently running...
private TextView eventName;
private TextView durationDisplay;
private AutoCompleteTextView reviseEvent;
private TextView setStartTime;
private TextView setEndTime;
private TextView setStartDate;
private TextView setEndDate;
private String currentTaskName;
private EpicDate currentStart;
private EpicDate currentEnd;
private String currentDurationDisplay;
private EpicDate newStart;
private EpicDate newEnd;
private DBHelper dbHelper;
/**********************/
//Activity lifecycle
/**********************/
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
//Change the toolbar to cancel/confirm.
{
try {
final LayoutInflater inflater = (LayoutInflater) getSupportActionBar().getThemedContext()
.getSystemService(LAYOUT_INFLATER_SERVICE);
final View customActionBarView = inflater.inflate(
R.layout.actionbar_edit, null);
customActionBarView.findViewById(R.id.actionbar_cancel).setOnClickListener(
new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
finish();
}
});
customActionBarView.findViewById(R.id.actionbar_confirm).setOnClickListener(
new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
inputProcessing(dbHelper, isRunning, eventID, reviseEvent.getText().toString(), currentTaskName, newStart, currentStart, newEnd, currentEnd);
}
}
);
final ActionBar actionBar = getSupportActionBar();
actionBar.setDisplayOptions(
ActionBar.DISPLAY_SHOW_CUSTOM,
ActionBar.DISPLAY_SHOW_CUSTOM | ActionBar.DISPLAY_SHOW_HOME
| ActionBar.DISPLAY_HOME_AS_UP);
actionBar.setCustomView(customActionBarView,
new ActionBar.LayoutParams(
ViewGroup.LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT,
ViewGroup.LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT));
}catch(NullPointerException e){
Log.e(TAG,"getThemedContext returned null");
}
}
setContentView(R.layout.activity_edit_event);
//Link variables to views.
{
eventName = (TextView) this.findViewById(R.id.textView_edit_event);
durationDisplay = (TextView) this.findViewById(R.id.textView_edit_duration);
reviseEvent = (AutoCompleteTextView) this.findViewById(R.id.autoCompleteTextView_revise_event);
setStartTime = (TextView) this.findViewById(R.id.textView_set_start_time);
setEndTime = (TextView) this.findViewById(R.id.textView_set_end_time);
setStartDate = (TextView) this.findViewById(R.id.textView_set_start_date);
setEndDate = (TextView) this.findViewById(R.id.textView_set_end_date);
}
dbHelper = new DBHelper(this);
isRunning = getIntent().getBooleanExtra(IS_CURRENT,false);
eventID = getIntent().getLongExtra(EVENT_ID, DBMap.SettingsTable.defaultID);
//Load the major variables needed to display and edit.
{
if(isRunning){
//If it is the current event, the end is not yet set. We go to the Settings table for information.
newEnd = new EpicDate(dbHelper.rightNow());
currentEnd = new EpicDate(newEnd.sEpoch);
Cursor settings = dbHelper.getSettings();
settings.moveToFirst();
currentTaskName = dbHelper.getCurrentTaskName();
currentStart = new EpicDate(dbHelper.getCurrentStart());
long currentDuration = newEnd.sEpoch - currentStart.sEpoch;
currentDurationDisplay = ErgFormats.durationHMS(currentDuration);
settings.close();
}else {
//Normal event is being edited, so information comes from the event table.
Cursor event = dbHelper.getByID(DBMap.EventTable.table, eventID);
event.moveToFirst();
long taskID = event.getLong(event.getColumnIndex(DBMap.EventTable.taskID));
currentTaskName = dbHelper.getTaskName(taskID);
currentStart = new EpicDate(event.getLong(event.getColumnIndex(DBMap.EventTable.start)));
currentEnd = new EpicDate(event.getLong(event.getColumnIndex(DBMap.EventTable.end)));
currentDurationDisplay = event.getString(event.getColumnIndex(DBMap.EventTable.durationDisplay));
event.close();
newEnd = new EpicDate(currentEnd.sEpoch);
}
newStart = new EpicDate(currentStart.sEpoch);
}
//Push values to the views.
{
//I don't like the way this whole section flows. Like so much similar code that there should be a better way.
ArrayAdapter<String> adapter = new ArrayAdapter<String>(this, android.R.layout.simple_list_item_1,dbHelper.getTaskList());
//Same information is filled for current as others except for the End Time/Date
eventName.setText(currentTaskName);
durationDisplay.setText(currentDurationDisplay);
setStartTime.setText(currentStart.toTimeString(true,AppConstants.HOUR_FORMAT));
setEndTime.setText((isRunning)?"N/A":currentEnd.toTimeString(true,AppConstants.HOUR_FORMAT));
setStartDate.setText(currentStart.toDateString());
setEndDate.setText((isRunning)?"":currentEnd.toDateString());
reviseEvent.setThreshold(AppConstants.SUGGESTION_THRESHOLD);
reviseEvent.setAdapter(adapter);
/**********************/
//Set on click listeners. Date and times are separate.
/**********************/
setStartTime.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
TimePickerDialog startPicker;
startPicker = new TimePickerDialog(EditEventActivity.this, new TimePickerDialog.OnTimeSetListener() {
@Override
public void onTimeSet(TimePicker view, int hourOfDay, int minute) {
if(minute != currentStart.minute || hourOfDay != currentStart.hourOfDay ) {
newStart.setHourOfDay(hourOfDay);
newStart.setMinute(minute);
setStartTime.setText(EpicDate.toTimeString(hourOfDay, minute, AppConstants.HOUR_FORMAT));
}
}
},currentStart.hourOfDay,currentStart.minute,false); //true 24hour time
startPicker.setTitle(getResources().getString(R.string.hint_set_start_time));
startPicker.show();
}
});
setStartDate.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
DatePickerDialog startPicker;
startPicker = new DatePickerDialog(EditEventActivity.this, new DatePickerDialog.OnDateSetListener(){
@Override
public void onDateSet(DatePicker datePicker, int year, int month, int dayOfMonth){
if(dayOfMonth != currentStart.dayOfMonth ||
month != currentStart.month || year != currentStart.year){
newStart.setYear(year);
newStart.setMonth(month);
newStart.setDayOfMonth(dayOfMonth);
setStartDate.setText(EpicDate.toDateString(year,month,dayOfMonth));
}
}
},currentStart.year,currentStart.month,currentStart.dayOfMonth);
startPicker.setTitle(getResources().getString(R.string.hint_set_start_date));
startPicker.show();
}
});
if(!isRunning) {
setEndTime.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
TimePickerDialog startPicker;
startPicker = new TimePickerDialog(EditEventActivity.this, new TimePickerDialog.OnTimeSetListener() {
@Override
public void onTimeSet(TimePicker view, int hourOfDay, int minute) {
if (minute != currentEnd.minute || hourOfDay != currentEnd.hourOfDay) {
newEnd.setHourOfDay(hourOfDay);
newEnd.setMinute(minute);
setEndTime.setText(EpicDate.toTimeString(hourOfDay, minute,AppConstants.HOUR_FORMAT));
}
}
}, currentEnd.hourOfDay, currentEnd.minute, false); //true 24hour time
startPicker.setTitle(getResources().getString(R.string.hint_set_end_time));
startPicker.show();
}
});
setEndDate.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
DatePickerDialog startPicker;
startPicker = new DatePickerDialog(EditEventActivity.this, new DatePickerDialog.OnDateSetListener() {
@Override
public void onDateSet(DatePicker datePicker, int year, int month, int dayOfMonth) {
if (dayOfMonth != currentEnd.dayOfMonth ||
month != currentEnd.month || year != currentEnd.year) {
newEnd.setYear(year);
newEnd.setMonth(month);
newEnd.setDayOfMonth(dayOfMonth);
setEndDate.setText(EpicDate.toDateString(year, month, dayOfMonth));
}
}
}, currentEnd.year, currentEnd.month, currentEnd.dayOfMonth);
startPicker.setTitle(getResources().getString(R.string.hint_set_end_date));
startPicker.show();
}
});
}
}
}
/**********************/
//Input processing
/**********************/
//This is probably the most complex section of code in the app
//Whats with all the inputs?
//I was trying to make this look more functional.
//i.e. this does not follow good Object Oriented Programming Principles.
//The dialogs get in the way of some of the functional nature, so it is all a bit more messy than required.
private void inputProcessing(DBHelper db, Boolean running, long id,
String newName, String currentName,
EpicDate nStart, EpicDate cStart,
EpicDate nEnd, EpicDate cEnd){
List<String> errors = new ArrayList<>();
boolean changeStart = false;
boolean changeEnd = false;
//If we have any changes then reprocess the new epochs to work in seconds since epoch.
if(!cStart.isEqual(nStart)){
nStart.setSEpoch();
changeStart = true;
}
if(!cEnd.isEqual(nEnd)){
nEnd.setSEpoch();
changeEnd = true;
}
if(changeStart || changeEnd){
//Check for errors...
if(!running && nEnd.sEpoch <= nStart.sEpoch){
errors.add(getResources().getString(R.string.err_end_before_start));
}
if(!running && nEnd.sEpoch > db.rightNow()){
errors.add(getResources().getString(R.string.err_end_future));
}
if(nStart.sEpoch > db.rightNow()){
errors.add(getResources().getString(R.string.err_start_future));
}
if(errors.size()==0){
//Inputs look good; we have a change of some sort, so run the eventAdjustments.
eventAdjustments(db, running,id, newName, currentName, nStart.sEpoch,cStart.sEpoch,nEnd.sEpoch,cEnd.sEpoch);
}else{
//We have errors, so show them.
if(errors.size()>0){
ErgAlert.alert(EditEventActivity.this,errors); }
}
}else{
//No events to edit, just check if name has changed and go.
updateEvent(db, running, newName,currentName, id, cStart.sEpoch, cEnd.sEpoch);
}
}
private void updateEvent(DBHelper db, boolean running, String newName, String currentName, long id, long newStartEpoch, long newEndEpoch){
//This function updates the Event or current Event.
String name = (!newName.equals(currentName) && newName.length() >0)? newName:currentName;
if(!running){
db.updateEvent(id,
newStartEpoch,
newEndEpoch,
db.findOrInsertTask(name),
newEndEpoch-newStartEpoch,
ErgFormats.durationHMS(newEndEpoch-newStartEpoch)
);
}else{
db.updateSettings(newStartEpoch, db.findOrInsertTask(name));
}
finish();
}
private void eventAdjustments(DBHelper db, boolean running, long id, String newName, String currentName, long newStartEpoch, long currentStartEpoch, long newEndEpoch, long currentEndEpoch){
//Some changes are being made and we may need confirmation before deleting something.
int numberDeleted = getEndDeleted(db, newEndEpoch,currentEndEpoch).size() + getStartDeleted(db, newStartEpoch,currentStartEpoch).size();
if(numberDeleted > 0){
AlertDialog.Builder b = new AlertDialog.Builder(EditEventActivity.this);
b.setTitle(getResources().getString(R.string.warn_events_deleted_title));
b.setMessage(getResources().getString(R.string.warn_events_deleted) + numberDeleted);
b.setPositiveButton(android.R.string.yes, new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int which) {
adjustAndDelete(dbHelper, newStart.sEpoch, currentStart.sEpoch,newEnd.sEpoch, currentEnd.sEpoch);
updateEvent(dbHelper, isRunning,reviseEvent.getText().toString(),currentTaskName,eventID,newStart.sEpoch,newEnd.sEpoch);
}
});
b.setNegativeButton(android.R.string.no, new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int which) {
}
});
b.setIcon(android.R.drawable.ic_dialog_alert);
b.show();
}else{
//Only need to adjust so no confirmation.
adjustStartSide(db, currentStartEpoch,newStartEpoch);
adjustEndSide(db, currentEndEpoch,newEndEpoch);
updateEvent(db,running,newName,currentName,id,newStartEpoch,newEndEpoch);
}
}
//The Adjusted events are eating entire events.
private void adjustAndDelete(DBHelper db, long newStartEpoch, long currentStartEpoch, long newEndEpoch, long currentEndEpoch){
//Check for changes to impacted on start side.
List<Long> startIds = getStartDeleted(db,newStartEpoch,currentStartEpoch);
if(startIds.size()==0){
adjustStartSide(db,currentStartEpoch,newStartEpoch);
}else{
adjustStartSide(db,startIds,newStartEpoch,currentEndEpoch);
}
//Check for changes to impacted on end side.
List<Long> endIds = getEndDeleted(db,newEndEpoch,currentEndEpoch);
if(endIds.size()==0){
adjustEndSide(db,currentEndEpoch,newEndEpoch);
}else{
adjustEndSide(db,endIds,currentStartEpoch,newEndEpoch);
}
}
private boolean adjustStartSide(DBHelper db, long currentStartEpoch, long newStartEpoch){//ok
//Exactly one impacted. The event that has an end that matches the the start.
//Update the previous event.
return updateStartSide(db, db.getByLongField(DBMap.EventTable.table,DBMap.EventTable.end,currentStartEpoch),newStartEpoch);
}
private boolean adjustEndSide(DBHelper db, long currentEndEpoch, long newEndEpoch){//ok
//Exactly one impacted and easy to find because it is the one with a start that matches the end.
//Update the next event.
return updateEndSide(db, db.getByLongField(DBMap.EventTable.table,DBMap.EventTable.start,currentEndEpoch),newEndEpoch);
}
//Then overloaded versions that include deletes.
private boolean adjustStartSide(DBHelper db, List<Long> impactedIDs, long newStartEpoch, long currentEndEpoch){
db.deleteByID(DBMap.EventTable.table,impactedIDs);
return updateStartSide(db, db.getInRange(
DBMap.EventTable.table,
null,
DBMap.EventTable.end,
newStartEpoch,
currentEndEpoch-1
),newStartEpoch);
}
private boolean adjustEndSide(DBHelper db, List<Long> impactedIDs, long currentStartEpoch, long newEndEpoch){
db.deleteByID(DBMap.EventTable.table,impactedIDs);
//We don't know exactly where this one starts, but we know the range in which its start lies.
//It is the only one in range because we deleted the others.
return updateEndSide(db, db.getInRange(
DBMap.EventTable.table,
null,
DBMap.EventTable.start,
currentStartEpoch+1,
newEndEpoch
),newEndEpoch);
}
private boolean updateStartSide(DBHelper db, Cursor impacted, long newStartEpoch){
if(impacted.moveToFirst()){
long impactedStart = impacted.getLong(impacted.getColumnIndex(DBMap.EventTable.start));
long adjustedStart = impactedStart;
long adjustedEnd = newStartEpoch;
long adjustedDuration = adjustedEnd - adjustedStart;
db.updateEvent(impacted.getLong(impacted.getColumnIndex(DBMap._ID)),
adjustedStart,
adjustedEnd,
impacted.getLong(impacted.getColumnIndex(DBMap.EventTable.taskID)),
adjustedDuration,
ErgFormats.durationHMS(adjustedDuration));
return true;
}else{
//This is probably not an issue as it would only happen if adjusting the first event or extending behind the first event.
//So it is not an issue if it happens.
Log.w(getResources().getString(R.string.app_name),"EditEventActivity - Start cursor not found");
return false;
}
}
private boolean updateEndSide(DBHelper db, Cursor impacted, long newEndEpoch){
long adjustedStart = newEndEpoch;
if(impacted.moveToFirst()){
long impactedEnd = impacted.getLong(impacted.getColumnIndex(DBMap.EventTable.end));
long adjustedEnd = impactedEnd;
long adjustedDuration = adjustedEnd - adjustedStart;
db.updateEvent(impacted.getLong(impacted.getColumnIndex(DBMap._ID)),
adjustedStart,
adjustedEnd,
impacted.getLong(impacted.getColumnIndex(DBMap.EventTable.taskID)),
adjustedDuration,
ErgFormats.durationHMS(adjustedDuration));
return true;
}else{
db.updateSettings(adjustedStart,db.getCurrentTaskID());
return true;
}
}
//Find which events will be deleted by an expansion of the edited event
private List<Long> getStartDeleted(DBHelper db, long newStartEpoch, long currentStartEpoch){
//the deleted items have newStart < itemStart < currentStart-1
return db.getImpactedEvents(DBMap.EventTable.start,newStartEpoch,(currentStartEpoch-1));
}
private List<Long> getEndDeleted(DBHelper db, long newEndEpoch, long currentEndEpoch){
return db.getImpactedEvents(DBMap.EventTable.end, (currentEndEpoch + 1),newEndEpoch);
}
} |
github_open_source_100_1_250 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | Shader "Vertex Color UnLit" {
Properties {
_MainTex ("Base (RGB)", 2D) = "white" {}
}
SubShader {
Pass {
Lighting Off
ColorMaterial AmbientAndDiffuse
SetTexture [_MainTex] {
combine texture * primary DOUBLE
}
}
}
} |
github_open_source_100_1_251 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import sys,os
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
from matplotlib import cm
from matplotlib.ticker import LinearLocator, FormatStrFormatter
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.colors as colors
import numpy as np
import tracer_interpreter as ti
import pdb
def truncate_colormap(place,size,res,colormap):
num_bounded_entries = res*(1-place/size)
num_unbounded_entries = int(round(res*(place/size)))
bounded_cmap = plt.cm.get_cmap(colormap)
bounded_clist = bounded_cmap(np.linspace(0.,1.,num_bounded_entries))
unbounded_clist = [[0.,1.,0.,1.] for i in range(num_unbounded_entries+1)]
clist = np.vstack((bounded_clist,unbounded_clist))
cmap = colors.LinearSegmentedColormap.from_list('custom',clist)
return cmap
def mag_angle_plot(v='initial_depth', a='Ang', layers_to_plot="All", filepath="TracerResults/tracer-out.txt", t1='My_Plot_Initial', t2='My_Plot_Final', colormap='hot', cmap_bound=None, cmap_interval1=None, cmap_interval2=None, save_plot=False, plot_difference=False, just_final=False, just_initial=False):
layers = ti.read_tracer_out_file(filepath)
keys = map(float, layers.keys())
keys.sort(cmp=lambda x,y: int(y-x))
keys = map(str,keys)
if layers_to_plot=="All": layers_to_plot=range(len(keys))
XI,YI,XF,YF,AI,AF = [],[],[],[],[],[]
c1,c2 = [],[]
for n in layers_to_plot:
key = keys[n]
XI += map(float,layers[key]['initial']['Xmark_short'])
YI += map(float,layers[key]['initial']['Ymark_short'])
XF += map(float,layers[key]['final']['Xmark_short'])
YF += map(float,layers[key]['final']['Ymark_short'])
if a == 'Ang' or a == 'Dip':
AI += map(float,layers[key]['initial'][a])
AF += map(float,layers[key]['final'][a])
else: print('the input angle variable must be either Ang or Dip'); return
if v != 'initial_depth':
try:
if plot_difference:
l2 = map(float,layers[key]['initial'][v])
l1 = map(float,layers[key]['final'][v])
c1 += [b-c for b,c in zip(l1,l2)]
else:
c1 += map(float,layers[key]['initial'][v])
c2 += map(float,layers[key]['final'][v])
except KeyError: print(v + " not available. Options are: " + str(layers[key]['final'].keys())); return
else:
if plot_difference:
l2 = map(float,layers[key]['initial']['Ymark_short'])
l1 = map(float,layers[key]['final']['Xmark_short'])
c1 += [b-c for b,c in zip(l1,l2)]
else:
c1 += [int(float(key)) for i in range(len(layers[key]['initial']['Xmark_short']))]
c2 += [int(float(key)) for i in range(len(layers[key]['initial']['Xmark_short']))]
XMI = map(lambda x: np.cos(x*(np.pi/180)),AI)
YMI = map(lambda x: -np.sin(x*(np.pi/180)),AI)
XMF = map(lambda x: np.cos(x*(np.pi/180)),AF)
YMF = map(lambda x: -np.sin(x*(np.pi/180)),AF)
if cmap_interval1 != None:
cmap_interval1 = range(0,8*(cmap_bound+int(cmap_bound/10)),cmap_interval1)
if cmap_interval2 != None:
cmap_interval2 = range(0,8*(cmap_bound+int(cmap_bound/10)),cmap_interval2)
cmap1,cmap2,bounds1,bounds2 = colormap,colormap,None,None
if cmap_bound != None:
if c1 != [] and max(c1) > cmap_bound and min(c1) < cmap_bound:
size = float(max(c1)-min(c1))
res = 2**12
place = float(size-cmap_bound)+min(c1)
cmap1 = truncate_colormap(place,size,res,colormap)
bounds1 = np.linspace(min(c1),cmap_bound+int(cmap_bound/10),len(c1))
if c2 != [] and max(c2) > cmap_bound and min(c2) < cmap_bound:
size = float(max(c2)-min(c2))
res = 2**12
place = float(size-cmap_bound)+min(c2)
cmap2 = truncate_colormap(place,size,res,colormap)
bounds2 = np.linspace(min(c2),cmap_bound+int(cmap_bound/10),len(c2))
if plot_difference:
plt.quiver(XF,YF,XMF,YMF,c1,cmap=cmap1,pivot='tail')
cbar = plt.colorbar(boundaries=bounds1, ticks=cmap_interval1, cmap=cmap1)
print(max(c1),min(c1))
cbar.set_label('delta_' + v)
plt.xlabel('X')
plt.ylabel('Y')
plt.title(t1)
elif just_final:
plt.quiver(XF,YF,XMF,YMF,c2,cmap=cmap2,pivot='tail')
cbar = plt.colorbar(boundaries=bounds2, ticks=cmap_interval2, cmap=cmap2)
cbar.set_label(v)
print(max(c2),min(c2))
plt.xlabel('X')
plt.ylabel('Y')
plt.title(t2)
elif just_initial:
plt.quiver(XI,YI,XMI,YMI,c1,cmap=cmap1,pivot='tail')
cbar = plt.colorbar(boundaries=bounds1, ticks=cmap_interval1, cmap=cmap1)
print(max(c1),min(c1))
cbar.set_label(v)
plt.xlabel('X')
plt.ylabel('Y')
plt.title(t1)
else:
plt.subplot(2,1,1)
plt.quiver(XI,YI,XMI,YMI,c1,cmap=cmap1,pivot='tail')
cbar = plt.colorbar(boundaries = bounds1, ticks = cmap_interval1, cmap=cmap1)
print(max(c1),min(c1))
cbar.set_label(v)
plt.xlabel('X')
plt.ylabel('Y')
plt.title(t1)
plt.subplot(2,1,2)
plt.quiver(XF,YF,XMF,YMF,c2,cmap=cmap2,pivot='tail')
cbar = plt.colorbar(boundaries = bounds2, ticks = cmap_interval2, cmap=cmap2)
print(max(c2),min(c2))
cbar.set_label(v)
plt.xlabel('X')
plt.ylabel('Y')
plt.title(t2)
if save_plot:
figure = plt.gcf()
figure.set_size_inches(16, 9)
directory = reduce(lambda x,y: x + '/' + y, filepath.split('/')[:-1]) + '/'
if not os.path.exists(directory+'Plots/'): os.mkdir(directory+'Plots/')
plt.savefig(directory + 'Plots/' + t1.replace(' ','_') + '_' + t2.replace(' ','_') + '_' + a + '_' + v + '_' + str(cmap_bound),dpi=648)
plt.show()
pdb.set_trace()
def __main__():
"""
DESCRIPTION:
Plotting Script that uses tracer-out.txt files created by tracer_interperter.py to plot the angle based quantites in a quiver plot.
SYNTAX:
python quiver_mag_angle.py [-FLAGS] [SYNTAX]
FLAGS:
-h -> print this help message
-i -> set input filepath (optional; default=TracerResults/tracer-out.txt)
-a -> choose angle variable to display (optional; options Ang,Dip; default=Ang)
-v -> choose colormap variable (optional;default=initial depth)
-r -> range of depths to plot must be a list of integer rows, or a range start, end, and step size (i.e. [1,2,3,4] or 12,42,3) (optional; default=All)
-t1 -> title of the initial plot (optional)
-t2 -> title of the final plot (optional)
-S -> save plot image (optional)
-c -> choose colormap (optional; default=gist_rainbow)
-d -> plot difference instead of a before and after map difference
-cb -> upper bound for colormap after which it's just black.
-ci -> the interval for tick marks on the colorbar
-ji -> just the initial plot
-jf -> just the final plot
"""
kwargs = {}
if '-h' in sys.argv:
help(__main__)
if '-i' in sys.argv:
i_index = sys.argv.index('-i')
kwargs['filepath'] = sys.argv[i_index+1]
if '-a' in sys.argv:
a_index = sys.argv.index('-a')
kwargs['a'] = sys.argv[a_index+1]
if '-v' in sys.argv:
v_index = sys.argv.index('-v')
kwargs['v'] = sys.argv[v_index+1]
if '-r' in sys.argv:
r_index = sys.argv.index('-r')
r_val = sys.argv[r_index+1]
try: kwargs['layers_to_plot'] = range(*map(int,r_val.split(',')))
except ValueError: kwargs['layers_to_plot'] = map(int,list(r_val.strip('[ ]').split(',')))
if '-t1' in sys.argv:
t1_index = sys.argv.index('-t1')
kwargs['t1'] = sys.argv[t1_index+1]
if '-t2' in sys.argv:
t2_index = sys.argv.index('-t2')
kwargs['t2'] = sys.argv[t2_index+1]
if '-S' in sys.argv:
kwargs['save_plot'] = True
if '-c' in sys.argv:
c_index = sys.argv.index('-c')
kwargs['colormap'] = sys.argv[c_index+1]
if '-d' in sys.argv:
kwargs['plot_difference'] = True
if '-cb' in sys.argv:
cb_index = sys.argv.index('-cb')
kwargs['cmap_bound'] = int(float(sys.argv[cb_index+1]))
if '-ci1' in sys.argv:
ci1_index = sys.argv.index('-ci1')
kwargs['cmap_interval1'] = int(float(sys.argv[ci1_index+1]))
if '-ci2' in sys.argv:
ci2_index = sys.argv.index('-ci2')
kwargs['cmap_interval2'] = int(float(sys.argv[ci2_index+1]))
if '-jf' in sys.argv:
kwargs['just_final'] = True
if '-ji' in sys.argv:
kwargs['just_initial'] = True
mag_angle_plot(**kwargs)
if __name__=='__main__':
__main__()
|
1119871_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Beheniske fiksstjerner er et utvalg av femten stjerner som anses spesielt nyttige for magiske anvendelser i middelalderens astrologi i Europa og den arabiske verden. Navnene kommer fra det arabiske , «rot», som hver var ansett som en kilde til astrologisk kraft for en eller flere planeter. Hver av dem var også forbundet med en edelsten og en planet som ble brukt i ritualer for å trekke stjernens påvirkning (for eksempel inn i en amulett).
Litteratur
Budge, E.A. Wallis (1930). Amulets and Superstitions. London, Oxford University Press. isbn 0486235734 [ 978-0486235738 ]
Eksterne lenker
Hermes Trismegistus on the Fifteen Fixed Stars
Magical scripts
Astrologi.
|
https://rd.springer.com/article/10.1186/1472-6963-11-256 | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | Advertisement
BMC Health Services Research
, 11:256 | Cite as
Benefits and problems of electronic information exchange as perceived by health care professionals: an interview study
• Marieke Zwaanswijk
• Robert A Verheij
• Floris J Wiesman
• Roland D Friele
Open Access
Research article
Part of the following topical collections:
1. Organization, structure and delivery of healthcare
Abstract
Background
Various countries are currently implementing a national electronic patient record (n-EPR). Despite the assumed positive effects of n-EPRs, their overall adoption remains low and meets resistance from health care providers. This study aims to increase our understanding of health care providers' attitude towards the n-EPR, by investigating their perceptions of the benefits and problems of electronic information exchange in health care and the n-EPR in particular.
Methods
The study was conducted in three Dutch health care settings: acute care, diabetes care, and ambulatory mental health care. Two health care organisations were included per setting. Between January and June 2010, interviews were conducted with 17 stakeholders working in these organisations. Relevant themes were deduced by means of thematic qualitative analysis.
Results
Health care providers perceived electronic information exchange to promote the efficiency and quality of care. The problems they perceived in electronic information exchange mainly concerned the confidentiality and safety of information exchange and the reliability and quality of patient data. Many problems perceived by health care providers did not specifically apply to the n-EPR, but to electronic information exchange in general.
Conclusions
The implementation of the Dutch n-EPR has mainly followed a top-down approach, thereby neglecting the fact that the perceptions and preferences of its users (health care providers) need to be addressed in order to achieve successful implementation. The results of this study provide valuable suggestions about how to promote health care providers' willingness to adopt electronic information exchange, which can be useful for other countries currently implementing an n-EPR. Apart from providing information about the benefits and usefulness of electronic information exchange, efforts should be focused on minimising the problems as perceived by health care providers. The safety and confidentiality of electronic information exchange can be improved by developing tools to evaluate the legitimacy of access to electronic records, by increasing health care providers' awareness of the need to be careful when using patient data, and by measures to limit access to sensitive patient data. Improving health care providers' recording behaviour is important to improve the reliability and quality of electronically exchanged patient data.
Keywords
Health Care Provider Acute Care Diabetes Care Health Care Setting Technology Acceptance Model
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Background
For several years, the Dutch government has been preparing to implement a national electronic patient record (n-EPR) for the entire health care sector (see additional file 1: The Dutch n-EPR). The n-EPR is meant to improve health care providers' access to relevant patient data, under the assumption that this will lead to improvements in the efficiency, continuity, safety and quality of care [1, 2]. Similar developments are taking place in other countries worldwide (e.g. the UK, Canada, the US, Australia and France) [1, 3].
Despite the assumed positive effects of n-EPRs, their overall adoption remains relatively low and meets resistance from health care providers [1]. One third of Dutch health care professionals, for instance, have shown reluctance to accept the n-EPR as proposed by the Dutch government [4].
Health care providers' perceptions and preferences about the n-EPR are likely to affect their willingness to adopt it. The importance of users' perceptions in the introduction of new technologies is underscored in the well-known Technology Acceptance Model and its adaptations [5, 6, 7]. Studies investigating this model in health care have consistently shown perceived usefulness (i.e. the degree to which a person believes that using a particular technology will enhance his or her job performance) to be a strong determinant of usage intentions [8, 9, 10]. However, the model has been criticised for its one-sided focus on factors that facilitate the adoption of technology, while neglecting factors that may hinder adoption, such as users' negative perceptions or their resistance to change [8]. Gaining insight into positive as well as negative perceptions of health care providers is crucial to fully understand their attitude towards the n-EPR.
As many Dutch health care providers already exchange patient data by means of local or regional electronic information systems, their reluctance to adopt the n-EPR is quite remarkable. The question arises, therefore, whether this reluctance is associated with electronic information exchange in general, or with specific attributes of the n-EPR.
This study aims to increase our understanding of health care providers' attitudes towards the n-EPR, by investigating their perceptions of the benefits and problems of electronic information exchange in health care. We will distinguish between perceived problems that are specifically associated with the n-EPR and problems that apply to electronic information exchange in general. The results will provide valuable suggestions about how to promote health care providers' trust in and willingness to adopt electronic information exchange, which can contribute to an effective implementation of the n-EPR.
Methods
The study was conducted in three health care settings which are particularly demanding with respect to the exchange of patient information. First, the acute care setting was selected because of its requirements for the completeness of information and the speed of information exchange. Secondly, diabetes care was included, because the multidisciplinary character of this kind of care causes information exchange between the various involved health care providers to be crucial. Thirdly, ambulatory mental health care was selected, because privacy issues are likely to play an important role in this setting. This may cause patients to object to the inclusion of information in electronic files that can be accessed by other health care professionals. It may also cause health care providers to be reluctant to record certain information about patients in electronic records.
To obtain a broad picture of health care providers' perceptions of electronic information exchange, we aimed to include two health care organisations in each setting that differed in the extent to which electronic information exchange was being used. Several stakeholders within the health care sector were contacted to obtain information about the degree of implementation of electronic information exchange in health care organisations. This information was used to select health care organisations, which were asked to participate in the study. In each of the three settings, two health care organisations were included, leading to six case studies.
The aim of including in each setting two health care organisations that differed in the extent to which electronic information exchange was being used was not met for ambulatory mental health care. Although several mental health care organisations with fairly low degrees of implementation of electronic information exchange were approached, none of them agreed to participate. Therefore, two mental health care organisations with relatively high degrees of the use of electronic information exchange were included.
Data were collected by means of interviews. This method allows respondents to express their individual perceptions and thereby produces an in-depth understanding of the topic. Contact details of relevant stakeholders whom we could ask to participate in an interview were requested. In total, 21 stakeholders were asked to participate. They received written information about the study. Four of them declined because of a lack of time. In each health care organisation, two or three stakeholders consented to be interviewed, resulting in a total number of 17 interviews.
Respondents' opinions about the benefits and problems of electronic information exchange and the n-EPR were investigated using a predetermined topic list (see additional file 2: Topic list used in the interviews). For each health care setting, a scenario describing a patient's contact with the health care organisation was constructed. Based on these scenarios, we investigated how information was being exchanged in the organisation and which problems were encountered.
Data collection took place between January and June 2010. Two authors (MZ and FW) performed the interviews. To ensure comparability in the way the interviews were performed, five interviews (distributed over the total period of data collection) were performed by the two authors together. The remaining interviews were performed by one of the interviewers separately (8 by MZ; 4 by FW). Non-directive interview techniques were used to minimise the risk of biasing respondents' answers. Sixteen interviews were conducted in the health care organisation, one interview was conducted in the respondent's home. Interviews lasted 85 minutes on average. An audit trail was maintained throughout the study. Characteristics of the respondents are presented in Table 1.
Table 1
Characteristics of respondents (N = 17)
Respondents
Degree of exposure to electronic information exchange1
N
%
High (N = 12)
Low (N = 5)
Health care setting
Acute care
6
35
3
3
Diabetes care
5
29
3
2
Ambulatory mental health care
6
35
6
-
Function
GP
7
41
3
4
GP assistant
2
12
1
1
Psychologist/social worker
2
12
2
-
Psychiatrist
2
12
2
-
Medical informatics expert
2
12
2
-
Other
2
12
2
-
Gender
Male
12
71
8
4
Female
5
29
4
1
1 Based on the extent to which electronic information exchange is being used in the participating health care organisation
Interviews were audio taped and transcribed, and identifying details of respondents were removed from the transcripts. Relevant themes were deduced by the first author by means of thematic qualitative analysis [11]. The resulting coding scheme was discussed within the research team. Disagreements were discussed until consensus was achieved. Several data verification procedures were used, including concurrent data collection and analysis, and idea reconfirmation during the process. To validate the results, they were discussed within the research team and within an advisory group of national and international experts in the fields of health care and health care legislation.
The inclusion of respondents was discontinued when theme saturation was observed. Theme saturation was determined by analysing the data of thirteen interviews. Subsequently, data from four additional interviews were analysed, which revealed no new themes.
The researchers were not in any way involved in the implementation of the n-EPR. It is therefore unlikely that the results have been biased in this respect.
Results
The respondents stressed the general importance of having access to patient information from other health care providers, whether exchanged by telephone, on paper or electronically. Although the majority of respondents indicated that they did not rely blindly on information provided by others, they regarded the information as particularly useful as a starting point for further examination or to reveal patterns in patients' behaviour or health.
In the following paragraphs, respondents' perceptions of the benefits and problems of electronic information exchange will be described. Interview results are presented with illustrative quotations that reflect supportive and deviant cases. A summary of the results is presented in Table 2.
Table 2
Perceived benefits and problems of electronic information exchange
Perceived benefits
Improvements in the efficiency of health care and the speed of communication
Access to up-to-date information about patients
Improvements in the quality of care (e.g. prevention of medical errors)
Perceived problems: confidentiality and security of electronic information exchange
General
n-EPR
- Unauthorised persons having access to patient data due to limited security of electronic information systems or carelessness/misuse by health care providers
- Risks regarding patients' privacy and unauthorised persons' access to patient data will increase
- Using authorisation profiles to organise access to electronic patient records can cause problems in crisis situations
- Limited safety of the UZI-pass
- The limited usefulness of logging data for evaluating the legitimacy of health care providers' access to patient data
- It is unclear how the legitimacy of health care providers' access to patient data will be evaluated and who will be responsible for the evaluation
- Essential information may be missed because of patients' desire to protect their privacy and conceal their electronic records or parts of it
Perceived problems: reliability and quality of patient information
- Inadequate recording of patient information
- Inadequate recording of patient information
- Interoperability problems between information systems
- Health care providers may become more cautious in recording sensitive or personal patient information in electronic records
- Information overload
- Doubts about the technical performance of the n-EPR
- Limited speed of electronic information exchange
Other perceived problems
- Health care providers' liability in case of medical errors is unclear
- Unfamiliarity of other health care providers
- Limited usefulness of protocols and guidelines
Perceived benefits of electronic information exchange
According to respondents in all settings, electronic information exchange can improve the efficiency of care and the speed of communication. For instance, time can be saved when information can immediately be imported into the recipient's electronic information system and when referrals or requests for laboratory tests can be exchanged electronically rather than on paper.
The efficiency of care was also perceived to improve because electronic information exchange allows health care providers to have access to up-to-date information about patients, which is useful to prevent duplicate testing or when patients are unable to indicate their problems themselves, for instance because they are unconscious or confused. This benefit was mainly reported by respondents working in diabetes care and acute care.
Some respondents indicated that electronic information exchange can improve the quality of care. By enabling access to up-to-date information about patients, medical errors may be prevented. For instance, exchanging information about medication use may help to detect counter-indications or allergies. This benefit was reported in all three included health care settings.
Perceived problems of electronic information exchange in general
The respondents reported various problems of electronic information exchange in general, which can apply to information exchange on a local, regional or national level. These problems will be described first, followed by the perceived problems that were specifically associated with the n-EPR.
In describing the perceived problems, we distinguish between problems associated with the confidentiality and security of electronic information exchange, problems associated with the reliability and quality of patient information, and other problems.
Problems associated with the confidentiality and security of electronic information exchange
Respondents from all three health care settings expressed concerns about the safety of information systems and information exchange. They were concerned that unauthorised persons would have access to electronic patient data, either because people could hack the system, or as a result of health care providers' carelessness (e.g. leaving their computer screen unattended or using insecure e-mail connections to exchange patient information). They also indicated that health care providers could misuse their access to patient records to browse through the information of other patients. However, they also realised that: 'A 100% secure system is not workable. It'll be so user-unfriendly that it'll be impossible to work with. So it's always a compromise between user-friendliness and safety' (GP, acute care).
In most participating health care organisations, access to patient records was organised by authorisation profiles, which were based on health care providers' job position and location. The use of authorisation profiles may cause problems in crisis situations, when health care providers may need access to patient data they normally would not be allowed to have access to.
Evaluating the legitimacy of health care providers' access to patient data poses problems. Because all accesses to patient records are logged, the amount of logging data produced each day makes it almost impossible to evaluate the data on a standard basis. The logging data are usually evaluated only when unauthorised access is suspected. Respondents therefore doubted the usefulness of logging data to ensure patients' privacy.
Problems associated with the reliability and quality of patient information
1. Recording of patient information
The respondents emphasised that electronic information exchange increases the quality requirements imposed on patient records. Whereas these records previously served merely as a mnemonic device for health care providers, nowadays an increasing number of other health care providers have to be able to use and understand the recorded information. Good quality recording is therefore crucial. However, respondents from all settings reported that patient data are not always recorded adequately, which may cause essential information to be missed or misunderstood.
Despite an increasing attention for adequate record keeping and adequate use of diagnosis codes (e.g. by the development of guidelines) [12], respondents working in diabetes care and acute care indicated that some health care providers did not use codes to record diagnoses or complaints, but instead recorded them as free text: 'If an episode is titled 'finger' or 'knee', you still don't know what's wrong' (GP, acute care). Others used these codes inadequately (e.g. not recording recurrent episodes of the same diagnosis under the same code), which may prevent other health care providers from getting a coherent picture of the patient's problems.
Respondents also indicated that the structure of some information systems causes patient data to be recorded in wrong parts of the information system, which makes it difficult for others to find relevant information.
2. Interoperability problems
The limited interoperability (i.e. the ability to exchange and use information) between information systems was perceived as a major threat to adequate electronic information exchange in the three included health care settings.
Firstly, some information systems are not interoperable at all. In these cases, information is exchanged by regular mail or fax. The printed information subsequently needs to be imported in the recipient's information system, by adding a scanned version to the information system or by typing a summary in the system. This entails problems of inefficiency and the risk of making errors.
Other information systems are in principle interoperable. However, the recipient's information system not always adequately records the received patient data. Information may be placed in the wrong part of the system or may be missing all together. Health care providers therefore do not know whether relevant information is missing from their information system and if so, which information is missing. 'Every time I use information, I have to keep in mind: ok, I see some information, but I might not see everything' (GP, acute care).
3. Information overload
Respondents from ambulatory mental health care indicated that they suffered from information overload, which makes it difficult to find the information that is essential for the provision of high quality care. Structural limitations of the information systems used in some organisations cause the majority of patient data to be recorded in the same part of the information system, without any distinction between relevant and less relevant information. A related issue is the fact that ambulatory mental health care, unlike general practices and out-of-hours services, does not use summary care records containing only the most essential information, when exchanging information with other health care providers.
Respondents from ambulatory mental health care not only perceived an overload in the information to digest, but also experienced a burden of having to produce too much information. They perceived the time needed to record patient data in electronic records as a problem, because it limited the time available for patient contacts. It also limited the amount of detail recorded in electronic patient records, which may negatively affect the quality of the information.
4. Technical performance of information systems
Most respondents indicated that technical breakdowns, causing information systems to be temporarily unavailable, seldom occurred. They did, however, experience some problems regarding the speed with which information could be exchanged. Particularly logging into the electronic information system sometimes took too much time, causing patient information to be unavailable during consultations. This problem was mainly reported in acute care.
Other perceived problems of electronic information exchange in general
1. Health care providers' liability
The respondents found it unclear who is liable when medical errors are made because of incompleteness or incorrectness of electronically exchanged patient information.
In case of regional or national electronic information exchange, it is not always clear which health care provider has added information to a patient record. Moreover, health care providers may not be aware that relevant information is missing in patient records, because of inadequate interoperability between information systems or patients' desire not to disclose certain information. These issues make it difficult to trace the cause of errors and therefore complicate liability issues. This problem was mainly mentioned by respondents from acute care.
2. Limited usefulness of protocols and guidelines
Although the participating organisations used protocols and guidelines to guide the electronic exchange of patient information, respondents - mainly from ambulatory mental health care - were not familiar with their specific content. They ascribed their lack of knowledge to the limited comprehensibility and usefulness of protocols and guidelines, which, in their opinion, provided too few suggestions for their application in daily practice.
Merely one respondent (acute care) expressed a different opinion: she stressed the usefulness of protocols and guidelines for following standard procedures and preventing errors. She felt that the guidelines were applicable in daily practice, mainly because they were regularly adapted to suggestions of their users.
Perceived problems specifically associated with the n-EPR
Apart from the perceived problems and threats mentioned above, which can apply to electronic information exchange on a local, regional or national level, the respondents described several problems which were specifically associated with the n-EPR.
Problems associated with the confidentiality and security of electronic information exchange
Most respondents from the three included health care settings perceived safety problems to increase in case of an n-EPR: 'If someone succeeds in breaking into the National Switch Point, I'm afraid that it'll be over. That's my biggest fear, that there'll be leaks or that people will be careless' (GP, acute care). Respondents were concerned about patients' privacy because of too many health care providers having access to patient data. Although this risk may also exist in regional electronic information exchange, it was mainly mentioned in relation to the n-EPR.
In the n-EPR, access to patient records is restricted to health care providers who are directly involved in the care for a particular patient. Respondents indicated that it is unclear how this concept will be operationalised and who will be responsible for evaluating whether health care providers have rightfully accessed patient records.
As described in additional file 1, health care providers can get access to the n-EPR by means of a personal ID chip card (the so-called UZI pass, which is a Dutch abbreviation for 'unique health care provider identification pass') and password. Respondents from acute care were worried about the safety of the UZI pass and indicated that it had already been hacked. The safety of patient data may also be compromised because health care providers did not always use their pass with adequate caution. As a respondent put it: 'The weakness of the UZI pass is its user' (GP, acute care).
The larger number of persons having access to patient records in case of an n-EPR may cause health care providers to become more cautious in recording sensitive patient information in electronic records: 'My recording of patient information will definitely change if others will have access to my patient records. Information about personality disorders and violence or rape, with names and all, will just be left out' (GP, diabetes care).
Although patients' privacy may be threatened by electronic information exchange, the quality of electronically exchanged information may, on the other hand, be threatened by patients' desire to protect their privacy. In the n-EPR, patients will have the right to conceal their records or parts of it. This may cause health care providers to miss essential information. Since they are not allowed to ask if patients have concealed any part of their record, they do not know if any information is missing, let alone which information is.
Problems associated with the reliability and quality of patient information
1. Recording of patient information
Inadequate recording of patient data was also perceived as a major problem of the n-EPR: 'I worry about the quality of recording at a national level. I've been worrying about that for years. The quality has been miserable for years now. It's an illusion to think that it'll improve quickly' (GP, acute care).
Some respondents indicated that their recording behaviour had changed because of electronic information exchange. They expected this effect to be even stronger in case of an n-EPR. This could on the one hand have a negative effect on the quality of patient records, because health care providers may want to protect their patients' privacy and may therefore become more cautious in recording sensitive patient information. It may, on the other hand, improve the quality of patient records: 'Since I knew that health care providers of out-of-hours services had access to information about my patients, I've changed my way of recording. Nowadays, I ask myself: will someone else understand what I've written here?' (GP, acute care)
In the light of these findings, several respondents emphasised that health care providers should not blindly trust the information provided by others: 'Some people state that patients don't have to tell their story over and over again in case of electronic information exchange. That's a dangerous opinion, because patients do have to tell their story each time they consult a health care provider. Medical errors occur by relying too much on information provided by others' (GP, acute care).
2. Technical performance of information systems
Some respondents expressed doubts about the technical performance of the n-EPR: 'Technically it hasn't functioned adequately anywhere yet. So it remains to be seen if it'll work and within which time frame it will' (GP, acute care).
On the other hand, one respondent (diabetes care) argued that the implementation of the n-EPR would improve the technical quality of electronic information systems, because connection to the national infrastructure is only allowed when certain quality requirements have been fulfilled (see additional file 1).
3. Not being personally acquainted with other health care providers
Respondents from the three included health care settings perceived the unfamiliarity of other health care providers as a problem of electronic information exchange. This was mainly perceived as a problem of the n-EPR, since most respondents felt that they were personally acquainted with health care providers within the region. One respondent expressed another view: 'It's nonsense to argue that you're familiar with people within the region. Even at a regional scale, I have to deal with many different people. I don't know them all' (GP, acute care).
Respondents generally had more trust in the information they received from health care providers they personally knew. Based on previous experiences with these health care providers, they could better value the adequacy of the information. They also found it easier to contact familiar health care providers when they had questions concerning the received information.
Discussion
Although n-EPRs are assumed to improve the efficiency, continuity, safety and quality of care, their implementation has been hampered by resistance of health care providers in several countries [1]. To increase our understanding of health care providers' attitudes towards the n-EPR, this study investigated their perceptions of the benefits and problems of electronic information exchange in general and the n-EPR in particular. Insight into these topics can provide suggestions about how to promote health care providers' willingness to adopt electronic information exchange, which can be useful for other countries currently implementing an n-EPR.
Many of the problems perceived by health care providers did not specifically apply to the n-EPR, but to electronic information exchange in general. Apparently however, these perceived problems do not negatively affect health care providers' willingness to use electronic information exchange on local or regional levels. The fact that many Dutch health care providers already exchange patient data by means of such local or regional electronic information systems, may indicate that they acknowledge the importance and usefulness of electronically exchanging patient information. Indeed, the health care providers in this study perceived several benefits of electronic information exchange, which can be regarded as aspects of perceived usefulness as defined in the Technology Acceptance Model [5, 6]. They expected electronic information exchange to promote the efficiency and quality of care. These results support previous studies, in which perceived usefulness has been found to positively influence health care providers' intentions to use new technologies [8, 9, 10].
Despite the perceived benefits of electronic information exchange and health care providers' willingness to use electronic information exchange on local and regional levels, they show reluctance to adopt the n-EPR [4]. This apparent contradiction may be explained by differences in the development of local and regional systems compared to the n-EPR. The first have been developed in a decentralised bottom-up way, led by the initiatives and needs of local health care providers. In contrast, the introduction of the Dutch n-EPR has followed a centralised approach. This large-scale project was initiated by the Dutch government and has mainly been implemented in a top-down way. Such an approach is required to execute macro level changes, such as implementing a central infrastructure or developing national legal regulations [13]. However, the top-down approach as used in the introduction of the n-EPR is bound to fail without the commitment and acceptance of its primary users, the health care providers [13]. This was confirmed in several publications, in which health care providers explicitly expressed their discontent with the top-down approach of the Dutch government [e.g. [4, 14]]. Health care providers' perceptions and preferences about electronic information exchange are likely to affect their willingness to adopt the n-EPR and therefore need to be addressed to achieve successful implementation.
Other factors may underlie the perceived problems found in this study. For instance, health care providers' reluctance to adopt the n-EPR may stem from their reluctance to change their established way of working or from fear of losing their professional autonomy [1, 15]. Alternatively, their reluctance could be due to the timeframe difference in the implementation of local/regional systems and the n-EPR. Health care providers have had more time to get used to local and regional electronic information exchange than to the n-EPR.
Based on the results of this study, several measures to promote the implementation of the n-EPR can be suggested. First, providing additional information about the benefits and usefulness of electronic information exchange, for instance by using local opinion leaders, may be a fruitful way to stimulate successful implementation [9, 16]. This approach is hampered, however, by a lack of evidence about the effects of electronic information exchange on the efficiency, quality and costs of health care [1, 2, 17, 18]. More research on these topics is therefore needed.
The Technology Acceptance Model explains the adoption of new technologies by merely focusing on factors that facilitate adoption, such as users' perceptions of the usefulness of the new technology. The model has been criticised for neglecting factors that may hinder adoption, such as users' negative perceptions or their resistance to change [8]. Therefore, merely emphasising positive aspects of electronic information exchange will not be sufficient to promote implementation of the n-EPR. Indeed, information about the n-EPR provided by the Dutch government has been criticised by health care providers and patients to be positively biased [14].
Efforts should also be focused on minimising the problems that health care providers perceive in electronic information exchange, as these may cause resistance to implementation [19]. Based on our results on perceived problems, several measures to promote the implementation of the n-EPR can be suggested.
Confidentiality and security of electronic information exchange
In line with previous findings [2], health care providers were concerned about the confidentiality and security of electronic information exchange. These concerns were mainly mentioned in the context of the n-EPR. The amount of data being available through the n-EPR and the number of included health care providers indeed increase the risk of unauthorised access to patient data. Although the n-EPR contains more elaborate security requirements than currently applied in local and regional information exchange [20], doubts have been expressed whether the national requirements sufficiently protect against unauthorised access to patient data [21]. At this moment, the legitimacy of access can only be evaluated by means of logging data, i.e. after possible unauthorised access has occurred. Because of the large amount of logging data produced each day, finding ways to automatically select suspicious requests for access is crucial to facilitate the monitoring of access to patient data.
Apart from such technical measures, increasing health care providers' awareness of the importance of carefulness in using and accessing patient data (e.g. carefully using their UZI pass) may improve the safety and confidentiality of electronic information exchange. Particularly respondents from acute care expressed doubts about the safety of the UZI pass. This may have to do with the stepwise approach followed in the implementation of the Dutch n-EPR (see additional file 1), which has caused health care providers in acute care to be most experienced in using the UZI pass.
To safeguard patients' privacy, some diagnoses (e.g. abuse or sexually transmitted diseases) can be given a privacy code, which limits the accessibility of these data to others. Another possibility is to record these data in a separate part of the information system, which is only accessible to a limited group of health care providers.
Giving patients the responsibility to manage their own data (e.g. by providing a chip card that contains essential personal health information, or by securing a patient record with the patient's own password) may also prevent privacy problems. In this way, patients, rather than health care providers, are responsible for deciding whether or not to provide information to others. However, this method is only suitable for patients with sufficient cognitive abilities and may not be useful in crisis situations. Moreover, as was argued before, patients' desire to protect their privacy by concealing their records or parts of it, may cause health care providers not to have access to relevant patient information and may thereby negatively affect the quality of care.
Reliability and quality of patient information
With respect to the reliability and quality of patient information, inadequate or incomplete recording of patient data was perceived as an important threat to successful electronic information exchange. This may cause essential information to be missed or misunderstood, and may thereby negatively affect the quality of care. Although recent guidelines [e.g. [12]] focus on the importance of good quality recording, the application of these guidelines in daily practice is limited [22]. This may partly be caused by the limited comprehensibility and usefulness of these guidelines for daily practice. Developing user-friendly summaries of guidelines and training health care providers in applying them is important to improve recording behaviours and thereby enhance the uniformity and quality of patient records [cf. [22]].
Such improvements can also be achieved by adapting electronic information systems to facilitate adequate recording (e.g. including effective and efficient search functions), and by regularly evaluating health care providers' records and providing feedback. Several countries have developed standardised tools (e.g. the EMR scan in the Netherlands and PRIMIS+ in England) to evaluate the quality of recording by general practitioners and to provide feedback [23, 24, 25]. Until now however, the Dutch EMR scan has merely been implemented in a few regions. Implementation on a larger scale may improve the quality of recording.
Technical problems, such as the limited interoperability between information systems and the limited speed of electronic information exchange were also perceived as threats to the reliability and quality of electronically exchanged patient information [cf. [1, 2]]. As can be expected considering the nature of the health care setting, problems regarding the speed of electronic information exchange were mainly reported in acute care. Because of these technical problems, essential information may be unavailable during consultations. This can adversely affect the quality and efficiency of care, but also complicates liability issues. By improving the interoperability between electronic information systems, patient information may be imported directly into the records of receiving health care providers, which would increase the efficiency of information exchange.
Health care providers in ambulatory mental health care perceived the large amount of patient information being available by electronic information exchange as a problem, since this could cause them to miss essential information. To prevent the overload of information being exchanged in this health care setting, a summary care record may be introduced, comparable to the electronic locum record used in the information exchange between GPs and out-of-hours services, which includes only the most essential patient information (e.g. current medication use and information on allergies and intolerances). This requires consensus within the mental health care setting about the patient information to be included in the summary care record.
Finally, respondents perceived the unfamiliarity of other health care providers as a problem of electronic information exchange in case of an n-EPR. They had more trust in information received from colleagues they already knew. Several respondents indicated that they were familiar with health care providers in the region and therefore expressed a preference for regional systems of electronic information exchange over an n-EPR. Whether health care providers actually know every colleague in the region can be questioned, however. Organising meetings between health care providers who regularly exchange information may be useful to build trust.
Methodological reflections
This study was conducted in three health care settings. To obtain a broad picture of health care providers' perceptions of electronic information exchange, we aimed to include two health care organisations in each setting that differed in the extent to which electronic information exchange was being used. This aim was not met for ambulatory mental health care.
Because our study included a limited number of health care providers and settings, caution should be exercised in generalising the findings. Respondents with explicit opinions about electronic information exchange and the n-EPR may have been more likely to participate in this study, thereby possibly biasing the results, either positively or negatively. To minimise this effect, interview questions addressed perceived problems as well as benefits of electronic information exchange.
Because of its cross-sectional design, the study did not take into account the longitudinal character of the implementation process. Previous research has shown that health care providers' resistance towards the implementation of information technology changes over time [19]. Early in the implementation process, the object of resistance is the technology itself and its features, whereas in later stages, resistance becomes more politicised and is focused at the significance of the new technology or its advocates. Future research should investigate which strategies can best be used to promote the adoption of the n-EPR in various stages of the implementation process.
Conclusions
Implementation of electronic information exchange in health care is a complex process, which requires changes at various levels [16, 26, 27]. The n-EPR can only be implemented successfully if top-down macro level changes (e.g. in legal regulations and technical infrastructure) are combined with changes at the level of its users. Because health care providers' perceptions about electronic information exchange are likely to affect their willingness to adopt the n-EPR, addressing their needs and preferences is crucial.
Notes
Acknowledgements
This study was financially supported by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO).
Supplementary material
12913_2011_1794_MOESM1_ESM.DOC (27 kb)
Additional file 1: The Dutch n-EPR. Description of the characteristics and implementation process of the Dutch n-EPR. (DOC 27 KB)
12913_2011_1794_MOESM2_ESM.DOC (33 kb)
Additional file 2: Topic list used in the interviews. List of topics used in the interviews. (DOC 33 KB)
References
1. 1.
Boonstra A, Broekhuis M: Barriers to the acceptance of electronic medical records by physicians: From systematic review to taxonomy and interventions. BMC Health Serv Res. 2010, 10: 231-10.1186/1472-6963-10-231.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
2. 2.
Fontaine P, Ross SE, Zink T, Schilling LM: Systematic review of health information exchange in primary care practices. J Am Board Fam Med. 2010, 23: 655-670. 10.3122/jabfm.2010.05.090192.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
3. 3.
Arnold S, Wieners WW, Global Enterprise Task Force Members: Electronic health records: A global perspective. 2008, Chicago: Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society (HIMSS)Google Scholar
4. 4.
Katzenbauer M: 'Te vroeg voor landelijk EPD' ['Too early for national EPR']. Medisch Contact. 2009, 64: 880-883.Google Scholar
5. 5.
Davis FD: Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quart. 1989, 13: 319-340. 10.2307/249008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6. 6.
Venkatesh V, Davis FD: A theoretical extension of the technology acceptance model: Four longitudinal field studies. Manage Sci. 2000, 46: 186-204. 10.1287/mnsc.46.2.186.11926.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7. 7.
Venkatesh V, Morris MG, Davis GB, Davis FD: User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view. MIS Quart. 2003, 27: 425-478.Google Scholar
8. 8.
Bhattacherjee A, Hikmet N: Physicians' resistance toward healthcare information technology: A theoretical model and empirical test. Eur J Inform Syst. 2007, 16: 725-737. 10.1057/palgrave.ejis.3000717.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9. 9.
Chismar WG, Wiley-Patton S: Does the extended technology acceptance model apply to physicians. Proceedings of the 36th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. 2003, HawaiiGoogle Scholar
10. 10.
De Veer AJE, Francke AL: Attitudes of nursing staff towards electronic patient records: A questionnaire survey. J Nurs Stud. 2010, 47: 846-854. 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.11.016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11. 11.
Braun V, Clarke V: Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology. 2006, 3: 77-101. 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12. 12.
Dutch College of General Practitioners: Richtlijn Adequate dossiervorming met het Elektronisch Patiëntendossier (ADEPD) [Guideline adequate record keeping with the electronic patient record (ADEPD)]. 2009, UtrechtGoogle Scholar
13. 13.
Pirnejad H, Bal R, Stoop AP, Berg M: Inter-organisational communication networks in healthcare: centralised versus decentralised approaches. Int J Integr Care. 2007, 7: 16 May.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14. 14.
Pluut B: Het landelijk EPD als black box: Besluitvorming en opinies in kaart [The national EPR as a black box: Decision making and opinions explored]. 2010, The Hague: Scientific Council for Government PolicyGoogle Scholar
15. 15.
Walter Z, Lopez MS: Physician acceptance of information technologies: Role of perceived threat to professional autonomy. Decis Support Syst. 2008, 46: 206-215. 10.1016/j.dss.2008.06.004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16. 16.
Greenhalgh T, Stramer K, Bratan T, Byrne E, Mohammad Y, Russell J: Introduction of shared electronic records: Multi-site case study using diffusion of innovation theory. BMJ. 2008, 337: a1786-10.1136/bmj.a1786.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
17. 17.
Chaudhry B, Wang J, Wu S, Maglione M, Mojica W, Roth E, Morton SC, Shekelle PG: Systematic review: Impact of health information technology on quality, efficiency, and costs of medical care. Ann Intern Med. 2006, 144: 742-752.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
18. 18.
Shekelle P, Morton SC, Keeler EB: Costs and benefits of health information technology. Evid Rep Technol Assess. 2006, 132: 1-71.Google Scholar
19. 19.
Lapointe L, Rivard S: A multilevel model of resistance to information technology implementation. MIS Quart. 2005, 29: 461-491.Google Scholar
20. 20.
Ploem MC: Naar een landelijk EPD: kanttekeningen bij wetsvoorstel 31 466 [To a national EPR: Comments regarding law proposal 31466]. Tijdschr Gezondheidsrecht. 2010, 4: 264-284.Google Scholar
21. 21.
Van 't Noordende G: A security analysis of the Dutch electronic patient record system. Technical Report UVA-SNE-2010-01. 2010, Amsterdam: University of AmsterdamGoogle Scholar
22. 22.
Dumay ACM, Haaker TI: The electronic locum record for general practitioners: Outcome of an evaluation study in the Netherlands. Int J Med Inform. 2010, 79: 623-636. 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2010.06.001.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
23. 23.
Eysenbach G, (ed.): Medicine 2.0 Proceedings. Medicine 2.0: Social Networking, Collaboration, Participation, Apomediation, and Openness: 4-5 September 2008; Toronto. J Med Internet Res. 2008, 10: e22.Google Scholar
24. 24.
Khan NA, Visscher S, Verheij RA: De kwaliteit van het elektronisch patiëntendossier gemeten: EPD-scan regio Twente, eerste meting. 2011, Utrecht: NIVEL, [Assessing the quality of the electronic patient record: EMR scan region Twente, first assessment.]Google Scholar
25. 25.
26. 26.
Harrison MI, Koppel R, Bar-Lev S: Unintended consequences of information technologies in health care: An interactive sociotechnical analysis. J Am Med Inform Assn. 2007, 14: 542-549. 10.1197/jamia.M2384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27. 27.
Vishwanath A, Scamurra SD: Barriers to the adoption of electronic health records: Using concept mapping to develop a comprehensive empirical model. Health Inform J. 2007, 13: 119-134. 10.1177/1460458207076468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pre-publication history
1. The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/11/256/prepub
Copyright information
© Zwaanswijk et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2011
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
|
sn86058251_1904-12-25_1_6_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | PAGE SIX. EICmiOlTD DAILY PALLADIUU, SU1IDAY HORNING, DECEUBE R 25, 1904. t - DR J. A. WALLS THE SPECULIST At home office Monday, Tuesday, Fri- day and Saturday of each week. Consultation and One EZonth't ' Treatment PUBIS X tip TDCATQ CllPOrCCrill I V 'l fora of Chronic DIrmim Chat ar ewrabl Mb IntA I O oUbbkoorULLY diseases of the throat, lungs, kid NETS, LIVER and BLADDER, RHEUMATISM, DY8PEP8IA, and all DISEA8ES OF THE BLOOD, Epilepsy (or falling flta), Cancer, Scrofula, Private and Narrow DIMum. Female Diaeasea, Night Losaea, Losa of Vitality from indiscretions in youth or matorer yean, Piles, Fistula. FUiura antf Ulceration of the Rectnm, withont detention from bnalneaa. 'atmi'j- KVPTTJ8E lOSITIVBIT CUBED AMD IT ABAC ?EE. (9 It will be to your interest to conanlt the Doctor if yon are aoffering from rttaeaj And if he cannot cure 70a he will tell yon so at once. Remember the time and place. Will return erery four weeka.. Office and Uboratsnf. lid. 21 SOUTH TENTH STREET, RICHUOIID, HID. .. A Call to Xmas Buyers .- if ". .. - t- f. " - .. . Our Holiday Stock is full of Quality, Variety, Beauty and Good Taste, What we offer is yrst class, nothing shoddy Ebony, Silver or Coco Bola Toilet and Manicure Sets at a fair price. Fine Bristle Hair Brushes, Cloth, Bonnet and Hat Brushes. " Stop aid See the Display in the Window LEO E FIHE'S PHARMACY,! 830 MAIN ST. BOTH PHONES. .':-":.iMns'':' Quotations From O. O. Ilumiy'f Ex change Closinf Prices Cldc-" " to Market. THANKFUL FOR THE RAINFALL to T7het. July ...V...9Sy2 May 110 to 111 Corn. July ............. ...-."45 May , 45 Vs to 45 Oats. July ........ 313g May .. 31 to Pork. 9sy4 4oy2 4514 ABE RESIDENTS OF THIS CITY AND WAYNE COUNTY FABMERS. 31 U 3i THE LATTER FEAR AFREEZ E January May January May .. Lard. e 3.252 .12.85-87 , 6.80 7.10 12.57 12.92 6.85 7.12 over, Cisterns Being Filled Up and Hard Work Being Snubbed. and 450. Receipts, cattle 24000, steady, 10c higher. LOCAL MARKETS IT STRIKES the popular favor namely, to-wit the coal we furnish summer andewin ter for cooking and heading. T hre's no secret about it. We simply supply 50c per bushel. Grain Price. (Paid by Frank Spinnin Wheat, 1.05, CO lbs. ; No. 3, red 98c, 58 lbs ; Old Corn,- 50c per; bushel.. New corn, 46c per bushel. No. 2, 60 lbs., (shelled) to bushel superior coal at the minimum market price., and as expeditiously as our teams' can haul it from our yard to your door. The reader 01 this card may not be a customer of ours we'd like mm to be, to his own advantage. J. fi Menkc, Home Phone 762 Bell Phone 435-R. 102-104 FT. WAYNE AVE. BE HAPPY, EVERYBODY ! Santa Claus is growing old and rather absent minded and forgetful at times. Many expectant little folks will awaken to disappointment Christmas morning on account of Santa not haviDg visited them. Now, little folks, don't grieve, but come to our store Mod day morning Christmas and we will give you a nice sack of goodies to make up for Santa's neglect. Come and be happy. ' Yours for a Merry Christmas, Wherley & Thomas, Furnishers 203 Ft. Wayne ave., 418 N. 8th St. Receipts, hogs 42000: left 5000: prospects strong, 5c higher; light, 430 and 470 ; mixed, 440 and I Richmond people were profuse in 4G7; heavy, 440 and 470; rough, ,,440 I their thanks yesterday to the weafrh er man for the continued rainfall. For over two months farmers, phy- sicans, housewives and all others have been hoping, and, in many in stances, praying for rain. The drought has done considerable dam age. Friday and Saturday's rain be ing the first for many weeks. Cisterns were empty, farms were dry and the wheat crop was in poor condition. Patients afflicted with na sal and bronchial troubles were suf fering from the dry atmosphere. The ill effects of the drought were gen eral. Yesterday when the rain began to fall every one immediately got busy. Housewives who have suffered from the hard city water placed tubs and buckets for fear that they would not get enough of the precious liquid. Cisterns, however, are filled to some extent and they will not suffer for the lack of water for some time. Fanners were also greatly bene fitted. "If it is not followed by extra cold weather," said a farmer on the street, yesterday, "the rain will be the best thing that has come to the farmers for some time. A freeze however, might do permanent dam aere. The wheat seed has been thrown about the soil considerably by the winds during the past few weeks and most of the seed is not JBilr And Incidently Helps Yon, Too. Yonr early selection of Christmas Gifis I Tbere are many articles in this vast stick, today which we've purchased with the Christmas season in view. Novelties which, no . matter how well they may S lease you when you see them, cannot be uplicated upon. Take oar advice, come here early and make sure of getting what you want while it's here. For Christmas week we offer Overcoats and Suits for men and boys Raincoats, Fancy Waistcoats, Mufflers, Rich Neckwear, Hosiery, Gloves, Suspenders, Umbrellas, Shirts, Hats, Caps, and a host of other sifts for men. Prices and assortment favor earliest selection. LOEHR & KLUTE CHRISTMAS CHEER means not only good things to eat but also the best of things to drink. The best of all good drinks is R. E. Beer. Purity and Maturity, with a most delightful and luscious flavor, are points of the highest merit and which are very marked features in our beer. Minck Brewing Co.. PHONES NEW, 42: OLD, 801 It's Best To Be Careful wnere you Duy your coal. It's unsafe to buy it wherever you see a coal sign hung out. Buy it at a yard of known reliability and high reputation a yard that is sure to eive vou satisiaction. and save oney for you. That is to say, buy here. Hackman, Klohfoth Co. from FOSLER & CO. Give them an order and be convinced. Both Piiodcs 1x5. 512 N. A sU Timothy, new baled $10. Clover, baled, $8. Clover, loose, $7. Clover seed, $6 to $8 per bu. ' Rye, 80c per bu. . f New Oats, 30c per bu. Straw $6. Meats at Retail. Mahetr & Hadley Meat Market. Roast pork, 12 1-2 to 15c. Veal, 10 to 20c lb. New lard 8c b. Smoked ham, 12 to 25c lb. Poultry, 15 t(lQ c per lb. Fresh sausage, 12 l-2c per lb. Lamb, 12 to 20c per lb. Smoked sausage, 12 l-2c lk. Beefstake, 15c. Beef, 6 to 15c per lb. Fresh pork, 15c per lb. Chuck roast, 10 to 12 l-2e per lk Beef to boil, 8 to 10c per lb. Pork chops, 12 to 15c per lb. Country Produce. (Furnished by the Ideal Grocery.) Eggs, 27c dozen. Butter, creamery 18c to 20c per lb. Turkeys, 15c per lb. Young chickens, dressed, 12c lb. Retail trices (Prices Paid by the Ideal Grocery.) Maple syrup, $1.25 gallon. Honey; 20c lb. Dates, 10c per lb. Hickory, nuts, 15c quarter peck. Red Beets, 25c pu. Christmas trees, 50c and 75c. " Lemons, 25c. Apples, 65 to $1.00 bu. Cabbage, 2c lb. , , Celery, 5c a bunch. Dressed chicken, 18c lb. Eggs, 30c dozen. Potatoes, 60c per busheL ' Cal. Oranges, 25 to 30c doz. Lettuce 15c lb. Figs, 15c per lb. Bananas, 10 to 20c per dozen. Malaga grapes, 20c lb. Country butter, 23c Maple sugar, 15c a lb. Jersey Sweet Potatoes, 40c pk. Eating Pears, 25c pk. Cranberries, 10c . -Clam chowder, 25c per can. Clam boullion, 25c a bottle. ' Popcorn 5c lb. Spanish onions, 5c lb. Potatoes, 15c peck. Richmond Livestock. By J. H. Lichtenfels..;.... Hogs, top heavy, 4 l-2c lb. Hogs, 400 lbs., common and rough, 4c per lb. Choice butcher steers, 4e per lb. Lambs, 5c lb." E SUPPLY 424 MAIN STREET CO. For high grade WINES, LIQUORS and CORDIALS All goods are guaranteed. If not satisfactory, money will be refunded Goods delivered to any part of this city by Merchants' Delivery. Phone 149 When you're broke the girls are shy They .turn and fly as you come nigh Brace up old man, show some pluck Take Rocky Mountain Tea; t'will change your luck. A. G. Luken & Co. Children eat, sleep and grow after 27c lb.; country taking Hollister's Rocky Mountain lea. iJnngs rosy cneeKS, lauguing eyes, good health and strength. A tonic for sickly children. 35 cents, Tea or Tablets. A. G. Luken & Co. Startling Evidence. Fresh testimony in great quantity is constantly coming in, aecianng Dr. King's New Discovery for Con sumption, Coughs and Colds to be nn equaled. A recent expression from T. J. McFarland, Bentonville, Va., serves as example. He writes: "I had Bronchitis for three years and doc tored all the time without being ben efitted. Then I began "taking Dr. King's New Discovery, and a few bottles wholly cured me." Equally effective in curing all lung and throat troubles, Consumption, Pneu monia and Grip. Guaranteed by A. G. Luken & Co. druggist. Trial bottle free, regular sizes 50c and $1.00. RICHMOND vs MARION WEDNESDAY EVENING, DEC. 28 AT COLISEUM! Tickets at VV Head About to Burst From Bilious Attack. Severe : Tab e Corn Mea : : . Custom Grinding a soecialtv ? Z Pancake Flour . .. J. RUNGE & CO X Phone 60 16 S. 7th St. "I had a severe bilious attack and felt like m head was about to burst when I got hold of a t reesample of Chamberlain's Stomach and Liver Tablets. I took a dose of them after supper, and the next day elt like a new man and have been feeling hap py ever since," says Mr. L W. Smith of Juliff, Texas. For. bilious ness, stomach troubles and constipa tion these Tablets have no equal Price 25 cents. For sale by A. G. Lu ken & Co.; and W. ' H. Sudhoff, fifth and Main. MONEY TO LOAN. 5 and 6 per cent. Interest FIRE INSURANCE ' In the leading companies. Manager for the - EQUITABLE LIFE Assurance Society of New York. The O B. FulghamAg'cy. M. HILTON I ELRODE 1 Room 8 f Vangh&n Bldg O. B. FULQIIAD dtp yip w vmj It is our business to loan money in ny amount from $1 to CCC0 on any kind of lecurity, for any length of time. Having a large cap ltal of oar own monoy, we do not need to ask anyone as to wden o how we shall loan it, but we can do so on any terms and for any length of time we desire. Eighteen years banking experience renders us capable of giving vou almost an immediate arswer as to whether or not we can make jon a loan. We seldom feel the necessity of any inquiry at all. but when it is made, it Is invariably made as a bank. By securing a loan in this manner, you do not have the annoyance of your neighbors knowing tb at you are borrowing money, but can be sure of absolute secrecy in the matter. Our large capital enables us to loan at a much lower rate than that usually charged by loan com panies, and you know it is to your interest to get a loan wherever you can get it Uie cheapest, the same as in buying anything. Fox in stance, L there is a sale on granulated sugar, where yon can buy 21 lbs for a dollar instead of 18 lbs regular, tbere is where you bay your sugar. Why not be just as careful about saving money when yon are in need of a temporary loan ? If we get our money out, tbo prlem mast bring tno baslnOSS, so if you get a loan from us, it will ptove a great money saver to you. Call and let tut explain our methods. If you cannot call, write or phone us, and our agent will call on you. X Masa Im Co, Phone 1341 Rooms 40-41, 3d floor, .Colonial Building J. ZEYEN & BRO. : Merchant Tailors No. 516 Main St. J The oldest and most reliable tailor establishment in the city. Guarantee every garment made Prices to suit the times. "Sew Fall Otoctc Received;. |
https://globalvoices.org/-/world/latin-america/brazil/?m=201406 | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | · June, 2014
Stories about Brazil from June, 2014
The Female Perspective on the 2014 World Cup
24 June 2014
Dalia Gutmann reviews the football players she's had a crush on from 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy to the current one in Brazil on the website OhLaLá!. After mentioning her favorite one in each of these sporting events, she confesses: Como notarán, la única razón por la que puedo registrar a un...
Social Media Loves Mexican Goalkeeper ‘Memo’ Ochoa
19 June 2014
The very much lauded performance by Mexican goalkeeper Guillerno “Memo” Ochoa during his national team's World Cup match with Brazil has made him a social media star. The Mexican music band Tres Tristes Tigres dedicated a “corrido” to Ochoa on YouTube: Ochoa has also received a marriage proposal from the well-known singer...
Reasons to Cheer for the Ivory Coast in the World Cup
19 June 2014
On the website LaMula.pe, Juan Carlos Urtecho explains his reasons for supporting the Ivory Coast in the World Cup match with Colombia on Thursday, June 19: Desde que les ganaron a Japón en su debut, los marfileños se han vuelto mis preferidos en este mundial. […] Uno escoge a sus...
Chilean Football Fan Got Mixed Up and Missed His Team's First Match
16 June 2014
A Chilean football fan who wanted to cheer his national team on at the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil missed his team's first game with Australia because he mixed up the cities Curitiba and Cuiabá. During an interview with a reporter in Curitiba, the distracted fan said he was happy...
Do #IWantToBelieve in Mexico's National Football Team?
13 June 2014
On his blog Se hace camino al andar (We walk to make the way), Mexican Andrés Mayorquín expresses his opinion [es] about the participation of Mexican national football team in Brazil FIFA World Cup 2014 and the hashtag on Twitter to support it #Quierocreer (I want to believe): Personalmente se me...
A Handbook for Protesters During the World Cup in Brazil
13 June 2014
As the 2014 World Cup begins in Brazil, protests against FIFA's interventions and the Brazilian government's spending are taking place all over the country, especially in the host cities. Concerned about excessive police reaction during protests, citizen's counselling organization Urucum, which works on human rights, communication and justice issues and...
Kazakhstan Has an Antelope That Can Predict the World Cup Winner (or Does It?)
12 June 2014
Kazakhstan's most mischievous satirical blog, Kazaxia, is up to its old tricks again, reporting on the saiga antelope that has potentially ruined bookmakers worldwide by predicting the winner of the 2014 World Cup in Brazil with its timeless steppe wisdom. As Kazaxia writes: A shaman contacted kazaxia about the psychic saiga – it...
‘The Time Has Come!’ Brazil 2014 World Cup
12 June 2014
Mexican communication specialist Samantha Michelle Martínez [es] expresses her excitement for the kicking off of the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil, remembers the buzz around previous tournaments and invites readers to support the teams [es]: Fuera de la polémica sobre el escandaloso proceso que la Selección Mexicana tuvo para poder...
Salam, Brazil: Muslim Football Fans and FIFA World Cup
Colombian United Arab Emirates-based Marcelino Torrecilla describes [es] the particulars of Muslim football fans in the 2014 FIFA World Cup: se espera para el mundial la llegada de 50 mil musulmanes provenientes de países tan diversos como Irán, Nigeria, Argelia, Estados Unidos, el Reino Unido, Malasia y muchos otros de la región del Golfo...
Analyzing the Protests Before the 2014 World Cup
11 June 2014
In digital magazine Distintas Latitudes (Different latitudes), Mexican internationalist Vanessa Rebollar analyzes [es] the elements present in the Brazilian protests caused by 2014 FIFA World Cup. She brings up some questions: ¿Cuál es el contexto dentro del cual han surgido las protestas? y ¿Quiénes son los actores y sus demandas...
Getting Tickets for the 2014 World Cup is a Total Nightmare
11 June 2014
Mexican Emmasito shares [es] on his blog his misfortunes when trying to get tickets for the 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil, which kicks off on Thursday, June 12. He notes that the problem is not the prices that range from 90 to 175 US dollars, which is affordable considering the magnitude of the...
‘Let's Go, Argentina!’
11 June 2014
On Futbol Champagne, Argentinian Manuel de León writes [es] a letter to the football national team prior to the 2014 Football FIFA World Cup in Brazil: Me tomo hoy, a través de esta carta, el atrevimiento de pedirles que dejen la vida dentro y fuera de la cancha por estos...
About our Brazil coverage
Fernanda Canofre is the Brazil editor. Email her story ideas or volunteer to write..
|
https://vmus.adu.org.za/vm_view_record.php?database=birdpix&prj_acronym=BirdPix&db=birdpix&URL=&Logo=images/birdpix_logo.png&Headline=Bird%20Pictures%20Archive&Use_main_filter=0&User_id=&Full_name=&serve_sp_list=1&drop_down_list=0&assessment=0&query_id=3365813&Vm_number=0&recNo=0&numRows=1670&Vm_number=2835&recNo=18 | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | Bird Pictures Archive
Record details
[ Record 18 of 1670 ]
BirdPix: 2835
Province: North West
Country: South Africa
Locus: 2626DC
Observer: Archer A.M.
Date of record: 2013-06-24
Number of photos: 1
Notes:
Last updated: 2020-12-03 11:24:41
Sp. code: 72
Species name: Scopus umbretta
Common name: Hamerkop -- Hamerkop
Family: Scopidae
Record status: ACCEPTED
Collector's species id: Hamerkop
Institution: ADU-UCT
Record URL: https://vmus.adu.org.za/?vm=BirdPix-2835
Links: • Locus: Summary | Records • Species: Records | Distribution map
Comments by the Expert Panel on this record:
Comment number: 1
By: Jake Mulvaney
Comment:
Date: 2013-07-02 19:37:59
Species name: Scopus umbretta -- Hamerkop; Hamerkop
Species code: 72
[ Page served: February 6, 2023, 10:56 +0200]
The Biodiversity and Development Institute (BDI)
and
The FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology
Department of Biological Sciences - University of Cape Town
This work, except photographs, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright of images uploaded into the Virtual Museum remains with the photographers.
|
github_open_source_100_1_252 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <?php
declare(strict_types=1);
namespace App\Services;
use App\Models\Order;
class OrderService
{
public function submitOrder(array $data): Order
{
return Order::create(array_merge($data, [
'order_number' => $this->generateNextOrderNumber(),
]));
}
private function generateNextOrderNumber(): int
{
$lastOrder = Order::latest()->first();
$orderNumber = empty($lastOrder) ? date('Ymd') . 1 : $lastOrder->order_number + 1;
return (int)$orderNumber;
}
}
|
desertpathway00robegoog_1 | English-PD | Public Domain | ',* In Diy imprsamona of wh&t may be oalled the accmery of the Desert, I have derived much of their oolouriug from the weU-known book, " Sinai and Palestine," — by that mont accompUahed and elo- queDt of English travellers, Profeaaor A. P. E DEDICATORY. This book pretends to nought but a few simple thoughts written down in an interval of retirement, during which it has pleased God to withdraw the writer into a path of silence and trial In such a time I have been led, perhaps naturally, to seek to glean somewhat among the abundant lessons and consolations in the great desert-track of Qod's chosen people. It is a story whose interest never waxes old. For, at the outset of their pilgrimage, the Israelites found the wilderness a void : by their passage through it, they made it the wondrous pathway of God for ever. And so, spiritually, each one in all the pil- grim multitudes He has been leading since has but trodden in their steps. If, therefore, in tlie ioXVowoi^ IV DEDICATORY. pages, while my quest has been one, I trust, not un- fruitful to myself, I have, at the same time, gathered up aught that may contain help and profit to those especially who, taldng up their cross daily, are, in the desert-way, following their Lord, I shall feel I have not missed my aim. May I also add, that, in thus sending my book forth, it will help me to realise the gratefiil thought, that, in particular amongst the flock to whom I am united by very dear and very soleron bonds, my ministry is not altogether without a voice ? So I commit the volume to Him Whom I fain would glorify, whether in weakness or in strength. And, in its publication, I dedicate it to one who by her true companionship has lightened for me the withdrawn way wherein I have been constrained to go, and in the example of her own feith and patience has also taught me, better than I knew, the reality of many of those things which I have written. Manse op Hamilton, January 1 863. CONTENTS. PAOK CHAPTER L SPEAKING TO THE HEART, 1 CHAPTER II. THE PILGRIM MEAL, 9 CHAPTER III. " UNDER THE CLOUD," 19 CHAPTER IV. " THROUGH THE SEA," 31 CHAPTER V. THE SONG OF MOSES, 45 CHAPTER VI. THE BITTER MADE SWEET, 57 CHAPTER VII. THE PALMS AND SPRINGS OF ELIM^ ^1 • • CONTENTS. VU CHAPTER XVm, y^ov: THE VEILED FACE, 203 CHAPTER XIX. THE Sm OF STRANGE FIRE, 217 CHAPTER XX THE GRAVES OF LUST, 231 CHAPTER XXI. Miriam's humiliation, 247 CHAPTER XXII. SEEN BUT LOST, 259 CHAPTER XXIII. BETWEEN THE DEAD AND THE LIVING, .... 277 CHAPTER XXIV. THIRTY-SEVEN YEARS* SILENCE, 289 CHAPTER XXV. THE UNADVISED LIPS, 299 CHAPTER XXVI. THE MOUNTAIN BIER, 307 CHAPTER XXVII. THE BRAZEN SERPENT, ^XV^ Vm CONTBNTa CHAPTER XXVIII. page Israel's keeper, 329 CHAPTER XXIX. DEATH AT THE THRESHOLD, 339 .'. ■ •■ CHAPTEE I. Spjeakmg ta Jl^je "^twct " I will allure her, and bring her into the wilderness, and speak comfortably unto her." — Hos. ii. 14. It is a well-known thought that, if a man had disclosed to him his futm*e of a few weeks or years forward, he could not, in many cases, look into it and live. The disasters of the path — sickness, bereavement, loss of means, sudden death of himself in the midst of hopes and manhood, — these and such like discoveries, into which his feet advance, would utterly overwhelm him, and bring the prayer to his lips, " God, spare me that way of the wilderness and the flood !" And yet, strangely, it is not less true that, after a man has passed through some space of such a desert path, en- countered manifold trials, like his blessed Master has been " stricken, smitten of God, and afflicted," he not only comes to endure the hardness patiently and well, but looking back from point to point as he goes on, and specially, from the last height of all, when, in his soul, patience has had its perfect work, he sees the way he could not in prospect have borne, in retrospect a very path of light, goodness and mercy marking it with their golden footprints, and such blessing gathered from it as he never could have reaped had his path been that of mere earthly sunniness and "j^aic.^. lift. 4! SPEAEING TO THE HEABT. therefore thanks God fervently at last, for the thing that would have scared him, had God beforehand, like the prophet's scroll, unloosed the tale. Moses was an eminent illustration of what I say. How could he have stood the sight of the one hun- dredth part of those trials and sorrows which darkened his leadership of Israel through the desert — the forty years long of the fire and burden of a whole nation borne on his heart — the miseries, and failures, and deaths, that strewed the awful line of march ? Had that future, even in a few of its scenes, been unveiled to him, his heart would have died within him. But God led hiTTi on, so to speak, blindfold, till, from height to height, he began to realise in his courageous soul the high argument whereby the Mighty One was deal- ing with him ; and, on the crowning ridge of Pisgah, in the end, not only do we conceive of Moses as casting his gaze forward into the Canaan he was not to enter, but equally as looking back upon the windings of the far desert road he and the hosts he led had come, be- holding the track, that, at his start from Egypt, would have seemed so dark and terrible, literally shining and blessed with the footsteps of God. Travellers tell us there is a faint shadow of this spiritual reality in nature, when, on their climbing upward the steep mountain path, they find the way rough, and frowning, and peril- ous, but, when again they look back on it from the plain, thej see it wind in and out among the clifis like 8PEAEIKG TO THE HEART. 5 a thread of silver. So Moses, on Rsgah, got the due of silver in his hand, and ran the eye back with anuize- ment along its beauteous stream. them out of Egypt. In the grossness and weariness of their bondage, in the din of Egyptian cities, in the blind swann with which they hurried every day, ab- sorbed, to do their task, then to eat, drink, and again to lay themselves down to sleep, had God come to them with His message there, they could have heard, it is true, but never understood, — they might have gazed up with dull eye, but only to drop to their material life again. And had they been transferred at a single step, so to speak, into the good land, — slaves of Egypt to- day, conquerors of Canaan to-morrow, — the sudden leap into such a change of life would have so besotted them with luxury and pride that, had God spoken to them there again. His accents would have been drowned. But the intermediate desert-journey met God's great condition. He held them there, surrounded with aw- fulness, and so utterly dependent on Him, that He could draw near and speak to their heart ; He could wean them into spiritual understanding; He could touch chords within them that never else would have vibrated ; He could speak to them " Alone with them alone." And was it not so in all the olden time, when God was wont to throw His shadow palpably on human paths, — ^with Noah, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Moses, Samuel, David, and all the prophets? His chosen spots were in desert silence. He allured them apart, that there, the veil being rent. He might speak to them heart to heart. Was it not so in the touching SPEAKING TO THE HEAET. 7 appeal of Jesus once, when, with all the coming and going, His disciples were distracted, and He said, " Come ye yourselves apart into this desert place, and rest a while?" as if, in that quiet, they would feel dropped into their souls His deep words, as the silvery pebble is seen dropping to the depth, not of the dis- turbed, but the clear and silent pool Has it not been so with the Church of Christ in her noblest seasons, when she has put forth her most heavenly virtues — in persecution or peril ? She has been made to " forget her own people and her father's house ; " she has been allured, that is, and brought into the wilderness ; and so " her Lord has greatly desired her beauty." He has spoken in the thrill of His love to her heart. Is it not so with each Christian life now, whom God tempers in His fiery way ? The stir and noises of the world hin- der us, so that in the manifold sound of outer things, when all is well, we lose the hearing of the heavenly voice altogether ; but God mercifully withdraws us where we miist hear, — through death, sorrow, suffering. He makes solitude about the soul; lover and friend He puts far from us into darkness ; He makes us feel alone ; and then, in that awful condition, when there 18 silence, and the way is dark, and the burden of the solitary life is very heavy. He draws nigh. had journeyed with the imknown Lord to Emmaus; " did not our hearts bum within us, as He talked with us in the way ?" So the hearts bum whom God leads apart and speaks to in the desert road. They awake to Gtod as never otherwise they could have done. They exclaim, as Jacob did, "Surely the Lord is in this place, and I knew it not." And again, the desert awfiilness and beauty breaking on them, as on him, " How dreadful is this place ! This is none other but the house of Grod, and this is the gate of heaven ! " I mean, then, in the chapters following, to retrace some of the memorable footprints made in the old Desert Pathway along which God led His people Israel by the hands of Moses and Aaron, — to see how, in each, there stands up some symbol of His dealing with the great multitude He has led spiritually through the wilderness since, — to note how these lessons gleam back on us, full of fresh and solemn application yet, — and to gather this, above all, that, if we are being "led of the Spirit into the wilderness," we have at each step the Saviour voice, " Fear not, I am with thee : be not dismayed, I am thy God." I trust to exhibit to the fainting pilgrim some discoveries of the grace of God reserved for him alone,— to cheer him with new light streaming down to us from an old, old story, — and to shew him, as we travel in the ruins of the past, that "the wilderness and the solitary place is glad — that tJ^e desert does rejoice, and blossom as the rose." CHAPTER II. ^t f ilgrim ^ml This famous meal, known by the name of the Passover, was ate, as a solemn pledge, at the very threshold of the Israelites' escape. The whole population was gathered to the banquet ; and, as the preparations for flight were complete, and the memorable night wore on, you can conceive what a picture each slave hut, in its silent interior, disclosed — the table spread, the lamb slain and roasted with fire, the blood sprinkled on the door- posts, the inmates standing up in eager circle, equipped for instant journey, and, as the light feU on their swart faces, their awe of an unseen Presence, their listening for a dread signal, and an occasional whisper through the group, marking the deep-hushed scene. No one there, I believe, felt doubtful or afraid ; on the contrary, each * was eager for the hour of his deliverance to strike, for his hateful chains to fall off, and for the word to be given that he might go free. Accordingly, they stood impatient by the board God had commanded to be spread ; and when at last a note of sorrow from the Eg3rptian dwellings round them woke on the midnight air, and that note increased until it rose, as from the whole land, into an exceeding great and. \)\\Xfe^ crj , 12 THE PILGBIM MEAL. you can imagine with what haste and exultancy they stooped to the prepared meal, and ate it for their flight. Moses and the other leaders were abeady in the way, summoning them to flee ; so were the bitter Pharaoh and his counsellors, bitter no longer, but utterly sub- dued at last ; so was all Egypt, smitten terribly by the death, in one hour, of its first-bom, " from the first-bom of Pharaoh that sat on his throne, to the first-bom of the captive that was in the dungeon, and all the first- bom of cattle/' No marvel, therefore, that in the Israelites hope ran high, and that they took Grod's pledge in the midnight banquet eagerly. Their chains were off; the path out of their dark and long bondage was free; the sorrows of the past were gone; and, from this point, they were to go forth, a nation and a name in the eaxtL Yet it was a solemn point, that pilgrim meal, had they for a moment realised it alL They knew only the gladness and the safety of the moment ; but were they not really standing at the gateway to the dread desert-path ? — as they broke and ate of the slain lamb, and as, pilgrim-wise, they then crossed their blood-marked thresholds out, was it not really but an entering on that long and unknown path of God that, ere it was done, would see the youngest of them a gray-haired and worn 'man, and the whole of that generation laid in pilgrims' graves? Yea, was there one in Goshen, that night of escape, who guessed what a few hours of flight would bring forth, — ^who could THE PILGRIM MEAL. 13 see but a stone's-cast down "the dim and perilous way" he was about, as God's pledged follower, to tread? And which of them then had forethought so far, that, from the passover table, he could even guess the vast measure of the path, as, in God's plan, it stretched through the wilderness before him ? Had the boldest Hebrew realised a dream of that, his high-toned con- fidence would have perished like lighted flax. I there- fore say, that, while the Israelites, by the blood upon their doors, and by their feast of the slain lamb, were pledged in pilgrimage to God, they began that pilgrim- age not knowing, or rather in most blind mistakenness as to, whither it would lead. Now, my reader, Christ is our Passover sacrificed for us ; and, amidst all the applications that may be made of the type in the Hebrew lamb slain in Egypt, and the antitype Christ slain on the cross, there is this especi- ally for us at present — that no one can enter, as a true pilgrim, into the pathway of God, save through that preparation feast, the crucified Christ. It was the one condition prescribed to the Israelites, the doors sprin- kled with blood, the lamb slain and served upon their boards ; only through that gate of sacrifice did each man issue forth, an equipped follower and favourite of Heaven. So, only through the blood of Jesv\a Q;asi«xc3 14 THE PILGRIM MEAL. one find safe entrance on the path we speak of. He cannot else claim one help or blessing as he goes on ; in his sorrow, he cannot claim God's consolation ; in his darkness, he cannot look up for light ; in his pain, he cannot draw down the hands of healing. And with no pity so deep can we be moved, surely, as with the pity that awakes in us when, looking on a sufferer who has no hope and no root of faith in Christ, we see him toss in his distresses, and, even while he cries for mercy, the reality of God's grace a fable to him, and the bright pages of the Word of God a blank. Let no one, there- fore, flatter himself, that, in the day when he is tried, he can appropriate to himself those comforts of the living God which he only grasps who has entered on the shadowed way through Christ. Christ is the first step, as He is the last. " No man," He says himself, " Cometh unto the Father hut by me." But what I wish to bring out more particularly is — the deep and awful pledge given to God by any one who begins by coming unto Him through Christ. I believe that, by hundreds who have most earnest de- sires to be saved, and saved by the blood of the cruci- fied Jesus, this is not considered as it ought to be. They, like the mass of escaping Hebrews, are ardent only to be free — to pass the great line by which a weary and detestable past shall be flung ofi", and a new world of life and safety shall be begun for them ; but, in that ardour for the one chief mercy — to be saved, — ^they THE PILGEIM MEAL. 15 forget, or do not know, the dread consequences they accept, the pledge they give, the desert pathway that is to follow after. Had the veil been but lifted for a moment to the fugitives from Egypt, how their meal at parting would have been sobered; and, to the soul approaching Christ, and seeking Him in all sincerity, as that without Whom it feels it cannot live and dare not die, did but a glimpse of the way of sacrifice and trial appear beyond, how, like the young man in the Gospel scene, it would shrink back sorrowfully, and, perhaps, altogether turn away! Mean you, then, to make choice of Christ as the portion of your soul ? Learn it is no light compact, but a binding of the very heart to Him and to His bitter cross, for ever. How can it otherwise be ? The very nature of the case im- pUes that, if we pledge ourselves to Christ, we cannot hold by Him and hold by the life we have hitherto lived in the world also. Who could dream of such a monstrous union ? or who, dreaming of it, could eflfect it for a moment ? No : the moment we take so great a step as to choose Christ, the poles of oiir Hfe neces- sarily shift ; we get a new axis to revolve on ; and just as, if the poles of this our globe shifted into new sockets, there would be immense and fearful change, — seas would be thrown from their beds to overflood continents and hills, old shores would sink, and new ridges and a new eai-th, breaking from the depth, would come to light, — so the moment aivy \\i^ c\aL%\\^ 16 THE PILGBIM MEAL. hands in pledge with Christ, the balance of the old is gone, the way that has been is submerged and broken up, the brightness and beauty that were rejoiced in 'perish, and the new heavens and the new earth of God's way must come. Think of these things solemnly, my reader. Seek not Christ in light, unreflecting mood, as so many, seeking mere ease and safety, do; seek Him in that lofty, deeply-forecasting spirit that, while it plights itself to Him in an hour of joyftd banquet and sweet communion, sees written next step beyond, " Strait is the gate, and narrow is the way that leadeth imto life." Did not the saints find it so in early time ? Happy was their first finding of their Lord ; but, ere long, they discovered also how true, that they must fol- low Him "into prison and to death," — that the disciple was not greater than his Lord, nor the servant than his master, — ^that it was their part, from which none might shrink, to drink of the cup of which He had drank, and to be baptized with the baptism wherewith He had been baptized. And though our modem time is changed, so that the way for us is not now the fiery way of persecution and death, yet does not all true experience of taking up with Christ tell that the strait gate and the narrow way is still the condition of the cross — ^that the cup is still one of bitterness, and the baptism one of fire, and that the Lord Jesus, thorn- crowned and sorrowful as of old, stands in the bleeding path, repeating, as He did then, " If any man will come THE PILGEIM MEAL. 1 7 after Me, he must deny himself, and take up his cross, and follow Me." That first step in Christ, therefore, must be a step in which the very life is given. Be thoroughly convinced of that, my reader, ere you go further in the strange pathway of God ; for it is writ- ten at the altar where you first eat of the flesh of the Son of man, and drink of His blood — "Whosoever findeth his life shall lose it, and whosoever loseth his life for My sake shall find it " — John adds — " unto life eternal" £ 4$ CHAPTER HL l&xi^fx % €laviti," In two or three marches, the flying thousands of Israel had quitted the green land of Goshen. They had taken leave of its sunny sward and the shade of its leafy boughs, and now, in their vast multitude, were halnging on the edge of the wndemess. With its dreary, un- charted world before them where to choose, it was a moment big with helplessness and uncertainty. But the gloom, we may suppose, that did not fail to gather for a time on the prospect was as rapidly dispelled ; for as they moved on, a sailing Cloud, to which the silent air had given birth, was seen to shape itself into a mighty pillar, to take place in the very van of the host, and, as it reached in its column higher than the eye could follow, to reveal itself as the tent, as the rolling garment of the Present God. And not only in the day-time, when the heat was great, and the throng either travelled languidly or rested altogether, — not only then was the cloud as a cool shadow thrown across the camp, but in the night, when the fugitives were afoot to benefit by the cooler air, but, without guide, would have stumbled in the black wastes, then the cloud became luminous with fire, and glowed ^^\vi^\i 22 " UNDER THE CLOUD." the dark in lambent beauty. In this cloud was the half-hidden, half-revealed Presence that was to be with the desert wanderers to the end. It Jiever deserted the camp in its worst days— it rested over it when it slept — ^it went before it to mark the way when it awoke — ^it hung over the next spot where it should pitch and again repose. Who now can doubt that of that shadow we have, at this moment, the reality? If there was one lesson more than another, my reader, taught the disciples by their Lord ere He left the earth, it was this lesson of His Saviour-presence that was to be. It was the lesson He gave them deliberately to study in the forty days betwixt His resurrection and ascension. He lingered during that time in earthly scenes, but not as He had been. He went and came mysteriously among His foflowers. " UNDER THE CLOUD." 25 " Fear not : for I have redeemed thee, I have called thee by thy name ; thou art Mine. When thou passest through the waters, I will be with thee ; and through the rivers, they shall not overflow thee: when ihou walkest through the fire, thou shalt not be burned; neither shall the flame kindle upon thee." I ask if any redeemed soul would not give up all, a thousand times, ere it would give up this living, real, face-to-face Pre- sence of its God? How could it, wanting this Presence, live ? — how could it die ? I am aware that, when^ we speak thus, it is ready to be asked by some, How can we know at all times we are guided and shielded by the holy Presence ? How can we be sure that each day's step we take is a step beneath the cloud — that each day's course, even when we design it as best we can, is not a wandering of our own into the wilds, but a clear stage forward in the way led for us by the footprints of God? The Hebrews saw the cloud, as it rose or again settled on their path, and could be therefore under no mistake; but how can we, without some sign, be always confident, and not fear rather that we often make a guess-work of our life, even when we speak of casting all upon, and being guided in all by, our Saviour-God ? I answer, that it is in this great case as m the faint figure of a common earthly case. For example, where there are the bonds of deep affection, as in the love of child and parent, it is well known how an atmosphere of sweel m^\»\si<(^\». 26 " UNDEE THE CJLOUD." SO to speak, breathes between the two ; there is snch a union and coimnnnion of the two lives, that the child will instinctively feel a presence round it even when the parent is not there, — ^wUl more than guess, will know, the parent's will, — ^will catch the voice, the light, the influence, the love of the parent on its fiice and heart, and will be led by these without words, and come through such trarning, such feeling forth of its child love and obedience, to dp, ultimately and surely, just the very thing the parent would desire. The same is true of two friends whose hearts are one : intercourse between them is of such a sort, that, the one is instinc- tively led by the other, feels the shadow of his influ- ence, goes by the principles his life sheds forth, and, out of deep heart-intimacy, does, beyond mistake, the very things his living voice, if by his side always, would inspire. Similarly with those even divided from us by death, but whose spirit we have drunk : you know it in the case of beloved ones, whose wishes we sacredly fulfil long after they are in their graves — ^whose power over us is deeper, dead, than when they lived: you know it even in the case of writers, the genius of whose books we have breathed until they have become a very part of us, and, as we obey the moulding of their thoughts, we speak of them rightly as *^ Those dead, but sceptred kings, Who rule us from their ums." What are these but shadows from the intimacy between " UNDBE THE CLOUD.*' 27 redeemed souls and Christ? I may not hear His voice, nor see ihe cloud, as the Hebrews saw it, on my path ; bnt I live, as my daily sustenance, in the air of His love, — I am familiar with His Way, and Word, and Life, — ^I put forth sails to catch the breathing of His Spirit, —by earnest prayer, I bring down His hands to mine, that they may grasp the helm, — I steer by the chart of His blessed Book, — ^in holier ordinance and sacrament, I climb, ever and again, to the watch-house of the top mast, that I may see, yet more and more, *^ the King in His beauty, and the land that is very far off ;" and, in all that acquainting of my soul with God — ^that travel- ling to and £ro between the springs and heart of my life and His — that dwelling of my soul under the shadow of the Almighty — I cannot bvit be in the right way, — I cannot but interpret to myself, without words, but instinctively, as the very readiest motions of the heart, what the blessed Lord would have me do, — I cannot but move, in the blackest day and the sorest perplexity, as certainly and safely as if I heard an arti- culate voice talk to me, and say, '^This is the way; walk ye in it." I grant that an unprayerful strangeness between the soul and Christ, an acquaintance with Him rarely and briefly made and coldly entertained — I grant, at once, that that never will or can give security that a man's way, in any given circumstances, is Glod- ordered and right, however he may speak of following God's guidance and being resigned. To him that Saviour-presence is more palpable than earth, sea, or sky. These are the shadows — that the substance. In the day-time of his distress, it lies over him a cool covert from the heat; in the night-time, when a thousand terrors beset the soul — oh, in the night-time of grief, by reason of the very background of the darkness, the lustrous Presence in the cloud becomes a fire! The darkness round the sufferer is made as the light Who would have seen and felt that glow of Christ's love, but for the blackness first, and the bitterness of the night of fear? Would the bereaved have leaned on Him so near, if their other stays had not gone? Would the eyes have seen His beauty so in- tense, if the other faces of their love had not perished ? Ask the sorrowful, all whose help and hope in man have died ; ask the poor martyr, going to the stake ; ask the saint, Uving long years, and at last dying on the rack ; ask the pilgrims and soldiers of God, who in aU ages have upheld sinldng causes, have contended one against a thousand, and have held life cheap, that truth might triumph ; — and what say they, in their sore and evil hour? Is there mistrust upon their brow? On the contrary, is the eye not bright, the brow calm, and the gaze upward, fastened on the Saviour-cloud? Have these not dwelt secure ; and, from the very depths. " UNDER THB CLOUD." 29 have ihey not cried, not in pitifulness, as we would often think, but in victory, "God is our refuge and strength ; He is a present help in all trouble ?"^ We cannot explain these things, my reader, save by the deep reality of that Inunanuel Who is the Guide at once and the Shield of the pilgrim's pathway — in a pillar of cloud by day, in a pillar of fire by night 44 CHAPTER IV. a;^0«0^ i\t Sia." The story of the passage through the Bed Sea marked itself so deeply in the traditions, in the poetry, in the whole sacred life and memory of Israel, that not only in the background of the Old Testament annals does its impress remam the grandest and most majestic ; but, transfused through those rich religious hues we borrow to this day from the Hebrews' Bible when we want the very expression of the heart, this great event has had its fame spread throughout the world. The passage was designed of God to be as it were the last clear step of His people from bondage into freedom, — ^from the crushing confines of Egypt into the broad desert, — ^from the namelessness of Goshen into the rank and triumph of a Gk)d-guided nation. It was as if , in ihe bed of the Eed Sea, He drew the deep line — by the force of His own right arm He made the Israelite hosts to cross ; He then closed the gap; to the last spent force of Egypt, as it hastened up in pursuit. He said, "Hitherto shalt thou come, but no farther !" and there, breaking the bond between it and Israel for ever. He parted the enslaved past from the noble future, and in witness thereof to tXife Ist^- 34 " THBOUGH THE SEA." ites, as they dustered on the thitherside^ He shewed the Egyptians, terrible in their wrath and oppression no longer, bnt mere corpses, dead on the sea-shore. This great event, which so started them on their wilderness history, was deliberately thrust by Gtod in the Israelites' way; for we read that in their first flight there was the nearer road to Canaan through the region of Philistia, by which they might have traversed the distance in a few days' journey. But God, of set purpose, led them not in that direction ; because the Philistines were fierce and warlike, and the newly emancipated slaves, unpractised in the use of arms, would have been scattered in their terror before them, and at the very outset lost. Therefore, avoiding the route so direct and short, the great Guide of Israel led the multitude in a wide circle, their faces away fix)m Canaan altogether, down among the sandy flats by the Eed Sea shore, and southward along its wave. 36 " THEOUGH THE SEA." His arm was not shortened nor His ear heavy ; there was expectation that the marvels He had done in the past, in this great crisis He would excel now ; and, as they hurried on, bewildered and in terror, they still were less dismayed than had their ranks been broken by some bloody onset in the Philistine desert When the waters parted at their feet, and made a way for them to cross, and when, crossed over, they saw these same waters close, a grave above their enemies, they felt this guidance of their God right, and sang a song of thanksgiving. So with us in the desert way — one path branches off, quick, and apparently the best, but that way lies, we shall say, the heart-wound of family bereave- ment, and a certain nature is not practised yet in (Jod's grace, or of strong faculty enough to bear that pain, and it is, therefore, turned aside into the long path of per- sonal sickness instead — tedious days elapse — broken health makes whole years what seems to us a track of waste and-misery — and death in haunting shapes shuts us in ; but still we are in a condition spiritually to endure all this better than the other ; and when God opens at last the passage of deliverance, .and we go through the worst terrors dryshod, looking back we see how wise He, how foolish we ; we praise His mercy that He put not on us what we could not bear, but that He put on us what, through His grace, and to our own signal profit, we have borne. So, again, some could not stand the swift desolation that fell on Job— God, therefore, " THROUGH THE SEA." 37 leads these about, trying them, and seeing what is in their heart, through mingled fortune ; as He did in the trial and tempering of David. sought what was to be next. In the westering sun, it must have been a striking scene— in front, the deep, dark sea; tar across it, against the Eastern sky, the pearl Unes of the hills of Asia; to the south, the gigantic barrier of cliffs, forbidding all way in that direction ; and then, behind, on the heights which the Israelites had just passed, the troops of Pharaoh gather- ing in an ominous cloud. It looked like the very net of ruin ; and as the light of day passed, and the short twilight deepened quickly into darkness, of course every fear was magnified,, and the cry of reproach against Moses rose throughout the camp. He was not wanting in that terrible hour. Yet what was his expedient? Nought but that they should " stand still, and see the salvation of the Lord ! " Was it not like wild mockery to speak thus in face of the tumultuous thousands? Yet the heroic confidence of the man may have struck " THEOUGH THE SEA," 39 a moment's .calm ; when, strange to say, the order next — straight, too, from the lips of God himself — ^was, " Speak to the children of Israel that they go for- ward!" Were the two admonitions not in contradic- tion ? — or, if not so, how was the go forward to be obeyed ? The feet of the people were already washed by the lapping wave — ^were they to walk blind and desperate into its depths? No, neither blind nor desperate, certainly, but with perfect trust in Gk>d even here. For, as the first steps moved forward on the beach, God opened up their way. By His command, Moses stretched his rod over the deep, and immediately there was heard the rising wind, and the waters, as the Israelite feet came on, were found to part. The awful march began ; the sea stood up like walls ; and, as the Paschal moon rose, throwing splendour on the storm, the colunms of Israel in sUence traversed the deep cleft cut for them, following Him "Whose way is in the sea, and His path in the great waters, and His footsteps are not known ! " By the dawn of next day, all was over. As for the Israelites, they had reached a point of last perplexity, when heart or hand of flesh could do no more. But it was God's way ; and then it was they were adjured to " stand still and see " — ^to cast their cause forward upon Him, with eyes raised ardently to meet His salvation ; while, in response to that trust, came the command next, " Go forward : " hardly one step in obedience to which had been taken, — taken in the hhck night, — taken in the teeth of impossibilities, as " THROUGH THE SEA." 41 it would seem, — taken in sublime and absolute faith, — when God justified the deed, a path opened, and, as it opened, night and its hoirors gave back like rolling shadows, and the God-guided host passed, not to safety only, but to victory. So, not otherwise with those who have followed in the pathway of God. There have been moments when, in the straits of hard and perilous duty, they have been arrested, — every frown has been against them, — every menace has threatened them, — and, in the solitude of an utterly helpless, friendless hour, the spirit, shrinking, has begun to ask if retreat would not be best. But then has been the moment, in a strong, pure conscience, to stand still and look up, referring all to God. And never has such confidence looked in vain ; for, from that dark point of issue where the soul has paused, the word has been, riot retreat, hut forward — deeper yet in difficulty, to closer quarters in the battle; and as the dauntless step, to the world's amazement, has pressed on, forthwith the network has unravelled — God has made for it a way, deepening, brightening, scattering step by step fear and darkness in the light of victory. Thus the course of all martyrs and con- fessors and holy lives, who, in the face of an angry world, have asserted the truth and purity of God, speak to us strikingly. And certainly there are cases, unexaggerated, of sick- ness, or of earthly loss, or of spiritual despondency, or of forlorn desertedness in life, in which the horizon closes in like night ; everything without is bleak and sorrowful, and within there is as the last chill upon the heart. Oh, how good then to hold thyself still in God, — ^to gather up all the grace within thee, — ^to bestir thy soul, — ^to revive, its confidence, — and, according to the watchword of Moses, as he faced the blackening tide, to " stand stiU, and see the salvation of the Lord ! " Verily, thou follower of the Cross, it is no vain or foolish confidence. The other watchword, it is true, may startle thee — Oo forward — deeper, that is, still in sorrow, apparently down into the very billows of the night; but it is the counterpart of the " Stand still and see ;" and if thou hast faith and patience and courage to obey, thou art on the very border of the opening way of God, before thy feet He will divide the waters, and thou wilt pass through, not to be safe only, but to " THBOUGH THE SEA." 43 be raised on a rock of brightness and of praise for ever. Learn, then, the value of the two watchwords of the Red Sea. They deserve to be woven on the Christian s banner, not less than on Israel's, as the twin signals of his course. Far from being in contradiction, they are one. They are word and counter-word — they are ob- verse and reverse of the one medallion — ^they are strophe and antistrophe of one song. What ! is it answer to our expectation and our prayer, you say, as we stand still and see the salvation of the Lord, that we are hidden go forward, when it is our very standing point, that ferther we cannot go— we are at the waves' edge, and to press on is death ? Yes, it is answer ; but then, in that moment we are elevated from our mere human energy to lean all on God ; and in the greatness of that new state, we can " do all things through Christ which strengtheneth us," as says St Paul — the sea is gone, and our way is plain. marvel of alternate trust and action, praying and doing, looking up to God and going forward ! How many thousands have been the victories written on the Cross that have been thus achieved! Look at that one glorious record in the 107th Psalm. The wanderer in the wilderness is as he would die of thirst ; he cries to Gx>d ; the way opens, and he is in the city of habitation. The fettered cap- tive prays from his dungeon ; he is in that hour free. The suflFerer from his sickbed sighs his pain *, aiv!3L\v^ Sa 44 " THROUGH THE SEA." whole. The sailor, tossing in the storm, stretches out his hftnds ; and he is floating into the haven of rest What are these but the instant rescue of our GoA ? Oh, never blench from this old simple faith. " Out of the depths have I cried unto Thee, Grod." " The waters saw Thee, (iod : the waters saw Thee : they were afraid : the depths also were troubled. The clouds poured out water : the skies sent out a sound : Thine arrows also went abroad. The voice of Thy thun- der was in the heavens : the lightnings lightened the world : the earth trembled and shook." " Thou leddest Thy people like a flock by the hand of Moses and Aaron." CHAPTER V. C|}« ^ongoi^om. Could there be a greater contrast than between the breaking of that morning to Israel on the Arabian shore, and the deepening of the last night about them, as they still stood on the shore next Egjrpt ? In the one case, it was the picture of a great huddled multitude, not knowing but their next step was to be death ; fear and night came together ; and, in despite of the glow of Gkxi's presence in the cloud, and the fearless confi- dence with which Moses walked and spoke, the scene was one, wild, confused, and suggestive, ever3^here the alarmed gaze looked, of one terror worse than another. In the other case, the morning breaks in its eastern fairness ; not an Israelite has been lost in the strange passage of the night — ^the migrating thousands are arrayed on the white sandy slopes along the Asiatic edge of the Red Sea, and from thence, looking back, they have the deep black gulf of separation rolling its )vaters calmly at their feet — ^beyond, the spot of last night's fear, still enough now — ^behind that again, the long silver-hued ridge of hills screening the dread land whence they had escaped. Who of them could enough realise the change ? Look long and earnestly, ^ \k^^ mutt iiave Loiu^. diey .;oiiid nor bur idiiiik: buw b^oni 'hfifi^ iiilk Jiv whatr ::aev ihouliL never «ft r4»ftnimff ^ailev if die 5Fiie, in wtiiiit dier jnii :^«tdun!^ iiaii been ^veft. uhe idrie^ <]f iia wealth ami oUi <^iviliH>irinn, die ^empie*, and die power, ami tAe mm- iraiiH E^^Tpciaii iiiB duui had. tfimg «iiL duan. ^sadk a "(haiiDW. Deep miw wai» die ^olf becweou smi for •>,v^. Here die wasas dian «ir7ideii ebbeti tad. ftwed a*^ die houmiaiy line of (jt^ii — ev^r ami anon, a fsle rf^ic of die itmitiu^i hosia of PImraoh. tmming up upon. the heach to zdL how xaxex was» die ^sev^esaikK : and hi^ceforth Ltrael wsu to torn, to acenes how difecnt far — r/> the wide, firee deaat. wbtae a baiLfcd dty ther^ Wfti9( none, where a bnzaaii socEmi scarce ever broke the mlence, nature in h^ wildaesd loamed at Ur^^;, an/] fxt st.^ eye conLi reaeh^ there was no dieek OT Uumfl Up their going whither they chosa It waa Jn.^t nfiOD the edge, then, of this new life and worid, the deliverf^rl fief>ple, in the glorioiis break of tiurti rri'/minf^, hUxhI; and as they ran orer all God had ihm(^ for them, and specially over the mighty ledaaap^ tion fff the night, no marvel that their hearts in prairtfj — d^^ep (j^illed unto deep— the deep grave oif^ i)w K^ypiifiUH niumiuring before them to the deopj tumult (if rojojc.ing and of awe within their soi MoHCH, Htafiding forth at their head, gave voice to univ(*t'Hal hmrt in his memorable song. Nothing //)(!/', jKVandvr than tliis ever came from human As, in£j..ir«ii --.f f?:-L \Li ^ztill :>^ i--: :-l ■.:-■ :_::■ :- the camp. -zt-.-^zIl^ i-^z. -.l-. -■ lj l^-j. : -.:■■ -.1. - celebraE-^i frA\ '■■■-■ iiii iui_-t-— .■ ■.■: -.1- :..■■ ' the mtfer r-Jz. '.:" Piin.-i. i: rrr-zi: -.t. .:■. -.i-: -_•—.: ■.. |
https://openalex.org/W4387633293_1 | Spanish-Science-Pile | Various open science | A MODO DE EDITORIAL *
LA CRUDA REALIDAD DE LAS
REVISTAS CIENTÍFICAS COLOMBIANAS
Julián Alfredo Fernández N.a
H
emos llegado a un punto sin retorno. El sistema de publicaciones
científicas nacionales del país necesita replantearse en su propio
espíritu, y las soluciones dadas por Minciencias no responden a nuestra
realidad. La cruda realidad tiene que ser afrontada.
No podemos seguir pedaleando en una bicicleta estática, y esperar
llegar hacia un lugar. Para ello debemos ser honestos, crudamente
honestos tal vez. Comienzo con proponer cuatro hechos que a algunos
aún les cuesta aceptar: primero, es claro que no nos es posible competir
en los estándares internacionales globalizados, o al menos así lo es
para la gran mayoría de las revistas colombianas; segundo, debemos
repensar seriamente la razón de ser hoy de estas revistas, y reconocer
que no es (y sobre todo que no tiene que ser) el mismo propósito de
las revistas insertadas en la industria editorial dominadas por el norte
global; tercero, tenemos que renunciar a acreditar e invertir en costosas
estandarizaciones que no generan valor científico y mucho menos
valor social, y que parece que pocos cuestionan en el norte global; y,
cuarto, la reforma de Minciencias a Publindex debe comenzar con
discutir el para qué, antes del qué, y que el cómo.
Esto requiere de un ejercicio de honestidad intelectual: ¿Qué queremos?,
¿qué somos?, ¿qué podemos ser?, ¿de cómo somos capaces?, y, sobre
todo: ¿para qué?, ¿para quiénes?
Las publicaciones científicas no existen para construir puntajes
salariales, ni es su deber ser el clasificar a los investigadores o las
*
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18601/01245996.v25n48.01. Este escrito se publicó
en El Espectador, 22 de diciembre de 2022. Sugerencia de citación Fernández
N., J. A. La cruda realidad de las revistas científicas colombianas Revista de
Economía Institucional, 25(48), iii-vii. Se publica con autorización del autor.
a
Magíster en Salud Pública, Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia; Doctorado en Epidemiología y profesor investigador del Instituto Nacional de
Salud Pública, México, [jafernandeznino@gmail.com].
Revista de Economía Institucional, vol. 25, n.º 48, primer semestre/2023, pp. iii-vii
issn 0124-5996/e-issn 2346-2450
IV
Revista de Economía Institucional
universidades, su razón de ser es la comunicación de los hallazgos
científicos; por eso nacieron, y por eso siguen siendo importantes.
Ciertamente, no son sólo un medio, sino que son un fin en sí mismo,
dado que el conocimiento principalmente es discutido cuando está
por escrito, y de esta forma puede ser contrastado, y comparado con
otros hallazgos.
Esta producción escrita, además, contribuye a generar redes en las
que inserta un diálogo, cada vez más global, de las disciplinas y de los
problemas de la humanidad. Sin duda, muchos desafíos globales como
la migración, el calentamiento global, o la respuesta a las pandemias
no podría hacerse sin esta masiva producción científica que tenía
que ser comunicada ampliamente; y sin embargo el propio covid-19
mostró que la denominada ciencia abierta, la divulgación por medios
no tradicionales, e incluso los preprints jugaron un papel fundamental,
pese a no pasar por los procesos editoriales estándares.
El problema tal vez comenzó cuando la Ciencia, que, aunque
nunca ha sido absolutamente libre de los intereses políticos (incluso
cuando se ha opuesto a ellos), comenzó a institucionalizarse en los
Estados modernos. Los sistemas de ciencia y tecnología necesitaron
crear sistemas de graduación de personas e instituciones, esto para
hacer promociones laborales, asignar recursos, y clasificar a personas,
grupos e instituciones en escala de prestigio, y para crear la carrera de
“investigador”, que de nuevo determina al final el acceso a los recursos.
Todo eso existe por varias razones, y a lo mejor sea necesario en la
política pública, pero no, esta no es la razón de ser de las publicaciones.
El problema es que la bibliometría se ha vuelto la razón de ser, y los
indicadores han reemplazado los propósito sociales y científicos que
de verdad importan.
La producción de conocimiento con valor científico y social es lo
que debería estar en el centro de la política.
Las revistas científicas constituyen una poderosa industria editorial que
se ha cimentado en el prestigio y el poder de algunas organizaciones,
así como en su capacidad económica, para impulsar un sistema que
explote la necesidad institucional, reputacional y económica de los
investigadores de publicar. A una alta rentabilidad que nadie conoce,
pero que debe ser muy alta, las grandes revistas reciben publicaciones,
incluyendo muchas de valor científico (pero no todas), a las que, sin
invertir mucho en el proceso de revisión, que es voluntario en la mayoría
de los casos, y a un bajo costo de editorialización, publican los artículos
sobre el cuál cimentan su prestigio que se perpetúan e incrementan con
el factor de impacto, o con la publicación de artículos de alta consulta.
Revista de Economía Institucional, vol. 25, n.º 48, primer semestre/2023, pp. iii-vii
issn 0124-5996/e-issn 2346-2450
A modo de Editorial
V
Este ingreso que reciben es mucho mayor cuando cobran a los
autores, y no es que este mal que haya lucro en el mundo editorial, el
problema si parece que el ingreso es desproporcionado comparado
con el retorno social o científico, especialmente para los investigadores
de los países de bajos y medianos ingresos (aunque algunas tienen
excepciones al pago). Además, se desplaza a los que no pueden
participar o competir, se valora sustancialmente ciertos modos de
producción, ciertas epistemologías sobre otras, y se distorsiona el real
objetivo de la ciencia.
Para las revistas del sur global competir con ellas es muy difícil,
dado el punto de partida, el poder económico, y la reputación de las
grandes revistas. El incentivo para los investigadores nacionales para
publicar en revistas de nuestros países es muy pequeño, más allá de las
convicciones filosóficas, y de este modo nuestras revistas no pueden
romper el círculo vicioso donde: no tienen factor de impacto dado
que no publican artículos de alto impacto, pero no tienen artículos
de impacto dado que no tienen factor de impacto.
Ciertamente, muchas de estas revistas de alto prestigio parten de
comunidades científicas que han impulsados redes de conocimiento
global, que han sido claves en coyunturas como el COVID-19, como ya
mencioné, y hay que reconocer que algunas han comenzado a discutir
autocríticamente sobre la necesidad de generar un sistema editorial
más incluyente pero sinceramente no creo que esta emancipación del
mundo editorial que necesitan nuestros países la tengan que liderar
ellos, nos toca es a nosotros mismos.
Revistas de cierta calidad como Plos Global Health o Lancet Regional
Health Africa (o Américas) aprovechan la necesidad de producción de
los investigadores del sur global, y ante la ausencia de una plataforma
grande que les permita impulsar la investigación de la región, explotan a
una alta rentabilidad económica, y también reputacional, para publicar
un número grande de publicaciones de la región, que en otras épocas
llegaban a publicaciones como la Revista Panamericana de la Salud
que hoy se ha quedado corta frente a la necesidad de publicación.
Tanto es así que han seducido a nuestros investigadores para ser
editores en esas revistas prestigiosas, pero eso sí, manteniendo ellos
el control de los recursos. En América Latina, en el campo de la
Salud Pública que conozco mejor no es fácil distinguir una revista
producida en la región con la capacidad de competir con el volumen,
la capacidad, y la capacidad de atracción que estas plataformas creadas
y administradas en el Norte Global.
Revista de Economía Institucional, vol. 25, n.º 48, primer semestre/2023, pp. iii-vii
issn 0124-5996/e-issn 2346-2450
VI
Revista de Economía Institucional
Si partimos de las crudas afirmaciones que propuse al comienzo,
debemos reconocer que el deber ser de las revistas colombianas es
otro o debe ser otro, y que entonces las propuestas de Minciencias
orientadas a seguir insertándonos en el sistema global son implausibles,
inalcanzables, pero sobre todo indeseables.
Recientemente, varios colectivos de profesores e investigadores
del país le han enviado un derecho de petición al presidente Gustavo
Petro para que reconsidere seriamente las propuestas que incluye cosas
tan absurdas como mantener o aumentar requisitos implausibles para
nuestras revistas, tales como cierta proporción de artículos en inglés,
requisitos de formación inalcanzables para los comités editoriales,
métricas muy difíciles de lograr para la mayoría publicaciones, y
universidades que las albergan, o como pagar retrospectivamente
repositorios costosos que no generan valor editorial adicional (Arpup,
2022). Intentar alcanzar eso no sólo tienen un alto costo, sino que
llevaría a la desaparición de la gran mayoría de revistas científicas
del país.
Muchas revistas colombianas han hecho un gran esfuerzo por
mantenerse a flote, e incluso han intentado insertarse. Han sacado
números especiales, hecho alianzas con otros, fortalecido su equipo
editorial, y algunos han invertido no pocos recursos en acreditarse en
las plataformas internacionales, pero muy pocas han tenido éxito. El
problema es que de nuevo eso desdibuja su razón de ser, y persiguiendo
el sistema de incentivos para acreditarse o indexarse (por ejemplo, en
Scopus) mucho se puede perder, y al final muy pocas lo van a lograr.
Con esa misma honestidad tenemos que reconocer que también
algunos investigadores han explotado el sistema nacional a su favor con
malas prácticas: profesores de universidades que subieron su salario
publicando en las revistas de los amigos, editores que publican
excesivamente en sus propias revistas, procesos editoriales que
no tienen la calidad suficiente, y en algunos casos, publicación de
artículos sin calidad mínima para el tipo de revista (una excepción
pueden ser las revistas estudiantiles que pueden ser concebidas como
publicaciones formativas, en donde se puede ser flexible en la calidad).
También hemos tenido problemas con los procesos editoriales, y una
permanente escasez de pares académicos.
Esta discusión no puede ser un pretexto para auspiciar la
mediocridad, o para pormenorizar la importancia de las publicaciones
científicas, sino para rescatar su razón de ser.
Necesitamos mantener, promover y profundizar publicaciones
académicas de alto valor social, y científico, muy diversas, que se
Revista de Economía Institucional, vol. 25, n.º 48, primer semestre/2023, pp. iii-vii
issn 0124-5996/e-issn 2346-2450
A modo de Editorial
VII
adapten a las mejores prácticas de cada campo disciplinar, a diferentes
epistemologías, y a nuestro contexto nacional y local. Necesitamos
que se siga publicando en español, y más bien encontrar otras vías para
participar en el diálogo global, para lo que es necesario hacer alianzas
entre varias revistas científicas. Necesitamos también con urgencia en
varios campos revistas de la región escritas en español -y portuguésde mayor capacidad y despliegue que las existentes, y que no generen
las exclusiones estructurales de las revistas del norte global que han
querido explotar esto como un mercado, y para todo eso, por supuesto
necesitamos un financiamiento diversificado pero que garantiza la
libertad editorial.
Adicionalmente, podemos unirnos a las nuevas iniciativas globales
basadas en la filosofía de la ciencia abierta como el de eLife que propone
que los artículos científicos no sean aceptados ni rechazados después
del proceso de revisión de pares (Else, 2022), sino que permanezca
publicados con la posibilidad de actualizaciones continuas por los
autores, esto sumado a la posibilidad de publicar libremente sin
proceso editorial los resultados junto con las bases de datos abiertas
que permitan la revisión y replicación de cualquiera par científico del
mundo en cualquier momento, pueden ser mejores posibilidades en
el futuro próximo.
En la discusión actual, Minciencias también tiene el propósito
de evitar las malas prácticas, y regular los incentivos perversos, y en
eso tienen razón, la comunidad científica debe apoyar ese esfuerzo
para mantener su credibilidad, y mejorar la calidad de la producción
académica. Sin embargo, los profesores sí tienen razón en cuestionar
el deber ser de la reforma, e incluso de la concepción histórica del
sistema editorial, y de las revistas nacionales. Es hora de tener esa
discusión con honestidad. Es hora de afrontar la dura realidad.
REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS
Arpup. (2022). Derecho de petición. Observaciones a la propuesta
de modelo de clasificación de revistas científicas colombianas que
regirá a partir de 2023, [https://twitter.com/Asoprudea/status/
1605270862273323014/photo/2].
Else, H. (2022). eLife won’t reject papers once they are under review – what
researchers think, Nature, [https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586022-03534-6].
Revista de Economía Institucional, vol. 25, n.º 48, primer semestre/2023, pp. iii-vii
issn 0124-5996/e-issn 2346-2450.
|
US-201615132357-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Soldering fastening element, structure thereof and method for soldering the soldering fastening element to circuit board
ABSTRACT
A soldering fastening element, a structure thereof and a method for soldering the soldering fastening element to a circuit board are introduced. The soldering fastening element is soldered to a first circuit board so as for a second board to be coupled thereto. The soldering fastening element includes a body soldered to the first circuit board, a head for fastening the second board in place, and a neck which connects the body and the head. When in use, the soldering fastening element is contained in a carrier, taken out of the carrier with an automated tool, transferred to the first circuit board, and heated through a solder layer on the first circuit board such that the body gets soldered to the first circuit board to form a module member. Therefore, the second board gets coupled to the first circuit board through the head and neck.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This non-provisional application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(a) on Patent Application No(s). 104119738 filed in Taiwan, R.O.C. on Jun. 18, 2015, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a soldering fastening element, a structure thereof and a method for soldering the soldering fastening element to a circuit board to not only allow the soldering fastening element and a first circuit board to form a module member collectively but also enable a second board to be fixed in place through the soldering fastening element.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Conventional techniques whereby two circuit boards are coupled together usually entail coupling the two circuit boards with screws, for example, forming multiple screw holes on the first circuit board, screwing connection posts each having an external thread post at one end and an internal thread hole at the other end to the screw holes of the first circuit board, respectively, forming multiple optical holes on the second board intended to be coupled to the first circuit board, placing the second board on the connection posts, passing multiple screws through the optical holes of the second board, and screwing the multiple screws to the holes of the connection posts, thereby coupling the two circuit boards together.
However, the aforesaid structure whereby connection posts are screwed to the first circuit board requires screwing the connection posts to the screw holes of the first circuit board one by one, respectively, thereby slowing down the assembly process. Furthermore, to couple the second board to the first circuit board, it is necessary to tighten the screws one by one, thereby deteriorating the assembly efficiency. Last but not least, in the situation where two circuit boards have to be mounted and demounted very often, the aforesaid screwing technique fails to meet the requirement of the ease of mounting and demounting.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In view of the drawbacks of the prior art, the inventor of the present invention recognized room for improvement and thus conducted extensive researches and experiments according to the inventor's years of experience in the related industry, and finally developed a soldering fastening element, a structure thereof and a method for soldering the soldering fastening element to a circuit board, so as to simplify the assembly structures and enhance the production yield.
In order to achieve the above and other objectives, the present invention provides a soldering fastening element, soldered to a first circuit board to allow a second board to be coupled thereto, the soldering fastening element comprising: a body soldered to a first solder layer of the first circuit board; a head for fastening the second board in place; and a neck for connecting the body and the head.
Regarding the soldering fastening element, the body has an engaging surface for engaging with a surface of the first circuit board and has a second solder layer which a solder paste can be applied thereto.
Regarding the soldering fastening element, the body has a protruding portion penetratingly disposed in an opening of the first circuit board and has a second solder layer which a solder paste can be applied thereto.
Regarding the soldering fastening element, the body has a shoulder for abutting against a surface of the first circuit board and has a second solder layer which a solder paste can be applied thereto.
Regarding the soldering fastening element, in that the second solder layer is an electroplated layer made of one of tin, copper, nickel and zinc.
Regarding the soldering fastening element, the body, the head and the neck are formed integrally or put together.
Regarding the soldering fastening element, the body and the neck are connected to thereby form a cylinder.
The soldering fastening element further comprises a carrier with a plurality of receiving spaces each having an opening, wherein the soldering fastening elements are passed through the openings in order to be disposed in the receiving spaces, respectively.
Regarding the soldering fastening element, the carrier has a lid whereby the opening is shut and opened.
In order to achieve the above and other objectives, the present invention provides a structure for soldering the soldering fastening element to a circuit board, the structure comprising: a first circuit board having a first solder layer; and a second board having an engaging portion, wherein the soldering fastening element is soldered to the first solder layer of the first circuit board, allowing the head of the soldering fastening element to be engaged with the engaging portion of the second board and the neck of the soldering fastening element to be penetratingly disposed in the engaging portion.
Regarding the structure for soldering the soldering fastening element to a circuit board, the first solder layer of the first circuit board has a solder tin layer soldered and thereby attached to the second solder layer of the soldering fastening element.
Regarding the structure for soldering the soldering fastening element to a circuit board, the first solder layer of the first circuit board has a surface copper layer, and the second solder layer of the soldering fastening element is soldered to the surface copper layer.
Regarding the structure for soldering the soldering fastening element to a circuit board, the first solder layer of the first circuit board has a surface copper layer, and the solder tin layer is soldered and thereby attached to the surface copper layer and the second solder layer of the soldering fastening element.
Regarding the structure for soldering the soldering fastening element to a circuit board, the soldering fastening element and the first circuit board together form a module member.
Regarding the structure for soldering the soldering fastening element to a circuit board, the engaging portion of the second board has a through hole of a diameter larger than the head and an engaging recess in communication with the through hole and of a width less than the head, wherein, after the head has passed through the through hole, the neck can be penetratingly disposed in the engaging recess.
Regarding the structure for soldering the soldering fastening element to a circuit board, the engaging portion of the second board has a through hole of a diameter larger than the head, an engaging hole of a diameter less than the head, and an engaging recess in communication with the through hole and the engaging hole and of a width less than the head, wherein, after the head has passed through the through hole, the neck 13 can be penetratingly disposed in one of the engaging recess or the engaging hole.
Regarding the structure for soldering the soldering fastening element to a circuit board, the first circuit board has a soldering recess such that the first solder layer is disposed inside the soldering recess, wherein the body of the soldering fastening element is soldered to the first solder layer inside the soldering recess.
In order to achieve the above and other objectives, the present invention provides a method for soldering the soldering fastening element to a circuit board, the method comprising the steps of: placing the soldering fastening elements in the receiving spaces of the carrier; taking the soldering fastening elements out of the receiving spaces of the carrier by allowing a tool to come into contact with the heads of the soldering fastening elements; transferring the soldering fastening elements to the first solder layer of the first circuit board; heating up a solder tin layer on the first solder layer such that the solder tin layer melts to become a liquid solder tin; and cooling down the liquid solder tin until it forms a solid soldering structure whereby the soldering fastening elements are soldered to the first circuit board.
Regarding the method for soldering the soldering fastening element to a circuit board, the solder tin layer is a soft solder tin.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Objectives, features, and advantages of the present invention are hereunder illustrated with specific embodiments in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a soldering fastening element formed integrally according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a front view of the soldering fastening element formed integrally according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a head and a neck coupled thereto of the soldering fastening element according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a body and the neck coupled thereto of the soldering fastening element according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the head, the body and the neck coupled together of the soldering fastening element according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of the head, the body and the neck which mesh with each other according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of the soldering fastening element disposed at a carrier according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 8A is a schematic view of how to take the soldering fastening element out of the carrier with a tool according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 8B is a schematic view of how to transfer the soldering fastening element to the surface of a circuit board with a tool according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 8C is a schematic view of the soldering fastening element and the surface of a first circuit board which are heated up and soldered together according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 9A is a schematic view of how to transfer the soldering fastening element to an opening of the first circuit board with a tool according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 9B is a schematic view of the soldering fastening element and the opening of the first circuit board which are heated up and soldered together according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of a soldering recess of the first circuit board according to the present invention;
FIG. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, there are shown a perspective view and a front view of the soldering fastening element formed integrally according to an embodiment of the present invention, respectively. The soldering fastening element 1 is soldered to a first circuit board 2, as shown in FIG. 8C, FIG. 11 and FIG. 13, and thus allows a second board 3 to be coupled thereto, as shown in FIG. 11 and FIG. 13. In a preferred embodiment, the soldering fastening element 1 is integrally formed and comprises a body 11 soldered to a first solder layer 21 of the first circuit board 2, a head 12 for fastening the second board 3 in place, and a neck 13 which connects the body 11 and the head 12. In this regard, the body 11 and the head 12 are round, polygonal, of a geometric shape, or of an atypical shape. The diameter of the neck 13 is less than that of the cylinder or polygonal post of the head 12 and the body 11.
According to the present invention, the soldering fastening element 1 is not restricted to the aforesaid shapes. In various embodiments of the present invention, the soldering fastening element 1 is assembled rather than integrally formed. Referring to FIG. 3, the soldering fastening element 1 is characterized in that the body 11 and the neck 13 are integrally formed and then the other end of the neck 13 is coupled to the head 12. In another embodiment of the present invention, as shown in FIG. 4, the soldering fastening element 1 is characterized in that the head 12 and the neck 13 are integrally formed and then the other end of the neck 13 is coupled to the body 11. In yet another embodiment of the present invention, as shown in FIG. 5, the soldering fastening element 1 is characterized in that, the body 11, the head 12 and the neck 13 are separate and independent of each other in a manner that one end of the neck 13 is coupled to the body 11, and the other end of the neck 13 is coupled to the head 12. The present invention is not restrictive of the structures of the body 11, the head 12 and the neck 13 and the way of coupling the body 11, the head 12 and the neck 13 to each other, though FIG. 6 shows that riveting, tight assembly, and meshing are among the feasible options. Referring to FIG. 11, the soldering fastening element 1 is characterized in that the body 11 and the neck 13 are connected to thereby form a cylinder or integrally formed to thereby form a cylinder.
Referring to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, the body 11 of the soldering fastening element 1 of the present invention has an engaging surface 111 for engaging with the surface of the first circuit board 2, whereas a second solder layer 112 is disposed at the periphery of the body 11 or disposed on the engaging surface 111. A solder paste can be applied to the second solder layer 112. Referring to FIG. 3, FIG. 4, FIG. 5 and FIG. 6, the body 11 of the present invention not only has a protruding portion 113 which is penetratingly disposed in an opening 22 of the first circuit board 2 but also has a shoulder 114 which abuts against the surface of the first circuit board 2, wherein the second solder layer 112 is also disposed at the periphery of the protruding portion 113 and/or the periphery of the shoulder 114 such that the solder paste can be applied to the second solder layer 112. The second solder layer 112 is an electroplated layer made of tin, copper, nickel or zinc such that the soldering fastening element 1 can be optimally soldered and coupled to the first circuit board 2.
Referring to FIG. 7, after being manufactured or assembled in accordance with the aforesaid technical features, the soldering fastening element 1 is placed in a carrier 4. The carrier 4 is made of a plastic and has a plurality of receiving spaces 41. Each receiving space 41 has an opening 42 which comes with a lid 43 or a plastic membrane. The lid 43 or the plastic membrane enables the opening 42 to be shut and opened. In a variant embodiment of the present invention, the receiving spaces 41 are dispensed with the lids 43 and the plastic membranes. Hence, the soldering fastening elements 1 are passed through the openings 42 of the receiving spaces 41, with the bodies 11 facing the receiving spaces 41, and the heads 12 facing the openings 42, respectively, such that the soldering fastening elements 1 are aligned well and contained in the carrier 4. Hence, the soldering fastening elements 1 can be stored, transported, and taken out with a tool 5, as shown in FIG. 8A. Referring to FIG. 14, the carrier 4 is a rigid disk and defines a receiving space 41 for containing the soldering fastening element 1. Referring to FIG. 15, the carrier 4 is strip-shaped and curves to wind. The carrier 4 defines a receiving space 41 for containing the soldering fastening element 1.
Given the above technical features of the soldering fastening element 1 and the carrier 4, the present invention further provides a structure and method for soldering a soldering fastening element to a circuit board. Referring to FIG. 8A, a structure and method for soldering the soldering fastening element 1 to a circuit board entails allowing the tool 5 to come into contact with the head 12 of the soldering fastening element 1 and then taking the soldering fastening element 1 out of the receiving space 41 of the carrier 4. Referring to FIG. 8b , after being taken out of the receiving space 41 with the tool 5, the soldering fastening element 1 is transferred to the first solder layer 21 of the first circuit board 2 so as for the body 11 to abut against the first solder layer 21. Afterward, by undergoing a reflow soldering process or the like, a solder tin layer 211 on the first solder layer 21 melts to become a liquid solder tin. Then, the liquid solder tin keeps cooling down at room temperature until it forms a solid soldering structure whereby the soldering fastening element 1 and the first circuit board 2 are soldered together, and in consequence the soldering fastening element 1 and the first circuit board 2 together form a module member. At last, the second board 3 is fixed in place through the soldering fastening element 1. The tool 5 is preferably a suction cup for taking the soldering fastening element 1 out of the receiving space 41 of the carrier 4 as soon as it comes into contact with the head 12 of the soldering fastening element 1 before the soldering fastening element 1 is transferred to the first circuit board 2 to undergo a soldering process.
Referring to FIG. 9A and FIG. 9B, according to the present invention, the first circuit board 2 has the opening 22, wherein the first solder layer 21 is disposed at the periphery of the opening 22. With the method of the present invention, the soldering fastening element 1 is transferred to the first circuit board 2, and in consequence the protruding portion 113 of the body 11 of the soldering fastening element 1 can be inserted into the opening 22, whereas the shoulder 114 of the body 11 of the soldering fastening element 1 can abut against the opening 22 from the periphery thereof. Afterward, by undergoing a reflow soldering process or the like, a solder tin layer 211 on the first solder layer 21 melts to become a liquid solder tin. Then, the liquid solder tin keeps cooling down at room temperature until it forms a solid soldering structure whereby the soldering fastening element 1 and the first circuit board 2 are soldered together, and in consequence the soldering fastening element 1 and the first circuit board 2 together form a module member. Finally, the second board 3 is fixed in place through the soldering fastening element 1.
Referring to FIG. 8B or FIG. 9A, according to the present invention, the solder tin layer 211 is preferably formed on the first solder layer 21 of the first circuit board 2 in advance. Afterward, by undergoing a reflow soldering process or the like, the solder tin layer 211 melts and then solidifies so as to get soldered and thereby attached to the second solder layer 112 of the soldering fastening element 1. A surface copper layer 212 is disposed on the first solder layer 21 of the first circuit board 2. The second solder layer 112 melts and then solidifies so as to get soldered and thereby attached to the second solder layer 112 of the soldering fastening element 1 and the surface copper layer 212. The solder tin layer 211 is a soft solder tin, such as a solder paste, and is applied to the surface copper layer 212 or the opening 22 in advance in order to effectuate a soldering process performed on the soldering fastening element 1. Referring to FIG. 10 and FIG. 11, according to the present invention, the first circuit board 2 has a soldering recess 23 such that the first solder layer 21 is disposed inside the soldering recess 23 to take on an outline corresponding to that of the soldering recess 23. Then, the engaging surface 111 and the second solder layer 112 of the body 11 of the soldering fastening element 1 are soldered to the solder tin layer 211 on the first solder layer 21 inside the soldering recess 23, and in consequence the soldering fastening element 1 of the present invention can be firmly connected to the first circuit board 2.
With the aforesaid structure and method for soldering a soldering fastening element to a circuit board, the soldering fastening element 1 and the first circuit board 2 together form a module member whereby the second board 3 is fixed in place through the soldering fastening element 1. Referring to FIG. 10 and FIG. 11, the second board 3 is an engaging portion 31 which matches the head 12 and the neck 13 of the soldering fastening element 1. The neck 13 of the soldering fastening element 1 is penetratingly disposed in the engaging portion 31, whereas the head 12 of the soldering fastening element 1 is engaged with the engaging portion 31. Referring to FIG. 10 and FIG. 11, the engaging portion 31 has a through hole 311 of a diameter larger than the head 12 and an engaging recess 312 in communication with the through hole 311 and of a width less than the head 12. Hence, after the head 12 of the soldering fastening element 1 has passed through the through hole 311, it is practicable for the second board 3 to be moved in a manner for the neck 13 to be penetratingly disposed in the engaging recess 312 so as to form a structure whereby the second board 3 is fastened in place. Referring to FIG. 12 and FIG. 13, the engaging portion 31 has a through hole 311 of a diameter larger than the head 12, an engaging hole 313 of a diameter less than the head 12, and an engaging recess 312 in communication with the through hole 311 and the engaging hole 313 and of a width less than the head 12. Hence, after the head 12 of the soldering fastening element 1 has passed through the through hole 311, it is practicable for the second board 3 to be moved in a manner for the neck 13 to be penetratingly disposed in the engaging recess 312 or the engaging hole 313 so as to form a structure whereby the second board 3 is fastened in place or otherwise move the second board 3 in the opposite direction to thereby separate the second board 3 from the soldering fastening element 1.
The present invention is disclosed above by preferred embodiments. However, persons skilled in the art should understand that the preferred embodiments are illustrative of the present invention only, but should not be interpreted as restrictive of the scope of the present invention. Hence, all equivalent modifications and replacements made to the aforesaid embodiments should fall within the scope of the present invention. Accordingly, the legal protection for the present invention should be defined by the appended claims.
What is claimed is:
1. A soldering fastening element, soldered to a first circuit board to allow a second board to be coupled thereto, the soldering fastening element comprising: a body soldered to a first solder layer of the first circuit board; a head for fastening the second board in place; and a neck for connecting the body and the head.
2. The soldering fastening element of claim 1, characterized in that the body has an engaging surface for engaging with a surface of the first circuit board and has a second solder layer which a solder paste can be applied thereto; or the body has a protruding portion penetratingly disposed in an opening of the first circuit board and has a second solder layer which a solder paste can be applied thereto; or the body has a shoulder for abutting against a surface of the first circuit board and has a second solder layer which a solder paste can be applied thereto.
3. The soldering fastening element of claim 2, characterized in that the second solder layer is an electroplated layer made of one of tin, copper, nickel and zinc.
4. The soldering fastening element of claim 1, characterized in that the body, the head and the neck are formed integrally or put together.
5. The soldering fastening element of claim 1, characterized in that the body and the neck are connected to thereby form a cylinder.
6. The soldering fastening element of claim 1, further comprising a carrier with a plurality of receiving spaces each having an opening, wherein the soldering fastening elements are passed through the openings in order to be disposed in the receiving spaces, respectively.
7. The soldering fastening element of claim 6, characterized in that the carrier has a lid whereby the opening is shut and opened.
8. A structure for soldering the soldering fastening element of claim 1 to a circuit board, the structure comprising: a first circuit board having a first solder layer; and a second board having an engaging portion, wherein the soldering fastening element is soldered to the first solder layer of the first circuit board, allowing the head of the soldering fastening element to be engaged with the engaging portion of the second board and the neck of the soldering fastening element to be penetratingly disposed in the engaging portion.
9. The structure for soldering the soldering fastening element to a circuit board according to claim 8, characterized in that the first solder layer of the first circuit board has a solder tin layer soldered and thereby attached to the second solder layer of the soldering fastening element.
10. The structure for soldering the soldering fastening element to a circuit board according to claim 8, characterized in that the first solder layer of the first circuit board has a surface copper layer, and the second solder layer of the soldering fastening element is soldered to the surface copper layer.
11. The structure for soldering the soldering fastening element to a circuit board according to claim 9, characterized in that the first solder layer of the first circuit board has a surface copper layer, and the solder tin layer is soldered and thereby attached to the surface copper layer and the second solder layer of the soldering fastening element.
12. The structure for soldering the soldering fastening element to a circuit board according to claim 8, characterized in that the soldering fastening element and the first circuit board together form a module member.
13. The structure for soldering the soldering fastening element to a circuit board according to claim 8, characterized in that the engaging portion of the second board has a through hole of a diameter larger than the head and an engaging recess in communication with the through hole and of a width less than the head, wherein, after the head has passed through the through hole, the neck can be penetratingly disposed in the engaging recess.
14. The structure for soldering the soldering fastening element to a circuit board according to claim 8, characterized in that the engaging portion of the second board has a through hole of a diameter larger than the head, an engaging hole of a diameter less than the head, and an engaging recess in communication with the through hole and the engaging hole and of a width less than the head, wherein, after the head has passed through the through hole, the neck can be penetratingly disposed in one of the engaging recess or the engaging hole.
15. The structure for soldering the soldering fastening element to a circuit board according to claim 8, characterized in that the first circuit board has a soldering recess such that the first solder layer is disposed inside the soldering recess, wherein the body of the soldering fastening element is soldered to the first solder layer inside the soldering recess.
16. A method for soldering the soldering fastening element to a circuit board according to claim 8, the method comprising the steps of: placing the soldering fastening elements in the receiving spaces of the carrier; taking the soldering fastening elements out of the receiving spaces of the carrier by allowing a tool to come into contact with the heads of the soldering fastening elements; transferring the soldering fastening elements to the first solder layer of the first circuit board; heating up a solder tin layer on the first solder layer such that the solder tin layer melts to become a liquid solder tin; and cooling down the liquid solder tin until it forms a solid soldering structure whereby the soldering fastening elements are soldered to the first circuit board.
17. The method for soldering the soldering fastening element to a circuit board according to claim 16, characterized in that the solder tin layer is a soft solder tin..
|
a935daeee995935a84000d67e653d494_1 | French Open Data | Various open data | RCS non inscrit
CLEANER CARS
Société à responsabilité limitée
Gérant : DIAWARA Assetou
1000.00
EUR
39
Rue
du Travers des Champs Guillaume
95240
Cormeilles-en-Parisis
Création
siège et établissement principal
lavage, entretien de tous véhicules sur site ou en clientèle
39
Rue
du Travers des Champs Guillaume
95240
Cormeilles-en-Parisis
2022-10-27
Immatriculation d'une personne morale (B, C, D) suite à création d'un établissement principal
2022-10-14.
|
github_open_source_100_1_253 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import React from "react";
import PropTypes from "prop-types";
import TagOrb from "/components/TagOrb";
const colours = {
BLUE: "#8AB8D0",
GRAY: "#9A9EA5",
GREEN: "#8AD1AF",
ORANGE: "#F4AD5F",
PINK: "#FA8072",
PURPLE: "#AD8AD1",
YELLOW: "#FAD66B",
};
class EnvironmentSymbol extends React.Component {
static propTypes = {
colour: PropTypes.oneOf(Object.keys(colours)).isRequired,
};
render() {
const { colour, ...props } = this.props;
const effectiveColour = colours[colour];
return <TagOrb colour={effectiveColour} {...props} />;
}
}
export default EnvironmentSymbol;
|
http://elinux.org/index.php?title=TheMagPiLayout&diff=197690&oldid=197684 | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | Difference between revisions of "TheMagPiLayout"
From eLinux.org
Jump to: navigation, search
Line 4: Line 4:
| [[TheMagPi]]
| [[TheMagPi]]
| [[TheMagPiLayout]]
| [[TheMagPiLayout]]
+
| [[TheMagPiPdf]]
|}
|}
Revision as of 12:54, 5 December 2012
TheMagPi TheMagPiLayout TheMagPiPdf
Software
Since Raspbian (Debian 7/Wheezy) is used for layout, the version of Scribus with this LINUX distribution is used for all layouts. This corresponds to Scribus 1.4.1.svn. To install this version of Scribus type,
sudo apt-get install scribus
on a Raspbian installation.
Scribus Page Layout Template
MagPi Scribus Template V2 (zip) : File:2-page-template-for-wheezy-by-jaseman-V2.zip
Page margins
Outer margins
• The paper size is A4.
• The units are set to millimetres.
• The outer margins are:
• top 10mm
• bottom 10mm
• non-spine 10mm
• spine 20mm
Fonts
If the document is converted with a non-LINUX version of Scribus, the FreeSans font set is typically not available. This results in PDF files which contain the wrong fonts.
Title fonts
The title font should be taken from one of those present in the standard version of Scribus.
Section headings
Section headings should be FreeSans Bold 14Pt and underlined.
Body text
Normal text within the body of an article should be FreeSans Regular 12pt.
Fixed width text
Programming code or instructions that must be typed in as part of a tutorial should be Courier 10 Pitch Regular font 10pt. In some instances, (C or C++ code) Courier is too wide to prevent multiple line wraps. In these cases, Monaco 10pt can be used instead of Courier. Articles of a given type should preserve this choice from the first instance onwards.
Author and next page
The author should be quoted at the end of the article as,
Article by John Doe
The font should be FreeSans Bold Oblique 14pt.
For articles which are longer than two pages, there should be
Continued over page...
at the bottom of the even page number in FreeSans Bold Oblique 14pt.
Page numbers
The page numbers should be black FreeSans Bold Oblique 16pt.
Article title
The article title area is 180mm wide and 30mm deep.
Two column layout.
|
US-201715633705-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Systems and methods for generating augmented and virtual reality images
ABSTRACT
A ride system includes at least one ride vehicle. The at least one ride vehicle is configured to receive a ride passenger. The ride system includes electronic goggles configured to be worn by the ride passenger. The electronic goggles include a camera and a display. The ride system includes a computer graphics generation system communicatively coupled to the electronic goggles, and configured to generate streaming media of a real world environment based on image data captured via the camera of the electronic goggles, generate one or more virtual augmentations superimposed on the streaming media of the real world environment, and to transmit the streaming media of the real world environment along with the one or more superimposed virtual augmentations to be displayed on the display of the electronic goggles.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/462,249 filed on Aug. 18, 2014, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety for all purposes.
BACKGROUND
The subject matter disclosed herein relates to amusement park attractions, and more specifically, to providing enhanced thrill factors and components of interest in amusement park attractions.
Amusement parks and/or theme parks may include various entertainment attractions, restaurants, and rides useful in providing enjoyment to patrons (e.g., families and/or people of all ages) of the amusement park. For example, the attractions may include traditional rides for kids such as carousels, as well as traditional rides for thrill seekers such as rollercoasters. It is now recognized that adding components of interest and thrill factors to such attractions can be difficult and limiting. Traditionally, for example, outside of providing an increasingly complex system of steep, twisting, and winding rollercoaster tracks, the thrill factor of such rollercoasters and/or other similar thrill rides may be limited to the existing course or physical nature of the thrill ride itself. It is now recognized that it is desirable to include components of interest and thrill factors in such attractions in a flexible and efficient manner relative to traditional techniques.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION
Certain embodiments commensurate in scope with the present disclosure are summarized below. These embodiments are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure, but rather these embodiments are intended only to provide a brief summary of possible forms of present embodiments. Indeed, present embodiments may encompass a variety of forms that may be similar to or different from the embodiments set forth below.
In one embodiment, a ride system includes at least one ride vehicle. The at least one ride vehicle is configured to receive a ride passenger. The ride system includes electronic goggles configured to be worn by the ride passenger. The electronic goggles include a camera and a display. The ride system includes a computer graphics generation system communicatively coupled to the electronic goggles, and configured to generate streaming media of a real world environment based on image data captured via the camera of the electronic goggles, generate one or more virtual augmentations superimposed on the streaming media of the real world environment, and to transmit the streaming media of the real world environment along with the one or more superimposed virtual augmentations to be displayed on the display of the electronic goggles.
In a second embodiment, a wearable electronic device includes goggles. The goggles include one or more displays disposed inside a frame front of the goggles, one or more cameras configured to capture an image of a real world environment associated with a ride of a theme park, and processing circuitry. The processing circuitry is configured to transmit the image of the real world environment to a computer graphics generation system, and to receive a signal from the computer graphics generation system. The signal includes a video stream of a virtualization of the real world environment along with at least one augmented reality (AR) image or at least one virtual reality (VR) image included in the video stream. The processing circuitry is also configured to cause the one or more displays to display the video stream.
In a third embodiment, a method includes receiving real-time data via a computer graphics generation system. Receiving the real-time data includes receiving a real-time video data stream from electronic goggles during a cycle of an amusement park ride. The method also includes generating a virtualization of a real world environment of the amusement park based on the received real-time video data stream, overlaying an augmented reality (AR) image or a virtual reality (VR) image onto the virtualization of the real world environment, and transmitting the overlaid AR image or the VR image along with the virtualization of the real world environment to the electronic goggles during the cycle of the amusement park ride.
In a fourth embodiment, a method includes receiving real-time image data via processing circuitry of electronic goggles. Receiving the real-time image data includes receiving a real-time video data stream captured via one or more cameras of the electronic goggles during a cycle of a theme park ride. The method also includes generating a virtualization of a real world environment of the theme park ride based on the captured real-time image data, overlaying an augmented reality (AR) image or a (VR) image onto the virtualization of the real world environment, and displaying the overlaid AR image or the VR image along with the virtualization of the real world environment via a display of the electronic goggles during the cycle of the theme park ride.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present disclosure will become better understood when the following detailed description is read with reference to the accompanying drawings in which like characters represent like parts throughout the drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of an amusement park including one or more attractions in accordance with the present embodiments;
FIG. 2 is an illustration of an embodiment of augmented reality (AR) or virtual reality (VR) goggles and a computer graphics generation system in accordance with present embodiments;
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a thrill ride of FIG. 1 including various AR and VR images provided by way of the AR/VR goggles of FIG. 2, in accordance with present embodiments;
FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating an embodiment of a process useful in creating an AR experience, a VR experience, or a mixed reality experience during a ride by using the computer graphics generation system of FIG. 2, in accordance with present embodiments; and
FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating an embodiment of a process useful in creating an AR experience, a VR experience, or a mixed reality experience during a ride by using the AR/VR goggles of FIG. 2, in accordance with present embodiments.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
One or more specific embodiments of the present disclosure will be described below. In an effort to provide a concise description of these embodiments, all features of an actual implementation may not be described in the specification. It should be appreciated that in the development of any such actual implementation, as in any engineering or design project, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the developers' specific goals, such as compliance with system-related and business-related constraints, which may vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it should be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking of design, fabrication, and manufacture for those of ordinary skill having the benefit of this disclosure.
Present embodiments relate to systems and methods of providing an augmented reality (AR) experience, a virtual reality (VR) experience, a mixed reality (e.g., a combination of AR and VR) experience, or a combination thereof, as part of an attraction, such as a thrill ride, in an amusement park or theme park. In certain embodiments, each ride passenger may be provided a pair of electronic goggles or eyeglasses to be worn during a cycle of the thrill ride. The electronic goggles may facilitate an AR experience, a VR experience, or a combination of both experiences. Thus, the electronic goggles may be referred to as AR/VR goggles. Specifically, in one embodiment, the electronic goggles include at least two cameras, which may respectively correspond to the respective points of view (e.g., right and left eye views) of the ride passengers, and may be used to capture real-time video data (e.g., video captured during live use and transmitted in substantially real-time) of the real-world environment (e.g., aspects of the physical amusement park) of the ride passengers and/or the thrill ride. The electronic goggles may also include a display. For example, the electronic goggles may include at least two displays respectively corresponding to each eye of a ride passenger using the electronic goggles.
In certain embodiments, a computer graphics generation system may also be provided. The computer graphics generation system may receive the real-time video data (e.g., live video that is transmitted in substantially real-time) from the electronic goggles, and may render a video stream of the real-world environment along with various AR, VR, or combined AR and VR (AR/VR) graphical images to the respective displays of the respective electronic goggles of the ride passengers during a cycle of the ride. For example, in one embodiment, the computer graphics generation system may render the AR/VR graphical images to the electronic goggles based on, for example, the position or location of a ride passenger vehicle along the tracks of a rollercoaster during a cycle of a thrill ride, a predetermined distance traveled by the passenger ride vehicle during a cycle of the thrill ride, or after a predetermined lapse of time in the cycle of the thrill ride. In this way, by using the electronic goggles and the graphics generation system to create an AR experience, a VR experience, or mixed reality experience, the electronic goggles and the computer graphics generation system may enhance the thrill factor of the thrill ride, and, by extension, may enhance the experience of the ride passengers as they ride the thrill ride. However, it should be appreciated that the techniques described herein may not be limited to thrill rides and/or amusement park attraction applications, but may also be extended to any of various applications such as, for example, medical applications (e.g., image-guided surgery, noninvasive imaging analysis), engineering design applications (e.g., engineering model development), manufacturing, construction, and maintenance applications (e.g., products manufacturing, new building construction, automobile repairs), academic and/or vocational training applications, exercise applications (e.g., bodybuilding and weight loss models), television (TV) applications (e.g., weather and news), and the like.
With the foregoing mind, it may be useful to describe an embodiment of an amusement park, such as an example amusement park 10 as depicted in FIG. 1. As illustrated, the amusement park 10 may include a thrill ride 12, a mall of amusement park facilities 14 (e.g., restaurants, souvenir shops, and so forth), and additional amusement attractions 16 (e.g., Ferris Wheel, dark ride, or other attraction). In certain embodiments, the thrill ride 12 may include a rollercoaster or other similar thrill ride, and may thus further include a closed-loop track or a system of closed-loop tracks 18 (e.g., miles of tracks 18). The tracks 18 may be provided as an infrastructure on which a passenger ride vehicle 20 may traverse, for example, as ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28 ride the thrill ride 12. The tracks 18 may thus define the motion of the ride vehicle 20. However, in another embodiment, for example, the tracks 18 may be replaced by a controlled path, in which the movement of the ride vehicle 20 may be controlled via an electronic system, a magnetic system, or other similar system infrastructure other than the tracks 18. It should be appreciated that while the passenger ride vehicle 20 may be illustrated as a 4-passenger vehicle, in other embodiments, the passenger ride vehicle 20 may include any number of passenger spaces (e.g., 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 20, or more spaces) to accommodate a single or multiple groups of ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28.
As the passenger ride vehicle 20 traverses the tracks 18, the ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28 may be provided a moving tour of the scenery (e.g., facilities 14, additional amusement attractions 16, and so forth) in an area around or nearby the thrill ride 12. For example, this may include the environment surrounding the thrill ride 12 (e.g., a building that fully or partially houses the thrill ride 12). While the ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28 may find the thrill ride 12 to be a very enjoyable experience, in certain embodiments, it may be useful to enhance the experience of the ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28 as the ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28 ride the thrill ride 12 by enhancing, for example, the thrill factor of the thrill ride 12. Specifically, instead of having a physical view of only the facilities 14 (e.g., restaurants, souvenir shops, and so forth), additional amusement attractions 16 (e.g., Ferris Wheel or other attractions), or other patrons or pedestrians within the amusement park 10, it may be useful to provide the ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28 with a augmented reality (AR) experience or a virtual reality (VR) experience as the ride vehicle 20 traverses the tracks 18.
For example, turning now to FIG. 2, each of the ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28 may be provided a pair of electronic goggles 34, which may, in certain embodiments, include AV/VR eyeglasses. In other embodiments, the electronic goggles 34 may be included as part of a helmet, a visor, a headband, a pair of blinders, one or more eyepatches, and/or other headwear or eyewear that may be worn by the ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28. As depicted, the electronic goggles 34 may be communicatively coupled to a computer graphics generation system 32 (e.g., within the amusement park 10) via a wireless network 48 (e.g., wireless local area networks [WLAN], wireless wide area networks [WWAN], near field communication [NFC]). The electronic goggles 34 may be used to create surreal environment 30, which may include an AR experience, a VR experience, a mixed reality (e.g., a combination of AR and VR) experience, a computer-mediated reality experience, a combination thereof, or other similar surreal environment for the ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28 as the ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28 ride the thrill ride 12. Specifically, the electronic goggles 34 may be worn by the ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28 throughout the duration of the ride, such that ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28 may feel completely encompassed by the environment 30 and may perceive the environment 30 to be a real-world physical environment. Specifically, as will be further appreciated, the environment 30 may be a real-time video including real-world images 44 that the ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28 would see, even when not wearing the electronic goggles 34 electronically merged with one or more AR or VR images 45 (e.g., virtual augmentations). The term “real-time” indicates that the images are obtained and/or provided in a timeframe substantially close to the time of actual observation.
In certain embodiments, the electronic goggles 34 may be any of various wearable electronic devices that may be useful in creating an AR experience, a VR, and/or other computed-mediated experience to enhance the thrill factor of the thrill ride 12, and, by extension, the experience of the ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28 while on the thrill ride 12. It should be appreciated that the eyeglasses embodiment of the electronic goggles 34 as discussed herein may be distinct from, and may provide many advantages over traditional devices such as head-mounted displays (HMDs) and/or heads-up displays (HUDs). For example, as will be further appreciated, the electronic goggles 34 may include a number of orientation and position sensors (e.g., accelerometers, magnetometers, gyroscopes, Global Positioning System [GPS] receivers) that may be used to track the position, orientation, and motion of the ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28 during a cycle of the thrill ride 12.
Similarly, features of the electronic goggles 34 (e.g., geometric aspects or markings) may be monitored by a monitoring system (e.g., one or more cameras) to determine position, location, orientation, and so forth of the electronic goggles 34 and, in turn, that of the wearer. Still, the ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28 may be monitored by a monitoring system 33 (e.g., a camera), which may be communicatively coupled to the computer graphics generation system 32 and used to identify position, location, orientation, and so forth of the ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28. The ride vehicle 20 may also include one or more sensors (e.g., weight sensors, mass sensors, motion sensors, ultrasonic sensors) that may be useful in monitoring the respective ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28 for the graphics generation system 32 to determine the point of view of the respective ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28. Moreover, as will be further appreciated, because the electronic goggles 34 may include individual cameras (e.g., cameras 40 and 42) and individual displays (e.g., displays 37 and 38), data with respect to the respective points of view of each eye of the ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28 may be captured by electronic goggles 34. All of these advantages may be unavailable using devices such as traditional HMDs and/or HUDs.
In certain embodiments, to support the creation of the environment 30, the electronic goggles 34 may include processing circuitry, such as a processor 35 and a memory 36. The processor 35 may be operatively coupled to the memory 36 to execute instructions for carrying out the presently disclosed techniques of generating real-world images 44 merged with one or more AR/VR images 45 to enhance the thrill factor of the thrill ride 12, and, by extension, the experience of the ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28 while on the thrill ride 12. These instructions may be encoded in programs or code stored in a tangible non-transitory computer-readable medium, such as the memory 36 and/or other storage. The processor 35 may be a general-purpose processor, system-on-chip (SoC) device, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or some other similar processor configuration.
In certain embodiments, as further illustrated, the electronic goggles 34 may also include the pair of displays 37 and 38 (e.g., which may be provided in the frame front of the electronic goggles 34 where eyeglass lenses would otherwise appear) respectively corresponding to each eye of the ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28. In other embodiments, a unified display may be employed. The respective displays 37 and 38 may each include an opaque liquid crystal display (LCD), an opaque organic light emitting diode (OLED) display, or other similar display useful in displaying the real-time images 44 and the AR/VR graphical images 45 to the ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28. In another embodiment, the respective displays 37 and 38 may each include a see-through LCD or a see-through OLED display useful in allowing, for example, the ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28 to view the real-world images 44 and the AR/VR graphical images 45 appearing on the respective displays 37 and 38 while preserving the ability to see through the respective displays 37 and 38 to the actual and physical real world environment (e.g., the amusement park 10).
The cameras 40 and 42 may respectively correspond to the respective points of view of the ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28, and may be used to capture real-time video data (e.g., live video) of the real-world environment. In some embodiments, a single camera may be employed. Specifically, in the illustrated embodiment, the cameras 40, 42 of the goggles 34 may be used to capture real-time images of the real-world physical environment (e.g., the physical amusement park 10) perceived by the respective ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28 from the point of view of the respective ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28. As will be further appreciated, the electronic goggles 34 may then transmit (e.g. wirelessly via one or more communications interfaces included in the electronic goggles 34) real-time video data captured via the respective cameras 40 and 42 to a computer graphics generation system 32 for processing. However, in other embodiments, the real-time video data captured via the respective cameras 40 and 42 may be processed on the electronic goggles 34 via the processor 35. Additionally, the electronic goggles 34 may also transmit orientation data, position data, point of view data (e.g., focal length, orientation, pose, and so forth), motion tracking data, and so forth obtained and/or derived based on data obtained via orientation and position sensors (e.g., accelerometers, magnetometers, gyroscopes, Global Positioning System [GPS] receivers, and so forth) motion tracking sensors (e.g., electromagnetic and solid-state motion tracking sensors), and so forth, that may be included in the electronic goggles 34.
In certain embodiments, as previously noted, the computer graphics generation system 32, which may also includes processing circuitry, such as a processor 46 (e.g., general purpose processor or other processor) and a memory 47, may process the real-time video data (e.g., live video) and orientation and position data and/or point of view data received from the electronic goggles 34 or the monitoring system 33. Specifically, the computer graphics generation system 32 may use this data to generate a frame of reference to register the real-time video data with the generated real-world images 44 and the AR/VR graphical images 45. Specifically, using the frame of reference generated based on the orientation data, position data, point of view data, motion tracking data, and so forth, the graphics generation system 32 may then render a view of the real-world images 44 that is temporally and spatially commensurate with what the respective ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28 would perceive if not wearing the electronic goggles 34. The graphics generation system 32 may constantly update (e.g., in real-time) the rendering of the real-world images to reflect change in respective orientation, position, and/or motion of the respective the ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28.
For example, in certain embodiments, the graphics generation system 32 may render images (e.g., real world images 44 and AR/VR images 45) at a real-time rate greater than or equal to approximately 20 frames per second (FPS), greater than or equal to approximately 30 FPS, greater than or equal to approximately 40 FPS, greater than or equal to approximately 50 FPS, greater than or equal to approximately 60 FPS, greater than or equal to approximately 90 FPS, or greater than or equal to approximately 120 FPS. Furthermore, the graphics generation system 32 may generate the real-world images 44 for each of the respective electronic goggles 34 worn by the respective ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28 (e.g., adjusted for the respective orientation, position, and point of view of the respective ride passengers 22, 24, 26, and 28).
In certain embodiments, as previously discussed, the computer graphics generation system 32 may also generate and render one or more AR/VR graphical images 45 superimposed on the real-world images 44 to create a complete AR experience, VR experience, mixed reality, and/or other computer-mediated experience for the ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28. For example, in certain embodiments, the computer graphics generation system 32 may utilize one or more of the discussed video merging and/or optical merging techniques to superimpose the AR/VR graphical images 45 onto the real-world images 44, such that the ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28 perceive the real-world physical environment of the amusement park 10 (e.g., provided as rendered video data via the respective displays 37 and 38) along with an AR/VR graphical image 45 (e.g., virtual augmentations) as the passenger ride vehicle 20 traverses the tracks 18. Specifically, as discussed above with respect to the rendering of the real-world images 44, the graphics generation system 32 may render a view of the AR/VR graphical images 45 that is temporally and spatially commensurate with the real-world images 44, such that the real-world images 44 may appear as a background overlaid with the AR/VR graphical images 45. Indeed, a model may provide computer generated images for any available viewpoint and specific images may be provided to the electronic goggles 34 for display based on a detected orientation of the electronic goggles 34.
In certain embodiments, the graphics generation system 32 may also generate one or more brightness, lighting, or shading models, and/or other photorealistic rendering models to generate the real-world images 44 and the AR/VR graphical images 45 adjusted to accurately reflect contrast and brightness of the real-world physical environment (e.g., sunny day, partly cloudy day, cloudy day, evening, night) in rendering the real-world images 44 and the AR/VR graphical images 45. For example, to increase the photorealism of the real-world images 44 and the AR/VR graphical images 45, the graphics generation system 32 may, in some embodiments, receive weather related data from one or more weather forecast and/or prediction systems (e.g., Global Forecast System, Doppler radars, and so forth). The graphics generation system 32 may then use the weather related data or other similar data to adjust the contrast, brightness, and/or other lighting effects of the real-world images 44 and/or the AR/VR graphical images 45.
In other embodiments, the graphics generation system 32 may adjust the contrast, brightness, and/or other lighting effects of the real-world images 44 and/or the AR/VR graphical images 45 based on lighting detected from one or more light sensors included in the electronic goggles 34 or based on the real-time video data captured by the cameras 40, 42. Furthermore, as previously noted, the graphics generation system 32 may constantly update (e.g., in real-time) the rendering of the AR/VR graphical images 45 to reflect change in respective orientations, positions, points of view, and/or motion of the respective ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28. For example, as will be further appreciated with respect to FIG. 3, the graphics generation system 32 may render the AR/VR graphical images 45 on the respective displays 37 and 38 of each of the respective goggles 34 worn by the respective the ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28 adjusted for the variable respective positions, points of view, and motions of the respective the ride passengers 22, 24, 26, and 28.
As will be further appreciated, the graphics generation system 32 may also generate the AR/VR graphical images 45 at a time in which the passenger ride vehicle 20 crosses at a predetermined point along the tracks 18. Thus, in certain embodiments, the graphics generation system 32 may use the received position data, point of view data, motion data along with GPS data or geographical informational systems (GIS) data to derive an illumination map of, for example, the thrill ride 12 and tracks 18, as well as the immediate environment surrounding the thrill ride 12 for the entire cycle of the thrill ride 12. The graphics generation system 32 may then use the map to introduce the AR/VR graphical images 45 at certain predetermined points (e.g., points based on location, distance, or time) as the passenger ride vehicle 24 traverses the tracks 18. Furthermore, in certain embodiments, the video or image data captured via the cameras 40, 42 may be used by the graphics generation system 32 to determine the points of location of the ride vehicle 20 and when to introduce the AR/VR graphical images 45. For example, the graphics generation system 32 may perform one or more geometric recognition algorithms (e.g., shape or object recognition) or photometric recognition algorithms (e.g., face recognition or specific object recognition) to determine the position or location of the ride vehicle 20 as well as the viewing position of the ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28.
FIG. 3 illustrates various examples of AR/VR images 45 that may be generated by the graphics generation system 32, or in other embodiments, that may be generated via the goggles 34. Specifically, as illustrated in FIG. 3, during a cycle of the thrill ride 12, the graphics generation system 32 may render the real-world images 44, as well as various AR/VR graphical images 45 through the respective electronic goggles 34 (e.g., via the respective displays 37 and 38) of the rides passengers 22, 24, 26, 28. For example, as depicted, the real-world images 44 may include rendered images of, for example, the tracks 18, the facilities 14, and/or other patrons or objects that the ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28 would see while riding the thrill 12, including the other passengers 22, 24, 26, 28, even if the electronic goggles 34 were not being worn by the ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28. However, as previously discussed with respect to FIG. 2, in certain embodiments, it may be useful to enhance the thrill factor of the thrill ride 12 by rendering various AR/VR graphical images 45 to the respective displays 37 and 38 of the respective electronic goggles 34 of the ride passengers 22, 24, 26, and 28.
For example, as further depicted in FIG. 3, the graphics generation system 32 may render AR/VR graphical images 45 (illustrated via the dashed lines) that may include, for example, an AR/VR image of a second mall of amusement park facilities 49, an AR/VR image of one or more fictional characters 50, an AR/VR image of a breach 52 of the tracks 18, and/or additional AR/VR image 54, 56, and 58. In one embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 3, the AR/VR image 50 may include an image of a monster or other similar fictional character appearing (e.g., from the point of view of the ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28 while wearing the electronic goggles 34) to be obstructing a portion of the tracks 18 as the passenger ride vehicle 20 traverses the tracks 18. It should be appreciated that in addition to AR/VR graphical images 45 (e.g., virtual augmentations) that include an added image, the graphics generation system 32 may also render certain AR/VR graphical images 45 that include a deletion of one or more real-world physical objects that no longer appear while the ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28 are wearing the electronic goggles 34. For example, the AR/VR image of the facilities 49 may appear at a place in which the attraction 16 is placed in the real-world environment.
As previously discussed, in certain embodiments, the graphics generation system 32 may render the AR/VR graphical images 45 based on, for example, the position or location of the passenger ride vehicle 20 along the tracks 18 at any given time during a cycle of the thrill ride 12, a predetermined distance traveled by the passenger ride vehicle 20 during a cycle of the thrill ride 12, or after a predetermined lapse of time. For example, in one embodiment, once the passenger ride vehicle travels to a point 60 (e.g., defined by a certain distance 62 or location on the tracks 18), the AR/VR image of the fictional character 50 may appear to the ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28, via the electronic goggles 34, as obstructing a place on the tracks 18 not yet traversed by the passenger ride vehicle 20 during a given cycle of the thrill ride 12. Similarly, once the passenger ride vehicle 20 travels to a point 62 (e.g., defined by a certain distance 62 or location on the tracks 18), the AR/VR image of the breach 52 of the tracks 18 (e.g., appearance of a broken track) may appear to the ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28, via the electronic goggles 34, as though the passenger ride vehicle 20 will encounter a place in which there is no supporting tracks 18.
Furthermore, in certain embodiments, the illumination map generated by the graphics generation system 32 may allow the graphics generation system 32 to include one or more detection and/or trigger points (e.g., trigger point for which to introduce the AR/VR images 45) at every mile of the tracks 18, every yard of the tracks 18, every foot of the tracks 18, every inch of the tracks 18, every centimeter of the tracks 18, or every millimeter of the tracks 18. In this way, the graphics generation system 32 may detect when to begin rendering of the AR/VR graphical images 45 based on position or location, distance traveled, and/or time elapsed during a cycle of the thrill ride 12 with sufficient accuracy and efficiency. Furthermore, the additional AR/VR images 54, 56 illustrate that one or more of the AR/VR graphical images 45 may appear to the ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28 as interacting with each other (e.g., overlapping or touching). Similarly, the AR/VR image 58 illustrates an example of AR/VR graphical images 45 that may appear outside the line of sight or the point of view (e.g., blind spot) of the ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28 that may be nevertheless perceived by the ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28 should any of them look into the direction of the AR/VR image 58. It should be noted that completely different images may also be provided to different ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28 such that one or more of the ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28 have partially or completely different ride experiences or even ride themes.
In certain embodiments, as discussed above with respect to FIG. 2, because the graphics generation system 32 may render the real-world images 44 and the AR/VR images 45 to each of the respective displays 37 and 38 of the electronic goggles 34 worn by each of the respective the ride passengers 22, 24, 26, and 28, the ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28 may each perceive the real-world images 44 (e.g., facilities 14, thrill ride 12, and so forth) and the AR/VR images 45 (e.g., AR/VR images or virtual augmentations 49, 50, 52, 54, 56, and 58) temporally and spatially commensurate with their respective points of view, thus creating a photorealistic effect as the passenger ride vehicle 20 traverses the tracks 18. Furthermore, in other embodiments, in addition to the AR/VR images 45 (e.g., AR/VR images or virtual augmentations 49, 50, 52, 54, 56, and 58), the graphics generation system 32 may also trigger one or more sound effects, haptic feedback effects, scented effects, and so forth that may coincide with the appearances of the AR/VR images 45 on the electronic goggles 34. In some embodiments, the graphics generation system 32 is integral with the electronic goggles 34.
In this way, by providing the electronic goggles 34 and the graphics generation system 32 to create an AR experience, a VR experience, and/or other computed-mediated reality experience, the electronic goggles 34 and the graphics generation system 32 may enhance the thrill factor of the thrill ride 12, and, by extension, the experience of the ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28 while on the thrill ride 12. Moreover, by providing the electronic goggles 34 as AR/VR eyeglasses, as opposed to bulkier and more cumbersome devices such as traditional head-mounted displays (HMDs), the ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28 may be provided with greater freedom of movement, as well as a more photorealistic experience. For example, each of the ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28 may be able to see each other ride passenger 22, 24, 26, 28, as well as the passenger ride vehicle 20 itself even when wearing the electronic goggles 34. Moreover, because the electronic goggles 34 may include individual cameras 40, 42 and individual displays 37, 38, data with respect to the respective points of view of each eye of the ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28 may be captured by the electronic goggles 34. Thus, the graphics generation system 32 may render real-world images 44 and AR/VR images 45 on the displays 37, 38 of the electronic goggles 34 that are consistent with the respective points of view of the ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28. Such advantages may be unavailable using devices such as traditional HMDs.
Turning now to FIG. 4, a flow diagram is presented, illustrating an embodiment of a process 64 useful in creating an AR experience, a VR experience, and/or other computed-mediated experience during a thrill ride using, for example, the computer graphics generation system 32 depicted in FIG. 2. The process 64 may be representative of initiated code or instructions stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium (e.g., the memory 47) and executed, for example, by the processor 46 included in the computer graphics generation system 32. The process 64 may begin with the processor 46 receiving (block 66) and analyzing real-time captured image data. For example, the processor 46 may receive real-time video data (e.g., live video) captured via cameras 40, 42 of the electronic goggles 34. The process 64 may then continue with the processor 46 generating (block 68) a visualization of the real-world environment based on the real-time captured image data. For example, the processor 46 may generate a video data stream of the real-world environment (e.g., the amusement park 10) to be displayed on the displays 37, 38 of the electronic goggles 34.
The process 64 may then continue with the processor 46 overlaying (block 70) or superimposing one or more augmented or virtual reality images onto the generated visualization of the real-world environment. For example, the processor 46 may generate a video data stream of the real-world images 44 (e.g., facilities 14, thrill ride 12), and overlay or superimpose the AR/VR images 45 (e.g., AR/VR images or virtual augmentations 49, 50, 52, 54, 56, and 58) onto the real-world images 44 using one or more video merging and/or optical merging techniques. As previously discussed above, in certain embodiments, for example, the processor 46 of the graphics generation system 32 may render the AR/VR graphical images 45 based on, for example, the position or location of the passenger ride vehicle 20 along the tracks 18 at any given time during a cycle of the thrill ride 12, a predetermined distance traveled by the passenger ride vehicle 20 during a cycle of the thrill ride 12, or after a predetermined lapse of time. In other embodiments, the graphics generation system 32 may perform one or more geometric or photometric recognition algorithms on the video or image data captured via the cameras 40, 42 to determine the points of location of the ride vehicle 20 and when to introduce the AR/VR graphical images 45. The process 64 may then conclude with the processor 46 transmitting (block 72) the overlaid augmented or virtual reality image data (e.g., AR/VR images 45) along with the real-world environment data (e.g., real-world images 44) to be displayed on the displays 37, 38 of the electronic goggles 34 to enhance the thrill factor of the thrill ride 12, and, by extension, the experience of the ride passengers 22, 24, 26, 28 while on the thrill ride 12.
|
github_open_source_100_1_254 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import responses
from dagster import ModeDefinition, execute_solid
from dagster_dbt import (
DbtRpcOutput,
dbt_rpc_resource,
dbt_rpc_run,
dbt_rpc_run_and_wait,
dbt_rpc_run_operation,
dbt_rpc_run_operation_and_wait,
dbt_rpc_snapshot,
dbt_rpc_snapshot_and_wait,
dbt_rpc_snapshot_freshness,
dbt_rpc_snapshot_freshness_and_wait,
dbt_rpc_test,
dbt_rpc_test_and_wait,
)
def test_dbt_rpc_snapshot(rsps):
host = "0.0.0.0"
port = 8580
rsps.add(
method=responses.POST,
url=f"http://{host}:{port}/jsonrpc",
status=201,
json={"result": {"request_token": "1234-xo-xo"}},
)
result = execute_solid(
dbt_rpc_snapshot,
mode_def=ModeDefinition(name="unittest", resource_defs={"dbt_rpc": dbt_rpc_resource}),
input_values={"start_after": None},
run_config={"resources": {"dbt_rpc": {"config": {"host": host, "port": port}}},},
)
assert result.success
assert result.output_value("request_token") == "1234-xo-xo"
def test_dbt_rpc_run(rsps):
host = "0.0.0.0"
port = 8580
rsps.add(
method=responses.POST,
url=f"http://{host}:{port}/jsonrpc",
status=201,
json={"result": {"request_token": "1234-xo-xo"}},
)
result = execute_solid(
dbt_rpc_run,
mode_def=ModeDefinition(name="unittest", resource_defs={"dbt_rpc": dbt_rpc_resource}),
input_values={"start_after": None},
run_config={"resources": {"dbt_rpc": {"config": {"host": host, "port": port}}},},
)
assert result.success
assert result.output_value("request_token") == "1234-xo-xo"
def test_dbt_rpc_test(rsps):
host = "0.0.0.0"
port = 8580
rsps.add(
method=responses.POST,
url=f"http://{host}:{port}/jsonrpc",
status=201,
json={"result": {"request_token": "1234-xo-xo"}},
)
result = execute_solid(
dbt_rpc_test,
mode_def=ModeDefinition(name="unittest", resource_defs={"dbt_rpc": dbt_rpc_resource}),
input_values={"start_after": None},
run_config={"resources": {"dbt_rpc": {"config": {"host": host, "port": port}}},},
)
assert result.success
assert result.output_value("request_token") == "1234-xo-xo"
def test_dbt_rpc_run_operation(rsps):
host = "0.0.0.0"
port = 8580
rsps.add(
method=responses.POST,
url=f"http://{host}:{port}/jsonrpc",
status=201,
json={"result": {"request_token": "1234-xo-xo"}},
)
result = execute_solid(
dbt_rpc_run_operation,
mode_def=ModeDefinition(name="unittest", resource_defs={"dbt_rpc": dbt_rpc_resource}),
input_values={"start_after": None},
run_config={
"resources": {"dbt_rpc": {"config": {"host": host, "port": port}}},
"solids": {"dbt_rpc_run_operation": {"config": {"macro": "my_test_macro"}}},
},
)
assert result.success
assert result.output_value("request_token") == "1234-xo-xo"
def test_dbt_rpc_snapshot_freshness(rsps):
host = "0.0.0.0"
port = 8580
rsps.add(
method=responses.POST,
url=f"http://{host}:{port}/jsonrpc",
status=201,
json={"result": {"request_token": "1234-xo-xo"}},
)
result = execute_solid(
dbt_rpc_snapshot_freshness,
mode_def=ModeDefinition(name="unittest", resource_defs={"dbt_rpc": dbt_rpc_resource}),
input_values={"start_after": None},
run_config={"resources": {"dbt_rpc": {"config": {"host": host, "port": port}}}},
)
assert result.success
assert result.output_value("request_token") == "1234-xo-xo"
def test_dbt_rpc_run_and_wait(rsps, non_terminal_poll_result, terminal_poll_result):
host = "0.0.0.0"
port = 8580
rsps.add(
method=responses.POST,
url=f"http://{host}:{port}/jsonrpc",
status=201,
json={"result": {"request_token": "1234-xo-xo"}},
)
rsps.add(
method=responses.POST,
url=f"http://{host}:{port}/jsonrpc",
status=201,
json=non_terminal_poll_result,
)
rsps.add(
method=responses.POST,
url=f"http://{host}:{port}/jsonrpc",
status=201,
json=terminal_poll_result,
)
result = execute_solid(
dbt_rpc_run_and_wait,
mode_def=ModeDefinition(name="unittest", resource_defs={"dbt_rpc": dbt_rpc_resource}),
input_values={"start_after": None},
run_config={
"resources": {"dbt_rpc": {"config": {"host": host, "port": port}}},
"solids": {"dbt_rpc_run_and_wait": {"config": {"interval": 1}}},
},
)
assert result.success
assert isinstance(result.output_value("result"), DbtRpcOutput)
def test_dbt_rpc_snapshot_and_wait(rsps, non_terminal_poll_result, terminal_poll_result):
host = "0.0.0.0"
port = 8580
rsps.add(
method=responses.POST,
url=f"http://{host}:{port}/jsonrpc",
status=201,
json={"result": {"request_token": "1234-xo-xo"}},
)
rsps.add(
method=responses.POST,
url=f"http://{host}:{port}/jsonrpc",
status=201,
json=non_terminal_poll_result,
)
rsps.add(
method=responses.POST,
url=f"http://{host}:{port}/jsonrpc",
status=201,
json=terminal_poll_result,
)
result = execute_solid(
dbt_rpc_snapshot_and_wait,
mode_def=ModeDefinition(name="unittest", resource_defs={"dbt_rpc": dbt_rpc_resource}),
input_values={"start_after": None},
run_config={
"resources": {"dbt_rpc": {"config": {"host": host, "port": port}}},
"solids": {"dbt_rpc_snapshot_and_wait": {"config": {"interval": 1}}},
},
)
assert result.success
assert isinstance(result.output_value("result"), DbtRpcOutput)
def test_dbt_rpc_snapshot_freshness_and_wait(rsps, non_terminal_poll_result, terminal_poll_result):
host = "0.0.0.0"
port = 8580
rsps.add(
method=responses.POST,
url=f"http://{host}:{port}/jsonrpc",
status=201,
json={"result": {"request_token": "1234-xo-xo"}},
)
rsps.add(
method=responses.POST,
url=f"http://{host}:{port}/jsonrpc",
status=201,
json=non_terminal_poll_result,
)
rsps.add(
method=responses.POST,
url=f"http://{host}:{port}/jsonrpc",
status=201,
json=terminal_poll_result,
)
result = execute_solid(
dbt_rpc_snapshot_freshness_and_wait,
mode_def=ModeDefinition(name="unittest", resource_defs={"dbt_rpc": dbt_rpc_resource}),
input_values={"start_after": None},
run_config={
"resources": {"dbt_rpc": {"config": {"host": host, "port": port}}},
"solids": {"dbt_rpc_snapshot_freshness_and_wait": {"config": {"interval": 1}}},
},
)
assert result.success
assert isinstance(result.output_value("result"), DbtRpcOutput)
def test_dbt_rpc_run_operation_and_wait(rsps, non_terminal_poll_result, terminal_poll_result):
host = "0.0.0.0"
port = 8580
rsps.add(
method=responses.POST,
url=f"http://{host}:{port}/jsonrpc",
status=201,
json={"result": {"request_token": "1234-xo-xo"}},
)
rsps.add(
method=responses.POST,
url=f"http://{host}:{port}/jsonrpc",
status=201,
json=non_terminal_poll_result,
)
rsps.add(
method=responses.POST,
url=f"http://{host}:{port}/jsonrpc",
status=201,
json=terminal_poll_result,
)
result = execute_solid(
dbt_rpc_run_operation_and_wait,
mode_def=ModeDefinition(name="unittest", resource_defs={"dbt_rpc": dbt_rpc_resource}),
input_values={"start_after": None},
run_config={
"resources": {"dbt_rpc": {"config": {"host": host, "port": port}}},
"solids": {
"dbt_rpc_run_operation_and_wait": {"config": {"macro": "test_macro", "interval": 1}}
},
},
)
assert result.success
assert isinstance(result.output_value("result"), DbtRpcOutput)
def test_dbt_rpc_test_and_wait(rsps, non_terminal_poll_result, terminal_poll_result):
host = "0.0.0.0"
port = 8580
rsps.add(
method=responses.POST,
url=f"http://{host}:{port}/jsonrpc",
status=201,
json={"result": {"request_token": "1234-xo-xo"}},
)
rsps.add(
method=responses.POST,
url=f"http://{host}:{port}/jsonrpc",
status=201,
json=non_terminal_poll_result,
)
rsps.add(
method=responses.POST,
url=f"http://{host}:{port}/jsonrpc",
status=201,
json=terminal_poll_result,
)
result = execute_solid(
dbt_rpc_test_and_wait,
mode_def=ModeDefinition(name="unittest", resource_defs={"dbt_rpc": dbt_rpc_resource}),
input_values={"start_after": None},
run_config={
"resources": {"dbt_rpc": {"config": {"host": host, "port": port}}},
"solids": {"dbt_rpc_test_and_wait": {"config": {"interval": 1}}},
},
)
assert result.success
assert isinstance(result.output_value("result"), DbtRpcOutput)
|
github_open_source_100_1_255 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <?php
use App\Http\Controllers\API\AssignedLeadController;
use App\Http\Controllers\API\Auth\AuthController;
use App\Http\Controllers\API\Auth\RefreshAccessToken;
use App\Http\Controllers\API\CampaignController;
use App\Http\Controllers\API\CompanyController;
use App\Http\Controllers\API\ContactController;
use App\Http\Controllers\API\CustomerController;
use App\Http\Controllers\API\DashBoardController;
use App\Http\Controllers\API\FaceBook\MessengerController;
use App\Http\Controllers\API\IndustryController;
use App\Http\Controllers\API\InvoiceTemplateController;
use App\Http\Controllers\API\LeadController;
use App\Http\Controllers\API\LeadStageController;
use App\Http\Controllers\API\LeadTypeController;
use App\Http\Controllers\API\MarketingController;
use App\Http\Controllers\API\NeedTemplateController;
use App\Http\Controllers\API\NotificationController;
use App\Http\Controllers\API\OpportUnityController;
use App\Http\Controllers\API\ProductController;
use App\Http\Controllers\API\PromotionController;
use App\Http\Controllers\API\ProposalTemplateController;
use App\Http\Controllers\API\RoleController;
use App\Http\Controllers\API\RunningPromotionController;
use App\Http\Controllers\API\SaleController;
use App\Http\Controllers\API\SaleFunnelController;
use App\Http\Controllers\API\SocialInsightController;
use App\Http\Controllers\API\StageController;
use App\Http\Controllers\API\SwitchController;
use App\Http\Controllers\API\TodoController;
use App\Http\Controllers\API\ToolController;
use App\Http\Controllers\API\UserController;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Route;
/*
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| API Routes
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
| Here is where you can register API routes for your application. These
| routes are loaded by the RouteServiceProvider within a group which
| is assigned the "api" middleware group. Enjoy building your API!
|
*/
Route::group([
'prefix' => 'v1',
], function () {
// open routes
Route::post('token', AuthController::class);
// protected routes
Route::group([
'middleware' => 'auth:api'
], function () {
Route::get('user', [UserController::class, 'user']); // respond back with the authenticated user
Route::get('refresh-token', RefreshAccessToken::class); // refresh the access token here
// loads all the api resources
Route::apiResources([
'roles' => RoleController::class,
'users' => UserController::class,
'notifications' => NotificationController::class,
'companies' => CompanyController::class,
'leads' => LeadController::class,
'customers' => CustomerController::class,
'contacts' => ContactController::class,
'lead-types' => LeadTypeController::class,
'lead-stages' => LeadStageController::class,
'stages' => StageController::class,
'opportunities' => OpportUnityController::class,
'products' => ProductController::class,
'promotions' => PromotionController::class,
'running-promotions' => RunningPromotionController::class,
'sales' => SaleController::class,
'tolls' => ToolController::class,
'sale-funnels' => SaleFunnelController::class,
'social-insights' => SocialInsightController::class,
'tools' => ToolController::class,
'todos' => TodoController::class,
'marketings' => MarketingController::class,
'campaigns' => CampaignController::class,
'assign-campaigns' => AssignedLeadController::class,
'industries' => IndustryController::class,
'proposal-templates' => ProposalTemplateController::class,
'invoice-templates' => InvoiceTemplateController::class,
'need-templates' => NeedTemplateController::class,
]);
// dashboards
Route::group([
'prefix' => 'dashboard'
], function () {
Route::get('leads', [DashBoardController::class, 'leads']);
Route::get('closed', [DashBoardController::class, 'closed']);
Route::get('open', [DashBoardController::class, 'open']);
});
// switch options
Route::group([
'prefix' => 'switch'
], function () {
Route::get('fetch', [SwitchController::class, 'fetchActiveCompany']);
Route::get('{id}', [SwitchController::class, 'switchCompany']);
});
});
});
Route::group([
'prefix' => 'facebook',
], function () {
Route::group([
'prefix' => 'messager',
], function () {
Route::get('basic-text', [MessengerController::class, 'basicText']);
});
});
/**
* -----------------------
* System Logs
* -----------------------
*/
Route::get('sys/logs', '\Rap2hpoutre\LaravelLogViewer\LogViewerController@index');
|
5627969_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | Felton, J.
Mary L. Hayes made application to the processioners of Murray County, setting forth that she was the owner of 50 acres, more or less, .of the east end of lot number 161 in the 10th district and 3d section of Murray County, Georgia, that the *732lands adjoining her lands on the east were owned by N. J. Wilson, and that the applicant desired to have the line surveyed and marked anew by the processioners. The processioners filed their return with an attached plat of the line marked anew. N. J. Wilson filed his protest to the return, alleging in substance that the processioners, after having given him more than ten days notice in writing, did proceed to trace and mark anew the line on the west side of lot number 161 in said district, 3d section, owned on the west by applicant and on the east by protestant; that the processioners started at a poplar tree on the south line of said lot, 353 feet from the southeast corner of said lot, and running in a northerly direction to the line dividing the lot in half, running-west 13 degrees, where they struck the line dividing the lot in half; and that the right and true line was as follows: starting at the southeast corner of said lot and running west 734 feet to a rock corner, and thence north with marked trees in a straight line to the one-half way of the lot. He prayed that this protest with all the proceedings in the matter be returned to the superior court, and that other proceedings be had in conformity with law. *733The county surveyor amended his plat by placing on the line extending between the southeast corner of the lot and the starting point of the survey the figures “353 feet,” and by stating the said line as beginning at said poplar tree 353 feet from the southeast corner of said lot, and extending north 13 degrees west to the center line between the north and south halves of said lot at a stake. The processioners then amended their return to conform to the description given by the surveyor.. On motion of the protestant the proceedings were dismissed, and the applicant excepted.
1. The ground of the protest that no certified plat was attached to the return of the processioners was met by the amendment of the return of the surveyor attaching his certificate to the plat filed with the return.
3. There being no evidence touching the objection that the processioners were not legally appointed, this court will assume that the proceedings were not dismissed on that ground.
3. The other grounds of the protest are without merit. The issue on the trial of a protest in a processioning proceeding is not necessarily confined to whether the line marked by the processioners should be sustained, but it is permissible for the protestant to obtain a verdict setting up the true line as declared in his protest, if the evidence shall so warrant. McCollum v. Thomason, 33 Ga. App. 160 (122 S. E. 800); Reynolds v. Kinsey, 50 Ga. App. 385 (178 S. E. 200). The protestant contends that the true line is not the line marked by the processioners. Whether this is true or not is a question for the jury, and is the sole issue in the case. The only question for determination here is whether there was a sufficient return by the processioners to enable a jury to render a verdict thereon; or, in other words, whether by the introduction of evidence the return could be made sufficient to support a verdict. The return in this case, as amended, and as set out in the amended protest to the return, sets out that in marking the line in dispute a beginning was made at a named point a certain distance from the southeast corner of the lot, and that from that point ran in a straight line north, twelve degrees west, to the line dividing the north and south halves of the lot. As was held in McCollum v. Thomason, supra, “If the corners are established and the lines not marked, a straight line as required by the plat should be run. Civil Code (1910), § 3830. [Code of 1933, § 85-1601]. *734Upon ascertaining the location of either terminus as alleged in the protest, the course of the line toward the other terminus being shown, the latter could be also determined. ' That is certain which may be made certain. In such a case the line is sufficiently definite, when, as here, a key to the identification is shown in the record. Price v. Gross, 148 Ga. 137 (2) (96 S. E. 4); Boyd v. Sanders, 148 Ga. 839 (98 S. E. Judgment reversed.
Stephens, P. J., and Sutton, J., concur.
|
1035569_4 | Wikisource | Public Domain | — На увечье мое пришел я к тебе жалобиться, окольничий царский. Навеки меня нечеловеком обидчики сделали, а с моей стороны никакой вины не было. В запрошлое воскресенье пошел я к обедне в монастырь Угрешский; было богомольцев видимо-невидимо. Вошел я на паперть храма монастырского, шапку снял, себя крестным знамением осенил. Вдруг слышу, толкают меня изо всей силы кулаками дюжими, так что едва я на месте устоял. Оглянулся я, а за мной валом валят холопы боярские, весь народ толкают и гонят. Один на меня наскочил и еще раз ударил, а сам кричит: «Прочь с дороги — боярин идет!». Посторонился я немного и холопу сердитому сказал: «Есть место твоему боярину, а на паперти храма Божиего насильничать не след». Осерчал тут холоп боярский, за горло меня схватил, одежду порвал и изо всей силы вниз по ступеням паперти сбросил. От боли невзвидел я света; лежу на земле — подняться невмочь, и вижу проходит мимо боярин, на меня глядит и смеется. «Молодцы, — говорит, — мои холопы; никому они спуска не дают. Знатно парень растянулся!». С той поры, милостивец, стал я калекою; не гожусь ни на службу царскую, ни на какой другой труд. А обидчик мой — тот же князь Глинский Михайла, конюший государев, а звать меня сыном боярским Лаврентием Окуневым. И этому жалобщику молвил кротко Алексей Адашев: — Иди с миром, будет твоему обидчику кара достойная, а тебе с него пеня должная. Пролетал над Москвой день светлый, ясный, наступал уже вечер темный, а все слушал доверенный царский, окольничий Алексей Адашев, жалобы горькие обездоленных да обиженных. И всех больше жалоб приходилось на буйного князя Михайла Глинского; немало жалобились и на других бояр, что на Москве всласть своевольничали, видя юность государеву. Всех Алексей Адашев доподлинно выслушал, всем защиту посулил и сдержал свое обещание. ЦАРЬ-ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬ Ранним утром собрались в Кремлевский дворец государев бояре окольничьи и все чины двора царского; знатные люди толпились в передней комнате дворцовой, кто помоложе да помельче чином был, стояли на крыльце хор’ом государевых, а кто еще пониже, — те на площади близ крыльца государева толпились. Всего лишь полтора года прошло, как молодой царь Иоанн Васильевич крепкою рукою взял бразды правления в земле русской, как выбрал себе советчиков бедных и мудрых, как смирил своевольство бояр мятежных; кажись, мало времени, а теперь двор царский и узнать нельзя было. Самый важный боярин входил в хоромы государевы с трепетом и благоговением, без прежней спеси; знал каждый, что теперь на Руси твердый владыка мудрый есть и что все знатные и богатые бояре — лишь его слуги покорные. Помнили все горькую участь могучего боярина князя Михаила Глинского, дяди государева, что прогневил молодого царя делами неправыми, обидами, нанесенными народу беззащитному. Как дошли до молодого царя через Алексея Адашева жалобы бессчетные на свирепого князя Михаила, не стал смотреть юный государь на узы родственные и с позором изгнал князя Глинского из сонма приближенных своих, лишил его сана и почестей. Вместо князя Михайла Глинского поставил царь Иоанн Васильевич конюшим князя Василия Васильича Чулок-Ушатого, боярина доброго и к бедным милостивого. Прежний духовник юного царя, протопоп благовещенский Феодор, по прозвищу Бармик, раскаявшись в том, что во время смуты боярской худо царя наставлял, истерзался угрызениями совести; отпросился он у царя Иоанна Васильевича в чернецы поступить и постригся в монастыре Михайловом. В Думу царскую, в совет боярский призвал молодой государь новых бояр, испытанных в жизни доброй: князя Хабарова, князя Куракина, боярина Булгакова, князя Данилу Пронского да князя Дмитрия Палецкого. У последнего была дочь-красавица, княжна Юлиания, и ту княжну выбрал царь Иоанн Васильевич в супруги брату своему юному, князю Юрию Васильевичу. Пышно справили на Москве свадьбу брата царского. Как повенчаны были князь Юрий да княжна Юлиания, ласковое слово сказал князь Иоанн Васильевич брату своему единоутробному: «Юрий брат! Божиим велением, а нашим жалованием велел тебе Бог женитися и пояти жену княгиню Ульяну, и ты свою жену держи потом, как Бог устроил». И великая радость пошла по всей земле русской, и ликовал народ русский, что живет юный царь в таком согласии и в такой дружбе с братом своим. Около той же поры отпраздновал царь Иоанн Васильевич и другую свадьбу пышную: женил своего брата двоюродного, князя Владимира Андреевича. Была та свадьба в мае месяце; невестою брата выбрал молодой царь дочь боярина Александра Нагого Евдокию, и был праздник свадебный у царя на дворе, а венчал князя Владимира митрополит Макарий. Но не все веселился да праздновал молодой государь, много ему и забот было. Прежде всего пришлось ему повозиться со своим дядей, опальным князем Михайлой Глинским. Как лишился князь Михайла милости государевой, стал его жуткий страх заедать, как бы вконец не очернили его враги перед царем, как бы ему головы не сняли… Подговорил он одного из друзей своих, одного из единомышленников, князя Турунтая-Пронского; порешили они изменить родине своей и в землю чуждую бежать — Литве поганой продаться. В ноябре месяце 1548 года бежали они тайком из усадьбы князя Михайлы, где тому было жить дозволено. С собою они людей немного взяли, но и то не удалось им укрыться от зорких глаз приставов царских. Следом за ними погоня была наряжена: гнался князь Петр Иванович Шуйский со многими дворянами, догнал их около Ржева и стеснил, и окружил их среди холмов высоких. Заслышав за собой погоню, пустились беглецы на хитрость — поспешно обратным путем поехали и пытались тайком в Москву въехать, чтобы царю челом бить, что-де они не бежать пустились, а поехали на богомолье в монастырь Оковецкий. Недолго было изменников во лжи уличить, но не стал на них государь гнева держать и никакой кары на них не наложил. Велено лишь им было смирно по своим поместьям сидеть и во всем царской воле послушными быть. Так дела на Руси святой обстояли, когда собрались в ясный летний день бояре и другие чины придворные в кремлевские хоромы царя Иоанна Васильевича. В то время, как толпа бояр нарядных ожидала молодого царя в передней комнате, сам царь-государь Иоанн Васильевич сидел вместе со своим наставником отцом Сильвестром в малой горнице и долгую, разумную беседу с ним вел. Так заняла та беседа царя и старца, что забыли они оба о выходе царском утреннем, забыли о толпе бояр знатных, что ждали нетерпеливо предстать пред ясные очи государевы. — Отец святой, — говорил молодой царь Иоанн Васильевич, — хочу я государство свое устроить. Много на Руси неправды есть, суд в земле моей лживый и подкупный. Слышал я, что в странах иноземных уставы-законы по писаному соблюдаются. У нас на Руси судится народ по древнему уставу Ярославову… Да только вижу я, отец святой, что устарели те законы древние, что новые обычаи пошли, новые пороки да грехи появились, и против тех прегрешений бессилен стал древний устав князя Ярослава Мудрого. Пришло мне на ум, отец святой, новый устав, ко времени нашему потребный, написать и всеми чинами земли русской утвердить. Прервал молодой царь свою речь и взглянул на наставника своего, на доброго старца Сильвестра. Сидел отец Сильвестр безмолвно, только очи его новым светлым сиянием засветились: видно было, что сильно обрадовало его неожиданное намерение царя молодого. Но не сразу ответил старый священник владыке земли русской. Глядя на юность царя Иоанна Васильевича, видя его пылкость юношескую, невольно сомневался отец Сильвестр, по силам ли будет молодому царю задача великая. Потому только и произнес в ответ царю-государю: — Дело доброе. Разумом великим наградил Господь молодого царя Иоанна Васильевича; с одного взгляда угадывал он не только желания, а даже и помышления тайные тех людей, на которых взор обращал. Понял он и на этот раз, что не верит ему отец Сильвестр, что смущается его годами юными. Нахмурил брови молодой царь, но скоро себя пересилил, вспышку гнева поборол и опять ровным голосом начал убеждать старого священника: — Не мыслю я, отец святой, один, без помощников добрых совершить ту задачу великую. Надо в той задаче помочь мне всем приближенным моим, всем избранным моим, всем слугам моим верным, коим дорого счастие и покой земли русской; удумал я, отец Сильвестр, дать земле русской новый Судебник. Будут в том Судебнике все уставы справедливые, все кары и льготы, кои ведать надлежит судиям моим царским. Дело это великое, и сразу его не совершишь. О многом еще, отец святой, спрошу я твоего совета мудрого, да не только твоего, а еще и других людей добрых, благочестивых. Вот хоть об одном скажу тебе — о недобром обычае, что укоренился среди бояр моих и среди всех людей служивых. Тот обычай недобрый и для блага общего пагубный — местничество… Издавна он идет и много зла принес простому люду, и роду боярскому, и царям московским. Виданное ли дело, чтобы подвластный человек со своим н’абольшим считался? А у нас все так идет: глядишь, какой-нибудь сын боярский, правда, роду знатного, да умом недалекий, на поле бранном неискусный, считается о месте почетном со своими воеводами… Потому-де мой прапрадед в Думе великокняжеской сидел, и посему мне большая честь подобает. А другой говорит: я-де княжеского роду, и потому не пристойно мне быть под началом воеводы — не князя. Статочное ли дело, отец Сильвестр? От такого обычая всякому делу, а наибольше ратному, военная проруха выходит. По мысли моей, надо бы так установить, чтобы дети боярские и княжата разные не смели родом считаться с воеводами, царем поставленными, чтобы один царь судил о родах людей ратных и чтобы его наказа никто не преступал: коли с кем послан на службу ратную по слову государеву, тому и повинуйся… А для того чтобы не обидеть роды боярские, надо так установить, отец святой, чтобы в большом полку всегда был воевода всех знатнее родом, а прочие воеводы — передового и сторожевого полков — лишь ему одному уступали бы в чести да в знатности, а воеводы правой и левой руки с передовыми да сторожевыми не считались бы, а лишь блюли бы наказ государев. Опять прервал свою речь молодой царь и взглянул на старца: каково-де ему по душе пришлись слова эти. И понял царь Иоанн Васильевич, что в душе у старца Сильвестра творилось, и много он тому порадовался. Изумлен был отец Сильвестр великим разумом царя молодого, изумлен нежданною мудростью его, его проникновением в обычаи древние… В самом деле, заедало в ту пору Русь великую местничество проклятое, докучное: много битв и походов трудных потеряны были для витязей русских из-за того, что воеводы местами считались. Часто так бывало, что ведет отважный воевода полка передового в суровую сечу воинов своих, одолевает недругов, сечет их и совсем уже победу готовит, как вдруг прибывают ко врагу новые полчища; шлет передовой воевода гонца к воеводе полка большого, просит помоги, а воевода полка большого заспесивится, говорит: «Что я ему за слуга? Мой отец думным боярином был, а его батька только окольничий… Не хочу я его приказа слушать!..». И вот бьется передовой воевода не на жизнь, а на смерть с полчищами вражескими, разбить их не может, все ждет помоги от воеводы большого полка, а помога не идет да не идет. Осилят враги передовой полк, посекут его поголовно, а потом нагрянут и на большого воеводу и его воинов стеснят, прогонят и вконец всю рать разобьют. Под Казанью не раз так случалось: подступали к ней рати русские, думали взять то гнездо разбойничье, да из-за раздоров воеводских всегда дело прахом шло. Один воевода степью идет, другой воевода Волгой плывет — никак не сойдутся! А ежели и сойдутся, опять беда! Не знают воеводы, что в ратном деле нужней всего поспешность да удар дружный; почнут воеводы друг с другом спориться, друг друга родом укорять; а тем временем татары проклятые соберутся полчищами несметными, окружат силу русскую, сомнут ее и назад прогонят. Оттого и крепка была Казань разбойничья, оттого и засела она на боку земли русской, как язва болящая! Помня все это, отец Сильвестр радостно внимал мудрым словам царя молодого. Полюбовавшись на юношу царственного, воскликнул старый священник с радостью великою: — Испол’ать тебе, государь юный! Из многих недугов земли русской угадал ты и постиг один недуг важнейший. Коли придумаешь сему недугу исцеление, великая слава тебе будет в потомстве твоем. — А что же ты думал, отец святой, — молвил молодой царь, слегка похваляясь, — что же ты думал? Или у государя московского разума не стало, или зоркостью да пониманием его Господь обделил? Чай, немало я претерпел во время юности моей от бояр мятежных, от их местничества ненавистного. Было время мне подумать, как их укротить, как свою волю царскую на всех поставить… При тех словах гневно побагровело лицо государя юного и очи его жгучей молнией сверкнули; только скоро опомнился молодой царь и гнев свой затаенный подавил. — Поверь мне, отец святой, что забыл я давно обиды бояр моих, пестунов-злодеев юности моей. Мыслю я теперь лишь об одном: как бы землю русскую успокоить, как бы в ней правый суд ввести, как бы ее возвеличить… Встал отец Сильвестр со своего места, в пояс молодому царю поклонился, рукою пола дощатого коснулся. — Все мы слуги твои, царь-государь, и я из тех слуг первый. Готов служить тебе опытом долголетним, готов служить тебе помышлением своим многодумным. Ведаю я отныне, что желаешь ты одного лишь блага для земли родной. Знай же, царь, что есть у тебя слуги верные и среди тех слуг первыми будут старик Сильвестр да братья Адашевы. — Вас-то, верных слуг, я уже познал, — ответил ласково молодой царь. — Вы мои ближние, мои доверенные! Только мыслю я, что мало вас… Втроем иль вчетвером — коли меня считаете — нелегко на земле русской правду ввести! Сами отберите мне еще сподвижников верных, честных и доблестных. — Есть у тебя государь, слуги добрые. На первый раз назову я хотя бы князя Курбского. Молод он, зато духом бодр и душою светел. Коли будешь, царь-государь, с кем-нибудь брань вести, будет он тебе воеводою отважным и удачливым. Подумал немного молодой царь Иоанн Васильевич, словно припоминал того князя молодого, о коем ему отец Сильвестр говорил. — Точно, что достоин князь Курбский нашей милости царской. И по виду он — витязь-витязем, да и говорит не робея, правду-матку прямо в лицо царю режет. Ладно, отец Сильвестр, запримечу я того князя молодого… Прервал тут беседу царя и старца Алексей Федорович Адашев; дозволено было ему в покой царский без оповещения входить. Переступил он поспешно порог горницы государевой и прямо к царю Иоанну Васильевичу подошел. — Ну, что приключилось, друже Алексей? — ласково спросил молодой царь любимца своего. — Да что, царь-государь, — молвил с сердцем Алексей Адашев. — Не сладить мне с боярами твоими, все они на неправду гнут. Опять молния грозная сверкнула в очах царя молодого. — Кто же перечить стал тебе, друже Алексей? Замялся немного Алексей Адашев, да взглянул на отца Сильвестра и царю прямиком молвил: — Дядя твой государев, боярин Захарьин, правды соблюсти не хочет. Бил мне челом некий гость торговый из Новгорода, что изобидели его люди боярина Захарьина, что побоями да грабежом его изубытчили. Позвал я на допрос и того купчишку, и челядинцев боярина. Вышло, что правду говорит гость заезжий. Наложил я на челядинцев боярских пеню невеликую, да и ту заплатить они не захотели. Послал я за ними дьяка из Приказа судного, а они над тем дьяком недобрую шутку ошутили, избили его, изобидели да еще понасмешничали вдоволь. Пошел я тогда к самому боярину Захарьину: так-де и так — бесчинствуют твои люди, боярин. А дядя твой, царь-государь, мне спесиво ответил: «На моих-де слуг суда нет!». Помня наказ твой, слово за слово сцепился я с боярином Захарьиным и стал его устрашать твоею царской немилостью; а боярин мне в ответ: «Чай, молодой царь — мой племянник! Не боюсь я ничего». И пошел я из хором боярских, словно оплеванный. Невзначай глянул старый священник на царя Иоанна Васильевича, и страхом исполнилось сердце доброго старца. От гнева великого весь изменился царь: резкие морщины выступили на челе его высоком, загорелись очи пламенем жгучим… Сжал молодой царь свою руку мощную в кулак и ударил по скамье дубовой, на которой сидел. — Коли так, — воскликнул он грозным голосом, — покараю я и родича своего! Пусть знают бояре, что царь Иоанн Васильевич супротивства не потерпит! Крикнул грозно молодой царь, и вошел в горницу окольничий, что у дверей царских свой черед держал. — Позови сюда боярина Захарьина! — грозно повелел молодой царь. Старец Сильвестр да Алексей Адашев в ту пору молча из горницы государевой вышли: не по душе им было видеть, как карает царь своих ослушников. СОБОР ЧИНОВ ЗЕМСКИХ Двадцать третьего февраля 1551 года царский дворец в Кремле был с самого раннего утра полон народу. То не обычная толпа боярская, не привычные царские челядинцы собрались на утренний выход государев; в этот день сошлись во дворце люди всяких чинов, выборные всей земли русской: от людей торговых, от городских людей, от духовенства. Все бояре и князья знатнейшие, все пастыри Церкви Православной тут были. Несметною толпою стоял народ московский у кремлевских ворот, что на Красную площадь вели; глядели москвичи на целый ряд возков да капт’ан, в которых ехали во дворец царский епископы да князья с боярами. Утро было ясное, с оттепелью, и ничто не мешало толпам народным вдоволь глядеть на проезжающих. В воротах кремлевских все из повозок да капт’ан выходили и через площадь к дворцу царскому пешком шествовали. Старых епископов да тучных бояр поддерживали под руки с двух сторон или послушники, или слуги любимые. Один за другим подъезжали к воротам возки, шурша полозьями по мягкому талому снегу. — Глядите-ка, — зашептались в толпе стоящих, — митрополит едет. Вели коней владыки под уздцы послушники, ехал владыка медленно и народ на обе стороны благословлял. Любили москвичи митрополита Макария за его благочестие высокое, за его приветливость и щедрость. — Ишь, каков ныне батюшка-митрополит радостен да светел! — Словно помолодел даже… — Слушает его теперь молодой царь. — Больше всех бояр чтит… Проехал митрополит, а за ним потянулись другие возки с духовенством. Каждого из них узнавал народ московский, о каждом в толпе толки шли: — Это кто же, братцы? — А это владыка Феодосий Новгородский. Слышно, что строг он больно к священству: грозно карает за поборы неправые и заставляет жизнь вести благочестивую. — А вот, глядите, владыка Никандр Ростовский; приветлив он до нищей братии, да и ко всем ласков. Все прибывали да прибывали возки с лицами духовными. Проехали епископ Суздальский Трифон, епископ Смоленский Гурий, епископ Казанский Касьян, епископ Тверской Акакий, епископ Коломенский Феодосий, епископ Сарский и Подонский Савва, епископ Пермский Киприан… За святителями потянулись князья да бояре; и о тех в народе говор шел — кого хвалили, а кому старые грехи припоминали. Что же творилось во дворце царском? Для чего собрались в пышные хоромы государевы все те архипастыри, бояре, воеводы и чины двора царского? Для чего созвал царь Иоанн Васильевич тот «собор слуг Божиих»? А для того собрал царь первых людей земли своей, чтобы благое дело свершить, со времен Ярослава Мудрого на Руси невиданное. Сидят митрополит, святители, князья, бояре, сановники в большой Думной палате дворцовой, сидят они по сану, по чину, по роду знатному; горят у святителей на облачениях золотые кресты наперсные, светится золотом и серебром шитье на кафтанах боярских богатых, блестят бердыши в руках у рынд — стражей государевых; сияет весь, словно солнце, молодой царь, на троне прародительском сидя, в своей одежде золоченой, в ожерелье царском драгоценном, радостью великою блистают очи его. Глядят древние, седовласые архипастыри, глядят важные, степенные бояре, глядят бодрые, мужественные воеводы; все глаз не отведут от своего владыки молодого, что перед ними в мудрости и славе Соломоновой ныне является. А царь Иоанн Васильевич расточает с высоты своего престола царского слова разумные, поучения глубокие и благостные. Мощно звучит его голос звонкий под низкими сводами Думной палаты, расписанной живописцами искусными, украшенной позолотчиками и резчиками умелыми. Говорит юный царь о былых невзгодах земли русской, говорит о тех годах недавних, когда Русь великая во время малолетства царского, во время своевольства боярского неутешна и беспомощна была, как вдовица печальная, и близилась к гибели полной. Говорит юный царь Иоанн Васильевич, что счастье народное зависит от тех, в чьих руках бразды правления держатся; что люди, власть имущие, великий ответ держать будут перед Господом за народ темный. Горько жалуется юный царь на своих советчиков былых, что ради корысти своей толкали его, малоопытного, на путь греховный, на путь угождения страстям своим; со скорбью глубокой вспоминает он, какой смертью погибли дядья его во время смут боярских… Смиренно кается юный царь в своих прежних потехах жестоких и винит в них все тех же наставников недобрых. Словами красноречивыми изображает царь Иоанн Васильевич перед Собором святителей и бояр последние бедствия — великий пожар Москвы стольной… Слушают все — слова не проронят; изумлены, и поражены, и глубоко все за сердце затронуты пылкой, красноречивою исповедью царя молодого! Да и сам царь Иоанн Васильевич, припоминая невзгоды прошлые, не может удержать слез горячих, покаянных. Вместе с государем своим и весь Собор многолюдный слезы проливает… — Тогда, — восклицает горестно молодой царь, — ужаснулась душа моя и кости во мне затрепетали; дух мой смутился, сердце умилилось. Теперь ненавижу зло и люблю добродетель. От вас требую ревностного наставления, пастыри христиан, учители царей и вельмож, достойные святители Церкви! Не щадите меня в преступлениях; смело упрекайте мою слабость; гремите словом Божиим, да жива будет душа моя! Глубоко умилились святители и бояре теми словами царскими. Благословил святитель молодого царя и опять на место сел. Снова под сводами Думной палаты раздалась пылкая речь молодого царя. Говорил он, что хочет устроить и осчастливить землю русскую, самим Богом ему вверенную; изъяснил, что хочет он в своем государстве порядок установить, неправду искоренить, а для того дать законы новые, справедливые. Сказал государь, что людьми знающими да опытными написан, по его повелению царскому, новый Судебник и новые грамоты уставные и что теперь отдаст он эти законы новые на суд да на рассмотрение Собору святителей и бояр. Долго длилась речь царя, долго внимали его словам мудрые князья, бояре и епископы… Уже далеко за пору обеденную было, когда распустил царь Иоанн Васильевич Собор великий, наказав, чтобы назавтра опять все во дворце Кремлевском собрались. Тогда прочтут Собору дьяки царские новый Судебник и новые грамоты уставные, а святители да бояре должны-де о тех законах новых судить да рядить. Усталый, но радостный вышел царь Иоанн Васильевич из Думной палаты, весело сел он за свою царскую трапезу. Начали стольники подавать государю Иоанну Васильевичу на блюдах золотых да серебряных всякие яства лакомые, стал боярин-кравчий наливать молодому царю в золотые кубки вина заморские сладкие. Но и за трапезой не оставляли царя Иоанна Васильевича заботы государские. Едва притрагивался он к яствам разнообразным, едва прикасался устами к золотому краю кубка драгоценного. Быстро окончилась трапеза царская, пошел государь Иоанн Васильевич в свою опочивальню, однако и не подумал он прилечь да отдохнуть, а велел кликнуть к себе, не мешкая, любимца своего — Адашева Алексея Федоровича. Едва Адашев к царю войти успел, как забросал его юный царь вопросами быстрыми да частыми. — Ну что, Алексей? Есть ли у тебя какая весточка о наших гостях иноземных? Что наш немчин Шлитт, прислал ли тебе грамотку долгожданную? Набрал ли он в чужих землях людей ученых да мастеров искусных на службу при дворе моем? Низко поклонился Алексей Адашев и с ответом поспешил: — Удачлив ты, царь-государь. Как раз утром сегодняшним прискакал ко мне на дом гонец из земли немецкой от того самого Шлитта. Угораздился он много людей искусных на твою службу царскую набрать. Вот и перечень тех иноземцев. Вынул Алексей Адашев невеликую грамотку, вчетверо сложенную, с печатью восковой, и стал царю читать: — Вот что немчин мне отписывает: «Набрал я в службу его царскому величеству более сотни людей, и теперь только за одним дело стало — как бы провезти их через города Ганзейские и через землю Ливонскую. А среди тех людей много ученых есть и много мастеров славных. Прилагаю для его царского величества список их: четыре теолога, четыре медика, два юриста, четыре аптекаря, два оператора, восемь цирюльников, восемь подлекарей, один плавильщик, два колодезника, два мельника, три плотника, двенадцать каменщиков, восемь столяров, два архитектора, два литейщика, один стекольщик, один бумажный мастер, два рудокопа, один человек, искусный в водоводстве, пять толмачей, два слесаря, два часовщика, один садовник для винограда, другой — для хмеля, один пивовар, один денежник, один пробирщик, два повара, один пирожник, один солевар, один карточник, один ткач, четыре каретника, один скорняк, один маслобой, один горшечник, один типографщик, два кузнеца, один медник, один коренщик, один певец, один органист, один шерстобой, один сокольник, один штукатур, один мастер для варения квасцов, другой — для варения серы, четыре золотаря, один плющильщик, один переплетчик, один портной». Закончил Алексей Адашев читать список немчина Шлитта. Слушал его царь молодой с великой радостью. — Будет теперь у нас кому пушки лить, башни да храмы строить, оружие иноземное ковать, больных лечить и всякие вещи мудреные делать. Исполать тому немчину! Знать, поладил он с цесарем немецким Карлом. — Так, царь-государь, — ответил Алексей Адашев, проглядывая дальше грамотку. — Немчин наш хитер да пролазлив; только суется он, куда ему не след. То все про дело говорил, а потом стал всякие выдумки несуразные писать. Ему было наказано людей знающих достать, а он в дела государские мешаться начал. Вот что пишет он далее, вот каковы его советы дерзновенные: «Для того чтобы между царем московским да цесарем немецким крепкая дружба была, надо, чтобы всегда боярин знатный, посол царя московского при цесаре немецком, при дворе его жил. Надо, чтобы тот посол золотом и серебром богато снабжен был, чтобы одаривал он князей немецких и вельмож цесаревых. Должен тот посол пышно жить и богатую свиту иметь: докторов, дворецкого, двух дьяков, людей ученых, толмачей, отроков для услуг, поваров искусных и холопей вдоволь. А все то будет немалых денег стоить — так десятков шесть тысяч талеров серебряных немецких. Царю на них скупиться не след, потому что, видя пышность посла его, все знать будут, как богато и обильно царство русское». Выслушал и это молодой царь Иоанн Васильевич; только усмешка легкая мелькнула на устах его. — Экий хлопотливый немчин-то наш! И тысячами швыряется, словно султан турецкий или шах персидский. Ну да мы его прыть успокоим, когда он на Москву приедет. Только бы пропустили иноземных мастеров города Ганзейские да ливонцы… — Что ж, батюшка-царь, — успокоил молодого владыку Алексей Адашев. — Тем иноземцам немалые деньги посланы и великие милости им обещаны. Они и тайком через вражеские земли на Русь проберутся. Прав был Алексей Федорович Адашев: саксонец Шлитт, набравший на службу царю московскому более ста двадцати человек мастеров иноземных, хотел плыть с ними из города Любека в Ливонию. Но происками ордена Ливонского были они все задержаны; сенаторы любекские посадили Шлитта в темницу, а спутников его выгнали из города. Все же многие из тех мастеров иноземных тайком продолжали свой путь на Москву, и многие до нее добрались. ДЕЛА КАЗАНСКИЕ Давая земле русской закон мудрый, стремясь просветить темное неведение народа московского, не забывал молодой царь Иоанн Васильевич, что надо с мечом в руке стоять против давних врагов святой Руси, которые терзали ее набегами. Те враги были крымцы, казанцы и Польша спесивая. Но всех злее и всех опаснее была Казань, где царем сидел Сафа-Гирей. Один раз юный царь Иоанн Васильевич уже сделал попытку покорить проклятую разбойничью Казань. Сам юный государь встал во главе рати своей, но неудачен был поход зимний. Когда полки царские переправлялись через Волгу-реку, во время оттепели великой треснул лед под тяжестью снаряда огнестрельного: много людей и много пушек потонули в воде ледяной. Из-под Нижнего, потеряв надежду, возвратился молодой царь в Москву. Однако послал он все же конные полки свои с воеводою князем Семеном Микулинским на татар. Близ Казани, на Арском поле, разбил храбрый воевода Микулинский с передовой дружиною царя казанского Сафа-Гирея, много пленных взял и богатыря татарского Азика на Москву привез в оковах, доброму люду на диво. И второй раз ходил царь Иоанн Васильевич походом на Казань мятежную. Было то в 1549 году, когда царь казанский Сафа-Гирей внезапно умер, а казанцы хотели своим царем сделать царевича крымского, сына Саип-Гирея. Тогда молодой царь, не теряя времени, задумал нагрянуть на казанцев, среди которых великие смуты царили. Велел царь собраться большому полку в Суздале, передовому полку — в Шуе и Муроме, сторожевому полку — в Юрьеве, правому полку — в Костроме, левому — в Ярославле. Сам государь из Москвы на брань выехал, а править стольным городом оставил брата своего двоюродного, князя Владимира Андреевича. Воеводами в великой рати царской были князья да бояре, в боях испытанные: в большом полку — боярин князь Дмитрий Федорович Бельский да князь Владимир Иванович Воротынский; в передовом полку — князь Петр Иванович Шуйский да князь Василий Федорович Лопатин; в полку правой руки — боярин князь Александр Борисович Горбатый да дворецкий угличский князь Василий Семенович Серебряный, а в полку левой руки — князь Михаил Иванович Воротынский да боярин Борис Иванович Салтыков; в сторожевом полку — боярин Юрий Иванович Кашин. Приехали к полкам царевым во Владимир митрополит Макарий да владыка Крутицкий Савва; благословили святители воинов православных и молитвами напутствовали их на трудное кровавое дело. Поспешно пошли полки русские к стенам Казани басурманской, осадили ее, стали ядрами осыпать, рушить крепость ее орудиями стенобитными. Но еще не судил Бог на этот раз, чтобы пали твердыни казанские перед воинством православным. Настала непогода страшная, дожди-ливни пошли, испортился снаряд огнестрельный; казанцы крепко защищались, и пришлось царю Иоанну Васильевичу со своими полками вспять идти. Но все же не даром прошел этот поход: при устье реки Свияги нашел молодой царь холм высокий, где задумал поставить город крепкий — оплот сторожевой против казанцев. В начале весны 1550 года послал царь Иоанн Васильевич по Волге на судах многих рать сильную с воеводами князем Юрием Михайловичем Булгаковым, князем Иваном Семеновичем Микулинским, дворецким Данилой Романовичем Юрьевым, конюшим Иваном Петровичем Федоровым, боярами Морозовым и Хабаровым, князьями Палицким и Нагаевым. С другой стороны шли тоже с полками несильными князь Хилков, князь Петр Серебряный-Оболенский и воевода Бахтияр-Зюзин. Сделали передовые полки набег на Казань, всполохнули татар, а потом стали воины московские строить новый город с острогом крепким близ устья реки Свияги. В четыре недели поставили его, крепкими стенами обвели и назвали Свияжском. Испугались казанцы, вымолили у царя перемирие и стали к себе на Казань в цари просить Шиг-Алея, любимца государя московского, родом из царевичей казанских. Согласился царь Иоанн Васильевич, но нагорной стороны волжской, где построен был новый город Свияжск, назад татарам не отдал. Недолго царствовал на Казани Шиг-Алей: скоро ушел он оттуда, не поладив с мятежными вельможами казанскими. Опять Казань возмутилась против царя московского… В тот день, как должны были до Москвы дойти вести о новом мятеже казанском, молодой царь Иоанн Васильевич с утра беседовал со своими советчиками неизменными — отцом Сильвестром и Алексеем Адашевым. Сильно возмужал и изменился царь Иоанн Васильевич: гордо смотрели очи, повелительна сделалась речь его. Сознал свою силу могучий владыка государства обширного… Но все же покорно слушал он наставления старого священника и добрые советы Алексея Адашева, еще не разлюбил он бескорыстных приближенных своих, еще доверял им во всем. — Что ни говори, отец Сильвестр, а придется мне третий раз на коня сесть, меч препоясать и вновь полки вести на Казань. Опять сносятся казанцы с моим недругом жестоким, ханом крымским, хотя и дали мне клятву верными быть и не выходить из моей воли царской. — Чует мое сердце, царь-батюшка, что на этот раз благословит Господь твое оружие бранное победой, — сказал старец Сильвестр, умиленно глядя на смелое лицо молодого царя. — Теперь самая пора, — отозвался и Алексей Адашев. — Ослабела Казань, нет в ней согласия и крепости. Великая слава тебе будет, царь Иоанн Васильевич, ежели покоришь ты и с лица земли сотрешь исконного врага земли русской! — И сам я надеюсь на удачу, с помощью Божией! — сказал молодой царь, раздумчиво нахмурив свои брови соболиные. — С поляками нам теперь войны не вести, крымского хана я не боюсь и недавно еще знатно его проучил. Шведы далеко, и у литовцев на нас боем идти силы не хватит. Оба советчика государевы глядели очами любовными на молодого царя, что готовился на подвиг великий. Старец Сильвестр до глубины сердца тронут был отвагою молодого государя, что еще недавно все дни свои потехам да забавам отдавал, а теперь стал правителем мудрым, полководцем мужественным. И вспомнились тут невольно старому священнику те мгновения, когда на высоком берегу Волхова-реки неведомая сила подвигнула его идти в Москву и сердце царя молодого к добру обратить. Набожно перекрестился старец и возликовал радостью духовной, как будто даже некая частица гордости земной проникла в душу смиренного пастыря… Но сейчас же опомнился старец Сильвестр и с великим сокрушением покаялся мысленно Богу: «Не моей слабою волею совершена сия перемена чудесная; все от Тебя, Боже! Ты так судил, и Ты устами моими царю говорил». Пока предавался старец мышлениям благочестивым, царь Иоанн Васильевич с Алексеем Адашевым беседу вели о ратных делах: обсуждали, кого воеводами послать, где полкам собраться, сколько огнестрельного запаса захватить. Внезапно прервана была их беседа стольником дневальным, что вошел и царю в пояс поклонился. — Что тебе? — спросил его царь. — Из-под Казани гонец, великий государь. Заторопился царь, встрепенулись Адашев и старец Сильвестр. Вошел в горницу царский молодой сотник стрелецкий в одежде, пылью покрытой, кое-где порванной — видно, что из далекого пути. Отдал гонец земной поклон царю, а когда поднялся, узнал в нем Алексей Адашев своего брата меньшого, удалого Данилу Адашева. Обрадовался Алексей Федорович, да и старец Сильвестр старому знакомцу приветливо улыбнулся; но при царе не смели они о своих делах говорить. Молодой гонец еще раз поклонился царю в пояс. — Царь-государь, прислали меня воеводы твои из-под Казани. Велено мне сказать твоему царскому величеству, что совсем взбунтовалась Казань непокорная. Подъезжали под казанские стены воеводы твои, князь Микулинский да князь Оболенский, и хотели они мятежных казанцев словами разумными успокоить, чтобы те ворота отворили и опять твою царскую власть признали. Не покорились казанцы, грубыми речами поносили воевод и в твою царскую дружину из луков и пищалей стреляли. С таким наказом от воевод послан я к тебе, царь-государь. Нахмурилось чело царя Иоанна Васильевича, оглянулся он на советчиков своих, словно взором говоря им: «Что, не моя ль правда была?!». Но потом скоро овладел собою, перекрестился и произнес со вздохом глубоким: — Видно, так Богу угодно! Затем зорко глянул он на молодого гонца и ласково молвил ему: — А ведь я спервоначалу не признал тебя, добрый молодец. Теперь-то вижу — ты брат моего слуги верного Алексея, ты во дворце Воробьевском чернь мятежную разогнал? — Я, царь-батюшка, — ответил, опять кланяясь в пояс, Данила Адашев. — Так вот же тебе за твою службу добрую мое спасибо царское и мое пожалование. Кивнул царь головой стольнику и повелел: — Ступай к моему боярину дворецкому, пусть принесет он мне гривну золотую, награду ратную; хочу я доброго молодца ею пожаловать. Упал в ноги царю Данила Адашев. — Ладно, ладно, — сказал ему ласково царь Иоанн Васильевич. — Поди с братом обнимись, чай, долго не видались. Отошел молодой воин к Алексею Адашеву; обнялись братья и стали тихо меж собой разговаривать. Тем временем царь Иоанн Васильевич глубокую думу думал. — Алексей, — вдруг позвал он любимца своего. — Хочу я так полки мои устроить, слушай: велю я собраться войску из дальних областей в Коломне и Кашире; из ближних — в Муроме. Московские полки мои поведут князь Александр Горбатый да князь Петр Шуйский; Михайла Глинского пошлю я на Каму, а будут при нем дети боярские, стрельцы, казаки, устюжане и вятичи. Свияжские воеводы пускай займут дружинами конными перевозы на Волге и главную рать ждут. Ладно ли я придумал? — Изрядно, государь, — ответил Алексей Адашев. — Б’ольшими воеводами, — далее стал говорить молодой царь, — поставлю я боярина князя Мстиславского Ивана Федоровича, да князя Воротынского Михайла Ивановича. Передовой полк поведут князь Иван Турунтай-Пронский да князь Димитрий Хилков. По правой руке воеводами будут боярин князь Петр Щенятев да князь Андрей Михайлович Курбский; по левой руке — князь Микулинский да боярин Плещеев. Сторожевые полки будут под началом у князя Василья Оболенского-Серебряного да Семена Шереметева. Мою царскую дружину поведут князь Владимир Воротынский да боярин Иван Шереметев. Ладно ли я удумал, Алексей? — Ладно, государь, лучше и придумать нельзя. — А назавтра надо Думу созвать да благословения попросить на подвиг ратный у отца митрополита и у других святителей. Сам я во главе рати моей стану и ее на татар поведу. Вмешался тут старец Сильвестр: — Ужели подвергнешь опять себя, государь, невзгодам и трудам бранным? Немало уже ты на пользу земли русской трудов понес. Дважды ходил ты походом на Казань непокорную… Пошли на этот раз лишь воевод избранных, а свою царскую особу обереги. — Нет, отец Сильвестр, я хочу вместе с воинами моими потрудиться. На глазах царских станут они еще доблестнее и головы своей не пожалеют. Да знает вся земля русская, что готов царь Иоанн Васильевич вместе с последним воином рядовым за нее голову сложить. В ПОХОД Через день после того, как получил царь Иоанн Васильевич недобрые вести из-под Казани, собрал он Думу; там возвестил он боярам и духовенству, что пришла пора сломить гордыню Казани мятежной, что пришло время избавить Русь от врага старинного, близкого и опасного. Перечислил молодой царь все обиды, понесенные от казанцев непокорных, изобразил в словах красноречивых долготерпение свое и все милости, оказанные мятежникам. Потом пересчитал перед думцами все силы земли русской, все полки конные и пешие, весь снаряд огнестрельный, всех воевод доблестных. Сказал далее царь, что сам поведет великую рать под стены казанские. При этом встал с трона своего золотого, перекрестился и, обратясь к митрополиту Макарию, воскликнул голосом потрясенным: «Бог видит мое сердце! Смогу ли некогда без робости сказать Всевышнему: „Се я и люди, Тобою мне данные“, если не спасу их от свирепости вечных недругов земли русской, с коими не будет ни мира, ни отдохновения!». Шумными кликами приветствовала Дума царская мудрые и отважные слова государевы. Долго еще шел совет, много еще говорил молодой царь о походе великом и трудном. Когда же окончил он речь свою, поднялся с места митрополит Макарий и вынул большую грамоту, церковным уставом писанную. — Дозволь, государь благоверный, — молвил святитель, — и мне из малых сил моих помочь твоему царскому величеству в трудном подвиге твоем. Дошла до меня весть, что в новом городе поволжском — Свияжске большая неурядица идет, что бесчинствуют ратные люди, что воеводы царские веления плохо слушают. Вот и надумал я послать в те дружины протоиерея Тимофея со святою водой и с таким наставлением, словесным и письменным, к воеводе и ко всем воинам. Развернул митрополит грамоту и стал читать громким голосом: «Милостию Божиею, мудростию нашего царя и вашим мужеством твердыня христианская поставлена в земле враждебной. Господь дал нам и Казань без кровопролития. Мы благоденствуем и славимся. Литва, Германия ищут нашего дружества. Чем же можем изъявить признательность Всевышнему? Исполнением Его заповедей. А вы исполняете ли их? Молва народная тревожит сердце государево и мое. Уверяют, что некоторые из вас, забыв страх Божий, утопают в грехах Содома и Гоморры; что многие благообразные девы и жены, освобожденные пленницы казанские, оскверняются развратом между вами; что вы, угождая им, кладете бритву на брады свои и в постыдной неге стыдитесь быть мужами. Верю сему, что Господь казнит вас не только болезнию, но и срамом. Где ваша слава? Быв ужасом врагов, ныне служите для них посмешищем. Оружие тупо, когда нет добродетели в сердце; крепкие слабеют от пороков. Злодейство восстало, измена явилась, и вы уклоняете щит пред ними! Бог, Иоанн и Церковь призывают вас к раскаянию. Исправьтесь, или увидите гнев царя, услышите клятву церковную». Великое спасибо сказал царь Иоанн Васильевич митрополиту Макарию за его заботливость отеческую. Потом распустил государь свою Думу царскую… Через несколько недель настал наконец день, когда должен был молодой царь выехать из Москвы в поход казанский. Утром после службы церковной пошел государь к царице молодой проститься. На верху царицыном были при супруге государевой только две ближние боярыни да старец Сильвестр, что утешал горюющую царицу. Была Анастасия Романовна в наряде простом, печальном, ради скорбного часа расставания с супругом любезным. Вошел государь, тоже невеселый, но скрыл он скорбь свою как витязь мужественный, исполняющий долг царственный. Горько рыдая, бросилась к молодому царю юная супруга, обвила его в отчаянии руками белыми и замерла на груди широкой. — Полно, Анастасьюшка, — ласково говорил ей молодой царь. — Вспомни, что носишь ты в себе залог нашего супружества царского, надежду всей земли русской. Береги себя и береги дитя наше царское. — Горько мне, царь мой любимый! Горько мне, супруг мой дорогой! — рыдая, говорила царица. — Когда нам свидеться придется! Сохранит ли тебя Господь на поле бранном? Ночей спать не буду, все о тебе, супруг мой дорогой, мыслить стану, все молиться буду! — Молись, Анастасьюшка, а скорби излишней не предавайся, — кротко ответил ей царь. — Оставляю на попечение твое всех нищих и несчастных — блюди, милуй и благотвори им без меня. Даю тебе свою волю царскую: отворяй темницы, снимай опалу с самых виновных по хотению твоему — и Всевышний наградит меня за мужество и доблесть, а тебя — за благость и милостыню. Слушая мудрые речи супруга своего, спокойнее стала молодая царица; осушила она свои слезы светлые, бросилась на колени перед иконами и вслух стала горячо молиться о здравии, о победе, о славе супруга своего… Когда же поднялась царица от молитвы горячей, — великая крепость духовная сияла во взоре ее; ни одной слезы более не пролила она при разлуке. Не плакала молодая царица, но зато вся скорбь душевная отпечатлелась на ее лике нежном: побелел прекрасный лик царицы, как снег; туман покрыл ее ясные очи; трепетали ее руки белые, обнимая дорогого супруга, юного царя Иоанна Васильевича. Решительно высвободился молодой стратег войска христианского из объятий супруги и, поцеловав, прощальное слово молвил: — Блюди себя, супруга дорогая, блюди наше дитя, быть может, наследника престола московского! Бог судил мне идти ратью великою на исконных врагов земли русской… Защитником тебе будет брат мой родной князь Юрий Васильевич. Каждый день, чуть свет, будешь ты получать вести обо мне — на то у меня гонцов довольно. Еще раз обнял молодой царь супругу и вышел на крыльцо хором своих, где был уже приготовлен ему боевой конь, для того чтобы выехал он на нем среди народа московского и показал москвичам, что сам царь не гнушается за оружие бранное взяться, сам идет на татар-нехристей избавить Русь Православную от недругов давних. Как увидел народ московский своего молодого царя в вооружении блестящем, в сопровождении доблестных бояр и воевод, как понял народ московский, что на смерть идет его государь молодой, что себя не щадит, — тогда раздался всеобщий клик, такой клик, каких доселе не слыхали на Москве, каких не слыхали предки царя Иоанна Васильевича, каких и он не слыхал до тех пор, пока не полюбил его народ православный. Не было в толпе народной ни приспешников боярских, коим поручено было бы печалиться об отъезде царском, не было в той толпе подкупленных слуг из челяди дворцовой, не было врагов, что хотели бы навести сомнение на молодого царя в его подвиге великом, — на сей раз кричал и вопил сам народ московский, жалея молодого доброго царя, что столько милостей ему оказал. Знал народ московский, что теперь все его обиды да угнетения ведомы царю через его ближнего любимца, окольничего Алексея Адашева. Знал народ, что честен и неподкупен Алексей Адашев и что через него все обиды и все кривизны доходят до слуха царского. Но прежде чем отправиться в далекий и опасный поход, пошел молодой царь Иоанн Васильевич в собор Успенский: там горячо молился он и, по сказаниям летописцев, «любезно припадал к чудотворному образу Богоматери и передал в руки Ея град и люди… Приходил же и к мощам Петра чудотворца и Ионы… Митрополит же государя благословил крестом животворящим». Выехал наконец государь Иоанн Васильевич из своего любезного града Москвы стольной во главе своей рати христолюбивой. Спешил молодой государь, дабы скорее избегнуть воспоминания о доме дорогом, о своей царице-хозяйке, обо всем, что напоминало бы ему тихое счастье семейное… Спешил он от дому своего, потому что чуял, что не сдержать ему слез горючих, ежели опять увидит он свой терем московский, царский, а там почудится ему светлый лик молодой царицы. Недалеко было до села Коломенского, но, доехав туда со всеми своими боярами, там царь роздых держал на пути дальнем. Постарались бояре ближние повеселить молодого царя на прощанье: был уже приготовлен большой пир, для которого еще загодя привезли из Москвы всякие яства и напитки. Перед походом трудным хотели бояре хитрые ублажить молодого царя лакомыми кушаньями да сладкими винами. Приготовили для царя на вкус, на потеху пирогов пр’яженых, гусей-лебедей жареных, приготовили и кур верченых, и всяких блюд лакомых. А окромя того, стояли на столе, богато убранном, целые стопы вин заморских: были тут и вина фряжские, были тут и вина немецкие, и другие вина иноземные. Все то приготовили в летнем дворце государевом, во дворце Коломенском. Около дворца толпилась целая уйма слуг боярских, и все они зоркими глазами глядели, скоро ли приедет поезд государев. Велено им было тотчас же послать гонца к боярам, что ждали, заранее приехавши, во дворце Коломенском. Красиво построен был дворец Коломенский, и ждали там молодого государя самые знатные бояре, только были те бояре из обойденных — ни один из них не был назначен воеводою царским, а потому злобились они за поруху чести своей. Затрубили в’ершники, заскакали гонцы — и подъехал ко крыльцу летнего дворца царского государь Иоанн Васильевич. Низко поклонились бояре, а потом даже на колени упали и завопили гласом велиим: — Прости, царь-государь! Остановили мы тебя на пути бранном! Не гневайся на нас, царь-государь, хотели мы в последний раз твое пресветлое лицо видеть. Усмехнулся царь Иоанн Васильевич — успел он, благодаря наставлениям старца Сильвестра да Алексея Адашева, хорошо узнать бояр своих, — усмехнулся и сказал толпе боярской с улыбкою ласковою: — В добрый час, бояре! Перед путем дальним отчего же не отведать меду крепкого московского? Благодарю вас, бояре, что еще раз дали свидеться с вами, дали мне случай вам прощальное слово сказать. Слез молодой государь с коня и вошел в хоромы, где все было приготовлено для трапезы пышной. Под руки подвели бояре царя Иоанна Васильевича к месту главному, почетному, усадили за стол — и пошел пир обильный, веселый. Радостен и ласков был царь, перед походом далеким хотел он бояр своих милостью наградить, чтобы ни одного недовольного или обиженного не осталось за ним в Москве. К каждому боярину обращался он со словом ласковым, всех просил крепко стоять за стольный город, за царицу и за брата своего Юрия Васильевича. Первыми около царского стола сидели воеводы собственной дружины государевой, князь Воротынский да боярин Шереметев. Чаще, чем к другим, обращался к ним молодой царь с речами своими и все говорил о походе трудном, о Казани могучей. — Что, боярин, — молвил он Ивану Шереметеву, — придется нам вдосталь кровавого пота утереть? Чай, теперь казанцы осердились и крепко свой город защищать будут. Поделом им, клятвопреступникам! Много уже раз я миловал их народ разбойничий, теперь уж не буду им пощады давать. Доблестный боярин Шереметев, весело улыбаясь, отвечал молодому царю: — И давно бы пора, благоверный государь, с лица земли стереть орду казанскую. Теперь как раз самое время настало — ослабела Казань и духом упала. Навряд ли и крымский хан ей подмогу пошлет. Нахмурил брови царь Иоанн Васильевич, услышав последние слова своего воеводы. — Не говори опрометчиво, боярин. Крымский хан лукав и злобен. Только и ждет он случая, чтобы нахлынуть на землю русскую с ордою своею. Да если теперь он на нас войной пойдет, плохо ему будет… Выпил царь Иоанн Васильевич золотой кубок меду крепкого, опять стал то с тем, то с другим из бояр разговаривать. Кого спрашивал он о делах приказов государских, что тому боярину доверены были; кого просто о делах домашних расспрашивал. Никого не забыл, никого не обделил молодой царь своей милостью. Много раз уже стольники и слуги, богато наряженные, обносили всех трапезующих переменами блюд лакомых; много раз уже наполнялись кубки и стопы винами заморскими; недалеко уже осталось до конца обеда царского. Взял молодой царь золотой кубок, полный мальвазии сладкой, и хотел пить за здравие своих воевод верных, своих бояр думных, как вдруг приметил, что от дверей пробирается к нему поспешно молодой сотник стрелецкий Данила Адашев. Остановился царь Иоанн Васильевич и подождал, с какою вестью к нему брат любимца его пришел. — Царь-государь, из Путивля прислан с вестями от воеводы Айдара Волжина станичник путивльский Ивашка! Следом за сотником царским пробрался к царю загорелый и запыленный воин; упал в ноги государю московскому и стал приказа царского ждать. — Говори, с чем прислан? — тревожно спросил его царь. Поднялся станичник и стал молодому царю ответ держать. — Велел воевода Волжин тебя, государя благоверного, оповестить, что поднялся хан крымский на Русь. С великими ордами идет он от Малого Дона Северского к Путивлю… Жгут и грабят крымцы на пути, и еще неведомо, куда повернут; должно быть, на Рязань пойдут! Замолчал гонец и снова царю в ноги поклонился. Шепот и смятение начались за столами; грозная весть всех напугала — два врага появились, да еще с разных сторон! Шептались меж собой воеводы, пугливо переглядывались бояре; весь пир, веселый доселе, омрачился и затих. Только один молодой царь даже чела не нахмурил, даже глаз не опустил. Зоркими очами глянул он на смутившихся бояр да воевод, а потом молвил ласково гонцу от воеводы путивльского: — Спасибо тебе, добрый молодец, что наказ воеводский исправно выполнил. Налейте ему вина в стопку серебряную и подайте. А ты, добрый молодец, ту стопку себе возьми за службу свою верную! Велик был почет для простого гонца-станичника получить дар со стола царского! Много поклонов земных отбил гонец, и когда выпил он вина заморского и стопку пожалованную за пазуху спрятал, сияло лицо его загорелое великою радостью. |
github_open_source_100_1_256 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /* Copyright 2002-2022 CS GROUP
* Licensed to CS GROUP (CS) under one or more
* contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
* this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
* CS licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
* (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
* the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.orekit.propagation.analytical.tle;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import org.orekit.errors.OrekitException;
import org.orekit.errors.OrekitMessages;
/** Utility class for TLE parsing, including alpha-5 TLE satellites IDs handling.
* <p>
* Alpha-5 extends the range of existing 5 digits TLE satellite numbers
* by allowing the first digit to be an upper case letter, ignoring 'I'
* and 'O' to avoid confusion with numbers '1' and '0'.
* </p>
* @see <a href="https://www.space-track.org/documentation#tle-alpha5>TLE-alpha5</a>
* @author Mark rutten
*/
class ParseUtils {
/** Letter-number map for satellite number. */
private static final int MAX_NUMERIC_SATNUM = 99999;
/** Letter-number map for satellite number. */
private static final Map<Character, Integer> ALPHA5_NUMBERS;
/** Number-letter map for satellite number. */
private static final Map<Integer, Character> ALPHA5_LETTERS;
/** Scaling factor for alpha5 numbers. */
private static final int ALPHA5_SCALING = 10000;
static {
// Generate maps between TLE satellite alphabetic characters and integers.
final List<Character> alpha5Letters =
Arrays.asList('A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H', 'J',
'K', 'L', 'M', 'N', 'P', 'Q', 'R', 'S', 'T',
'U', 'V', 'W', 'X', 'Y', 'Z');
ALPHA5_NUMBERS = new HashMap<>(alpha5Letters.size());
ALPHA5_LETTERS = new HashMap<>(alpha5Letters.size());
for (int i = 0; i < alpha5Letters.size(); ++i) {
ALPHA5_NUMBERS.put(alpha5Letters.get(i), i + 10);
ALPHA5_LETTERS.put(i + 10, alpha5Letters.get(i));
}
}
/** Private constructor for a utility class. */
private ParseUtils() {
// nothing to do
}
/** Build an alpha5 satellite number.
* @param satelliteNumber satellite number, that may exceed the 99999 limit
* @param name parameter name
* @return satellite number in alpha5 representation
*/
public static String buildSatelliteNumber(final int satelliteNumber, final String name) {
if (satelliteNumber > MAX_NUMERIC_SATNUM) {
final int highDigits = satelliteNumber / ALPHA5_SCALING;
final int lowDigits = satelliteNumber - highDigits * ALPHA5_SCALING;
final Character alpha = ALPHA5_LETTERS.get(highDigits);
if (alpha == null) {
throw new OrekitException(OrekitMessages.TLE_INVALID_PARAMETER,
satelliteNumber, name, "null");
}
return alpha + addPadding(name, lowDigits, '0', 4, true, satelliteNumber);
} else {
return addPadding(name, satelliteNumber, '0', 5, true, satelliteNumber);
}
}
/** Add padding characters before an integer.
* @param name parameter name
* @param k integer to pad
* @param c padding character
* @param size desired size
* @param rightJustified if true, the resulting string is
* right justified (i.e. space are added to the left)
* @param satelliteNumber satellite number
* @return padded string
*/
public static String addPadding(final String name, final int k, final char c,
final int size, final boolean rightJustified,
final int satelliteNumber) {
return addPadding(name, Integer.toString(k), c, size, rightJustified, satelliteNumber);
}
/** Add padding characters to a string.
* @param name parameter name
* @param string string to pad
* @param c padding character
* @param size desired size
* @param rightJustified if true, the resulting string is
* right justified (i.e. space are added to the left)
* @param satelliteNumber satellite number
* @return padded string
*/
public static String addPadding(final String name, final String string, final char c,
final int size, final boolean rightJustified,
final int satelliteNumber) {
if (string.length() > size) {
throw new OrekitException(OrekitMessages.TLE_INVALID_PARAMETER,
satelliteNumber, name, string);
}
final StringBuilder padding = new StringBuilder();
for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
padding.append(c);
}
if (rightJustified) {
final String concatenated = padding + string;
final int l = concatenated.length();
return concatenated.substring(l - size, l);
}
return (string + padding).substring(0, size);
}
/** Parse a double.
* @param line line to parse
* @param start start index of the first character
* @param length length of the string
* @return value of the double
*/
public static double parseDouble(final String line, final int start, final int length) {
final String string = line.substring(start, start + length).trim();
return string.length() > 0 ? Double.parseDouble(string.replace(' ', '0')) : 0;
}
/** Parse an integer.
* @param line line to parse
* @param start start index of the first character
* @param length length of the string
* @return value of the integer
*/
public static int parseInteger(final String line, final int start, final int length) {
final String field = line.substring(start, start + length).trim();
return field.length() > 0 ? Integer.parseInt(field.replace(' ', '0')) : 0;
}
/** Parse a satellite number.
* @param line line to parse
* @param start start index of the first character
* @param length length of the string
* @return value of the integer
*/
public static int parseSatelliteNumber(final String line, final int start, final int length) {
String field = line.substring(start, start + length);
int satelliteNumber;
final Integer alpha = ALPHA5_NUMBERS.get(field.charAt(0));
if (alpha != null) {
satelliteNumber = Integer.parseInt(field.substring(1));
satelliteNumber += alpha * ALPHA5_SCALING;
} else {
field = field.trim();
satelliteNumber = field.length() > 0 ? Integer.parseInt(field.replace(' ', '0')) : 0;
}
return satelliteNumber;
}
/** Parse a year written on 2 digits.
* @param line line to parse
* @param start start index of the first character
* @return value of the year
*/
public static int parseYear(final String line, final int start) {
final int year = 2000 + parseInteger(line, start, 2);
return (year > 2056) ? (year - 100) : year;
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_1_257 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | (function() {
"use strict";
})();
var intensive = angular
.module('intensive', []); |
1851139_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | 지시로다이키타역()은 일본 지바현 지바시 와카바구에 있는 지바 도시 모노레일 2호선의 역이다.
역 구조
상대식 승강장 2면 2선의 고가역이다.
승강장
역 주변
지바 현 지바히가시 경찰서
역사
1988년 3월 28일: 영업 개시.
2009년 3월 14일: PASMO 도입.
사진
인접역
지바시의 철도역
와카바구
1988년 개업한 철도역
지바 도시 모노레일의 철도역.
|
github_open_source_100_1_258 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | using System;
namespace SDDev.Net.ContentRepository.Contracts
{
public class StorageModel : IStorageModel
{
public string FileName { get; set; }
public StorageLocation Location { get; set; }
public DateTime CreatedDateTime { get; set; }
public string StoragePath { get; set; }
public FileType FileType { get; set; }
public long FileSize { get; set; }
}
}
|
https://apps.des.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=601536 | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | Roma Government Complex | Environment, land and water | Queensland Government
Skip links and keyboard navigation
Roma Government Complex
• 601536
• 42 Bungil Street, Roma
General
Also known as
Roma State School
Classification
State Heritage
Register status
Entered
Date entered
4 September 1998
Type
Education, research, scientific facility: School—state
Theme
9.1 Educating Queenslanders: Providing primary schooling
Architect
Queensland Department of Public Works
Construction period
1937, Roma Government Complex (1937 - 1937)
Historical period
1919–1930s Interwar period
Style
Classicism
Location
Address
42 Bungil Street, Roma
LGA
Maranoa Regional Council
Coordinates
-26.5701245, 148.79054261
Map
Street view
Photography is provided by Google Street View and may include third-party images. Images show the vicinity of the heritage place which may not be visible.
Request a boundary map
A printable boundary map report can be emailed to you.
Significance
Criterion AThe place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland’s history.
Roma Government Complex, formerly Roma State School is significant as a substantial stuccoed brick building that reflects regional prosperity of Roma as a pastoral service town. The impressive form of the Roma Government Complex is indicative of the relevant importance of Roma in relation to other towns in south western Queensland.
Criterion DThe place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.
The Roma Government Complex is an excellent regional example of a late Interwar school building, built as a part of the state government's depression initiatives under the Unemployment Relief Scheme. It is a good example of Queensland Public Works school building design and as such demonstrates the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural place.
Criterion EThe place is important because of its aesthetic significance.
The influence of Interwar Mediterranean style architecture and detailing creates an important aesthetic landmark in the town of Roma.
Criterion GThe place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.
As the former Roma State School, the building has a significant association with almost 50 years of primary school education for the Roma community since 1937.
History
Roma Government Complex is a three storey rendered brick building, influenced by Inter War Mediterranean style, facing Bungil Street. It was constructed in 1937 as the main building of Roma State School, providing primary education to children of Roma and district.
Roma was the principal town of the Mount Abundance district, which was established as a pastoral and agricultural region after exploration by Thomas Mitchell, New South Wales Surveyor General in 1846. It was originally settled by squatters, who established it as primarily a sheep grazing area. The township of Roma was proclaimed in September 1862, the first town formed in Queensland after separation. Roma was named after Lady Bowen, wife of the first Governor of Queensland, Sir George Ferguson Bowen. She was the daughter of a Governor of the Ionian Islands and her maiden name was Countess Diamantina Georgina Roma. Surveyor McDowall laid out the town reserving a section for public buildings bounded by Bungil, Charles, McDowall and Gregory streets. The first land sales were held in September 1863. The town of Roma was declared a municipality in 1867. Roma flourished with the advent of the railway in the 1880s, ensuring the efficient transportation of stock and produce to the coastal ports. The vast artesian basin was tapped in Queensland in the late 1880s and early 1890s, securing an alternative water supply for cattle and sheep.
In 1870 Roma State School, comprising simple timber school building and teachers residence, opened with an enrolment of 133 pupils. The Reserve for a National School, a two acre site bounded by Bungil, Wyndham and Arthur Streets and two residential allotments, was proclaimed in 1871. A second school building, facing Wyndham Street, was constructed in 1899, allowing the separation of male and female instruction. This school building was enlarged through addition and verandah enclosure, thereby creating a series of new classrooms. In 1912 a verandah was enclosed to create space for a high school, with a separate site established and opened on 2 August 1920. In 1939 the original school building was sold to the RSL and relocated to Queen Street.
In 1934, the Health Inspector Chas Clark, began to agitate for a new school builidng. He referred to the existing building environment as problematic in respect to the physical and educational development of the children. The Roma School Committee pressed for a new building, alluding to the established use of the Unemployment Relief Scheme for the construction of school buildings and departmental preference for provision of buildings for coastal urban centres. The plans were prepared by Maurice Guthrie, of the Architectural Branch of the Department of Public Works, in January 1935, however it took the School Committee a further two years to obtain an undertaking from the government on the construction of a new building. Brick was used as it was thought to be more substantial and cost effective, but perhaps more importantly, it provided employment for greater numbers of tradesmen, during the years of economic depression.
The building was occupied in July 1938 and officially opened on 25 February 1939, providing accommodation for 432 children. It comprised eleven classrooms; a head teacher, male and female teachers rooms; cloakrooms and play area facilities underneath at the basement level. Conforming to sectional design, covered verandahs were incorporated on both the ground and first floor, along all but the southern side of the building. Ten of the classrooms, five on each floor, were interconnected by the use of sliding partitions. A stage was created by the incorporation of a raised floor beneath the western class room on the ground floor, providing multi functional use of class room space. The design was comparable to other brick school buildings built during this period of economic depression and reflects educational methodology of the time. (Explain educational methodology)
A combination of inadequate size of the site for outdoor facilities, burgeoning attendance and movement to open plan teaching methods in the late 1960s and early 1970s saw major changes to Roma State School. The addition of a new library behind the main school building, in 1972, prevented the early suggested relocation of the school. However, in 1974, the school was divided into Roma Infants School for years 1-3, on a separate site in Quinton Street, and Roma Junior School for years 4-7, at the Bungil Street site. In 1986 the Education Department piloted a new prototype of school in the Roma Middle School incorporating grades 4-10 on the one larger 14 acre site at Cottel Street.
In 1987, the Bungil Street school buildings were remodelled as Roma Government Complex accommodating the regional offices of the Education Department, Water Resources, Boating and Fishing and Forestry. In 1997, the reserve was subdivided into three lots with builings on the front section. The rear section of the land, comprising two lots, was sold to the Bungil Shire Council and the Uniting Church in 1997.
Description
Roma Government Complex is located on a rectangular block bounded by Wyndham, Bungil and Arthur Streets and two vacant allotments. It is a substantial stuccoed brickwork building, influenced by Interwar Mediterranean style. It faces north toward Bungil Street and is aligned with that street.
Roma Government Complex is a three storeyed building with a centrally located main entrance in a range that breaks forward one bay. The main entrance door is recessed into an arched opening, enriched with an archivolt and keystone, and flanked by two wrought iron bracketed lanterns. The contrasting colour of the basement level accentuates openings and entrance features on the ground and first floor. The split symmetrical stairwell finished with an open porch at main entrance level has simple wrought iron balaustrading. A large square opening provides the central entrance to the basement level and is located beneath the entrance porch. It has archivolt and keystone patterns to match the main entrance.
All three storeys have simple openings along the verandahs, facing the street. The ground floor, carries semi circular arches in contrast to the squared openings on the basement and first floor levels Stair halls at each end of the building maximise the size of the major elevation to Bungil Street. On the basement level, symmetrical projecting door cases crowned with plain shields provide entrance to the stair halls.
The roof, clad with asbestos cement tiles, is pitched and hipped except for the central range which terminates in a gable/pediment at both south and north elevations. The front gable is marked ROMA STATE SCHOOL with the date of construction, 1937, in the gable of the rear of the building.
The building has relatively understated decorative features and fenestration patterns The main entrance is flanked by two grouped banks of casement windows crowned with a semi circular fanlight window. The light gently textured surface contrasts with the dark coloured timber windows located in the central range, the stair halls and the southern elevation. At the rear of the building eleven banks of four casements with fanlights are symmetrically placed on the ground and first floor. Identical grouped casement windows are located on the east and western face of the building.
The verandahs are floored with polished concrete and double hung sash windows line this space. Each floor has three entrance doors to the office spaces. The offices are open plan, with fluorescent lights and a centrally located air conditioning duct. At the western end of the ground floor office area, are two offices which these located on a raised platform, separating them from the main office area.
Bottle trees with small cairns and plaques, part of the Roma Avenue of Heroes, are located on the Bungil and Wyndham Streets footpaths. The front lawn area has six mature palm trees which are sympathetic with the architectural style of the building.
Image gallery
Location
Licence
Last updated
20 January 2016
1. Is your feedback about:
2. (If you chose ‘website’ above)
Page feedback
1. How satisfied are you with your experience today? *
3. (If you chose ‘service’ above)
Feedback on government services, departments and staff
Please use our complaints and compliments form..
|
github_open_source_100_1_259 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | // config/database.js
console.log('hello')
module.exports = {
//'url' : 'mongodb://localhost/passport' // looks like mongodb://<user>:<pass>@mongo.onmodulus.net:27017/Mikha4ot
'url' : 'mongodb://mongoblog:mongoblog@ds241677.mlab.com:41677/blogpostmongoose'
};
|
sn90061371_1905-05-03_1_2_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | POTOSI JOURNAL. F. It. DEGGBSDOHF, FablUher. POTOSI, : : MISSOURI. Almost very house in Slam pos sesses a loom, turning out sufficient clotb for its own needs. The British war office has declined to allow the Irish Guards' band to Tlslt the cities of the United States. Lewis Ball, who died at Teignmouth, Eng., in his 85th year, a few days ago. went on the stage at the age of 3 and retired only seven years ago. A curiosity to be seen at Berlin is a pair of curtains made of champagne corks, each cork being still covered by the gilt paper associated with the brands. Experiments are being made with rapid telegraphic apparatus between Paris and London. It is claimed that 40,000 words can be transmitted in an hour. Turkish women do not come into control of their private fortunes until after marriage. Then they can dis pose cZ one-third of it without the husband's consent. While working on the teeth of a civil war veteran named Reese, at Ot tawa, Kan., the dentist found a one ounce minie ball imbedded in the jaw bone. Reese was shot in battle in 1864. The Spanish government will estab lish an experimental station at the Institute Agricola de Alfonso XII., where the quality and working capac ity of agricultural machines and im plements are to be tested and official certificates of the results issued. The median age of Negroes i3 19.4 years that is, half the Negroes :n the United States are below that age. The median age is four years be!ow that of whites (23.4 years), a differ ence closely connected with the high birth rate and high death rate of the Negroes. In Belgium the insurance against accident and disability is obligator? for miners. Moreover, since January 1, 1900, the government has had a na tional fund for retiring pensions which is voluntary, and insures to each of its members when 65 years old a pension of $69.50. Tobacco is used by a greater nam ber of people and among more nations than any other product of the earth, with the possible exception of tea. It is the most heavily taxed product ol the world. The revenue derived from It by the American government Is over $44,500,000 a year; it has been as much as $62,250,000 (1901). Great Britain's tax on tobacco brings an an nual revenue of some $55,000,000. Leo V. Feaster, a wheelwright at Camp Stotsenberg, accompanied by two natives, while out hunting be tween the post and Bambang river, Philippines, approached within 10 yards of a monster python 27 feet long. Feaster emptied the contents oi his carbine into it and killed it. Aftei cutting it open there was found insirU a deer about 2 years old, with horns about four inches long, and only dead a few hours. The natives later car ried the deer home for food. Cleveland and Harrison have been the only retired presidents to be con spicuously successful in private busi ness. It is not generally known that Mr. Cleveland stUl .serves as consult Ing counsel in law cases In which his experience in the office of president may be supposed to have given him special qualifications as an adviser His fees in such cases are large, ai were those of Mr. Harrison as a legal adviser and a lecturer on consfitu tional law. Domestic cats running wild with their descendants born in the timbei threaten to overrun the forests of the nothern part of Minnesota. Severai years ago a lumber company distrib uted about fifty cats among his camps and at the headquarters for supplies to kill off the rats. When the camps broke up most of the cats were left to shift for themselves, and the re sult has been that they are now run ning wild with their thousands of de scendants, and the feline population of the county has already reached astonishing proportions. How to aid build up American trade in Germany is the subject of an inter estlng and valuable communication to our state department by Consul-Gen-eral Guenther, of Frankfort, Germany. It is stated as a general truth that any article of manufacture which finds a ready sale in the United States will sell in Germany, provided it Is placed before the public in a proper way and at a reasonable price. American goods are usually looked upon with favoi by the general public there, although rival German manufacturers often tn to disparage them. From the report of the metropoli tan police it appears that 1,925 per sons were arrested last year for beg ging on the streets of London, and ol these 1,539 were convicted and sen tenced to prison from one week to three pionths. It is calculated that 4,000 per sons make a living in London by beg ging, and that their average income amounts to 30 shillings, about $7.50, a week, of over $1,500,000 a year. Manj of the persons arrested were found ii possession of sums of money, and even of bank books, showing deposits aggie gating hundreds of pounds. That American manufacturers a lowly getting a stronger foothold in the markets of the island of Jamaicr is the testimony of competent avthon ties. There is an increasing demand for agricultural implements, all kinds of furniture, boots and shoes, and al kinds of hardware. Vice-Consul Or rett, of Jarcalca, expresses it as his be lief that reciprocity would be a mate rial way in which to develop trade re lations with Jamaica, each countrj Disking mutual concessions in present tariffs on those articles most likely tc lead to increased consumption. THERE'S NO PEACE YET IN SIGHT All EffortB to Settle the Chicago Strike Prove Fruitless. EMPLOYERS WQ N'T ARBITRATE The Laboring Men Declare Their Iteadinena to Acquiesce in the Flan of Submitting Contro versy to a CumiuUnion. Chicago, May 1. Chicago had on her working clothes Sunday, and to any one without a knowledge of the fight going on here between capital and la- Dor, an examination of the calendar was necessary to make certain that it was Sunday. From daylight in the morning until dark at night, the down town streets were crowded with heavi ly-laden wagons and trucks, giving the city a week-day appearance that was never witnessed here before on the first day of the week. Believing that the fight now going on for supremacy between the Employ ers Association of Chicago and the union teamsters is to be a protracted one, the business men of the city took advantage of the suspension of regular business to procure an extra supply of material and supplies. Every available team, and even one-horse vehicles, was brought into use during the day for the purpose of replenishing coal bins and to obtain other material necessary to the transaction of business. To-day being May 1, which is moving day in Chicago, the furniture vans in the residence district added to the week-day appearance of the city. Fear ing that the furniture drivers might become involved in the difficulty, the majority of those who under normal conditions would have sought their new homes to-day, decided to take no chances and made the change Sunday. While all these preparations were going on for an emergency, efforts were being made in Mayor Dunne s of fice in the city hall to bring about a possible adjustment of the teamsters' strike. Early in the afternoon a com mittee, representing the Employers' association, met a peace commission consisting of Bishop C. P. Anderson, of the Episcopal church; Jenkin Lloyd Jones, of All Soul's church; Dr. Emil G. Hirsch, of Sinai Temple. Miss Jane Atidams, of Hull House, and Cornelia De Bay, of Neighborhood House. At the end of this conference the committee representing the unions met the citizens committee and went over the entire strike situation in an effort to devise some means to bring about a peaceable ending of the controversy. The Chicago Federation of Labor was al.so busy considering the strike situa tion, but no action was taken to spread the strike to the affiliated unions. The conference in Mayor Dunne's office lasted six hours, and the peace commission appointed by the mayor, Saturday, failed utterly in its efforts to bring about a settlement of the strike. The plan for an armistice of 48 hour3 was rejected by both sides early in the conference, as was also an offer, later made by the representa tives of the labor men, who asked that a committee of five citizens be ap pointed to arbitrate the matter. After the conferences, which were held in secret, the peace committee is sued the following statement: "The members of this commission, acting upon request of Mayor Dunne, regret to inform the public that, after having heard representatives of both parties to the controversy, no plan was found acceptable to bring about anad Justment of the difficulty. "The representatives of the employ ers refused to accept any commission or means of arbitration which was sug gested, while the laboring men de clared their readiness to acquiesce in the plan of submitting the controv ersy to persons commanding the respect and confidence of the community." A Bloody Riot. Chicago. May 1. The bloodiest work of Sunday occurred at Crosby and Oak streets at eight o'clock in the morning, not far from the scene of Saturday night's barn fight. A mob of more than 1,000 persons, among whom were many women, attacked two men, threw them from their wagons, kicked them insensible and then cut the horses loose and turned the wagon upside down. ERUPTION OF STR0MB0U. The Volcano Is TlirowinK Ont Stunes and I.ara Is Flowing Down the Mountain Sides. New York. May 1. Mount Strom- boll is in eruption, cables the Herald's correspondent at Canania. Italy. There has been a heavy fail of stones and much lava is flowing in two streams down opposite sides of the mountain. The eruption is accompanied by slight earthquake shocks. A German scientist. Dr. Schultz, who tried to approach the mountain, re ceived serious injuries. Miss Frances Amelia Lincoln. New York, April 30. Miss Frances Amelia Lincoln, 75, a relative of Pres ident Lincoln, was found dead at her home in New Rochelle. She had been ill some time. Miss Lincoln was frequently a guest at the White House during the Lincoln administration, and was present at the funeral of the president. lumber Plant Burned. Beaumont, Tex.. May 1. The plant of the Lemonvllle Lumber Co., at Lemonville, 15 miles northeast of this city, was burned Sunday. Loss, $50, 000; partially insured. Laredo, Tex., HecoverlBs;. Laredo, Tex., May 1. This city la again beginning to assume its cus tomary appearance, despite the great havoc wrought by the storm of Friday evening last. Large forces of laborers have beep busily engaged in clearing away the debris. A Itoynl Present. Baltimore, Md., May 1. At Johns Hopkins university, Gen. Albert Pfes iter, of Stuttgart, presented to the university, on behalf of King William II. of Wurtemburg, a bronze statue of Schiller, the German poet. THE MISSOURI SUNDAY LAW Its Enforcement as at Present, in St. Louis, to be Assailed. It Is Claimed That the Only Lav Applicable Permits the Sale ol Beer and Wine. St Louis, May 2. Only the whisky drinkers will be barred from their fa vorite tipple on future Sundays if th contention of attorneys for the local brewers and saloonkeepers is sustained by the courts. These attorneys attack the validity of the present Sunday closing law, and claim that the only law applicable to St. Louis is that of 1867, which per mits the sale of beer and wine on Sun day, but forbids the sale of distilled liquors. Preparations for the appeal to the courts are now being made by Judge G. A. Finkelnburg and ex-Att'y.-Gen. E. C. Crow for the brewing interests, and former City Counselor Benjamin Schnurmacher and Judge Leo Rassieur for the Liquor Dealers' Protective as sociation. The cases of the saloonkeepers who were arrested for violating the Sunday closing law will come up in the court of criminal correction within a few days and the attorneys for the liquor interests expect that the court will hold that the law of 1867 is still in force. The right of the excise commission er to revoke a license for violation of the Sunday law without giving the sa loonkeeper a trial by jury, or before a jury, has passed upon his case in a criminal court, is also challenged by the attorneys. They expect to apply within a few days to the supreme court of Missouri for a writ of certiorari against Excise Commissioner Mulvihill on the ground that he is exceeding his authority by revoking licenses without a jury trial. They contend that the commissioner's power is similar to that of a county court, which, they claim, can revoke licenses without a jury trial for all causes except violation of the Sunday law. HONORS FOR GEN. PORTER. Foreign Minister Delcnsse 'Will (alve Him a Dinner, nnd Amer ican Colony Will Also. Paris, May 2. Foreign Minister Del-C'is:-i: will give a dinner to Gui. Potter, May 12, and the American colony will five him an elaborate reception ani dinner May 17. After that Gen. Porter will make an automobile tour of Switzerland, returning here for the ex tensive military and naval honors v.-hu-h the Fret.cb government will ac cord the remains of Paul Jones when the body is taken to .America. Gen. Porter is now preparing his of ficial report of the recovery of the body. Gen. Porter's talks with King Edward during the Loubet dinner, Sun day night, vere particularly cordial. RETURNED WITHOUT A PELT. The President's Party Returned to ("a nip, Monday Gvenins, With out Even a Bobcat. Glenwood Springs, Col., May 2. President Roosevelt and menwrrs of his hunting party were in the sn. He f-.i.-.i S a. :n. until 4:30 o'clock Monday, -e'urnii r without a pelt of any kind or evei sighting game. Jirb reached the camp at 2 p. m., and expects to run to-day. The hunters will not o.-tipy their old camp on East Divide reck until to-day, as the president desired to await Mr. Loeb's arrival in the pres ent quarters on the West Divide. New bear tracks in great number have been reported near the Penny ranch on the East Divide, where luck went against the hunters when they started out. IN HONOR OF MANILA BAY. Seventh Anniversary of the Famous Battle Observed by Admiral Dewey and Friends. Washington. May 2. Seven years ago Monday, Admiral Dewey, then commo dore, sailed into Manila bay with the Asiatic squadron and gained the vic tory over the Spanish forces which won for him the title of admiral. In commemoration of the event a number of officers who served with Dewey called on him at his office and paid their respects and later, with their wives or other ladies of their families, were the guests of Admiral and Mrs. Dewey at lunch. Monday night the admiral and the officials named attended a banquet in honor of the memorable occasion. Opened for ThrnuKh TraStle. Los Angeles, Cal., May 2. The nev San Pedro, Los Angeles & Salt Lake railway was formally opened to through traffic Monday evening, when passenger trains left both Los Angeles and Salt Lake for the through trips on regular schedule time. TVaval Commander Money Dead. Annapolis, Md., May 2 Commander George Morse Stoney, United States navy, died suddenly of heart disease at his quarters on board the ship Santeo, at the naval academy, aged 32 years. He had been in bad health for several months. Wood Splinter Canses Death. Anniston, Ala., May 2. James Cur ly, aged 30 years, died from blood poison, caused by sticking a wood splinter in his leg near the knee two weeks ago. Curry suffered terribly and died in great agony. Bad Wreck In Texas. Beaumont, Tex., May 2. Santa Fe freight train struck a washout near Gilman. Engineer D. D. Barfield and Fireman E. W. Broker were killed, and G. W. Mitchell and A. J. Connelly were fatally injured. Chased by Farmers. Evansville, Ind., May 2. Excited farmers on horseback and armed with guns and revolvers chased two young men near Princeton, ind., who are charged with criminal assault on two girls. 13 and 14 years of age. REIGH OF TERROR EXISTS III WARSAW Nearly & Hundred Persons Killed or Wounded. AN UNPROVOKED SLAUGHTER Troops Deliberately Hemmed In a Peaceable Procession and Then Charged I pon the lu . armed Paraders. Warsaw, May 2. Nearly one hun dred persons were kllletl or wounded in disturbances in various quarters oi Warsaw Monday. The troops appar ently were uncontrollable, and violated all orders to act with moderation. They fired into the crowds of demonstrators, and workmen in retaliation resorted to the use of firearms and bombs. Manj women and children are among the dead and dying. What approaches I reign of terror exists; the city presents a most gloomy aspect and the tempei of the entire community augurs ill. Day Opened Auspiciously. May day opened with every prospect that the recent gloomy forebodings would find contradiction in peaceful ending. Glorious weather ushered in the beginning of the celebrations, and alt factories, shops and offices of everj description were closed. The streets were crowded from early morn ing with gaily dressed people and troops. Children everywhere en joyed themselves in the warm sunshine. The presence of numerous patrols oi Cossack cavalry and infantry were thf only reminder of lurking danger. A Cowardly Attack. No untoward incident was reported until afternoon. The first disturbances occurred between 1 and 2 o'clock p. m.. when a procession of several thousand workmen carrying red flags marched along Zelazna street. The demonstra tion was quite orderly and proceeded without molestation for some distance Suddenly several squadrons of Uhlans appeared, but without interfering with the procession, and took a position along the sidewalks while the work men passed through the lines. Then a company of infantry approached from the front, and immediately the cavalrj charged into the procession, driving il with the flat of their swords into a dis oragnized mass. The cavalry with drew, the infantry fired a volley, where upon the demonstrators turned and fled. The infantry continued to dis charge volleys into the retreating shrieking multitude. Thirty-one per sons were killed and many wounded and of the latter it is said 15 will die The shooting is considered to have been unprovoked. It aroused the most in tense indignation among all classes ir Warsaw. Many of those who were killed or wounded were shot in the back, showing that they were running away when they were struck. Another Terrible Scene. Another terrible scene was enacted at 5 p. m., at the corner of Zlota and Sosnore streets, when workmen fired from behind a wall at a patrol, which immediately opened fire on the passing crowds, killing or wounding 20 persons. The first bomb throwing occurred at 9:35 p. in., when a bomb was thrown into a Cossack patiol near the Vienna station. Three Cossacks and one po liceman were killed, and two women who were leaving the station at the time, were severely wounded by the explosion of the bomb. Cossacks anil infantry fired a number of volleys, and it is reported that many persons were killed or wounded. Surrounded by Troops. Troops surrounded the whole neigh borhood. It has been impossible, nr. to the present time, to secure accurate information as to the casualties in this affair. At 10:4o disturbances broke out at the Zombkowska gate of the suburb of Praga, across the Vistula river. A great crowd had assembled there threatening the troops, when hussars fired on the crowd, killing four and wounding many others. THE STORK COMING AGAIN. The Wife of the President Sews and Smiles Softly to Herself. Washington, May 2. The sweerest nnd dearest experience of a woman's life, as the immortal Louisa M. Al cott, in "Little Women,'' expressed it. is once more to come to Mrs. Theodore Roosevelt, wife of the president. Having returned from her series ol little outings, she is at home for some time to come, and puts in her time sewing and smiling softly to herself tike any other wifely woman. Ijld Meets Ileal Ii I nili-r Holler. Greenfield, 111., May 2. A seven-year-old son of William Cluster, a farmer, was instantly killed by falling in front of an iron roller attached to a wagon his father was driving. Search Hindered hy Gas. Wilburton, I. T.. May 2. Much trouble is beirg experienced in search ing for the bodies of the 13 miners en tombed by Sunday's explosion, on ac count of gas It is expected that four or five days will elapse before the bod ies are recovered. The Santa Fe Folly Ttepalrcd. Los Angeles. Cal., May 2. The Santa Fe railway officials report that all damage to their roadbeds resulting from the floods in Arizona and New Mexico, have been repaired, and the line is now open to traffic. To Test Flection law. Lincoln, May 2. Gov. Mickey has announced that Att'y-Gen. Brown, with his sanction, would some time this week institute suit in the supreme court to test the constitutionality of the biennial election law passed by the recent legislature. Refuses to Reduce Grain Ratesv Topeka, Kas., May. 2. N. H. Loorafs, acting in behalf of the Union Pacific Railroad Co., has fled with the Kaiisas railroad commission a refusal to grant a reduction in Kansas grain ?ates, ' --fa-fo-f : NEWS FROM MISSOURI : 4aaaaaa-rf Lire With Bullet in Brain. Physicians at the city hospital in St. Louis are interested in the case of Charles Martinek, who shot a Bullet into his brain March 14, but is appar ently none the worse for the wound, even though part of the brain, which protruded through the opening, was removed. Martinek has has full pos session of all his faculties and walks about the hospital apparently well, excepting the unhealed wound. He Buffers no pain. The bullet has not been removed. Cndets Appointed. Congressman M. E. Rhodes, of the Thirteenth district, has announced the appointment of F. G. Delano, of Iron ton, to the cadetship at West Point, with J. F. Schmidt, of De Soto, and H. C. Davis, of Fredericktown, as alter nates. Alexander Wilson, of Farm ington, is appointed to tlie cadetship at the Annapolis naval academy, with H. Harralson, of Ste. Genevieve coun ty, and L. R. Crow, of Madison coun ty, as alternates. Increase School Levy. At the special school election in Boonville the proposition to levy an extra 23 cents on the $100 valuation carried by a majority of Si. The school levy for 1005 will be 65 cent3, or 5 cents less than last yc?r. The Boonville school district is out of debt, and the money secured by the extra levy will be used in improve ments on the buildings and in the employment of more teachers. Missouri' Oldest I'll per Sold. The Statesman, the oldest newspa per in the state of Missouri, was sold to William Hirth, a son-in-law of Con gressman Vincent, of Kansas, and A. C. Talley, formerly chief clerk in the department of labor at Jeffercon City. The former owners of the Statesman were L. H. Rice and H. T. Burekhart. The Statesman was founded by Col, William F. Switzler, the Missouri his torian. To TnlW Runila nt Cnineron. A branch of the National Good Roads association has been organized in Cameron with F. M. Filson presi dent, and Albert Hulen secretary. A monster good roads convention is be ing planned for May 24, at which time the Burlington and Northern Pacific Lewis and Clark Good Roads special will bring promised government offi ciauls and road building experts. llifkmnn InvcHtiicalinK' Failure. Luther S. Hickman, state supervisor of building and lean associations, has commenced an investigation of the af fairs of the American Mercantile asso ciation of St. Joseph, the get-neh-quick scheme which failed. Hickman will endeavor to proceed against the officers of the company under the ton tine law. if the facts developed by him warrant such a course. Zinc nt Rich Hill. The big prospect drill of the Rich Hill Oil and Gas Development com pany went through a large deposit of jack, zinc ore, besiiles having previ ously punctured four and five-foot veins of coal. This find will be pros pected further, as it may develop this field into another Joplin. Missouri Corporation Sold. A deal was completed whereby the Central Lead company, a Missouri cor poiation owned it St. Louis, and the holdings of which include 1,000 acres of mining lands in St. Francois county, passed into the possession of the Gug genheim ir.lerests of New York. Methodists Knvor Snnd-i Clnsinsr. The Methodist conference in session at Hallsville indorsed Gov. Folk in his stand against the Sunday saloons, and al.so indorsed the press of Kansas City and St. Louis for the support giv en the reform movement during the last few years. Factory Inspector Appointed. Gov. Folk has announced the ap pointment of Kenneth G. Bellairs, a St. Louis newspaper reporter, to suc ceed C. J. Nordmeyer as state factory inspector. The term of Mr. Bellairs begins on May 15. The office pays $2, 000 a year. ;.i'l Kontls Convention. Arrangements have been made for a good roads convention to be held in St. Joseph May 19 and 20, at which time the National Good Konds special train of the Burlington will be there. SJ. Charles Newspaper Sold. The Banner-News, the democratic organ of St. Charles county has chang ed hands. E. Huelsch retiring and Messrs. R. A. Chase and R. M. Thomas assuming charge. Modern Woodmen's State Camp. The state camp of the Modern Wood men of America will be held at Mar shall May ?.. and the citizens are mak ing elaborate preparations to enter tain the visitors. Fall from Hay Ilroke His Neck. Mr. George Gates, an ased farmer, residing between the Chariton river and Callao. met with a fatal accident. He was riding on top of a load of hay and fell off. It is reported his neck was broken and that recovery is im possible. tiets Land in Mexico. J. I). Cameron, of Joplin, his se cured an option on a tract of land comprising one-quarter million acres near the city of Mexico for the coloni zation of farmers from Texas and Mis souri. Missouri Boys Snccrssfnl. Of the 75 candidates who took the mental examinations for admission in to the naval academy as midshipmen, 47 tmi-.d. Amonx the sueceWul prin cipals were H. H. Fox, and H. W. Koe taler, of Missouri. Wns 111 Years Old. According to a certificate filed with the board of health at Kansas City, Palanan Jenkins, a negro woman who died there was 111 years old. Sbe was born in Lexington, Kj., but the data of her birth is net given. A TRAINED NURSE ' - . t After Years of Experience, Advises Women in Regard to Their Health. Mrs. Martha Pohlman of 55 Chester Avenue, Newark, N. J., who is a graduate Nurse from the Block ley Training- School, at Philadelphia, and for six years Chief Clinio Nurse at the Philadelphia Hospital, writes the letter printed below. She has the advantage of personal experience, besides her professional education, and what she has to say may be absolutely relied upon. Many other women are afflicted as she was. They can reg-ain health in the same way. It is prudent to heed such advice from such a source. Mrs, Pohlman writes: " I am firmly persuaded, after eight years of experience miu xyuia rj. jinmmrn s Vegetable Compound, that it is the safest and best medicine for any suffering woman to Use. "Immediately after my marriage I found that my health began to fail me. I be came weak and pale, with se vere bearing-down pains, fear ful backaches ana frequent dizzy spells. The doctors pre scribed for me, yet I did not improve. I would bloat after eatine and freuuentlv hnmmn nauseated. I had an acrid discharge and pains down through my limbs so I could hardly walk. It was as bad a case of female trouble as I have ever known. Lydia E. Pinkham's Vegetable Compound, however, cured me within four months. Since that time I have had occasion to recommend it to a numlier of patients suffering from all forms of female difficulties, and I find that while it is considered unprofessional to rec ommend a patent medicine, I can honestly recommend Lydia E. Pinkham's Vegetable Compound, for I have found that it cures female ills, where all other medicine fails. It is a grand medicine for sick women.1' Money cannot buy such testimony as this merit alone can produce such re sults, and the ablest specialists now agree that Lydia E. Pinkham's Vege table Compound is the most univer sally successful remedy for all female diseases known to medicine. When women are troubled with ir regular, suppressed or painful men struation, weakness, leucorrhoea, dis placement or ulceration of the womb, that bearing-down feeling-, inflamma tion of the ovaries, backache, bloat ing (or flatulence), general debility, in digestion, and nervous prostration, or are beset with such symptoms as dizzi Lydia E. Pinkham's Vegetable Compound Succeeds Where Others FalL An Awful Jolt TTe Some men are only witty when they've had a glass or two of wine. She According to that, 1 suppose yon never drank a drop in your life. Chi cago Daily News. CUTICURA, THE SET, $1.00. Complete Treatment for Every II u monr, from Pimples to Scrofula, from Infancy to Age A Set Often Cures. Cuticura Treatment is local and consti tutional complete and perfect, pure, sweet and wholesome. Bathe the affected surfaces with Cuticura Soap and hot wa ter to cleanse the skin of crusts and scales and soften the thickened cuticle, dry without hard rubbing, and apply Cuticura Ointment freely to allay itching, irritation and inflammation, and soothe and heal, and lastly take Cuticura Re sclvent Pills to cool and cleanse the bicod, and put every function in a state of healthy activity. More great cures cf simple, scrofulous and hereditary humors are dailv made bv Cuticura reme dies than by all other blood and skin remedies. "I wonder how Mr. Smuggs acquired his reputation for uprightness and can dor?" "Very easily," answered Miss Cayenne. "By never telling a falsehood when there was the slightest danger of being caught." Washington Star. I.et Everybody Work and the world would be more happy and contented. Just consider how much pain and trouble results in your body, when your liver or stomach stop working. Hap pily, you can soon set them to work again, cure your pains, and restore yourself to health and contentment, with Dr. Cald well's (laxative) Syrup Pepsin. Try it. Sold by all druggists at 50c and $1.00. Money back if it fails. Any person who is lied about in pub lic may console himself by reflecting that he must be of some importance or peo ple wouldn't take the trouble. N. Y. Times. In a Pinch, Use Allen's Foot-Ease. Shake into your shoes Allen's Foot-Ease, a powder. It cures Corns. Bunions, Painful, Smarting, Hot. Swollen feet. At all Drug gists and Shoe Stores. 25c. Sample FREE. Address A. S. Olmsted, Le Roy, N. Y. The treasury reports tha there is $2.5SS,992.9S3 in circulation. Most of it is circulating so fast, however, that fe can catch it. Washington Post. If your stomach troubles you at anytime take " Stomachic." Will relieve you atonce and cure you. Save druggists' profits. Bold only direct delivered to you lor $1.00. Stomachic Co., Sturgts, Mich. Tf we were as credulous about other peo ple and things as we are about ourselves, the supply of gold bricks couldn't keep up with the demand. Puck. TW Si Taii, T Our daughter took Piishcck's 'ivuro ae- v-oruing 10 aireciiona ana is completely cured now. John Meyer. There are not so many people leading the simple life now, but there are a whole lot more talking about why others should lead it. Chicago Tribune. A VOICE FROM THE PULPIT. Rev Jacob D. Van Doren, of 57 Sixth Street, Fond Du Lac. Wis.. Presby ici-ian cierjryman, says: "I had at- 1 J tacks of kidney disor- a I ders which kept me in 4x r 5 I tne house for days at a y I time, unable to do any- can hardly be told. Complications set in, the particulars of which I will be pleased to give in a personal interview to any one who requires informa tion. This I can con scientiously sayJXmn's Kidney Pills caused a general improvement in my health. . They brought great relief by lessening the pain and correcting the action of the kidney secretions." Doan's Kidney Pills for sale, by all dealers. Price.. 50 vents. Fc stcr-ilil-b urn Co., Buffalo, X. Y. f - l N ness, faintness, lassitude, excitability, irritability, nervousness, sleepless ness, melancholy, "all-pone " and " want-to-be-left-alone'' feelings, blues and hopelessness, they should remem ber there is one tried and true remedy. Lydia E. Pinkham's Vegetable Com pound at once removes such troubles. No other female medicine in the world has received fuch widespread and unqualified endorsement. No other medicine has such a record of cures ot female troubles. The needless suffering of women from diseases peculiar to their sex is terriblo to see. The money which they pay to doctors who do not help them is an enormous waste. The pain is cured and the money is saved by Lydia E. Pinkham's Vegetable Compound. Ex perience has proved this. It is well for women who are ill to write Mrs. Pinkham, at Lynn, Mass. In her great experience, which covers many years, she has probably had to deal with dozens of cases just like yours. Her advice is free and confi dential. DYSPEPSIA, BLOOD and SKIN diseases and RHEUMATISM are tne result ot im poverished blood, CAN BE CURED WITH PUSH'S KURO This not only removes the urates and uric acid, but corrects the fluids and blood, and prevents diseased prod ucts and germs. No other medi cine works like this. Will Be Sent on Trial IF IT HELPS YOU, pay $1.00, if it does not benefit you pay nothing and you decide. You know what you talce, as the Formula is sent with each package. Send this advertisement and your address to DR. C. PUSHECK, Chicago. Also For Sale at all Druggists. SICK HEADACHE Positively cured by CARTER'S these Little ruts.; They also relieve Dis rJlTTLE tress from Dyspepsia, In digestion and Too Hearty IVER Eating. A perfect rem edy for Dizziness, Nausea. Drowsiness, Bad Taste tn the Heath, Coated Tongue, Pain In the sue, TORPID UVER. They regulate tbe Bowels. Purely Vegetable. SMALL PILL SMALL DOSE. SMALL PRICE. Genuine Must Bear Fac-Simils Signature REFUSE SUBSTITUTES. AT A PLEASANT THE NEXT MORNING I FEEL BRIGHT N0 NEW AND MY COMPLEXION IS BETTER. Mr doctor sara It act cratlr on tbe itnauch. liver and kidney and i a pleasant la i at We. Tbi drink made from herb, and ia prepared for uia aa email! tea. It ia called "Lane's Tea" or LANE'S FAMILY MEDICINE All Sro mitts or hj na i ! 5 rt. so d frO ctv B ny I tj day. LttorN Family MeHirin moves tfa bwH) carle nttr in order to tt bxaJtby UuaiC BKwiwr. ifciiM. Box 2ta. 1 IX. Y. LIVE STOCK AND MISCLJA.NEXUS Electrotypes TN GREAT VARIETY FOR SALE AT THB LOWEST PRICES BY A.N.KELLOGC NEWSPAPER CO. 73 V. Aaami Street. CBICA0O MOTHER CRAY'S SWEET POWDERS FOR CHILDREN, A Certain Core for Feverleaiewam, CraattMtIa. Hea)4ace fttsaaatcla Tfouble, Teihlaa lllierteri. mixl De.lr, mttaliiH10 hour. At all OruMla'.e, (&. J"i Hn3ne,8npl mailed KHKK. i-llraa. CARTERS rilTTLE If IVER IIPIU.S. urn b it. |
github_open_source_100_1_260 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import * as filesize from 'filesize';
import * as React from 'react';
import { IoIosInformationCircleOutline, IoIosThumbsUp } from 'react-icons/io';
import { Stats } from 'webpack';
import {
getEntryChunkSize,
getNodeModuleSize,
getTotalChunkSize,
getTreeShakablePercent,
} from '../stat-reducers';
import * as styles from './overview-suggestions.component.scss';
import { classes, formatPercent } from './util';
interface IProps {
first: Stats.ToJsonOutput;
last: Stats.ToJsonOutput;
}
const epsilon = 1024 * 2;
function nodeModuleSizeTip(first: Stats.ToJsonOutput, last: Stats.ToJsonOutput) {
const firstNodeModuleSize = getNodeModuleSize(first);
const lastNodeModuleSize = getNodeModuleSize(last);
if (lastNodeModuleSize > firstNodeModuleSize + epsilon) {
return (
<div className={classes(styles.tip, styles.suggestion)}>
<IoIosInformationCircleOutline className={styles.icon} />
Try to use smaller node modules, or eliminate ones you don't need.{' '}
<a href="https://bundlephobia.com/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">
BundlePhobia
</a>{' '}
can help you find smaller modules.
<small>
The size of your node modules grew from {filesize(firstNodeModuleSize)} to{' '}
{filesize(lastNodeModuleSize)}
</small>
</div>
);
}
if (lastNodeModuleSize < firstNodeModuleSize - epsilon) {
return (
<div className={classes(styles.tip, styles.awesome)}>
You dropped {filesize(firstNodeModuleSize - lastNodeModuleSize)} from your node modules
size!
<small>Way to go!</small>
</div>
);
}
return null;
}
function entrypointTip(last: Stats.ToJsonOutput) {
const totalSize = getTotalChunkSize(last);
const entrySize = getEntryChunkSize(last);
const isMajority = entrySize > totalSize / 2;
if ((isMajority || entrySize > 1024 * 512) && totalSize > 1024 * 128) {
return (
<div className={classes(styles.tip, styles.suggestion)}>
<IoIosInformationCircleOutline className={styles.icon} />
Your entrypoint size is pretty big. Investigate code splitting and lazy loading to import
only the code you need.
<small>
Your entrypoint{' '}
{isMajority
? `contains the majority (${filesize(entrySize)}) of your code.`
: `is fairly large (${filesize(entrySize)}).`}
</small>
</div>
);
} else if (entrySize < totalSize / 5) {
return (
<div className={classes(styles.tip, styles.awesome)}>
<IoIosThumbsUp className={styles.icon} />
Your code is split up well, your entrypoint is {formatPercent(entrySize / totalSize)} of
your total code size.
<small>Way to go!</small>
</div>
);
}
return null;
}
function treeShakeTip(last: Stats.ToJsonOutput) {
const percent = getTreeShakablePercent(last);
if (percent > 0.8) {
return;
}
return (
<div className={classes(styles.tip, styles.suggestion)}>
<IoIosInformationCircleOutline className={styles.icon} />
Some of your modules aren't tree shaken. Choose ones that can be tree-shaken to help reduce
your bundle size.
<small>{formatPercent(1 - percent)} of your dependencies aren't tree shaken.</small>
</div>
);
}
export const OverviewSuggestions: React.FC<IProps> = ({ first, last }) => {
return (
<>
{nodeModuleSizeTip(first, last)}
{entrypointTip(last)}
{treeShakeTip(last)}
</>
);
};
|
github_open_source_100_1_261 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | export { default as RoundOpenWith } from './Icon';
|
github_open_source_100_1_262 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | using System;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.IO;
using System.IO.Abstractions;
using Kudu.Core.Infrastructure;
using Kudu.Core.Tracing;
namespace Kudu.Core.Jobs
{
public class ContinuousJobLogger : JobLogger, IDisposable
{
public const string JobLogFileName = "job_log.txt";
public const string JobPrevLogFileName = "job_prev_log.txt";
public const int MaxContinuousLogFileSize = 1 * 1024 * 1024;
public const int MaxConsoleLogLines = 200;
private readonly string _historyPath;
private readonly string _logFilePath;
private FileStream _lockedStatusFile;
private int _consoleLogLinesCount;
public ContinuousJobLogger(string jobName, IEnvironment environment, ITraceFactory traceFactory)
: base(GetStatusFileName(), environment, traceFactory)
{
_historyPath = Path.Combine(Environment.JobsDataPath, Constants.ContinuousPath, jobName);
FileSystemHelpers.EnsureDirectory(_historyPath);
// Lock status file (allowing read and write but not delete) as a way to notify that this status file is valid (shows status of a current working instance)
_logFilePath = GetLogFilePath(JobLogFileName);
ResetLockedStatusFile();
}
private void ResetLockedStatusFile()
{
try
{
if (_lockedStatusFile != null)
{
_lockedStatusFile.Dispose();
}
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
TraceFactory.GetTracer().TraceError(ex);
}
_lockedStatusFile = File.Open(GetStatusFilePath(), FileMode.OpenOrCreate, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.ReadWrite);
}
protected override void ReportStatus<TJobStatus>(TJobStatus status, bool logStatus)
{
try
{
if (!FileSystemHelpers.FileExists(GetStatusFilePath()))
{
ResetLockedStatusFile();
}
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
TraceFactory.GetTracer().TraceError(ex);
}
base.ReportStatus(status, logStatus);
}
internal static string GetStatusFileName()
{
return ContinuousJobStatus.FileNamePrefix + InstanceIdUtility.GetShortInstanceId();
}
private string GetLogFilePath(string logFileName)
{
return Path.Combine(_historyPath, logFileName);
}
protected override string HistoryPath
{
get
{
FileSystemHelpers.EnsureDirectory(_historyPath);
return _historyPath;
}
}
public override void LogError(string error)
{
Log(Level.Err, error, isSystem: true);
}
public override void LogWarning(string warning)
{
Log(Level.Warn, warning, isSystem: true);
}
public override void LogInformation(string message)
{
Log(Level.Info, message, isSystem: true);
}
public override void LogStandardOutput(string message)
{
Trace.TraceInformation(message);
LogConsole(message, Level.Info);
}
public override void LogStandardError(string message)
{
Trace.TraceError(message);
LogConsole(message, Level.Err);
}
public void StartingNewRun()
{
// Reset log lines count
_consoleLogLinesCount = 0;
}
private void LogConsole(string message, Level level)
{
if (_consoleLogLinesCount < MaxConsoleLogLines)
{
_consoleLogLinesCount++;
Log(level, message, isSystem: false);
}
else if (_consoleLogLinesCount == MaxConsoleLogLines)
{
_consoleLogLinesCount++;
Log(Level.Warn, Resources.Log_MaxJobLogLinesReached, isSystem: false);
}
}
private void Log(Level level, string message, bool isSystem)
{
CleanupLogFileIfNeeded();
SafeLogToFile(_logFilePath, GetFormattedMessage(level, message, isSystem));
}
private void CleanupLogFileIfNeeded()
{
try
{
FileInfoBase logFile = FileSystemHelpers.FileInfoFromFileName(_logFilePath);
if (logFile.Length > MaxContinuousLogFileSize)
{
// lock file and only allow deleting it
// this is for allowing only the first (instance) trying to roll the log file
using (File.Open(_logFilePath, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.ReadWrite, FileShare.Delete))
{
// roll log file, currently allow only 2 log files to exist at the same time
string prevLogFilePath = GetLogFilePath(JobPrevLogFileName);
FileSystemHelpers.DeleteFileSafe(prevLogFilePath);
logFile.MoveTo(prevLogFilePath);
}
}
}
catch
{
// best effort for this method
}
}
public void Dispose()
{
Dispose(true);
GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
}
protected virtual void Dispose(bool disposing)
{
if (disposing)
{
if (_lockedStatusFile != null)
{
_lockedStatusFile.Dispose();
_lockedStatusFile = null;
}
}
}
}
} |
bub_gb_O7EBAAAAYAAJ_62 | German-PD | Public Domain | 481 barkeil; '2. con^lautcs Zuüamiuciilcbcu mit dem anderen nnd 8. YnrIoekuDg durch ein penöDlidies Intetcsse. Tm gcsetzlidion Sinne sind Thäti r gli i. h schul- dig, den Anstifter trifft jedoch die grijssere Verantwort- lichkeit. M. bringt mehrere Bet^ipielc, darunter einen dureh rinen Tanbatummen an einem anderen mit HDfe d(T obenfalls tanbstununen F^au des letateren began- genen Mord. Von den zufolge des Jähresbariehtos Altar's (11) in die Irrenanaialt Leubus anfgeoommenen 185 Per- sonen waren 21 mit dem Straf g'-si^t z i ii '"'o n fl i c t gekommen und 11 davon waren auf Grund des $ 61 Si-P.-O. in die Anatalt aufgenommen werden: 1. IVieder- holt wegen Amtabeleidigung abgestrafter Darhdi rker- tnelster. Qiienilant''nwaliii. 2. B.. Coti'litor, 47 .lalire alt, hatte sich wiedcrhutt bei äliereu Frauen als Arzt eingefBbrt mit der Angabe, er müsse si« amtlidi nnter- s'ii I ' II. was er auch in plumper, ofTenbar auf sexu> lli' Bi'fririli^ninr,' P''!i'"hteter Wei-e lliat. l-üj^ilcpsif durcli Aleoholi.smu.s chronicus, secundärer Sehwachsiuu. 3. A'.ij. Mann, wiederholt wegen Notiianebt in Anklage. Keine Oci>ti-~ t .rung. Der Gerichtsarzt hii lt Kpi!> psie und sexuelle Perversität für wahrscheinlich. 4. Mann von 48 Jahren hatte seine Frau im Streite erschossen und dann einen SelbstmordversnehansgeObt Psyebopathisehe, reizbare Persönlichkeit, erblich bela.stet, an Schlaflosig- keit, Kopfschmerzen, Ilerzpalpif ationen, Angst- und Sobwindclanfallen leidend. Keine ausgesprochene lieistcs- Itrankbeit erkennbar. Die Anklage wegen Mord wurde fallen gi lassen, rler Mann jedoch wegen vorsätzlicher Tödtung zu 12 Jahren Zuchthaus verurtbeilt. 5. Schuh- macbcr von 55 Jahren, wegen unsittlicher Handlungen mit kleinen MIddwn in Untenuchnng. Nach geridits- ärztlichem Gutachten _plampcr Simulant" — rhmni- schcr Paranoicua. 6. 43jähriger Mann des Meineides angeklagt. HallndDatorisehe Yerwinrtheit und ehre- niscber Verfolgungswahn als Folge Ton Alcoholmiss- hraueh. 7. -11. Vier Brand.stifterinnen. von denen die eine melancholische Verstimmung, ballucinatori.sch be- dingte Angsteffecte und wahraebetnlieb Epilepsie, die zweite Sehwachsiun. transitorisch auftretende Sinnes- täuschungen uii'i ' iin n .srhii fon Schädel, die dritte chronischen Schwaeb>inn mit periodischen AfTeetzustan- den und die vierte Sebwaebsinn mit Hallaeinationen erkennen Hess. Ausserdem wurden Ewei Personen aoa Strafliäuseni der Anstalt tiberfreben, und zwar ein 34jähriger Brandstifter, der bald nach seiner vor sechs Jahren erfolgten Temrtheilung ein auflhilend gestSrtes Verhalten zeigte, aber vom Gefängnis.sarzt als geistes- gesund erklärt worden war, während sieh nachträglich chronische ballucinatoiische Paranoia ergab, und eine wiederiwlt abgestrafte Frau, die sieh als eine elironiadi verrückte und seit längerer Zeit lebhaften Sinnestftu» scbungcn untf-rworfenr Ft rson erwies. Die perversen i^cxua Ivergeben theilt man nach Sofdel (IS) am besten in xwd Gruppen ete, Je nachdem sie in .Ahweieliun-ren und Vcrirrungen des normalen Geschlechtstrtel>''S dem weildii'hen (i'M'hkrtite gegenüber oder in päderastischen oder sodomiti.schcn Excesaen bestehen. Die der ersten Gmpp« beschäftigen das Gericht nur selten, da sie von den Mitwisserinnen verschwiegen werden. 8. ttieilt zwei Briefi» mit, deren kaum glaublicher Inhalt pMasochismus" (wollüstige Be- friedigung bei Misshandlungen dureh ein VVcib) erkennen lässt. Leichte ma.>>ocbistiscbe Auwandlungen scheinen hSulIg TOTzukommen und ist Flagellation nicht allein bei entnervli'ii ältrren, sondern auch bei jüngfri*n ne\i- ropathisch beanlagten Männern wie bei Prostituirtcn nieht selten begehrtes Reizmittel. Bei der Päderastie erwähnt S. eines Falles ans eigener Praiis tob gewalt- samem päderastischen Attentat gegen eintii H^ii-ker- geselluu durch zwei griechische Arbeiter. Im späteren Leben auftretende seinelle Perversitäten scheinen nicht selten Anzeichen und Vorläufer schwerer Psychosen sa -sein, wofür S. mehrere Beispiele anführt. Bei Krauen ist die Literatur über perverse Sexualempliudiuig viel Irmer. S. erwähnt eines solchen Falles, eine Halb- idiiitiii betreiTend, und eines anderen vi>n weiblichem M.i-soi hismus, bi lrclTend ein«- I'.ilientin. die sich wieder- holt den Arm absichtlich lu.\irte, um bei der Reposition woUflatige Empfindungen zu haben. — Bei zwar erblich belasteten aber sonst normalen Individuen wäre es falsch, sie als Geisteskranke .irjzusi Ii.mi. Zu lu riiek- sichtigcn wäre aber ihre erfaiirungsgemäss schwache Resistens. Anders wäre die Sache bei hereditär Be- lasteten, bei denen periodisch perverse sexuelle Antriebe auftrel' II. Sil' diirfti ii als Geisteskranke zu bcurtheilen sein. Euie dnue Gruppe sind Geisteskranke im engeren Sinne. In zweifelhaften Fällen ist Beobaehtung in einem Iirenhausc, nicht aber im Gefingniss angezoigi Der zweite Fall von angeborener psychischer Perversität (s. letzten Bcr.), über welchen Mac Do- nald (13) berielitet. betrilTt einen nun .''l j i!iri:.'> ii. zu lelx-nslaiiger Deti nti ni verurtheilten Mann, wrleher als 12jährigi-r Knab' an 7 kl> intn Knaben Gewaltactc ver- übt und schliesslich 2 andere Kinder nmgebraobt hatte. Erstere hatte er an einsame Orte grlockt, in der Regel sie nackt sicli pntkltid'-n la^si-n und dann L;i']icifseht. Früher hattr er .sio meist gebunden. Einzelne hatti- er in einen Sumpf geworfen und blutig gesehlagen. Ein kleines Mädchen hatte er an sieb gelockt und ihm von hinten den Hals dorchschnitten. Die Leiehe wmde be- reits fa\il mit vorn aufgeschnittenen Kl' idern gefunden. Kill zweites Kind (Knabe) hatte er dureh Halsabschnei- den gefijdtet und dem Sterbendr-n noch mehrere Stiche versetzt. An der Leiche wurde das Scrotum ausge- schnitten und der Penis verletst gefunden. IncuTpat weis.s keinen Grund fiir s. ine Thaten anzugeben, .er niuss es thun". Er soll schwer gelernt und verschie- dene Eifreiilieiten dargeboten haben. Epilepsie ist nieht nachweisbar. Während der 17 .lahre seiner Detention wurde nichts Auffallendes an dem Inculpaten beob- achtet. M. D. vcrmuthet sexuelle Perversität als Motiv der Thaten. Er erörtert die Frage. r>h der Mann nun nicht mehr als gefährlich zu betraeliieii ist. Er lä-sst sie unentschieden, fordert jedoch im Interesse der Ge- sellschaft, welches in derartigen zweifelhaften Fällen stets zunächst berücksichtigt werden müsse, die Fort- daner der Detention. Weitere .Miltheilungcn Mac Dnuald's (14) über Fälle sexueller Perversität, betreffen: I. einen dOjährigen Sakristan, der dn k1eine.<i Mädchen auf einen Kirehtburm geloekt und dort ermordet hatte. Spuren einer sexuellen Violation fanden sich nn der Leiobe tiieht. W'ilil al'er Spuren frischen Samenergusses an den Kleidern des Inculpaten, welcher gestand, dass er schon einmal eine ihm unbekannte ¥na ohn« äusseren Grund Digitized by Google 48ä T. HOFMAKN, Ob ermordet habe; 2. einen Araber, der eine PrMtitiiirte crvür^i und ihr dann den Haurh aufgtvschützt und ein Oviiriuin aligesilinitton liattr. AiissinJtin hatte er der Lticlii- nn'hi< rf KnMi7-schnitti' beigebracht Er eelbst hatte mehrere kretuförmigo Tätovirungen an sdnem Köiper. Der Fall erinnert an die bekannten Witbe> i'liapol-Prostituirt4Mi MiTdc ..Tack des Aiifschlitxcrs". Icbcr die Ubductiorishofunde bei letzteren Füllen, 11 an der Zahl, naehi H. karte Mittbeilung. Garnier (l^) b<rii>hii t iilrr einen junpfn Mann, der wegen angitiüclien Ta^cliendiebstahls verhaftet wurde. Es wurde !■ I n !i < im.statirt, dass er sich nur an Damen angedrängt und ihre Kleider betastet hatte, veil er dabei sesnelie Erregungen bis cum Orgasaiu.s .bekam. Nur seidenn Kleider li.itten fliese Wirkung. Awh sonst hatte er eine besond' re Vorliebe für .seidene (iegcn.ständc. Der mit die>er sexuellen IVrver- sitiit behaftete 29jährige Mann war erblich stark be- lastet, war zum Gd«tHcben bestimmt, hatte mystisch« Anwandlungen und fixe Ideen, .'^eit früher .lugend wurde er durch Dcriihrung von Seide geschlechtlich auf- geregt bis nir Onanie. Ein anonymer .lurist (IR) führt aus. dass in § 175 des deutschen Strafgesetzes unter widernatiir- Heber Unsacht, nur die eigentliche I^äderastie ge- meint sei und erSrtert, dass der Urning swar von der Y'">riiahme der seiner Natur eulsprerbeiidi n unziieliti^rfri Handlungen sieh enthalten kanu, dass aber trotzdem die Zurcchnuii<;snihigkeit der Urninge fBrihre geschteeht- liehen Acte eine meist an der Mindestgrenze sich be- wegende sei. Die unzüchtigen Acte erscheinen ihnen in einem ganz anderen Lichte, sie empfinden den Trieb nicht als einen widematflrlichen, und dieser ist mebt sehr mächtig, oft krankhaft gcsteigeit. Verf. verlangt die Aufhelning des ganzen § 17.'). Für Deutschland würde es vollkommcD genügen, wenn die Päderastie nur dann straflnr vSie, wenn sie offentlieh oder an Knaben unter 14 Jldirai b<'gangen oder erzwuiiiren wor- den wäre. Der Arbeit ist ein N.iehw .rt v. ii Krafft- Kbing beigefügt, welcher diesen AusfiiJirungon zu- stimmt. Zur Kenntniss der verschiedenen Formen der l'syehopathia sexualis bringt K rafft - Ebi ti g (17) neue Heitrage: eine Bcobaciitung vun ideellem Maso- ehismus bei einem jungen Mann, der durch Yorstellung von dcmüthigeti Handlungen und Situationen bei Frauen (Kopf zwiselien deren Füsse, Trinken des L'rins dcr- .selbeu, Eingesperrtwerden etc.) sexuell erregt wird; ein Fall von Stereoranisrotis bei einem 24jlhrig. Beamten. Quam mulicr quae.lam in OS ei defaeeavit et minxil. maxima vobiptate affcctus est. Er coitirte dann mit dem feilen Weibe. Zwei Fälle von FusbfeiiscbiMnus: sexuelle Erregung beim Anblick nackter Füsse. All« Fälle betrafen nenropathi^ehe, meist erblich belastete Individuen. Die Antriebe hatten den Charactcr von Zwangsvorstellungen. Zahlreieh« Fälle von seiueller Perversität enllKiIt d.is Werk von T'enta flS) und eine ausführ- liche ßiugraphie des bekannten Frauenraörders Vincenzo Vergeni. ünber einen selteoen Fall von sexueller Per- versität (rulilinctus et feltatio) berichtet Belo- bradsky (19). Aus Anl.a.ss einer nerichtsvcrhnndlung gegen einen 1 «jährigen Burschen wegen Diebstahls gab JCHTSABZKEIKÜXDI. dieser an, er habe das Geld von einem onbekannteo Herrn erhalten, der ihn und noch T} andere Burseh, a von l.'j — 18 .lahren zu verschiedenen l'nzuehts.v^.•a verleitet und sie dafür bez.ihll habe. Diese Vorgänge wurden thatsäcblich constatirt und bestanden darin, das« der Unbekannte an abgelegenen Orten die Bor» sehen sieh entbü'.sseti liess und dann thcils .culwa Ünxit", tlieils .iiieniSruMi eoruni in os susceptom sutit, in iis suuni inejere jussit .-t l'itiuin «icvoravit". Ah Tlüiler wurde der 2Üjährige Comuiis A. eruirt. Dw Untersuchung ergab hochgradige erbliehe Betastung, Diphtherie (Scharlach) im Kindesaltcr, Anämie, ano- male (Jemchs- und Oesehmaeksempfindungen, .sehw.vh- lielien Ki'rperbau, apathisolieii ( K- ■.ausdnick, tern und .*»ehwachsinn. .Seit früher .lu;;end an- >male.s Verhalten. Onanie wird geleugnet, wurde alter wahr- sebeinlich frühzeitig und stark geübt B. spraeh si^h fBr Unzurechnungsfähigkeit aus. Die Anklage g<-ii<:u A< wurde eingestellt, die b Bursehen jedoch weg-n widematiirlieher Unzucht zwischen Personen dcNScIlK-u Geschlechtes zu nieluTVöehentlicher Kerkerstrafe ver- urtheilt — Der Publieation dieses Falles schickt B. eine detailltrte Besprechung der versehiedenen Arten der sexuellen Perversitäten, der (lesehichte derselln n und der modern-psychiatrischen Auffassungen derselbto voraus, der ungemein reiehhalt^ Idteraturaiigaben bei- gefügt sind. Eine merkwiirdige sexuelle Perversität h.nte Coutagnc (20) zu begiitachlen. Ein 17jähr. .Vrbeii r hatte Machmittag ein Küchcnmcsscr gekauft, war dana SU einer jibr. Prestitufrtcn gegangen, mit welcher er bereits .^mal gesehbeliilieh verkehrt hatte, licss die- selbe, n.iehdeni er ilir l' IVcs. gegeVu-n hatte, .sieh voll- koiiinien au'<ziei.en, rnikleidete sieh selbst tbeilwcise, forderte dann das Mädchen auf, sich dem Bett zu uälicro, was er mit erigirtem Penis C) ebenfalls that und ver- .setzte ihm hierauf drei Stiebe mit dem Messer, den einen unterhalb der rechten Achselgegend, den zweiten in den rei hten Busen und den dritten n'ehts vom Nabel in den Bauch. Das Mädchen wehrte sieh, wobei St« sich mehrmals an dem Messer verletzte, liel zu Bodan und wurde von auf ihr Geschrei herbeieilenden Personen gefunden, wie sie von dem Attentäter auf den Knien gehalten wurde. Letzterer entfloh und stellte sieh -i- fiirt auf der Polizei, wo er angab, dass ihm d.is .Mad- chen sein Portemonnaie gest. hjcn habe, weshalb er mit diesem in Streit gerieth. Am anderen Tage erklärte er, die That begangen zu haben, nm sieh sn verhindeni, zu dem Madchen wiederzukommen. .\uch wollte er nur cintn.il zugestochen haben. Später wurde i-r weich und gab weinend zu. drei Stiche geführt zu haben, und zwar wegen eines Streites, den er angeblich Tags vor der That mit der Prostituirten einer klänen Summe (50 Cts.) wegen gehabt halte. .Mooholwirkung war ausgesebhissen. Erbliche Veranlagung. Degenerationszeichen, ."schwadi- sinn "der (ieiHiesst.>rung w.iren nicht nachzuweisen, ebenso wenig Epilepsi.-. Die Verletzungen der Prasti- tuirten waren sämmtlieb leicht. Coutagne findet keine Erklärung für die That, als eine sexuelle Perversität. Die Jury sprach den Inculpaten frei, wabrscheinljcb vorzugswei.se wegen des geringen Grades der Ver- letzungen. DSrfler (99) unterscheidet der physiologischen und den pathologiseben Geisteszustand der Ge- bärenden. In ersterer Beziehung bemerkt er, d:i<s der Geisteszustand einer Gebärenden j'-dcr Zeit einco mehr oder weniger hochgradigen Erregungszustand des Gehirnes und seiner Thätigkeiten d.irstellt. In den meisten Fällen ist die Zureehiiungsrüiigkeit entscbiedi^ü erhalten, doch sind die geringsten Begünstigungsmomente, wie neuropathisehe Belastung, abnorm sobmenhafle Wehen, heimliche Gebort, vonniagegangen« Gemüths- Digitized by Google HOPMAHK, QSRIOBTSABSNBIKDHDB. 488 depnsaimieB, bMondea bei undielieb Gebbenden, im Stande, das Gleidigewicht des Geisteszustandes dor Kreisenden zu stören. Von der physiolo^nscln n Erre- gung zur pathologischen ist dann liein allzugrosser Zwiieheiitaam. Die patbologisebeo Geistessu« stände der Gebärenden theilt er in Erschöpfungs- und in Erregungszuständf ein. Krstere können durch Unter- lassung des dem Kiudc nüthigen Beistandes, letztere dnreb aetive Insultintogen des Kindes gefihrlieb «er» den. Ten den Erschöpfungszuständen behandelt eri .i) die grosse körperliehe und geistige Ermattung nach der Geburt, b) das Schwinden der Sinne (Ohnmacht, Scblaftncht, Sebeintod), indem er von diesen Formen , Beispiele anführt, besonders von Ohniiiaebt vihrend und gleich nach derfJeburf. Von deu ErrcgunpszusUin- deu bespricht er ebenfalls unter Anführung von Bei- qiielen: 1. heftige patholugiscbe Aflbete, 2. wnthsom« artige Erregungszustände, 3. Hania transitona, 4>Bq>tua rnelancboli<-tis, 5. Iransitori^i^he Delirien auf hysterischer und pathologischer Grundlage, 6. echimptische Delirien und 7. Fieberdelirien. Die Bissvunden der Zunge bei Epileptikern sind selten tief und hinterlassen insbesondere nur aus- nahmswcise Substanzverlustc Dass letzteres aber vor- kommen kann, zeigt ein von Laureut (23) publicirter und abgeUldeier Fall, in dem nadi soleben offenbar wiederiiolten Befinden eine bedeutende TerstOaunelung der Zungenspitie sieb auageUldet hatte. I i In r einen FIpileptiker, der im epileptischen .^chwindelanfall seinen Sohn erschlagen hatte, berichtet V. Krafft-Ebing (24). Unmittelbar vor der Thal war der Sohn dem Yater nS<^hwarz wie ein Araber" erschie- nen, und letetflrer behauptete, aus Nothwehr nur einmal igescblagen su haben, «ibrend die Seetion 6 Wunden crjjab. Dtr von Angelucci und i^icraccini (25) bcj^Jt- achtetc Fall bctrifTt einen 21jahr. Soldaten, der plötz- lich ohne alle Ursache gegen einen Cameradeu einen Sehuss aus seinem Dienstgewehr abgefeuert hatte. Die Anamneso und die Unffrsuchung ergab, dass Tm nlpat die Thal in einem epileptischen Ausnahms- zustande begangen hatte. Die vnn Sienierling (2fi) grlir.irl.t. n IJeiti iige zur forensischen Psychiatrie betreffen 1. einen Fall von Verfolgungswahn mit consecutivem Mordversuch an zwei T'ersonen: 2. Moril. Epili ptischer Verwirrt- heitszustand. Tudtung einer i'roslituirten iu letz- ter'm. I i i^siiteher, aueh durch die Umstände merk» würdiger Fall. In ihrem <iutachten über einen Epileptiker, der wiederholt wegen Diebst;ihlen bestraft worden war und neuerdings einen solchen begangen hatte, führen Mairet und Jaumes (27) aus, dass der Untersuchte zwar zweifellos an epilcptiscbi.n Anfälli-ii b i'le, die seit einer in der .lupfend erlittenen Kopfverletzung bestehen, dass er aber :!ur Zeit der That nicht geistei^gestört gewesen ist. Trotzdem sprechen sie' sich dahin au.s, dass wegen der Epilepsie die Zureehnungsiafaigkeit des luculpatcu Termindert sein könne. Ein Mann wurde bei einem Einbruelidiebstalil ver- haftet. In der Untersuchungshaft traten epileptische Anfälle mit transi tonscher Geistesstörung (pctit mal) auf. Vallon (28) constatirte solche auch iu seiner Anstalt, trotzdem kam er zum Schlüsse, dass der Mann nur Zeit der That nicht im epileptischen Ans- JahMbarfohl te tufUs IMlafai. ISN. Bd. I. nabmssustand sieh befhnd und die Anamnese nur simulirte. Bei einer 16jihr., noch nicht menstruirten anämi* adiea Brandstifterin 'constatirte KrSmer (29) erb- liebe BelastrinfT, Seh wach.sinn, hysterische Er- sebein u n g e n , perverse Gefühle und Neigungen, Siunes- tineehungen. Nach Schul se*s (88) Ausführungen über den llypnotismus ist man gepenwärtifr berechtigt su sagen, dass bei gesunden Personen vou gesundem Ver- Stande nieht emstlich jede beliebige Absurdität durch Bypnotismns benrorgeniftn werden kann. Es kann hddi> stens die Möglichkeit zupi^ebcn werden, di^s sittlich defccte Menschen durch wiederholt eindringende Uypnoti- simngen m einen enuttiafliai Verbrediea venuilaest weiden können. Ein •-'() j;ihnpi r Bedienter, welcher seit dem K?. .'abre an Somnambulismus gelitten und noch iu der letzten Zeit im Schlafe gesprochen und gc^sungen hatte, war kurz nach dem Einschlafen der Herrschaft in das Schlaf- zimmer der Frau gekomnu n, naclidem er aus der Küche ein Tranchirmesser, aus rinem Waffen tableau einen Dolch, zwei ungleiche Itcvolver und aus einem Kasten die dautu gehörigen Patronen genommen und entere ge- laden hatte. Er verletzte die Frau mit 2 Stichen und eine Kammerlrau, zu welcher sie sieh flüchtete durch 2 Schüsse. Jetzt erst will er zu sich gekommen sein und habe, da er einsah, etwas Unrechtes gethan su haben, seine Sadien susammengepaekt una sieh ge- flüchtet. Von den ersten Experten wurde die That, nhf welche kein M'itiv naeliweisbar war, als durch Som- nambulismus, von andern als durch larvirte Epilepsie veranlasst erklärt. Brouardel, Mo tet und Garnier(S8) gaben jedoeh nach melmnonatlieher Beobaebtuni; das (lutachten, da.ss weder Somnambulismus norh Epilepsie vorliegt, sondern die That eines Schwachsinnigen, der mit ihr Effect machen wollte. Inculpat stammt au^ einer Familie von Alooholikem und ut sonst erblich belastet. Bourneville (84) bringt die Abbildung eines 40jährigen Mannes, weleher mit einer Doppelbildung der unteren Extremitäten (hemimieüe bi-ab<iomi- nalc) behaftet ist. Er stammt aus einer Familie, in welcher mehrfach Missbildungen vorgekommen sind und ist sebwaehsinnig. Ein Mädchen hatte an ihrem Hochzeit.stage im Hause, wo die Hochzeit gefeiert wurde, einen kleinen Geldbetrag gestohlen, aber unter der Schatulle, aus welcher sie das Geld penommen, <'ine Kechnung zuniek- gelasscn, die sie sofort verriclh. .Am andern Tage halte sie das Geld selbst zurückgebracht. Sie wurde zu 5 Tagen Gefängniss venirtheilt. Ein Jahr später lie- ging sie einen zweiten Diebstahl ebenfalls in un- ^resehickter Wei.se und wurde dann in einem wie jr^.jstes- abwcscndem Zustande iu einem seichten Bache ge- funden. Diesmal wurde die Untersuchung ihres Geistes- zustandes veranlasst und von Bub (37) constatirt, dass die Frau mit Schwachsinn und periodischen Auf- rcpungszuständen behaftet ist, die stets mit citpiösen Menstruatioosblutungen susammenfielen und wie B. meint, auf der so ent-ttaadenen flimanamie beruhten. Da geleugnet wir<l, dass en, sserer ethischer Defect ohne andere Abnormitäten bestehen könne, bringt Bleuler (39) die Krankcnge.schichte eines Falles von Mural ins.iiiity v,i> sieh totaler Muil-' 1 der nttruisti- schcn Gefühle er^jab, wahrend die sonsti^^en Anomalien zu.sammengenommen viel geringer w iren. als bei vielen Geistesgesunden, die deshalb seiue Bubricirung unter die intellectuelle Idiotie oder eine hereditär d^nera- tive Gtisteskiankbeit noch lange nicht gestatteten. 82 Digitized by Google 484 T. Hofmann, Gerichtsarzkeikundb. .Es giebt also", schKcMt B., ,eioe reine moralische Idiotie«. Esoridge (40) beriehtet über drei Fälle voa Moral iiisanity in vrclchen die Betreffsoden Wecbsel- fälscbuDgcu begaugcu hatten. Der eine betraf einen jungen Mann aus guter Familie, der seit dem 14. Jahre unrnnssipem (i. tiusv von Cigarettcn und andern Excessci» crgrlim wni unii seit dieser Zeit eine Anzahl von Wecli-cirUsrhutigcn, .stets aur auf Icleioe Summen, begangen iiatte. Für die cn- minelle Bedeutung dieser Delikte hatte er kein Ver- sfiiiidiiiss und hfii.ihni sich noch in der Irrenanstalt wie ein Maelithabi'C uikI ungerecht Verfolgter. Kr ist ner\i">s und heftigen Kopfsehmcr/en unterworfen. Im zwi'ilen Falle handelt es sieh um eine hysterische, religiös excentrischo Frau, die anfangs Bodcndiebstählc und später WechscinUschungen begangen hatte. Die Itrank- linften Krseheinungen waren erst seit ihrer ersten SchwangiTscIiaft einp'1rt>ten. Sic war Morphinistin und nahm in der letzten Zeit 10 — 20 «irain.s tiiglieh. Auch der dritte Fall betraf einen Morphinisten (20—30 Grains Morpbiu täglich), während bei einem vierten Simulatioo constatirt wurde. Ueber einen Mann, der im Verfolgungswahn seioe Mutter durch Ualsdurchscbneidung getödtet hatte, beriehtet Borr! (44). Es ergab sieh erbliche Belastung, Degenerationszeichen, (ii-hiirshallucinatioiicn und gi'gen seine ganze au.s 7 l'cr.sonen bestehende Familie ge- richtete Verfolgungsidcen. Unter seinen Sachen wurden swoi von ihm verferti|ta robe Zetehoungea gefunden, Ton denen die eine 3, die andere 7 mit einem Schwerts durchbohrte l'ersouen darstellte. ttöraii> liervorgeht, dass er walirscheiulich die ganze Familie umzubringen ge- dachte. In sehr ausführlicher Wi is- beriehtet Mittenswoig (iC^) über Falle von Querulan ten Wahnsinn, von denen einer ein Ehepaar, der andere den Pfarrer W. betraf. Namentlich der letstere Fall ist wegen seiner riet.'iiis und ^'v^rit des Standes und BildttOgiq^nides des Kranken vm fri"*'s.sem Interesse. Für die D iffercntialdiagnosc zwiachen ge> Sunden und geisteskranken Querulanten eniijti'hlt Horn (47) die Beachtung folgender Punkte: 1. Anamnese: bei gesunden Querulanten bietet die Anamnese meist nichts Besonderes; beim kranken meistens hereditäre Belastung, Kgenthümlicbkeiten im Kindcsalter, sowie im späteren Leben. II. Somati- scher Befund: beim gesunden Querulanten meist normales Verhalten, beim kranken in der Kegel soma- tische Eigenfhümliebkeiten. III. Motive: Bei Gesunden entweder Vergnügen am T'rr.ee^siren oder die Absieht, in einer bestimmten Uechtsfrage ein für allemal eine endgültige Entscheidung zu erwirken. Beim kranken Qaemlaoten liegt das MotiT in aogeborepem Defeet, in dem daraus resultirenden rnv"rmi'»gen. sich eiticm ungünstigen Knlscheidc zu unterwerfen. IV. Charac- tcristik des Querulirens: 1. Der gesunde Quem- lant ist sieb im Voraus des Weges bewusst, den er gehen will, der Kranke hält für unmöglieli, dass er ver- lieren könnte uud macht sich im Voraus keiuea Plan. 8. Der Gesunde setzt sieh von An&ng aa ein bestimmtes Ziel, über da.s er nicht hinausgehen will; der Kranke thut das nicht. 3. Der Gesunde kann mit seinem Streite aufhören, wenn er will; der Kranke wird durch seine Krankheit immer wieder lu neuoD Kämpfiso hingarisaeD. Einen classischen und daher besonders iesens- werthon Fall von Querulantenwahn mit Grössen- ideen und partiellem Sebwaohsbn bei sonsttfer hoher Intelligenz bringt Sicmerling (49): Er betrifft einen ehemaligen Offioier aus guter Familie, der gegen seinen eigenen Vater einen Eib- schaftsproeess führte und behauptete, d.ass er seit seiner Kindheit von diesem in lier herzlo-sesten Wei.se geba.'^st und verfolgt werde. Aneh von an<leren Personen glaubt er sich verfolgt und beleidigt. Seine Klageschriften, ebenso die Eingaben, dio er aus Anlass des Aber tbo eingeleiteten Entmilndigungsverfahrens verfasste. /•■igen theilwei.se von nicht gewf5hnliehem >eharfsinn und grosser Heleseiilieit, ilalx i ale r aui'h theiiweisc vi^n fal>eht-r Logik und unverkennbarer Verschrobenheit. Kr kritisin eingehend die Gutachten der Sachverständigen, von denen er einen als geisteskrank und eiuen anderen fär einen Verbrecher erklärt, hebt bei jeder Gelegenheit sein seltenes l'e l.tsgefühl hervor und fordert eine ge- setzliche Aenderung der Irrengesetzgebung und speciell des Entmündigungsverfahrens. Er ist erblich belastet, aeigte seit jeher ein eigeothümliches Wesen, konnte in keiner Stellung reussiren und zeigte überall einen hoben Grad von Selbstübersehätzung. Von ihm selle<t wird seine gr«>ssc Tüchtigkeit im Schaehspii l hervorgehoben und von Anderen bestätigt. Von einem Professor der Medicin und von zwei her\-orragenden Professuiren an- derer Faenitäten wurde er geistesgesund resp. dispr.- sitiorisfähig erklärt, und einer der letzteren hält ms diesem Anlasse eine radieale Aendcrutit: «ler Irnti- ge.setzgebung für nothwendig. Da.s Gutaehten S."> und anderer Psychiater geht aber dahin, dass X. gcistcs- krank ist und dos Yem^Bgens, dio Folgen seiner Hand- luDgea eiimueboD, ermaiigelt Norbury (50) erklärt alle Paralytiker fiir un- zurechnungsfähig, verlangt jedoch, dass für diese die ge- setsliebe Bestimmung, dass Geisteskranke, weldie Ter- brechen begangen haben, in einer Irrenanstalt bis zu ihrer vollen nnd dauernden (iencsung untergebracht werden sollen, nicht gelten möge, weil dieses für die Paraljrtiker eine Intemining auf Lebenaielt bedottten würde, und weil es Tür die Kranken sowohl als für deren Angehörige von Vorthcil sein kann, wenn erstere die letzten Stadien ihrer Erkrankung zu Hause ver- bringen. Bei einem Ifijährigen Mohamediürr, welchen Krafft-Ebing (58) begutachtete, brach wenige Stun- den naeh einer mit grossem Sebreek verlraadeoen M is'<liandlnng Geistesstörung aus, welche sich als liallucinatorisehe Manie untermischt mit .Symptomen einer sog. traumati>r]ien Neurose kundgab und nach ■lahresfrist mit Genesung endigte. K. bezeichnet die- selbe als Scbreckpsychose, die aber nicht in Folge der Misshandlung allein, sondeni unter weaentlicher Mitwirkung einer degcnerativeu VeranUgnog ointrnt: weii'lieiier Ilaliilus. kindisches Yofaalten, ttiigew51uilielMS Fellpolster und .'*j)it/,kopf. Bihler (54) fasst das Ergebniss seiaer Betrach- iungea über dea pathologischen Affeet und dessen forensuehe Bedeutung wie folgt zusammen: Es giebt ArT' ('t/\isfände, welche l)ei sonst geistig ge.sun'len Men- schen die Grenzen des I^hysiologischeii überschreiten uod als pathologische Aflbete, als traositoriscbe SiBron- geo des Pewn-stseins eine selbständige psychische Krankheitsform darste!l<Mi. Mei>t treten al^er diese Zu- stände auf als Sy mptume uud Uegleitenscheinungeu aus- gesprochener Geisteakrankhoiten, haaptsiehlidi der Digitized by Google HOTMAKV, GBRICHTSABSKBIKUHDB. 485 Idiotie und Mt-lancbolic, ferner auf Grundlage schwerer Neurosen und des Ateoholismus. Die hohe Bedeatnng dieser Affeot zustände in forensischer Besiehung erklärt sirh 1. aus der Häuligkcit , mit der sie zu CoUisioncn mit dem Strafgesetz VeraaliU).-<ung geben und '2. aus dem Umstände, dass der physiolegitielie Aileet nur als Strafniildening?iprutid, der patliolof^ische nbcr als Straf- ausscblicssuDgsgrund ao7.u»ebea ist. Aeusscrlirh un- motirirte Afectbandlungen sollen daher immer dcu Au- lass geben so einer Untersudiang des geistigen Zu- standes des Thrilers. um si' eher, je scbveier* der OMp rakter der betreffcndeu Handlung var. Die Frage, ob Trunicsüebtige, die io einem Rauschzustande ein Vcrbrcchci) begangen haben, hin- gerichtet werden sollen, taucht nach Crothers (55) in Conuccticut jährlich in mehr aU 500 Fällen von Todschlag auf. C. verlangt, duis sotehe Yerbreeher für unzurechnungsfähig erklärt und nicht mehr hingerichtet, sotidi rn für Lclienszeit in eigenen Arbeitshäusern (mili- tar,v wurk-huuse huapital) untergebracht werden solleu. Auch sollen solche Verbrecher nicht mehr in Sffont- Hcher Verhandlung abgeurthcilt, sondern ohne Auf- sehen, nach Constatininp ihres Zustandi's, in die Arbeits- häuser gebracht werden. Auf diese Weise werde die p83rchische Infeetion anderer Alkoholiker veihfitet. Ein Tninkenhold hatte sein Weib erschlagen. Von der Vertheidigung wurde der Beweis angi-^treht. d.iss locuipat den Hang zum Trinken augeorbi, diesem Hang sein ganzes Leben gefröhnt habe und so ein ha- bitiiclI'T Säufer p'-worden .s'm und da^s derselbe zur Zeit der That in Folge von Alcubolismus geistes- krank gewesen sei. Der Kchter (56) aber informirto rlic Jury dahin, dass die freiwillige Berauschung an sich kein Eiit^ehuldiguii^^^griiMd ftir Mord sei. Wenn aber die Jur}' finden sollte, dass luculpat zur Zeit der That so betrunken war, dass ihm die ücberlegung und Bnt- si beidungsflhigkeit vollkommen fehlte und d is- I.u ulpnt nicht früher wusste, dass . r im Zustande d< r Trunken- heit fähig sei, sein Weib uder Andere zu tödten, dann könne derselbe des Herdes nicht für schuldig erkannt werden. Benedikt (.'»S) kritisirt in seliarfer Weise die in dem I'ragcr Erbsehaftsproccsse Waldstcin abgegebenen psycfaiatrisohen Gutachten, welche auf Schwachsinn des Testators und chronischen Alcohollsmus lauteten und beklagt sich über Classeigustiz, die sich jetzt be- merkbar macht. Wie bekannt ist das Ton dem berObmten Schweizer Dichter Gottfried Keller wenige Monate vor seinem Tode verfai>ste Testament wegen zweifelhafter Testirfähigkeit von einem Verwandten gerichtlich bestritten worden. Wille (60) erörtert jedoch in sei« nem Hutachten, .dass der KrMrisser zur Z<Mt der Er- richtung des Testaments seinen bewussten Willen ge- babt habe, beziehungsweise des Vemunftgebraudies nicht beraubt gewesen sei". Ein erblich belastet'T Mann hatte kurz vor seinem Selbstmorde sein Testament zerrissen. Die Gültigkeit des letzteren wurde gerichtlich aufrecht erhalten, da Tamburini (61) nachwies, dass der Betreffende so- wohl zur Zeit der Zerrdssong des Testamentes als des Selbstmordes geisteskrank war und beide Thaten im Verfolgungswahn begangen hatte. Den >"^elbstmord hatte der Kranke auf einem Schiessstaude ausgeführt, indem er nach einem gegen die Seheibe abgegebenmi Pistolenscbuss einen swwten mit derselbea Waffe in seinen Mund abfeuerte. Simulationen von Psychosen smd häufiger als bisher gedacht wurde. Werner (62) tbeilt einen diT.irtijri'ii Kall iriit, der einen jun;.'»'ri Mann betraf, welcher epileptische Anfälle mit postepileptischem Irr- sinn simultrte, erstere in sehr geschickter Weise, we- niger das letztere, rcsp. Vcrworrenlieit, Enegtfamt, Be- wusstliisifikeit und allerlei Visionen. Zu den bereits ;&ablrcicbcn Fällen von Simula- tion von GeistesstSrvag bringt KrSmer (6S) einen beaditenswerttwn Beitrag mit ansfiifarlichem Gut- achten. Neisscr (64) tbeilt einen weiteren Kail vüu Si- mulation Ton Schwaebsinn bei bestehender Ti eistesstöru ng (hallucinatorischem Irresein) mit. Inrulitat macht über Personalien, .lahreszeit etc. die unglaublichsten Aussagen. Sonst waren Aufregiuigs- zustände vorbanden mit ausserordentiieher Bestoteu- fähigkeit gegen Cpiatc. Pat. erhielt schliesslich 75 Tropfen Opiumtinctur, ohne dass eine Wirkung eintrat. Simulation von Taubstummheit ist sdten. Leonpaeher (65) hat einen aoleben Fall begutaditet. Er betraf einen mchrfacli abgestraften Dieb, der noch vor 11 Tagen gut hörte und sprach und auf einmal sieb taolwtumm stellte. Die Stummheit wurde bis zur Lauttosigkeit übertrieben. Es blieb nur ein Zwdfel za lösen, oll luculpat niclit etwa in Folge einer Geistcsslö- xung unter dem Einflüsse vuu Ilallueiuationen oder melan- cholischer Verstimmung kernen Laut von rieh gab. Hierzu gab auch die LMriiigliche Xahningsverweigerung eioigen Anlass. In der Irrenanstalt wurde audl in dieser Be- ziehung die Simulatiim bald erkannt. Spriugthorpe und Hullen (66) beleuchten an der Hand von Beia^eleo die Unhaltbarkeit der gegen- wärtigeo AufTassuiig der G ei s t c -,s t ilrn n g im Sinne der amorikaniscben Ucricbte, welche die Geisteskrank- heit als eine abnorme Art des Bendimens, nicht alwr als wirkliche Krankheit bcurtheilen. Die legalen Be- weise der rn/«rcehnnngsfihigkeit sind schlecht in tler Theorie und unrichtig in der Sache, grausam in ihrer metaphysischen Conreption und uoanwendbar in ihrer jiractischen .\usfühning. (Jeisteskrankheit ist nicht das Resultat einer inetafihysi.schcn Delinition. sie ist eine physische llirukranklicit. Es gicbt kein für sich allein charactoristiselieB Zeichen der Geisteskrankhdt und so giebt es auch kein für sich allein sicheres Symptom der Un/urecbutingsfähigkeit. Jeder Fall i.st in allen seinen Eigenttuimlichkeiten zu nehmen und zunächst zu erwägen, ob im eonereten Fall eine Hirakraakheit be- steht, welche den Intcllcct und den Willen beeinträch- tigt und ob dos Verbreeben die Aeusserung dieser Krankheit gewesen ist. 32* Digitized by Google 486 HOPMAKNi OeBIOBXSARZHBIKUHDB. C. l uler.siu'liuiii:«'!! im Irlilusi'n GcgciLstiiiulcn. 1. A 1 1 gl- m i I» e s. 1) Labatut, Lea faux eu ccrituro e la phoiogra- pliic. Arclu d'antbropol. crim. p. 81. — 8) Coriu, (i., Recbercfaes rar le diagnostic du »ang en medecine legale. Aonal. de la Soci«'"!^ medico-chirurgicale de I-ii'ge. Sep. Abdr. — ;!) Srhöfer, .)., Hlut.spunn von zerdrückten Wanzen herrührend. Wien. klin. Woehen- sehr. No. :?•■>. 4) Tamassia, A., Sulla diagnosi dei ilobuli roasi del saacue nell« naeebi« antiche. Atti ella R. aeadetnta di Padova. IX. Vöt. — 5) Ben- bold, Zur (ü'sehiilite der gerielitliphen Seetion. VoN trag in der .\btheilung f. gerichtl. M. der Cth. Versamm- lung deutscher Naturforscher in Nürnberg. Wiener med. Praaae No. 52. (£r8cheint im nidutoo Jahre aus- führlich.) — 6) Derselbe, Demonstration eines ai>g. T,'-iti/eieli( :is. wie cs das strafn-elitlielie Verfahren früli'-n r .1 idirliuhd'-rlf kannte. Würzburger Sitzungsti. viun L'IS. (i, t..l„r. — 7) I.i'wndes. F. \V.. Tie- ofli.-e nf eoro- ncr, niedical rather than legal. Medic. Magaz. Ö16. (Verlangt medicinisehc Kenntnis.se TOn einem Coroner, irclche.s Amt daher nicht Advokaten u. dgl., sondern nur Acrztcn übertragen werden sollte.) — 8) .lohnston, W. and <i, V i 1 1 en eu ve , Six induth.s ii;edi<-al e\ideriee in tbe coronera ronrt of Montreal. Montreal medic. Jooro. August — 9) Die.se Iben, Les verdicts de la cour du coroner du districi de Montreal pour le p|re- mier semestre de 1898 an point de rue medieal. ünion m<-dical de Montreal. Acut. — 10) Reh fisch, E., Der SeIhMiiord. 8. - 11) Anonymus, l,e suicide en Franei jn ndant l'annee 1889. La Semaine med. 25). Avril. — 12^ Arnould, J., Contribution a iVtude du suittlde dsns Tarm^e. Areh. d'anthropol. crim. p. 91. . — Riehter, M., Verlefzutifren aus „Zufall" oder „Ndthw'ihr'" und ihre gerieht>;irztliehe Begiitaeiituiig. Vrager m. Woehenselir. Nu. IVJ. — 14) Virchow, R., Die Sectionsteehnik im Leicbcnhause des Charitekrankcn- hauaes mit bes. Rücksicht auf die gerichtsärztliche Praxis, i. Aufl. 8. — 16) Nobiling. A.. Zur .Seelions- teehnik. Frieflreieh'.s Bl. S. 53. (Eröffnet hei Kinde.s- leiehen den Na.senraehenraum, itidcm er den rntf rkii l'er in der Mitte spaltet, die Zunge seitlich abpniparirt und entfernt dann durch 3 parallel mit dem Xasenseptum rlQhrte Schnitte den Nasenboden.) — 16) Laborde, V., Rapport sur un travail intitule: Relations des expi rieiie' s f.iites sur le Nuppliei'' Tardir-u, par l)r. Vh. Fayel. prof. de physiolugie .'i Ti-cule d'- nn'deeine de Ca'en. lUill. de TAcadem. No. '2b. p. C,'.*i. — 17) Ueel, F.) Uebcr „postmortale" fjaculatioucn. Difis. Wfiniburg. — 18) Falk, F., lieber combinirte Er- retrungszustande im Ner^'cnsvstem. nerlitr'r klin. WMehenM-li. No. 1'.») Drrwes. C, Ueber vitale und postmnrlali \ erletzungen. Berliner Diss. — '20) Corin, G., Leber die Ursachen des Flüssigbleihcn des Blutes bei der Erstiekuni; und anderen Todesarten. Viert.liahrschr. f. ger. Med. V. .S. 2:54. ^ 21) Der- selbe. K'-eherchcs sur le r<de de la lUiidili' liu sang dans la g" ii. se des ccehymoses subpleurah s. Areh. de phy.Hiologie normale et patliol. Ni>. 4. deiMbr«'. - 22) Falk, F.. I t ber postmortale Biutveränderuiigi n. Vi« r- teljahr.s&chr. f. ger. Med. VI. S. «0. — 23) Wach holz, L., Uebcr die Altersbestimmung an Leichen auf (»rund des Ossifieatii-hsproeessi s im oberen Humerusende. Mit 4 Abbildung! II. An/.4 ig< r di i \cadcmie der Wissi u- srliafien in Krakau. N"\ m! — 24) Heim. F., LV'tude des champipionä dOvcluppcs sur ics cadavres pourroit-elle foumir des donni^es utiles h la m^<l<>dne legale. Ann. d'liycir ii. path. XX.X. p. '.»7. l'r^r- rando, <!.. Indagiui nicdieo-lcg.ili di isiolügia p/Uimlo- S'ca sopra un rene in putrcfazioiie. r,o}iova. H. - - 2H) oritz, Ein Kall von Sarggeburt. VierteUahrsscbr. f. «r. Med. V. 8. 98. — 37) Seheier, M., Ueber Kehl- kopflfraeturen. Deutsehe med. Woebenaeh. No. 88. — 28) Kflhu, Seltene Kleinheit der Milz als aagehonsc Anomalie. Zeitsehr. f. Medieinalb. S. 401. — 2U) Kfib- ner, A., Ucb<r plötzliche Todesfälle. Vicrteljahrsschr. f. ger. M< d. VI. ji 2r.3. 30) Kob, Thvmushvperpl ur" als Todesursache. Ebenda. 121. — Sl) Seydl, 0., Die Bedeutung der Thymushypertrophic bei forensisdRa Sectionen. Ebenda. V. S. 55. — 32) TemplemaD, Ch.. Two rare ca.sps of sndden death in medico-leg»! praxi.s. Ivlinb. med. iourn. F'br. -',]?,) von Wunsch- beim, Zur Casuistik der spontanou Magearupturen. Präger m. Woehensehr. No. Sl I.ab.itiit (Ti macht Mittheihiiigen üt' r die Vir- wendung der Photographie zur Entdeckung T»a Fftlsebttugeo von Sobriftstüekeo und bringt est- qnedieDda Abbildungen. Wenn man frisches Blut nach der Methode tm Klirlich behandelt, so sieht man unter dem Micri-se^p die rothcn Blutkörperchen orange, die Kerne der Leuco- eyioa blassblan oder grün und die eoflinophiler Kün- eben lebhaft roth gefärbt, die neutrophilen aber violett oder tief blau. Mit letzteren erseheinen die Leueo<^i> wie bestäubt. Corin (2) fand die Angabe, dass die neutrophilen Kdmehen nur bdm Menschen ▼«rfcomaea bestätigt , da er im Blute des Hundes, des Hasen, 'l'-r Katze, des Schweines, des Rindes, des Pferdes und Schafes vergebens darnach auehte und glaubt daher, dass ihrer Auffindung dn grosser Werth JOr £e ge- r i c h t s ä r z 1 1 i c h c Erkennung von M e n s c h e n M u t zukomme. In noch feuchtem oder in auf transpareuico Gegenständen (Glas) angetrecknetem Blute ist ihr Kuh- weis nicht schwer, schwierig dagegen bei auf undurch- .siehtitren Unterlagen eingetrockneten oder in Gewebf» (Kleiderstoffen) eingezogenen Blutspuren. im ersterta Falle weicht C. ein BrSekehen der Substans mit «iscr der zum Nachweis von Blutki-rperehen iu angetrock- neten Hlutspuren empfohlenen Flüssigkeiten auf. vr- strcieht dasselbe nach dem Auswaschen mit destillirtem Wasser auf einem DeekglSsehen und fSrbl Je illcr die Spur, desto weniger ist ein Resultat zu crwartss. Im letzeren Falle wird der Fb-ck mit d>'s(iiliriem W.\<s*r aufgeweicht, dann mit einem .Messer abgekratzt und dis Abgeschabte wie oben behandelt In dncm Mordprocesse hatte SehSfer (S) zu ent- scheiden, ob an der Unterhose des Inculpaten befisd- liche Flecke wirklich von Blut herriibr»'n odi-r, wi'' dieser behauptete, durch Zerdrücken einer Waozr entstanden seien. Die Himinprobe eigab ein pdsitiits Resultat, auch Hessen sich rothe Blutkiirperelien nwb- weisen, die wii' die nietiseliliehen sji'li vcrliielti n. dem aber wurden unter dem Mieroscop Bruchstücke von Tracheen und Borsten geftinden, wie sie thaiaich* lieh bei Wanzen vorkommen, so dass d.xs Gutafli'f" dabin abgegeben werden konnte, dass die Flecke dnnli Zerdrücken einer mit Blut angei>ogcoen W'anze erzeug worden sein konnten, sumal sie auch in ihrem iosiena Aussehen ühnlich sieb verhielten. — In dem HalsthHI eines von Läusen hochgradig besudellcn Ilc-n«!'* konnte Seh. Uarusäurecryatalle und einfache sp'<^' Borsten auffinden, die den Kleiderlinsen eigcotbdoliot sind, sowie bakenRnnigc Reste der FresswerhiMg*- Digitized by Google HOFMANN, OBRICHTSARZNIIKinfDS. 487 Auch liier liesscn sich aus dco Spuren Hiuuincr^ütallti denteUeo. Zur Darstellung ihr Blutkörperchen in alten Blttttpureu hat sich Tamassia (4) um besteu Cyau- kaUnmlräuog, Kalilauge, koblensaurcä Kali und Pocini- adM LSsuiig bawilirt In aolebtti Spunn flnden aicb feinkörnige Detritusmassen, und zwar in d' sti> >;rösserer Meoge, je alter die Blutspur ist. äic rübrea wahr- achablid» von snrfiillenen BlutkSrparehen und nicht von Fibffin her, da sie T. auch in dcftbrinirtem Blute, welches er cintrocijnen Hess, nachzuwi ison v.'rmnchte. Längeres Kiiiwirkeolassen der Sülutiuuen begiuistigt den Nadiweis der Blntk3rpereben, doeb ist andi dann nur selten eine sichere Unterscheidung der menschlichen Blutkürperchen v>iu (len<'ii anderer Säugi-thiere mr.glich. In der Sitzung der Würzburger I'bysic.-uiedic. Ue- aellaefaaft legte Renbold (6) ein sog. »Leibseiohen* TOr, welches aus einem einj^' Inu knett n Daumen und einer grossen Zrhe besteht, die am G. Mai 1(!39 von der Leiche eines Erstochenen amtlich abgelöst worden aind. B. bespridit den seit dem 18. Jabrhundert reehta- fiblieh gewesenen Gebrauch, wonach die Leiche eines Qetüdteten „dem Kicbter" vorgezeigt werden musste, ansonsten eine Mordklage niebt augebracht werden konate, mod die dann» hervoigegangene Einrichtung des ,.Leibzeichen-Nehmens'* („Fraischzeichen", „Fraisch- pfand", aLeib- und Ueuzeichen"}, wonach statt der gnnaeo Letebe nur ein Glied derselben oder ein Stück der Kleidong des Ermordeten dem Richter ubergeben resp. von der <ierichtsbehi>rde aligenommen wurde. Eine Coilectiun von 14 Stück solcher BLeibzcicheu", die sich im Bentie einea ehemaligen SebmrBenfieig'aeben Cent- städtchens befindet» bevdati dass noch 1781 solche Lt iliZ'iehen :ib(^eiiümmen wurden. Die Altl«ismi^' ein- zelner üliedcr stand vielleicht mit dem sog. Baiir-Kecbt io Verbindung, welches schon im 19. Jabrhundert d. i. im Nibelungen-Liede genannt wird und uif dem Glau- ben beruhte, das,-» der Körper des ii> t<tdu ten ,eiu Zeichen gebe**, wenn der Mdrder in diu Nätiu komme. Besonders sollten Wunden wieder bluten — Jus eruen- tationis. Im fränkischen Gebiet wurd< n noch 1685 und 1732 todte Körper vor den «Centort" gebracht. — Die erste geriebtliebe Obdnetion aebeint erst 1680 voigmommen worden so sein und wird in den Responsia medicis der Leipziger medicini>ehen Facnlt;it erwähnt. Doch bemerkt K., dass schon 1jG4 in Wiurzburg zwei Personen, deren gleichartiges und raaebes Ableben den Verdaclit der Vergiftung erregte, auf Befehl des Fürst- biseh"i> .secirt wurden. Seit Beginn des Jahres lbÜ3 ist in Montreal die ßnricbtung getroffen, dass dem Coroner zwei Aerate ab angestellte Oeriehta&rste, „eoroners physi* cians", Vteigfg.'lien sind. .li>liiiston und Villenouvc (Ji) fungireu als solche und berichten über die ersten 6 Monate ihrer Thätigkeit. Es fanden im Gamsen 302 Inquests stitt und in 70 derselben intervenirten di<- Gerichtsämte, insbesundere bei alli ri t?<j Autopsien. Die anderen 17U Untersuehuugeu wurden von tiS versehie- denea Aentea auagelOhrt Ausser in besondera widi- tigen FlUen weiden Leidien von Personen, die wahrend des Lebana von anderen Aerzten gesehen worden sind, von den Eiperten niebt untersucht. Zu entschei- den, ob eine Obduction stattfinden soll, ist S.iehi' einer eigenen Jury. Infolge dessen müssen jührlich 2tiäü Ge- schworene in Action treten. Dieses kostet viel Zeit und Geld und arilte veveinlStMbt werden. Ldder wbrd die Vornahme i-in< r .\utopsie zu dem Zwecke, cineni (!e- scbworenen-lut^uest vorzubeugen, für illegal und dem Geiste des britischen Gesettea zuwider erachtet. Ton den Gesehwcrenen können nur etwa 80 pCt. schreiben. Die Falle betrafen 4 mal Mord und Todschl;i|^ tnit S Autopsien, 12 mal Selbstmord mit ö, 7G mal zufal- lige Terunglückuug mit 5, 85 mal natOrlicben Tod mit 11 und 24 mal unentschiedene Fälle mit 2 Autopsien. Bei Verdacht auf Kindesninrd wurdr >!• ts die <ibduetiun eingeleitet, da die Frage, ob das Kind lebend geboren wnrde, nur durch diese au ISsen ist Obgleich die Prucht.abtreibung in Montreal nutoriseh häufig ist und in manchen .'^(adllhcib n für lü Duli.irs ausgeführt wer- den soll, wurde kein solcher Fall entdeckt. Die meisten Leichen kommen bereits fkul anr Untersuchung und J. und V. f nlern deslialb .Abhilfe. Auch wird, da ein Schriftführer fehlt, das Protocoll erst nach der Seolion Tcriasst, was ebenfalls Uebelstände mit sich bringt. Endlich fehlt eine Instruction fit die Saehventiadigen. Dieselben (9) geben eine ki;r/'- T^•^e^^ie!lt der vorgekommenen Fälle resp. Befunde, die jedoch nichts Bemerkenswerthes bringt. W;ilirend in den Jahren 1881 — 1888 die Zahl der Selbstmorde in Frankreich continuiriieh angestie- gen war (vun 6741 auf ä451), ist im Jahre ISÜi) eine kleiae Verminderung an eonstatiren: 8110, also 81 Selbst- mord« auf I(K)000 oder 1 Selbstmord auf 47C1 Ein- wohner. Die Männer liefii(< n TS, die Fr.inen 22p( t, Bis zum Alter von 3U Jahren ist dos I'rupurliousver- bSltnias der Selbstmorde bei Ftauen bSher als bei Männern ; weiter steigt d;is l'rocentverhältniss bei bei- den (leschlerbtem gleiehmässig an, nach detn •>(). Jahr ist er bei Frauen niedriger als bei Männern. WiUireud in den letzten 10 Jahren bei etwa einem Drittel der Fälle der Selb.stniord auf (ieistesstönmg zurückgefülirt wurde, ist dieses lääd nur bei einem Vierti-1 der Fau (11). In der franzSaischen Armee kamen nach Ar- nould fl2) in den Jahren ISSl 1,S90 155, 1%, 154, 188, 1.S.S, ly^, 171, l.s;i, H;;i und H;t, im Ganzen 17j1 Selbstmorde vor. Davon betialeu 4,3 pLi. Oflicierc, 18 pCt UnterofBdere und $9,6 pCt sonstige Soldaten. Hauptsächlich sind es junge L- ute. die nach kurzer Dienstzeit sich das Leben nehmen. Bei älteren Solda- ten spielt der Alooholismus eine grosse Bolle. Am häufigsten war der Selbstmord durch Enehieasen, dann der dnreh Krtränken und Krliän^'i-n, hierauf (b-r diireli Herabstürzen. Sonstige Selbstmordarten kamen nur isu- lirt vor. Beim Eraehiessen wurden in der Regel be- sondere Viirkeiirungen an^ri'w> ndei, um abdrücken zu können. Das ErhäriiTun grsrhali no ist im .•\n'<?st. \. ist der Meinung, da.ss durch rationelles Vorgehen bei der Behandlung neu eingetretener Soldaten und durch Maaaanahmen gegenüber dem Alcoholiamus die Zahl der Digitized by Google 488 V. UOFMANN, GERICHTSARZNKIKUNDB. Selbstmorde in der Armee bedeatend Terringert Ver- den kann. Bichter (18) erörtert, inwiefern aneh der Geriebts- uxt wir Beantwortung der Frage ht jtrai,'Oti k.uiii, ob eine Verlctzunj^ durch „Zufall" oder „Nnthwchr" oder anderweitig entstanden ist, und berichtet über einen einschlägigen FalL Ein kräftiger Mann hatte einen schwächeren zu Bod'jn gl worfen und lag auf ihm. Plötzlich stiess er einen Schri i aus, liess den Gegner los; fiel mit dem Gesiebte zu Boden und starb nach wcni(|eu Minuten. Die Obduction ergab in der Magengrube eine ins Hera dringende Stichwunde. Der Thäter gab an, er habe wiihreud der Rauferei mit dem rechten Arm die Schlage des Gegners abgewehrt und mit der linken Hand d.u Taschenmesser herausgezomn und mit dem Daumen die Klinge anCnilclappen Tcrauäit, wobei ihm dieser swisehen Klinge und H.'ft g?rietli. In dii-s'-m Ancenblieke seien Heide zu Bodm gestürat und dabei sei die IHinge dem (legncr in die Hnist grdruniri'ii. In ih-r Tliat /ei^^le sieb dos Xagelglied des linken Daumens des Inculpaten geaebwoUen, der Nagel mit Blut unterlaufen und es war dn quer über die Lunula verlaufender linearer Ritser am Nagel sowie am lateralen Rande des Nagel- bettes bemerkbar, welelie Vi rli t/ungen mit den Angaben dea Angeklagten überuiustiuimteii. Letzterer wurde frei- gesprodien. Der Professor der Physiologie in Ca<"n Ch. Pavel hatte Gelegenheit, 12 Minuten naeh der GuUlotinirung Beobachtungen an der Leiehe des Jnstifieir* ten anstellen zu können und hat den Bericht darüber der Arademie eingesendet. Aus dem von Laborde (16) erstatteten Heferate ergiebt sich, dass diu Justili- drung um 4 b. 86' 10" stattfand. Die Refleie der Augen waren bis 4h. 29', die der Fatella Ms -1 h. 30', die des Cubitus bis 4 h. 32', der Iler/sehlag nocli 1 1 Mi- nuten nachweisbar. Der i'eniü war noch nach Uebcr- bringnng in das Ampbitheatre «rigixt, Ton einer I|jaeu- lation wird nichts erwälint. Um 4 h. 3S' wurde an der rechten Stirnseite eine Trepanöffnung angelegt, gleich- zeitig durch die linke Carotis warmes Wasser iujicirt nnd hierauf um 4 h. 47' und darauf die Gehimober- fläche clectriseb gereizt. Nach See. traten heftige Muskelcontractionen in den unteren Partien der rechten Geddhtdiiifte auf in Fenn TOn Grimassen, während die -oberen Partien» qieeiell die Palpebral- und Frontal- region unbeweglich blieb. Der Versurh wurde 3 mal mit demselben Erfolg wiederholt. Nach 10' 10" wurden die Eleetroden in die Hfarnaubstans eingestochen, worauf der erwähnte Effect noch präciser und stärker eintrat. Nach weiteren 40 Seeundcn wurd'> mit dfm eloctrisehen Pinsel und dem Apparat von Ciarkc gereizt mit dem- selben Erfolge und stets auf der reebten Seite. Dann hörte jeder Effect auf. Die linke Gesichtshälfte erschien nur gesehwellt und gespannt. L. erklärt sich diese sonderb-ire Beobachtung daraus, dass auf beiden Ge- aiebtshilflien eine Contraetion der Museulator eintrat, und zwar links dureh die Reizung der entg'^g'Misctzten Hirnpartie, rechts durch dircctc und daher heftigere Reizung der Musealatur oder der Nerrenursprünge, welelie dureh das injicirtB wanne Waaser nnd Seiten» ströme vermittelt wurde Bei der gerichtlichen äection eines an Gastroente- ritis tosie» verttorbenen Mannes fiad Beel (17) ein* getrocknetes Sperma an d^r llarnrührenmiindung iind an einer 2 Markstück grossen Stelle am Oberscheu kel. H. bespricht ans diesem Anlass die Tersefaiedenen An- sichten über den Spermaaustritt nach dem T^d,- und hält es für niiiglieli, dass diese Erseln inung U". h ein vitaler Vorgang sei, der durch Contraetion der glatten Musealatur der Samenwege su Stande kotnne, die noch durch direete Erregung des Centrums für Erection und Fjaciilation durch Krst'j-kungshhit od- r toxische Substanzen veranlasst werden kann. Die Kr- klarung der Eneheinung bloss ans der BrsehlaAing^ der Sphincteren wäre für Erhängte stichhaltig, nicht abi-r für jene Fälle, wo der Tod im Bette erfolgte, wie in dem oben erwähnten Falle, da die Ductus ejaculatorii dann nndi anfwirts geriditet sind. Falk (18) hat vor einigen Jalirm experimmtell cataleptische Todtenstarre an Kaninchen erzeugt, indem er ^e Thiers durch Eleetrisirea der Medulln in Tetanus versetzte, dann nach Üeffnung der Wirbelbügen und Carotidcn -Durchschneidung das Halsmark quer durchtrennte und mit electrischer oder mecbanischer Bfiekenmarksreisung noeh einige Zeit nach den Tode fortfuhr. K. hat nun entsprechende Versuche gemein- schaftlich mit (Jad fortgesetzt. Sie gingrn, um den Verhältnissen an den auf dem Schlachtfulde Gefallenen Analegea ni oonstnüren, d. i. die Willensthitigfceit n ersetzen, in der Art TOr, dass sie unter Anwendung massiger Stromstärken zuerst von der Hirnrinde aus Contractionen in Extremitäten hervorriefen und dann während dessen vom Bfiekennaike her den neuen Reb combinirend einwirken Hessen. Die Contractionen ge- stalteten sich dann weit ausgiebiger, als dies der blossen Snmmiruug der isolirten Reizungen entsprechen würde. Gad sohUeest sieh in der Disensüon dar Annahme F/s vollknmmi n an, dass es vorkommen könne, wenn ein pUitzlieher Reiz — etwa bei einer Schussverletzung — den ganzen Qaersehnitt des RQekonmarki iziSI, der grösste ContractionseiTect in deqjenigen XoskelgruKien eintritt, welche bis zuletzt einer euergiseben und an- dauernden Willenshandlung gedient haben. Darül>er, ob bei der eataleptiseheu Todtenatane die Leiebenstam des Mu.skels sich unmittelbar aus der vitalen Con- traetion entwickeln könne, behält sich Gad sein Ur> theil vor. Drewes (19) bat mit CrjrankaUum ▼eigifteten Runden postmortale Verletzungen beigel rächt und die Cadaver aufgehängt. Nach einiger Zeit fand er die an abhängigen Stellen situirten Verletzungen mit geronnenem Blute suffiindirt, die naeh Mifwarta gele> gencn nicht. Auch bestätigt er die Angaben Paltaufs. dasa die angeblichen Lymphorrhagicn nach Verletzungen, welche kune Zeit oder unmittelbar Tor dem Tode sn- gefügt wurden, mii d r echten Lymphorrhagie niehtisa thuti haben und nur als ein Gerinnungsphänomen auf- zufa-sscn sind. |
github_open_source_100_1_263 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package com.meteorice.devilfish.web.config;
import org.mybatis.spring.boot.autoconfigure.ConfigurationCustomizer;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DataSourceTransactionManager;
import org.springframework.transaction.PlatformTransactionManager;
import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.EnableTransactionManagement;
import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.TransactionManagementConfigurer;
import javax.sql.DataSource;
@Configuration
@EnableTransactionManagement
public class MyBatisConfig implements TransactionManagementConfigurer {
@Autowired
DataSource dataSource;
@Bean
public ConfigurationCustomizer mybatisConfigurationCustomizer() {
return configuration -> {
};
}
//
// @Bean
// public SqlSessionTemplate sqlSessionTemplate(SqlSessionFactory sqlSessionFactory) {
// return new SqlSessionTemplate(sqlSessionFactory);
// }
@Override
public PlatformTransactionManager annotationDrivenTransactionManager() {
return new DataSourceTransactionManager(dataSource);
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_1_264 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #!/bin/sh
set -e
/bin/launchctl load "/Library/LaunchDaemons/ch.shiftcrypto.bitboxbridge.plist"
|
3140641_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | (text box: 1) NO. 5-04-0231
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIFTH DISTRICT
________________________________________________________________________
LLOYD C. WHITTLEMAN, ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court of
Plaintiff-Appellant, ) Madison County.
)
v. ) No. 02-L-932
)
OLIN CORPORATION and )
CLIFFORD S. MEISENHEIMER, ) Honorable
) Phillip J. Kardis,
Defendants-Appellees. ) Judge, presiding.
________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE KUEHN delivered the opinion of the court:
This is an electrocution injury case. Lloyd C. Whittleman appeals from the trial court's March 25, 2004, order prejudicially dismissing his fourth amended complaint for the failure to state a claim.
On September 27, 2000, Lloyd C. Whittleman (Whittleman) was employed as an electrician by Wegman Electric on assignment to an Olin Corp. (Olin) job at Olin's East Alton manufacturing facility. Whittleman's job was to install aluminum conduit piping. The job site was near high-voltage electrical lines, which were not deenergized, shielded, or otherwise covered. The contract did not require that the electrical lines be deenergized, shielded, or covered. At some point during his workday, a length of conduit Whittleman was holding came into contact with one of these high-voltage lines, resulting in severe electrical burns to Whittleman. These burns required surgical debridement and an amputation of a portion of Whittleman's left foot, as well as soft tissue injuries to his neck, back, and legs.
Whittleman filed suit against Olin, the owner of the premises, and Clifford S. Meisenheimer (Meisenheimer), Olin's chief engineer at the East Alton site. The initial complaint simply alleged that the defendants had been negligent in failing to deenergize the high-voltage lines, failing to provide protective covering for the lines, and failing to plan for the project to be done in a manner that did not expose workers to dangerous power lines. The defendants filed a motion to dismiss for a failure to state a cause of action, arguing that they did not owe Whittleman a duty of due care because of the open and obvious nature of the danger. Defendant Meisenheimer also argued that he owed Whittleman no duty because he did not possess or control the premises on which Whittleman was injured. The trial court granted these motions.
On December 5, 2002, Whittleman filed his first amended complaint. This time he alleged the distraction theory, specifically alleging that the defendants had been negligent for failing to deenergize power lines, failing to plan for the work, and failing to provide protection against contact with power lines,
when they knew or should have known that workers would be distracted from the danger
. The defendants again asked the trial court to dismiss the complaint, which the court did on March 27, 2003, with leave to file a second amended complaint.
The second amended complaint was filed on April 14, 2003. The distraction theory was again pleaded, specifically alleging that in failing to deenergize the power lines, in failing to plan for the work, and in failing to provide protection against contact with power lines, the defendants knew or should have known "
that those doing the work would be distracted by the work they were doing
" (emphasis added). The trial court dismissed this complaint on June 19, 2003, with leave to file a third amended complaint.
On June 23, 2003, Whittleman filed his third amended complaint. In this amendment, he alleged that the defendants had failed to deenergize power lines, failed to plan for the work, and failed to provide protection against contact with power lines when they knew or should have known "
that those doing such work in the vicinity of said lines would be distracted
by
[
their
]
work
" (emphasis added). On September 11, 2003, the trial court granted the defendants' motion to dismiss and granted Whittleman leave to file a fourth amended complaint.
Whittleman filed his fourth amended complaint on October 30, 2003. In this version of the complaint, he alleged that Olin had failed to deenergize the high-voltage lines, failed to exercise reasonable care to protect those working in the line's proximity, and failed to appropriately plan the work being done when it should have expected that those so engaged might "
momentarily forget the danger or be distracted by the work they were doing
" (emphasis added). Whittleman alleged a slightly different version against defendant Meisenheimer but essentially carried forth with the theme that the distraction was the work that Whittleman was doing at the time of the accident. Both defendants again asked the trial court to dismiss the complaint, and on March 25, 2004, the trial court granted this motion with prejudice, denying Whittleman the opportunity to file his fifth amended complaint.
Whittleman appeals.
When the trial court is presented with a motion to dismiss a case for a failure to state a cause of action, pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-615 (West 2002)), the court must determine whether the complaint sets forth sufficient facts that, if established, could entitle the plaintiff to relief.
Bryson v. News America Publications, Inc.
, 174 Ill. 2d 77, 86, 672 N.E.2d 1207, 1214 (1996). The trial court must accept all well-pleaded facts in the complaint as true and draw reasonable inferences from those facts that are favorable to the plaintiff.
Bryson
, 174 Ill. 2d at 86, 672 N.E.2d at 1213-14. Because the trial court is not being called upon to judge any witness's credibility or weigh facts, on appeal we review the matter
de novo
.
Jackson v. Michael Reese Hospital & Medical Center
, 294 Ill. App. 3d 1, 9, 689 N.E.2d 205, 211 (1997).
At issue is whether Whittleman ever alleged sufficient facts that could have entitled him to relief. Generally speaking, a possessor of land owes no duty to invitees for physical harm related to an open and obvious danger. Restatement (Second) of Torts §343A (1965). The existence of that duty is a question of law, and in considering the question, the courts must consider the following factors:
"(1) the reasonable foreseeability of injury, (2) the reasonable likelihood of injury, (3) the magnitude of the burden that guarding against injury places on the defendant, and (4) the consequences of placing that burden on the defendant."
Sollami v. Eaton
, 201 Ill. 2d 1, 17, 772 N.E.2d 215, 224 (2002).
This case starts with the premise that the power lines were open and obvious to Whittleman, because he alleges that he was distracted from their danger. The distraction theory comes into play when the possessor of land has reason to expect that his invitee's attention might be distracted so that the invitee will not discover the open and obvious danger.
Sollami
, 201 Ill. 2d at 15, 772 N.E.2d at 223 (relying on Restatement (Second) of Torts §343A(1), Comment
f
, at 220 (1965)). The proper inquiry for the courts determining the applicability of the distraction-theory exception is as follows:
"The inquiry is whether the defendant should reasonably anticipate injury to those entrants on his premises who are generally exercising reasonable care for their own safety, but who may reasonably be expected to be distracted, as when carrying large bundles, or forgetful of the condition after having momentarily encountered it. If in fact the entrant was also guilty of negligence contributing to his injury, then that is a proper consideration under comparative negligence principles."
Ward v. K mart Corp.
, 136 Ill. 2d 132, 152, 554 N.E.2d 223, 232 (1990).
From the above quotation, it is clear that the Illinois Supreme Court focused its attention on the defendant in determining whether the exception should apply and that, therefore, the courts must undertake an analysis of the foreseeability of the harm and the likelihood of injury taken from the defendant's perspective.
In analyzing the foreseeability of a distraction, the exception only applies when the defendants can anticipate injury to invitees who are "generally exercising reasonable care for their own safety."
Ward
, 136 Ill. 2d at 152, 554 N.E.2d at 232. Additionally, courts must look to the distraction's cause to determine whether or not the distraction was reasonably foreseeable. A defendant landowner can be liable to invitees for open and obvious dangers "where the possessor has reason to expect that the invitee's attention may be distracted, so that he will not discover what is obvious, or will forget what he has discovered, or fail to protect himself against it." Restatement (Second) of Torts §343A(1), Comment
f
, at 220 (1965).
While there is no clear-cut rule that the distraction must be caused by someone other than the plaintiff in order to be deemed foreseeable, the cases cited by the parties all involve distractions created in some respect by the defendant or by third parties. In
Ward v. K mart
Corp.
, a customer purchased a large mirror and in carrying it out to the parking lot walked into a five-foot post located near the exit door.
Ward
, 136 Ill. 2d at 138, 554 N.E.2d at 225. While the distraction was seemingly an item held by the purchaser in a manner that obscured the purchaser's clear view, the reality is that the item was sold by K mart and thus K mart would have been able to anticipate that the purchaser would have to transport the item to his car.
Ward
, 136 Ill. 2d at 152-53, 554 N.E.2d at 232; see also
Deibert v. Bauer Brothers Construction Co.
, 141 Ill. 2d 430, 566 N.E.2d 239 (1990) (an employee of a subcontractor was able to establish the general contractor's responsibility when the employee stepped into a visible tire rut while distracted by looking above to ensure that other workers were not throwing construction debris off a balcony in his direction);
American National Bank & Trust Co. of Chicago v. National Advertising Co.
, 149 Ill. 2d 14, 594 N.E.2d 313 (1992) (the estate of a deceased billboard painter was able to withstand a summary judgment in its suit against the lessee of the land and the billboard for the painter's death, which occurred when the painter became distracted in stepping over the top of the billboard in very close proximity to an obvious electrical wire, because based upon the layout of the billboard and the scaffolding, it was foreseeable that a worker would have to watch his feet and lose sight of the power line in stepping over the billboard).
In order to state a cause of action in this case, Whittleman would have had to allege that whatever distracted him could have been reasonably anticipated by Olin or Meisenheimer. He never alleges what specifically caused his distraction from the dangerous power lines. He alleges only that the distraction was based in the work in which he was engaged as an electrician. He does not allege that Olin or Meisenheimer in any way did or did not take an action that caused or created the distraction. He does not allege that anything about the layout of the accident scene was distracting. He only alleges that he became distracted by himself and the work in which he was engaged.
The fact that Whittleman cites to no case in which the plaintiff creates his own distraction is telling. Courts would likely find it difficult to reach such a conclusion. A plaintiff should not be allowed to recover for self-created distractions that a defendant could never reasonably foresee. In order for the distraction to be foreseeable to the defendant so that the defendant can take reasonable steps to prevent injuries to invitees, the distraction should not be solely within the plaintiff's own creation. The law cannot require a possessor of land to anticipate and protect against a situation that will only occur in the distracted mind of his invitee. Based upon the facts of this case, we will not carve out an exception that would be akin to strict liability owed to all business invitees in self-created distraction situations.
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of Madison County is hereby affirmed.
Affirmed.
WELCH and GOLDENHERSH, JJ., concur.
COMMENTS AND ANNOTATIONS
Text Box 1:
TEXT BOXES
NOTICE
Decision filed 06/30/05. The text of this decision may be changed or corrected prior to the filing of a Petition for Rehearing or the disposition of the same.
|
52223_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Cairuão, Alcorovim ou Kairouan (; ) é uma cidade do centro-nordeste da Tunísia, capital da província homónima. O município tem de área e em 2004 tinha habitantes ().
Também é conhecida como "a cidade das 50 mesquitas", situa-se 165 km a sul de Tunes, 58 km a oeste de Sousse e da costa, 73 km a oeste de Monastir e 160 km a norte-noroeste de Sfax (distâncias por estrada).
O seu rico património arquitectónico inclui a Grande Mesquita, com belas portas talhadas em madeira e arabescos de estuque e as 400 colunas de mármore e pórfiro da sala de orações, com inscrições fenícias, romanas e árabes e a Mesquita das Três Portas, entre outras. A almedina, com as suas muralhas imponentes e portas monumentais, abriga belas mesquitas, um antigo poço e centenas de lojas onde as famosas carpetes de Cairuão, de lã pura, são tecidas e vendidas, para além do artesanato em cobre, latão e couro e dos trajes tradicionais, a jeba (jebba) e o burnus (burnous), com ou sem ricos ornamentos.
Apesar da transferência da capital política para Tunes no , Cairuão continuou a desempenhar o papel de capital espiritual do Magrebe, com os seus treze séculos de cultura islâmica. A cidade foi inscrita pela UNESCO em 1988 na lista do Património da Humanidade.
História
Cairuão foi fundada cerca de 670, quando o general árabe Uqueba ibne Nafi escolheu o local, então no meio de uma floresta densa, infestada de animais selvagens e répteis, para instalar um posto militar, com o objetivo de refrear as hordas berberes. No lugar, desenvolveu-se rapidamente uma cidade, com jardins luxuriantes e arvoredos de oliveiras. Uqueba ibne Nafi morreu em combate com os berberes, cerca de quinze anos após o estabelecimento do posto militar.
No , a cidade foi embelezada pelos aglábidas, que governaram a partir dali o norte de África muçulmana (Ifríquia), entre 800 e 909.
No , também era a capital, famosa por sua prosperidade. Em meados daquele século, os fatímidas (xiitas ismaelitas) do Egito instigaram os beduínos egípcios a invadir aquela parte da África. Estes destruíram tão completamente a cidade em 1057 que Cairuão jamais recuperou a sua importância anterior. Com a chegada dos otomanos, Tunes tornou-se a capital da região, residência do dei e do bei. Os franceses tomaram Cairuão em 1881, quando então os não-muçulmanos tiveram acesso à cidade.
Carpetes
O desenho típico das carpetes (tapetes grandes) de Cairuão chama-se Alloucha e é feito com as cores naturais da lã, com uma bordadura de riscas paralelas em padrões geométricos e um losango central com um padrão floral. As carpetes são graduadas pela espessura do fio usado e pelo número de nós por metro quadrado, sendo o "normal" de 10 a 40 mil nós, "fino" de 65 a 90 mil e "extra-fino" de 160 a 500 mil. As carpetes de seda podem ter mais de 500 mil nós por metro quadrado.
Em Cairuão também se produz uma carpete tecida, sem nós, a margum, com os típicos desenhos geométricos da cultura berbere, mais leves e numa grande quantidade de cores.
Ver também
Bibliografia
Cidades do Emirado Aglábida
Cidades do Reino Zirida
Cidades do Califado Fatímida
Cidades do Califado Almóada
Cidades do Reino Haféssida
Cidades do Império Otomano
Cidades do Beilhique de Túnis
Cidades do Protetorado Francês da Tunísia
Cidades do Reino da Tunísia
Patrimônio Mundial da UNESCO na Tunísia.
|
github_open_source_100_1_265 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | # frozen_string_literal: true
RSpec.configure { |rspec| rspec.shared_context_metadata_behavior = :apply_to_host_groups }
RSpec.shared_context "contestable issues request context", shared_context: :metadata do
before { FeatureToggle.enable!(:api_v3) }
after do
User.instance_variable_set(:@api_user, nil)
FeatureToggle.disable!(:api_v3)
end
end
RSpec.shared_context "contestable issues request index context", shared_context: :metadata do
let!(:api_key) { ApiKey.create!(consumer_name: "ApiV3 Test Consumer").key_string }
let(:veteran) { create(:veteran).unload_bgs_record }
let(:ssn) { veteran.ssn }
let(:file_number) { nil }
let(:response_data) { JSON.parse(response.body)["data"] }
let(:receipt_date) { Time.zone.today }
let(:get_issues) do
benefit_type_url_string = benefit_type ? "/#{benefit_type}" : ""
headers = {
"Authorization" => "Token #{api_key}",
"X-VA-Receipt-Date" => receipt_date.try(:strftime, "%F") || receipt_date
}
if file_number.present?
headers["X-VA-File-Number"] = file_number
elsif ssn.present?
headers["X-VA-SSN"] = ssn
end
get(
"/api/v3/decision_reviews/#{decision_review_type}s/contestable_issues#{benefit_type_url_string}",
headers: headers
)
end
end
|
github_open_source_100_1_266 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.flowable.engine.impl.delegate.invocation;
import org.flowable.engine.impl.interceptor.DelegateInterceptor;
/**
* Provides context about the invocation of usercode and handles the actual invocation
*
* @author Daniel Meyer
* @see DelegateInterceptor
*/
public abstract class DelegateInvocation {
protected Object invocationResult;
protected Object[] invocationParameters;
/**
* Make the invocation proceed, performing the actual invocation of the user code.
*
* @throws Exception
* the exception thrown by the user code
*/
public void proceed() {
invoke();
}
protected abstract void invoke();
/**
* @return the result of the invocation (can be null if the invocation does not return a result)
*/
public Object getInvocationResult() {
return invocationResult;
}
/**
* @return an array of invocation parameters (null if the invocation takes no parameters)
*/
public Object[] getInvocationParameters() {
return invocationParameters;
}
/**
* returns the target of the current invocation, ie. JavaDelegate, ValueExpression ...
*/
public abstract Object getTarget();
}
|
github_open_source_100_1_267 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | const fs = require("fs");
const puzzles = fs.readFileSync("C:/Users/gurka/Desktop/advent-of-code-2020/day1/puzzles.txt", "utf-8");
const puzzlesLine = puzzles.split('\n').map((item) => {
return parseInt(item, 10);
});
for (let i = 0; i < puzzlesLine.length; i++) {
for (let x = i; x < puzzlesLine.length; x++) {
for (let j = x; j < puzzlesLine.length; j++) {
if (i !== x !== j && puzzlesLine[i] + puzzlesLine[x] + puzzlesLine[j] == 2020) {
const result = puzzlesLine[i] * puzzlesLine[x] * puzzlesLine[j];
console.log(result);
}
}
}
}; |
github_open_source_100_1_268 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package im.cave.ms.client.field.obj.mob;
import im.cave.ms.client.character.ExpIncreaseInfo;
import im.cave.ms.client.character.MapleCharacter;
import im.cave.ms.client.character.Option;
import im.cave.ms.client.character.temp.CharacterTemporaryStat;
import im.cave.ms.client.character.temp.TemporaryStatManager;
import im.cave.ms.client.field.FieldEffect;
import im.cave.ms.client.field.Foothold;
import im.cave.ms.client.field.MapleMap;
import im.cave.ms.constants.GameConstants;
import im.cave.ms.provider.info.DropInfo;
import im.cave.ms.client.field.obj.MapleMapObj;
import im.cave.ms.configs.Config;
import im.cave.ms.connection.netty.OutPacket;
import im.cave.ms.connection.packet.MobPacket;
import im.cave.ms.connection.packet.WorldPacket;
import im.cave.ms.enums.RemoveMobType;
import im.cave.ms.tools.Position;
import im.cave.ms.tools.Tuple;
import lombok.Getter;
import lombok.Setter;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
import static im.cave.ms.enums.RemoveMobType.ANIMATION_DEATH;
/**
* @author fair
* @version V1.0
* @Package im.cave.ms.client.life
* @date 11/28 17:15
*/
@Getter
@Setter
public class Mob extends MapleMapObj {
private boolean sealedInsteadDead, patrolMob;
private int option, effectItemID, range, detectX, senseX, phase, curZoneDataType;
private int refImgMobID, lifeReleaseOwnerAID, afterAttack, currentAction, scale, eliteGrade = -1, eliteType, targetUserIdFromServer;
private long hp;
private long mp;
private byte calcDamageIndex, moveAction = 5, appearType = -2, teamForMCarnival = -1;
private Position prevPos;
private Foothold curFoothold;
private Foothold homeFoothold;
private String lifeReleaseOwnerName = "", lifeReleaseMobName = "";
// private ShootingMoveStat shootingMoveStat;
private ForcedMobStat forcedMobStat;
private MobTemporaryStat temporaryStat;
private int firstAttack;
private int summonType;
private int category;
private String mobType = "";
private int link;
private double fs;
private String elemAttr = "";
private int hpTagColor;
private int hpTagBgColor;
private boolean HPGaugeHide;
private int rareItemDropLevel;
private boolean boss;
private int hpRecovery;
private int mpRecovery;
private boolean undead;
private int mBookID;
private boolean noRegen;
private int chaseSpeed;
private int explosiveReward;
private int flySpeed;
private boolean invincible;
private boolean hideName;
private boolean hideHP;
private String changeableMobType = "";
private boolean changeable;
private boolean noFlip;
private boolean tower;
private boolean partyBonusMob;
private int wp;
private boolean useReaction;
private boolean publicReward;
private boolean minion;
private boolean forward;
private boolean isRemoteRange;
private boolean ignoreFieldOut;
private boolean ignoreMoveImpact;
private int summonEffect;
private boolean skeleton;
private boolean hideUserDamage;
private int fixedDamage;
private boolean individualReward;
private int removeAfter;
private boolean notConsideredFieldSet;
private String fixedMoveDir = "";
private boolean noDoom;
private boolean useCreateScript;
private boolean knockBack;
private boolean blockUserMove;
private int bodyDisease;
private int bodyDiseaseLevel;
private int point;
private int partyBonusR;
private boolean removeQuest;
private int passiveDisease;
private int coolDamageProb;
private int coolDamage;
private int damageRecordQuest;
private int sealedCooltime;
private int willEXP;
private boolean onFieldSetSummon;
private boolean userControll;
private boolean noDebuff;
private boolean targetFromSvr;
private int charismaEXP;
private boolean isSplit;
private int splitLink;
private Map<MapleCharacter, Long> injuryStatistics = new HashMap<>();
private Set<DropInfo> drops = new HashSet<>();
private List<MobSkill> skills = new ArrayList<>();
private List<MobSkill> attacks = new ArrayList<>();
private Set<Integer> quests = new HashSet<>();
private Set<Integer> revives = new HashSet<>();
private Map<Integer, Long> skillCooldowns = new HashMap<>();
private long nextPossibleSkillTime = 0;
private List<Tuple<Integer, Integer>> eliteSkills = new ArrayList<>();
private boolean selfDestruction;
private List<MobSkill> skillDelays = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();
private boolean inAttack;
private boolean isBanMap;
private int banType = 1;// default
private int banMsgType = 1;// default
private String banMsg = "";
private List<Tuple<Integer, String>> banMaps = new ArrayList<>();// field, portal name
private boolean isEscortMob = false;
private List<EscortDest> escortDest = new ArrayList<>();
private int currentDestIndex = 0;
private int escortStopDuration = 0;
public void addBanMap(int banFieldID, String banPortal) {
banMaps.add(new Tuple<>(banFieldID, banPortal));
}
public void addRevive(int revive) {
revives.add(revive);
}
public Mob(int id) {
super(id);
forcedMobStat = new ForcedMobStat();
temporaryStat = new MobTemporaryStat(this);
scale = 100;
calcDamageIndex = 1;
}
public Mob() {
forcedMobStat = new ForcedMobStat();
}
public long getHp() {
return hp;
}
@Override
public void notifyControllerChange(MapleCharacter controller) {
for (MapleCharacter chr : getMap().getCharInRect(getVisibleRect())) {
if (chr == getMap().getObjControllers().get(this)) {
continue;
}
chr.announce(MobPacket.changeMobController(this, false, controller == chr));
}
}
@Override
public void sendLeavePacket(MapleCharacter chr) {
chr.announce(MobPacket.removeMob(getObjectId(), RemoveMobType.STAY));
}
@Override
public void sendSpawnPacket(MapleCharacter chr) {
chr.announce(MobPacket.spawnMob(this, false));
}
public Mob deepCopy() {
Mob copy = new Mob(getTemplateId());
// start life
copy.setObjectId(getObjectId());
copy.setLifeType(getLifeType());
copy.setTemplateId(getTemplateId());
copy.setX(getX());
copy.setY(getY());
copy.setMobTime(getMobTime());
copy.setFlip(isFlip());
copy.setHide(isHide());
copy.setFh(getFh());
copy.setCy(getCy());
copy.setRx0(getRx0());
copy.setRx1(getRx1());
copy.setLimitedName(getLimitedName());
copy.setUseDay(isUseDay());
copy.setUseNight(isUseNight());
copy.setHold(isHold());
copy.setNoFoothold(isNoFoothold());
copy.setDummy(isDummy());
copy.setSpine(isSpine());
copy.setMobTimeOnDie(isMobTimeOnDie());
copy.setRegenStart(getRegenStart());
copy.setMobAliveReq(getMobAliveReq());
// end life
copy.setSealedInsteadDead(isSealedInsteadDead());
copy.setOption(getOption());
copy.setEffectItemID(getEffectItemID());
copy.setPatrolMob(isPatrolMob());
copy.setRange(getRange());
copy.setDetectX(getDetectX());
copy.setSenseX(getSenseX());
copy.setPhase(getPhase());
copy.setCurZoneDataType(getCurZoneDataType());
copy.setRefImgMobID(getRefImgMobID());
copy.setLifeReleaseOwnerAID(getLifeReleaseOwnerAID());
copy.setAfterAttack(getAfterAttack());
copy.setCurrentAction(getCurrentAction());
copy.setScale(getScale());
copy.setEliteGrade(getEliteGrade());
copy.setEliteType(getEliteType());
copy.setTargetUserIdFromServer(getTargetUserIdFromServer());
copy.setHp(getMaxHp());
copy.setMaxHp(getMaxHp());
copy.setLevel(forcedMobStat.getLevel());
copy.setCalcDamageIndex(getCalcDamageIndex());
copy.setMoveAction(getMoveAction());
copy.setAppearType(getAppearType());
copy.setTeamForMCarnival(getTeamForMCarnival());
if (getPrevPos() != null) {
copy.setPrevPos(getPrevPos().deepCopy());
}
if (getCurFoothold() != null) {
copy.setCurFoothold(getCurFoothold().deepCopy());
}
if (getHomeFoothold() != null) {
copy.setHomeFoothold(getHomeFoothold().deepCopy());
}
copy.setLifeReleaseOwnerName(getLifeReleaseOwnerName());
copy.setLifeReleaseMobName(getLifeReleaseMobName());
// copy.setShootingMoveStat(null);
if (getForcedMobStat() != null) {
copy.setForcedMobStat(getForcedMobStat().deepCopy());
}
// if (getTemporaryStat() != null) {
// copy.setTemporaryStat(getTemporaryStat().deepCopy());
// }
copy.setFirstAttack(getFirstAttack());
copy.setSummonType(getSummonType());
copy.setCategory(getCategory());
copy.setMobType(getMobType());
copy.setLink(getLink());
copy.setFs(getFs());
copy.setElemAttr(getElemAttr());
copy.setHpTagColor(getHpTagColor());
copy.setHpTagBgColor(getHpTagBgColor());
copy.setHPGaugeHide(isHPGaugeHide());
copy.setRareItemDropLevel(getRareItemDropLevel());
copy.setBoss(isBoss());
copy.setHpRecovery(getHpRecovery());
copy.setMpRecovery(getMpRecovery());
copy.setUndead(isUndead());
copy.setMBookID(getMBookID());
copy.setNoRegen(isNoRegen());
copy.setChaseSpeed(getChaseSpeed());
copy.setExplosiveReward(getExplosiveReward());
copy.setFlySpeed(getFlySpeed());
copy.setInvincible(isInvincible());
copy.setHideName(isHideName());
copy.setHideHP(isHideHP());
copy.setChangeableMobType(getChangeableMobType());
copy.setChangeable(isChangeable());
copy.setNoFlip(isNoFlip());
copy.setTower(isTower());
copy.setPartyBonusMob(isPartyBonusMob());
copy.setWp(getWp());
copy.setUseReaction(isUseReaction());
copy.setPublicReward(isPublicReward());
copy.setMinion(isMinion());
copy.setForward(isForward());
copy.setRemoteRange(isRemoteRange());
copy.setIgnoreFieldOut(isIgnoreFieldOut());
copy.setIgnoreMoveImpact(isIgnoreMoveImpact());
copy.setSummonEffect(getSummonEffect());
copy.setSkeleton(isSkeleton());
copy.setHideUserDamage(isHideUserDamage());
copy.setFixedDamage(getFixedDamage());
copy.setIndividualReward(isIndividualReward());
copy.setRemoveAfter(getRemoveAfter());
copy.setNotConsideredFieldSet(isNotConsideredFieldSet());
copy.setFixedMoveDir(getFixedMoveDir());
copy.setNoDoom(isNoDoom());
copy.setUseCreateScript(isUseCreateScript());
copy.setKnockBack(isKnockBack());
copy.setBlockUserMove(isBlockUserMove());
copy.setBodyDisease(getBodyDisease());
copy.setBodyDiseaseLevel(getBodyDiseaseLevel());
copy.setPoint(getPoint());
copy.setPartyBonusR(getPartyBonusR());
copy.setRemoveQuest(isRemoveQuest());
copy.setPassiveDisease(getPassiveDisease());
copy.setCoolDamageProb(getCoolDamageProb());
copy.setCoolDamage(getCoolDamage());
copy.setDamageRecordQuest(getDamageRecordQuest());
copy.setSealedCooltime(getSealedCooltime());
copy.setWillEXP(getWillEXP());
copy.setOnFieldSetSummon(isOnFieldSetSummon());
copy.setUserControll(isUserControll());
copy.setNoDebuff(isNoDebuff());
copy.setTargetFromSvr(isTargetFromSvr());
copy.setCharismaEXP(getCharismaEXP());
copy.setMp(getMaxMp());
copy.setMaxMp(getMaxMp());
copy.setDrops(getDrops());
copy.setBanMap(isBanMap());
copy.setBanType(getBanType());
copy.setBanMsgType(getBanMsgType());
copy.setBanMsg(getBanMsg());
copy.setBanMaps(getBanMaps());
for (MobSkill ms : getSkills()) {
copy.addSkill(ms);
}
for (MobSkill ms : getAttacks()) {
copy.addAttack(ms);
}
for (int rev : getRevives()) {
copy.addRevive(rev);
}
for (int i : getQuests()) {
copy.addQuest(i);
}
copy.setEscortMob(isEscortMob());
return copy;
}
public void addAttack(MobSkill mobSkill) {
getAttacks().add(mobSkill);
}
public void addSkill(MobSkill skill) {
getSkills().add(skill);
}
public void addQuest(int questID) {
getQuests().add(questID);
}
private void setLevel(int level) {
forcedMobStat.setLevel(level);
}
private void setMaxHp(long maxHp) {
forcedMobStat.setMaxHP(maxHp);
}
public void setMaxMp(long maxMp) {
forcedMobStat.setMaxMP(maxMp);
}
public long getMaxHp() {
return forcedMobStat.getMaxHP();
}
public long getMaxMp() {
return forcedMobStat.getMaxMP();
}
public void damage(MapleCharacter chr, long damage) {
addDamage(chr, damage);
long maxHp = getMaxHp();
long oldHp = getHp();
long newHp = oldHp - damage;
setHp(newHp);
if (oldHp > 0 && newHp <= 0) {
die();
if (isBoss() && getHpTagColor() != 0) {
getMap().broadcastMessage(WorldPacket.fieldEffect(FieldEffect.mobHPTagFieldEffect(this)));
}
} else if (isBoss() && getHpTagColor() != 0) {
getMap().broadcastMessage(WorldPacket.fieldEffect(FieldEffect.mobHPTagFieldEffect(this)));
} else {
double percentage = (double) newHp / maxHp;
getMap().broadcastMessage(MobPacket.hpIndicator(getObjectId(), (byte) (percentage * 100)));
}
}
private void addDamage(MapleCharacter chr, long damage) {
long cur = 0;
if (getInjuryStatistics().containsKey(chr)) {
cur = getInjuryStatistics().get(chr);
}
cur += Math.min(damage, getHp());
getInjuryStatistics().put(chr, cur);
}
private void die() {
MapleMap map = getMap();
map.broadcastMessage(MobPacket.removeMob(getObjectId(), ANIMATION_DEATH));
map.removeObj(getObjectId(), false);
distributeExp();
dropDrops();
for (MapleCharacter chr : getInjuryStatistics().keySet()) {
chr.getQuestManager().handleMobKill(this);
}
}
private void distributeExp() {
long exp = getForcedMobStat().getExp();
long totalDamage = getInjuryStatistics().values().stream().mapToLong(l -> l).sum();
for (MapleCharacter chr : getInjuryStatistics().keySet()) {
double damagePercent = getInjuryStatistics().get(chr) / (double) totalDamage;
int mobExpRate = chr.getLevel() < 10 ? 1 : Config.worldConfig.getWorldInfo(chr.getWorld()).exp_rate;
long appliedExpPre = (long) (exp * damagePercent * mobExpRate);
long appliedExpPost = appliedExpPre;
ExpIncreaseInfo expIncreaseInfo = new ExpIncreaseInfo();
//Burning map todo
//+exp mob stat todo
expIncreaseInfo.setLastHit(true);
expIncreaseInfo.setIncEXP((int) appliedExpPre);
chr.addExp(appliedExpPost, expIncreaseInfo);
}
}
public MapleCharacter getMostDamageChar() {
Tuple<MapleCharacter, Long> max = new Tuple<>(null, (long) -1);
for (Map.Entry<MapleCharacter, Long> entry : getInjuryStatistics().entrySet()) {
MapleCharacter chr = entry.getKey();
long damage = entry.getValue();
if (damage > max.getRight()) {
max.setLeft(chr);
max.setRight(damage);
}
}
return max.getLeft();
}
private void dropDrops() {
MapleCharacter chr = getMostDamageChar();
int ownerId = 0;
if (chr != null) {
ownerId = chr.getId();
}
int fh = getFh();
if (fh == 0) {
Foothold foothold = getMap().getFootholdBelow(getPosition());
if (foothold != null) {
fh = foothold.getId();
}
}
int totalMesoRate = 0;
int totalDropRate = 0;
getMap().drop(getDrops(), getMap().getFoothold(fh), getPosition(), ownerId, totalMesoRate, totalDropRate, false);
if (chr != null) {
TemporaryStatManager tsm = chr.getTemporaryStatManager();
Option option = tsm.getOption(CharacterTemporaryStat.SoulMP);
}
}
public void encodeInit(OutPacket out) {
out.writeShort(getPosition().getX());
out.writeShort(getPosition().getY());
out.write(getMoveAction());
out.writeShort(getFh());
out.writeShort(getFh());
out.writeShort(getAppearType());
out.write(getTeamForMCarnival());
out.writeLong(getMaxHp());
out.writeInt(getEffectItemID());
out.writeInt(getPhase());
out.writeInt(getCurZoneDataType());
out.writeInt(getRefImgMobID());
out.writeInt(0);
out.writeInt(-1);
out.writeInt(0);
out.writeInt(-1);
out.writeInt(0);
out.write(0);
out.writeInt(getScale());
out.writeInt(getEliteGrade()); //getEliteGrade
if (getEliteGrade() >= 0) {
// 03 00 00 00 技能数量
// 86 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 技能1
// 7D 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 技能2
// 7A 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 技能3
// 01 00 00 00 // 类型normal, 3 elite boss probably
}
out.writeZeroBytes(42);
}
public void addEscortDest(int destPosX, int destPosY, int attr) {
addEscortDest(destPosX, destPosY, attr, 0, 0);
}
private void addEscortDest(int destPosX, int destPosY, int attr, int mass, int stopDuration) {
escortDest.add(new EscortDest(destPosX, destPosY, attr, mass, stopDuration));
}
public void escortFullPath(int oldAttr) {
getMap().broadcastMessage(MobPacket.escortFullPath(this, oldAttr, false));
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_1_269 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | var Model = require('/lib/model/model'),
Cloud = require('ti.cloud');
Cloud.debug = Model.debug;
if(Model.user_session){
Cloud.sessionId = Model.user_session;
}
module.exports = {
create : function(_to_ids, _body, _subject, _fields, _cb) {
var params = {
to_ids: _to_ids,
body : _body
};
if(_subject !== null) {
params.subject = _subject;
}
if(_fields !== null) {
params.custom_fields = _fields;
}
Cloud.Messages.create(params, _cb ? _cb : Model.eventDefaultCallback);
},
show : function(_message_id, _cb){
Cloud.Messages.show({message_id : _message_id}, _cb ? _cb : Model.eventDefaultCallback);
},
showInbox : function(_page, _per_page, _cb){
Cloud.Messages.showInbox({
page : _page,
per_page : _per_page
}, _cb ? _cb : Model.eventDefaultCallback);
},
showSent : function(_page, _per_page, _cb){
Cloud.Messages.showSent({
page : _page,
per_page : _per_page
}, _cb ? _cb : Model.eventDefaultCallback);
},
remove : function(_message_id, _cb){
Cloud.Messages.remove({message_id : _message_id}, _cb ? _cb : Model.eventDefaultCallback);
}
};
|
S_G_Tbtn10_CHL138A2_1 | WTO | Various open data | ORGANIZACIÓN MUNDIAL
DEL COMERCIO
G/TBT/N/CHL/138/Add.2
18 de enero de 2012
(12-0294)
Comité de Obstáculos Técnicos al Comercio Original: español
NOTIFICACIÓN
Addendum
La siguiente comunicación, de fecha 5 de enero de 2012, se distribuye a petición de la
delegación de Chile.
_______________
La República de Chile notifica que, en relaci ón al Protocolo de análisis y/o ensayos de
seguridad de producto eléctrico - Conductor eléctri co denominación RV, del Ministerio de Energía,
notificada el 12 de Agosto de 2010 por la Orga nización Mundial del Comercio en el documento
G/TBT/N/CHL/138, que modificará la entrada en vi gencia, siendo esta finalmente el día 2 de Enero
de 2013.
Resolución que modifica la entrada en vigencia se encuentra disponible en: http://members.wto.org/crnattach ments/2012/tbt/CHL/12_0059_00_s.pdf
__________.
|
1045316_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Olli Kuoksa (s. 23. toukokuuta 1981) on rovaniemeläislähtöinen lentopallovalmentaja ja entinen lentopalloilija. Kuoksa on valmentanut vuodesta 2009 lähtien Lentopalloseura Ettaa. Hänellä on toistaiseksi voimassa oleva sopimus seuran kanssa, mikä on poikkeuksellista huippu-urheilussa.
Vuonna 2019 Etta saavutti Kuoksan alaisuudessa seurahistoriansa ensimmäisen SM-mitalin, kun vuonna 1990 perustettu seura vei nimiinsä hopeamitalit lentopalloliigassa. Kuoksa valmensi Ettan SM-finaaleihin lentopalloliigan pienimmällä pelaajabudjetilla ja ilman ulkomaalaisvahvistuksia. Esimerkiksi Yle Urheilu kuvasi Ettan paikkaa lentopallofinaaleissa "jättiyllätykseksi".
Ettan lisäksi Kuoksa on valmentanut 1-sarjassa Napapiirin Pallokettuja, joka on hänen kasvattajaseuransa. Kuoksa pelasi NaPassa yhtä kautta lukuun ottamatta koko peliuransa, joka päättyi 26-vuotiaana Suomen mestaruuteen Rovaniemen Santasportissa. Santasport oli lentopallon fuusioseura, jonka perustivat Perungan Pojat ja Napapiirin Palloketut. Kuoksa voitti pelivuosinaan SM-kullan lisäksi Suomen Cupin sekä SM-hopean ja SM-pronssin. Lentopalloliigassa hän pelasi yhteensä 242 ottelua.
Kuoksa oli ehdolla Suomen miesten lentopallomaajoukkueen päävalmentajaksi keväällä 2019, mutta tehtävään valittiin Belgian liigassa Maaseikia valmentanut brittiläinen Joel Banks.
Valmennusura
Olli Kuoksa siirtyi lentopallovalmentajaksi välittömästi peliuran päättymisestä. Hänen ensimmäinen valmennuspestinsä oli Napapiirin Palloketuissa lentopallon 1-sarjassa. NaPa oli tippunut lentopallon 1-sarjaan, kun yhdessä Perungan Poikien kanssa perustettu fuusioseura Santaport kaatui erimielisyyksiin. Kuoksa valmensi NaPaa vuodet 2007–2009 ennen kuin siirtyi Lentopalloseura Ettaan.
Kuoksa lunasti hänelle asetetut tavoitteet oululaisseurassa, kun hän valmensi Ettan lentopallon 1-sarjan mestariksi ja karsinnoista lentopalloliigaan kaudella 2009–2010. Etta hävisi kauden aikana ainoastaan kolme ottelua, joista kaksi liigakarsinnoissa Isku-Veikoille. Kuoksan alku Ettassa ei ollut helppo. Kun Etta pelasi syksyllä 2009 Kuoksan luotsaamana kauden ensimmäistä ykkössarjaotteluaan ja hävisi yhden erän HU-Kalajoelle, katsomosta kuului huuto: ”Painu, Kuoksa, takaisin Rovaniemelle!”
"Kausi oli hemmetin raskas. Olen stressannut siitä päivästä lähtien, kun tein sopimuksen. Oli tästä pelistä kiinni, lähdenkö maitojunalla kotiin", Kuoksa kommentoi Oulussa ilmestyvälle sanomalehti Kalevalle.
Etta pelasi ensimmäisellä kaudella liiganoususta lentopalloliigan mitalipeleissä, vaikka se selviytyi viimeisenä lentopalloliigan pudotuspeleihin. Välierissä tie nousi kuitenkin pystyyn PerPoa vastaan ja pronssiotteluissa Tampereen Isku-Volley oli Ettaa parempi. Seuraavina vuosina Ettan tie katkesi kerta toisensa perään pudotuspeleissä puolivälieriin, kunnes kaudella 2018–2019 runkosarjan 5. paikalta kevääseen lähtenyt Etta selvitti tiensä aina finaaleihin saakka. Finaaleissa Vammalan Lentopallo oli Ettaa parempi ja vei Suomen mestaruuden kolmatta kertaa perättäin.
Muuta
Olli Kuoksaa on kuvattu tulisieluiseksi valmentajapersoonaksi, joka elää tunteella sekä peleissä että harjoituksissa. Lentopalloseura Ettan menestys on henkilöitynyt vahvasti Kuoksaan. Kuoksan alaisuudessa Suomen miesten lentopallomaajoukkueeseen useampi pelaaja, esimerkiksi Antti Ronkainen. Kalevan urheilutoimittaja Kimmo Siira arvioi kolumnissaan (26.3.2019), että Ettasta maajoukkueeseen nousseista pelimiehistä osa oli ehdittu tuomita "ynnä muut -osaston miehiksi, kuka lyhyen varren tai kuka keskinkertaisiksi arvotettujen pelitaitojen vuoksi."
Kuoksa on suorittanut Suomen Lentopalloliiton korkeimman tason valmentajakoulutuksen sekä VAT:n ammattivalmentajatutkinnon.
Peliura
1998–06 Napapiirin Palloketut
2006–07 Rovaniemen Santasport
Valmennusura
2007–09 Napapiirin Palloketut (I-sarja)
2009–10 Lentopalloseura Etta (I-sarja)
2010– Lentopalloseura Etta (Lentopalloliiga)
Saavutukset
SM-kultaa 2006–2007
Suomen Cupin voitto 2005
SM-hopea 1999–2000
SM-pronssi 1998–1999
SM-hopea valmentajana 2018–2019
Lähteet
Suomalaiset lentopalloilijat
Vuonna 1981 syntyneet
Elävät henkilöt.
|
5544207_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | O’Gorman, J.
At the close of the trial of this case, the relator applied to the trial judge for judgment in its favor. This motion was founded on the alternative writ of mandamus theretofore granted, on the return and supplemental return thereto, and on the findings of fact.- The trial judge denied the application of the relator, and closed his opinion thus: “Upon the whole case, the conclusion is inevitable that the right of the relator to the relief demanded is so doubtful that the application for a writ should be denied. The defendants are, therefore, entitled to a final order or judgment, denying the application, and dismissing the alternative writ, with costs.” After a careful examination of the findings, together with the briefs of the respective counsel on this appeal, and of the authorities cited by them, I am convinced that the conclusion arrived at by the learned trial judge is in ail respects correct. It is the indisputable rule of law that a peremptory writ of mandamus should never be granted unless in a case where its purpose is to give effect to a clear legal right. People v. Supervisors, etc., 11 N. Y. 563; People v. Hawkins, 46 N. Y. 9; People v. Brown, 55 N. Y. 191. In the case at bar the right which the relator seeks to enforce is not only not free from doubt, but the weight of reason and authority is against it. The project which the ¡relator in this case seeks to promote by the aid of a writ of mandamus is one which threatened the city of New York with serious disturbance, and widespread inconvenience, with results of doubtful advantage. The occasion demands, on the part of the court, great circumspection and caution, and thus, the dictates of a wise forbearance unite with the principles of law in opposition to the relator’s demand. No reason is apparent why the rights of the relator should not be ascertained and asserted by regular action at law, and no urgent necessity is shown for a resort to the sudden and peremptory interposition by mandamus. The order and adjudication of the trial judge are in all tilings affirmed, forthe reasons set forth in his written opinion, the relator to pay the respondents’ costs of this appeal.
|
github_open_source_100_1_270 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <?php
/* @var $this \yii\web\View */
use app\models\RequestResult;
use app\models\ResultCache;
use yii\helpers\ArrayHelper;
use yii\helpers\Url;
/* @var $operator array */
/* @var $searchRequest \app\models\SearchRequest */
$inst = RequestResult::find()->where(["request_id" => $searchRequest->id, "type_id" => ResultCache::TYPE_INSTAGRAM])->one();
$fb = RequestResult::find()->where(["request_id" => $searchRequest->id, "type_id" => ResultCache::TYPE_FACEBOOK])->one();
$vk2012 = RequestResult::find()->where(["request_id" => $searchRequest->id, "type_id" => ResultCache::TYPE_VK_2012])->one();
$vkOpen = RequestResult::find()->where(["request_id" => $searchRequest->id, "type_id" => ResultCache::TYPE_VK_OPEN])->one();
$avito = RequestResult::find()->where(["request_id" => $searchRequest->id, "type_id" => ResultCache::TYPE_AVITO])->one();
$avitoItems = 0;
if($avito) {
$avitoData = \yii\helpers\Json::decode($avito->data);
$avitoItems = count($avitoData);
}
$avinfo = RequestResult::find()->where(["request_id" => $searchRequest->id, "type_id" => ResultCache::TYPE_AVINFO_API])->one();
$avinfoItems = 0;
if($avinfo) {
$avinfoData = \yii\helpers\Json::decode($avinfo->data);
if(isset($autoResult["auto"])) {
$avinfoItems = count($avinfoData["auto"]);
}
}
$autoItems = 0;
$antiparkon = RequestResult::find()->where(["request_id" => $searchRequest->id, "type_id" => ResultCache::TYPE_ANTIPARKON])->one();
if($antiparkon) {
$antiparkonData = \yii\helpers\Json::decode($antiparkon->data);
$autoItems += count($antiparkonData);
}
$gibdd = RequestResult::find()->where(["request_id" => $searchRequest->id, "type_id" => ResultCache::TYPE_GIBDD])->one();
if($gibdd) {
$gibddData = \yii\helpers\Json::decode($gibdd->data);
$autoItems += count($gibddData);
}
$names = [];
$numbaster = RequestResult::find()->where(["request_id" => $searchRequest->id, "type_id" => ResultCache::TYPE_NUMBUSTER])->one();
if($numbaster) {
$numbasterData = \yii\helpers\Json::decode($numbaster->data);
$names[] = count($numbasterData);
}
$truecaller = RequestResult::find()->where(["request_id" => $searchRequest->id, "type_id" => ResultCache::TYPE_TRUECALLER])->one();
if($truecaller) {
$truecallerData = \yii\helpers\Json::decode($truecaller->data);
$names[] = count($truecallerData);
}
$viber = RequestResult::find()->where(["request_id" => $searchRequest->id, "type_id" => ResultCache::TYPE_VIBER])->one();
if($viber) {
if($viber->index > 0) {
$names[] = 1;
}
}
$telegram = RequestResult::find()->where(["request_id" => $searchRequest->id, "type_id" => ResultCache::TYPE_TELEGRAM])->one();
if($telegram) {
if($telegram->index > 0) {
$names[] = 1;
}
}
?>
<div class="searchStatusInner searchFinished">
<?php if($operator): ?>
Поиск завершен, <?=\yii\helpers\ArrayHelper::getValue($operator, "operator");?>(<?=\yii\helpers\ArrayHelper::getValue($operator, "region");?>)
<?php else: ?>
Поиск завершен.
<?php endif; ?>
</div>
<div class="we-can-found">
<p>По данному номеру телефона мы нашли<br>следующую информацию:</p>
<div>
<div class="--left">
<ul>
<?php if(ArrayHelper::getValue($fb, "index", 0) > 0): ?>
<li><img src="/img/free/fb.png" width="32"><span>Аккаунт на Facebook</span></li>
<?php endif; ?>
<?php if(ArrayHelper::getValue($vk2012, "index", 0) > 0 || ArrayHelper::getValue($vkOpen, "index", 0) > 0): ?>
<li><img src="/img/free/vk.png" width="32"><span>Анкету Вконтакте</span></li>
<?php endif; ?>
<?php if(ArrayHelper::getValue($inst, "index", 0) > 0): ?>
<li><img src="/img/Logo-instagram.png" width="32"><span>Инстаграмм человека</span></li>
<?php endif; ?>
<?php foreach ($names as $ni => $n):?>
<?php if(!$ni): ?>
<li><span>Имя из чужой телефонной книги</span></li>
<?php else: ?>
<li><span>Ещё имя из чужой телефонной книги</span></li>
<?php endif; ?>
<?php endforeach; ?>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="--right">
<ul>
<?php if($avitoItems > 0): ?>
<li><img src="/img/free/avito.png" width="32"><span><?=\Yii::t('app', '{n,plural,=0{Объявлений нет} =1{Одно объявление} one{# объявление} few{# объявления} many{# объявлений} other{# объявления}}', ['n' => $avitoItems]);?> на Avito</span></li>
<?php endif; ?>
<?php if($avinfoItems > 0): ?>
<li><img src="/img/free/autoru.png" width="32" style="margin-top: 8px;"><span><?=\Yii::t('app', '{n,plural,=0{Автомобилей нет} =1{Один автомобиль} one{# автомобиль} few{# автомобиля} many{# автомобилей} other{# автомобиля}}', ['n' => $avinfoItems]);?> которые продавались на auto.ru</span></li>
<?php endif; ?>
<?php if($autoItems > 0): ?>
<li><img src="/img/free/cars.png" width="32" style="margin-top: 8px;"><span><?=\Yii::t('app', '{n,plural,=0{Автомобилей нет} =1{Один автомобиль} one{# автомобиль} few{# автомобиля} many{# автомобилей} other{# автомобиля}}', ['n' => $autoItems]);?> на которых ездил человек</span></li>
<?php endif; ?>
<ul>
</div>
</div>
<p>Чтобы увидеть эти данные. вам необходимо пополнить счёт и выполнить платную проверку</p>
<p>
<?php if ($searchRequest->user_id): ?>
<a href="<?= Url::toRoute(["pay/index"]); ?>" class="button">Купить информацию
за <?= \Yii::$app->params["cost"]; ?> руб.</a>
<?php else: ?>
<a href="#signup" class="button">Регистрация / Вход</a>
<?php endif; ?>
</p>
</div>
|
b30413850_0001_3 | French-PD-diverse | Public Domain | Tels sont les changements ou métamorphoses que tout le monde peut aimer observer dans les insectes. Ainsi, ceux d'entre ces animaux, qui sont sujets à ces changements, passent par trois états différents. Le premier est celui qu’ils ont au sortir de l’œuf : l'insecte pour lors ressemble à une espèce de vers, et réellement on lui donne souvent ce nom. On appelle vers de mouches ceux qui se trouvent dans la viande, vers de chair pourrie, ou vers de boue de vache, plusieurs qui donnent des infections aux pis. Mais comme le nom de vers appartient plus particulièrement à une classe d'insectes qui restent toute leur vie sous la même forme, comme les vers de terre occ. nous croyons devoir donner un autre nom aux insectes, pendant ce premier état de leur vie : celui de chenille a déjà été donné à quelques-uns ; mais il est consacré principalement aux papillons et aux phalènes. Quelques auteurs ont appelé ces vers d’infectios lâches, comme qui dirait masque, parce que sous cette figure l’insecte est comme masqué. Nous traduirons ce mot par un mot français, et nous appellerons les insectes dans ce premier état, larves. On est souvent obligé d'employer des expressions nouvelles, lorsqu’on a à traiter des sujets neufs et sur lesquels on a peu écrit. Ces infestations dans ce premier état, ces larves varient beaucoup, suivant les différents genres d’insectes ; en général cependant, elles ont le corps composé d’un nombre d’anneaux. C’est ce qu'on observe principalement dans les larves aquatiques. Nous entrerons dans tous les détails de ces différences, en parlant des larves de chaque genre d’insecte en particulier. C'est sous cette première forme que l'insecte prend tout son accroissement. On voit tous les jours la larve grossir ; aussi l'insecte dans cet état mange-t-il beaucoup. Qu'on examine un vers à soie, qui n'est que la larve d'une espèce de phalène ; qu'on l'examine, dis-je, au sortir de l'œuf, et qu'on le considère de nouveau huit ou dix jours après, on aurait peine à croire que c'est le même animal, tant il est gros. Mais comme la peau de la larve ne pourrait pas se prêter à un accroissement si subit, et se distendre assez facilement, la nature semble avoir enveloppé l'insecte de plusieurs peaux les uns sur les autres. Lorsque l'insecte est un peu grossi, il quitte sa première peau, sa peau extérieure, et pour lors, il paraît enveloppé de celle qui était de sous. Cette seconde était probablement pliée et repliée sous la première ; il la garde jusqu'à ce que l'accroissement de son corps la rende trop étroite ; pour lors elle se fend comme la première ; il s'en débarrasse et paraît avec la troisième, qui était cachée sous cette seconde ; et qui repliée et plissée sous elle, se développe et s'étend lorsqu'il en est débarraffé. Ces changements de peau s'observeront aisément dans les vers à soie : la plupart des larves les exécutent de même et le répètentent quatre ou cinq fois et même davantage dans quelques genres. Lorsque l'insecte est prêt à subir ce changement, qu'il va quitter sa peau, il reste pendant quelque temps sans manger ; il est presque immobile ; il paraît malade, et réellement il doit l'être ; ce n'est pas une petite opération pour lui, souvent même il y périt. Quand il est resté quelque temps dans cet état, sa peau commence à se fendre sur le dos, un peu au-delà de sa tête ; il semble que pour la faire fendre, l'insecte se gonfle et se rétrécit alternativement à cet endroit ; lorsque une fois la fente a commencé à se faire, il est plus aisé à l'insecte de l'augmenter, et enfin il parvient à retirer sa tête et ensuite son ventre de l'ancienne peau, et à s'en débarraffer entièrement. On verra que non-seulement son corps a mué, mais que chaque partie, jusqu’aux plus petites, tout en un mot, a changé de peau. Les "pattes" de l'infesté paraissent dans la peau qu'il a quittée, mais creuses et vides ; il en est de même des antennes, des différentes appendices, tubercules, etc. Il a fallu que l'infesté retirât et dégageât toutes ces parties de l'ancienne peau, à peu près comme nous tirons la main de dedans un gant. Tout, jusqu'au poil de l'infesté, s'est tiré de dedans son fourreau : bien plus, les stigmates auxquels aboutissent les canaux aériens qui sont dans l'intérieur du corps de l'infesté, ces stigmates qui se trouvent dans les larves comme dans les infestés parfaits, quoique souvent différemment placés et construits, paraissent dans la dépouille que quitte l'animal, mais ils n'y font point d'ouverture ; il se détache de dessus le stigmate une pellicule mince, qui tient au reste de la peau ; enfin les yeux même se font dépouillés avec le reste ; il n'y a aucune partie du corps qui en soit exempte. Il y a cependant des chevelures velues dont les poils ne muent pas avec le reste du corps. On trouve bien tous les poils attachés à la dépouille de l'infesté, et lorsqu'il a mué il paraît aussi velu qu'avant ; mais ces nouveaux poils n'étaient pas renfermés dans ceux que l'infesté a quittés, comme dans des gaines, ainsi que les autres parties : ils étaient existants & couchés sous la première peau, et dès que cette peau est dépensée ils se redressent et paraissent à la place des anciens : probablement ces infestés doivent avoir un peu plus de facilité à changer de peau, ces poils doivent aider l'ancienne dépouille à s'enlever. Nous avons dit que cette opération, si difficile et laborieuse, se répétait plusieurs fois, jusqu’à ce que l'infusée eût atteint sa dernière grossueur ; pour lors, elle passe à son second état que nous allons examiner. Pour opérer cette métamorphose, la larve change une dernière fois de peau ; elle se dépouille à peu près de la même manière qu'elle a déjà fait ; mais au lieu de paraître sous la même forme, elle en prend une qui ne ressemble guère à celle qu'elle avait. Les Naturalistes ont appelé les infusées, lorsqu'elles sont sous cette seconde figure, nymphes, peut-être parce que plusieurs de ces nymphes semblent emmaillotées et comme chargées de bandeslette. Parmi ces nymphes, quelques-unes sont dorées et brillantes, ce qui les a fait appeler chrysalides (chrysis, aurelia). Ces nymphes varient beaucoup pour la forme, la couleur, le mouvement, ou le défaut d'action, et mille autres circonstances. Quelques Auteurs même ont voulu se servir de ces différences de nymphes, pour ranger les infusées en différents ordres. De ces nymphes, lesunes n'ont aucun mouvement, les autres vont, viennent et marchent comme les larves ; lesunes ne ressemblent presque en aucune façon à un infusé, mais représentent seulement un corps oblong, dans lequel on aperçoit quelques anneaux et différentes éminences et cavités, ce qui leur a fait donner en Français par quelques Auteurs le nom de feve : dans d'autres, au contraire, on distingue tous les membres et toutes les parties de l'infusée. Nous ne nous arrêterons point aux noms différents qu'ont reçus ces différentes formes de nymphes, et pour éviter la confusion, nous appellerons indifférentement tous les infusés qui sont dans ce second état, nymphes ou chrysalides. Nous distinguerons en général quatre différentes formes de ces nymphes ou chrysalides. La première qui s'observe dans les papillons, les phalènes et quelques autres insectes, ressemble peu à un animal : on ne distingue presque aucune de ses parties, on n'aperçoit que quelques anneaux qui forment le bas de la nymphe et dans le haut, on voit sur l'extérieur de cette chrysalide, les impressions souvent peu distinctes des antennes, des pattes et des ailes. Cette espèce de nymphe n'a de mouvement que celui que peuvent produire les anneaux de son ventre, qui est léger et ne peut guère la faire changer de place. La peau de cette première espèce de chrysalide est ordinairement dure, épaissie, sèche et comme carcagnulaise. Dans la seconde espèce de nymphe, il n'en est pas de même : on distingue aisément toutes les parties de l'insecte ; elles ne sont point recouvertes d'une peau dure et coriace, mais d'une simple pellicule qui enveloppe les parties séparément ; aussi cette chrysalide est-elle molle, et si on la touche, on la blesse aisément. Cette seconde espèce n'a guère plus de mouvements que la première. On en voit des exemples dans les insectes à étuis, dans beaucoup d'insectes à quatre ailes nues, tels que les abeilles, les ichneumons, les guêpes, et dans les insectes à deux ailes, comme les mouches. La troisième espèce de nymphes diffère des précédentes, en ce que ses parties sont assez développées et paraissent aux yeux, et que, de plus, la nymphe va et vient, et a même souvent des mouvements fort vifs : telles sont les nymphes des coucins et de quelques espèces de tipules. DES Insectes; 31 Les fortes de nymphes ne se voient guères que parmi les insectes qui passent le premier et le second état de leur vie dans l'eau. Elles ressemblent aux deux premières espèces, en ce que les insectes sous cette forme ne prennent aucune nourriture, et elles n’en diffèrent que parce que ces nymphes ont la faculté de se mouvoir. Enfin, la quatrième et dernière espèce de nymphes est celle qui s'éloigne le plus des précédentes. Ces espèces de nymphes, outre la faculté de se mouvoir et de marcher, ont encore celle de prendre de la nourriture; elles ressemblent plus à des insectes parfaits, ou à des larves, qu'à de vraies nymphes; elles ont des antennes, des pattes, et beaucoup d'autres parties semblables, bien développées, dont elles font usage. Telles sont plusieurs nymphes aquatiques, telles que celles des demoiselles, des éphémères et d'autres insectes; telles sont parmi les nymphes terrestres, celles des punaises, des sauterelles, des grillons, et nombre d'autres, qui ne diffèrent presque pas de l'insecte parfait, que par le défaut d'ailes. Leurs ailes ne sont point développées, elles sont entassées, plissées, et forment des espèces de boutons ou moignons d'ailes attachés au corselet: à cela près, ces nymphes ressemblent tout-à-fait à l'insecte parfait; mais quoique ces dernières nymphes soient beaucoup plus formées que les précédentes, ces insectes ne peuvent cependant sous cette forme s'accoupler, ni travailler au grand ouvrage de la génération, pas plus que les larves et les autres nymphes; il faut pour cela que l'insecte soit passé à son état de perfection. On voit par ce que nous venons de dire, combien peu se ressemblent les différentes espèces de nymphes. Plusieurs d’entre elles sont presque sans mouvements, tandis que les autres en ont un fort vif : ces dernières peuvent fuir et éviter les dangers et les ennemis auxquels elles seraient exposées ; mais il n’en est pas de même des premières ; qui sont immobiles. Aussi, la plupart des nymphes, qui sont dans ce cas, sont-elles pourvues d’une espèce de rempart qui les met à l’abri. Une grande partie de ces nymphes se file des coques d’un tissu très soyeux et serré, qui les garantit du froid et des périls qui les environnent, et d’autres se logent dans la terre, où après avoir pratiqué un espace assez spacieux pour y être à l’aise, elles le tapissent d’un tissu de soie très fine et délicate, qui empêche l’intérieur de leur habitation de les blesser pendant leur métamorphose, et en même temps fondent ces mêmes parois, qui sans cette précaution pourraient s’écrouler. Nous voyons des exemples de ces coques dans les vers à soie, plusieurs espèces de phalènes, les ichneumons et d’autres insectes, et quant aux coques que les insectes pratiquent dans la terre ou dans le sable, nous en avons une infinité d’exemples, que nous fournissent les insectes à étuis, les mouches à fleurs, plusieurs espèces de phalènes, le fourmilier et grand nombre d’insectes différents. Les larves de tous les insectes ayant que de se transformer en nymphes, sont ces coques où elles doivent ensuite achever leurs métamorphoses : la nature les a pour cet effet pourvues d'un réservoir de matière semblable à un vernis des plus secs et des plus beaux, qui fait la substance de leur soie. Pour le mettre en œuvre, elles ont à la levre inférieure de leur bouche une petite ouverture, une fioche, par où cette matière se répand aisément, et qu’elles conduisent de côté et d’autre, pour en former un tissu ferme et serré. Mais il y a d’autres coques beaucoup plus singulières : ces dernières ne sont point filées, elles ne sont point composées comme les autres, d’un tissu soyeux, c’est la peau même de l’insecte qui les forme en se durcissant. En parlant des "larves", nous avons expliqué ce que l’on entendait par les "flamantes" : ces parties se trouvent sur les nymphes comme sur les larves. Ces nymphes souvent immobiles, qui la plupart n’ont pas besoin de prendre de nourriture, ces corps qu’on aurait souvent peine à prendre pour des êtres animés, ne peuvent se passer d’air : leurs flamantes, par lesquelles elles le respirent, sont souvent placés à peu près comme dans la larve, le long des anneaux du ventre ; mais quant à ceux du corcelet, et même quant aux deux derniers flamantes du ventre, il y a souvent des singularités qui rendent la figure et la politique des flamantes de la nymphe, bien différentes de ce qu’elles font dans la larve et dans l’animal parfait. Souvent les flamantes du corcelet, au lieu de se terminer à fleur de la peau, à laquelle ils aboutissent, se terminent à de petites élévations, à de petites cornes qui sont posées au haut de la nymphe, et lui donnent une figure singulière. Tantôt au lieu de cornes, ce sont des espèces de petits cornets, ou bien leur figure ressemble à des oreilles : il en est de même des deux derniers flamantes du ventre, qui dans plusieurs insectes se terminent à des espèces de cylindres, ou tuyaux allongés et prominents. Enfin quelques nymphes aquatiques, qui sont celles qui fournissent les variétés les plus singulières, ont au lieu de flamantes, des espèces d’ouies semblables à celles des poissons, des panaches auxquelles aboutissent les vaisseaux aériens, et qu'elles font jouer presque continuellement avec une légèreté surprenante. Telles sont, en abrégé, les principales espèces de nymphes que l’on observe en examinant les insectes. Ces petits animaux reposent sous cette seconde forme, les uns plus de temps, les autres moins, jusqu’à ce qu’ils la quittent pour prendre celle d’insectes parfaits, ce qui est leur troisième et dernier état, qui nous reste à examiner. Nous avons dit que les larves, avant que de devenir nymphes, avaient acquis toute leur grosseur : il semble que elles devraient prendre tout de suite la forme d’insectes parfaits, sans passer par l’état de nymphes. Pourquoi donc la nature les a-t-elle conduites à cet état moyen, pendant lequel le plus grand nombre des insectes reste dans l’inaction, ne prend point de nourriture, et semble comme endormi ? Pour en concevoir la raison, il faut remonter plus haut, et examiner de nouveau la larve. Cette larve qui paraît si différente de l’insecte qu’elle doit produire, qui souvent est si lourde et si pesante, tandis qu’il en doit sortir un insecte agile et pourvu d’ailes, cette chenille rampante, qui doit donner naissance à un papillon léger, n’est que le même animal, mais caché sous plusieurs enveloppes qu’il doit déposer successivement. Source: https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Études_sur_la_Métamorphose_des_insectes Cette proposition paraîtra peut-être d’abord un paradoxe aux personnes peu versées dans l’Histoire Naturelle ; cependant, rien de plus vrai. La larve a plusieurs peaux qu'elle dépose l'une après l'autre, et sous ces peaux est l'infesté parfait, qui n'est pas développé ; mais dont on peut avec un peu de soin distinguer les différentes parties. Qu'on prenne une chenille, qui ne soit pas même parvenue encore à toute sa grosseur, qu'on en dissèque avec soin et précaution la peau, on distinguera déjà une partie des membres du papillon ou de la phalène, qui en doit sortir un jour. Si la chenille est prête à se mettre en chrysalide, qu'elle soit parvenue à sa grosseur, ces mêmes parties seront beaucoup plus distinctes, et avec de la patience, on pourra parvenir à tirer de l’intérieur d’une chenille un papillon presque tout formé, mais dont les parties seront molles et presque gelatinuses. La larve n’est donc point un insecte différent de celui qui en doit un jour sortir dans toute sa perfection, c’est précisément le même insecte jeune, mou, presque fluide, qui se trouve enveloppé de plusieurs peaux, qui le cachent à nos yeux et lui donnent une figure différente. Il est dans ce premier état masqué, c’est pour cela qu’on lui donne le nom de larve. Lorsqu’il a quitté les différentes peaux dont il était couvert, lorsqu’il est parvenu à sa grandeur, et qu’il ne lui reste plus que sa dernière enveloppe, il s’en débarasse et paraît sous la forme de nymphe ; la nymphe n’est donc autre chose que l'insecte parfait parvenu à sa grandeur, mais encore trop mou, et dont toutes les parties ont besoin de prendre de la consistance : c’est ce qui leur arrive pendant ce second état : au lieu des peaux dont l’insecte était recouvert sous sa forme de larve, il ne lui reste plus qu’une membrane, qui sous cette prenne une consistance assez ferme, et qui s’introduisant entre les différentes parties de l’insecte, les tient emmaillottées et couchées le long de son ventre : c’est sous cette membrane que tous les membres de l’insecte se durcissent et se fortifient. Ce développement si prompt des ailes de l'infestée, qui au sortir de la nymphe étaient éparses, humides et comme chiffonnées, paraît d’abord étonnant à un observateur qui le suit et l'examine. Un pareil développement n’est cependant dû qu’à l'air. Tandis que l'air extérieur fiche le fardeau des surfaces de l'aile de l'infestée, l'air intérieur poussé par les trachées qui rampent dans le tissu de cette même aile, l'étend considérablement. Et lorsqu’une fois elle s’est tout à fait étendue, les pellicules minces dont elle est formée, se trouvant sèches, ne se plissent plus et restent dans le même état. Cette action de l’air extérieur des trachées en est providence par l'accident que nous avons dit arriver quelquefois à des ailes d’insectes, qui réflchissent bourgeonnées et véritablement emphysematiques, lorsque l’air intérieur s’épanche entre les deux lames de ces ailes. Par tout ce que nous venons de dire, on voit que l'infesté parfait, avant que de parvenir à ce dernier état de perfection, doit passer par plusieurs opérations difficiles et laborieuses, dans lesquelles il lui arrive quelquefois de périr : ce sont pour lui autant d'états de foulfurances et de maladies naturelles. Quelques infestes ont cependant encore un travail de plus à fournir ; ce sont ceux dont les chrystalides sont renfermées dans des coques ; il faut qu'ils percent ces coques, lorsqu'ils sont forts, ou lorsqu'ils sortent de leurs nymphes. Ce dernier ouvrage ne paraît pas difficile pour les hélicelles qui ont des mâchoires dures et aigues. Ces mâchoires, qui souvent taillent, coupent et déchirent le tissu de fils soyeux, peuvent aisément percer un fil de soie : mais il y a quelques infestes qui n'ont point de pareilles mâchoires, et qui sont renfermés dans des coques ; aussi la nature leur a-t-elle facilité leur ouverture. Un des bouts de leur coque est faible, souvent même ce bout reste ouvert et seulement clos par des fils placés en longueur, dont les bouts se touchant, empêchent bien l'entrée de la coque aux autres infestes, mais permettent à celui qui y est renfermé, de sortir aisément : en forçant légèrement avec sa tête, il fait écarter ces fils les uns des autres, et se procure une issue très-facile. Telles sont en général les principales circonstances que l'on observe dans les changements des instaces, depuis leur sortie de l’œuf, jusqu’à leur état de perfection. On voit par ce détail abrégé, que ces prétendues métamorphoses ne sont qu’un développement successif, qui nous fait voir l’insecte sous des formes différentes. Ce développement offre souvent une infinité de manœuvres singulières, différentes suivant les différentes espèces de ces animaux. Nous en détaillerons plusieurs, en traitant chaque genre en particulier, & nous le ferons d’autant plus volontiers, que ce détail amusant fera voir la grandeur et la sageffe du Créateur dans ses plus petits ouvrages. CHAPITRE IV. De la nourriture des insectes, DES trois règnes sous lesquels sont renfermés tous les corps naturels, il n’y en a que deux, le règne végétal & le règne animal, qui contiennent une matière propre à servir de nourriture. Quant aux minéraux, ces corps sont trop secs, et manquent presque entièrement de cette partie mucilagineuse, qui seule est capable, après une préparation préliminaire, de s’identifier, pour ainsi dire, avec les fibres du corps : les insectes, par rapport à cet article, sont dans le même cas que les autres animaux : ils se nourrissent ou de plantes, ou de parties d’animaux, soit de leur classe, soit de classes différentes. Parmi ceux qui tirent leur nourriture du régné végétal, les uns s’enfoncent dans la terre et rongent et mangent les racines, et font souvent un tort considérable aux jardins : c’est ainsi que la larve des hannetons, que les Jardiniers connaissent sous le nom de vers blanc, parvient souvent à détruire en peu de temps un potager entier, lorsque ces infestes sont nombreux : il en est de même du taupje grillon ou courtillière, qui porte un préjudice considérable aux cultures, ou d’un nombre infini d’autres insectes. La nourriture de quelques-uns est encore plus faible et plus dure ; ils percent le bois, le réduisent en poudre et se nourrissent de ses particules ; c’est ce que font plustures larves d’insectes à écailles, et particulièrement de ces vermes luisants, qui rongent jusqu’aux tables des maisons, et les différents meubles de bois qu’ils convertissent en poudre : c’est encore de cette manière que les larves des capricornes et la chenille d’une certaine phalène, que quelques auteurs nomment le couscous, détruisent et attaquent les arbres : les fables surtout sont sujets à être ainsi dévorés dans leur intérieur par un nombre presque infini d’infestes. D'autres se nourrissent de parties plus délicates: les feuilles des plantes et des arbres sont leur nourriture ordinaire; de ce nombre sont les chenilles et beaucoup d’autres insectes, mais tous n’attaquent pas les feuilles de la même manière; les uns rongent toute leur substance, d’autres se contentent du parenchyme de la feuille contenu entre les membranes, de ce qu'ils se logent dans l’intérieur de cette feuille et forment ainsi dans l'intérieur de cette feuille des sentiers et des galeries; souvent ces mêmes insectes ne se contentent pas des feuilles, les fleurs leur offrent un mets encore plus délicat qu'ils n’ont garde d’épargner. On ne sait que trop, combien les jardins ont souffert de la part de ces petits animaux; mais toutes ces différentes sortes de nourritures paraissent encore trop grossières à certains-uns, ils ont besoin d’une matière plus douce, qui se trouve sur les fleurs: c’est cette liqueur mielleuse que fournissent les glandes de plusieurs fleurs, que les Botanistes modernes ont décorée du nom de nectar. La plupart des papillons et des phalènes, plusieurs espèces de mouches et d’autres insectes se nourrissent de ce nectar, et quelques-uns, comme les abeilles et d’autres genres approchant, en composent la substance du miel, après lui avoir fait subir une dernière préparation dans leur corps. Enfin les fruits, les graines, le blé même ne sont point à l’abri des insectes; ils partagent avec nous ces différents aliments, et souvent nous en enlevons une grande partie. On trouve tous les jours des larves de mouches et d’autres insectes dans les poires, les prunes, les bigarreaux et d’autres fruits; les greniers sont infestés par plusieurs espèces de charançons, qui se logent dans l’intérieur du grain et en mangent la farine, et les différentes graines renferment souvent des insectes qui les rongent. 11 n'y a donc aucune partie des plantes, qui ne serve de nourriture à différents insectes, et presque toutes les plantes sont attaquées par quelques espèces. Cependant, tous les insectes ne se nourrissent pas indifféremment de toutes les plantes. Il y a bien quelques insectes plus voraces que les autres, auxquels toutes fortes de plantes sont presque également bonnes. Quelques espèces de chenilles, et parmi les insectes à étuis, quelques scarabées, le hanneton, par exemple, défolient presque tous les arbres indifféremment ; d'autres espèces, sans attaquer toutes les plantes, s’accommodent de plusieurs ; mais un grand nombre d'insectes ne se nourrissent que d’une espèce de plante, ou tout au plus de quelques autres qui en approchent ; c’est sur ces mêmes plantes qu'on trouve toujours ces animaux, et on leur a beau de prévenir d’autres, quoique pressés de la faim, ils n’y toucheront pas. Souvent la même plante sert de nourriture à plusieurs espèces ; les chênes et les saules sont particulièrement de ce nombre ; il y a peu d'arbres sur lesquels on trouve autant d'insectes différents et en aussi grand nombre. C'est ce que l'on pourra remarquer, lorsque nous traiterons des insectes en particulier, et que nous aviserons des plantes ou autres endroits où l'on peut ordinément trouver chaque espèce. Le règne végétal, n'est pas le seul, comme nous l'avons dit, qui fournisse aux animaux les aliments qui leur sont convenables. Un grand nombre de ces petits animaux rejette une pareille nourriture ; ceux-ci plus carnassiers recherchent des substances tirées du règne animal ; quelques-uns n’attaquent et ne dévorent que les animaux morts et dont les chairs commencent déjà à fermenter. Ces substances sont ordinairement remplies de differentes larves de mouches et d’insectes à étrées, qui par leurs excréments et leur humidité qu’elles communiquent accélèrent encore la pourriture. D’autres insectes plus faibles se plaisent dans des matières beaucoup plus dégoûtantes ; les excréments des animaux et même de l’homme sont leur domicile ordinaire. Une nourriture qui semble si répugnante, fait l'aliment de plufieurs belles mouches, d’un très grand nombre d’insectes à étrées, comme le pilulaire, les bouziers et beaucoup d’autres. Il est peu de matières aussi peuplées de ces animaux, que les boues de vaches ; elles en fourmillent, et une seule de ces boues devient une espèce de trésor pour un Naturaliste curieux et qui n’est pas trop dégoûté. Les poils, les plumes, les peaux de différents animaux font la pâture d’autres espèces d’insectes. On sait combien les pelleteries sont endommagées par ces petits ennemis, différentes teignes en particulier et quelques dermites les attaquent ; ainsi que les étoffes de laine ; sans qu’on puisse les mettre à l’abri de leurs dents. Mais tous ces insectes, quoique nuisibles, ne se nourrissent que de parties d’animaux, qui ne sont point vivants; moins cruels et moins voraces que certaines espèces, qui tirent leur nourriture des sucres d’animaux en vie. L’homme lui-même n’est pas exempt de leurs atteintes. On connaît assez les différentes vermines qui s’attachent ordinairement à lui. D’autres espèces fatiguent également les différences animaux, tant grands que petits: les infestations ont eux-mêmes leurs poux, qui les dévorent, tandis qu’ils en déchirent d’autres. Quelques-uns, comme les taons et les œufs, s’infestent sous la peau des bœufs et des cerfs, et y font une espèce d’ulcère où ils se logent; d’autres vont pénétrer dans le nez des moutons et dans l’anus des chevaux, qu’ils mettent souvent en fureur, c’est là que ces infestes pompent à leur aise les humeurs du grand animal dont ils se nourrissent: d’autres infestes, plus petits, font le même mal aux infestes plus grands. Les chenilles sont sujettes à être piquées par des ichneumons qui déposent leurs œufs sous leur peau: la larve naissante de ces ichneumons dévore intérieurement la chenille, qui souvent ne meurt que lorsqu’une multitude étonnante de ces larves la perce de tous côtés, pour faire sortir leurs coques. Enfin, beaucoup de ces insectes carnagers ne vivent que d’autres insectes; ils se dévorent les uns les autres, n’épargnant pas même ceux de leur propre espèce; le nombre de ces derniers est très considérable, comme on le verra dans le détail particulier. C’est parmi ces insectes qu’on voit le plus de ruses et d’industrie, soit pour attaquer, soit pour se défendre. Quelques-uns, à la vérité, y vont de vive force, mais plusieurs autres emploient l’adresse pour suppléer à la force qui leur manque. Tout le monde a pu observer avec admiration les filets que les araignées tendent aux mousses: beaucoup de personnes connaissent aujourd’hui le fourmillement, et les embûches qu’il tend aux fourmis, caché au fond d’un cône qu’il a pratiqué avec beaucoup de travail dans le sable: plusieurs autres insectes n’emploient pas moins d’art pour faire tomber dans leurs pièges la proie que la nature leur a destinée. Ces différentes ruses ne font pas une partie des moins intéressantes de l’Histoire des Insectes. Nous n’entrerons pas anectdument dans un plus grand détail, par rapport à cet article; nous nous contenterons seulement de remarquer, avant que de finir, que les insectes ne restent pas toujours constamment attachés à la même nourriture pendant toute leur vie. Souvent leurs goûts changent suivant les différences états par lesquels ils passent: les mouches, qui dans leur état de perfection, se nourrissent la plupart du temps de sucre et du nectar des plantes, ont vécu d’abord de chair pourrie et corrompue, lorsqu’elles étaient sous la forme de larves. Les chenilles rongent les plantes, et les papillons qui en proviennent, succédent seulement les fleurs: il en est de même de beaucoup d’autres insectes, qui en changeant d’état changent aussi de nourriture, comme quelques-uns changent d’élément. CHAPITRE II. Division des Insectes en sections, Après avoir examiné les insectes et leurs différentes brides, et les avoir suivis depuis leur naissance jusqu’à leur état de perfection, il ne nous reste plus, pour terminer ce que nous avons à donner de général sur ces animaux, qu’à les ranger par leurs caractères, suivant un ordre et un système méthodique: c’est le seul moyen de faciliter la connaissance de cette partie de l'Histoire Naturelle. Toute cette classe des insectes peut être divisée en six grandes et principales sections, dont les caractères sont principalement tirés des ailes. La première renferme tous les coléoptères ou insectes à étuis. Ce sont ceux dont les ailes sont recouvertes d’épices de fourreaux ou étuis plus ou moins durs : le hanneton, par exemple, les scarabées sont de cette première section. Un de leurs caractères, outre les étuis de leurs ailes, est d’avoir leur bouche armée de mâchoires dures et aigues. La seconde section comprend les hémiptères ou insectes à demi étuis. Nous avons conservé ce nom à cette section, parce que ces insectes n’ont pas tout-à-fait des étuis comme dans la section précédente, mais quelque chose qui en approche. Dans les uns, comme dans les procigales, les ailes supérieures sont plus épaissies et souvent colorées comme des étuis ; dans d’autres, comme dans les punaises de bois, la moitié inférieure des ailes de dessus est membraneuse et transparente comme une véritable aile, tandis que la moitié supérieure est dure, épaissie et colorée ; semblable à un véritable étui : mais le caractère essentiel de cette section consiste dans la trompe longue et aiguë de la bouche, qui est repliée en dessous, s’étend entre les pattes et souvent même part de l’intervalle qui se trouve entre ces mêmes pattes, au lieu de prendre naissance de l’extrémité de la tête. Dans la troisième section, sont tous les insectes tétrapères à ailes farciennes, ou les insectes à quatre ailes couvertes de cette poussière écaillesuse qu’on apperre sur les ailes des papillons : cette section est la moins nombreuse, les insectes qu’elle renferme ont une trompe plus ou moins longue, souvent recourbée en spirale. Nous renfermons dans la quatrième section, tous les tétraphères ou insectes à quatre ailes. Cette section est une des plus nombreuses : la plupart des insectes qu’elle contient ont la bouche armée de mâchoires, plus grandes dans les uns, plus petites dans les autres et, ordinairement accompagnées dans ces derniers d’appendices semblables à des antennules ; les demoiselles, les abeilles, les guêpes, etc. font de cette section. La cinquième est composée des diptères, ou insectes qui n’ont que deux ailes ; tels que les mouches, les taons, les tipules, les coucous, etc. Tous ces insectes ont à la bouche des trompes diversément figurées, suivant les différences de genres ; tous ont aussi un carapace essentiel et particulier à cette seule section ; c’est d’avoir sous l’origine de leurs ailes, les petits balanciers dont nous avons parlé dans le premier chapitre. Enfin, nous avons rangé sous la sixième et dernière section, tous les insectes aptères, ou sans ailes : les araignées, les scorpions, la puce, le pou, etc. y trouvent leur place. Telles sont les six grandes sections qui composent toute la classe des insectes ; mais comme quelques-unes de ces sections sont très nombreuses, pour faciliter la recherche des insectes qu’elles contiennent, nous les avons divisées en plusieurs articles et en différents ordres subordonnés à ces articles ; c’est ce que l’on verra à la tête de chaque section ; sous ces articles et ces ordres, seront renfermés les genres. Actuellement, avant que d’entrer dans le détail de chaque section, nous allons réunir dans une seule Table générale les huit grandes sections qui composent toute la classe des insectes. TABLE GÉNÉRALE DES SECTIONS dont elle comprend la classe des Insectes. 1°. LES COLEOPTERES OU insectes à étuis Caractère : Ailes couvertes d’étuis ou de fourreaux. Bouche armée de mâchoires dures. 2°. Les HEMIPTERES OU insectes à demi étuis Caractère : Ailes supérieures presque semblables à des étuis; bouche armée d’une trompe aiguë, repliée en dedans le long du corps. 3°. Les TETRAPTERES à ailes farineuses. Caractère : Quatre ailes chargées de poils échancréuses. 4°. Les TETRAPTERES à ailes nues ou infectées à quatre ailes nues Caractère : Quatre ailes membraneuses nues sans poils. 5°. Les DIPTERES ou infectés à deux ailes Caractère : Deux ailes. Un petit balancier sous l’origine de chaque aile. Les APITERES ou infectés sans ailes Caractère : Corps sans ailes. Les INSECTES. 47 SECTION GÉNÉRALE SEX ex quibus constat Insecta classis. Insecta, 1°. COLEOPTERA. 2°. HEMIPTERA. 3°. Tetraptera alis firmaculis. 4°. Tetraptera alis nuda. 5°. DIPTERA; Aptera. Caractère : Alæ coleoptris seu elytris textæ; os maxillarum. Alæ supérieures elytris accessentes; os sub thorace inflexum. Alæ quatuor squammulis telæ. Alæ quatuor nudæ, membrane nacea. Alæ duae. Haltères à subalarum origine; Alæ nullæ; Histoire abrégée. SECTION PREMIERE Insectes à étuis, ou Coleoptères Je sens les insectes à étuis, ou les insectes coleoptères, forment notre première section. Nous donnons ce nom aux insectes qui ont leurs ailes recouvertes d'épices d'étuis ou de fourreaux, souvent durs et colorés et opaques. Tel est par exemple, le hanneton que tout le monde connaît, dont les ailes sont cachées sous de pareils fourreaux. La plupart des Auteurs ont donné à ces insectes le nom de scarabées, mais comme ce nom a été appliqué plus particulièrement à un des genres de cette section, nous croyons que celui d'insectes à étuis est plus naturel et plus convenable. Le caractère propre de cette section, est donc d’avoir des étuis ou espèces d’écailles, qui recouvrent le corps de l’insecte, et sous lesquels on trouve ordinairement deux ailes : je dis ordinairement, car il y a quelques genres et même quelques espèces particulières de certains genres, qui n’ont point d’ailes sous ces étuis. Qu’on prenne un hanneton ordinaire, qu’on enlève ces deux étuis durs qui recouvrent son ventre, on trouvera en dessous deux grandes ailes transparentes plus longues que les étuis et que le corps de l’insecte, mais qui se replient en dessous au moyen des nervures fortes qui les font agir. L’insecte, qu’il veut voler, déploye ces ailes et relève les étuis, et lorsqu’il veut se poser et s’arrêter quelque part, il les replie et les fait rentrer aisément sous leurs fourreaux. On peut observer la même chose dans un très grand nombre d’insectes de cette section : mais il en est d’autres, tels par exemple, que ces buprestes dorés qu’on voit courir dans les champs, qui n’ont point d’ailes sous leurs étuis ; qu’on les lève, on voit les anneaux du ventre de ces insectes à nu. Audi ces animaux ne peuvent-ils voler, mais en récompense ils courent fort vite. Il en est d’autres insectes dans lesquels non seulement les ailes manquent entièrement, mais dont les deux étuis sont même réunis ensemble et n’en forment qu’un seul. Ces insectes semblent, à la première vue, avoir deux étuis, parce que la future forme, ordinairement formée par la réunion des deux, se trouve marquée et exprimée sur le milieu de ce seul étui, mais si on l’examine de près, on voit qu’il est d’une seule pièce. Plufieurs même d’entre eux ont cet étui unique tellement construit, qu’il est tout à fait immobile ; ses côtés sont recourbés et enveloppent une partie du dessous du corps : c’est ce que l’on peut voir aisément dans certaines espèces de charançons, dans une espèce de chrysalide et dans quelques ténèbres. Ainsi il n’est point essentiel aux insectes à étuis d’avoir des ailes, quoique la plupart en soient pourvus, ni d’avoir deux étuis, ou un seul qui paraisse en former deux, à cause de la raie qui se trouve au milieu. Mais, comme les étuis varient entre eux par leur grandeur et par le plus ou moins de dureté, nous en avons tiré des caractères secondaires pour diviser cette section en trois articles. Le article comprend tous les insectes dont les étuis sont durs, écailleux et couvrent tout le ventre. Le hanneton se trouve dans cet article : les Fourreaux de ses ailes s’étendent depuis son corps jusqu’à l’extrémité de son ventre et le recouvrent entièrement ; de plus, ces étuis sont durs, écailleux, épais et d’une matière semblable à la corne. Les infusées contenus dans le second article ont pareillement des étuis durs et écailleux, mais ces étuis ne couvrent qu’une partie de la longueur du ventre, dans les uns la moitié, dans d’autres encore moins, comme on le voit dans le staphylin, dont les étuis sont extrêmement courts. Enfin, nous avons rangé sous le troisième article, les infusées dont les étuis sont mois et presque membraneux, tels que les blattes, les fauteuilles, etc. mais il est bon de remarquer que quoique ces étuis ne soient point durs et écailleux comme ceux des infusées dont nous avons parlé ci-dessus, ils sont néanmoins plus durs, plus épais et moins transparents que les ailes, ce qui fait ranger ces infusées dans cette section, et non point dans celle des infusées à quatre ailes nues ou découpées. Que l’on examine une fauteuille, on verra deux longs étuis étroits, mois, presque membraneux, mais colorés et plus épais que les ailes qu’ils recouvrent ; de plus, ces ailes sont grandes et repliées en tout ou en partie hors de ces étuis. |
github_open_source_100_1_271 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | using Xunit;
using FluentAssertions;
namespace CalculatorLib.UnitTest;
// Calculator 스펙
public class CalculatorSpec
{
[Fact]
public void Test()
{
// Arrange : 입력 준비
Calculator sut = new Calculator();
// Act : 실행
int actual = sut.Add(1, 6);
// Assert : 출력 확인
//
// Equal 메서드의 단점
// public static void Equal<T>(T expected, T actual);
// - expected와 actual은 동일한 타입이다.
// - 타입이 같아서 순서가 올바르지 않아도 정상적으로 실행한다.
Assert.Equal(7, actual); // 순서가 올바름
Assert.Equal(actual, 7); // 순서가 올바르지 않음
// FluentAssertions 패키지는 더 직관적으로 Assert 구문을 작성할 수 있다.
actual.Should().Be(7);
}
} |
http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/tag_author.cgi?621+176 | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | Titles marked with tag Fix up for author Anne McCaffrey
You are not logged in. If you create a free account and sign in, you will be able to customize what is displayed.
View all users and titles for this tag
Titles by Anne McCaffrey marked with tag: Fix up
Copyright (c) 1995-2018 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06).
|
github_open_source_100_1_272 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | if status is-interactive
# Commands to run in interactive sessions can go here
end
# TokyoNight Color Palette
set -l foreground ADADAD
set -l foreground_bright BABCC8
set -l selection 2E3758
set -l comment 565f89
set -l red E36744
set -l orange E17F64
set -l yellow EADA4A
set -l green 7EC452
set -l purple F258B9
set -l cyan 4ABFDF
set -l pink FA83C0
# Syntax Highlighting Colors
set -g fish_color_normal $foreground
set -g fish_color_command $foreground_bright
set -g fish_color_keyword $pink
set -g fish_color_quote $yellow
set -g fish_color_redirection $foreground
set -g fish_color_end $orange
set -g fish_color_error $red
set -g fish_color_param $purple
set -g fish_color_comment $comment
set -g fish_color_selection --background=$selection
set -g fish_color_search_match --background=$selection
set -g fish_color_operator $green
set -g fish_color_escape $pink
set -g fish_color_autosuggestion $comment
# Completion Pager Colors
set -g fish_pager_color_progress $comment
set -g fish_pager_color_prefix $cyan
set -g fish_pager_color_completion $foreground
set -g fish_pager_color_description $comment
set -g fish_pager_color_selected_background --background=$selection
# ASDF language version manager
source ~/.asdf/asdf.fish
# ASDF golang
. ~/.asdf/plugins/golang/set-env.fish
|
http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/261505 | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | Kingdom: Animalia > Phylum: Arthropoda > Class: Insecta > Order: Coleoptera > Family: Chrysomelidae > Genus: Gonioctena > Species: Gonioctena aegrota nana
Gonioctena aegrota nana Kippenberg, 2001
Images from the web
Quick facts
Threat status Europe Not evaluated (IUCN)
Valid parent species Gonioctena aegrota
The EUNIS species component has very limited information about this species.
The main focus of the EUNIS species component is to provide relevant information about the European species protected by Directives, Conventions and Agreements. The species assessed in the European Red Lists prepared by the IUCN for the European Commission are also included.
See here what is Europe from a geographical point of view.
Other resources available below may have more information.
Distribution
The distribution map is currently disabled. A new map solution will soon become available. In the meantime, please consult other species distribution map providers listed in the Other resources panel below.
Threat and conservation status
This species has not yet been assessed for the IUCN Red List
Natura 2000 sites
Not available
Legal status
Not listed in legal texts
Common names and synonyms
The species has no common names
No synonyms available.
Other resources
Fauna Europaea Fauna Europaea
GBIF Global Biodiversity Information Facility
ITIS search Interagency Taxonomic Information System
NCBI search National Center for Biotechnology Information
PESI (Accepted) Pan-European Species directories Infrastructure
External data
No external data sets available for this species
European Environment Agency (EEA)
Kongens Nytorv 6
1050 Copenhagen K
Denmark
Phone: +45 3336 7100.
|
784199_2003_4 | SEC | Public Domain | These statements are based on certain assumptions and analyses made by the Company in light of its experience and its perception of historical trends, current conditions, and expected future developments as well as other factors it believes are appropriate in the circumstances. However, whether actual results and developments will conform with the Company’s expectations and predictions is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties which could cause actual results to differ materially from the Company’s expectations, including the risk factors discussed in this Form 10-K and other factors, many of which are beyond the control of the Company. Consequently, all of the forward-looking statements made in this Form 10-K are qualified by these cautionary statements and there can be no assurance that the actual results or developments anticipated by the Company will be realized or, even if substantially realized, that they will have the expected consequences to or effects on the Company or its business or operations. The Company assumes no obligation to update publicly any such forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise.
Item 2.
Item 2. Properties.
The Company’s facilities are located in suburban Atlanta, Georgia, and in Fareham, United Kingdom. The Atlanta facilities consist of two separate locations totaling approximately 220,000 square feet of leased office, manufacturing, laboratory and warehouse space. Approximately 26,000 square feet are dedicated to clean room work areas. The primary facility has six main laboratory facilities: human tissue processing, BioGlue manufacturing, bioprosthesis manufacturing, research and development, microbiology, and pathology. Each of these areas consists of a general technician work area and adjoining “clean rooms” for work with human tissue and for aseptic processing. The clean rooms are supplied with highly filtered air that provides a near-sterile environment. The human tissue processing laboratory contains approximately 15,600 square feet with a suite of eight clean rooms. The BioGlue manufacturing laboratory contains approximately 13,500 square feet with a suite of six clean rooms. The bioprosthesis manufacturing laboratory contains approximately 20,000 square feet with a suite of six clean rooms. The research and development laboratory is approximately 10,500 square feet with a suite of five clean rooms. The microbiology laboratory is approximately 8,000 square feet with a suite of five clean rooms. The pathology laboratory is approximately 1,100 square feet. One additional facility contains approximately 20,000 square feet, with about 2,100 square feet of laboratory space and a suite of six clean rooms. The Europa facility located in Fareham, United Kingdom contains approximately 5,600 square feet of office, warehousing and training laboratory space. Subsequent to the sale of the Ideas for Medicine, Inc. (“IFM”) assets, the Company continues to lease the 30,000 square foot IFM facility in St. Petersburg, Florida from the former principal shareholder of IFM. A wholly owned subsidiary of LeMaitre Vascular, Inc. currently subleases the IFM facility from the Company. The Company’s lease and sublease on its IFM facility expires in 2007.
Item 3.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings.
Product Liability Claims
In the normal course of business as a medical device and services company, the Company has product liability complaints filed against it. Following the FDA Order, a greater number of lawsuits than has historically been the case have been filed. As of February 24, 2004 the Company was aware of approximately nine pending product liability lawsuits. The lawsuits are currently in the pre-discovery or discovery stages. Of these lawsuits, six allege product liability claims arising out of the Company’s orthopaedic tissue services, two allege product liability claims arising out of the Company’s allograft heart valve tissue services, and one alleges product liability claims arising out of the non-tissue products made by Ideas for Medicine, when it was a subsidiary of the Company.
During the fourth quarter of 2003, 15 lawsuits and claims against the Company were settled including the complaints filed against the Company by Jeffrey Andronaco and Christina Andronaco and Jolene and Robert Moulton. The total settlements involved in these lawsuits and claims including amounts paid by the Company or its insurer were $14.6 million. Through February 25, 2004, four lawsuits and claims against the Company were settled or dismissed. The total settlements involved in these lawsuits and claims including amounts paid by the Company or its insurer were $1.5 million.
Of the nine open lawsuits, two lawsuits were filed in the 2000/2001 insurance policy year, two were filed in the 2001/2002 insurance policy year, two were filed in the 2002/2003 insurance policy year and three were filed in the 2003/2004 insurance policy year. For the 2000/2001 and 2001/2002 insurance policy years, the Company maintained claims-made insurance policies, which the Company believes to be adequate to defend against the suits filed during this period. As of December 31, 2003 the Company has an accrual of $100,000 for retention levels related to the 2000/2001 and 2001/2002 policy years.
For the 2002/2003 insurance policy year, the Company maintained claims-made insurance policies with three carriers. The Company used all of its insurance coverage, aggregating $25 million, for the 2002/2003 insurance policy year, as well as funds of its own, to resolve claims outstanding in the relevant policy period. The Company will be required to fund any amounts needed to defend against the remaining suits filed during the 2002/2003 insurance policy year. For the 2003/2004 insurance policy year, the Company maintains a first year claims-made insurance policy, i.e. only claims incurred and reported during the policy period April 1, 2003 through March 31, 2004 are covered by this policy. Of the three lawsuits filed in the 2003/2004 insurance policy year, one is covered by insurance and two are not. The Company believes its 2003/2004 insurance policy to be adequate to defend against the one suit filed during this time period. Other product liability claims have been asserted against the Company that have not resulted in lawsuits. The Company is monitoring these claims.
The Company performed an analysis as of December 31, 2003 of the pending uninsured product liability claims based on settlement negotiations to date and advice from counsel. As of December 31, 2003 the Company had accrued a total of $5.5 million for uninsured product liability claims. The $5.5 million balance is included as a component of accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the December 31, 2003 Consolidated Balance Sheet.
The amounts recorded are reflective of potential legal fees and settlement costs related to these claims, and do not reflect actual settlement arrangements, actual judgments, including punitive damages, which may be assessed by the courts, or cash set aside for the purpose of making payments. The Company’s product liability insurance policies do not include coverage for any punitive damages, which may be assessed at trial. Additionally, if the Company is unable to settle the outstanding claims for amounts within its ability to pay or one or more of the product liability claims in which the Company is a defendant should be tried with a substantial verdict rendered in favor of the plaintiff(s), there can be no assurance that such verdict(s) would not exceed the Company’s available insurance coverage and liquid assets. If the Company is unable to meet required future cash payments to resolve the outstanding product liability claims, it will have a material adverse effect on the financial position, results of operations, and cash flows of the Company.
The Company maintains claims-made insurance policies to mitigate its financial exposure to product liability claims. Claims-made insurance policies generally cover only those asserted claims and incidents that are reported to the insurance carrier while the policy is in effect. Thus, a claims-made policy does not generally represent a transfer of risk for claims and incidents that have been incurred but not reported to the insurance carrier during the policy period. The Company periodically evaluates its exposure to unreported product liability claims, and records accruals as necessary for the estimated cost of unreported claims related to services performed and products sold. During 2003 the Company retained an independent actuarial firm to perform a revised estimate of the unreported claims.
As a result of the actuarial valuation, the Company accrued an additional $4.3 million during 2003 for estimated costs for unreported product liability claims related to services performed and products sold prior to December 31, 2003. The $4.3 million expense was recorded in general, administrative, and marketing expenses. As of December 31, 2003 the Company had accrued a total of $7.9 million in estimated costs for unreported product liability claims related to services performed and products sold prior to December 31, 2003. This accrual reflected management’s estimate based on information available to it at the time the estimate was made. Actual results may differ from this estimate. The $7.9 million balance is included as a component of accrued expenses and other current liabilities of $3.9 million and other long-term liabilities of $4.0 million on the December 31, 2003 Consolidated Balance Sheet.
Class Action Lawsuit
Several putative class action lawsuits were filed in July through September 2002 against the Company and certain officers of the Company, alleging violations of Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 based on a series of purportedly materially false and misleading statements to the market. The suits were consolidated, and a consolidated amended complaint filed, which principally alleges that the Company made misrepresentations and omissions relating to product safety and the Company’s alleged lack of compliance with certain FDA regulations regarding the handling and processing of certain tissues and other product safety matters. The consolidated complaint seeks certification of a class of purchasers between April 2, 2001 and August 14, 2002, compensatory damages, and other expenses of litigation. The Company and the other defendants filed a motion to dismiss the consolidated complaint on February 28, 2003, which motion the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia denied in part and granted in part on May 27, 2003. The discovery phase of the case commenced on July 16, 2003. On December 16, 2003, the Court certified a class of individuals and entities who purchased or otherwise acquired CryoLife stock from April 2, 2001 through August 14, 2002. At present, the case remains in the discovery phase. Although the Company carries directors’ and officers’ liability insurance policies, the directors’ and officers’ liability insurance carriers have issued reservation of rights letters reserving their rights to deny or rescind coverage under the policies. An adverse judgment in excess of the Company’s available insurance coverage could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, and cash flows. At this time the Company is unable to predict the outcome of this litigation.
Shareholder Derivative Action
On August 30, 2002 a purported shareholder derivative action was filed by Rosemary Lichtenberger against Steven G. Anderson, Albert E. Heacox, John W. Cook, Ronald C. Elkins, Virginia C. Lacy, Ronald D. McCall, Alexander C. Schwartz, and Bruce J. Van Dyne in the Superior Court of Gwinnett County, Georgia. The suit, which names the Company as a nominal defendant, alleges that the individual defendants breached their fiduciary duties to the Company by causing or allowing the Company to engage in certain inappropriate practices that caused the Company to suffer damages. The complaint was preceded by one day by a letter written on behalf of Ms. Lichtenberger demanding that the Company’s Board of Directors take certain actions in response to her allegations. On January 16, 2003 another purported derivative suit alleging claims similar to those of the Lichtenberger suit was filed in the Superior Court of Fulton County by complainant Robert F. Frailey. As in the Lichtenberger suit, the filing of the complaint in the Frailey action was preceded by a demand letter sent on Frailey’s behalf to the Company’s Board of Directors. Both complaints seek undisclosed damages, costs and attorney’s fees, punitive damages, and prejudgment interest against the individual defendants derivatively on behalf of the Company. As previously disclosed, the Company’s Board of Directors has established an independent committee to investigate the allegations of Ms. Lichtenberger and Mr. Frailey. The independent committee engaged independent legal counsel to assist in the investigation, which culminated in a report by the committee concluding that no officer or director breached any fiduciary duty. In October 2003 the two derivative suits were consolidated into one action in the Superior Court of Fulton County, and a consolidated amended complaint was filed. The independent committee, along with its independent legal counsel evaluated the consolidated amended complaint, and concluded that its prior report and determination addressed the material allegations contained in the consolidated amended complaint. The committee reiterated its previous conclusions and determinations, including that maintaining the derivative litigation is not in the best interests of the Company. At this time, the Company is unable to predict the outcome of this litigation. Although the derivative suit is brought nominally on behalf of the Company, the Company expects to continue to incur defense costs and other expenses in connection with the derivative litigation.
SEC Investigation
On August 19, 2002 the Company issued a press release announcing that on August 17, 2002, the Company received a letter from the Atlanta District Office of the SEC inquiring into certain matters relating to the Company’s August 14, 2002 announcement of the recall order issued by the FDA. Since that time, the Company has been cooperating with the SEC in its inquiry, which as the SEC notified the Company in July 2003, became a formal investigation in June 2003. The Company plans to continue to cooperate with the SEC in its investigation.
Other Litigation
In October 2003 an action was filed against multiple defendants, including the Company, titled Donald Payne and Candace Payne v. Community Blood Center, et al, in the Circuit Court of the State of Oregon, County of Multnomah, seeking noneconomic damages of $9.0 million and other damages of $4.7 million. The suit alleges that Mr. Payne received a tissue implant processed by a third party unaffiliated with the Company, and that he was subsequently diagnosed with an infection attributed to the implant. The claim against the Company asserts that CryoLife had processed tissue from the same donor and been notified that a recipient of that tissue had contracted the same virus, and further asserts that the Company had a duty to notify two of the other defendants. A second action, titled L.L.R. and W.C.R. v. Community Blood Center, et al, was filed in October 2003 in the same court as the Payne case, against the same defendants, seeking the same amounts of damages. In this case the plaintiffs allege the recipient received an implant processed by the same unaffiliated third party processor, from the same donor as Mr. Payne, and contracted an infection. The Company intends to vigorously defend against these claims, although the Company is presently unable to predict the outcome.
Item 4.
Item 4. Submission of Matters to Vote of Security Holders.
Inapplicable.
Item 4A. Executive Officers of the Registrant.
Each of the executive officers of the Registrant was elected by the Board of Directors to serve until the Board of Directors’ meeting immediately following the next annual meeting of shareholders or until his earlier removal by the Board of Directors or his resignation. The following table lists the executive officers of the Registrant and their ages, positions with the Registrant, and the dates from which they have continually served in their present positions with the Registrant.
Name Age Position Date First Elected to
Present Office
Steven G. Anderson President, Chief Executive Officer, and Chairman February, 1984
Sidney B. Ashmore Vice President, Marketing March, 2001
Kirby S. Black, PhD Senior Vice President, Research and Development July, 1995
David M. Fronk Vice President, Clinical Research December, 1998
Albert E. Heacox, PhD Senior Vice President, Laboratory Operations June, 1989
D. Ashley Lee, CPA Vice President, Finance, Chief Financial Officer, and Treasurer December, 2002
Thomas J. Lynch, JD, PhD Vice President, Regulatory Affairs and Quality Assurance August, 2003
Joseph Schepers Vice President, Corporate Communications April 2003
James C. Vander Wyk, PhD Vice President, Product Integrity December, 2002
Steven G. Anderson, a founder of the Company, has served as the Company’s President, Chief Executive Officer, and Chairman since its inception. Mr. Anderson has more than 30 years of experience in the implantable medical device industry. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Anderson was Senior Executive Vice President and Vice President, Marketing, from 1976 until 1983 of Intermedics, Inc. (now Guidant, Inc.), a manufacturer and distributor of pacemakers and other medical devices. Mr. Anderson received his BA from the University of Minnesota.
Sidney B. Ashmore has served as Vice President of Marketing since March 2001 and has been with the Company since September 1996 as Director of Marketing. Mr. Ashmore is responsible for developing and implementing the Company’s sales and marketing plans and supervising all tissue procurement activities. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Ashmore held senior marketing positions with Baxter Healthcare from 1991 until 1996, and general management positions with Amorient Aquafarms from 1985 until 1989. Mr. Ashmore received his BA from Vanderbilt University in 1981, his MS from the University of Hawaii in 1985, and his MBA from Northwestern University in 1991.
Kirby S. Black, PhD, has served as Vice President of Research and Development since July 1995. Dr. Black was promoted to Senior Vice President in December of 2000. Dr. Black is responsible for the continued development of the Company’s current products as well as the evaluation of new technologies. Dr. Black is listed on six patents and has authored over 130 publications. Prior to joining the Company, Dr. Black was Director, Medical Information and Project Leader from July 1993 until July 1994 at Advanced Tissue Sciences, LaJolla, California. Dr. Black has also held a number of positions at the University of California at Irvine, including Director, Transplantation and Immunology Laboratories, Department of Surgery. Dr. Black received his BSME degree from the University of California, Los Angeles, and his PhD degree in immunology from the University of California at Irvine.
David M. Fronk was appointed to the position of Vice President of Clinical Research in December 1998 and has been with the Company since 1992, serving as Director of Clinical Research from December 1997 until December 1998. Mr. Fronk is responsible for managing the pre-clinical and clinical investigations for all products, as well as monitoring product performance. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Fronk held engineering positions with Zimmer Inc. from 1986 until 1988 and Baxter Healthcare Corporation from 1988 until 1991. Mr. Fronk served as a market manager with Baxter Healthcare Corporation from 1991 until 1992. Mr. Fronk received his BS in Mechanical Engineering from Ohio State University in 1985 and his MS in Biomedical Engineering from Ohio State University in 1986.
Albert E. Heacox, PhD, has served as Vice President of Laboratory Operations since June 1989 and has been with the Company since June 1985. Dr. Heacox was promoted to Senior Vice President in December of 2000. Dr. Heacox has been responsible for developing protocols and procedures for both cardiovascular and connective tissues, implementing upgrades in procedures in conjunction with the Company’s quality assurance programs, and overseeing all processing and production activities of the Company’s laboratories. Prior to joining the Company, Dr. Heacox worked as a researcher with the U.S. Department of Agriculture and North Dakota State University, developing methods for the preservation of cells and animal germ plasma storage. Dr. Heacox received a BA and an MS in Biology from Adelphi University, received his PhD in Biology from Washington State University and completed his post-doctorate training in cell biology at the University of Cologne, West Germany.
D. Ashley Lee, CPA, has served as Vice President of Finance and Chief Financial Officer of the Company since April 2000 and as Vice President of Finance, Chief Financial Officer, and Treasurer since December 2002. Mr. Lee previously served as controller of the Company from December 1994 until April 2000. Mr. Lee is responsible for the financial affairs of the Company, as well as information technology, human resources, and purchasing. From 1993 to 1994, Mr. Lee served as the Assistant Director of Finance for Compass Retail Inc, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Equitable Real Estate. From 1987 to 1993, Mr. Lee was employed as a certified public accountant with Ernst & Young, LLP. Mr. Lee received his BS in Accounting from the University of Mississippi.
Thomas J. Lynch, JD, PhD has served as Vice President, Regulatory Affairs and Quality Assurance since August 2003. Prior to joining the Company, Dr. Lynch served for three years as Senior Vice President, Regulatory Affairs and Quality Assurance for Clearant, Inc., where he was responsible for developing and implementing improved safety processes and procedures for new and existing biopharmaceutical products. Dr. Lynch previously served as deputy director for the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Division of Hematology, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. He worked at this division of the FDA for six years, where he was involved in new product review and approvals, and in regulatory compliance. Prior to that, he worked as a research scientist in several positions in academia, at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the Biotech industry. Dr. Lynch holds a doctorate in biochemistry from Wayne State University, and a Law degree from Georgetown University.
Joseph Schepers has served as Vice President, Corporate Communications since April 2003. Mr. Schepers is responsible for CryoLife’s external and internal communications. From 2000 to 2003, Mr. Schepers was employed as the Vice President of Corporate Communications and Investor Relations for ICN Pharmaceuticals/Ribapharm, Inc. From 1992 to 2000, Mr. Schepers served as the Head of Investor Relations and Communications in North America for Novartis/CIBA. Mr. Schepers received his BA and MBA from Seton Hall University.
James C. Vander Wyk, PhD, has served as Vice President, Product Integrity since December 2002 and had previously served as Vice President, Regulatory Affairs and Quality Assurance of the Company since February 1996. Prior to joining the Company, Dr. Vander Wyk held senior management positions at Schneider (USA), Inc. from 1993 until 1996, Pharmacia Deltec, Inc. from 1985 until 1993, Delmed, Inc. from 1980 until 1985 and Pharmaco, Inc. from 1975 to 1979, gaining 20 years of experience in Regulatory Affairs and Quality Assurance. Dr. Vander Wyk received his BS in Pharmacy from the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and his PhD in Microbiology from the University of Massachusetts. Dr. Vander Wyk performed his NIH Postdoctoral Fellowship at the University of Illinois.
PART II
Item 5.
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of EquitySecurities.
Market Price of Common Stock
The Company’s Common Stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “CRY.” The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the intra-day high and low sale prices per share of Common Stock on the NYSE.
The Company has never declared or paid any cash dividends on its Common Stock. The Company currently intends to retain any future earnings for funding growth and, therefore, does not anticipate paying any cash dividends on its Common Stock in the foreseeable future. The holders of any shares of Preferred Stock issued by the Company will have a preference as to the payment of dividends over the holders of shares of Common Stock. No shares of Preferred Stock are currently issued and outstanding.
As of January 31, 2004 the Company had 431 shareholders of record.
The Company did not repurchase any shares in the fourth quarter of 2003.
Item 6.
Item 6. Selected Financial Data.
The following Selected Financial Data should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements and Notes thereto, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and other financial information included elsewhere in this Report or incorporated herein by reference. The selected data presented below for and as of the end of the years ended December 31, 2003 and 2002 are derived from the Company’s consolidated financial statements that have been audited by Deloitte and Touche LLP, independent auditors, and which are included elsewhere in this Report and are qualified by reference to such Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto. The selected data presented below for and as of the years ended December 31, 2001, 2000 and 1999 are derived from the Company’s consolidated financial statements that have been audited by Arthur Andersen LLP, independent auditors. The historical results are not necessarily indicative of future results of operations.
Selected Financial Data
(in thousands, except percentages and per share data)
1 Reflects adjustment for 3-for-2 stock split effected December 27, 2000.
2 Current assets divided by current liabilities.
Item 7.
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
Overview
CryoLife, Inc., incorporated January 19, 1984 in Florida, preserves and distributes human tissues for cardiovascular, vascular, and orthopedic transplant applications and develops and commercializes implantable medical devices, including its BioGlue® Surgical Adhesive (“BioGlue”), the CryoLife-O’Brien® aortic heart valve, a glutaraldehyde-fixed stentless porcine heart valve, and SynerGraft® processed bovine vascular grafts for use as arteriovenous access devices. The Company distributes preserved human cardiovascular, vascular, and orthopedic tissue throughout the U.S., Canada, and Europe. The Company can distribute BioGlue throughout the U.S. and more than 40 other countries for designated applications. BioGlue is U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) approved as an adjunct to sutures and staples for use in adult patients in open surgical repair of large vessels in the U.S. In Europe CryoLife distributes BioGlue under Conformité Européene (“CE”) Mark product certification for vascular applications, pulmonary indications, such as the repair of air leaks in lungs, and soft tissue repair procedures. CryoLife has also received approval and distributes BioGlue for vascular, pulmonary, and soft tissue repairs in Canada. Additional marketing approvals have been granted for specified applications in Australia, and in several countries in South America and Asia. CryoLife markets the SynerGraft processed bovine vascular graft in Europe and the Middle East. CryoLife currently markets its CryoLife-O’Brien aortic heart valve in Europe and certain other territories outside the U.S.
See Item 1. Business. “FDA Order on Human Tissue Preservation” and “Other FDA Notices and Correspondence” for a discussion of events surrounding FDA compliance activities in 2002 and 2003.
Critical Accounting Policies
A summary of the Company’s significant accounting policies is included in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements. Management believes that the consistent application of these policies enables the Company to provide users of the financial statements with useful and reliable information about the Company’s operating results and financial condition. The consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S., which require the Company to make estimates and assumptions. The following are accounting policies that management believes are most important to the portrayal of the Company’s financial condition and results and may involve a higher degree of judgment and complexity.
Deferred Preservation Costs: Tissue is procured from deceased human donors by organ and tissue procurement agencies, which consign the tissue to the Company for processing and preservation. Preservation costs related to tissue held by the Company are deferred until revenue is recognized upon shipment of the tissue to the implanting facilities. Deferred preservation costs consist primarily of direct labor and materials including laboratory expenses, tissue procurement fees, freight-in charges and fringe benefits, and indirect costs including allocations of costs from departments that support processing activities and facility allocations. Deferred preservation costs are stated, net of reserve, on a first-in, first-out basis.
The calculation of deferred preservation costs includes a high degree of judgment and complexity. The costs included in deferred preservation costs contain several estimates due to the timing differences between the occurrence of the cost and receipt of final bills for services. Costs that contain estimates include tissue procurement fees, which are estimated based on the Company’s contracts with independent procurement agencies, and freight-in charges, which are estimated based on the Company’s prior experiences with these charges. Management believes that its estimates approximate the actual costs of these services, but estimates could differ from actual costs. Total deferred preservation costs are then allocated among the different tissues processed during the period based on specific cost drivers such as the number of donors and the number of tissues processed. At each balance sheet date a portion of the deferred preservation costs relates to tissues currently in active processing or held in quarantine pending release to implantable status. The Company applies a yield to all tissues in process and in quarantine to estimate the portion of tissues that will ultimately become implantable. Management determines this estimate of quarantine yields based on its experience in prior periods and reevaluates this estimate periodically. Due to the nature of this estimate and the length of the processing times experienced by the Company, actual yields could differ from the Company’s estimates. A significant change in quarantine yields could materially affect the deferred preservation costs per tissue, which could impact the value of deferred preservation costs on the Company’s balance sheet and the cost of preservation services, including the lower of cost or market write-down, on the Company’s statement of operations.
During 2002 the Company recorded a write-down of deferred preservation costs of $8.7 million for valved cardiac tissues, $2.9 million for non-valved cardiac tissues, $11.9 million for vascular tissues, and $9.2 million for orthopaedic tissue, totaling $32.7 million. These write-downs were recorded as a result of the FDA Order as discussed in Item 1. Business. “FDA Order on Human Tissue Preservation”. The amount of these write-downs reflected management’s estimates based on information available to it at the time the estimates were made and actual results did differ from these estimates. The write-down created a new cost basis, which cannot be written back up if these tissues become available for distribution. The cost of human tissue preservation services has been favorably affected by tissue shipments that were related to previously written-down deferred preservation costs. The cost of human tissue preservation services may continue to be favorably affected depending on the future level of tissue shipments related to previously written-down deferred preservation costs, but such impact is not expected to be material. Management continues to evaluate the recoverability of the deferred preservation costs and will record additional write-downs if it becomes clear that additional impairments have occurred.
The Company regularly evaluates its deferred preservation costs to determine if the costs are appropriately recorded at the lower of cost or market value. During 2003 the Company recorded $6.9 million as an increase to cost of preservation services to write-down the value of certain deferred tissue preservation costs from tissues that exceeded market value. The amount of these write-downs reflects management’s estimates of market value based on recent average service fees. Actual results may differ from these estimates.
As of December 31, 2003 deferred preservation costs were $3.6 million for allograft heart valve tissues, $499,000 for non-valved cardiac tissues, $3.5 million for vascular tissues, and $1.2 million for orthopaedic tissues.
Deferred Income Taxes: Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and tax return purposes. The Company generated deferred tax assets in 2003 and 2002 primarily as a result of write-downs of deferred preservation costs, accruals for product liability claims, and operating losses, reflecting reductions in revenues and additional professional fees, as a result of the FDA Order, subsequent FDA activity, and reported tissue infections. The Company periodically assesses the recoverability of deferred tax assets and provides a valuation allowance when management believes it is more likely than not that its deferred tax assets will not be realized.
The Company evaluated several factors to determine if a valuation allowance relative to its deferred tax assets was necessary during 2003. The Company reviewed its historic operating results, including the reasons for its operating losses in 2003 and 2002, uncertainties regarding projected future operating results due to the effects of the adverse publicity resulting from the FDA Order, subsequent FDA activity, and reported tissue infections and the changes in processing methods resulting from the FDA Order, and the uncertainty of the outcome of product liability claims. Based on the results of this analysis, the Company determined that it is more likely than not that the Company’s deferred tax assets will not be realized. Therefore, during 2003 the Company recorded valuation allowances totaling $13.7 million due to the effect of temporary differences between book and tax income, the net deferred tax assets generated in 2003, and the net deferred tax asset balance at December 31, 2002. As of December 31, 2003 the Company had a total of $14.4 million in valuation allowances against deferred tax assets and a net deferred tax asset balance of zero.
Valuation of Long-lived and Intangible Assets and Goodwill: The Company assesses the impairment of its long-lived, identifiable intangible assets and related goodwill annually and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Factors that management considers important that could trigger an impairment review include the following:
o Significant underperformance relative to expected historical or projected future operating results;
o Significant negative industry or economic trends;
o Significant decline in the Company’s stock price for a sustained period; and
o Significant decline in the Company’s market capitalization relative to net book value.
Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 144, “Accounting for the Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets” (“SFAS 144”), requires the write-down of a long-lived asset to be held and used if the carrying value of the asset or the asset group to which the asset belongs is not recoverable. The carrying value of the asset or asset group is not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset or asset group. In applying SFAS 144, the Company defined the specific asset groups used to perform the cash flow analysis. The Company defined the asset groups at the lowest level possible, by identifying the cash flows from groups of assets that could be segregated from the cash flows of other assets and liabilities. Using this methodology, the Company determined that its asset groups consisted of the long-lived assets related to the Company’s two reporting segments. As the Company does not segregate assets by segment, the Company allocated assets to the two reporting segments based on factors including facility space and revenues. The Company used a fourteen-year period for the undiscounted future cash flows. This period of time was selected based upon the remaining life of the primary assets of the asset groups, which are leasehold improvements. The undiscounted future cash flows related to these asset groups exceeded their carrying values as of December 31, 2003 and, therefore, management has concluded that there is not an impairment of the Company’s long-lived intangible assets and tangible assets related to the tissue preservation business or medical device business. However, depending on the Company’s ability to rebuild demand for its tissue preservation services and the future effects of events surrounding the FDA Order, these assets may become impaired. Management will continue to evaluate the recoverability of these assets in accordance with SFAS 144.
Beginning with the Company’s adoption of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (“SFAS”) No. 142, “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets” (“SFAS 142”) on January 1, 2002 the goodwill resulting from business acquisitions is not amortized, but is instead subject to periodic impairment testing in accordance with SFAS 142. Patent costs are amortized over the expected useful lives of the patents (primarily 17 years) using the straight-line method. Other intangibles, which consist primarily of manufacturing rights and agreements, are amortized over the expected useful lives of the related assets (primarily five years). As a result of the FDA Order, the Company determined that an evaluation of the possible impairment of non-amortizing intangible assets under SFAS 142 was necessary. The Company engaged an independent valuation expert to perform the valuation using a discounted cash flow methodology, and as a result of this analysis, the Company determined that goodwill related to its tissue processing reporting unit was fully impaired as of September 30, 2002. Therefore, the Company recorded a write-down of $1.4 million in goodwill during the quarter ended September 30, 2002. As of December 31, 2003 the Company does not believe an additional impairment exists related to its other non-amortizing intangible assets. Management does not believe an impairment exists related to the other intangible assets that were assessed in accordance with SFAS No. 144.
Product Liability Claims: In the normal course of business as a medical device and services company, the Company has product liability complaints filed against it. Following the FDA Order, a greater number of lawsuits than has historically been the case have been filed. The Company maintains claims-made insurance policies to mitigate its financial exposure to product liability claims. Claims-made insurance policies generally cover only those asserted claims and incidents that are reported to the insurance carrier while the policy is in effect. Thus, a claims-made policy does not generally represent a transfer of risk for claims and incidents that have been incurred but not reported to the insurance carrier during the policy period. The Company periodically evaluates its exposure to unreported product liability claims, and records accruals as necessary for the estimated cost of unreported claims related to services performed and products sold. During 2003 the Company retained an independent actuarial firm to perform revised estimates of the unreported claims, the latest of which was performed as of December 31, 2003. The independent firm estimated the unreported product loss liability using a frequency-severity approach, whereby, projected losses were calculated by multiplying the estimated number of claims by the estimated average cost per claim. The estimated claims were calculated based on the reported claim development method and the Bornhuetter-Ferguson method using a blend of the Company’s historical claim experience and industry data. The estimated cost per claim was calculated using a lognormal claims model blending the Company’s historical average cost per claim with industry claims data.
As a result of the actuarial valuation, the Company accrued an additional $4.3 million during 2003 for estimated costs for unreported product liability claims related to services performed and products sold prior to December 31, 2003. The $4.3 million expense was recorded in general, administrative, and marketing expenses. As of December 31, 2003 the Company had accrued a total of $7.9 million in estimated costs for unreported product liability claims related to services performed and products sold prior to December 31, 2003. This accrual reflected management’s estimate based on information available to it at the time the estimate was made. Actual results may differ from this estimate. The $7.9 million balance is included as a component of accrued expenses and other current liabilities of $3.9 million and other long-term liabilities of $4.0 million on the December 31, 2003 Consolidated Balance Sheet.
For the 2000/2001 and 2001/2002 insurance policy years, the Company maintained claims-made insurance policies, which the Company believes to be adequate to defend against the suits filed during this period. As of December 31, 2003 the Company has an accrual of $100,000 for retention levels related to the 2000/2001 and 2001/2002 policy years. For the 2002/2003 insurance policy year, the Company maintained claims-made insurance policies with three carriers. The Company used all of its insurance coverage, aggregating $25 million, for the 2002/2003 insurance policy year, as well as funds of its own, to resolve claims outstanding in the relevant policy period. The Company will be required to fund any amounts needed to defend against the remaining suits filed during the 2002/2003 insurance policy year. For the 2003/2004 insurance policy year, the Company maintains a first year claims-made insurance policy, i.e. only claims incurred and reported during the policy period April 1, 2003 through March 31, 2004 are covered by this policy. Of the three lawsuits filed in the 2003/2004 insurance policy year, one is covered by insurance and two are uncovered. The Company believes its 2003/2004 insurance policy to be adequate to defend against the one suit filed to date during this insurance policy year. Other product liability claims have been asserted against the Company that have not resulted in lawsuits. The Company is monitoring these claims.
The Company performed an analysis as of December 31, 2003 of the pending product liability claims based on settlement negotiations to date and advice from counsel. As of December 31, 2003 the Company had remaining in an accrual a total of $5.5 million for the uninsured product liability claims. The $5.5 million balance is included as a component of accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the December 31, 2003 Consolidated Balance Sheet.
The amounts recorded are reflective of potential legal fees and settlement costs related to these claims, and do not reflect actual settlement arrangements, actual judgments, including punitive damages, which may be assessed by the courts, or cash set aside for the purpose of making payments. The Company’s product liability insurance policies do not include coverage for any punitive damages, which may be assessed at trial. Additionally, if the Company is unable to settle the outstanding claims for amounts within its ability to pay or one or more of the product liability claims in which the Company is a defendant should be tried with a substantial verdict rendered in favor of the plaintiff(s), there can be no assurance that such verdict(s) would not exceed the Company’s available insurance coverage and liquid assets. If the Company is unable to meet required future cash payments to resolve the outstanding product liability claims, it will have a material adverse effect on the financial position, results of operations, and cash flows of the Company.
New Accounting Pronouncements
The Company was required to adopt SFAS No. 143, “Accounting for Asset Retirement Obligations” (“SFAS 143”) on January 1, 2003. SFAS 143 addresses accounting and reporting for retirement costs of long-lived assets resulting from legal obligations associated with acquisition, construction, or development transactions. The adoption of SFAS 143 did not have a material effect on the results of operations, financial position, or cash flows of the Company.
The Company was required to adopt SFAS No. 145, “Rescission of FASB Statements 4, 44 and 64, Amendment to FASB Statement 13, and Technical Corrections” (“SFAS 145”), on January 1, 2003. SFAS 145 rescinds SFAS Nos. 4, 44 and 64, which required gains and losses from extinguishments of debt to be classified as extraordinary items. SFAS 145 also amends SFAS No. 13, eliminating inconsistencies in certain sale-leaseback transactions. The provisions of SFAS 145 are effective for fiscal years beginning after May 15, 2002. The adoption of SFAS 145 did not have a material effect on the results of operations, financial position, or cash flows of the Company.
The Company was required to adopt SFAS No. 146, “Accounting for Costs Associated with Exit or Disposal Activities” (“SFAS 146”) on January 1, 2003. SFAS 146 requires that costs associated with exit or disposal activities be recorded at their fair values when a liability has been incurred. Under previous guidance, certain exit costs were accrued upon management’s commitment to an exit plan, which is generally before an actual liability has been incurred. The adoption of SFAS 146 did not have a material effect on the results of operations, financial position, or cash flows of the Company.
The Company was required to adopt SFAS No. 148, “Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation-Transition and Disclosure: An amendment of FASB Statement No. 123” (“SFAS 148”) on December 31, 2002. SFAS 148 amends SFAS No. 123, “Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation”, to provide alternative methods of transition for a voluntary change to the fair value based method of accounting for stock-based employee compensation. In addition, this Statement amends the disclosure requirement of SFAS No.123 to require prominent disclosures in both annual and interim financial statements about the method of accounting for stock-based employee compensation and the effect of the method used on reported results. The adoption of the additional disclosure requirements of SFAS 148 did not have a material effect on the results of operations, financial position, or cash flows of the Company.
In May 2003, the FASB issued SFAS No. 150 “Accounting for Certain Financial Instruments with Characteristics of both Liabilities and Equity” (“SFAS 150”). SFAS 150 requires that certain instruments be classified as liabilities in statements of financial position. Most of the guidance in SFAS No. 150 is effective for all financial instruments entered into or modified after May 31, 2003, and otherwise is effective at the beginning of the first interim period beginning after June 15, 2003. Because the Company does not have any of the effected financial instruments, the Company believes that the adoption of SFAS 150 will not have a material effect on its financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.
|
8599743_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | (13125) Tobolsk ist ein Asteroid des Hauptgürtels, der am 10. August 1994 vom belgischen Astronomen Eric Walter Elst am La-Silla-Observatorium (IAU-Code 809) der Europäischen Südsternwarte in Chile entdeckt wurde.
Der Asteroid wurde am 7. April 2005 nach der westsibirischen Stadt Tobolsk benannt, die 1587 gegründet wurde und den einzigen altrussischen Kreml im asiatischen Teil Russlands besitzt.
Siehe auch
Liste der Asteroiden
Weblinks
Asteroid Tobolsk: Discovery Circumstances gemäß dem Minor Planet Center der Internationalen Astronomischen Union bei dem Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, USA
Hauptgürtelasteroid unter 50 km Durchmesser
Tobolsk.
|
github_open_source_100_1_273 | Github OpenSource | Various open source |
import alertify from 'alertifyjs/build/alertify';
import dialog from '../../../../helpers/alertify/dialog';
import notify from '../../../../helpers/alertify/notify';
import toConfirm from '../../../../helpers/alertify/toConfirm';
export {
alertify,
dialog,
notify,
toConfirm
} |
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi014.perseus-lat1:8 | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | Click on a word to bring up parses, dictionary entries, and frequency statistics
1 consulatum studui nunc scripsi (ex Quintil. xi. 1. 68 se studuisse petitioni Sulpicii contra honorem Murenae, non idem debere actioni contra caput): consulatum adfui nunc ψ2: om. cett.
2 non modo non non modo Müller
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
An XML version of this text is available for download, with the additional restriction that you offer Perseus any modifications you make. Perseus provides credit for all accepted changes, storing new additions in a versioning system.
load focus English (C. D. Yonge, 1856)
hide References (4 total)
• Cross-references to this page (3):
• A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), LEX
• A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), QUAESTOR
• Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), O´STIA
• Cross-references in general dictionaries to this page (1):
load Vocabulary Tool
hide Display Preferences
Greek Display:
Arabic Display:
View by Default:
Browse Bar:.
|
github_open_source_100_1_274 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package ch.hslu.oop.SW08.final_static_enum_collections.vererbung;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
class CircleTest {
private Circle circle;
private Circle getCircle(final int diameter) {
return new Circle(0, 0, diameter);
}
@Test
void getPerimeter_verySmallDiameter() {
final int diameter = 1;
circle = getCircle(diameter);
Assertions.assertEquals(3, circle.getPerimeter());
}
@Test
void getPerimeter_evenDiameter() {
circle = getCircle(10);
Assertions.assertEquals(31, circle.getPerimeter());
}
@Test
void getPerimeter_unevenDiameter() {
circle = getCircle(123);
Assertions.assertEquals(386, circle.getPerimeter());
}
@Test
void getPerimeter_0Diameter() {
circle = getCircle(0);
Assertions.assertEquals(0, circle.getPerimeter());
}
@Test
void getArea_verySmallDiameter() {
circle = getCircle(1);
Assertions.assertEquals(0, circle.getArea());
}
@Test
void getArea_evenDiameter() {
circle = getCircle(10);
Assertions.assertEquals(78, circle.getArea());
}
@Test
void getArea_unevenDiameter() {
circle = getCircle(123);
Assertions.assertEquals(11882, circle.getArea());
}
@Test
void getArea_0Diameter() {
circle = getCircle(0);
Assertions.assertEquals(0, circle.getArea());
}
} |
https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Topic:U0ca2wsoy0sqy5sj | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | Topic on User talk:Pastakhov
Jump to navigation Jump to search
MusikAnimal (talkcontribs)
Hello Pavel! I wanted to let you know I've added CodeMirror to Developers/Maintainers since it is a WMF deployed extension. I added Community Tech as the responsible team at WMF. There is also a column for "Maintainers". Did you want to add yourself? I think this means that if there is a "Unbreak now!" on Phabricator, you might get pinged. We will of course be there to reply to "Unbreak now" as well, but I wasn't sure if you were OK with me adding you. If not that is OK :)
Regards
Pastakhov (talkcontribs)
Hello MusikAnimal,it is ok :) I added myself to maintainers, thanks for the link.
Reply to "Maintainers of CodeMirror".
|
github_open_source_100_1_275 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import { injectable } from 'inversify';
import { Pattern } from '../types/pattern';
import { Behaviour } from '../types/behaviour';
import { Entity } from '../types/entity';
@injectable()
export class PatternRecognizer {
patterns!: Pattern<any>[];
/**
* Recognizes which registered patterns match the given object
* @param object
*/
public recognize<T>(object: T): Pattern<T>[] {
if (!object) {
throw new Error('The given object was not defined');
}
const recognizedPatterns = this.patterns
.filter((pattern) => pattern.recognize(object))
.map((p) => ({ ...p }));
return recognizedPatterns as Pattern<T>[];
}
/**
* Recognizes all behaviours for the given object, flattening the array
*
* @param object object for which to recognize the behaviour
*/
public recognizeBehaviours<T>(object: T): Behaviour<T>[] {
const patterns: Pattern<T>[] = this.recognize(object);
const behaviours = patterns.map((p) => p.behaviours);
return ([] as Behaviour<T>[]).concat(...behaviours);
}
/**
* Gets all the behaviours that the pattern with the given type implements
*
* @param type type of the pattern of which to return the behaviours
*/
public getTypeBehaviours<T>(type: string): Behaviour<T>[] {
const patterns = this.patterns.filter((pattern) => pattern.type === type);
const behaviours = patterns.map((p) => p.behaviours);
return ([] as Behaviour<T>[]).concat(...behaviours);
}
/**
* Recognizes the type of the given entity
*
* @param entity to recognize the type for
* @throws error if no pattern recognized the given entity
* @throws error if two patterns with different types recognized the given entity
*/
public recognizeType<T>(entity: Entity<T>): string {
const patterns: Pattern<Entity<T>>[] = this.recognize(entity);
const types: string[] = patterns.map((p) => p.type).filter((t) => !!t) as string[];
if (types.length === 0) {
throw new Error(`No entity found to recognize object ${JSON.stringify(entity)}`);
}
const abmiguousError = types.length > 1 && !types.every((t) => types[0]);
if (abmiguousError) {
throw new Error(
`Ambiguous error recognizing entity: ${parent.toString()}. These two types recognized the object ${types.toString()}`
);
}
return types[0];
}
}
|
traitdemdecineet06brou_37 | Multilingual-PD | Public Domain | provoqua une hémiplégie transitoire chez un malade de Tillaux. La main appliquée à plat peut encore percevoir un frémissement vibra- toire ou thrill qui consiste en un frôlement intermittent, discontinu, local, systolique, isochrone au premier battement. Il est dû, d'après Marey, à la vibration de la paroi anévrysmale et il se développe lorsque les vibrations de la colonne sanguine qui pénètre dans le sac sont en petit nombre. C'est une sorte de phénomène d'auscultation perçu par le toucher (Bermont) (1). Il a une valeur diagnostique d'autant plus grande qu'il est perçu à une plus grande distance du cœur. D'après Byrom-Rramwcll, il est moins fréquent dans les anévrysmes sacculaires (jue dans les dilatations de l'aorte. Lorsque les signes physiques présentent cette netteté, le diagnostic s'impose; mais il n'en est pas toujours ainsi. Souvent, on ne perçoit qu'un soulèvement en masse d'un des côtés du thorax, sans défor- mation de la paroi, qu'un choc violent, qu'un fort mouvement d'expansion également énergique dans toutes les directions. Il convient alors de rechercher ces signes physiques en explorant le thorax à jour frisant (Greene). On peut encore rendre les battements anévrysmaux plus appréciables en appliquant sur la voussure deux index en paille ou en papier roulé que l'on fixe avec de la cire. Ces deux sortes de styles amplificateurs resteront parallèles, si les battements ne sont pas expansifs, tandis que leurs oscillations indi- queront l'amplitude des pulsations anévrysmales. Si l'anévrysme est assez profond, extensible, il ne détermine qu'un ébranlement en masse, sans qu'il soit possible de dissocier les divers battements. Lorsqu'il se rapproche de la paroi thoracique, on peut percevoir un choc systolique et quelquefois un choc diastolique. En appuyant une main à plat sur la partie antérieure du thorax et en appliquant l'autre entre les deux épaules, on constate, à la fin de l'expiration, un battement d'expansion diastolique profond (Stokes). Ce battement cesse souvent d'être perceptible pendant l'inspiration. Lorsque la poche anévrysmale est tapissée par d'épais caillots, les pulsations sont moins douces, moins fluctuantes, moins nettes; elles sont naturelle- ment plus accusées dans les anévrysmes sacciformes et surtout dans les anévrysmes faux bien limités. Les anévrysmes de l'aorte abdomi- nale se manifestent par une tumeur pulsatile, à battement unique, localisée habituellement dans la région épigastrique. Comme ces anévrysmes sont souvent dilï'us, l'expansion latérale est, eu pareil cas, plus prononcée que le mouvement de projection en avant. 11 faut re- pousser la dangereuse manœuvre de Schcele qui comprime simulta- nément les deux artères iliaques pour augmenter la tension dans le sac anévrysmal et pour rendre les battements plus énergiques. Dans deux cas, elle a entraîné la rupture de l'anévrysme. (1) Behmont, Th. de Puris, 1885. ANÉVRYSMES DE L'AORTE. — SYMPTOMES. 603 La pathogénie de ces battements anévrysmaux a donné lieu à do nombrcusesintcrprétations. Laënnec ne connaissait que les battements uniques, mais Graves, Stokes, Guérin, Beilingliam, Lyons ont appelé l'attention sur l'existence d'un second baltemenl qui existe surtout au niveau des anévrysmes de l'aorte ascendante et de la crosse. Stokes l'attribuait à la transmission du choc des valvules sigmoïdes, tandis que Guérin, Bellingham, Jaccoud le rattachaient à la régurgitation dans le sac du sang de l'aorte et des gros vaisseaux sous l'influence de la systole active des artères (Lyons). Mélhode graphique. — ■ Elle a permis à Marey et surtout à F. Franck, dont les recherches ont été communiquées en 1879, 18S6, 1892, à la Société de Biologie et résumées dans la thèse de son élève lîermont, de donner la véritable explication de ces battements ané- vrysmaticjues. En enregistrant les pulsations anévrysmales, on voit qu'elles ont les mêmes caractères graphiques que les battements de l'aorte. L'anévrysme de l'aorte n'est donc qu'une sorte de hernie aortique qui exagère les deux phases d'un phénomène normal. Son étude graphique peut être faite au moyen de Vanévrysmographe, sorte de calotte en gutta-percha, fermée par une- lame de caoutchouc et remplie d'eau, qui communique par un tube avec un appareil enre- gistreur sur lequel vont s'inscrire, en même temps, les battements car- diaques. Cet instrument, que l'on applique sur la tumeur anévrysmalc, donne aussi de précieuses indications sur ses variations de volume, sur son degré d'extensibilité, sur la quantité de caillots et sur les dimensions du collet. Les battements anévrysmaux sont d'autant plus nets que les parois du sac sont plus extensibles, que l'épaisseur des caillots est peu considérable, que la communication de la poche avec l'aorte est plus large et que la circulation intra-anévrysmale est plus rapide. Ils coïncident habituellement avec un bon fonctionnement des sigmoïdes. Si on analyse les graphiques, on trouve que le premier battement correspond au choc de la pointe ; il est dû à la pénétration brusque, énergique du sang dans le sac dont il distend les parois. Le second battement n'est que la continuation du premier; il tient à la pénétration du sang en deux temps, il traduit le renforcement de l'effort systolique, il coïncide avec la phase systolique d'une révolution cardiaque. Les deux premiers soulèvements correspondent donc à la distension du sac en deux temps, ils font partie de la période d'expansion systolique. Le second battement peut exister malgré une large insuffisance aortique; il n'est donc pas dû, comme le voulait Jaccoud, à la réflexion de l'ondée sanguine sur les valvules sigmoïdes ; il ne tient pas non plus au reflux intra-anévrysmal du sang des grosses collatérales ainsi que l'admettait Bellingham; il ne peut pas être rapporté au retour dans le sac du sang chassé par la systole des artères plus périphériques (Lyons). Le doigt n'arrive pas à dissocier ces deux battements d'expansion parce qu'ils ne se succèdent qu'à un 604 É. HOLXET. - MALAUIKS DE L'AORTE. dixième de seconde d'un intervalle. Les tracés décèlent même un troisième soulèvement qui est immédiatement post-systolique et qui peut communiquer au doigt une seconde impulsion très brève. Il cor- respond à la clôture des sigmoïdes; il est l'indice de leur occlusion complète et de leur fonctionnement normal. Il doit être attribué au refoulement dans le sac de l'ondée sanguine tombant sur des sigmoïdes intactes : aussi fait-il défaut dans rinsuffisance aortiquc. Les deuxième et troisième soulèvements disparaissent lorsque les caillots s'accumulent dans le sac; c'est un signe d'étroitesse du collet. Celle méthode graphique montre encore que l'expansion de la poche anévrysmale relarde de 3 à 5 centièmes de seconde sur les battements du cœur, si l'anévrysmc siège sur la crosse. Ce retard, qui augmente 5 mesure que l'anévrysme s'éloigne du cœur, est sensiblement égal à celui d'une pulsation normale explorée au même niveau. Des séries de tracés que nous avons pris sur des malades du service atteints d'anévrysme de l'aorte faisant saillie à l'extérieur, montrent en même temps que ces triples soulèvements, l'action de la respiration, des efforts et de la toux sur les batleraents anévrysmaux. Lorsque les battements de l'anévrysme ne sont pas perceptibles, la palpation du cœur peut fournir quelques indications. Le retrait systo- lique de la pointe du cœur a été signalé dans l'anévrysme de l'aorte ascendante (Golowin). Le cœur peut encore être refoulé à gauche et abaissé par un anévrysme de l'aorte ascendante ou de la partie transverse de la crosse; enfin un anévrysme de l'aorte thoracique descendante placé en arrière du cœur, peut le dévier en avant et à droite. Celte disposition donne lieu à la double impulsion saccadée [double jogging impulse) de Hope. La deuxième pulsation transmise par l'anévrysme entraîne un soulèvement cardiaque, dont la force et l'énergie contrastent avec les battements propres du cœur qui a con- servé son volume normal. Percussion. — Elle a permis à Piorry, à Skoda, de déceler des anévrysmes intra-lhoraciques latents ne s'accompagnant d'aucun signe slélhoscopique anormal. La percussion profonde doit être pré- férée. Elle donne des résultats variables suivant la situation, le volume, les rapports de l'anévrysme et l'épaisseur du poumon inter- posé entre la poche et la paroi thoracique. On ne trouve guère que de la submatité, lors([ue le contact de l'anévrysme avec la cage thora- cique n'est pas direct et immédiat. Cette malité, dont l'absence n'exclut pas la possibilité d'une tumeur intra-lhoracique, n'a aucun caractère spécial. Dans un cas personnel de triple anévrysme de la crosse de l'aorte en partie oblitéré par des caillots fibrineux et recou- vert d'une forte lame de poumon emphysémateux, on ne percevait qu'une légère submatité. Dans les anévrysmes de l'aorte ascendante et de la première partie de la crosse, la malité siège à droite, au- dessus du cœur, et s'accompagne de perte d'élasticité. Lehmann (1892) ANEVRYSMES DE L'AORTE. — SYMPTOMES. 605 considère la matité perçue au sommet du poumon gauche comme un signe d'anévrysme aorlique. Il faut éviter de l'altribuer à une tuber- culose pulmonaire, que l'on peut soupçonner à tort si le malade a déjà eu des hémoptysies d'origine anévrysmale. La matité constatée à gauche du rachis fera songer à des anévrysmes latents, profonds de l'aorte Ihoracique descendante; elle ne devra pas être confondue avec un épanchement pleurétique. Cette erreur est d'autant plus facile à commettre que la coexistence de ces deux affections n'est pas rare (Potain, Huchard). Enfin, la disparition de la matité et des battements indique soit une guérison, soit un changement de direction de l'anévrysme, qui en pareil cas est habituellement faux. Dans les anévrysmes de l'aorte abdominale, la matité est souvent fort obscure. Auscultation. — Claquements. — Ce sont des bruits de percus- sion qui traduisent à l'oreille les battements déjà indiqués. Sto- kes les considère comme les bruits normaux de l'anévrysme, et lors- qu'ils sont doubles, ils peuvent simuler les bruits du cœur, he premier claquement, qui coïncide avec le premier battement, est un bruit local, né sur place, brusque, systolique ; il est produit par le choc de l'ondée sanguine sur les parois anévrysmales, qui passent instanta- nément à l'état de distension extrême. Il donne à l'oreille l'impres- sion et la sensation d'un choc que Byrom-Bramwell désigne sous la dénomination expressive de shock-sound . S'il est accompagné d'un bruit à haute tonalité, il est l'indice d'un sac volumineux et superfi- ciel. La faible élévation de pression intra-anévrysmale, l'extensi- bilité de la poche, la largeur du collet favorisent la production de ce premier claquement, qui disparaît parfois lorsque la poche est recou- verte d'une couche épaisse de caillots. C'est le seul claquement qui existe habituellement dans l'anévrysme de l'aorte abdominale. Le second claquement est brusque, net, bref, sec, clair, d'une tonalité élevée, diastolique; il coïncide avec le troisième battement, c'est un bruit de transmission du claquement sigmoïdien dont il présente tous les caractères; il disparaît du reste dans l'insuffisance aortique. Ce choc diastolique est assez caractéristique s'il est perçu dans une zone de matité placée sur le trajet de l'aorte (Byrom-Bramwell) et s'il est accompagné d'un murmure systolique. La diffusion en haut et à droite de l'éclat tympanique du second temps doit faire rechercher les autres signes d'un anévrysme de l'aorte ascendante et de la crosse (Bucquoy). Elle était très nette chez un de nos malades. Ferez (1896) insiste sur un bruit sec, particulier (creaking), perceptible lorsque le patient, atteint d'anévrysme aortique avec médiastinite antérieure, relève ses bras en haut, au-dessus des épaules. Souffles. — Stokcs, Bcllingham, Jaccoud les regardent comme des bruits anormaux de l'anévrysme; ils sont dus à des condi- tions physiques particuhères et variables. Cette absence de souffle 606 E. BOINET. — MALADIES DE L'AORTE. ipersislerait, d'après Jaccoud, tant que la poche conserve sa rélracli- lilé, son élaslicilc normale el une surface interne lisse, uniforme. Le souffle, dit Potain, fait assez souvent défaut, soit parce que l'ané- vrysme est rempli de caillots, soit parce que le sang entre en quantité ttrop faible relativement aux dimensions derorifice. Le plus souvent, .•suivant Byrom-Bramwell, aucun bruit nouveau n'est engendré dans le sac lui-même. Les doubles souffles ont été étudiés par Bégin (1829), Chomel (1832), Stokes (1833), Guérin (1844), Bellingham (1848), Lyons (1850). Le premier souffle^ déjà connu par J.-L. Petit (1636), est le plus fréquent; il correspond à la diastole et à l'expansion anévrysmales ; il est attribué au frottement du sangsur l'orifice du sac, surles rugosités athéromateuscs ou fibrineuses. Suivant les théories de Chauveau et Marey, il résulte de la vibration de l'onde liquide qui, en pénétrant dans le sac, se trouve soumise à une moindre pression. 11 naît sur place, il présente son maximum à son lieu de production ; son timbre, qui est comparable tantôt à un jet de vapeur, tantôt au bruit d'une râpe, d'une scie, varie suivant l'étroitesse, la saillie et les rugosités (de l'orifice, l'extensibilité de la poche, les aspérités de la paroi et le brusque changement de pression sanguine. Il est d'autant plus fort que les parois sont plus rugueuses, que l'orifice est plus étroit, que la tension artérielle est plus faible. Il existe, d'après Broca, un paral- lélisme entre l'alTaiblissement des bruits et l'augmentation des cail- lots ou la perte de l'extensibilité des parois anévrysmales. Ce souffle souvent rude, assez prolongé, finit brusquement; il couvre habituel- lement une surface elliptique indiquant assez bien la direction du sang qui pénètre à chaque systole. Le maximum du bruit s'entend, d'après G. Paul, à l'extrémité de l'ellipse la plus rapprochée de l'ori- fice de communication. La propagation, l'étendue et la transmission des bruits dépendent de la qualité conductrice des organes voisins, de l'épaisseur des caillots, de l'état des parois. L'unité du souffle dans une grosse tumeur permet de conclure à l'abondance des caillots (Jaccoud). Dans l'anévrysme de l'aorte abdominale, le souffle est unique, grave, rauque, de courte durée, commençant brusquement, se terminant de même, abrupt (Hope); il n'apparaît qu'au moment de la diastole, et disparaît parfois lorsqu'on ausculte le malade debout. Dans deux cas personnels, le souffle systolique perçu au niveau d'anévrysmes de l'aorte Ihoracique proéminant à l'extérieur, augmen- tait notablement d'intensité sous l'action d'une marche rapide, el, contrairement aux idées de Luzzatti, il n'était pas modifié par les efforts ou les arrêts respiratoires prolongés, exagérés. La compression de la poche anévrysmale diminue l'intensité du souffle, qui réappa- raît dès que l'on n'exerce plus de pression. Ge signe permet, d'après Marey, de distinguer un anévrysme d'une tumeur simplement sou- levée par une artère. F. Franck a décrit aussi un second souffle sys- A.NÉVRYSMES DE L'AORTE. — SYMPTOMES. Signes physiques éloignés des anévrysmes. — Pouls. — L'inter- position d'une poche anévrysmale détermine des modifications im- portantes du pouls artériel. William Glascow (1) a perçu, à l'auscultation de l'artère bra- chiale de six malades atteints d'anévrysmes de l'aorte, un souffle aiiériel, synchrone avec la systole cardiaque, qui disparaît lorsque l'action ventriculaire faiblit; il peut aussi être en connexion avec le souffle anévrysmal qui serait transmis à travers l'artère. Ce souffle systolique avait déjà été signalé au niveau de l'artère humérale par Skoda, mais il le considérait comme caractéristique de la régurgi- tation aortique : Glascow pense que dans les cas où on peut éliminer l'insuffisance aortique, ce souffle systolique de l'humérale permet de porter le diagnostic d'anévrysme de l'aorte. Du reste, une poche anévrysmale rapprochée de l'origine de l'aorte, peut produire des conditions analogues à celles que crée l'insuffisance aortique; ce reflux du sang dans le sac anévrysmal est admis par Stokes qui cite le cas d'un anévrysme vrai de l'aorte ascendante présentant le battement visible des artères sans insuffisance réelle ou fonctionnelle des valvules sigmoïdes. Cette particularité existait dans l'observation (1) William Glasgow, A'eio Yorlc m. J., 1894, p. 329. 608 É. BOINET. — MALADIES DE L'AORTE. d'anévrysme de l'aorte ascendante que nous avons publiée (1). En pareil cas, Popham, F. Franck ont observé aussi dans les caro- tides, les humérales, les crurales, des battements visibles analogues à ceux de l'insuffisance aortique. Lebert a vu dans les anévrysmes de l'aorte dont les valvules sigmoïdes fonctionnaient normalement, des pulsations capillaires. Dans un cas de Lebert, le visage et les extré- mités rougissaient à chaque systole et pâlissaient à chaque diastole du cœur. Ceretlux sanguin à travers l'orifice toujours béant de quel- ques sacs anévrysmaux dont l'axe se rapproche plus ou moins de celui de l'aorte, peut seul expliquer ces phénomènes de régurgitation qui sont considérés comme caractéristiques de l'insuffisance aortique. Bien plus. Tripier et Roque (2), en se basant sur 78 observations, ont conclu que certaines insuffisances aortiques non athéromateuses peuvent s'accompagner d'un certain retard carolidien. F. Franck (3) affirme que ce relard du pouls ne se rencontre que dans l'anévrysme de l'aorte. Marc d'Espine (1831), Dubreuil (1841), avaient déjà montré la valeur de ce signe : il a d'autant plus d'im- portance que ce retard du pouls est proportionnel à la capacité, à l'extensibilité de la poche anévrysmalc, qui hume pour ainsi dire au passage l'ondée sanguine, et à l'ctroitesse de l'orifice de communi- cation. 11 fournit encore de précieuses indications sur le siège de la tumeur anévrysmale. Ce retard est plus appréciable du côté droit, lorsque l'anévrysme siège sur la première portion de la courbure de l'aorte. 11 est de 5 à 7 centièmes de seconde au niveau de la tumeur (F. Franck) (4). 11 est contesté par Bozzolo et Fiori <iui l'auraient enregistré dans d'autres affections que l'anévrysme. Ce relard est proportionnel à la distance qui sépare l'anévrysme de l'origine de l'aorte; il est naturellement exagéré dans les artères situées en aval de l'anévrysme, puisque les ondes sanguines rencontrent sur leur trajet une poche élastique et extensible où elles peuvent se loger. Aussi ilans les anévrysmes de l'origine de l'aorte, le retard est exagéré dans tout le système artériel; il n'existe pas dans la radiale et la carotide droite si l'anévrysme siège sur la crosse de l'aorte après l'origine du tronc brachio-céphalique. Si l'anévrysme est placé entre la carotide et la sous-clavière gauche, le retard sera exagéré dans la radiale gauche et les artères sous-jacentes. Enfin, les anévrysmes situés au-dessous de la crosse de l'aorte s'accompagnent d'un relard et d'une diminution de l'amplitude du pouls dans les artères placées au-dessous. Théoriquement, le pouls doit être normal dans les artères de la tôte et des membres; mais souvent des modifications sont apportées par les rétrécissements ou les oblitérations des gros (1) Rev. de mdd, février 1898. (2) Tiui'iEH, Revue de médecine, 1877, et Roque, Th. de Lyon, 1886. (3) V. Franck, (Ànnptes rendus Ac. des Sciences, 187S, p. 297 '4) F. FnAM.K, Journ. de l'Anat., 1878-79. ANEVRYSMES DE L'AORTE. — SYMPTOMES. 609 troncs artériels qui naissent de la crosse de l'aorte. Ce retard du pouls radial droit permet de diagnostiquer l'anévrysme de l'artère sous-clavière, et il coexiste avec un retard carolidien quand l'ané- vrysme siège sur le tronc brachio-céphalique (F. Franck) (1). Le pouls carotidien, le pouls radial peuvent disparaître, et Rendu (1885) insiste avec raison sur la valeur diagnostique de ce signe qui, à lui seul, permet d'affirmer l'anévrysme, si l'on constate un accroissement de la matité aortique coïncidant avec une absence complète de souffle vasculaire. L'absence du pouls radial indique souvent l'existence d'un anévrysme latent de la crosse de l'aorte, en partie oblitéré par des caillots fibrineux ou des plaques d'athérome qui obstruent l'artère sous-clavière. Magendie attribuait l'abolition des pulsations radiales du côté gauche à l'existence d'un sac anévrys^ mal dans lequel l'impulsion directe du cœur venait à s'épuiser. Cependant, on cite des cas dans lesquels la circulation collatérale a permis au pouls de se faire sentir à l'avant-bras, bien que l'artère sous-clavière du même côté ait été oblitérée. D'après Stokes, le pouls radial peut reparaître, après avoir manqué pendant longtemps; c'est un signe de changement de direction dans la tumeur anévrysmale. Broca et Gubler (2) disaient, à propos d'un anévrysme avec oblité- ration partielle du tronc brachio-céphalique, qu'un rétrécissement n'est pas indispensable pour que le pouls radial soit supprimé. Ils admettaient que l'ondée sanguine traversant une poche remplie de caillots, pouvait perdre sa force et n'avoir plus assez d'énergie pour produire le pouls radial. Enfin, si l'anévrysme occupe à la fois la crosse de l'aorte et le tronc brachio-céphalique, la pulsation est plus retardée dans la sous-clavière et dans la radiale droite que dans les artères correspondantes du côté opposé. Les eirets de la compression anévrysmale sur le pouls permettent aussi d'évaluer le volume des anévrysmes intra-thoraciqucs faisant saillie à l'extérieur. Cette compression d'une tumeur anévrysmale proéminant à l'extérieur, augmente l'amplitude du pouls (Marey) et en diminue le retard (F. Franck) ; elle accroît la pression du sang; elle tend à redonner au pouls ses caractères normaux et à diminuer les souffles anévrysmaux. La décompression exagère le retard du pouls (F. Franck); elle en diminue l'amplitude et peut môme supprimer une ou deux pulsa- tions par une sorte de dérivation qui se produit dans la cavité du sac (Marey) ; elle augmente la brusquerie du pouls en amont ; elle aiïaiblil l'amplitude du pouls en aval ; elle accroît momentanément l'intensité des souffles d'origine anévrysmale. Enfin, ce retard du pouls est exagéré par l'étroitesse de l'orifice de communication de la poche anévrysmale, par l'absence de caillots, (1) F. Fhanck, Comptes rendus Ac. des Sciences; Journ. de iAnat., mars 1878. (2) Broca et Gubleu, Soc. anat., 1863. Traité de médecine VI. — 3Q OIO E. BOINET. — MALADIES DE L'AORTE. par l'exlcnsibilité des parois du sac, par une paralysie vaso-motrice, par le rétrécissement aortiquc et l'insuffisance mitrale ; il est diminué par l'accumulation de caillots, par une large insuffisance aortique ; l'athérome artériel peut annihiler le retard du pouls provoqué par la distension de la poche ancvrvsmale; déplus, la diminution du relard du pouls iuditiue (lue la poche anévrysmale se double de caillots, se jsofidifle et devient plus résistante. Uinégalilé des deux pouls radiaux est encore un signe important. Les tracés sphygmographi ques des artères situées au-dessous du sac anévrysmal présentent : 1° une diminution d'amplitude, qui n'est pas caractéristique, puisiju'on [)eulhi retrouver dans le rétrécissement artériel, aortiipie, dans l'artério-sclérose, l'athérome ; 2" l'oblicpiilé et l'allongement de la partie ascendante dont la forme se rapproche de celle de la ligne de descente; 3° la forme arrondie du sommet, qui est moins élevé et plus (loigné du point de départ que normalement ; 4" le raccourcissement et l'obliquité de la ligne de descente : cet ensemble de caractères explique l'exagération du retard apparent normal perçu par le doigt. Ces alléralions du pouls sont plus accen- tuées lorsque l'anévrysme est globulaire et lorsque les parois de la poche sont très élastiques. Elles sont moins marquées dans les ané- vrysmes sacciformes. Plus la première poussée occupe de place dans l'ascension systolique, plus l'ouverture sera grande (C. Paul). Cependant, d'après Ziemssen (1890), les lésions athéromateuses siégeant à l'orifice des sous-clavières, peuvent entraîner des déforma- tions sphygmographiques analogues à celles que l'on observe dans les cas d'anévrysme, et, dans plusieurs cas d'endartérile chronique avec sténose de la sous-clavière vérifiée à l'autopsie, il a recueilli des tracés radiaux caractérisés par une ascension oblique, par un abais- sement et par un relard du sommet comparativement au côté opposé, par une disparition du dicrotisme normal. Corvisart avait du reste signalé l'inégalité des deux pouls radiaux dépendant d'une ossilication saillante, placée à l'origine d'une des artères sous-clavières. Enfin l'amplitude du pouls radial et du tracé du côté malade, peut même être exagérée par une compression exercée par l'ané- vrysme sur le ganglion cervical inférieur. Ce pouls paradoxal résulte d'une paralysie vaso-motrice, dont F. Franck a cité tieux exemples. Litten (1889) a trouvé, dans 3 cas d'anévrysme aorli(iue, un pouls radial plus fort du côté malade. Marey (1881) pense que, dans certains cas, l'anévrysme fournil, au moment du rellux, une ondée de dicrotisme qui pourrait être plus forte que celle (jue l'on observe ti l'état normal. A propos d'un cas d'anévrysme de la pre- mière iiortion de l'aorte avec pouls inverse, faible à gauclie et normal à droite, P(Micel re{)ousse la théorie de F. Franck, (jui expliipie le pouls paradoxal parla compression du troisième ganglion. Cet au- teur s'appuie sur les idées et les schémas de Barwel, qui pense que ANEVRYSMES DE L'AORTE. — SYMPTOMES. 611 l'aorte, divisée en dilTérenls courants, est partagée en districts appar- tenant aux diverses grosses branches artérielles ; il admet que le sang passe directement dans l'innominée et produit un pouls normal à droite ; une autre veine liquide pénètre dans le sac et supprime, dil- il, à ce moment l'ascension du pouls gauche. F. Franck fait observer, avec raison, que Poncet a eu aflaire non à un pouls paradoxal, mais à un pouls différent explicable par une poche indéterminée ou par un rétrécissement de l'artère sous-clavière gauche. Cimier fait remar- quer que ce pouls différent n'est pas caractéristique des anévrysmes de l'aorte, mais peut être également observé dans les cas d'artério- sclérose, de compression des artères par les tumeurs, dans l'endo- cardite. D'après Teleky, ce pouls différent peut se montrer en l'absence de toute condition pathologique. Ce pouls différent est tantôt d'origine centrale, tantôt d'origine périphérique. Arnim Hubert a constaté un état singulier et remarquable du pouls avec respiration de Cheyne-Stokes, dans un cas d'anévrysme de l'aorte. Packard a encore observé le type respiratoire de Cheyne- Stokes avec paroxysmes de dyspnée. Il signale aussi le pouls capil- laire de Quincke, qui tient à ce que, pendant la diastole cardiaque, le sang peut revenir en arrière dans le grand réservoir anévrysmal. Le sac anévrysmal subit, pendant l'expiration, des ampliations, et, pendant l'inspiration, des affaissements qui impriment au tracé du pouls des artères périphériques des ondulations respiratoires très accusées. Elles sont en rapport avec le volume du sac, la souplesse et l'extensibilité de ses parois anévrysmales. L'étude des variations de ces tracés a d'autant plus d'importance qu'elle peut donner des in- dications utiles sur des anévrysmes inlra-lhoraciques ne faisant pas saillie à l'extérieur. F. Franck a montré que dans les anévrysmes de l'aorte thoracique, il existait un affaiblissement inspiratoire du pouls et une exagération pendant l'expiralion : c'est, en somme, le pouls paradoxal. Ces variations augmentent sous l'influence des troubles respiratoires que produisent fréquemment les anévrysmes intra- tlioraciques, soit en comprimant les bronches et la trachée, soit en altérant les récurrents. Comme l'indiquent Bermont et F. Franck, les pulsations artérielles qui se produisent pendant l'expiration (compression) forment une série ascendante ; celles qui correspondent à l'inspiration (décompression) constituent au contraire une série descendante. Si, par contre, l'anévrysme proémine, les séries sont interverties ; la série ascensionnelle coïncide avec l'inspiration et la série descendante correspond à l'expiration. Ces variations sont dues au soulèvement et à l'affaissement des parois thoraciques. Bruits trachéaux. — Parfois, la compression exercée par le sac anévrysmal sur le poumon et la trachée peut transmettre et pro- pager à travers la trachée des bruits que l'observateur entend même à une certaine distance de la bouche du malade (Packard, 1897J. Drum- 612 E. BOINET. — MALADIES DE L'AORTE. mond appelle raltenlion sur un bruit qu'il a perçu en plaçant un stéthoscope sur le nianubrium du patient, qui, après avoir l'ait une inspiration profonde, laisse échapper doucement l'air par le nez. Les battements anévrysmaux produisent une sorte d'intermittence dans le bruit qui résulte du rejet de l'air expiré. Si l'anévrysme conduit bien les sons, il peut transmettre les bruits trachéaux à la colonne vertébrale. On entend alors, à la partie supé- rieure du dos, un bruit d'expiration soufflante (Trousseau, Cons- tantin Paul). Dans les ancvrysmes profonds et extensibles, le pneumographe montre, en outre de l'ampliation respiratoire, une expansion du thorax rythmée avec les mouvements du cœur (Bucquoy, F. Franck). C'est dans ces cas d'anévrysmes profondément situés que Fenwich et Overcnd ont enregistré les pulsations en se servant d'un ballon spécial placé à l'extrémité d'une boule œsophagienne communiquant avec un tambour inscripteur. On peut encore, comme le conseille Schnell, adapter à la sonde un tube en verre que l'on remplit d'eau : les oscillations de la colonne liquide sont en rapport avec les batte- ments anévrysmaux. Signe de la trachée. — Le diagnostic des anévrysmes profondé- ment situés peut être éclairé par le signe dit de la trachée, indique par Oliver (1878), Osier (1880), par Mac Donnell, Davison, Taylor (1891), contesté par Grimsdale et Ewart (1892), étudié par Ross (1893), par Glasgow (1894), dans les pays de langue anglaise; préconisé par Cardarelli (1879), Lagana (1885), Cantelamessa (1888), de Renzi (1894), en Italie ; par Potain, Barié (1893), Martin-Durr (thèse de Paris, 1893), en France; par Frankel en Allemagne. Ce signe consiste en une secousse brusque de haut en bas, imprimée au lubcî laryngo-trachéal par un ancvrysme aortique localisé à la partie postéro-inférieure de la portion transversale de la crosse. Ces secousses consistent en un abaissement du larynx, coïncidant avec chaque pulsation radiale (Marlin-Durr). La poche anévrysmale, qui est à cheval sur la racine de la bronche gauche, provoque des secousses rythmiques de la trachée, isochrones au pouls ratlial, si bien que l'on peut tàter indirectement le pouls de l'aorle. Trois procédés per- mettent de constater cette secousse trachéale, cette pulsation des- cendante du larynx. En tendant les portions membraneuses situées entre les anneaux cartilagineux, on transforme le conduit laryngo- trachéal en un tube rigide ({ui liansmet plus facilement les secousses iiuprimées à son extrémité inférieure par l'anévrysme. Le procédé d'Oliver consiste à i)rendrc le cartilage cricoïde entre l'index cl le pouce et à le maintenir délicatement de bas en haut, pendant tpie le malade, debout, ferm-e la bouche et lève le menton le plus haut pos- sible; '1" dans \c procédé d'Ewarl, il faul se tenir tiebout derrière le malade, placer la phalange des deux index sous le cartilage cricoïde. ANEVRYSMES DE L'AORTE. — SYMPTOMES. 613 que l'on soulève délicatement avec la trachée. Le larynx se balance ainsi en équilibre sur la pulpe des doigts, cl alors, tout changement de position devient plus lacilemcnt appréciable que dans le procédé d'Oliver (Grimsdale). Ewart reconnaît lui-même que son procédé est presque trop délicat, car les doigts apprécient ainsi le moindre mouvement, lors même que l'anévrysme de l'aorte n'existe pas ; 3° le procédé de Cardarelli cherche à éviter la cause d'erreur que peuvent donner les battements des artères du cou, en appliquant la pulpe du doigt sur les côtés du tube laryngo-trachéal, tantôt à droite, tantôt à gauche. Mac Donnell (1) accorde une grande valeur diagnostique au sonlèvement trachéal, car il n'existe, dit-il, que lorscjue l'anévrysme presse du haut en bas la bronche gauche ou la portion voisine de la trachée. Sur 25 cas d'anévrysme, le soulèvement trachéal fut noté 17 fois. On put faire 8 autopsies et on observa, dans 0 cas, une pression de l'anévrysme sur la bronche gauche, qui fut même perforée chez le malade de Molson. L'inten- sité de l'impulsion cardiaque et l'étendue de l'inspiration thoracique favorisent, d'après Ewart, la production de ce signe. Cette secousse trachéale est un bon indice précurseur, qui peut exister en l'absence d'autres symptômes ou d'autres signes physiques. Elle ne peut être observée que dans les cas d'anévrysme (Cardarelli). Cependant, Grimsdale et Ewart pensent que la valeur positive de la secousse trachéale est exagérée, car elle a été constatée chez 16 pour 100 de malades pris au hasard. Chez des personnes saines, indemnes de toutes lésions aortiques, Ewart a noté un certain degré de secousse trachéale : 28 pour 100 chez la femme, et 50 pour 100 chez l'homme; il attribue ce battement normal à la pulsation de l'artère pulmonaire qui offre des rapports avec la bronche gauche ; il est différent de la secousse de haut en bas, de l'inféro-traction (Martin-Durr) exercée sur le tube laryngo-trachéal par l'anévrysme de la portion concave de la crosse de l'aorte. En résumé, le soulèvement trachéal vrai indique un anévrysme dans la partie postéro-inférieure de la conca- vité de l'arc aortique, surtout s'il coexiste avec les phénomènes de compression du récurrent, de l'œsophage et des bronches. D'après Lagana, les phénomènes de compression nerveuse et la pulsation du tube laryngo-trachéal ne peuvent exister séparément. Pour Mac Donnell, ces deux signes existent ensemble dans la plupart d^s cas. Cet avis est partagé par Potain et Martin-Durr. Feletti (1895) a observé, dans deux cas d'anévrysme de la crosse de l'aorte, une pulsation céphalique consistant en une secousse rythmique de la tète, synchrone à la systole cardiaque, qu'il attribue à la traction en bas de la bronche gauche et de la trachée par l'anévrysme, au moment de la diastole. Ces pulsations étaient d'autant plus énergiques que (1) Mac Donnell, The Lancet, 1891. 614 E. BOINET. — MALADIES DE L'AORTE. la tête était plus fortement renversée en arrière. D'après Coop et Brusclîini (1898), ce signe est dû directement à la pulsation de l,anévrysme; il disparait vingt-quatre heures avant sa rupture, et il s'atténue lorsque des caillots se déposent dans le sac anévrysmal. Radioscopie. — Radiographie. — La radioscopie permet d'obser- ver directement les anévrysmes de l'aorte profondément situés. Il est préférable de se servir, pour l'examen direct, d'un éclairage limilé que l'on obtient en ménageant des ouvertures sur un papier noir qui sert d'écran. On supprime ainsi l'éclairage général du fluoroscope pour concentrer son attention sur les différences de teintes présentées par les points examinés. Béclère (1) a vu sur l'écran fluorescent, au-dessus de la voûte du diaphragme, l'image d'une sorte de sablier dont les deux ampoules étaient animées de mouvements rythmiques : il semble qu'on voit battre deux cœurs superposés. Il ressort de cet examen que le sac anévrysmal était beaucoup plus volumineux que le cœur. Dans la séance du 14 mai, il a présenté des épreuves radiographiques de deux malades montrant le siège, la forme et les dimensions de deux anévrysmes de l'aorte thoracique à son union avec la crosse. Les plaques crétacées sont moins translucides aux rayons X que les portions saines ou simplement athéromaleuses de l'aorte. L'autopsie de l'un de ces malades, faite quinze jours plus tard, permit de contrôler les détails fournis par la radioscopie. Bouchard a pu diagnostiquer, avec cette méthode, des anévrysmes de l'aorte. Wassermann (2) a observé encore, au moyen de l'éclairage du thorax par les rayons Bœntgen, un anévrysme de l'aorte thora- cique s'étendant beaucoup plus à gauche que ne faisait supposer la matité constatée dans la région du premier espace intercostal, à trois travers de doigt à droite du manubrium sternal. Si l'on faisait passer les rayons d'avant en arrière, on pouvait aussi se rendre compte de la forme et des dimensions du sac anévrysmal. Tout près de la colonne vertébrale, on voyait une zone de plusieurs centimètres qui donnait une ombre pulsatile très nette à une certaine distance au-dessous de l'anévrysme. Cette ombre, d'après sa position et sa situation, ne pouvait être autre chose que l'aorte distendue, Aron (3) a publié un travail sur le diagnostic précoce des anévrysmes de l'aorte au moyen des rayons X. Ils permettent de faire un diagnostic très précis à un moment où les signes physiques ne donnent pas de résultats appréciables. Avec cette nouvelle méthode, on peut encore, comme l'a montré Lévy Dorn, reconnaître la pulsation lorsque la tumeur ne confine pas à des organes creux (trachée, œso- phage). Chez un de nos malades, la radioscopie nous a permis d'ap- précier l'épaisseur des caillots d'une façon assez approximative. (1) BécLiknE, Soc. méd. dés hôp., 5 février 1897. (2) Wassehmann, Wiener hlin. VVo(7ie;i.vt7ir. , 1897. (3) AiioN, Deutsche med. Wochenschii/i, 27 mai 1897. ANEVRYSMES ARTÈRIOSO-VEINEUX DE L'AORTE. 615 ANÉVRYSMES ARTÉRIOSO-VEINEUX A part un cas tle Syme, l'anévrysme aiicrioso-veineux de l'aorte est toujours spontané. La communication entre l'anévrysme de l'aorte et les veines ou les cavités cardia([ues du voisinage, est habituelle- ment précédée d'une phase plus ou moins silencieuse, dans laquelle les adhérences antérieures qui existent entre l'aorte et la veine, les altérations subies sur ce point par ces deux vaisseaux, préparent leur perforation. Elle se produit brusquement, souvent à l'occasion d'un effort; aussi l'apparition de l'anévrysme artérioso- veineux est- elle soudaine. Après quelques troubles circulatoires ou cardiaques liés à l'anévrysme, la communication artérioso-vcincuse se fait tout d'un coup; alors surviennent des étourdissements, une dyspnée intense, une tendance à la lipothymie, à la syncope, une sensation de strangulation, des vertiges, de la tendance au refroidissement; puis une accalmie relative peut se reproduire et l'on voit se dévelop- per rapidement une série de symptômes caractéristiques tels que la cyanose, la dilatation veineuse, l'œdème des régions du corps cor- respondant aux veines intéressées, la gène respiratoire, des p;dpila- tions violentes et douloureuses, de la faiblesse, de la tendance au refroidissement. Au niveau de la communication artério-veineuse, on perçoit un thrill, un frémissement cataire intense s'étendant dans la région précordiale; on entend un murmure continu avec renforce- ment systolique s'accompagnant souvent de palpitations de cœur. Le ponls est quelquefois faible et petit, souvent inégal, irrégulier, intermittent, parfois bondissant {preeminenlly jerking-Hope). Les rapports anatomiques de l'aorte avec les gros troncs veineux (veine cave supérieure, troncs brachio-céphaliques veineux, veine cave inférieure), avec les oreillettes, le ventricule droit, l'artère pulmonaire, indiquent la variété des anévrysmes artérioso-veineux qui peuvent se produire. Leur siège de prédilection est l'aorte ascendante, surtout au niveau des sinus de Valsalva, qui présentent des rapports intimes avec le cœur droit et les gros vaisseaux qui en émanent. ANÉVRYSME ARTÉRIOSO-VEINEUX DE l'aORTE ASCENDANTE ET DE LA VEINE CAVE SUPÉRIEURE HISTORIQUE. — La première observation a été publiée, d'après Langstaff, dans la Lancel (1832-33, t. II, p. 666). Reid (1833-1840) en signale deux cas. Thurnam publie, en 18iO, un important mémoire basé sur 7 observations. Young (1841), Law (1842), Cossy (1845) ap- portent de nouveaux documents ; Mayne (1853) diagnostique, le pre- mier, cette affection pendant la vie. Goupil (1855) et Tripier (1863) font une excellente thèse de doctorat sur ce sujet. Aux 7 cas d'ané- vrysme artérioso-veineux réunis dans le travail de Tripier, on peut 616 E. BOINET. — MALADIES DE L'AORTE. ajouter les observations de Bouillaud, Vallcix, GuU (1), Gallard (2), Hayden (1806), Jacoby (1870), Russcll (3), Mayne (4), Farrington (1874), Bonnarel (1875), Gallard (1877), Schnaubcrl (1881), Gluck (1882), Halla (1882). Sur 900 cas d'anévrysme de l'aorle, 7 communi- quaient avec la veine cave supérieure (Sibson). Damaschino (5; en diagnostique un nouveau cas sur le vivant : c'était la neuvième observation connue à cette époque La littérature médicale s'est en- core enrichie des faits de Turner (1885), Glascow(6), Wetterdal (7), Shannon (1885), Gulliver, Christianu (1887), Ewart (8), Sisley (9), Gairdner(lO), Pepper(ll). Williams Pepper et Crizer GriffiUi (12) ont pu réunir 29 cas d'ané- vrysnies artérioso-veineux de l'aorte et de la veine cave supérieure. Cette liste doit être complétée par les observations de Ord (13), Mer- candino (14), Jayle (15), Kcttner (16), lîœnendser (1895), Ziegler (17), Clarke (18), Drozda (19). Enfin, Friinkel (20) a constaté, sur 30ané- vrysmes aortiques, deux fois cette communication de l'aorte avec la veine cave supérieure. Elle se produisit brusquement chez deux hommes de cinquante ans et se manifesta par de la cyanose de la face et de la partie supérieure du corps et des crises syncopales. Nous avons publié (21) un nouveau cas d'anévrysrae artérioso- veineux de l'aorte et de la veine cave supérieure que nous avions diagnostiqué pendant la vie. Les détails analomo-palhologiques, dessinés à l'avance sur le cahier de visite, furent vérifiés douze jours plus tard, à l'autopsie. ÉTIOLOGIE. — Ces anévrysmes sont surtout observés entre qua- rante-cinq et cinquante-cinq ans. Les malades de Clarke, de Jayle avaient soixante et soixante-cinq ans. Nous en avons vu un cas chez une femme de soixante-quinze ans. Sisley a constalé cet anévrysme (1) GuLL, The Lancet, 186», p. 409. (2) Gali.ard, Union méd., 1865. (3} RussELL, Med. Times, 1871, p. l.'ÎO. (ij Mayne, Journ. de Bruxelles, 1873, p. 119. (5) Damaschino, France méd., 1882, p. 805. (6) Gi.Asco\v, St-Louis Courrier med., t. XIII, 18S5, p. 1-7. (7) WETTEnnAL, Upsal, 1885. (8) Ewart, The Lancet, t. II, 1889, p. 312. (Oj Sisley, The Lanccl. t. II, 1889, p. 1184. (10) Gairkneu, The Lancet, 1889, p. 1233. (11) Pepi'eh, Med. Press New-York, 1889. (12) Williams Pepper et Cuizer Griffitii, Amer. Journ. ofmed. science, 1893. (13) Ohi>, Brilish med. Journ., 1891. (14^ Mercandino, Gaz. de Turin, 1S93, p. 517. (15) Jayle, Soc. anat. Paris, l^f novembre 1893. (16) Kettner, Wiener klin, Wochenschr., 1" novemlire 1894, p. 829. (17) Ziegler, Correspondenzblalt fiir Schjoeiz. Aerzte, l*"" scutciubrc 1895. (18) Clarke, The Lancet, 18 janvier 1896. (19) DaozDA, Wien. med. Presse, !«■' novembre 1890. (20) Frankel, Soc. med. de Berlin, 19 octobre 1800. (21)/îcu de med., février 1897. ANEVRYSMES ARTERIOSO-VEINEUX DE L'AORTE. 617 artcrioso-veineux chez un syphililique de trente-cinq ans. La com- munication s'établit habituellement à la suite d'un effort; elle peut survenir spontanément. ANATOMIE PATHOLOGIQUE. — Cet anévrysme peut se développer sur les portions intra ou extra-péricardiques, mais son siège de prédi- lection est la partie droite et postérieure de l'aorte, à quelques centi- mètres au-dessous de l'émergence du tronc artériel brachio-cépha- lique. Il atteint le volume d'un œuf de poule, rarement d'une orange, exceptionnellement il devient gros comme le poing (Ziegler). Sa for- me est le plus souvent oblongue. L'orifice de communication qui se produit habituellement au niveau d'une plaque atliéromateuse ulcérée, se trouve ordinairement de 3 à 6 centimètres au-dessus des sig- moïdcs, sur le point le plus aminci du sac. Il est plus étroit au niveau de la veine cave que de l'aorte. Cette disposition était très nette dans notre cas. Il a une forme très variable : il est tantôt ovale comme chez notre malade, tantôt il est oblique, rond, losangique ; il ressemble parfois à une boutonnière, ou bien il consiste en une fente longitudi- nale irrégulièreouenunedéchirurequi, dans lecasdeZiegler,avaitune longueur de un centimètre et demi. Les dimensions de cet orifice de communication sont en général assez faibles; ses principaux dia- mètres mesuraient 5 et 10 millimètres dans notre cas, 9 et 5 millimè- tres dans celui de Cossy, 4 millimètres dans l'observation de Law, un quart et un dcnii-pouce dans le foi t publié par Sislcy ; ils atteignaient 2 centimètres chez le malade de Tripier; enfin, dans le cas de Clarkc, l'orifice irrégulier avait le volume d'un shelling. 11 est parfois traversé par une bride (Mayne), ou divisé en deux parties par l'accolement et les adhérences des deux parois de la veine cave supérieure. Les bords de l'orifice de communication sont souvent irréguliers et den- telés, comme dans notre cas ; ils peuvent être couverts de bourgeons charnus (Cossy), et lorsque la survie est suffisante, ils deviennent lisses (Langstaff), festonnés, légèrement frangés ou tranchants. Chez notre malade, des caillots fibrineux avaient oblitéré secondairement cet orifice. Tripier ne cite qu'un cas analogue. La veine cave adhère très intimement au pourtour de cet orifice de communication, qui siège, dans les deux tiers des cas, au-dessus de l'embouchure de la veine azygos. Dans le fait de Jayle et dans le nôtre, l'ouverture se trouvait à un centimètre au-dessous du point de réunion des deux troncs veineux brachio-céphaliques. L'azygos est souvent dilatée; elle contribue à rétablir la circulation de retour. oblitéré sur une longueur de 3 centimètres par des caillots fibrineux et des adbérences fibreuses entre les parois veineuses. Chez la ma- lade de Clarke, la veine innominée droite était également obstruée par un thrombus blanc et dur. Le rétablissement de la circulation veineuse est assuré parles trois grandes voies indiquées par Deckcrt, Oulmont, Goupil, c'est-à-dire par les plexus rachidiens, Tazygos, les veines mam- maires internes, intercostales, épigastriques, diapliragmatiques. SYMPTOMATOLOGIE. — Brusquement, à la suite d'un effort, d'un accès de colère, le malade déjà atteint d'un anévrysme ou d'une- dilatation aorliques éprouve tous les symptômes d'une perforai ion, d'une communication entre les circulations artérielle et veineuse. Ils consistent en étourdissements, violents vertiges, sensation de rupture dans la poitrine, angoisse, suffocation, constriction de la gorge, de la poitrine, sensation de strangulation, dyspnée intense, subite, ortlio- pnée, palpitations douloureuses, parfois perte de connaissance et crises syncopales. Tout le système veineux sus-diaphragmatique est dilaté, gorgé de sang. La face est cyanosée, tuméfiée, œdématiée, les joues sont plaquées de taches violacées, les veines frontales sont dis- tendues, vari({ucuses,lesyeux sont injectés, saillants, le cou est énorme; il est parcouru par les veines superficielles qui sont turgescentes et qui présentent [)arfois, comme dans le cas de Zicgler et le nôtre, des battements isochrones aux pulsations aortiques. Les creux sus et sous-claviculaires sont effacés, les membres supérieurs sont le siège d'un œdème prononcé et leurs extrémités sont froides, cyanosécs, bleu- tées. Plus tard, le cou est envahi par un gonflement élastique et rénitent. La tuméfaction delà langue, les épistaxis, lasuffusion séreuse sous- conjonclivale sont plus rares. Des taches noirâtres, pétéchiales peu- vent être observées sur la partie supérieure du tronc et les membres supérieurs. La moitié sous-diaphragmatique du corps est normale. |
US-32854681-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Device for setting inclination
ABSTRACT
A device for setting the inclination of a reference object such as a mirror or the like, used as a reference for lining up, levelling in, etc. The mirror (10) is rotatably balanced about an axle (12) and a portion thereof below said axle is provided with a moveable bob (14). A displacement of the bob causes the desired inclination of the mirror about the axle.
The present invention is concerned with a device for setting the inclination of a reference object such as a mirror or the like, e.g. for lining up, levelling etc.
For the purpose of simultaneously lining up and levelling in objects, such as pipes in a trench, it is a known practice to use leveling instruments equipped with a mirror, for example such as shown in Swedish Pat. application No. 7812008-6. The device shown therein comprises a cabinet, containing a mirror, which mirror is adjustable in a housing inside the cabinet by a setting means, the casing being in plumb at all times. The setting of the mirror with respect to the plumb line gives the level desired.
The present invention proceeds in another way for setting the reference object, such as a mirror, and is characterized as set forth in the accompanying claims.
The invention will be further described hereafter with reference to the embodiment shown in the drawing. FIG. 1 shows a side elevation of an object with the setting device of the invention. FIG. 2 shows a front view.
The drawing shows a reference object, such as a mirror 10. It is to be understood that the invention is of general application for setting the inclination of reference objects and that a mirror such as described herein is only one example of the performance of the invention. The mirror 10 is balanced by means of counterweights 22 to rotate about a schematically indicated axle 12, which may be fitted with bearings in a known manner to reduce friction. A plumb bob 14 is positioned on a portion of the mirror 10 below the axle 12, the lower portion of the mirror 10 in the embodiment illustrated. The bob 14, which is of substantial weight in relation to the reference object, is mounted in the mirror 10 so as to be moveable and adjustable therein, being balanced about the plane of the mirror 10 when in the position indicated by unbroken lines. The bob 14 may, as mentioned, be moveably mounted in the mirror 10, but in the embodiment illustrated the bob 14 may also have the character of a micrometer screw which engages in screw threads 26 in a hole in the mirror 10 and can be screwed in either direction. The bob or micrometer screw 14 is provided with a suitable scale which can be read, for example, against a setting index on the mirror 10 and which directly shows the desired angle of inclination of the mirror.
In another embodiment the mirror is rigidly fixed to a frame which is rotatably suspended in the same manner as described above and balanced, together with the mirror, about the axle. In this case the bob is moveably mounted in the frame.
It will be apparent from the above that a displacement of the bob 14 in either direction about the mid plane of the mirror 10 will cause a change in the balance of the mirror 10, thus tilting the mirror. Thus if the bob 14 is displaced to the right in the figure the mirror will tilt to the position indicated in the figure by dashed lines, as the centre of gravity 16 of the bob will remain the same as before. By a suitable choice of scales 18, 20 on the bob 14 the inclination of the mirror can be set and/or read directly.
The calibrating screw 24 permits fine adjustment of the centre of gravity of the bob to a position directly below the axle.
The mirror 10 is preferably suspended with its axle 12 in a mirror housing (not illustrated) and the bearing and inclination desired are obtained by turning the mirror housing, e.g. manually, into the line of sight. Lining-up and levelling-in are then carried out by finding the line of sight by eye or using a sighting device such as a target rod or similar in the manner described in the above-mentioned Pat. application No. 7812008-6.
We claim:
1. An apparatus for aligning and leveling objects comprising a reference member having upper and lower ends and front and rear surfaces, means for pivotally mounting said reference member about an axis which extends generally parallel to said front and rear surfaces thereof at a point adjacent said upper end of said reference member, a first weight means mounted adjacent said upper end of said reference member and above said axis, a second weight means mounted to said reference member between said axis and said lower end of said reference member, said second weight means being transversely adjustable with respect to said reference member and being extendable beyond said front and rear surfaces thereof, said second weight means having an elongated axis and first and second ends disposed generally perpendicularly to said axis, a weight adjustment means mounted to one of said ends of said second weight means, said weight adjustment means being adjustable with respect to said one end of said second weight means whereby the center of gravity of said second weight means may be adjusted along said axis thereof.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 in which said reference member is a mirror and in which said second weight means is generally cylindrical and is threadingly engaged with said mirror.
3. The invention of claim 1 in which said second weight means further includes scale means for use in indicating the angle of inclination of said reference member with respect to the vertical direction..
|
github_open_source_100_1_276 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import { Story } from "@storybook/react";
import Flex from "../Flex";
import Component, { SliderProps } from "./Slider";
const StoryComponent: Story<SliderProps> = (args) => (
<Flex
bg="white"
width="100%"
display="inline-flex"
p="2"
alignItems="center"
justifyContent="center"
>
<Component width={["100%", "33%"]} {...args} />
</Flex>
);
export default {
component: Component,
title: "Slider",
argTypes: { onChange: { action: "changed" } },
};
export const Slider = StoryComponent.bind({});
Slider.args = {
label: "Likes",
initialValue: 15,
renderMax: (val) => `${val}++`,
};
|
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jir/2015/352934/ref/ | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | Table of Contents Author Guidelines Submit a Manuscript
Journal of Immunology Research
Volume 2015, Article ID 352934, 13 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/352934
Research Article
Age-Related Differences in Percentages of Regulatory and Effector T Lymphocytes and Their Subsets in Healthy Individuals and Characteristic STAT1/STAT5 Signalling Response in Helper T Lymphocytes
1Department of Allergology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Children’s Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Bohoričeva 20, SI-1525 Ljubljana, Slovenia
2Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska Ulica 5, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
3Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 8, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
4Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
5Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Received 29 March 2015; Revised 6 August 2015; Accepted 27 August 2015
Academic Editor: Aurelia Rughetti
Copyright © 2015 Marija Holcar et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Linked References
1. J. Gillis and P. Loughlan, “Not just small adults: the metaphors of paediatrics,” Archives of Disease in Childhood, vol. 92, no. 11, pp. 946–947, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
2. C. Caruso, S. Buffa, G. Candore et al., “Mechanisms of immunosenescence,” Immunity & Ageing, vol. 6, article 10, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
3. S. Vasto and C. Caruso, “Immunity & Ageing: a new journal looking at ageing from an immunological point of view,” Immunity & Ageing, vol. 1, article 1, 4 pages, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
4. O. O. Onyema, R. Njemini, I. Bautmans, W. Renmans, M. D. Waele, and T. Mets, “Cellular aging and senescence characteristics of human T-lymphocytes,” Biogerontology, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 169–181, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
5. A. J. L. Torres, A. L. D. Angelo, M. O. Silva et al., “Establishing the reference range for T lymphocytes subpopulations in adults and children from Brazil,” Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo, vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 323–328, 2013. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
6. M. C. García-Dabrio, N. Pujol-Moix, Á. Martinez-Perez et al., “Influence of age, gender and lifestyle in lymphocyte subsets: report from the Spanish gait-2 study,” Acta Haematologica, vol. 127, no. 4, pp. 244–249, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
7. E. J. H. Schatorjé, E. F. A. Gemen, G. J. A. Driessen, J. Leuvenink, R. W. N. M. van Hout, and E. de Vries, “Paediatric reference values for the peripheral T cell compartment,” Scandinavian Journal of Immunology, vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 436–444, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
8. N. Salam, S. Rane, R. Das et al., “T cell ageing: effects of age on development, survival & function,” Indian Journal of Medical Research, vol. 138, no. 5, pp. 595–608, 2013. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
9. J. Yan, J. M. Greer, R. Hull et al., “The effect of ageing on human lymphocyte subsets: comparison of males and females,” Immunity and Ageing, vol. 7, article 4, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
10. J. C. Crispín, M. Oukka, G. Bayliss et al., “Expanded double negative T cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus produce IL-17 and infiltrate the kidneys,” The Journal of Immunology, vol. 181, no. 12, pp. 8761–8766, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
11. A. Yachie, Y. Ueno, and N. Takano, “Developmental changes of double-negative (CD3+ 48) T cells in human peripheral blood,” Clinical & Experimental Immunology, vol. 76, no. 4, pp. 258–261, 1989. View at Google Scholar
12. J. A. Tarbox, M. P. Keppel, N. Topcagic et al., “Elevated double negative T cells in pediatric autoimmunity,” Journal of Clinical Immunology, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 594–599, 2014. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
13. I. Alam, D. Goldeck, A. Larbi, and G. Pawelec, “Aging affects the proportions of T and B cells in a group of elderly men in a developing country—a pilot study from Pakistan,” Age, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 1521–1530, 2013. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
14. M. Sandmand, H. Bruunsgaard, K. Kemp et al., “Is ageing associated with a shift in the balance between Type 1 and Type 2 cytokines in humans?” Clinical & Experimental Immunology, vol. 127, no. 1, pp. 107–114, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
15. A. Gosselin, P. Monteiro, N. Chomont et al., “Peripheral blood CCR4+CCR6+ and CXCR3+CCR6+CD4+ T cells are highly permissive to HIV-1 infection,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 184, no. 3, pp. 1604–1616, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
16. C. Purnama, X. Camous, and A. Larbi, “An overview of T cell subsets and their potential use as markers of immunological ageing,” International Trends in Immunity, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 21–32, 2013. View at Google Scholar
17. L. Maggi, V. Santarlasci, M. Capone et al., “CD161 is a marker of all human IL-17-producing T-cell subsets and is induced by RORC,” European Journal of Immunology, vol. 40, no. 8, pp. 2174–2181, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
18. J. F. Zambrano-Zaragoza, E. J. Romo-Martínez, M. d. Durán-Avelar, N. García-Magallanes, and N. Vibanco-Pérez, “Th17 cells in autoimmune and infectious diseases,” International Journal of Inflammation, vol. 2014, Article ID 651503, 12 pages, 2014. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
19. S. K. Lee, J. Y. Kim, S. E. Hur et al., “An imbalance in interleukin-17-producing T and Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in women with idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss,” Human Reproduction, vol. 26, no. 11, pp. 2964–2971, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
20. G. Orsini, A. Legitimo, A. Failli, F. Massei, P. Biver, and R. Consolini, “Enumeration of human peripheral blood dendritic cells throughout the life,” International Immunology, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 347–356, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
21. M. Miyara, G. Gorochov, M. Ehrenstein, L. Musset, S. Sakaguchi, and Z. Amoura, “Human FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in systemic autoimmune diseases,” Autoimmunity Reviews, vol. 10, no. 12, pp. 744–755, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
22. M. I. Arismendi, E. G. Kallás, B. A. N. dos Santos, M. M. S. Carneiro-Sampaio, and C. Kayser, “Thymopoiesis and regulatory T cells in healthy children and adolescents,” Clinics, vol. 67, no. 5, pp. 425–429, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
23. K.-M. Chavele and M. R. Ehrenstein, “Regulatory T-cells in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis,” FEBS Letters, vol. 585, no. 23, pp. 3603–3610, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
24. N. E. Aerts, E. J. Dombrecht, D. G. Ebo, C. H. Bridts, W. J. Stevens, and L. S. De Clerck, “Activated T cells complicate the identification of regulatory T cells in rheumatoid arthritis,” Cellular Immunology, vol. 251, no. 2, pp. 109–115, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
25. B. Zhang, X. Zhang, F. L. Tang, L. P. Zhu, Y. Liu, and P. E. Lipsky, “Clinical significance of increased CD4+CD25Foxp3+ T cells in patients with new-onset systemic lupus erythematosus,” Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, vol. 67, no. 7, pp. 1037–1040, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
26. M. Bonelli, L. Göschl, S. Blüml et al., “CD4+CD25-Foxp3+ T cells: a marker for lupus nephritis?” Arthritis Research and Therapy, vol. 16, no. 2, article R104, 2014. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
27. T. Nishioka, J. Shimizu, R. Iida, S. Yamazaki, and S. Sakaguchi, “CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells and CD4+CD25Foxp3+ T cells in aged mice,” The Journal of Immunology, vol. 176, no. 11, pp. 6586–6593, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
28. A. Rani, R. Greenlaw, M. Runglall, S. Jurcevic, and S. John, “FRA2 Is a STAT5 target gene regulated by il-2 in human CD4 T cells,” PLoS ONE, vol. 9, no. 2, Article ID e90370, 2014. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
29. J. J. Goronzy, G. Li, M. Yu, and C. M. Weyand, “Signaling pathways in aged T cells—a reflection of T cell differentiation, cell senescence and host environment,” Seminars in Immunology, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 365–372, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
30. J. Siebler, S. Wirtz, S. Klein et al., “A key pathogenic role for the STAT1/T-bet signaling pathway in T-cell-mediated liver inflammation,” Hepatology, vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 1573–1580, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
31. S. Schreiber, P. Rosenstiel, J. Hampe et al., “Activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 in human chronic inflammatory bowel disease,” Gut, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 379–385, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
32. T. Fulop, A. Larbi, N. Douziech, I. Levesque, A. Varin, and G. Herbein, “Cytokine receptor signalling and aging,” Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, vol. 127, no. 6, pp. 526–537, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
33. K.-I. Matsuoka, J. Koreth, H. T. Kim et al., “Low-dose interleukin-2 therapy restores regulatory T cell homeostasis in patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease,” Science Translational Medicine, vol. 5, no. 179, Article ID 179ra43, 2013. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
34. J. D. Waight, D. Banik, E. A. Griffiths, M. J. Nemeth, and S. I. Abrams, “Regulation of the interferon regulatory factor-8 (IRF-8) tumor suppressor gene by the signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) transcription factor in chronic myeloid leukemia,” The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 289, no. 22, pp. 15642–15652, 2014. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
35. E. Garrigan, N. S. Belkin, J. J. Alexander et al., “Persistent STAT5 phosphorylation and epigenetic dysregulation of GM-CSF and PGS2/COX2 expression in type 1 diabetic human monocytes,” PLoS ONE, vol. 8, no. 10, Article ID e76919, 2013. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
36. M. Trapecar, A. Goropevsek, M. Gorenjak, L. Gradisnik, and M. S. Rupnik, “A co-culture model of the developing small intestine offers new insight in the early immunomodulation of enterocytes and macrophages by Lactobacillus spp. through STAT1 and NF-kB p65 translocation,” PLoS ONE, vol. 9, no. 1, Article ID e86297, 2014. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
37. T. C. George, S. L. Fanning, P. Fitzgeral-Bocarsly et al., “Quantitative measurement of nuclear translocation events using similarity analysis of multispectral cellular images obtained in flow,” Journal of Immunological Methods, vol. 311, no. 1-2, pp. 117–129, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
38. J. W. Cotari, G. Voisinne, O. E. Dar et al., “Dissecting common γ chain cytokine family signaling in T cells using cell-to-cell variability analysis,” Science Signallng, vol. 6, no. 266, pp. 1–18, 2014. View at Google Scholar
39. K. L. Gibson, Y.-C. Wu, Y. Barnett et al., “B-cell diversity decreases in old age and is correlated with poor health status,” Aging Cell, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 18–25, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
40. A. Al-Mawali, A. D. Pinto, R. Al Busaidi, and I. Al-Zakwani, “Lymphocyte subsets: reference ranges in an age- and gender-balanced population of Omani healthy adults,” Cytometry A, vol. 83, no. 8, pp. 739–744, 2013. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
41. Y. Osugi, J. Hara, H. Kurahashi et al., “Age-related changes in surface antigens on peripheral lymphocytes of healthy children,” Clinical & Experimental Immunology, vol. 100, no. 3, pp. 543–548, 1995. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
42. W. S. Wong, A. W. I. Lo, L. P. Siu et al., “Reference ranges for lymphocyte subsets among healthy Hong Kong Chinese adults by single-platform flow cytometry,” Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 602–606, 2013. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
43. S. M. Q. M. C. Tavares, W. D. L. B. Junior, and M. R. Lopes e Silva, “Normal lymphocyte immunophenotype in an elderly population,” Revista Brasileira de Hematologia e Hemoterapia, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 180–183, 2014. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
44. S. Q. Crome, B. Clive, A. Y. Wang et al., “Inflammatory effects of ex vivo human Th17 cells are suppressed by regulatory T cells,” The Journal of Immunology, vol. 185, no. 6, pp. 3199–3208, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
45. F. Annunziato, L. Cosmi, V. Santarlasci et al., “Phenotypic and functional features of human Th17 cells,” The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 204, no. 8, pp. 1849–1861, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
46. M. Miyara, Y. Yoshioka, A. Kitoh et al., “Functional delineation and differentiation dynamics of human CD4+ T cells expressing the FoxP3 transcription factor,” Immunity, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 899–911, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
47. E. R. R. Dal Ben, C. H. do Prado, T. S. A. Baptista, M. E. Bauer, and H. L. Staub, “Decreased levels of circulating CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome,” Journal of Clinical Immunology, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 876–879, 2013. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
48. S. Kshirsagar, E. Binder, M. Riedl, G. Wechselberger, E. Steichen, and M. Edelbauer, “Enhanced activity of Akt in Teff cells from children with lupus nephritis is associated with reduced induction of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 and increased OX40 expression,” Arthritis and Rheumatism, vol. 65, no. 11, pp. 2996–3006, 2013. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
49. M. E. Morgan, J. H. M. van Bilsen, A. M. Bakker et al., “Expression of FOXP3 mRNA is not confined to CD4+ CD25+ T regulatory cells in humans,” Human Immunology, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 13–20, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
50. J. Wang, A. Ioan-Facsinay, E. I. H. van der Voort, T. W. J. Huizinga, and R. E. M. Toes, “Transient expression of FOXP3 in human activated nonregulatory CD4+ T cells,” European Journal of Immunology, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 129–138, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
51. R. Mina and H. I. Brunner, “Pediatric lupus—are there differences in presentation, genetics, response to therapy, and damage accrual compared with adult lupus?” Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 53–80, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
52. L. B. Ivashkiv and X. Hu, “Signaling by STATs,” Arthritis Research & Therapy, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 159–168, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
53. X. Hu and L. B. Ivashkiv, “Cross-regulation of signaling and immune responses by IFN-gamma and STAT1,” Immunity, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 539–550, 2009. View at Google Scholar
54. W. Sheng, F. Yang, Y. Zhou et al., “STAT5 programs a distinct subset of GM-CSF-producing T helper cells that is essential for autoimmune neuroinflammation,” Cell Research, vol. 24, no. 12, pp. 1387–1402, 2014. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
55. A. Golding, A. Rosen, M. Petri, E. Akhter, and F. Andrade, “Interferon-alpha regulates the dynamic balance between human activated regulatory and effector T cells: implications for antiviral and autoimmune responses,” Immunology, vol. 131, no. 1, pp. 107–117, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
56. T. B. Niewold, J. E. Adler, S. B. Glenn, T. J. A. Lehman, J. B. Harley, and M. K. Crow, “Age- and sex-related patterns of serum interferon-α activity in lupus families,” Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol. 58, no. 7, pp. 2113–2119, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
57. D. M. Longo, B. Louie, S. Putta et al., “Single-cell network profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors reveals age- and race-associated differences in immune signaling pathway activation,” The Journal of Immunology, vol. 188, no. 4, pp. 1717–1725, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
58. W. Liao, J.-X. Lin, and W. J. Leonard, “IL-2 family cytokines: new insights into the complex roles of IL-2 as a broad regulator of T helper cell differentiation,” Current Opinion in Immunology, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 598–604, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
59. H. Yamane and W. E. Paul, “Cytokines of the γc family control CD4+ T cell differentiation and function,” Nature Immunology, vol. 13, no. 11, pp. 1037–1044, 2012. |
github_open_source_100_1_277 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <x-app-layout>
<x-slot name="header">
<h2 class="font-semibold text-xl text-gray-800 leading-tight">
{{ __('User Roles') }}
</h2>
</x-slot>
<div id="acl_wrapper" class="permissions-table">
<table id="user_roles_table" class="stripe">
<thead>
<th>
User
</th>
<th>
Roles
</th>
<th>
Permissions
</th>
<th>
</th>
</thead>
@foreach ($users as $user)
<tr class="cursor-pointer" id="{!! $user->id !!}" data-name="{!! $user->name !!}">
<td>
{!! $user->name !!}
</td>
<td>
<ul>
@foreach($user->roles()->pluck('name') as $role)
<li data-type="role" data-entity-name="{!! $role !!}" class="list-disc">{!! $role !!}</li>
@endforeach
</ul>
</td>
<td>
<ul>
@foreach($user->permissions()->pluck('name') as $permission)
<li data-type="permission" data-entity-name="{!! $permission !!}" class="list-disc">{!! $permission !!}</li>
@endforeach
</ul>
</td>
<td class="text-right">
<button data-edit="{!! $user->id !!}" data-name="{!! $user->name !!}" class="w-20 ml-3 rounded px-3 py-1 bg-green-300 hover:bg-green-700 hover:text-white focus:shadow-outline focus:outline-none">
Edit
</button>
</td>
</tr>
@endforeach
</table>
</div>
<div class="user-modal">
<!--Modal-->
<div class="modal opacity-0 pointer-events-none w-full h-full top-0 left-0 flex items-center justify-center">
<div class="modal-overlay absolute w-full h-full bg-gray-900 opacity-50"></div>
@include('components.token-form')
@include('user-roles.edit')
</div>
</div>
</x-app-layout>
|
http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/1381.0main+features1602013 | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | Australian Bureau of Statistics
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
1381.0 - Research Paper: A Review of Regional Development Australia Committee Regional Plans, 2013
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 12/03/2013 First Issue
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
5.4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC DISADVANTAGE
Socio-economic disadvantage in terms of household income, employment, access to health and education services or social exclusion was identified as an issue for 45 RDA committees. While some committees reported high levels of socio-economic disadvantage across the whole region, most identified that particular local government areas or population groups experienced significant disadvantage. Some regions used the ABS’ Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA) - which provide a ranking of relative socio-economic disadvantage - to describe the level of disadvantage in particular local government areas.
A problem raised by RDA committees in many regions was the entrenched and intergenerational disadvantage in some areas and among particular groups. It was often commented that people in these areas experienced barriers to education and workforce participation, poorer health outcomes, social exclusion and welfare dependency. Migrant and ethnic communities were commonly identified as disadvantaged groups who were in need of language and settlement services. It was also reported that young people from disadvantaged areas were more likely to experience drug and alcohol problems and homelessness.
Disadvantage in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities was a common issue. Many regions were concerned about the poor health outcomes, limited education and employment opportunities, lack of service access and inadequate supply of housing, water, nutrition and sanitation in these communities. The need to ‘close the gap’ for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples was often reported. RDA committees in many regions were concerned about a widening disparity between advantaged and disadvantaged areas, commonly between more affluent inner suburbs and outer areas of lower socio-economic status.
Several RDA committees discussed the need for better support for disadvantaged communities, recognising the need for place-based solutions and a greater number of homelessness services.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2014
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us..
|
US-201816605651-A_3 | USPTO | Public Domain | Calcination of these monoliths at different temperatures (FIG. 2B) allows for extensive polycondensation of TEOS and the removal of F127 template, affording silica monolith with good structural integrity at both macroscopic (FIG. 2B), mesoscopic (FIG. 2C) and nanoscopic scales with a measured Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of 304 m2/g (700° C., FIG. 7 ). After calcination at 1000° C., the linewidth (38 μm)shrunk nearly an order of magnitude compared to the as-printed linewidth (330 μm) and a 97-99% volume reduction was achieved (FIG. 6 ). Our co-assembly method enables high-resolution fabrication of functional materials with controlled nanoscopic structures far beyond printing nozzle physical limit.[22] For example, G1-based ‘Arc de Triomphe’ replicates (FIG. 2D) fabricated by a low-cost customized desktop 3D printer was transformed into a high-resolution mesoporous silica monolith.
To provide molecular understanding of this evaporation induced hierarchical co-assembly process, fluorescent TEOS analogs 2 and 3 (FIG. 8 ) were synthesized as fluorescent trackers, which were doped into G1. Upon evaporation, these fluorescent trackers can not only translocate with the TEOS monomers but also aggregate owing to their hydrophobic fluorophores and hydrogen bonding motifs (FIG. 9 ). Fluorescent tracker-doped hydrogels[23] 2@G1 ([TEOS]/[2]=1790) and 3@G1 ([TEOS]/[3]=17900) were printed into two-layer orthogonal lattices and the evaporation-induced co-assembly of the top layer[24] were monitored in real-time using a fluorescence microscope. In 2@G1 and 3@G1 lattices, after 5 min of solvent evaporation, noticeable linewidth shrinkages of the top layers were recorded in the bright field images (FIGS. 10A and 10B), while localized fluorescent quenching and enhancement were observed firstly at the periphery of filament and progressively expanded to the inner sections, respectively. The net fluorescent emission changes of the doped hydrogels were recorded by the time-dependent fluorescence emission spectra. Upon irradiation, the emission of 2 increased in the first 20 min due to the loss of solvent and subsequently quenched as a result of the aggregation of 2 in G1.[25] Similarly, the emission of 3@G1 increases in the first 20 min and keep increasing owing to the aggregation induced emission,[26] suggesting that tracker 3 aggregates in G1 due to its strong inter-molecular hydrogen bonding interactions. The recorded dynamic process and time dependent fluorescence spectra reveal that, (i) the strong interaction between the supramolecular template and molecular monomer can effectively localize the dynamic co-assembly process, which avoids structural failure macroscopically during the post-printing process; (ii) the stimuli-induced co-assembly process is largely kinetically controlled and monomer/F127 assemble rapidly at the surface of the hydrogel and progressively re-organize into the inner sections; (iii) the monomer dynamic self-assembly feature is well-preserved in a macroscopic monolith after 3D printing.
The established model system and revealed molecular understanding of the co-assembly process encouraged us to spatially and temporally control the monomers in a 3D printed monolith and alter their macroscopic property, realizing a 4D printing process.[27] A pair of Forster resonance energy transfer[28] (FRET) donor and acceptor monomers (2 and 4) were synthesized, doped into hydrogel G1 ([TEOS]/[2]/[4]=17900:10:1) and printed into a woodpile lattice cube. Upon solvent evaporation, the fluorescence of lattice cube changed gradually from sky blue (λ_(ex)=365 nm) to greenish blue and then green color along with volume reduction, suggesting that the FRET donor and acceptor are approaching each other nanoscopically in the hydrogel, which is also confirmed by the time-dependent fluorescence experiment. The well-controlled molecular co-assembly behavior in G1 suggests the possibility of further expanding the scope of monomers, given that the selected monomer coassembles with the supramolecular template of choice. Indeed, when organosilicate derivative 3 (FIG. 15 ) was introduced as the functional monomer, an opaque viscoelastic hydrogel G3 (see the Supporting Information) was obtained with a yield stress (ε=974 Pa) larger than that of F127 hydrogel (ε=520 Pa, FIG. 11 ), indicating that more energy is required to break the supramolecular co-assembly formed between 3 and F127 than F127 alone. The functional monolith M3 was obtained after evaporation-induced co-assembly, extensive chemical cross-linking (FIG. 12 ) and template removal by EtOH extraction, with moderately enhanced printing resolution and 85-92% volume reduction (FIG. 13 ). M3 emits green fluorescence with λmax=507 nm in the solid-state as well as possessing nano-sized pores ranging from 5-20 nm with a measured BET surface area of 177 m2/g (FIG. 14 ), suggesting a successful transformation of their molecular properties to the macroscale.
Similarly, monomer 5 and tetra-thiol crosslinker 6 (FIG. 16 ) were employed as organic monomers for DIW. 5 possesses a benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) hydrogen-bonding donor-acceptor core, which forms 1 D supramolecular polymers.[29] In an aqueous environment (MeOD:D₂O=1:1), monomer 5 coassembles with the backbone of F127 as evident by the ¹H NMR titration experiment. Mixing monomer 5, crosslinker 6 and F127 in H₂O/EtOH/THF (1:1:1) mixed solvent affords a clear solution and subsequently turned into an opaque viscoelastic hydrogel G5/6 upon solvent evaporation. Hydrogel G5/6 was fabricated into a lattice cube, which was subsequently crosslinked through thiol-ene reaction.[30] The F127 template was removed by EtOH extraction, affording a crosslinked monolith M5/6 with [5]/[6]=1.08:1 suggested by elemental analysis. Different from M3, no significant nanoporous structure was observed in the TEM analysis of M5/6, which may attribute to the re-organization of the flexible network after the template removal. Since BTA moieties in M5/6 are connected via hydrogen bonding network, an active insertion of supramolecular pillars with BTA core[31] at the nanoscale will cooperatively induce a macroscale size expansion (FIG. 17 ). Interestingly, when a M5/6 was immersed in an aqueous solution[32] of supramolecular pillar 7 (0.7 M) at room temperature, no noticeable macroscopic size expansion was observed until the solution temperature was raised above 80° C. The observation is consistent with previous report,[33] in which an elevated temperature is required to break the multivalent hydrogen bonding network in M5/6 to allow for a hetero supramolecular insertion between different BTA monomers.
After 2 h immersion at 80° C. and cooled to room temperature,[34] an isotropic volume expansion of 156±4% is recorded (FIG. 17 ), and the mass of hydrogel 7@M5/6 is 160±5% to that of M5. Elemental analysis of the xerogel 7@M5/6 suggests an insertion ratio of 7/5=1.4:1. The 7-inserted monolith did not recover to its original size even after washing with a large excess of water, suggesting that the cooperative supramolecular interaction between the BTA moieties of M5/6 and 7 is stable against high dilution. Pillar 7 was removed from M5/6 by DMSO extraction and M5/6 recovers to its macroscopic size after H₂O re-solvation (FIG. 17 ). This process has been repeated three times and the macroscopic size of M5/6 can be successfully altered by actively inserting and removing supramolecular pillars, demonstrating the successful amplification of the nanoscale hetero-supramolecular assembly event to the macroscopic level.
In this work, we presented a general approach of integrating functional small molecules into 3D printing materials and transforming their molecular features to the macroscale through supramolecular templation, post-printing hierarchical co-assembly and covalent crosslinking. 3D monoliths made by inorganic and organic functional molecules are fabricated, featuring macroscale properties that are introduced by the correspondent molecular monomers. The co-assembly process not only enhances the printing resolution up to an order of magnitude, it also enables the precise spatial control of nanoscale features such as molecular assembly over a large scale. Fluorescent tracking experiments provide molecular understanding of the dynamic co-assembly process at the macroscale as well as enabling the development of simultaneous color and shape changing 4D printing in response to the external stimuli. Furthermore, we showcased a benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide-based monolith capable of expanding and contracting its size by actively inserting and removing the correspondent supramolecular pillars. We believe this new approach will initiate the development of small molecule-based 3D printing materials and greatly accelerate the development of smart materials and devices beyond our current grasp that are capable of doing complex tasks in response to environmental stimuli.
- [1] (a) G. Chen, M. Jiang, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2011, 40, 2254-2266; (b) Z. Qi, C. A. Schalley, Acc. Chem. Res. 2014, 47, 2222-2233; (c) W. Weng, J. B. Beck, A. M. Jamieson, S. J. Rowan, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 11663-11672. - [2] (a) K. Kinbara, T. Aida, Chem. Rev. 2005, 105, 1377-1400; (b) J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2009, 38, 1802-1820; (c) I. Aprahamian, Chem. Commun. 2017, 53, 6674-6684. - [3] (a) A. Harada, R. Kobayashi, Y. Takashima, A. Hashidzume, H. Yamaguchi, Nat. Chem. 2011, 3, 34-37; (b) S. Iamsaard, S. J. Aβhoff, B. Matt, T. Kudernac, J. J. Cornelissen, S. P. Fletcher, N. Katsonis, Nat. Chem. 2014, 6, 229-235; (c) Q. Li, G. Fuks, E. Moulin, M. Maaloum, M. Rawiso, I. Kulic, J. T. Foy, N. Giuseppone, Nat. Nanotech. 2015, 10, 161-165; (d) K. Iwaso, Y. Takashima, A. Harada, Nat. Chem. 2016, 8, 625-632; (e) J. Chen, F. K.-C. Leung, M. C. A. Stuart, T. Kajitani, T. Fukushima, E. van der Giessen, B. L. Feringa, Nat. Chem. 2018, 10, 132-138; (f) A. Goujon, T. Lang, G. Mariani, E. Moulin, G. Fuks, J. Raya, E. Buhler, N. Giuseppone, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 14825-14828. - [4] (a) L. Ionov, Mater. Today 2014, 17, 494-503; (b) S. J. Asshoff, F. Lancia, S. Iamsaard, B. Matt, T. Kudernac, S. P. Fletcher, N. Katsonis, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2017, 56, 3261-3265; Angew. Chem. 2017, 129, 3309-3313. (c) J. T. Foy, Q. Li, A. Goujon, J.—R. Colard-Itté, G. Fuks, E. Moulin, O. Schiffmann, D. Dattler, D. P. Funeriu, N. Giuseppone, Nat. Nanotech. 2017, 12, 540-545. - [5] (a) A. Coskun, M. Banaszak, R. D. Astumian, J. F. Stoddart, B. A. Grzybowski, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, 41, 19-30; (b) J. M. Abendroth, O. S. Bushuyev, P. S. Weiss, C. J. Barrett, ACS Nano 2015, 9, 7746-7768. - [6] (a) M. Hegde, V. Meenakshisundaram, N. Chartrain, S. Sekhar, D. Tafti, C. B. Williams, T. E. Long, Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1701240; (b) J. Wang, A. Chiappone, I. Roppolo, F. Shao, E. Fantino, M. Lorusso, D. Rentsch, K. Dietliker, C. F. Pirri, H. Grützmacher, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 2353-2356; Angew. Chem. 2018, 130, 2377-2380. - [7] (a) S. Hong, D. Sycks, H. Chan, S. Lin, G. P. Lopez, F. Guilak, K. W. Leong, X. Zhao, Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 4035-4040; (b) S. Roh, D. P. Parekh, B. Bharti, S. D. Stoyanov, O. D. Velev, Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1701554; (c) C. S. O'Bryan, T. Bhattacharjee, S. Hart, C. P. Kabb, K. D. Schulze, I. Chilakala, B. S. Sumerlin, W. G. Sawyer, T. E. Angelini, Sci. Adv. 2017, 3, e1602800. - [8] S. A. Gladman, E. A. Matsumoto, R. G. Nuzzo, L. Mahadevan, J. A. Lewis, Nat. Mater. 2016, 15, 413-418. - [9] Q. Lin, X. Hou, C. Ke, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2017, 56, 4452-4457; Angew. Chem. 2017, 129, 4523-4528. - [10] R. L. Truby, J. A. Lewis, Nature 2016, 540, 371-378. - [11] T. Jungst, W. Smolan, K. Schacht, T. Scheibel, J. Groll, Chem. Rev. 2016, 116, 1496-1539. - [12] (a) X. Zhang, X. Chu, L. Wang, H. Wang, G. Liang, J. Zhang, J. Long, Z. Yang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012, 124, 4388-4392; Angew. Chem. 2012, 124, 4464-4468; (b) B. Ding, Y. Li, M. Qin, Y. Ding, Y. Cao, W. Wang, Soft Matter 2013, 9, 4672-4680; (c) M. Martínez-Calvo, O. Kotova, M. E. Möbius, A. P. Bell, T. McCabe, J. J. Boland, T. Gunnlaugsson, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 1983-1992. - [13] (a) G. Ducouret, C. Chassenieux, S. Martins, F. Lequeux, L. Bouteiller, J. Coll. Inter. Sci. 2007, 310, 624-629; (b) X. Yu, Z. Wang, Y. Li, L. Geng, J. Ren, G. Feng, Inorg. Chem. 2017, 56, 7512-7518. - [14] (a) Z. Xie, A. Zhang, L. Ye, X. Wang, Z.-g. Feng, J. Mater. Chem. 2009, 19, 6100-6102; (b) A. J. P. Teunissen, M. M. L. Nieuwenhuizen, F. Rodríguez-Llansola, A. R. A. Palmans, E. W. Meijer, Macromolecules 2014, 47, 8429-8436. - [15] L. Ouyang, C. B. Highley, W. Sun, J. A. Burdick, Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1604983. - [16] S. Bertlein, G. Brown, K. S. Lim, T. Jungst, T. Boeck, T. Blunk, J. Tessmar, G. J. Hooper, T. B. F. Woodfield, J. Groll, Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1703404. - [17] G. J. d. A. A. Soler-Illia, C. Sanchez, B. Lebeau, J. Patarin, Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 4093-4138. - [18] P. Alexandridis, T. A. Hatton, Coll. Surf. A: Phys. Eng. Asp. 1995, 96, 1-46. - [19] C. J. Brinker, Y. Lu, A. Sellinger, H. Fan, Adv. Mater. 1999, 11, 579-585. - [20] G. Pérez-Sanchez, S. C. Chien, J. R. B. Gomes, M. N. D. S. Cordeiro, S. M. Auerbach, P. A. Monson, M. Jorge, Chem. Mater. 2016, 28, 2715-2727. - [21] W. Y. Shih, W. Experimental Section
Materials and Methods.
All reagents were purchased from commercial suppliers and used as received unless otherwise specified. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were recorded on Bruker Advance 500 or 600 spectrometers with working frequencies of 500 or 600 MHz for ¹H and 125 or 150 MHz for ¹³C nuclei, respectively. Chemical shifts are reported in ppm relative to the residual non-deuterated solvent signals (DMSO-d₆: δ=2.50 ppm). Solid state ¹³C-cross-polarization at magic-angle spinning (CPMAS) nuclear magnetic resonance measurements were performed on a Varian 400 MHz VNMRS system. High-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectra (HR-ESI-MS) were obtained on Synapt G2-Si or Micromass Q-Tof Ultima mass spectrometers. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were recorded on a Shimadzu IR Affinity-1 FTIR-8000 spectrometer.
Morphological Characterization: White-light optical microscopic images were recorded using an AmScope SM-1TSW2 stereomicroscope. The fluorescent microscope images were obtained using an Olympus BX51 fluorescence microscope with a 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) fluorescent filter cube. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images were collected on an FEI Company X-30 field emission gun environmental scanning electron microscope at an electron acceleration voltage of 15 kV. Samples were prepared by sputter-coating the specimen with Au unless otherwise specified. Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) images were collected on an FEI Company Tecnai F20ST field emission gun transmission electron microscope at an electron acceleration voltage of 200 kV. TEM samples were prepared by drop-casting an ethanolic dispersion of the obtained material onto a Cu TEM grid and air-dried subsequently.
Porosity and Gas Sorption Analysis: Low-pressure gas adsorption experiments were carried out on a Micromeritics Accelerated Surface Area and Porosimetry System (ASAP) 2020 surface area analyzer. Ultrahigh-purity-grade N2 (obtained from Airgas Corp) were used in all sorption measurements. N₂ isotherms were measured using a liquid nitrogen bath (77 K). The pore volume of each material was estimated from the Dubinin-Raduskevich (DR) model with the assumption that the adsorbate is in the liquid state and that the adsorption involves a pore-filling process. Pore size distributions were determined using a nonlocalized density functional theory (NLDFT) carbon slit-pore model in the Micromeritics Software Package.
Synthesis of Molecular Monomers and Preparation of Co-Assembled Inks
Synthesis of Molecular Monomers and Fluorescent Trackers
Compound 2 was prepared according to a reported procedure. 9-(Hydroxylmethyl)-anthracene (208 mg, 1.0 mmol) and 3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl-isocyanate (1.0 mL) was added to a 25 mL Schlenk tube under N₂ atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 5 h, affording a yellow solution before cooled down. After removing the solvent under the reduced pressure, the residue was purified by column chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂) to afford 2 (260 mg, 57%) as a light-yellow powder. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298 K): δ=8.68 (s, ¹H), 8.40 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 2H), 8.13 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.61 (m, 2H), 7.55 (m, 2H), 7.16 (t, J=5.5 Hz, 1H), 6.06 (s, 2H), 3.71 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 6H), 2.97 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.43 (m, 2H), 1.12 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 9H), 0.50 (m, 2H). ¹³C NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298 K): δ=156.8, 131.4, 130.9, 129.4, 129.0, 128.0, 127.0, 125.7, 124.7, 58.18, 58.13, 43.5, 23.5, 18.7, 7.6.
Tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)ethylene (200 mg, 0.51 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous THF (10 mL) at room temperature under the N₂ atmosphere before 3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl-isocyanate (800 mg, 3.24 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 24 h at room temperature. The solvent was removed under the reduced pressure and the residue was purified by column chromatography (Al₂O₃, CH₂Cl₂) to afford 3 (445 mg, 64%) as a yellow powder. ¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298 K): δ=8.30 (bs, 4H), 7.12 (d, J=9.02 Hz, 8H), 6.77 (d, J=9.02 Hz, 8H), 6.11 (m, 4H), 3.75 (q, J=7.08 Hz, 24H), 3.02 (m, 8H), 1.45 (m, 8H), 1.14 (t, J=7.04 Hz, 36H), 0.54 (m, 8H). ¹³C NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298 K): δ=155.5, 139.0, 138.7, 137.2, 131.7, 117.2, 58.2, 42.2, 23.8, 18.7, 7.7. HR-ESI-MS: calcd for [M+Na]⁺ m/z=1403.6858, found m/z=1403.6808.
Compound 4 was prepared according to a similar procedure as that of 2 from 6-(dimethylamino)-2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1 Hbenzo[d,e]isoquinoline-1,3(2H)-dione (100 mg, 0.35 mmol) and 3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl-isocyanate (0.2 mL). The crude compound was purified by column chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂) to afford 4 (95 mg, 51%) as an orange powder. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298 K): δ=8.53 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 8.47 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 8.36 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.77 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (t, J=5.5 Hz, 1H), 4.26 (m, 4H), 3.72 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 6H), 3.11 (s, 6H), 2.86 (q, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 1.38 (m, 2H), 1.13 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 9H), 0.48 (m, 2H). ¹³C NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298 K): δ=164.2, 163.5, 157.1, 156.4, 132.8, 132.0, 131.1, 130.2, 125.4, 124.7, 122.8, 113.8, 113.4, 61.1, 58.1, 44.9, 43.4, 39.4, 23.3, 18.7, 7.5. HR-ESI-MS: calcd for [M+Na]⁺ m/z=532.2479, found m/z=532.2480.
Compound 5 was prepared according to a reported procedure. S2 In a two-neck round-bottom flask (50 mL), allylamine (1.1 g, 19.3 mmol) and triethylamine (2.3 g, 22.6 mmol) were added to anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) at 0° C. under the N₂ atmosphere. A CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL, anhydrous) solution of 1,3,5-tricarboxychloride (1.0 g, 3.77 mmol) was added dropwisely to the reaction. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature before the CH₂Cl₂ was removed under the reduced pressure. The residue was washed by HCl aqueous solution (1 M), saturated sodium bicarbonate aqueous solution and water respectively to afford 5 (1.1 g, 90%) as a white powder. ¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298 K): δ=8.85 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 3H), 8.44 (s, 3H), 5.91 (m, 3H), 5.20 (dd, J=17.2, 1.7 Hz, 3H), 5.11 (dd, J=10.3, 1.6 Hz, 3H), 3.96-3.91 (m, 6H). ¹³C NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298 K): δ=165.8, 135.6, 135.4, 129.1, 115.9, 42.2.
Compound S1 was prepared according to a reported procedure. S3 A round bottom flask (100 mL) was charged with 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid (3.0 g, 14.3 mmol), 30 mL of MeOH, and 1.5 mL H₂SO₄ (conc.). The reaction was refluxed for 6 h, cooled to room temperature, and the generated white power was collected by filtration. The crude product was washed with an excess of MeOH and dried in vacuum to afford the desired product (3.4 g, 97%). ¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298 K): δ=8.61 (s, 3H), 3.93 (s, 9H). ¹³C NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298 K): δ=164.5, 133.4, 131.0, 52.8.
Compound 7 was prepared according to a reported procedure. S4 A round bottom flask (10 mL) was charged with S1 (1.0 g, 4.0 mmol), and 2-aminoethanol (3.0 mL, 49.6 mmol). The reaction was refluxed (170° C.) overnight before cooled to room temperature. MeOH (6 mL) was added to the reaction and then the reaction was refluxed for another 30 min. CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL) was added to the reaction to form a white precipitate. The product was collected by filtration, washed by an excess of CH₂C₂ and dried in vacuum at room temperature for 24 h as a white powder (1.3 g, 97%). ¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298 K): δ=8.62 (s, 3H), 8.42 (s, 3H), 4.77 (t, J=5.3 Hz, 3H), 3.54 (dd, J=11.4, 5.7 Hz, 6H), 3.37 (dd, J=11.5, 5.7 Hz, 6H). ¹³C NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298 K): δ=165.6, 134.9, 128.4, 59.7, 42.3.
Preparation of Co-Assembled Inks
The formation of hydrogels (FIG. 18 ) is dependent on concentrations of TEOS and acid, solvent combinations, and reaction time. Hence, a series of reaction conditions were screened (FIG. 3 ) for optimization.
TEOS Polycondensation Rate Monitoring
Time-dependent ¹H NMR and FT-IR spectroscopies were employed to gain a better understanding of the reaction kinetics of the TEOS polycondensation. In the ¹H NMR spectrum (FIG. 4 ) of a mixture of an ethanolic solution of TEOS with an aqueous solution of Pluronic F127/CH₃COOH, resonance at 3.51 ppm attributed to the ethylene protons of the polyethylene oxide (PEO) block of the triblock copolymer F127. Interestingly, resonances corresponding to the polypropylene oxide (PPO) do not appear in the spectrum. In comparison, the ¹H NMR spectrum (FIG. 4 ) of a transparent gel (synthesized in an open vessel and dissolved in DMSO-d₆ for NMR analysis), a considerable amount of EtOH and H₂O loss was observed, which is consistent with the solvent evaporation during the reaction. In addition, a 6% loss of peak integration (using F127 resonances as an internal reference) corresponding to the ethoxy resonances at 1.15 and 3.75 ppm of the TEOS monomer was observed, suggesting that only a small amount of TEOS underwent hydrolysis and condensation to form oligomers. Allowing the gel to react in a sealed vessel for 24, 48 and 72 h (FIG. 4 ), respectively, resulted in decreasing resonances corresponding to the TEOS monomer in the ¹H NMR spectra, confirming that the polycondensation of TEOS occurs gradually over an extended period. In the time-dependent FT-IR spectra (FIG. 5 ), no significant Si—O—Si stretching band was observed until the reaction time of the gel reaches 24 h. At a reaction time of 80 h at room temperature, a series of strong Si—O—Si stretching bands at 1215, 1072 and 1045 cm⁻¹ were observed, suggesting that an extensive polycondensation of TEOS had occurred over a period of 3 d.
Rheological Studies
Rheological measurements were performed on a stress-controlled rheometer (TA instruments, DHR-2) with a 20-mm diameter parallel plate geometry and a measuring gap of 1 mm at room temperature. Four types of rheological measurements were performed to investigate the elastic modulus, viscosity and shear thinning properties of the synthesized gels.
Strain sweep: An oscillation with an angular frequency of 10 rad/s was applied to the synthesized hydrogel, and the corresponded storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) were recorded while the oscillation strain increased from 0.1% until passing the yield strain. Yield stress is defined as the stress value when G′=G″. Frequency sweep: Moduli G′ and G″ were measured when the oscillation frequency is increasing from 0.1 Hz to 100 Hz at 1% oscillation strain. Shear rate flow sweep: Viscosity and shear stress of the hydrogel was recorded over a range of shear rate, in our case, 1˜100 s⁻¹. Dynamic step strain amplitude test: Moduli G′ and G″ were recorded with strain of 1% and 50% alternatively at a frequency of 10 rad/s. The period of each step is 15 s. FIG. 19 shows selected strain sweeps of synthesized hydrogels listed in FIG. 3 . Storage G′ (solid lines) and loss G″ (dashed lines) moduli, and (b) oscillation stress profiles of the hydrogels. The shaded areas indicate suitable rheological range for direct ink writing 3D printing. FIG. 20 shows strain sweeps of hydrogels synthesized in entries 6, 13 and 14 in FIG. 3 . G′, G″, and oscillation stress profiles were shown as solid, dash, and dash-dot-line, respectively. FIG. 21 shows strain sweeps of hydrogels synthesized with different reaction times, G1, G1_(24h) (and G1_(48h). FIG. 22 shows frequency sweep of hydrogel G1 synthesized with different reaction time. Storage (solid lines) and loss (dashed lines) moduli of hydrogel G1 synthesized with different reaction times were measured in angular frequency sweeps at a constant strain amplitude of 1%. FIG. 23 shows dynamic step strain sweeps of storage and loss moduli for hydrogel G1 under alternative strains of 1% and 50%.
Direct Ink Writing 3D Printing
General Procedure.
Typically, the prepared hydrogel was loaded into a syringe barrel, centrifuged to remove bubbles and transferred into a Nordson EFD syringe barrel (3 mL) and installed onto the 3D printer. 3D printing experiments were performed on an extrusion based 3D printer (Tabletop, nScrypt) equipped with either an Nordson EFD precision smooth flower tapered tip or an nTip with an inner diameter of 25, 50, 75 or 125 μm, respectively. Printing paths were generated by scripting using P-CAD. Printing substrates include glass and plastic slides, silicon wafer and Parafilm. To improve the 3D feature in vertical direction, each woodpile lattice level consists four repetitive layers generated by dispensing the hydrogel in a back-and-forth manner. Woodpile lattice consisting of eight repetitive layers affords good structural integrity of the resulting printed object. Printed objects were made that were composed of 144 dispensing layers with each woodpile feature consisting of four or eight repetitive dispensing layers using a 200 μm tip. An object consisting of 144 stacked dispensing layers shows no printing defects, suggesting good printing performance of hydrogel G1. For nTip printing, each woodpile feature consisting of two repetitive sub layers resulted in better linewidth. High-resolution 3D objects with good structural integrity can be achieved using nTips with inner diameter (id) of 125 μm, 75 μm, 50 μm and 25 μm, respectively. Also made were as-printed woodpile lattice cubes using nTips with inner diameter of (a) 125, (b) 75, (c) 50 and (d) 25 μm, respectively. The dimensions (x/y/z) of the printed objects are (a) 8/8/9 mm, (b) 6/6/6 mm, (c) 4/4/3.8 mm and (d) 3/3/1.8 mm, respectively, each consists of 120 dispensing layers of hydrogel G1. The L/d ratios are (a) 3.2, (b) 3.7, (c) 4.0 and (d) 4.2, respectively.
Customized Dual-Extruder 3D Printing System
A commercial fused deposition modeling (FDM) based 3D printer (Flashforge Pro) has been modified to a dual extrusion 3D printing system for hydrogel printing. Firstly, two syringe pumps were replicated based on a set of open-source files. The plastic parts of the pump were printed with polyacrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) filaments using the original setup of the Flashforge Pro printer. The metal parts (thread rods, ball bearings and flexible couplings) are commercially available and assembled with the plastic parts. Two positioning holes were drilled through the top surface of the plastic shield of the printer, and then the syringe pumps were well fixed at the holes via fastening clips and screws. Two feeding motors of the original setup, which rotate the filament reels, were detached from the printer head and reused as the syringe pumps driving units without any extra rewiring. The rotatory movement of the motors was converted to vertical up/down movement of the plungers through flexible couplings, thread rods and a pair of fastening clips. Subsequently, the original heating units and metal nozzles were detached from the nozzle bed, which were replaced by a dual extruder clip board. The board was self-designed to fasten a pair of female Luer lock adapters that can fit any Luer lock tip. Finally, the syringe barrels and tapers tips were connected by vinyl tubing with Luer lock adapters. In a practical printing experiment, a “*.stl” 3D printing file was first imported to the Simplify3D software and sliced into printing paths layer by layer. The hydrogel extrusion was also controlled using the same software, by adjusting corresponded parameters. Specifically, the hydrogel extrusion speed was feasibly controlled by a parameter named “extrusion multiplier”. Then two syringes (10 mL or 20 mL) loaded with hydrogels were fitted into the pump clips, and the hydrogel was subsequently driven by the motor movements, flowing through the vinyl tubing and extruded through the tips fixed on the nozzle bed. The printing speed can achieve 40 mm/s, which is reasonably high for small-scale gel extrusion based 3D printing. Dual material printing can also be readily performed by loading the two syringes with different hydrogels. An “Arc deTriomphe” was printed (FIG. 2D) with linewidth of approximately 250 μm after printing, which shrunk to 75 μm after calcination at 700° C. Post-Printing Process
General Methods
In general, a woodpile lattice cube prepared by direct ink writing was transferred to a sealed chamber to allow solvent evaporation at approximately 85% relative humidity (RH) for 4 to 168 h, followed by further solvent evaporation in 15% RH, resulting in significant volume shrinkage of the fabricated lattice. The lattice was then calcined in a tube furnace at a desired temperature (heating rate=1° C./min). During the solvent evaporation process, uneven shrinkage of the woodpile lattice cube may occur due to the chemical interactions between the bottom layer of the cube and the printing substrate. For example, silicon wafers and glass slides are widely used substrates in gel-extrusion based direct ink writing due to their low surface roughness. However, a layer of Si—OH on the surface of these substrates can participate in the polycondensation of TEOS, leading to covalent attachment of the lattice cube to the substrate, which resulting uneven shrinkage during the solvent evaporation evolution. Hence, plastic slides or Parafilms were employed as the printing substrate for direct ink writing experiments in this work unless specifically mentioned otherwise. The uneven shrinkage problem was addressed by adding a few orthogonal raft layers. Woodpile lattice cubes with dimension of 9×9×12.2 mm were printed using hydrogels G1, G1_(24h), G1_(36h), and G1_(48h), respectively. After solvent evaporation at room temperature, the lattice cubes composed of G1 and G1_(24h) maintained their shape while the volumes shrunk to 24% (dimension: 6×6×6.5 mm) and 46% (dimension: 7×7×9.2 mm) of their original volumes, respectively. Lattice cubes composed of G136h and G148h cracked after solvent evaporation.
Shrinking Analysis
Hydrogel G1 was printed into 9×9×7.56 mm woodpile lattice cubes (>20 objects) with the constant air pressure (˜4.5 PSi), printing speed (10 mm/s) and dispensing gap. These cubes were transferred to a sealed chamber with 85% RH. After 4 h, some lattice cubes (>5 objects) were transferred to another environment with ˜15% RH to speed up solvent evaporation. Other lattice cubes were further stocked in the 85% RH sealed chamber for 168 h. All air-dried cubes were calcined at different temperatures to investigate their shrinkage. The overall volume, linewidth and L/d ratio were collected at five different post treatment stages (as printed, after solvent evaporation and after calcination at 200° C., 700° C., and 1000° C.) of the printed lattice cubes as shown in FIG. 6 . In a parallel experiment, after a slow evaporation process (sealed in ˜85% RH chamber for 168 h), the linewidth resolution was moderately improved from d₀=332 to d=205.8 μm; the L/d ratio was slightly reduced (2.44) but a significant volume reduction (−85.5%) was recorded. The lattice cube was further calcinated at 200, 700 and 1000° C., respectively and its shrinkage data were summarized in FIG. 6 . Compared with the fast evaporation sample, the volume reduction in the slow evaporation sample is significant large and the final volume was only 1% of its original volume. The L/d ratio of the slow evaporation sample slightly fluctuated throughout the post-printing process. When TEOS undergoes polycondensation, EtOH was generated in the reaction (FIG. 24 ) and the evaporation was speed up (due to the increase of EtOH content in the solvent mixture). In the slow evaporation process, the TEOS polycondensation and solvent evaporation speed are comparable. Hence, the TEOS polymerization accelerates the solvent evaporation process (by generating EtOH during the polymerization). This polymerization induced evaporation process further aid the TEOS/F127 coassembly, therefore resulting in a dense framework microscopically with larger volume shrinkage and a slightly decreased L/d ratio macroscopically after the solvent evaporation process. FIG. 25 shows averaged linewidth enhancement ratio (d₀/d) and L/d of the woodpile lattices at different stages.
Optical Microscopy and SEM Characterization
Optical microscopy showed that calcined hydrogel G1-printed object possesses small particle features, while hydrogel G1_(36h)-printed and G1_(48h)-printed objects feature large silica particle structures.
Porous Structures of Silica Monoliths
Mesoporous structures were obtained within silica lattice monoliths after calcination at 700° C., and their porosity were measured as shown in FIG. 26 , respectively. FIG. 7 shows N2 sorption isotherms of the monoliths fabricated using G1, G1_(24h) and G1_(48h)after 700° C. calcination. To investigate the influence of solvent evaporation on the formation of porous structures, lattice cubes were produced via different solvent evaporation processes. All the obtained silica monoliths feature mesoporous structures as shown in TEM analysis (FIG. 26 ). FIG. 26 shows TEM images of mesoporous structures formed in lattice monoliths (after calcination at 700° C.). The lattice cubes presented in (a-c) were printed with hydrogel G1 and underwent 4, 24 and 36 h stocking time in ˜85% RH respectively. (d) A high-resolution TEM image taken from (a). (e) and (f) indicate the ordered structures formed in the lattice cube printed with hydrogel of FIG. 3 , Entry 11.
The silica monoliths acquired after a fast solvent evaporation process exhibited porous structures with a measured pore size ranging from 2-10 nm and a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of 304 m²/g. The silica monoliths experienced a 24 h stocking period showed similar porous structures, with most of the pores smaller than 10 nm and a surface area of 327 m²/g. While with extended stocking hours in high RH chamber, the obtained silica monoliths exhibited a larger pore size and a wide-dispersed porous structure, because of denser frameworks formed during the solvent evaporation. Using suitable feed ratio of TEOS/F127, ordered mesoporous microstructures was observed in the TEM analysis. The relative parameters of porosity analysis were summarized in FIG. 27.
Fluorescent Tracking Experiments
Methods
Preparation of fluorescent tracker-doped hydrogels. Hydrogel G1 doped with fluorescent trackers 2 or 3 was prepared following the procedure described in above, except that 2 (9.1 mg, 2.0×10⁻² mmol) or 3 (2.8 mg, 2.0×10⁻³ mmol) was added to the TEOS (8 mL, 35.8 mmol) EtOH (5 mL) solution. The correspondent hydrogels will be referred to as hydrogel 2@G1 and 3@G1 respectively. In a freshly prepared fluorescent tracker-doped hydrogel (20.5 mL), the concentrations of 2 or 3 are 1.0 mM and 0.1 mM, respectively.
Real-time imaging of fluorescent trackers in the hydrogel. The fluorescent tracker-doped hydrogels 2@G1 and 3@G1 were printed into woodpile lattices and monitored using a fluorescence microscope (Olympus BX51). The solvent of printed woodpile lattices was allowed to evaporate in open air (˜40% RH) at room temperature (22° C.) during the imaging process. We noticed that, compared with our controlled evaporation process, the solvent of the printed sample evaporates rapidly because of low RH and the low profile of the structure. This rapid evaporation allows us to record visible linewidth shrinkage within 10 minutes. Bright field images of the woodpile lattices were recorded under transmitted light illumination, with 15 μs exposure time and 200 ISO. The fluorescent images were recorded with a DAPI fluorescent filter cube inserted, also at a 200 ISO, and the exposure time was 50 μs or 200 μs for fluorescent trackers 2 or 3, respectively. Movies were recorded with the same camera settings. After excition (λ=352-402 nm), the fluorescence emission of 2- or 3-doped G1 was filtered by a DAPI emission filter. Hence, only part of the emission of the hydrogels was collected and the blue fluorescent color doesn't reflect the true emission color of 2 or 3.
Fluorescent spectroscopy. All the fluorescence excitation and emission data were recorded on a Horiba PTI QuantaMaster 8000 Series Fluorometers. Quartz cuvettes with 10 mm pathway were used to record the solution-state fluorescence spectra. Solid-state fluorescence samples were prepared by spreading a thin layer of hydrogel 2@G1 or 3@G1 on a quartz slide and their time-dependent fluorescence spectra were recorded accordingly.
Fluorescent Imaging
Evaporation-induced co-assembly of fluorescent trackers in hydrogel G1 was monitored by fluorescence microscopy. After 5 min in open air, a 2-layer woodpile lattice composed by 2@G1 exhibited noticeable size shrinkage (top layer) in the bright field image. In the fluorescent image, segregated dark areas appeared along the edge of the top layer because of the aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ). Extending the evaporation time, dark areas expanded substantially. The fluorescence quenching takes place firstly at the surfaces of the top layer and then expands to the central parts. The 2-layer woodpile lattice of 3@G1 also showed apparent top-layer linewidth shrinkage after an exposure of 5 min in open air. In the fluorescent image bright areas were recorded, which propagates with the extended evaporation time.
Fabrication of Organosilica M3 and Organic Monoliths M5/6
Preparation of Hydrogels G3 and G5/6
Preparation of organosilica-based hydrogels G3. Pluronic F127 (1.26 g, 0.1 mmol) was dissolved in a mixed solvent composed of EtOH (5 mL) and a CH₃COOH aqueous solution (5 mL, 20 mM). Organosilica 3 (0.1 mmol) was dissolved in THF (5 mL) and the obtained solution was mixed with the F127 solution. The mixture was stirred at 400 rpm in a sealed vessel for 4 h at room temperature followed by stirring at 600 rpm in the open air to allow the solvent evaporation until a hydrogel formed.
Preparation of organic monomer hydrogel G5/6. Pluronic F127 (1.26 g, 0.1 mmol), molecular monomer 5 (0.5 mmol), and cross-linker 6 (183 mg, 0.0375 mmol) were dissolved in a solvent mixture composed of H₂O (5 mL), EtOH (5 mL) and THF (5 mL). 2,2-Dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenione (DMPA, 8 mg, 0.06 mmol, 2 mol % to thiol groups) was added to the mixture with stirring at 400 rpm in the open air. The solvent of the mixture was gradually evaporated and an opaque hydrogel was formed (˜5 g of hydrogel was obtained). FIG. 29 provides the strain sweep (left panel) and dynamic strain sweep (right panel) for hydrogel G3. FIG. 30 provides the strain sweep (left panel) and dynamic strain sweep (right panel) for hydrogel G5/6. FIG. 11 shows Storage and loss moduli of (a-b) F127 hydrogel ([F127]=21% wt), (c-d) G3 hydrogel ([F127]=22% wt), (e-f) G5/6 hydrogel ([F127]=24% wt) as a function of ocillation strain and shear stress.
Fabrication of Organosilica-Based Monoliths M3
3 aggregates in CDCl₃ due to the strong hydrogen bonding interactions as indicated by the ¹H NMR spectrum. These intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions are not significant in polar solvent such as DMSO, which affords a well-resolved ¹H NMR spectrum. The hybrid woodpile lattice cubes were fabricated through direct ink writing with hydrogels G3. After printing, the lattice cubes were transferred to a sealed chamber at ˜15% RH at room temperature for 12 h to allow solvent evaporation. The lattice cubes were gradually warmed up to 50° C. for 48 h to extensive crosslink the monomers. The template F127 was removed by Soxhlet extraction using EtOH. The EtOH solvent left in the cubes was then exchanged to hexamethyldisilazane and allowed naturally evaporated, affording the desired lattice cubes (monolith M3). See FIG. 12 . Solid-state ¹³CPMAS NMR: 157.1, 138.8, 132.5, 117.6, 75.7, 73.5, 70.7, 59.8, 58.0, 43.4, 40.4, 25.6, 18.5-11.3, 2.1 FIG. 13 shows the measured dimensions of organosilica monolith at each stage. 1st, 2nd and 3rd stages correspond to as-printed, cross-linked and template removed states, respectively.
¹H NMR Studies of Co-Assembly Between Monomer 5 and Supramolecular Template
Compound 5 consists a benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamides (BTAs) moiety, which self-assembles into one-dimensional polymers. 5 (15 mM) was dissolved in a mixed solvents of MeOD (0.5 mL) and D₂O (0.5 mL) at 60° C. first and then cooled to room temperature. Time-dependent NMR spectra were recorded from 0 to 12 h at room temperature to monitor the supramolecular polymerization of 5, showing the self-assembly of compound 5 in the mixture of solvents.
Synthesis and Fabrication of Monolith M5/6.
Woodpile lattice cubes composed G5/6 were fabricated through direct ink writing. After printing, these lattice cubes were transferred to a sealed chamber with ˜15% RH at room temperature for 12 h to allow solvent evaporation. These lattice cubes were then photo-irradiated under mercury lamp for 12 h for thiol-ene crosslinking. We noticed that, even under extended time of UV irradiation, the thiol-ene crosslinking degree is not sufficient to maintain the monolith's macroscopic structure after template removal. Hence, these cubes were further heated to 100° C. for another 12 h for extensive polymerization. Template F127 was removed by Soxhlet extraction using EtOH and the desired lattice cubes in the form of hydrogel were obtained by solvent exchanging using H₂O. The monolith was dried under the reduced pressure for elemental analysis. M5/6: (C₁₈H₂₁N₃O₃)1.08·(C₁₇H₂₈O₈S₄)·(F127)0.06 calcd: C 54.13%, H 7.65%, N 2.93%, S 8.3%; found: C 53.59%, H 7.1%, N 3.03%, S 7.79%. Solid-state ¹³CPMAS NMR: 171.0, 166.2, 135.1, 75.6, 73.6, 70.9, 64.0, 43.2, 35.6, 17.9.
Active insertion of 7 to M5/6. Active insertion of a supramolecular pillar 7 into monolith M5/6 was performed by immersing the monolith M5/6 (wet weight 100 mg) in an aqueous solution of 7 (0.7 M) and heated to 80° C. for 2 h. The inserted monolith 7@M5/6 was then cooled down to room temperature and washed with small amount of water to remove physically adsorbed 7 and its size was recorded using a optical microscope. The hydrogel mass was carefully recorded after the active insertion and a mass increase of 161% was recorded. The monolith was dried under the reduced pressure for elemental analysis. 7@M5/6: (C₁₈H₂₁N₃O₃)1.08.(C₁₇H₂₈O₈S₄)·(C₁₅H₂₁N₃O₆)1.52·(F127)0.06 calcd: C 53.95%, H 7.35%, N 5.17%, S 6.08%; found: C 53.49%, H 7.28%, N 4.71%, S 6.22%.
Removal of supramolecular pillar 7. A 7@M5/6 monolith was soaked in DMSO at room temperature for 24 h to remove the supramolecular pillar. The solvent was then exchanged to EtOH followed by H2O to re-generate the monolith M5/6. ¹H NMR spectra of 7@M5/6 monolith in DMSO-d₆ reveals the gradually removal of pillar 7 from the hydrogen bonding network in M5/6. The insertion and removal of supramolecular pillar 7 has been performed 3 cycles on the same M5/6 monolith. The hydrogel mass increasement after active insertion were recorded as 155%, 164%, 161%, respectively. Another set of optical images of organic monoliths composed of G5/6 at different stages: FIG. 32A, as-printed, FIG. 32B, after air-dried at ˜15% RH, FIG. 32C, after UV irradiation for 12 h, FIG. 32D, after thermal treatment at 100° C., and FIG. 32E, after template removal by EtOH extraction. Images of M5/6 at room temperature (left), after active insertion of 7 at 80° C. and cooled down to room temperature (right, top), and a control experiment of M5/6 after heating to 80° C. and cooled down to room temperature in water (right, bottom). No noticeable size change was recorded in the control experiment after the heating-cooling cycle in water. See FIG. 33.
Peptide-Based Co-Assembled Links
General Information
All reagents were purchased from commercial suppliers and used as received unless otherwise specified. Oligopeptide was synthesized through a solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were recorded on Bruker Advance 600 spectrometers with working frequencies of 600 MHz for ¹H. White-light optical microscope images were recorded using AmScope SM-1TSW2 stereomicroscope, other optical images were recorded using iPhone 7 plus. Rheological measurements were performed on a stress-controlled rheometer (TA instruments, DHR-2) with a 20-mm diameter parallel plate geometry and a measuring gap of 1 mm at room temperature.
Peptide-co-assembled inks (P-ink) was obtained by the following general method. Pluronic F127 (1.25 g, 0.099 mmol) was dissolved in EtOH/H₂O (5 mL/5 mL) and peptide molecule FSC-126 (0.25 g, 0.336 mmol)(FIG. 34 ) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature until a clear solution was obtained. Then the mixture was stirred at 250 rpm in the open air to allow slow evaporation of the solvent until a hydrogel (˜4.5 mL) was afforded. After centrifuging at 5000 rpm for 5 mins to remove the bubble in the sample, a transparent hydrogel (P-link) was obtained for rheological studies and 3D printing using direct ink writing technology.
FIG. 34 shows a scheme for the preparation of the peptide-coassembled link.
Rheological Studies
To investigate of 3D printability of peptide-co-assembled inks, the elastic and loss modulus, viscosity, shear-thinning and self-healing properties need to be known. Based on the requirements for 3D printable ink, four types of rheological measurements were performed.
Oscillation strain sweep: The storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) of the prepared ink were recorded with the oscillation strains increased from 0.1% to 100% and an angular frequency of 10 rad/s.
Frequency sweep: Storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) were recorded when the angular frequency is increasing from 0.1 rad/s to 100 rad/s. Shear rate flow sweep: Viscosity was recorded over a range of shear rate increased from 0 to 100 s⁻¹.
Dynamic step strain amplitude test: Storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) were recorded with strain of 0.1% and 100% alternatively at a frequency of 10 rad/s. The period of each step is 15 s and no equilibrium time in between. FIG. 35A-B shows rheological measurements of the peptide-coassembled link: FIG. 35A, strain sweep; FIG. 35B, angular frequency sweep.
3D Printing Using Direct Ink Writing
Typically, the prepared peptide-co-assembled was loaded into a Nordson EFD syringe barrel (3 mL or 5 mL) and installed onto the 3D printer. The 3D printing experiments were performed on an extrusion-based 3D printer (Tabletop, nScrypt) equipped with either a Nordson EFD precision smoothflower tapered tip or nTips. Printing paths were G-code files generated by scripting using P-CAD or transferred from other 3D printing files. Printing pressure varied from 10-50 psi and speed varied from 5-40 mm/s. Printing substrates were glass sides. FIG. 36A-D shows an object with woodpile lattice feature consisting of four repetitive dispensing layers printed by a 200 μm tip. FIG. 36A-D. Optical images of FIG. 36A, 36B top view, FIG. 36C top view under microscope and FIG. 36D side view of a printed object with woodpile lattice feature consisting of four repetitive dispensing layers using a 200 μm tip.
Post-Printing Process
Synthesis and fabrication of peptide monolith. Objects consisting peptide-co-assemble ink fabricated by 3D printing were transferred to a sealed chamber to allow solvent evaporation at approximately 15% relative humidity (RH) for 24 h. Then these printed objects were photo-irradiated under a mercury lamp for 48 h for thiol-ene crosslinking. After that, the objects were further heated to 70° C. Template F127 was removed by Soxhlet extraction using EtOH after crosslinking. Finally, peptide monoliths were obtained after solvent exchanging using H₂O.
|
bpt6k76125489_1 | French-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | NOS 4 PRIMES Ainsi que nous l'avons annoncé, il suffira désormais de se présenter avec le RADICAL du jour et les quatre numéros précédents à nos magasins, 10, rue du Croissant, pour pouvoir y retirer immédiatement : Un PARDESSUS à 9 fr. 50 ou un PANTALON à 4 fr. 50 ou un COSTUME COMPLET (veston, gilet, pantalon) à 15 francs ou un SERVICE DE TABLE (une nappe et 12 serviettes) à 10 fr. 25. Les porteurs des cinq derniers numéros consécutifs du RADICAL auront droit à acheter soit l'une, soit l'autre, soit même les quatre primes cidessus désignées. Nos lecteurs de province n'auront qu'à nous envoyer (avec un mandat-poste du prix de la prime choisie, plus 1 franc pour les frais de port et d'expédition) la partie des cinq numéros du RADICAL où est inscrite la date. Pourtant, le costume complet, en raison de l'essayage, doit être pris dans nos magasins, et nous ne pouvons l'expédier en province. Nos magasins sont ouverts tous les jours, de neuf heures du matin à sept heures du soir, pour la distribution de ces quatre primes. SAPYOHS LA FRANCE Tandis qiTun député quelconque essaie du haut de la tribune de persuader aux banquettes que l'armée coloniale doit obéir au ministre de la guerre et non au ministre de la marine, et landis que les banquettes, non moins vides que résignées, paraissent accepter cette opinion avec autant d'indifférence qu'elles accepteraient l'opinion contraire, le voyageur qui s'égarerait dans les couloirs de la Chambre pourrait distinguer, soit dans des embrasures de fenêtres, soit dans des coins mystérieux, des hommes pâles, causant à voix basse, Vœil et l'oreille aux aguets. Ne vous approchez pas; ils se tairaient, ou, sur un ton qu'ils croiraient téger, vous demanderaient des nouvelles de l'Exposition. Observez-les à distance, sans qu'ils puissent vous remarquer ; vous n'entendrez rien, mais vous verrez des gestes significatifs. De temps en temps des haussements d'épaules, qui peuvent être traduits par ces mots : « Que faire ? » Puis une moue, compliquée d'yeux blancs : « Hélas ! mon Dieu 1 » Cependant une face se penche : « Il y aurait peut-être un moyen. » Les personnages se' rapprochent les uns des autres, en tout bien tout honneur: « Contez-nous ça. » De grands bras : « Ça n'a pas de bon sens.» Un gémissement. Un silence. Depuis les conjurations de Venise on n'a rien vu de plus terrible. C'est surtout autour d'un petit vieux sec et d'un grand blanchi, évidemment les chefs, que se tiennent ces pourparlers téné breùx. Les visages sombres ont des reflets idiots. On se souvient d'avoir con templé ces sortes de groupements dans les cours de maisons d'aliénés. Ce que ces hommes méditent d'entreprendre, nul ne le sait. Peut-être ne le savent-ils pas beaucoup plus. Préparent-ils un coup? Ils l'ignorent. Quel coup? Ils voudraient le dire qu'ils ne le sauraient pas. En attendant, ils prennent en pitié cette pauvre France, privée si malencontreusement des services que, s'ils étaient au pouvoir, ils ne manqueraient pas de se rendre à eux-mêmes. Car c'est une chose qu'il faut que vous sachiez, et que certainement vous ne soupçonnez pas si vous ne lisez pas les journaux nationalistes. La France souffre horriblement. Elle est tout simplement sur son lit d'agonie, la France. Moi, j'ai lu cela l'autre matin, et j'en ai frémi. A la vérité, il est difficile de s'en apercevoir à première vue. Les Fran çais semblent déjeuner de fort bon appétit; ils dorment leur content; j'en ai même rencontrés qui riaient à se démancher la mâchoire. Mais ils n'en sont pas moins très malheureux. Accostez ce brave homme, qui chemine allègrement, et demandez-lui ce qu'il a. Il vous répondra sans hésiter : « Hélas! monsieur, la vie est bien dure depuis que nous avons perdu ce pauvre monsieur Méline. » Et, si vous lui offrez une consommation pour le consoler, vous constaterez que sa tristesse doit être profonde, car il boira copieusement. N'allez point nous objecter que tous les Français se préparent à passer la vie gaiement pendant la durée de l'Exposition et que ce n'est point là le signe d'un désespoir sans bornes ; car il vous serait immédiatement répliqué que vous ne savez ce que vous dites et que précisément cette Exposition prouve l'effroyable douleur du pays. On a été obligé de lui donner ça pour le distraire, comme on donne à l'enfant un joujou pour l'empêcher de pleurer. Mais ne vous y méprenez pas ; le pays n'en pleure que plus abondamment. Ça ne se voit pas ; mais, si vous saviez combien ces infortunés qui reviennent de visiter les travaux répandent de larmes dans leur chambre à coucher, vous seriez inquiets pour leurs édredons. Comment voulez-vous qu'il en soit autrement ? Calypso ne pouvait se consoler du départ d'Ulysse; et qu'est-ce qu'Ulysse, je vous le demande, à côté de Méline ? La France est dans un abîme, Monsieur, dans un abîme; c'est Coppée qui vous le dit, et jamais un mirliton n'a trompé les personnes ; si vous n'apercevez pas cet abîme, c'est que vous êtes myope ; mais la France le voit bien, elle qui est dedans, et c'est pourquoi elle sanglote, la France. Elle sanglote et tend ses bras désespérés vers ces mêmes gens dont je vous entretenais tout à l'heure, qui causent dans les embrasures des fenêtres. Et voilà ce dont se préoccupent ces grands patriotes : c'est de sauver la France. Ils sont prêts à se sacrifier pour ce noble but, en s'imposant de nouveau l'affreuse charge du pouvoir. Certes, cela leur est dur ; mais le devoir avant tout. Quand il s'agit de sauver son pays, on ne doit regarder à rien. Aussi vous pouvez exiger d'eux qu'ils s'installent au ministère et émargent sur la feuille des plus forts appointements, ils ne reculeront pas. Ce sont de nobles citoyens, sur le dévouement de qui l'on peut compter.. Dans ce siècle où les vertus sont si rares, on est toujours heureux de reconnaître qu'il reste encore de belles âmes, qui savent mettre au-dessus de tout le souci de leurs propres intérêts. HENRY MARET. Le Travail après l'Exposition C'est un des points délicats à traiter que de trouver, pour le lendemain de l'Exposition universelle, du travail suffisant à l'activité de l'agglomération ouvrière de Paris; mais si le point est délicat il n'est pas nouveau, et les édiles parisiens s'en sont préoccupés déjà aux expositions précédentes, et dans de bonnes conditions particulières, à la suite de 1889. Après 187,8, cette préoccupation n'avait pas été résolue avec la prévoyance nécessaire, et la Ville de Paris a alors snbi de ce chef, à l'octroi, un fléchissement de recettes qui a apporté du trouble dans les finances de Paris. Aussi, en 1890 et les années suivantes, par suite d'heureuses mesures prises, il n'y eut plus de déficit mais au contraire un relèvement continu et progressif qui ne s'est point interrompu jusqu'à ce jour et qui durera encore très longtemps. Nous avons dû, à notre grand regret, mo, dérer les constructions neuves de groupes scolaires, ne pouvant tout mettre sur le chantier en même temps : les plans de campagne d'écoles seront repris. L'Assistance publique a, dans ses cartons, prêts à être examinés et votés, des projets grandioses qui, même réduits au strict nécessaire, entraîneront l'activité nécessaire à la reprise des travaux. Nous aurons à ajouter des opérations de détail qui sont d'importance, et se chiffrent par millions ; nous voulons parler du raccord des voies entourant l'Exposition, rive droite et rive gauche, de la pénétration des tramways arrêtés à mi-chemin par cette Exposition, et, pour une période de dix années, au moins, de la mise en marche du Métropolitain jusqu'à sa terminaison totale. La question à règler de la désaffectation des fortifications, ne la limiterait-on qu'à la partie ouest de Paris, n'est pas à dédaigner. Tout cela, bien entendu, en dehors des travaux ordinaires inscrits régulièrement au budget de la Ville se totalisant par une somme considérable. L'on voit, par cette énumération succincte et rapide, que nous avons du pain sur la planche, puisque le labeur à Paris va se mouvoir dans une sphère encore plus large que par le passé. , -, que par le passé. "ARSÈNE LOPIN. LA DEFENSE RËPILIME L'initiative est excellente, qu'ont prise un certain nombre de républicains du neuvième arrondissement en décidant, comme on le verra plus loin, de constituer, pour les quatre quartiers, un Comité de défense républicaine. C'est, naturellement, en vue des prochaines élections municipales qu'est créée cette organisation. Elle aura pour effet de répondre à la coalition de tous les réactionnaires, groupés sous le drapeau de la Ligue de la « Patrie française », par l'union de tous les républicains sincères. L'idée est heureuse, et la façon dont elle se va réaliser est à donner en exemple. Afin que modérés, progressistes, radicaux et socialistes se puissent unir solidement et loyalement, les fondateurs du comité ont résolu que son programme serait d'uneextrême simplicité: il portera sur une base unique, la défense de la République contre les monarchistes, les cléricaux et les nationalistes. Ceux-ci n'ont pas dissimulé, depuis leur entrée en campagne, qu'ils entendaient placer les élections municipales sur le terrain politique. Sur ce terrain, les républi cains, étroitement liés, les aborderont de front. La tactique imaginée par nos adversaires devait, pensaient-ils, nous gêner. Ils peuvent voir, aujourd'hui, qu'il n'en est rien. -' Ici où, en toute occasion, nous n'avons' cessé de recommander la concentration républicaine, la discipline démocratique, expliquant, jusqu'à satiété, qu'elles étaient indispensables pour réduire à néant les espoirs des ennemis du régime actuel, nous approuvons, sans restriction aucune, la tactique adoptée par les républicains du neuvième arrondissement. Et nous espérons que leur méthode, leur ligne de conduite, seront appréciées, imitées dans les autres arrondissements parisiens. Tout le monde conçoit que jamais plus qu'à l'heure actuelle ne s'est imposée l'accord étroit des soldats de l'armée de la République. Il faut donc que, partout, l'action soit déterminée en raison de cette nécessité, devenue, pour nos amis, un devoir strict. Les intérêts particuliers des candidats, même les intérêts des subdivisions en lesquelles sont partagés progressistes, radicaux et socialistes, doivent s'effacer devant l'intérêt supérieur de la défense républicaine. Qui donc, parmi nous, ne lui consentirait des sacrifices, parfois pénibles, mais souvent récompensés et toujours honorables ? Les orateurs de la Ligue de la « Patrie française » ont vingt fois formulé leurs visées : obtenir des résultats électoraux four nissant la preuve que Paris est nationaliste, permettant une agitation qui, savamment entretenue, vaincrait la résistance du Parlement à l'expression de la volonté populaire. -. MM. Jules Lemaltre, François Coppée, leurs associés des comités, bonapartistes, de la Ligue' antisémite et de la Ligue des Patriotes, tous dirigés par la Congrégation, ont fait leurs calculs : avec les quelques conseillers municipaux de la droite dont ils escomptent la réélection, il leur suffirait d'une douzaine de succès partiels pour qu'une minorité audacieuse s'affirmât à l'Hôtel de Ville. Ce sont ces calculs qu'il s'agit de déjouer. Nous comptons, pour cela, sur la bonne volonté, le désintéressement, l'ardeur, le dévouement de tous les républicains. MICHEL HIRSCIt. LA FIN D'UN ANCIEN MINISTRE L'ancien grand ministre Charles Dupuy ne se sentplus à sa place à la Chambre, et il annonce son intention de troquer son siège de député de la Haute-Loire contre un fauteuil de sénateur dans le même département. Il solliciterait donc des électeurs sénatoriaux la place que M. Allemand, mort il y a trois jours, vient de laisser vacante. Nous serions étonnés si la détermination de M. Charles Dupuy provoquait une émotion excessive dans le pays. Certes, on se réjouira de savoir qu'il renonce à la députation; mais on regrettera qu'il se soit arrêlé à une demi-mesure et qu'il prétende porter maintenant au Sénat les aptitudes dont il ne trouve pas l'emploi à la Chambre. Cet homme d'Etat démonétisé se conduit comme les malfaiteurs après un mauvais coup. Il change le terrain de ses opérations., mais il ne peut pas se résigner à disparaître complètement. Après avoir été plusieurs fois ministre et plusieurs fois renversé du pouvoir dans des conditions peu honorables, après avoir rêvé deux fois la candidature à la présidence de la République et s'être vu deux fois éliminé d'une façon presque humiliante, M. Charles Dupuy ne doit pourtant pas conserver beaucoup d'illusions sur le rôle qu'il lui reste à jouer. Il y a des comédies sifflées qu'on ne reprend jamais sur aucun théâtre, et le rideau ne se relèvera plus devant l'ancien ministre qui fut un des plus brillants Scapins de la politique. La passion du cabotinage perdit ce cabotin vaniteux et épris du faux. Il avait des qualités natives, mais il dédaigna de les utiliser et préféra nous ménager la décelante surprise' de ses défauts laborieusement acquis. C2t homme intelligent fut stupéfiant de niaiserie; ce simple fut un prodige de duplicité. 11 excella à tendre des pièges; et il réussit surtout à s'y prendre luimême. Il ne semblait pas dépourvu de droiture, et il eut quelquefois des échappées d'une franchise heureuse quoique un peu rude ; mais il rougissait de ces bons côtés, qui révélaient son origine plétfeienne, et il mettait une sorte de dilettantisme à étaler maladroitement des finesses grossières, des malices de mauvais aloi, et à échafauder lourdement des intrigues dont la complication déconcertait ses meilleurs amis. Il ne lui manqua peut-être que de rester tel que la nature l'avait créé pour fournir une carrière noblement remplie ; et c'est l'occasion de rééditer un aphorisme vénérable : S'il avait consacré au bien la moitié des efforts qu'il a dépensés à faire le mal, qui sait à quelles destinées il serait parvenu ? Voilà comment on rate une vie bien commencée et comment on est déclassé à cinquante ans, en pleine force de l'âge. A la vérité, la contemplation de cette épave comporte un enseignement ; mais nous n'avons pas l'illusion de croire qu'un exemple, si impressionnant soit-il, inspire de salutaires méditations à des politiciens incapables de méditer. En dépit de toutes les leçons, il y aura toujours de prétendus habiles pour régler leur attitude sur cette conception fausse et vieillotte qui proclame l'incompatibilité de la politique et de.la bonne foi, pour rechercher profits et succès en exploitant l'erreur au détriment de la vérité et la sottise contre le bon sens, et pour s'écarter systématiquement de la ligne droite sous le prétexte qu'elle allonge le chemin. J. DERRIAZ. BAVARDAGE Quand il s'agit d'événements contemporains, nous supposons toujours que tout le monde les a, comme nous, présents à l'esprit dans tous leurs détails, et nous avons peur, si nous insistons à en parler, de passer pour des naïfs. Il convient pourtant de constater que les faits les plus proches, les plus importants, sont le plus souvent ignorés des générations actuelles, et que, si notre mémoire reste fraîche parce qu'il s'agit d'événements auxquels nous avons été plus ou moins mêlés, il n'en va pas de même pour ceux qui n'étaient pas nés quand ils se sont produits. Vous entendez des jeunes gens vous dire avec aplomb : — Après tout, on était bien plus libre sous le second empire que maintenant ! — ou bien : — Le 2 Décembre, une opération de police un peu brutale ! — Ils ont oublié le massacre du 4 sur les boulevards. De même, à propos de la mort du comte Benedetti, nombre de gens ne se rappellent plus l'épouvantable crime commis par Bismarck, déchaînant de propos délibéré la guerre contre nous. , Il s'agissait, on le sait, d'une vétille de diplomatie grincheuse. On parlait de l'élévation au trône d'Espagne d'un prince de Hohenzollern, c'est-à-dire appartenant à la famille du roi de Prusse. Le gouvernement français se montra inquiet et chargea son représentant à Berlin de provoquer des explications courtoises. et d'obtenir l'assurance que cette intronisation royale n'aurait pas lieu. Ce fut le comte Benedetti qui posa la question au roi Guillaume, qui donna volontiers l'assurance que cette candidature n'aurait pas de suite. C'était une affaire terminée. Le comte Benedetti insista pour obtenir une garantie d'avenir : mais le roi dit — mais sans aucune parole blessante — qu'il s'en tenait à sa déclaration précédente. C'était la paix certaine. Mais Bismarck ne le voulait pas. En un dîner auquel assistaient de Moltke et de Roon, il falsifia de sa propre main la dépêche qui racontait ces pourparlers, en lui donnant un caractère d'insolence provocatrice à l'égard de la France. C'est ce bandit qui a lui-même raconté le fait dans ses mémoires. Ici les nationalistes du temps — qui, avec l'impératrice, voulaient leur guerre pour affermir la dynastie, saisirent avec empressement ce prétexte pour surexciter les passions belliqueuses. Et c'est ainsi que nous perdîmes l'Alsace et la Lorraine. Ne perdons jamais l'occasion de rappeler les crimes de ces prétendus conducteurs de peuples, qui ne les mènent qu'au meurtre et à l'assassinat. Que les deux noms de Bismarck-et de Napoléon 111 rëstènt au poteau d'infamie, et, de temps en temps, reclouons-les, de peur qq. l'écriteau se détache. UN Parisien, FÊTE DE L'ADOLESCENCE L'on se rappelle avec quel succès la fêle de l'Adolescence a été cefébrée au Théàlre des Fleurs, dans le Bois de Boulogne, le 30 juillet de l'an dernier. Le Conseil municipal de Paris vient d'en faire encore revivre le souvenir par l'envoi aux Patronages, aux Associations, aux Amis des écoles, d'un beau volume où sont rçlatés-Vote, préparatifs, exécution. On y retrouvera la délibération du Conseil municipal adoptant, sur la proposition de M. Paul Viguier, l'idée de la fête, puis le compte rendu des séances où MM. Bellan* Désiré Séhé, Bouvard etFoïmigo arrêtèrent le plan de la charmante fôte populaire, si fraîche, si riante en sa nouveauté. On y a consigné les tiers discours de MM. Lucipia, de Selves, Georges Leygues, et aussi les programmes des concerts, des divertissements qui furent donnés en plein air, et devant les familles assemblées, et devant les jeunes gens, acteurs et spectateurs à la fois. Le Conseil municipal peut être assuré que son Livre — un vrai Livra d'or pour les œuvres post-scolairés laïques sera-mis en belle plitee dans les bibliothèques des groupements qui ont défilé au Pré Ca-, telan. Et il peut être certain aussi que, dans toute la France, on accueillera avec joie la nouvelle qu'une seconde fête de l'Adolescence sera donnée sous les auspices de là municipalité parisienne, En effet, dans sa séance du 12 mafs, le Conseil municipal a décidé, sur la proposition de son excellent doyen M. Paul Viguier, que la fête de l'adolescence aurait lieu, cette année, le 13 juillet. Elle déroulera les théories des jeunes lilles et des jeunes garçons en plein quartier populaire, aux Buttes-Chaumont. Elle aura lieu, à la suite du congrès tenu par la Ligue de l'enseignement, à la veille du congrès des œuvres post-scoiaires. EUe coïncidera, par une pensée de filiale reconnaissance qu'ont eue les promoteurs, avec t'inauguratioti (it-i monument élevé à la mémoire de Jeaa Macé et à la glorification de l'école laïque. L'on peut s'attendre à une admirable manifestation de la jeunesse ouvrière et rurale. Car nous comptons bien que. les invitations limitées l'an dernier aux Petites A et aux Patronages de Paris et de la Seine s'étendront aux Petites A et aux Patronages de toute la France qui enverront des délégations. Francis Phamée. LE COMBAT D'IN-RBAR. Une expédition militaire dans le Sud algérien — Victoire de nos troupes Grosses pertes de l'ennemi ., Des informations arrivées hier à Paris annoncent une victoire décisive remportée par une colonne expéditionnaire qui avait mission d'occuper dans le sud-algérien les groupes d'oasis qui, avec celui d ln-Salah, lorment le Tidikelt. Ces informations sont , précisées ce matin de divers côtés. Au ministère de la guerre, on communique la note suivante : Un fort contingent de fcsouriens, rassemblé depuis quelque temps autour din-lihar, menaçait notre occupation d'In-Salah. Le lieutenantcolonel d'Eu, à la tête de La colonne de renforts, récemment arrivée à In-Salah, a attaqué les forces ennemies à In-Rhar, le 19 mars. La place a été prise d'assaut après bombardement et une résistance acharnée. La kasbah et les mosquées étaient défendues par des guerriers venus du Touat, de l'Aoulef, d'Akabli. Les pertes de l'ennemi, qui s'était réfugié dans la kasbah après avoir .p.té repoussé de ses lignes extérieures, sont d'environ 600 tués. Une centaine de blessés ont été recueillis par nos troupes : beaucoup ont été emportés par l'ennemi dans sa fuite. 450 prisonniers sont tombés -entre nos maiM. Le reste des forces ennemies, poursuivi par la cavalerie, s'est dispersé. Le pacha de Timmi-El-Driss, Ben Maini, se disant gouverneur du Touat, ebt prisonnier. Nos pertes sont de 9 hommes de troupe indigène tués et 38 blessé, dont 2 officiers : te lieutenant Mielet, du bataillon d'Afrique, et le lieutenant Voinot, de l'artillerie, atteints légèrement. ,' Voici en outre le rapport qu'a adresse MtttMMT 6 MlLHEUREUSE IROM-Aulisr iNÉDIT PAR JULES LERMINA PREMIÈRE PARTIE LE POIDS DU PASSÉ III Où le crime guette (Suite) Grilcc à son informateur, il savait déjà que M. d'Aubeval, peu valide, avait au rez-de-chaussée sa chambre et son cabinet de travail. La chambre de sa femme voisine de la sienne, une salle à manger, un petit salon, puis la cuisine et l'office complétaient l'agencement de cet étage, tandis qu'au premier se trouvaient l'appartement, de sa fille, un atelier de de&stn et une bibliothèque. Le second étage n'était pas occupé. Vargent devait se trouver dans quel que meuble du cabinet de travail : pourvu que ce ne fût pas un coffre-fort, Jacques aurait facilement raison du tiroir qui le contiendrait. En son espionnage persévérant, Jacques vit successivement la silhouette des deux femmes, puis le vieux domestique qui clopinait de-ci de-là. Et, décidé à agir coûte que coûte, serrant de sa main crispée le manche de son couteau, il se demandait : Qui devrai-je tuer cette nuit? IV La maison des Metz M. d'Aubeval était de très petite noblesse et n'attachait aucune importance à une particule qu'il ne tenait que de son acte do naissance. Orphelin de bonne heure, il avait dû, étant sans patrimoine, se créer par luimême une situation. , Il était intelligent et n'avait pas de vices gênants. Sorti en bon rang de l'Ecole centrale, il s'était lié avec un de ses condisciples dont le père, très entreprenant, avait installé près de Paris une fabrique de produits chimiques. D'Aubeval avait trouvé là sa place, et son esprit inventif avait pu se développer tout à son aise ; et, grâce à un nouveau mode de préparation de la soude, il avait grandement contribué à la fortune de celui qu'il considérait comme son bienfaiteur. L'usine avait pris bientôt des proportions considérables, et M. Chantçiie — c'était le nom du propriétaire — était en passe de devenir millionnaire, quand un accident terrible — une explosion de machine—en le frappant à mort, avait soudain compromis l'entreprise, jusquelà florissante. Il était veuf et laissait son fils — le camarade d'Aubeval — à la tête de ses affaires. Georges Chantelle avait alors vingtcinq ans et était marié depuis un an. Autant le père avait l'esprit méthodique et véritablement commercial, autant Georges nageait en pleine fantaisie. Il avait toujours témoigné d'une profonde antipathie pour les affaires, et dès qu'il sentit sur ses épaules le poids de la maison paternelle il ne songea qu'à s'en décharger sur d'Aubeval, qui se trouva immédiatement élevé au rang d'associé. Quant à d'Aubeval, c'était surtout un rêveur, apte aux travaux de laboratoire, mais d'une compétence médiocre en matière de commerce. Sa fierté native, son honnêteté foncière, s'accommodaient mal avec les compromis de conscience, les roueries de toutes sortes que réclament les affaires de gros. Cependant il se sentait charge d'âmes, d'autant que peu à peu Georges, pris par la vie parisienne, faisait à Essonnes où se trouvait la fabrique des visites de plus en plus courtes et plus rares. Il n'y apparaissait guère que pour demander de l'argent, s'inquiétait négligemment de la marche des opérations, souhaitait bonne chance à d'Aubeval, puis, après avoir déclaré que l'atmos phère des ateliers lui brûlait le cerveau, il repartait bien vite. Quelques années se passèrent ainsi. D'Aubeval soutenait tant bien que mal la bonne marche de la maison, et, en fait, s'il ne la maintenait, pas sur la période de progrès où l'avait laissée M. Chantelle, tout au moins ne la laissait-il pas péricliter, et Georges n'avait pas à se plaindre d'une diminution dans les revenus qui lui étaient servis. D'Aubeval s'était marié à son tour et avait une fille qu'il adorait. Il essayait de procurer à lui-même et aux siens une existence calme et exempte de graves soucis. Mais la destinée en avait décidé autrement. Cinq ou six ans après la naissance de sa fille Germaine, Mme d'Aubeval fut atteinte de l'épouvantable maladie contre laquelle luttent désespérément nos plus grands savants : la phtisie. Puis ce fut un autre désastre. Chantelle, en son oisiveté coupable, avait bien vite glissé sur la pente des plaisirs faciles. Il avait presque déserté le domicile conjugal, et Mme Chantelle s'était habituée à venir passer ses journées auprès du lit de Mme d'Aubeval, dont l'état, sans laisser aucun espoir, passait par les alternatives de crises inquiétantes ou faussement rassurantes qui caractérisent l'implacable tuberculose. M. d'Aubeval, par crainte de la contagion, avait dû à son grand chagrin éloigner sa fille de sa maison ; il vivait avec ces deux femmes dont l'une sentait la main de la mort chaque jour s'appuyer plus lourdement sur elle, dont l'autre, désespérée de l'abandon de son mari en pleine jeunesse, en pleine vitalité, enviait presque le sort de son amie. Mais Chantelle n'avait pas encore dit son dernier mot : un jour, il arriva chez d'Aubeval, livide, défait, avec les allures d'un fou. Sa confession fut complète : il était tombé aux griffes d'une de ces courtisanes qui pullulent à Paris et dont l'amour tarifé coûte à la fois l'argent et l'honneur. Pour subvenir à ses coûteuses folies, Chantelle avait joué : aujourd'hui, non seulement il était ruiné, non seulement il avait dilapidé toutes les sommes qu'il avait soutirées à la faiblessé de d'Aubeval, mais encore il avait imité sa signature. Et, à l'heure qui sonnait, il y avait plus de cent mille francs de fausses traites qui couraient sur le marché de Paris. La première, de vingt mille francs, échéait dans quelques jours. D'Aubeval fut foudroyé ; depuis longtemps déjà, en souvenir du père qe Chantelle qui lui avait ouvert le eheinin de l'aisance, il avait prélevé la hlus grande partie de ses émoluments pour subvenir aux exigences de son fils. La maison, faute de capitaux, menaçait de s'effondrer, et d'Aubeval-luttait désespérement. contre une débâcle imminente. Cependant il n'hésita pas : la mémoire du père de Georges lui étai t'sacrée. Il était prêt à tout sacrifier à sa reconnaissance. Il fit les fonds nécessaires pour parer aux premiers dangers. Puis il accepta des offres qui déjà lui avaient été faites pour l'achat de la fabrique. Il les avait repoussées naguère, sentant que les acheteurs avaient eu quelque notion de sa gêne et exploitaient la situation. Mais cette fois il fallait en passer -par là. L'usine fut vendue, et, quand furent retirées les traites dont le-non-payement eûL envoyé. Georges Chantelle au bagne, il resta en tout un capital dg cent mille francs. D'Aubeval exigea que Chantelle quittât la France : un avenir s'ouvrait pour lui au Brésil, dans une exploitation minière qui pouvait donner d'admirables résultats et pour laquelle d'Aubeval avait trouvé des moyens tout à faitori. ginaux et économiques en vue du traitement des minerais. De ce capital qui nous reste, lui ^VâitcTrt d'Aubeval, la moitié t'appar-' tient. Tu peux te refaire une position honorable et, si tu le veux, lucrative. Es-tu résolu à rompre avec ton passé et à redûMtMr un honnête homme ? Chantelle était de ces sentimentaux qui, sans raison, sans logique, sans conscience, s'emballent aussitôt dans latf. voie qui leur est ouverte. (A suivre) au ministère de la guerre le commandant dut9o corps Ïij-Rhar a été pris le 19 mars, après un combat acharné et sanglant ; kasbah et mosquée étaient défendues par des guerriers venus du Touat, Aoulef, Akabli, etc. Il a fallu les prendre et donner assaut après bombardement. Pertes sont sérieuses : neuf tués, savoir : deux artilleurs, dont l'un sous-officier, et un tirailleur algérien, cinq tirailleurs sahariens et un spahi saharien. Blessés sont : deux officiels : lieutenant M ielet,* du bataillon d'Afrique, et lieutenant Voinot, de l'artillerie, atteints légèrement; 36 soldats de corps divers et 8 goumiers. Sauf trois ou quatre, tous sont actuellement hors de danger. Les pertes de l'ennemi, qui s'était réfugié dans les kasbahs après la défense extérieure, sont d'environ 600 tués, dont beaucoup ensevelis sous les ruines. Blessés sont nombreux : en avons recueilli une centaine, ainsi que 450 prisonniers, sans compter les femmes et les enfants. Un certain nombre, peu considérable, a pu s'échapper, malgré les poursuites de la cavalerie. Le pacha de Timmi, El Driss ben Naïmi, gouverneur du Touat, est prisonnier avec 20 kébars environ. Beaucoup sont morts. Chacun a fait son devoir. Je signale particulièrement le lieutenant Mielet, blessé, entré le premier par la brèche ; commandant Quiquandon, lieutenant Dove, du bataillon d'Afrique; capitaine Touveny, du 1er tirailleurs; sous-intendant Isnard, qui a pris part à l'assaut; lieutenant Poulet, des tirailleurs sahariens. — Colonne pleine d'ardeur. Le ministre de la guerre a chargé le général Grisot de féliciter la colonne expéditionnaire de sa brillante conduite. Les oasis de l'In-Rhar, où la colonne du lieutenant-colonel d'Eu vient d'infliger une sanglante défaite aux dissidents du Tidikelt et du Touat, sont situées à environ 50 kilomètres à l'ouest d'In-Salah. Le lieutenant-colonel d'Eu a fait poursuivre énergiquement l'ennemi et a immédiatement formé une colonne qui lui fera évacuer les oasis les plus occidentales du Tidikelt, désignées sous le nom générique de l'Aoulef et dont un des principaux centres est Akabli; Tout porte à croire que celte vigoureuse action militaire aura désorganisé les forces qui ont échappé à la destruction, dissipé les rassemblements armés qui étaient formés depuis un mois par le « r)acba » de Timmi. Celui-ci est d'ailleurs notre prisonnier, et l'on assure qu'on a saisi, en même temps que sa personne, une correspondance qui jettera un jour instructif sur les intrigues hostiles à fa France dont la région du Touat était devenue le théâtre dans ces dernières années et auxquelles il était si urgent de mettre fin. , CONSEIL DES MINISTRES l Le conseil des ministres s'est réuni hier matin, à l'Elysée, sous la présidence de M. Loubet. M. Delcassé, un peu souffrant, n'assistait pas à la séance. LE COMBAT D'IN-IUlAn Le ministre de la guerre a donné connaissance de la dépêche qu'il a reçue au sujet du combat que nos troupes viennent de livrer dans l'extrême sud-algérien, à In-Rhar. On trouvera, d'autre part, des détails à ce sujet. LE BUDGET AU SÉNAT Xe conseil s'est ensuite occupé des questions que soulève la discussion du budget qui a commencé hier au Sénat, et particulièrement des points qui peuyent donner lieu à divergence entre les deux Chambres. Le principal de ces points est celui relatif au traitement des instituteurs. Le gouvernement espère présenter une transaction de nature à déterminer l'accord des deux Chambres. COULISSES DU PARLEMENT L'impôt sur le revenu La commission de l'impôt sur le revenu s'est réunie hier sous la présidence de M. Rouvier. Elle devait décider si elle procéderait immédiatement à l'examen des diverses propositions émanant de l'initiative parlementaire dont elle a été saisie ou si elle procéderait à leur'examen concurremment avec celui du projet du gouvernement qui doit être incessamment déposé. Sur la proposition de M. Merlou, la commission a décidé, à l'unanimité, de prendre -pour base -de ses travaux le ptojet que le ministre des finances a pris l'engagement dè déposer avant les vacances de Pâques. L'inauguration de l'Exposition La commission du travail a décidé hier de proposer à la Chambre le rejet de la proposition de M. Berteaux, tendant à déclarer e. jour férié >» le 14 avril prochain, jour de l'inauguration de l'Exposition. M. Colliard a été chargé du rapport. Les décorations de l'Exposition Sur la demande de M. Millerand, ministre du commerce, la commission parlementaire du commerce et de l'industrie a chargé, hier, M. Muzet de déposer immédiatement son rapport sur le projet relatif aux croix demandées pour lExpôsition. La commission, avant de statuer sur le projet à titre définitif, a maintenu sa résolution de spécifier que les croix demandées ne devront être distribuées qu'à l'occasion de la distribution générale des récompenses. Par contre elle a écarté, après nouvelle discussion, la disposition qui tendait à spécifier que les industriels ou commerçants ayant subi des condamnations pour infractions aux lois sur les conditions du travail ne pourraient, pas être compris dans la répartition des croix de l'Exposition. LA CHAMBRE L'armée coloniale (suite) Il restait à procéder à un deuxième tour de scrutin pour la nomination du cinquième membre du. conseil supérieur du travail, pour lequel il y avait eu ballottage à la précédente séance. M. Charles Ferry a été élu par 156 voix contre 131 à M. Colliard, socialiste. La Chambre adopte le projet de ici, déjà adopté par le Sénat, relatif au travail des femmes et des enfants dans les établissements industriels. On se remet à l'organisation de l'armée coloniale. 1 M. Lannes de Montebello, rapporteur, défend, bien en tend u4 le rattachement à la guerre. Les partisans du ministère de la marine, dit M. de Montebello, invoquent la question d'Etat, la question -de fait. La marine, dit-On, a ses troupes sous ses ordres depuis de nombreuses années, c'est vrai, mais l'expérience prouve qu'elle est impuissante à les organiser de façon à assurer le service colonial. Pour le Tonkin. le Dahomey et Madagascar, la guerre a dû fournir un complément d'hommes considérable. La période des conquêtes coloniales est passée; il faut s'occuper de défendre les territoires que nous possédons, et pour cette défense le ministre de la guerre est obligé d'interve: nir. La marine seule serait impuissante pour assurer la garde des colonies. On craint, en confiant les troupes coloniales au ministre de la guerre, de le détourner de son devoir spécial, qui est celui de défendre le territoire. Mais la marine a pour but principal le combat à la mer, et cette tâche est assez haute pour qu'elle s'en occupe exclusivement. -' M. Lannes .de MonlelJellü).en lerminanl, fait appel au patriotisme de la Chambre pour trancher par son vote une question dont le pays attend la solutioa depuis si longtemps. M. Honoré Leygues ne partage pas l'avis de M. de Montebello. Le ministre de la guerre, dit M. Honoré Leygues, est-il réellemeût qualifié pour avoir l'armée coloniale ? C'est lui qui, dit-on, organise les troupes qui marchent sur terre. Mais les troupes qui opéreront aux colonies se trouveront dans des conditions spéciales. Les méthodes de guerre qu'on applique en Europe ne peuvent être appliquées aux colonies. Le ministre de la guerre ne pourra mettre en œuvre que les troupes qui se trouveront aux colonies au moment de la guerre. Il n'y a donc aucun inconvénient à laisser ces troupes aux colonies. L'expérience et la spécialisation sont des facteurs dont il faut tenir compte. Les officiers qui reviendront anémiés des colonies ne seront pas en état de faire face à une guerre européenne. Ils le seraient au contraire s'ils étaient restés dans une garnison métropolitaine. Mais la marine n'a-t-elle pas besoin de l'armée coloniale ? Le navire pour combattre doit être assuré de la défense de la côte. On ne peut songera défendre les colonies uniquement avec les troupes de terre. C'est par la marine qu'on défendra les colonies. En terminant, M. Honoré Leygues cite l'exemp!e de la guerre de Cuba, où les Américains surent s'assurer la suprématie de la mer. Dès que cette suprématie a été acquise, la guerre a été terminée, malgré les 200,000 hommes que l'Espagne avait dans l'île. * La suite de la discussion est renvoyée à lundi, deux heures. M. V. LE SENAT La discussion du budget Le Sénat a commencé hier la discussion du budget. M. Le Cour-Grand maison prend le pre mier la parole dans la discussion générale. Il regrette que le contrôle du Sénat soit presque illusoire, étant donné le peu de temps qui lui est laissé pour la discussion d'un budget que la Chambre met plusieurs mois à discuter. Il se plaint de l'accroissement des dépenses. Il critique les dépenses des divers chapitres. Le rapporteur général, M. Prevet, expose les grandes lignes du budget de 1900, et le ministre des finances lui répond. Il rappelle que de 1815 à 1831 les dépenses publiques ont augmenté de 8,28 pour cent par an ; de 1831 à 1848, de 31,42 pour cent ; de 1848 à 1869 de 24,84 pour cent ; et enfin, de 1870 à 1899, de 8.59 pour cent. Le ministre des finances fait ensuite ressortir que cette augmentation de 8,59 pour cent est en général inférieure aux augmentations correspondantes que l'on constate en Allemagne, en Angleterre, en Italie. Il démontre que la fortune publique en France est en progrès constant et que ce progrès est au moins égal à l'accroissement des dépenses annuelles. Le ministre des finances fait appel en terminant à la bonne volonté des Chambres pour apporter dans les dépenses de l'Etat l'esprit d'économie qui seul réduira les dépenses. Le Sénat décide de passer à la discussion des articles aujourd'hui samedi à deux heures. CRŒE PARLEMENTAIRE EN ITALIE Lès incidents de la Chambre italienne Un président autoritaire et maladroit Les violences de l'extrêmegauche — Modifications au règlement. La crise parlementaire dont nous avons parlé récemment s'aggrave en Italie. Les violences ont recommencé et redoublé d'intensité à la Chambre italienne ; c'est la maladresse du président qui en a été la cause. On se rappelle qu'un député de l'extrêmegauche, M. Pantano, prononça, il y a quelques jours, un long discours contre la proposition Cambray-Digny tendant à modifier le règlement de la Chambre pour mettre fin à l'obstruction. 'Le président, M. Colombo, retira brusquement la parole au député de l'extrêmegauche, sous prétexte de divagations volontairement interminables et étrangères à l'objet du débat. Il s'ensuivit une protestation violente de l'extrême-gauche. Mais le président de la Chambre est allé plus loin enoore;" il a' porté atteinte au droit collectif de l'opposition. Le président du conseil, M. le général Pellôux, venait de proposer une nouvelle méthode de travail pour venir à bout de l'obstruction; il demandait le renvoi de la proposition Cambray-Digny, sur laquelle on s'escrime depuis tant de séances, à la commission du règlement, laquelle y ajouterait toutes les dispositions et sanctions nécessaires et la mettrait aux voix, sans renvoi ni débat, le 5 avril prochain; pendant ce temps, la Chambre aurait repris l'éternelle discussion des projets économiques. Cette proposition, bonne ou mauvaise, devait être discutée. C'est ce que n'a pas voulu lé président -de la Chambre; il a prononcé d'emblée, sans permettre un mot, un geste, à un député quelconque, le renvoi de la proposition Cambray-Digny à. la commission du règlement. Cet acte d'autorité a mis le feu aux poudres. Dans une réunion, convoquée d'urgence, de la gauche, des hommes comme MM. Zanardelli, Giolitti, ont protesté avec véhémence, voté et signé un manifeste qui condamne énergiquement l'initiative de M. Colombo. Aussi, hier matin vendredi, lorsque la séance do la. Chambre s'est ouverte à dix heures, tous les députés de l'extrême gauche étaient à leurs bancs. Quand M. Colombo a pris place au banc présidentiel, toute l'extrême gauche s'est levée, criant : « Dehors J à la porte ! M M. Colombo, les bras croisés, resté impassible sur le siège présidentiel, le poing sur Ja hanche, le regard fixé sur l'extrême gauche. Un député socialiste commence à jeter des boules de papier sur le banc présidentiel. Les questeurs de la Chambre et plusieurs amis de l'extrême gauche interviennent auprès du député socialiste qui se débat et veut continuer, puis se calme enfin. Un député de la droite crie : « Vive Colombo ! Toute la majorité se lèvef et applaudit frénétiquement. Les cris poussés par l'extrême gauche : « Dehors ! A la porte !» redoublent à ce moment d'intensité. Après dix minutes de ce vacarme infernal, le président se couvre, quilte la salle des séances, suivi par les membres du ministère et les députés de la majorité, dont plusieurs embrassent M. Colombo. La séance est levée ; les tribunes sont évacuées. Les députés de l'extrême gauche restent à leur prace, se livrant à de nombreux et bruyants commentaires; ils déclarent qu'ils ne permettront jamais à M. Colombo de présider une nouvelle séance. Pendant toute la journée les couloirs de la Chambre à Montecitorioont été très animés. L'extrême gauche a tenu une réunion dans laquelle elle a décidé de ne point changer son attitude, quelles que puissent en être les conséquences. De son côté, la commission du règlement a rédigé des propositions de modifications destinees à donner au président l'autorité nécessaire pourle faire respecter, telles que la censure et l'expulsion, mesures qui n'existent pas à la Chambre italienne. Aujourd'hui se renouvellera à la séance la scène d'hier. Les séances seront ensuite suspendues jusqu'à mardi. * Ce n'est qu'après le vote par la Chambre des modifications au règlement que le président Colombo pourra agir. Mais encore faut-il que laChambre puisse disposer des quelques minutes de tranquillité indispensables pour modifier son règlement. LA GUERRE AU TRANSYÂAL Lord Roberts dans Yembarras Il paraît que l'heure des grandes résolutions n'a pas encore sonné. Le général Roberts continue à temporiser, et l'opinion publique, en Angleterre, commence à se fatiguer. Il est certain que tout le temps perdu par l'armée anglaise est du temps gagné par les Boers, qui en profitent pour réorganiser leurs forces et envahir les posi-, lions stratégiques qu'on laisse bénévolement à leur disposition. Aussi ia presse britannique manifestet-elle une certaine mauvaise humeur. Le correspondant du Manchester Guardian à Kimberley télégraphie : On est toujours sans informations de lord Roberts, relativement à la manière dont le commando d'Ollivier a pris le large. La poursuite de ce commando était, sans aucun doute, la plus sérieuse de nos opérations depuis l'occupation de Bloemfontein. Le résultat de cette affaire est que nous avons laissé échapper trois fois plus de fédéraux qu'il ne s'en est soumis. Cette critique est amère; mais ce n'est que le début des déboires de lord Roberts. Le généralissime, il faut le reconnaitre, est dans une situation critique. Les cataractes célestes s'abattent sur le pays, les routes sont embourbées, ce n'est plus seulement sa cavalerie qui est immobilfsée par la pluie. L'infanterie elle-même a les plus grandes difficultés à se déplacer, et les maladies viennent encore compliquer les embarras de l'envahisseur. La mort du général Joubert On a reçu de Pretoria quelques détails sur la mort du général Joubert. Samedi, le général s'était rendu à son bureau comme d'habitude ; dimanche matin, il se sentit malade, et toute la journée du lundi il souffrit beaucoup. Mardi, vers le soir, les souffnnces cessèrent, mais il devint évident que le malade se mourait, et à onze heures il rendait le dernier soudir après être resté quelque temps sans connaissance. Le général a succombé à une inflammation d'intestins. Ce matin, le corps sera exposé, et, après un service à l'église réformée, un train spécial emportera les restes du général à sa ferme dé Rustfontein, près de Wakkerstroom, où il sera enterré. Suivant le désir exprimé par le général Joubert, la cérémonie sera très simple et d'un caractère purement privé. Les honneurs militaires ne seront pas rendus. D'après le Manchester Guardian, la reine a chargé lord Roberts de présenter ses condoléances à ia veuve du général Joubert : La reine prie le maréchal d'ajouter que le peuple anglais estime son mari comme un courageux soldat et un honorable ennemi. Cette démarche chevaleresque jure étrangement avec la guerre déloyale que poursuit le gouvernement de Sa Majesté Victoria. D'ERNIÈRE HEURE Londres, 30 mars. Lord Roberts télégraphie de Blœmfontein, 30 mars, 2 h. 25 du soir : « Par suite de l'activité des Boers sur notre front de bandière et de l'hostilité manifestée par eux contre ceux qui se sont rendus, conformément aux termes de ma proclamation, j'ai trouvé nécessaire de lés chasser des kopjes qu'ils occupaient près du garage de Karac à trois milles au sud de Brandford. « L'opération a pleinement réussi. Elle a été effectuée par la 7' division, soutenue par deux brigades de cavalerie et un régiment d'infanterie. Les Boers ont battu en retraite sur Brandfort, et nos troupes sont maîtresses des kopjes. « Nos pertes ont été de : un' capitaine tué, cinq capitaines et deux lieutenants blessés et une centaine de sous-officiers et soldats tués et blessés. » ECHOS inmi AUJOURD'HUI SAMEDI : A 2 HEURES. — Courses à Neuilly-Levallois. Le comité de l'Association des journalistes républicains s'est réuni hier pour entendre le rapport de M. Bertol-Graivil, son délégué, chargé, de concert avec les commissaires de la Société des gens de lettres et de l'Association des journalistes parisiens, de préparer la grande fête d'inauguration du Vieux Paris à l'Exposition universelle.. Le rapport de M. Bertol-Graivil â été pleinement approuvé. La fête qui aura lieu le samedi 7 avril au profit des trois associations sera l'une des plus brillantes que Paris ait jamais vues. Les attractions extraordinaires, le concours des plus fameux artistes, le cadre nouveau et prestigieux, tout permet de croire que le succès en sera splendide. La société des Amis de l'adolescence du dix-huitième arrondissement organise une grande matinée dimanche 1er avril, à deux heures, dans la salle des fêtes de la mairie. Cette fête sera présidée par le citoyen Millerand, ministre du commerce, assisté de M. Pugeault, maire du dix-huitième arrondissement. Les principaux artistes des théâtres de Paris s'y feront entendre et les Montmartrois auront le bonheur de goûter plusieurs fragments de Louise, la pièce du maître Gustave Charpentier, un compatriote qui honore la Butte. Ajoutons qu'une tombola avec des lots superbes terminera cette cérémonie qui promet d'être très brillante. Le sous-secrétaire d'Etat des postes et des télégraphes vient de décider qu'à partir du ler avril prochain les relations téléphoniques franco-suisses, qui se bornent actuellement à des correspondances de voisinage, seraient étendues à toutes les grandes villes des deux pays. Paris pourra communiquer avec Genève, Lausanne, Berne, Zurich, La Chaux-deFonds, etc. Les divers jurys du prochain Salon ont terminé leurs travaux : ils ont eu à examiner plus de 6,000 envois, dont 3,917 œuvres de peinture, 635 de soulpture, 350 d'arohitecture. En principe, il avait été décidé que chaque exposant n'aurait, au Salon de cette année, qu'une seule œuvre, au lieu de deux, comme de coutume ; cette décision a beaucoup réduit le nombre des œuvres admises ; on n'y verra, en effet, que 2,000 envois environ, dont 1,400 œuvres de peinture, 373 de sculpture et 139 d'architecture. L'an dernier, le Salon de la Société des artistes français comprenait 4,908 envois. Nous avons donné la date d'ouverture du Salon ; la date du vote des médailles d'honneur est fixée au 21 avril, celle du vote des autres médailles et de l'aflrihulion des bourses de voyage est fixée au 4 mai. En ce qui concerne la Société nationale des beaux-arts, qui n'organise pas de Salon cette année, les membres de cette société, qui ont demandé à concourir pour que leurs œuvres soient acquises par l'Etat ou pour l'obtention d'une bourse de voyage, recevront prochainement, dans leurs ateliers, la visite spéciale des inspecteurs des beaux-arts. L'inauguration partielle du Métropolitain, que l'on espérait "pouvoir faire aux approches des fêtes de Pâques en ouvrant au public le tronçon de la grande ligne Vincennes-Boulogne qui s'étend de la place de la Nation à la Bastille, a été ajournée de quelques semaines. Elle précédera cependant l'inauguration totale, qui reste fixee aux derniers jours du mois de juin,etqui n'en sera nullement retardee par conséquent. L'ajournement de la mise en service de cette première section de ligne a été causé précisément par le souci qu'ont eu les ingénieurs du Métropolitain de ne livrer au public que des voitures absolument parfaites et confortables, dont on achève en ce moment la construction. L'assemblée générale des aclionnaires de la Compagnie des omnibus a eu lieu jeudi. Deux nouveaux administrateurs devaient être élus. M. Boulanger, sénateur et ancien président de la Cour des comptes, et M. Maurice Binder, député de la Seine, ont été présentés et élus sans aucune opposition. Aussitôt après cette assemblée, où ne s'est produit aucun incident, le conseil d'administration de la compagnie s'est réuni et a élu, àTunanimité, M. Boulanger comme président. Le nouveau président a remercié ses collègues, mais n'a prononcé aucune allocution, et l'examen des affaires courantes a été repris aussitôt. Hier, après midi, a eu lieu l'assemblée générale annuelle de l'OEuvre de l'Hospitalité de nuit, au siège social, rue de Tocqueville. Le rapport sur les travaux de l'Œuvre pendant l'année 1899 a été lu par le président. L'OEuvre de l'Hospitalité de nuit a recueilli cette année 63,446 hommes et 2,061 femmes et enfants, soit en tout 65,507 pensionnaires qui ont couché 201,694 nuits, ce qui donne un total de 1,481,963 pensionnaires ayant passé 3,996,270 nuits dans les maisons de l'OEuvre, depuis sa fondation. Il y a en, en 1899, 10,000 pensionnaires de moins qu'en 1898. On attribue en grande parUe aux grands travaux exécutés à Paris cette énorme diminution. * L'OEuvre a distribué pendant le dernier exercice 213,378 rations de pain, qui ont coûté 15,968 fr. 70. Elle a servi aux femmes près de 6,000 soupes et donné aux vieillards, aux infirmes et aux convalescents environ 20,000 bons de fourneaux. On joue à la roulette. Un monsieur obligeamment à une dame : — Pontez sur le chi-ffre. de voire âge. Ça vous portera bonheur. La dame hésite, minaude et met un louis sur le 22. Le 36 gagne. te monsieur tranquillement : Vous voyez, madame ; si vous m'aviez écouté ?. |
2378145_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | 60 N.J. 356 (1972)
290 A.2d 129
IN THE MATTER OF SENIOR APPEALS EXAMINERS, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND INDUSTRY, STATE OF NEW JERSEY, HAY REPORT APPEAL.
The Supreme Court of New Jersey.
Argued February 7, 1972.
Decided April 24, 1972.
*357 Mrs. Marilyn Loftus Schauer, First Assistant Attorney General, argued for the Civil Service Commission (Mr. George F. Kugler, Jr., Attorney General, attorney; Mr. David S. Litwin, Deputy Attorney General, of counsel and on the brief).
*358 Mr. William J. Walsh argued for the Senior Appeals Examiners (Messrs. Scott, Fox & Walsh, attorneys).
The opinion of the Court was delivered by JACOBS, J.
The Civil Service Commission, acting on the recommendation of the Hay Appeals Board, determined that the compensation allocated to the title of Senior Appeals Examiner, Department of Labor and Industry, be increased by one range. Being dissatisfied with this determination and seeking an increase of more than one range, the Senior Appeals Examiners filed notice of appeal to the Appellate Division of the Superior Court. Thereafter the Attorney General, representing the Civil Service Commission, moved to dismiss the appeal and we certified, directing the parties to confine their briefs and argument to the single legal issue of appealability raised by the motion to dismiss.
Acting under statutory authority, the Director of the Division of Budget and Accounting in the Department of the Treasury, with the approval of the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the General Assembly, entered into a contract with the management consulting firm of Edward N. Hay and Associates to conduct a thorough study of wages, work productivity and working conditions in State employment with the end in view of providing the Governor and Legislature with standards and guidelines for use in the preparation of budgets and appropriation acts "that will permit fair treatment of State employees and permit the State to gain and maintain a competitive position in its recruitment and retention of employees." L. 1968, c. 304; N.J.S.A. 52:14-17.50. The study was duly conducted and the comprehensive Hay Report was issued in April 1970. Thereafter the Department of Civil Service made an independent review of the report and made numerous adjustments in its compensation plan. The plan as modified was formally presented to the Civil Service Commission and in July 1970 the Commission adopted it for all employees in the State classified civil service. At the same time it announced that *359 it would thereafter "promulgate an appeals procedure for hearing employees grievances arising from the approved State Compensation Plan based on the Modified Hay and Associates Report."
The procedure established by the Commission contemplated that employees could appeal the salary ranges allocated to their class titles to an Appeals Board of three persons "a Civil Service Department employee, the personnel officer of the department where the appellant is employed, and a third member who is knowledgeable about salary matters and understanding of State employees' salary needs and aspirations." It further contemplated that the Appeals Board would hold hearings and make recommendations to the Civil Service Commission for its ultimate determination. On July 13, 1970 the President of the Department of Civil Service advised all department heads that State employees could appeal to the Hay Appeals Board from the salary ranges assigned to their class titles, that the employee grievances could be discussed at hearings to be scheduled by the Board, that the Board would "submit its recommendations to the Civil Service Commission for approval, modification, or rejection" and that the employees involved would be given "written notice of the Commission's decision."
On July 17, 1970 the Governor addressed a letter to all State employees in which, after referring to the fact that the Legislature had appropriated $30,000,000 for salary increases (L. 1970, c. 96, p. 474), he pointed out that pursuant to the Modified Hay Report 36,000 employees had received increments in salary ranges, that less than 4,000 had remained in their old ranges, and that less than 600 were allocated to lower ranges. Those allocated to lower ranges did not suffer any actual reduction in compensation. Referring to the Hay Appeals Board the Governor noted that he would insist that the Board be "prompt, fair, and understanding in its review of every case." On October 5, 1970 the President of the Department of Civil Service advised all *360 department heads as to the procedure before the Hay Appeals Board. He noted that "the hearings will be of an informal nature and the proceedings will not be adversary," that the Board will make inquiries into the facts and "will make recommendations to the Civil Service Commission, which alone is empowered to make decisions on salary range allocations."
On October 15, 1970 the Civil Service Department's Deputy Chief Examiner and Secretary issued internal management procedural instructions with respect to the functioning of the Hay Appeals Board. He there outlined the appeals procedures and noted, inter alia, that the Board would make an attempt to review the title on the basis of (a) "information supplied by the appellant," (b) the "education experience requirements necessary for the position," (c) "the duties and responsibilities of the position," (d) "the individual expertise which each Board member brings to the Board," and (e) "information received from the Division of Classification State Service and the Division of Research and Planning." After pointing out that "recommendations regarding titles in one department, might have a `ripple effect' on titles in other departments," he noted that the Board would meet after all single titles from all departments had been heard and that at that meeting the Board would review all recommendations and make "a final recommendation to the Civil Service Commission (as) to the appropriateness of the salary ranges assigned to each title that was appealed before it."
After all of the 673 hearings before the Board were concluded it made its recommendations and transmitted them to the Commission which adopted them as its own. In a release dated April 4, 1971 the Commission disclosed the following: "There were 850 job titles involved in the 5,791 individual appeals from the Modified Hay Report. Of the 850 titles, 127 were increased by one range; 31 were increased by two ranges; 7 were increased by three ranges; and there was one title with an increase of four ranges. *361 These job titles involved 1,538 appellants, but 2,313 employees serving in these titles will receive increases. In 687 titles, it was determined that no change was indicated."
The appeal of the Senior Appeals Examiners was heard by the Hay Appeals Board on December 11, 1970. The record of the hearing includes various documentary materials and oral statements submitted by the Examiners in support of their appeal and their request for a higher salary range. The item under attack by the appellants Senior Appeals Examiners is the determination by the respondent Civil Service Commission that the compensation allocated to their title shall be increased by only one range. That determination clearly constituted final action of a State administrative agency within the terms of R. 2:2-3 which explicitly provides that such action shall be reviewable as of right in the Appellate Division. The appellants acknowledge that the determination involved the exercise of high incidents of discretion and administrative expertise and that under our decisions review thereof is confined to the issue of arbitrariness or abuse; but they urge that under the decisions they are entitled to that limited measure of review and that accordingly the Attorney General's motion to dismiss their appeal should now be denied. See N.J. Const., art. VI, sec. 5, para. 4 (1947); Monks v. N.J. State Parole Board, 58 N.J. 238, 248 (1971); United Hunters Assn. of N.J., Inc. v. Adams, 36 N.J. 288, 292 (1962); State v. Wingler, 25 N.J. 161, 180 (1957).
The Attorney General does not question that final administrative determinations by State agencies such as the Civil Service Commission are generally reviewable for arbitrariness or abuse of discretion (see Flanagan v. Civil Service Department, 29 N.J. 1, 9 (1959); Carls v. Civil Service Commission of N.J., 17 N.J. 215, 221 (1955); Falcey v. Civil Service Department, 16 N.J. 117, 123 (1954)); but he urges that the administrative determination here comes within a special category beyond any judicial review. In support he asserts (1) that our statutes reveal a clear legislative intent to vest "final authority" over the adoption of the State compensation plan in the Civil Service Commission *363 (N.J.S.A. 11:8-1, 2, 3; N.J.S.A. 11:5-1(b)); Higgins v. Civil Service Commission, 135 N.J.L. 238 (Sup. Ct. 1947), aff'd, 136 N.J.L. 636 (E. & A. 1948), (2) that numerous practical considerations militate in the same direction and indicate that the validity of the compensation plan involves "issues which are not justiciable," and (3) that the Legislature has not recognized any "right" to a fair wage subject to judicial review. But cf. Bechler v. Parsekian, 36 N.J. 242, 256-257 (1961); Davis, Administrative Law Treatise (1970 Supp.) pp. 979-81; see Sherbert v. Verner, 374 U.S. 398, 404, 83 S. Ct. 1790, 10 L.Ed.2d 965, 971 (1963); Shapiro v. Thompson, 394 U.S. 618, 627, 89 S. Ct. 1322, 22 L.Ed.2d 600, 611 (1969); Goldberg v. Kelly, 397 U.S. 254, 262, 90 S. Ct. 1011, 25 L.Ed.2d 287, 296 (1970); see also 4 Davis, Administrative Law Treatise 1 et seq. (1958); Jaffe, Judicial Control of Administrative Action 320 et seq. (1965); Berger, "Administrative Arbitrariness: A Synthesis," 78 Yale L.J. 965 (1969); Saferstein, "Nonreviewability: A Functional Analysis of `Committed to Agency Discretion,'" 82 Harv. L. Rev. 367 (1968).
In New Jersey, judicial review of administrative agency determinations has the support of a special constitutional provision (art. VI, sec. 5, para. 4) which largely immunizes it from legislative curbs. See Fischer v. Twp. of Bedminster, 5 N.J. 534, 540 (1950); cf. State, Dufford, Pros. v. Decue, 31 N.J.L. 302, 306-308 (Sup. Ct. 1865); Traphagen v. Township of West Hoboken, 39 N.J.L. 232, 235-236 (Sup. Ct. 1877). And as Professor Jaffe has noted, New Jersey "is conscious of itself as the jurisdiction in which judicial review has been most freely available with the least encumbrance of technical apparatus." Jaffe, supra at 535; Walker v. Stanhope, 23 N.J. 657, 661 (1957); Garrou v. Teaneck Tryon Co., 11 N.J. 294, 302 (1953). With the foregoing in mind, recent decisions in the federal sphere, where Congress admittedly has much broader power to preclude judicial review of agency determinations, may *364 be briefly reviewed here for the light they may shed on the points advanced by the Attorney General. See Barlow v. Collins, 397 U.S. 159, 90 S. Ct. 832, 25 L.Ed.2d 192 (1970); Association of Data Processing Service Organizations v. Camp, 397 U.S. 150, 90 S. Ct. 827, 25 L.Ed.2d 184 (1970); Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner, 387 U.S. 136, 87 S. Ct. 1507, 18 L.Ed.2d 681 (1967); cf. Cappadora v. Celebrezze, 356 F.2d 1 (2 Cir. 1966); Wong Wing Hang v. Immigration and Naturalization Serv., 360 F.2d 715 (2 Cir. 1966); see also Aquavella v. Richardson, 437 F.2d 397 (2 Cir. 1971); Northwest Residents Ass'n v. Department of H. & U.D., 325 F. Supp. 65 (E.D. Wis. 1971); Burge v. Richardson, 321 F. Supp. 646 (N.D. Ga. 1971).
In Barlow, tenant farmers eligible for payments under the upland cotton program enacted as part of the Food and Agriculture Act of 1965 instituted an action attacking regulations promulgated by the Secretary of Agriculture in 1966. The statute did not provide for judicial review and the Secretary contended that his action was not reviewable. In rejecting this contention the Court pointed out that a congressional intent to preclude judicial review was not to be lightly inferred, that reviewability was the rule, and that nonreviewability was "an exception which must be demonstrated." 397 U.S. at 166, 90 S. Ct. at 838, 25 L.Ed.2d at 199. The Court quoted from Abbott where Justice Harlan, in an opinion sustaining the reviewability of Food and Drug regulations, noted that "judicial review of a final agency action by an aggrieved person will not be cut off unless there is persuasive reason to believe that such was the purpose of Congress." 387 U.S. at 140, 87 S. Ct. at 1511, 18 L.Ed.2d at 686. In Data Processing, Justice Douglas, in an opinion upholding the reviewability of a ruling of the Comptroller of the Currency, pointed out that "there is no presumption against judicial review and in favor of administrative absolutism." 397 U.S. at 157, 90 S. Ct. at 831, 25 L.Ed.2d at 190.
*365 In Cappadora the Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare disallowed a claim for benefits under the Social Security Act. Years later there was an application to reopen the disallowance and in the exercise of his discretion the Secretary denied the application. An action seeking judicial review of the refusal to reopen was then brought. The Secretary contended that such review was not available but the court rejected this contention although it sustained his action on the merits. In the course of his opinion for the Second Circuit, Judge Friendly recognized a right to review for arbitrariness or abuse. He noted that, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, Congress may be presumed "to have intended that the courts should fulfill their traditional role of defining and maintaining the proper bounds of administrative discretion and safeguarding the rights of the individual." He considered that limited judicial review would not impose any heavy burden either on the agency or the courts and that in the "overwhelming bulk of cases" summary proceedings on the basis of the administrative record itself would be all that was needed. 356 F.2d at 6; see also Aquavella v. Richardson, supra, 437 F.2d at 401-404.
In Wong Wing the Second Circuit upheld the right to seek judicial review of the Board of Immigration's discretionary refusal to suspend an admittedly valid deportation order. Here again the review was confined to arbitrariness or abuse and the applicant failed to prevail on the merits. The court discussed various meanings which had been given in the cases to the phrase "abuse of discretion"; without essaying comprehensive definition it expressed the view that "the denial of suspension to an eligible alien would be an abuse of discretion if it were made without a rational explanation, inexplicably departed from established policies, or rested on an impermissible basis such as an invidious discrimination against a particular race or group, or, in Judge Learned Hand's words, on other `considerations that Congress could not have intended to make relevant.' United *366 States ex rel. Kaloudis v. Shaughnessy, [2 Cir.] supra, 180 F.2d [489] at 491." 360 F.2d at 719; see Davis, supra (1970 Supp.) at 978; 2 Am. Jur.2d, Administrative Law § 651 (1962).
We come now to the Attorney General's first point under which he contends that the Legislature intended to vest in the Commission final discretionary authority not subject to judicial review. We may, for present purposes, bypass the issue of constitutional power for we find that in any event there was no such legislative intent. The Attorney General's reliance on Higgins v. Civil Service Commission, supra, 135 N.J.L. 238, is misplaced for there, unlike the case at hand, the Civil Service Commission did not exercise discretion but simply followed a legislative mandate which left it with no choice. In 1943 the Legislature appointed a commission to make a comprehensive study with a view towards adjustment of the compensation of State employees. L. 1943, c. 162. In due course the Commission submitted a report which embodied a classification and compensation plan. The Legislature directed that the Civil Service Commission adopt the reported plan. L. 1944, c. 65, pp. 128-29. The Civil Service Commission was given no discretion in that regard although it was expressly vested with power to "approve, modify or reject" subsequent classification and compensation plans. In Higgins, an employee who was allocated to the position of junior investigator in accordance with the plan was denied judicial relief in an opinion which pointed out that "since the Commission was obliged to adopt the classification report, and there is nothing to show that they did otherwise, the prosecutor is not entitled to anything more than he received." 135 N.J.L. at 239.
The Attorney General also places reliance on the present terms of N.J.S.A. 11:8-1, 2, 3 which, he contends, evidence a legislative intent to vest in the Commission final and completely unreviewable authority over State compensation plans. There is no express statutory language to that *367 effect nor is there any reason for implying it. N.J.S.A. 11:8-1 provides that the chief examiner and secretary shall submit annual compensation schedules to the Commission along with his recommendations. N.J.S.A. 11:8-2 provides that the compensation schedules mentioned in 11:8-1 along with any amendments and modifications, when approved by the Commission, shall constitute the compensation plan for the ensuing year "except as to any modification by legislative action." This quoted language, along with similar language in N.J.S.A. 11:8-3, simply refers to the comprehensive legislative power to deal with all matters affecting the compensation of State employees and the appropriations therefor. Surely it was not intended to have any relation to discretionary determinations by the Commission and their reviewability for arbitrariness and abuse under traditional judicial doctrines. Cf. Barlow v. Collins, supra, 397 U.S. 159, 90 S. Ct. 832, 25 L.Ed.2d 192; Association of Data Processing Service Organizations v. Camp, supra, 397 U.S. 150, 90 S. Ct. 827, 25 L.Ed.2d 184; Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner, supra, 387 U.S. 136, 87 S. Ct. 1507, 18 L.Ed.2d 681.
Under his second point the Attorney General urges that the pertinent practical considerations militate here against judicial review. However, we fail to see how they may justly be invoked to preclude appellants from seeking relief on the basis of affirmative showings of administrative arbitrariness or abuse. We of course recognize that the adoption of the plan involved extensive administrative expertise and discretion and that, in considering alterations and modifications, the Commission had to bear in mind numerous pertinent factors, including the ripple effects and the overall appropriation limitations. Cf. Saferstein, supra, 82 Harv. L. Rev. at 385. But while all this may bear on the unlikelihood of ultimate success, it cannot properly serve to exclude appellants at the threshold. In all fairness they must be given the opportunity to establish that there was administrative conduct which should be upset under the traditional *368 proscriptions of arbitrariness and abuse. See Cappadora v. Celebrezze, supra, 356 F.2d at 6; Wong Wing Hang v. Immigration and Naturalization Serv., supra, 360 F.2d at 718-719; 2 Am. Jur.2d, supra at 507-12.
The Attorney General suggests that even a limited right of judicial review will result in numerous appeals which may overwhelm both the Commission and the courts. We do not envision any such result but note that, in any event, we have not heretofore hesitated to act in the compelling interests of individual justice despite comparable prophecies of burdensome consequences. See Carls v. Civil Service Commission of N.J., supra, 17 N.J. 215; State v. Wingler, supra, 25 N.J. 161; Monks v. N.J. State Parole Board, supra, 58 N.J. 238; cf. State v. Kunz, 55 N.J. 128 (1969); Crescent Pk. Tenants Assoc. v. Realty Eq. Corp. of N.Y., 58 N.J. 98 (1971). In Carls, the Civil Service Commission eliminated certain titles from the classification plan, added others, and reclassified the appellants. They attacked their reclassification as "arbitrary, capricious, discriminatory and void." We unhesitantly upheld their right to judicial review though we rejected their claim on the merits pointing out that "where the Commission reasonably exercises its statutory reclassification powers, courts should be careful not to interfere lest they usurp functions entrusted to other branches of government." 17 N.J. at 223. See Rubright v. Civil Service Commission, 137 N.J.L. 369, 373 (Sup. Ct. 1948); Flanagan v. Civil Service Department, supra, 29 N.J. at 9.
In Wingler a prisoner attacked his transfer from one State institution to another as an "abuse of discretion." We recognized that the statutory transfer power vested in the Commissioner of Institutions and Agencies was a highly discretionary one and that judicial review may entail practical difficulties. Nonetheless we explicitly upheld the right of review, pointing out that the Commissioner's authority was not unlimited and that its exercise would be upset on an affirmative showing of arbitrariness or abuse. 25 N.J. *369 at 180-181. In Monks the State Parole Board, acting in accordance with its then settled practice, rejected the appellant's request for a statement of its reasons for denying parole to him. On judicial review he obtained a direction that the Board grant his request; in addition and, notwithstanding its contention that the practicalities dictated continuance of its prior practice and complete administrative finality, the Board was in effect directed to adopt a suitable administrative rule "designed generally towards affording statements of reasons on parole denials." 58 N.J. at 249.
In the course of our opinion in Monks we pointed out that the Parole Board has "broad but not unlimited discretionary powers" and that under our special constitutional structure (N.J. Const., art. VI, sec. 5, para. 4 (1947)) its "actions are always judicially reviewable for arbitrariness." 58 N.J. at 242. And we took occasion to restate the historic nature of our jurisdiction over administrative agencies; since the statement there is equally pertinent here, it may appropriately be repeated:
Our judicial system has historically been vested with the comprehensive prerogative writ jurisdiction which it inherited from the King's Bench; that jurisdiction has been frequently exercised in the supervision of inferior governmental tribunals including administrative agencies. See the very early cases of State v. Justices, &c., of Middlesex, 1 N.J.L. [*]244 (Sup. Ct. 1794), where Chief Justice Kinsey described the jurisdiction "as unlimited and universal as injustice and wrong can be" (at [*]248), and Ludlow v. Executors of Ludlow, 4 N.J.L. [*]387 (Sup. Ct. 1817), where Chief Justice Kirkpatrick described it as "very high and transcendent" (at [*]389); and also the more recent cases of Fischer v. Twp. of Bedminster, 5 N.J. 534 (1950), where Justice Heher noted that the "inherent power of superintendence of inferior tribunals" (at 560) was secured by the 1844 Constitution and could not be impaired by the Legislature, and McKenna v. N.J. Highway Authority, supra, 19 N.J. 270, where Justice Burling noted that the prerogative writ jurisdiction included not only the review of "judicial actions" but also the superintendence of civil corporations, magistrates and "other public officers." (at 274). When our 1947 Constitution was prepared, pains were taken to insure not only that the court's prerogative writ jurisdiction would remain intact, but also that the manner of its exercise would be greatly simplified (art. VI, sec. 5, para. 4). See Ward v. Keenan, 3 N.J. 298, 303-308 (1949). The implementing court rules now provide an *370 easy mode of review designed to insure procedural fairness in the administrative process and to curb administrative abuses. See In re Masiello, 25 N.J. 590, 603 (1958); Elizabeth Federal S. & L. Assn. v. Howell, 24 N.J. 488, 499 (1957). 58 N.J. at 248-249.
Under his third and final point the Attorney General urges that the Legislature has not recognized any "right" to a fair wage subject to judicial review. This appears to place reliance on the right-privilege distinction which has been thoroughly undercut in recent cases. See Sherbert v. Verner, supra, 374 U.S. 398, 83 S. Ct. 1790, 10 L.Ed.2d 965; Shapiro v. Thompson, supra, 394 U.S. 618, 89 S. Ct. 1322, 22 L.Ed.2d 600; Goldberg v. Kelly, supra, 397 U.S. 254, 90 S. Ct. 1011, 25 L.Ed.2d 287; Bechler v. Parsekian, supra, 36 N.J. 242; Davis, supra (1970 Supp.) at 979-981. In any event, it has no merit for the Legislature undoubtedly contemplated in its statutory delegations to the Civil Service Commission that the Commission would exercise its discretionary powers reasonably and with fair regard for the interests of the State employees whether those interests be viewed as rights or privileges. Indeed the very statute which authorized the Hay Report explicitly referred to the goal of "fair treatment" of State employees. N.J.S.A. 52:14-17.50. And the discretionary authority vested by the Legislature in the Commission to "approve, modify or reject" (N.J.S.A. 11:5-1; N.J.S.A. 11:8-1 et seq.) the plan in the Hay Report carried with it the administrative responsibility of acting reasonably both procedurally and substantively.
In the light of the nature and magnitude of the undertaking, the procedures followed by the Commission may well have been generally fair; subject to any controlling statutory restrictions (cf. N.J.S.A. 52:14B-1 et seq.) the Commission undoubtedly had broad power to mold its procedures in conformity with due process principles. See Laba v. Newark Board of Education, 23 N.J. 364, 382 (1957); In re Shelton College, 109 N.J. Super. 488, 492 (App. Div. 1970); cf. Motyka et al. v. McCorkle et al., 58 N.J. 165, 180 *371 (1971). Substantively, the Commission was called upon to give due consideration to numerous factors and here again its determinations may well have been generally reasonable and within its discretionary authority. But that does not mean that aggrieved individuals who assert, as here, that insofar as their particular situations were concerned the Commission acted arbitrarily or in abuse of its discretion, should be denied fair opportunity of making such a showing. On the contrary, justice clearly dictates that they be given that opportunity, along with any consequential judicial relief to which they may be entitled. Accordingly the respondent's motion to dismiss is:
Denied and the cause is remanded to the Appellate Division for further proceedings.
For denial and remand Chief Justice WEINTRAUB and Justices JACOBS, FRANCIS, PROCTOR, HALL, SCHETTINO and MOUNTAIN 7.
Opposed None.
|
http://data.theeuropeanlibrary.org/BibliographicResource/3000094644819 http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/issue/3000094644819 http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1901/03/03/00000001.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1901/03/03/00000002.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1901/03/03/00000003.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1901/03/03/00000004.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1901/03/03/00000005.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1901/03/03/00000006.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1901/03/03/00000007.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1901/03/03/00000008.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1901/03/03/00000009.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1901/03/03/00000010.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1901/03/03/00000011.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1901/03/03/00000012.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1901/03/03/00000013.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1901/03/03/00000014.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1901/03/03/00000015.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1901/03/03/00000016.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1901/03/03/00000017.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1901/03/03/00000018.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1901/03/03/00000019.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1901/03/03/00000020.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1901/03/03/00000021.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1901/03/03/00000022.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1901/03/03/00000023.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1901/03/03/00000024.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1901/03/03/00000025.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1901/03/03/00000026.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/issue/fullscreen/3000094644819_2 | Europeana | Public Domain | Warme Speisen bis I ll.NachtS. >. >4li ^ und Spargelsuppe...SvA Seezunge »ilt Salat KvA Achellfisch. Bntter u. Kartoffeln KV A Stcinbnttm. Vntt «.Kart. 70 A Karpfen m. ivntier u. Mecr. l Rehrtickeu m > oihkohl u. Kart. I .<t Gedrnteiic Scholle mit Salat. .k«> Entenbratkn 80 ^ Poularde 7K '/, Kitten Hulni mit Lvarael chiSbeln m. Sauer?, n. Erbsenp. KV ^ Kntböziliige mit Spargel 90 Ochsenzunge m Sparq.o.Champ.W, Peefsteaf »Schlihenhalle" 8tt Kalichcal »ut Lpargel 90 Wiener Schnitzel 60 Lchuitzel t I» Holstein 70 Beefsteak >». Zivieb. n. Kart.. .Kll Beefsteak m. Hlnderniflen SV A Versch>eve»e Arale» in. Kart..KVZ Mocturtle Nagout 60 K Goulaich inlt Kartoffeln 60 A Nniidstttck mit warmem Brateu.2» A iU,,<»!'« bon 12—a Uhr. I/Iltt/I ct ^Converl ». I Morgens nnd AbendS VMöLDMN.S.l'lZMöÄ» ^ok«. Lan««l. " UM il MUUllililUIUUM. Vatcnlinökamp 40/4A Heute. Sonntag: Krasser Lall (Mairoseu-Capcslc). abwechselnd Horn- n. Streich ttinsik (2 Frauyalscn). E»tree kv^, nach I<> Uhr die Hälfte. Getränte-Entree 20^., Damen 30^ VKgsdisIz l5t!ll>!j88emeiit Jeden Sonntag: ^ll'. ZKskZs im Krosie« >i. Colieert-Saal »ut bedentend verstitrktem Orchester, a»»gesNt>rt von der »apelle t>es 8l J»fa»ter>e»i)icglS. EaffeSffnnng 4 Uhr. Anfang.? llhr. Itntrce f H> rr. 6vA. Damen Lt>^ Von ?<> Uhr an die Hitlftc „L«r Lrdowllg" in gamm. yedeu Touutag: Kresse Vsnü-Msik. Anfang 4 Uhr. v, W«». 8l. fsterLburg, iiamm. Krasser Lall. Tanz-Abonnement kt» Aufg. 4 Uhr. I, Slsds^Iing. ?»>' ÜkNliliglili Iloi'11. S?m"°v Kr.SaII-Msik im Wintergarten. I. W, N»op». lI8KI' Heute. Sonntag: Krasser LsII mit stark beletztein Orchester t!asiellffi>u»g 4 ilhr. Anfang K Uhr. Entree^ Herren Dnme» A Bo» t<> llhr a» die Löte! Kross-Mliora im WaiiSueker lÄehöiz Jeden Sonntag: Großes Taiizkräiizchen «Si Larlsidsl. ^ m 'Zahnho> Bahrenfeld Elektr. Bahnverbmdnng RödingSm -Feiedcnsallee Jeden Sonntaa: Krasser LsII. T l Phon 77«». L K. lls pp«. LE»i?«^s»K vom Organisten I.oopoli>t in der DankcSkirchc (Hainm, Süderstrabc> Billette Ä50A nuinerirt ä 1^!u. 2 ^t) b. ^obu «vzssr, Nathsimi^str. l<Z Kl-sii» Zekimmelttisnn hält am .?.. tt. und 7. Miirz, Abends ö Uhr, 5^e^sent»»the Wisfioi>s-Z1trs«i»iiilllnijc« lm Christi»chen Vercinö'Saale, Pferdemarkt S7/4I. Eintritt 10 A Am 5. MSr^ Ein« tritt frei. Jedermann ist herzlich eingeladeu. I. Beilage zum „GeiiM-Aiizeilin für Hamburg-Alt«" Nr. K. Sonntaq, den 3. März 1901. Deutscher Reichstag. (Eigenbericht des „General-Anzeiger".) 59. Sitzung Berlin, 1. März. Tie Berathung des Militär-Etats wird sortgesetzt bei dem'Titel „Ankauf der Remontepferde". Abg. Hahn (B. d- L>) äußert seine Befriedigung über den um 70 Mark pro Pferd erhöhten Ankaufspreis. Es bedürfe aber noch weiterer Erhöhungen «des Preises. 9tXi Mark pro Stück genüge noch immer nicht, um die Pferdezucht zu heben und speziell die Re- monte-Aufzucht. Tie Art des Nemvntc-Ankaufs lasse zu wünschen übrig. Es werde vielfach von Händlern gekauft, die das Pferd selbst eingekauft hätten. Besonders eriverbe die Kominission viel Merke von zwei Händlern (deren Namen Redner nennt), einen in Schleswig und emen in Nordhannover. ^ie Immission sollte lieber nur von Züchtern kaufen. Wg. .Ho ff mann--Hall <Md. Bolksp.) verbreitet sich eingehend über Tetailsragen der Pferdezucht und bemängelt namentlich die - .» . - ^ Unterscheidung zwischen Warm- und Kalt herkömmliche blütern. Abg. Graf Klin ko w str o e m (kons.) bemerkt dem Vorredner, daß für die Kavallerie jedenfalls nur Warmblüter angeschafft wer den dürften. Gerade durch die Agitation für Kaltblüter fei, die ostpreußische PserdezuM zurückgegangen. Minister v. Goßler bestätigt, daß von 1897 bis 1900 in Ost preußen der Ausfall bei der Musterung sich auf 12 (XXI Pferde belaufen habe (hört, hört!). Die bisher gezahlten Preise seien jeden falls nicht ausreichend gewesen und deshalb der Preis erhöht worden. Man werde ja sehen, was man damit für Erfahrungen mache. Was die Behauptung des Abg. Hahn anlange, so möge ihm dieser Ma terial zutragen. Damit endet diese Debatte. Beim Kapitel Militär-Erziehungs- und Bildungswesen bringt der Abg. Groeber (Ztr.) wie schon in ter Kommission zur Sprache, daß den Kriegsschülern der Einkauf beim Offiziers-Konfumverein und bei anderen bestimmten Firmen empfohlen, dagegen vor an deren Firmen gewarnt worden sei. Minister v. Goßler erwidert, daß mit einzelnen Firmen, welche sich an die Kriegsschüler herandrängten, sehr schlechte Erfahrungen ge macht worden seien, auch in Bezug auf Angebote von Darlehen. Sollten Firmen werde nichts in den Weg gelegt. , Abg. Eickhvff (freis. Vgg.) fragt an, ob, wie er es für erwünscht halten müsse, die Nachricht richtig sei, daß den Abiturienten des Kadettenhauses der Zutritt zum medizinischen und auch zum ju ristischen Studium offen,,sein solle. Minister v. Goßler bestätigt, daß das Kadettenhaus nach diesen Berechtigungen strebe. Er hoffe auch, daß dies zu erreichen sein werde, und zlvar ohne jeden Verzug. Er müsse übrigens feststellen, daß die Erziehung im Kadettenhause nicht ohne Wci.eres als bloße Wohlthat anzusehen sei. Es gäbe viele Familien, die dafür hohe Beträge zahlten, bis zu 1S00 Mark. Abg. Paasche (natl.) erklärt sich ebenfalls mit solchen BereH tigungen des Kadettenkorps einverstanden. Auf eine weitere Anfrage erklärt der Minister es für ein berechtigtes Verlangen, daß die Rendanten an den Unteroffiziers-Borschulen den Zahlmeistern und Rendanten oberer Kassen gleichgestellt würden. Bei dem Kapitel Artillerie und Waffenwefen wünscht Mg. Paasche (natl.) eine Erklärung des Ministers darüber, daß er nicht gewillt sei, die staatlichen Waffenfabriken noch mehr auszudehnen zum Nachtheil der Privat-Jndustrie. Denn auch deren Bestehen und Leistungsfähigkeit liege im Allgemeininteresse. Na mentlich für den Fall plötzlicher Mobilnuv« »ingen. Minister v. Goßler erwidert, dem Gedankengang des Vorredners könne er zustimmen. Er sei nur insoweit in einer schwierigen Lage, als er seinerseits auch nicht gern Arbeiter entlasse, weil er be müht sein müsse, einen gleichmäßigen Betrieb zu erhalten. Generalmajor V.'E inem: Wenn das von dem Vorredner entworfene Bild von den Verhältnissen in den Militärwerkstätten wahr wäre, so wäre es nichr schön. Aber dasselbe entspricht in keinem Punkte der Wirklich keit. Die n»ue Lohnordnung sollte überhaupt keine allgemeine Lohn aufbesserung zur Folge haben, sondern nur eine gleichmäßigere Rege lung. Keinesfalls aber ist damit ein Lohnrückgang verbunden gewesen. Wo im Einzelfalle doch ein Rückgang eintrat, ist sofort dagegen Llbhülfe erfolgt. Ueber 4 Mark bis mehr als 6 Mark haben 87 Prozent unserer Arbeiter verdient. (Hört, hörtl) Das ist jedenfalls keine menschen unwürdige Arbeit, sondern eine menschenwürdige. Das sind keine Hnngerlöhne! Wir wollen Arbeiter haben, die zufrieden sind und aus kömmlich leben können. Es ist auch nicht wahr, daß die Meister mit den Arbeitern thun können, was sie wollen. Wir hören stets die Arbeiter ansschüsse an, von denen Sie zu Unrecht behaupten, daß dieselben nichts taugen. Den Pulverarbeitern, mit denen Sie, verehrter Herr Abge ordneter Aubeil (Heiterkeit), die Fühlung ganz verloren haben müssen, sind auf ihre direkte Beschwerde beim Kriegsminister sofort die Löyne aufgebessert worden. Redner widerspricht auch weiter im Einzelnen den Zubeilschen Schilderungen. Abg. Zubeil hält in nochmaligen längeren Ausführungen seine Darstellung aufrecht. Darauf wurde der Rest des Ordinariums ohne Debatte nach den Beschlüssen der Kommission genehmigt. Es folgt die Berathung der einmaligen Ausgaben des ordentlichen Etats. Die Kommission nahm eine große Reihe von Abstrichen und Streichungen an den geforderten Summen vor. Abg. Groeber (Ztr.) bemängelt gelegentlich der beabsichtigten Vervollständigung der Befestigung der Stadt Ulm und der damit ver bundenen theilweisen Niederlegung eines Theils der alten UmWallung das zwischen der Militär-Verwaltung und der Stadt getroffene Ueber einkommen. In dem Etat wurde als erste Rate eine Million Mark gefordert, während der Erlös für das alte Wallterrain erst später ein gehen kann. Ein Regierungskommissar theilt mit, daß weitere Er hebungen stattfinden würden und der Stadt angemessene Entschädigungen sicher wären. Hierauf werden die einmaligen Ausgaben erledigt, ebenso der außer ordentliche Etat, sowie die Einnahmen. Das Haus vertagt sich sodann. Nächste Sitzung: Montag 1 Uhr. Posttaxwesen, Militärgericht, Zölle und Verbrauchssteuern. Schluß gegen 7 Uhr Das Erfreulichste an dem Werk ist glückliche Formbeherrschung und naiürlicher FlntZ. Die ganze Durchführung zei>il in ihrer plastischen Klarheit den sehr gewandten, rourinirten, bisweilen allerdings auch zu akademischen Komponisten. Gegen den beschließenden Trauermarsch mit den aus der Einleitung gebildeten Bässen würde nichts einzuwenden sein, wenn er etwas weniger laiu, wäre. Theater und Musik. Stadt-Tlicatcr. Als Samson in Saint-SaLn's „Sainson und Dalila" begann gestern Herr Kaufung vom Kölner Stadttheater ein Gastspiel. — Was an Herrn Kaufnng in äußerlicher Beziehung zunächst aufiällt, das ist seine riesenhafte Figur, seine reckenhaste Erscheinung und insbesondere ein zaar robuster Arme, die der Gast gestern vielleicht noch etwas mehr als nöthig zur Schan trug. Schade nur, daß die stimmlichen Mitteln so gar nicht im Verhältniß zur körperliche» Kraftanlage stehen. MeinerAnsicht nach sehlt es Herrn Kausung vor Allem an der nöthigen Ansatzsreiheit, an der vollkommenen natürlichen Entwicklung des Gesangstons. Der Ton sitzt leider nicht vorn, bleibt im Halse, Gaumen stecken, mnß zäher mi korrs forzirt werden, ist Im piano spröde, trocken und klanglos. Der ganzen Mittellage nnd Tiefe fehlt es an gehöriger Resonanz. Die Höhe dagegen hat nur in Affekten, wo sich der Gast zu energischen Anspannungen aufrafft, einen wohl blendenden Gtanz. Da aber Herrn Kausung die Beherrschung des me^a-voes» Gesanges und die Bildung eines kuiistgcrcchlen Falsetts abgeht, so wirkt der Gesang durch die geringen Gegensätze von des Gastes Technik ziemlich eintönig. Hinter der Daliia von Frau Beuer, die , gestern dem noth wendigen tempo rudato schon etwas näher kam, nnd eine bestrickende sinnliche Schönheit des OrganS entfaltete, blieb der Partner weit zurück, um so mehr, als es ihm nicht glücken wollie, durch eine wenigstens etwas von der Konvention abweichende Darstellung seine Figur besonders interessant zn machen. Herr Kaufung bot im Ganzen durch aus keine schlechte Leistung, aber es lehlte ihr doch der seinere künstlerische Schliff, um den Gast die Sympathien des Publikums schnell gewinnen zu iassen. Hoffen wir, daß Herr Kaufung Sonnabend als San Josö einen günstigeren Eindruck hinterläßt. ?ti. IX Philharmonisches Konzert. Zu einer der genialsten Dichtungen des großen Briten, dein Hamlet einen wirklich würdigen musikalischen Prolog zu schreiben, dazu gehört selbst etivas wie Genialität. Felix Wohrsch mag ein recht talent voller Musiker, ein ebenso strebsamer wie geschickter Tonsetzcr sein, aber ein Genie ist er nicht und wird er anch dadurch nicht, daß newsse Kreise ihn dazu stempeln wollen. Auch in der gestern zum ersten Male aus dem Manuslript gespielten Hamlel-Ouverture vermißte ich den wirklich zündenden göttliche» Funken. Bet aller Respektabilität seiner Musik scheint mir die ganze Grundstimmung denn doch zu zahm und philiströs für eine Hamlet-Charakteristik. DaS nndurchdringbar Problematische und das phantastisch Tiese der Hamlet-Natnr läßt sich wohl kaum durch so bedeutungslose Themen wtedersptegeln, wie Pe Wvyvjch in seiner Ouver türe zur Anwendung bringt. lokales. Hamburg. 2. März, st. Der Sternenhimmel im Mouat Marz. Im März nimmt die Tageslänge von 10 Stunden 42 Min. auf 12 Stunden 56 Min. zu. Die Sonne, die bisher ihre scheinbaren Kreise südlich des Aequators gezogen, passtrt diesen am 21. März, wobei sie sich im Thier- kreiszelchen der „Fische" befindet. Mit unglaublicher Zähigkeit halten die Kalender immer noch an der jetzt gänzlich veralteten Angabe fest, die Sonne trete am 21. März in das Zeichen des „Widders", obwohl dieser durch das Vorrücken der Tag- und Nachtgleichen, die Präcesston, nm fast 30 Grade weiter fortgeschritten ist) denn zur Zeit um 300 vor Chr. lag der Frühlingspunkt im „Widder". Der 21. März, das Frühlings- Acquinoctinm,an dem Tag und Nacht gleich sind, ist indessen der Beginn des astronomischen Frühlings, dem der wirkliche Frühling jedoch erst nach mehreren Wochen folgt. Unser Begleiter, der Mond, ist am 5. Vollmond, am 13. letztes Viertel, am 20. Neumond und am 27. erstes Viertel) er steht ani 9. in Erdferne und am 21, also gerade an Frühlingsanfang,in Erdnähe.Von den Planeren verschwindet Venus, die bis dahin Morgenstern war, in den Strahlen der aufgehenden Sonne, der sie sich zur öderen Konjunktion nähert. Unser interessanter Nachbar, der MarS, sieht immer noch in, Sternbilde des „Großen Löwen" und glänzt, mit Sirius an Helligkeit wetteifernd, die ganze Nacht am süd lichen Himmel in seinem rothen Licht. Seine Beobachtnng ist daher noch fortdauernd günstig. Die Planeten Jupiter und Saturn find Morgens am südöstlichen Himmel sichtbar. Am Fixsternhi mmel werden im Süden nach den „Zwillingen" und dem „Großen Löwen" später Abends die „Jungfrau", „Wage" und „Skorpion" sichtbar. Im Norden glänzt in der Milchstraße das einem VV ähnelnde Sternbild der „Cafsiopeja" und westlich davon diejenigen des „Persens" und des „Fuhr mann", letzterer mit dem Sterne 1. Größe „Ziege". Das Sternbild des „Persens" ist mehr als in einer Hinsicht merkwürdig: in ihm befindet sich ein prachtvoller Doppelsternbaujen, der sich im Fernrohr in zahllose kleine Sternchen auflöst; in ihm steht serner der wichtige veränderliche Fixstern 2. Klöße „Algol", dessen Lichtwechsel 2 Tage 20,8 Stunden beträgt, der aber während 9 Stunden bis zur 4. Größenklasse herab- sinkt — die Ursache dieser Erscheinnng bildet ein ihn umkreisender dunkler Weltkörper, wie man solche neuerdings noch bei vielen anderen Fixsternen vom „Algol-Thpus" nachgewiesen hat. Die größte Merk würdigkeit des „Perseu3" ist aber gegenwärtig der in der Nähe des „Algol" aufgetauchte neue Fixstern, der am 21. Februar von Mr. Anderson in Edinbnrg und Grimmler in Erlangen entdeckt wurde. Die Nova, welche wir hier in Hamburg zuerst am Sonnabend, dem 23. Februar, als Stern 1. Größe beobachteten, besaß an diesem Tage blauweißes Licht, gehörte zn dieser Zeit also der Fixsternklasse I an, die, wie „Sirius", sehr heiß sind. Sein plötzliches Anslenchten, seine Lichtanschwellu>>g von mindestens der 12. bis zur 1. Größenklasse und seine ebenso schnelle Lichtabnahme, innerhalb der Tage vom 21, bis 28, Februar, ferner sein anfangs kontinuirliches Spektrum mit Fraucilhofer'schen Linien und zuletzt sein Helles Linienspektrum zeigen, daß dieses der Milchstraße angehörende Gestirn erst flüssig, dann gas förmig geworden ist, sich also durch irgend eine Ursache so erhitzt hat, daß es völlig in Nebelmasse verwandelt worden ist. Die Ursache solcher Weltkatasirophen dürste jedenlalls kein Zusammenstoß, sondern ein durch äußere Einwirkung hervorgerufener chemischer Vorgang lein. * Oeffentliche Btichcrlialle. Der Monat Februar hat der Oeffentlicheu Bücherhalle eine außerordentliche Steigerung des Verkehrs gebracht. Im Januar wurden 9482 Bände verliehen — im Februar 10 458. trotz deS kürzeren Monats. K429 Bände davon gehören der Roman- und Novellenlitteratur an, die in allen Bücherhallen am stärksten benutzt wird. Da die Bücherhalle indessen nur etwa 3000 Bände dieser Litteraturgattung besitzt, bedeutet diese hohe Ausleiheziffer eine enorme Strapazierung des Bestandes, die denn auch darin zu Tage tritt, daß eine Reihe von alten Exemplaren, die schon durch die Hände von 60, 70. 80. ja von 100 Lesern gegangen waren, haben ausgeschieden Berliner Brief. (Von unserem II. ^.'Korrespondenten.) (Skasdruck «erboten.1 Berlin, 1. März. (Ein Geschworener als praktischer Anliänger Tolstois. — Schlechte Zeiten. — D^r sinr'e Fremden-Vorkehr. — Was man den Fremden bietet. — Siernleln am Himmel der Kunst. — Die geplanten Koiizert-Nritiker. — Der neue Stadti,auSi,altvlan. - Die Umgestaltung der Linden.) Vor dem hiesigen Schwurgericht gab es eine sehr merkwürdige Scene. Die Geschworenen waren eben ausgeloost worden, und das Verhör des Angeklagten, der sich wegen Dodtschlags zu verantworten hatte, war im Gange. Da erhob sich einer der Geschworenen und erklärte, ihm sei unwohl geworden, daß er fürchte, jeden Augen blick einen HerzMag zu bekommen. Natürlich mugte die Verhand lung unterbroaM und — da ein Ersatzgeschworener nicht vor handen war vertagt werden. Das gescl>ah aber nicht ohne Wei teres. Vielmehr nahm der Vorsitzende dem angeblich schwer er krankten GcsckM>renen zuvor einen Eid darüber ab, daß er sich wirklich so krank fühle, wie er behauptet hatte. Dieses Verfahren tvar ungewöhnlich und erregte daher begreiflicher Weise allseitiges Aufsehen. JnzwisaM wird aber bekannt, was den Vorsitzenden da zu veranlaßt hatte. Der betreffend^ Geschworene,^ der^ angeblich SU "folget,schon vorher an den Vorsitzenden das schriftliche Gesuch gerichtet, ihn von der Ausübung des Amtes eines Ge schworenen zu entbinden, iveil er nach seiner innersten Ueberzeugung nicht im Stande sei, über einen anderen Menschen zu Gericht zu sitzen. Er stehe damit ganz auf dem Standpunkt des Grafen Tolstoi und des Bibelwortes: „Richtet nicht, auf daß Ihr nicht gerichtet werdet!" Selbstverständlich hat der Borsitzende dieses Ge- such mit der sehr verständigen Begründung abgelehnt, daß der Betreffende, der die Reclste eines deutschen Staatsbürgers genieße, auch dessen Pflichten z-u erfüllen habe. Man darf nun gespannt sein, wie sich diese Geschichte weiter entwickeln wird. E-s dürfte erinnerlich sein, daß sich vor einiger Zeit ein Rekrut in einem ähnlichen Konflikt zwischen Pflicht und Ueberzeugung befunden und stch geweigert hat, ein Gewehr zn tragen, indem er sich anf das Amtliche Gebot „Du sollst nicht tödtenl" berief. Den, Aermsten wurde damals in sehr fühlbarer Weife klar aemacht, daß der moderne Staat auf derartige Regungen, Und mögen sie auch einer noch so ehrenwerthen persönlichen Gesinnung entspringen, schlechterdings keine Rücksicht nimmt noch nehmen dc»f. Der Soldat gehörte einer beson deren Sekte an, die gleich den Menoniten jeden militärischen Dienst mit der Waffe als dem göttlichen Gebot zuwiderlaufend verwirft. Ihm war diese Anschauung von Jugend auf eingeimpft worden. Der Geschworene dagegen scheint durch Tolstois Werke zu seiner allzu gewissenhaften Auffassung gekommen zu sein. Es wäre interessant, festzustellen, ob der Betreffende auch sonst der Lehre und na mentlich dem Beispiel Tolstois folgt, der bekanntlich nicht nur die höchste Bedürfnislosigkeit innd die wärmste Nächstenliebe von den Menschen fordert, sondern auch zugleich diese Lehre praktisch be thätigt, indem er, unter Bauern lebend, selber wie ein Bauer ar beitet und Jeden nach Kräften mit Rath und That unterstützt. Wenn Jener sich etwa nur die Mahnung, nicht über einen Mit menschen zu Gericht zu sitzen, aus allen Tolstoischen Lehren heraus gesucht haben sollte, dann wird er sich nicht von dem Verdacht reinigen können, daß er sich lediglich einer lästigen und vielleicht für ihn auch mit materiellen Nachtheilen verbundenen Pflicht habe entziehen wollen. Es wird sich ja ohncl)in zeigen müssen, ob seine angeblichen Gewissenbedenken auch gegenüber den ihm bereits an gedrohten Kosten für die seinetwegen abgehobenen Termine Stand halten werden. , Ueber schlechte Zeiten klagen die Menschen im Allgemeinen und die Berliner im Be^nderen >?inenslich mrtwnsnvnd, Man dar? diese Klagen daher nicht 'all-M tragisch nehmen. Aber gegenwärtig scheinen sie doch wieder hier eine größere Verewigung zu haben, als, seit langer Zeit. Ein Gang durch die Berliner Hauptstraßen zeigt uns wieder zahlreiclie Geschäftslotale, die entweder leer stehen oder gerichtlich geschlossen find oder „wirklich reelle Ausverkäufe" wegen Auslösung der GesclMe ankündigen. Ter wirthschaftlvclzc Rück schlag, der überall eingetreten ist, macht sich natürlich in der deutschen Reichshauptstadt nicht am wenigsten fühlbar. Indessen Mlt es uicht an gewissen Anzeichen, daß die gegenivärtige i^e- schüstskrisis nur vorübergeheiid ist. Dazu gehört vor allen Tingen ^er unverminderte Fremdenverkehr, der hier den ganzen Win- er über angehalten hat und augenblicklich eine um diese Jahres zeit noch nie dagewesene Höhe erreicht hat. Tie großen und kleinen Hotels sind meist bis zum Tack hinauf besetzt. Auch sonst pulsirt ^as Berliner Leben mit ungeschwächter Kraft, wie je zuvor, und wären nicht jene sichtbaren Spuren eines augenblicklich geschästlichen Rückganges gerade in den Hauptstraßen vorhanden, so würden die fremden davon kaum ellvas merken. Tie Zahl der Theater hat nicht abgenommen, und wenn sie auch im Allgemeinen nicht gerade glänzende Geschäfte machen, so fühlen sie doch von der in manchen Kreisen eingetretenen Nothlage nichts, sobald sie nur einmal einen wirklichen Tresfer aus dem mit dramatischen Neuheiten angefüllten Glücksrade gezogen haben. Auch die Zahl der Kon zerte hat keineswegs abgenommen, und wenn auch die minder be rühmten Konzertgeber mehr Freibillets ausgeben, als Markstücke einnehmen, so sind doch die Koncerte der anerkannten Größen immer gut besucht. Freilich befinden sich die Letzteren in verschwindender Minderzahl, was ja auch kein Wunder ist, da hier in einem Winter, abgesehen von den regelmäßigen volkstümlichen Orchester konzerten, etwa 1200 Konzerte aller Art stattfinden, meist drei bis vier an einem Abend. Die große Mehrzahl gehört zu den noch völlig unbekannten Sternen am Kunsthimmel, die sich in Berlin nur ein Befähigungszeugniß holen wollen, um, daraus gestützt, ihre Kunstreisen zu unternehmen. Sie müssen für den Saal und oft noch für ein mitwirkendes Orchester eine für ihre Verhältnisse meist fabelhafte Summe zahlen und können nicht darauf rechnen, auch nur den zehnten Theil davon zurück zu bekonnnen. Ihr Agent ver zichtet von vornherein daraus, zahlende Zuhörer heranznlotsen. Seine Kunst besteht vielmehr darin, die Freibillets an solche Personen zu vertheilen, die auch wirklich davon Gebrauch machen. Das ist fpilii'SiwpaZ stptZ Fall, nicht hnt Hl,it. für die Straßenbahn und die Garderobe "auszugeben, 'um Fräulein Rosalinde Lieblich, ausgebildet aus dein Konservatorium zu Posen, Beethoven oder Chopin zweieinhalb Stunden lang spielen zu hören. Trotzdem alle Billets aus„verschenkt" waren, bleibt daher der Kon- zertsaal oft genug unheimlich leer. Und dann erst am nächsten Morgen die Berliner Kritiken, um derentwillen allein das ganze kostspielige Unternehmen gewagt worden ist. Man muß sie nur beobachtn, die armen Berliner KonzertberichterAatter, die wie ein gehetztes Wild an einem Wend erst in der Singakademie zwei oder drei Lieder anhören, dann auf einen „Sprung" ins Opernhaus hin überfliegen, dort einen Akt mit irgend einer neuen Kraft kritisch genießen, schleunigst mit der Elektrischen nach dem Saal Bechstein eilen, dort ein Klavierstück, von recht zweifelhaften Händen verar beitet, über sich ergehen lassen, wobei sie alle Augenblicke ängstlich nach der Uhr sehen, und dann den angenclMen Abend in der Phil harmonie oder im Beethoven-Saal beschließen. Nach den sliich" tjgen Eindrücken und Notizen, die bei dieser Konzertrnndreise gewonnen sind, werden dann in fliegender Hast, zum T1)eil noch in derselben werden müssen, und da? ferner die Lieblingsschriftsteller der Leser (Reuter, Gustav Frehtag, Goctbe» namentlich der „Faust", Marie von Ebner- Eschcubach usw.), obwohl in mehreren Exemplaren vorbanden, doch be ständig unterwegs sind. Sehr bemerkenswert ist übrigens die stark an steigende Benutzung der wissenschaftlichen Abteilungen der Bücherhalle, aus denen im Februar 3030 Bände ausgeliehen wurden. Das sind beinahe 30°/, der Gesamtbenutzung. während die meisten deut schen VolkSbibliotheken sonst nur 10 oder höchstens 15 °/<> ausweisen I Die Lesezimmer wurden im Februar von 6525 Personen besucht. * WaS giebt eS NcueS im Zoologischen Garten? Die Reptiliensammlung des Gartens ist in den letzten Tagen um einige be merkenswerthe Thiere bereichert worden: zwei Tigerschlangen und eine Rauheckjse wurden angekauft und eine Plattschildkröte gelangte als Geschenk des Herrn Ernst Rollin, 1. Offizier vom D. S. „San NivolaS", in den Besitz des Gartens. Tigerschlangen gehören mit den echten Boas zu den Riesenschlangen: wie die Boas ihre Hauptverbrei tung in der neuen Welt haben, so die Pylonen, die Siiesenschlinger, «l denen unsere Tigerschilangen gehören, im tropischen Asien und Afrika. Außer durch Färbung iuid Zei<nung unterscheiden die An- aehörigen dieser Riesenaeschjlechter sich im Aueßeren nicht wesentlich von ewander, und auch im inneren Bau und in der LebenAveise stimmen sie sehr überein: keine von ihnen ist giftig, sie alle aber besitzen ein scharfes, aus vielen, schwach rückwärts gebogenen Haken kähnen bestehendes Gebiß» mit dem sie wohsl die Beute ergreifen und festhalten, aber nicht kauen können; sie verschlingen ihre Opfer, nachdem sie sie durch Umwinden erdrückt haben, daher unzerkleinert. Daß die größten Arten sehr stark sind und selbst dem Menschen gefähr lich werden können, ist bekannt; im Allgemeinen wird aber die Ge fährlichkeit der Niescnschlangen oft übertrieben. Die Nauhechse, eine Australierin, ist nicht nur durch ihr wirklich rauhes Schuppenkleid aus gezeichnet, das glänzt, als ob es lackirt wäre, sondern auch durch die am Kopf und Schwanz breite Form des Körpers und die seltsame Zeichnung. Eine Rauhechse, die bereits mehr als acht Jahre im Garten lebt, trägt weiße Marken, als ob sie mit Kalk bespritzt wäre, die neu erworbene dagegen ist auf dunklem Grunde schwefelgelb ge bändert. Die Plattschildkröte gehört zu den flachbeschilderten Süß wasserschildkröten; den langen Hals vermag si? nicht, wie die meisten Schildkröten zurückzuziehen, sie legt ihn zum Schnitze mit dein Kopse vielmehr seitwärts unter den Vorderrand des Rückenschildes. * Ueber La d »ud Leute in Labrador und über die dortigen Erfolge und Erfahrungen der Misston gedenkt Herr Prediger Hanfe», bis vor Kurzem Missionar unter den Eskimos in Labrador, ani Sonntag, dem 3. März, einen öffentlichen Vortrag zuhalten, zu dem Jedermann eingeladen ist. ES kommen gute Lichibllder aus dem Leben und Treiben der EskimoS und threr eisigen Heimath zur Bor>ührnng. Znr Deckung der Unkosten wird ein Eintritt von 2V Pfg, für Kinder 10 Pfg. er hoben. Der Bortrag fiudet statt tm Christlichen Beretnssaal, Pferde- markt 37—41, Abends 8 Uhr. * Gemeinde St. Pauli. Der vierte Gemeindeabend verlief in schönster Weise. Der Bortrag deS Herrn Professor Hitzigratb über die Königin Luise, die Reflationen des Herrn Debeet, die Gesang-- und Klaviervorträge der Damen Putsche und Bnr meister zündeten. Die Ansprachen der beiden Pastoren von Nord'St. Pauli leiteten den Abend stimmungsvoll ein und schloffen idn eben so. Die Commetersche Kunsthandlung hatte in liebenswürdiger Weise eine Kollektion Bilder der Königin Luise zur Verfügung gestellt. * Die Baugenossenschaft Tarpeubeckhöhe, welche im vorigen Jahre an der Tarpenbeckstraße in Eppendors ein etwa 70 000 Onadrat- meter großes Grundstück erworben hat. hat jetzt einen Vertrag mit der Finanz-Deputation abgeschlossen. Die Genossenschaft giebt alleS für die Straßenbauten erforderliche Terrain her und tritt außerdem noch ein etwa 10 000 Quadratmeter großes Areal für die Anlage eines Lan» dungsplatzes und zur Regulierung des Mühlenteiches unent geltlich an den Staat ab; dafür erhält sie die Erlaubnis, auf ihre Kosten die Tarpenbeckstraße und die Erikastraße über das Genossenschaftsgrund- stück sortzusühren und eine Ausschlnßstraße anzulegen. In nächster Zeit soll mit den zur Anlage der Straßen «forderlichen Erdarbeiten begonnen werden. Jedenfalls wird dann noch im kommenden Sommer der Bau mehrerer Häuser erfolgen können. Eppendorf erhält somit in den nächsten Jahren eine Billenkolonie, die viel zur Verschönerung des Stadtteils beitragen wird; es dürfen nämlich auf dem Genoffenschaflsterrain nur Gartenhäuser errichtet werden. Die Zahl der Genossen beträgt 40; das ganze Terrain ist in etwa L0 Bauplätzen eingeteilt worden. Z Etne brave That. Der in der Deichstraße 10 wohnende Knabe Paul Schmidt brach vorgestern bei der Holzbrücke, wo er sich auf das Eis des Fleets gewagt hatte, ein Der Sjährige Knabe Paul Garbers, Deich straße k, hatte kaum die Not seines Spielkameraden gesehen, als sich, nicht achtend der eigenen Lebensgefahr, auf das Eis begab. Trotzdem die Schollen unter ihm krachten, wich er nicht zurück, mutig drang er vor. bis er an der Oefsnung stand, in der Schmidt verschwunden war. Lang legte sich Garbers nieder, die rechte Hand im Wasser haltend. So wartete er, bis Schmidt wieder auftauchte. Dann packte er den fast Leblosen, zog ihn zu sich euipor und riß ihn aufs EiS. Den geretteten Knaben brachte man dann in seine elterliche Wohnung. § Etne aufregende Scene ereignete sich Donnerstag abend in der Nähe der Badeanstalt am Schwanenwiek. Es befanden sich dort zwei Personen auf dem Eise, eine lag auf dem Eise und zwar so. daß man von der Schwanenwiekbrücke aus nur den Oberkörper sehen konnte. Auf der Schwanenwiekbrücke hatten sich Hunderte von Menschen ange sammelt, meistens Damen, die dann die dort stehenden Herren dringend aufforderten, den Mann doch zu helfen. Ein Arbeiter entledigte sich seines Mantels und ging dann zur Badeanstalt, um den Betreffenden zu helsen. Es dauerte auch gar nicht lange, so brachte er den anscheinend im Wasser liegenden nach dem Steg am Schwanenwiek; eS stellte sich heraus, daß der Betreffende garnicht eingebrochen, sondern betrunken, lang ausgestreckt auf dem Eise gelegen. § Selbstmord auS LicbeSgram. Am Mittwoch genoß ein Dienst mädchen aus Altona, das aus St. Pauli dient, in selbstmörderischer Absicht ein Quantum Bromsäure. In schwer krankem Zustande wurde die Lebensmüde ins israelitische Krankenhaus geschafft. Dort ist die Nacht, die gewichtigen Kritiken hingeworfen, die häufig genug über das Lebensschicksal jüngerer Künstler und Künstlerinnen entscheiden. Größere Blatter verfügen ja über zwei und drei Musikberichterstatter, aber die meisten können sich diesen kostspieligen Luxus nicht gestatten und sind auf die eben geschilderte Hetzjagd angewiesen, bet der das arme Wild ebenso zu bedauern isk wie der geplagte Jäger. Jedenfalls ist auf diesem Gebiet von einem Rückgang durchaus nichts zu spüren, vielmehr nimmt die Zahl der Berliner Konzerte von Winter zu Winter in geradezu entsetzlicher Weise zu. In mageren Jahren muß man sparen, denkt der Berliner Ma gistrat sehr richtig und hat an dem Entwurf des neuen Stadthaushaltsplanes aus eigenem Antriebe ganz gehörige Abstriche vorgenommen, damit der städtische Zuschlag zur Staats- einkommensteuer sich auch im nächsten Rechnungsjahre auf der hier üblichen Hohe von 100 Prozent halte. Don diesen Strichen ist auch der Plan einer zeitgemäßen Umgestaltunng der Straße Unter den Linden betroffen worden, wofür eine Summe von drei viertel Millionen bereits in den Etat eingestellt war. Vielleicht werden aber doch die Stadtverordneten diese Sparsamkeit für über trieben halten uns für die Wiederherstellung dieser Position sorgen. Daß sich die namentlich im Auslande noch immer als Berlins vornehmste und schönste Anlage geltende Straße Unter den Linden nachgerade in einem unwürdigen Zustand« or findet, ist fraglos. Gewiß ist deren Umgestaltung keine zwingende Nothwendigkeit. ES wird wohl auch noch ohne solche einige Jahre ganz gut gehen. Aber eine Stadt, wie Berlin, die ?in Vermögen von über 293 Milnonen und dazu einen Grundbesitz im Werthe von 406 Millionen besitzt, darf sich wohl auch eine verhältnismäßig bescheiden« Luxus ausgabe gestatten. Hat so-Uze Stadt noch dazu die Ehre, die Hauptstadt eines großen, mächtigen Reiches zu sein, dann darf sie nicht immer fragen: „Was muß unbedingt geschehen?", — son dern nmß auch mitunter ein Opfer bringen, um ihren Repräsen- tationspflichevn zu genügen. Diese Verpflichtung wird hier nur zu häufig noch hinter kleinliche Bedenken zurückgestellt. Da fehlt der große Zug, der namentlich den Franzosen in solchen Dingen eigen ist und nicht wenig dazu beigetragen hat, PartS zu dem zu machen, waS eS heute trotz deS allgemeinen französischen Rückganges noch immer ist. Würde man in Paris je um dreiviertel Millionen feil schen, wenn eS darauf ' ankäme, einen Hauptpunkt der Stadt zeit gemäß umzugestalten? Dte* Sparsamkeit Ht gewiß eine löbliche Tu gend; aber ste mich am rechten Ort« und zur rechten Zeit geübt Aermfte gestern gestorben. Das Motiv der U.yal war Lieoesgram. Z Eine Klaviergeschichts. Ein angeblicher Techniker, Joseph Emil Bachmann. der 23 Jahre alt sein wollte, wohnte zusammen mit einer angeblichen Haushälterin am Mittel weg bei einem dortigen Ehepaar. Am 5. Februar wurde sür Bachmann ein Klavier gebracht, das aber am Februar morgens wieder abgeholt wurde. Bon wem das Piano stammte und wer es erhalten hatte, konnte nicht festgestellt werden. Am Nachmittage des 2ö. Februar traf dann von einem Piano geschäft aus der Schönstraße ein anderes Klavier im Werte von 500 Mar! ein. Am nächsten Tage ließ die Haushälterin das Klavier zu einem am Hansa platz wohnenden Psandleiher schaffen, wo sie es für 2S0 Mk. versetzen wollte. Der Psandleiher nahm das Instrument, wollte aber daS Geld nicht eher auszahlen, bis er einen Eigeiituulsnachweis erhalten hätte. Die Haushälterin ging fort und kam nicht wieder. Der Psandleiher stellte Ermittelungen an und erfuhr, daß das Piano auf schwindelbalte Angaben bin erworben war. Er gab infolge dessen dem Inhaber das Instrument zurück. Z Mißbrauchtes Mitleid. Zu einem in der Kielerstraße wohnenden Mann kam ein angeblicher Kunstmaler Schramm und bat um Almosen. Dieses wurde ihm gewährt. Dabei sah der Geldgeber, daß die Stiesel des Kunstmalers sehr defekt waren. Er forderte den Schramm auf, sich der Stiefel zu entledigen, weil er diese machen lassen wollte. Kaum waren die Stiefel zum Schuster getragen, so bat Herr Schramm seinen Gönner, ihm ein Paar Halbschuhe zu borgen, da er einen Weg besorgen müsse und in 20 Minuten wieder zmück sei. Mitleidig gab der Herr die Halbschuhe der, auf deren Rückerstattung er noch jetzt wartet. H Er lveitz es besser. In einer Warteschule auf der Uhlen - borst sollte ein fünfjähriger Knirvs das Lied: „Kommt ein Vogel ge flogen" singen. Bis zur letzten Strophe, die bekanntlich: «Bringt ein Gruß mit und ein Kuß", endet, ging die Sache glatt, nur sang er hartnäckig: Bringt ein Gruß mit und ein „K n u st". Die beauf sichtigenden jungen Damen konnten den „Auchdichter" nicht vom Gegenteil überzeugen, er sang in aller Seelenruhe Gruß und „Knust" weiter. Dem kleinen Burschen lag das Nahrhafte näher. 8 Ein nobler Gast. In ein Restaurant am S p i e l b u d e nPla kam gestern abend ein Mann und ließ sich zu essen und zu trinken geben. Nachdem er eine Zeche von 1,50 Mk. gemacht hatte und aufgefordert wuide» das Geld zu bezahlen, stellte sich heraus, daß er nur K Pfennige im Vermögen hatte. Da er auch kein Geld austreiben konnte, wnrde er wegen Zechprellerei in Haft genommen. * Vom Eis der Alster. Der Versuch, die Binnen-Alster aufzubrechen, ist gestern auf der rechten Seite mißglückt. Das Eis hat noch eine Dicke von 25 Centinieter. Um 5'/, Uhr mußten die Versuche, nachdem man vorgesagt und das Eis aufgehauen hatte, eingestellt werden. Morgen soll der Schlepper und Eisbrecher „Hercules" die Arbeit aus der anderen Seite, am Alsterdamin. aufnehmen, um zuerst eine Fahrrinne bis zur Lombardsbrücke zu schaffen. An dieser Stelle ist das Eis nicht so dick, weil dort der Strom durchgeht. * Ein 'Hamburger in Pretoria von Engländern verhaftet« Der Besitzer des Grandhotel in Pretoria, Siegsrieb Schlomer, Sohn des hier am Neuen Pserdemarkt wohnenden Kansmanns Ivan Schlomer wurde in Pretoria als angeblicher Bure nagent von den Engländern verhaftet und erst nach Stellung einer Kaution von 500 Lstrl. freigelassen. Früh übt sich, wer ei» Meister werden will. In letzter Nacht beobachtete ein Schutzmann einen jungen Burschen, der sich in der Nähe des Dammthors umhertrieb. Da der Bursche obdachlos war, aeiieth er in Hast Dadurch stellte es sich heraus, daß der Jüngling seinem Prinzipal in Halle mit 50 Mk. dnrchgebrannt war. Er wird jetzt die goldene Freiheit vorläufig mit dem Aufenthalt hinter schwedischen Gardinen vertauschen müssen. Z Die Sliiinentenznhtung. Der 31jährige Reisende M. erhielt vor einigen Ta^en von seinem Prinzipal etne größere Summe Geldes anvertraut. M. sollte den Betrag der Frau seines Chefs als einmalige Abfindungssumme für Al»iiente»zahlnngen überbringen. DaS Ehepaar lebt in Scheidung) die einstweiltge Verfügung des Gerichts ging dahin, daß der Mann die Frau alimentiren müsse. Um nicht jeden Monat Zahlungen zu leisten, wollte der Gatte die einm.Uige Summe zahlen. M zog es aber vor, dies Geld als Alimente sür sich zu bctrachieu. denn er zahlte der Fran den Betrag gar nicht anS, sondern entfloh mit der ganzen Summe. * DaS Sprichwort „Kinder haben ihre Engel" hat sich auch vorgestern wieder bewahrheitet. In der zweiten Etage eines Hauses am Neuen Steinweg spielte das 5jährige Kind Gertrud der Eheteme Herket vor dem Fenster. Das Feilster war wohl nicht fest geschlossen, denn Plötzlich öffnete sich der Flügel und da« kleine Mädchen stürzte mit einem SchreckenLuhrei in die Tiefe. Entsetzt eilte man nach unten, in der bangen Gewißheit, das Kind zerschmettert vorzufinden. Groß war aber die Frende, als man die kleine Gertrud äußerlich unverletzt vorfand. Man holte, da das Kind über furchtbare Schmerzen im Bein klagte, einen Arzt, der einen Schenkeibruch konstatierte und die Berun» glückte ins Allgemeine Krankenhaus zu Eppendorf ichickte. § Ei» schwedischer Bctriiger. Ein Schreiber ans Schweden logirte sich in einem Hotel am Klosterthor ein und machte dort eine Schuld von 23.70 Stark. Er erzählte, daß er von dem schwedischen Koniulate Zv0 Mk. zu erhalten habe, außerdem im Besitz mehrerer französischer Banknoten ä 50 Frcs. sei. Unter denselben Angaben borgte er sich von einem Kellner des Hotels und einem dort wohnenden Techniker 20 Mk. und verfchwand. Altoua, 2. März. o. Zur Vergrößerung deS JustizgebiiudeS. Bekanntlich soll daS Justizgebäude einen umfangreichen Anbau erhalten. Die erste Rate ,st bereits vom preußischen Fiskus ausgeworfen. In den letzten Tagen fanden auf dem Areal neben dem Jmlizgebände Vermessungen statt. Man hofft, daß noch in diesem Jahre mit dem Bau begonnen wird. DaS binier dem Justizgebäude belesen^GerichtSgesängnis hat erst im verflossenen Jahre einen großen Anbau erhalten. o Gegen die Erhöhung der Kornzölle soll bekanntlich der Magistrat nnd das Stadtverordneten-Kollegium Stellung nehmen. Wir haben bereits unseren Zweifeln darüber Ausdruck gegeben, ob diesem Wunsche Folge geleistet wird. Das Stadtverordneten-Kollegium in Flensdnrg hat sich in derselben Angelegenheit dahin entschieden, daß nach Z 63, Absatz 2 der schleswig-holsteinischen Städteordnung vom 14. März 18K9 eine Erörterung dieser Frage unzulässig sei. Dasselbe Schicksal dürfte die Interpellation, wenn sie überhaupt eingereicht wird, in den hiesigen städliichen Kollegien erfahren. o. Im Kirchcukollegium zu Ottensen wurde ein Antrag des Herrn Nisse» angenommen, die Gebühr für die kirchliche Trauung mit Orgelfpief auf 10 Mark festzusetzen. Die Gebühr für HauStraunngen wurde von 9,60 Mk. auf 7.20 Mk. reduziert. Dem Organisten wurde eine Entschädigung von 150 Mk. bewilligt. Ein Antrag deS Herrn Lahrs. daß die Gebühr für Armenleichen auf 60 Pfennige ermäßigt werde, wurde dem Kirchenvorstande unterbreitet. Der Antrag soll auf die Tages ordnung der nächsten Sitzung gesetzt werden. o. Die Fortbildungsschule i» Langenfclde wird dauernd schwach besucht. Am letzten Umerrichlsabend waren von den angemeldeten 14 Teil nehmern sogar nur 3 erschienen. o. »va» em vareyen werde« w«N, krümmt sich bei Zeite». Am Schulterblatt drang gestern ein 11 jähriger Knabe in einen Laden ein und raubte auS der Kasse 20^ Trotz sofortiger Verfolgung entkam der kleine Dieb. — In der Sominerhuturstraße stahl ein klemer Knabe von einer Karre mehrere Apfelsinen. Der Dieb wurde von b.r Polizei den Ettern zugeführt. o. Jugendliche Diebe. Am Schulterblatt drang vorgestern ein IIjähriger Knabe in einen Laden ein und raubte aus der Kasse 20 Mk. Trotz sofortiger Verfolgung entkam der kleine Dieb- — In der Soinmer- hudersiraße stahl ein kleiner Knabe von einer Karre mehrere Apfelsinen. Der Dieb wurde von der Polizei den Eltern zugeführt. o. Ein Opfer des Zuchthauses. Am 16. v. Mts- wurde aus dem Zuchthaus? ein Arbeiter entlassen. Vergebens versuchte der Mann, wieder ehrliche Arbeit zu bekommen. In seiner Verzweiflung nahm er in selbst mörderischer Absicht Phosphor. Der Vergiftete wurde dem städtischen Krankenhause zugeführt. Dort ist er vorgestern abend gestorben. o Ein ehrlicher Kutscher. Eine in Oevclgönne wohnende Dame ließ gestern in einer Droschke ihr kostbares Brillantenkollier liegen. Erst heute morgen merkte sie den Verlust. Als sie Anzeige auf der Polizei erstatten wollte, erschien gerade der Kutscher, um das Kollier abzuliefern. Der ehrliche Kutscher erhielt von der erfreuten Dame eine anständige Belohnung. o. Eine folgenschwere Kollision ereignete sich vorgestern nachmittag in der H a m b n r g e r st r a ß e zwischen einem Motorwagen und einem Mehlwagen. Beide Wagen wurden schwer beschädigt. Der Kutscher deS MehlwagenS mußte sich in ärztliche Behandlung begeben, da er mehrere Verletzungen erlitten hatte. Kremper Marsch, 1. März. 8. Groste Heiterkeit erregte kürzlich ein ans einer Bierreise befindlicher junger Mann in einer Gasiwirthschaft zu Krempdorf, dem ein Unbekannter auf dem Rücken ein Plakat mit der Aufschrift /»Der Maul- und Klauenseuche verdächtig" befestigt hatte. Zins Nah ltud Aern. * Die Blntthat eincS schwedischen Hofbesitzer?, Die Um gegend der schwedischen Stadt Engelholm in Schonen war dieser Tage der Schauplatz eines furchtbaren ^«ramas. Dort wohnte ein älterer Hofbesitzer Akefson, der wegen seiner Rohheit und Brutali tät allgemein gefürchtet war. Mit feinem Sohne lebte er bestän dig un Streit, und seine Frau und Tochter plagte und peinigte, er aus unmenschliche Weise. So hat er sie, wie man behauptet, etmnal vor den Pflug gespannt und mit Peitschenhieben gezwungen, den Pflug zu ziehen. Ein alidereS Mal sperrt« er seine Tochter im Kuhstalle ein, wo sie ohne die Hülfe der schließlich herbeieilenden Nachbarn verhungert wäre. Daß dieser Mensch als Mörder noch enden würde, daran zweifelte Niemand. Den eigenen Sohn aber sollte es treffen. An einem der letzten Wende, als Vater und Svhn zusammen saßen und tranken, entstand zwischen Beiden über eine unbedeutende Sache ein heftiger Streit, in dessen Verlauf der Äater ein Messer ergriff und es dem Sohne ins Herz stach. Au Tode getroffen, sank der Unglückliche zu Boden. Der Mörder seines Sohnes aber tra^k weiter bis zum Morgen. Dann stellte er sich selbst dem Gericht. * Znui Tlionbergcr Knabenmord wird ans Leipzig noch gemeldet: Man ninrnit allgemein an, daß die Mörder des jugendlichen Laus- burfcheu Otto es nicht lediglich auf die 8,50 Mark Wochenwhn al" gesehen hatten. ?!ach Gefch>äftsschluß hatte dieser noch eine grö ßere Summe zur Post schaffen müssen, ein Auftrag, den er öfters zu erledigen hatte. Man mnrmt nun an, daß Otto seinen beiden „Freunden" gegenüber geäußert hat, er Pflege das Geld nicht am Sonnabend, sondern erst am Sonntag auf der Post einzuzahlen, so daß diese am Sonnabend noch einen weit größeren Betrag bei ihn» vermutheten. Otto hatte jedoch das Geld noch am Sonnabend ab geliefert und das Quittungsbuch, wie es ihm vorgeschrieben war, in einem Verkaufsladen niedergelegt, worauf er sich auf den Herni- weg machte. Er begegnete den Beiden, die ihn unter dem Vorgeben, in den Gärten hinter dem Johannisfriedhof befinde sich eine Sielle mit jungen Karnickeln, die sie ausnehmen wollten, nach dem That ort lockten. Kroft scheint mcht der Verführte zu sein, denn er hat den ersten Schlag mit dem schweren Hammer geführt und auch, den Leibriemen zur Erdrosselung Ottos geliefert. Auch soll nicht Thä« rigen, sondern Kroft der Web des Paares Stiefeln und des Rie mens gewesen sein. Vom Tage des Mordes bis zu seiner Ver haftung hat Kroft in der Schule und im Hause das gleichgültigste Wesen zur Schau getragen, als der Verdacht sich aus ihn lenkte, frech geleugnet, dann Thä rigen der Tbpt bezichtigt und erst zu letzt unter der Last der Beweisgrüirde ein Geständnis; abgelegt. Taß er thatsächlich mehr zu erbeuten hoffte, als die drei Mark, die der ältere Tyärigen ihm ließ, dürfte auch daraus hervor gehen, daß er den Mord mit verübt haben will, um eine Aus besserung cm seinem Fahrrad bezahlen zu können, die 6,50 Mark kostete. * NuS dem kaiserliche» Harem, yn der.Revue" findet sich ein interessanter Aufsatz über die Fannlienverhältnisse des gegen wärtigen Sultans, die ein scharfes Licht aus den Charakter des letzigen ...Beherrschers aller Gläubiger" werfen, oer in höchstem Grade gegen seine Umgebung mißtrauisch ist. Trotz der dreihundert Be wohnerinnen seines Harems besitzt er nur dreizehn Kinder. Den Frauen ist der Besitz von Schminken und Änderen Verschönerungs mitteln untersagt, denn der Hausherr fürchtet sich vor — Ver giftung. Auch dürfen keine Hunde gehalten werden. Welcher Slrt Tragödien im Haremlik auch heute noch sich abspielen, zeigen fol gende Vorfälle: Eines Tages verließ der Änltar^ auf einen Augen blick sein Arbeitszimmer und vergaß auf ldeiH Schreibpult einen einer kleinen Revolver, welche er immer mit sich trägt. Als er wenige Momente später zurückkehrte, überraschte er eine kleine Ha- remsklavrn von zwölf Jahren, die aus ^eugierde in das Gemach getreten war, beim Spielen mit der Waffe, die von der Kleinen als eine Art unbekannten Spielzeuges angesehen wurde. Augenblick lich erwachte im Kopfe des Sultans die Idee, daß ein Attentat aus ihn beabfich igt sei. Als das Biädchen die schreckliche Aufregung eines Herrn bemerkte, brach es in Thränen ans, was den Sultan m seiner Ansicht nur noch bestärkte. Die Kleine wurde gefesselt und „peinlich" verhört, indem man ihr unter die Fingernägel glühen des Eisen stieß! Freilich kam bei dem Verhör nichts heraus, weil das Mädchen eben nichlts zu gestehen hatte, llebrigens verwendet der Sultan die Danron, deren er überdrüssig ist, zu Spiondirnsten, indem er sie an die Harems hervorrageiwer Unterthanen abgiebt. Sie müssen von Zeit zu Zeit wieder tm kaiserlichen Harem erscheinen und genau berichten, was sie bei ihren neuen Herren erlauschten. So er fuhr der Sultan u. A. genau, welche türkischen Staatsmänner mit >en Armeniern sympathisirten. Nenerwa? v Äörttwiete ik Steiustrafte IST Sceiudamm VS Lübeckerstr. liil WaudSbecker Chaussee 4SL Hamburgerstr. 8V Papenhuderstr. öS Zwei dänische Pierde stehen zum verlaus und 3 Ponies. Hamburg, LeuflhauSmarkt 10, bei Chemische Neiuiguug, Wäscherei GraumannSweg 77 Schaarmarkt LS Nr. Neniuarkt 47 Wilhelmiueustr. H BartelSstr. L» FruchtaNee S4 Grindelberg S Griudelallee 72 Rothcnbaum-Ehanssöe 77 Mittelweg 31 Biüdoruer Nöhreuda»mu SZ Billwärder a./Bille 4S SiathhanSmarkt S, Alton« Breitest r. SS, » Schulterblatt lSI. „ Flottbccker Chaussee ZS, Mtoua Hambnrnerstr. S. Wandsbek. Schüfselbnde« l8. Lübeck. Bill, zu Verl. 2 mittelgr. Gesch. l- ^ Pferde. Eimtbüttelerstr 46, St. P Z dunkel-braune Pferde, 6 all, pasiend für Geschäfte u Taxam., stehen billig zu verk, We>denslraf;e Nr 32, Altona. 2 kräilige Arbeilsp>erde billig zu der?. Friedrickstr. 23, II. r., b. llss» Billig z» Verl. Pserd u. Feder wage», icireak »ud Brotwagen. Lindenallee 82, p.. Ci>«svü«tcl. Schöne leichte 1- und 2 spännt Brustblatt-Pserdegeschirre zu verk. Friedrichsbaderslraße 51, Altona Eleg. 2>p. Brustblattgesch. (neu) s. bill. z. Vk. Roslcs, Braudstwiete 17,K alte bill. v. au, Pilittnspool IS. e. neue Halbch. i. Nohb. u Vis-^-vis» Wag., sow. mehr. Gigs, e. gebr. Bier- wagcn u. P^uhsederwagcn, neue u. gebr. Milchkarre, scholl. Karr. Alt., Parallelstrasze 10, imhe dcr Fiora. Bill, zu verkf. e. Kasteukarte f. Backer. Schnlstr. 4, Oitcnsen. Z. veri. gur erh. »siuyl- tu Federw., Scholl. Karre, Äläberw., Ispänn. Oinnibns. »ronprmzcnst.4, II. r. Ott. Bill. zu verk. I cinsp. Block wa gein Jen ilchstrasze SO. I. l. verschied Do^c^rls, dar. iS «leg. Nohrkorvd..viL-^-vis»,Buggy-,div. Schlächter- u. Kasteumag. j. bill. zu verk. llbnko, St. G., Brennerslr.39. E leichl. Ärolwagen bill. zu verk. Hotslciuischer Kamp 23. K kollr. Neue und gebr. scholl. Karren zu verk. Heines traße 14, Lvk m ilZt. ^Bill.zu vk.Schlachlerwag.,2 Milch wagen. EimSb Cuaussee 14, Lls tu. Bill. zu vcrks. c. neue scholl. Karre. Gotheustranc 60,1. l., Hcmiiiierbrook. Zu verk. u. zu verm. ineyr. Feoei.- wag. u. scholl. Karr. Bachstr. 36, All Sehr bll.zu vk. e.gcbr. 4zöil.Blvck- wagcn, e. iFederw., Tragkr 3000 K, e. neuer Hanoziehw., gebr. Milcht., e. Paar sa>ott Karr.Eppendorierwcg 43. Zu verlausen ein Kastenwagen. Grindelhof 8, I-iidsustolu. Neue Halbchaije mir Nr. bill. zu verkaufen. ABC-Slraße 44, H. K Um>iättde halb. bill. zu verk. e. säst neu. Schlachterwagen mit Hecken u. Ljähr. Fuchswallach (Lithauer), auch einzeln. Hcrversir. 10, Uiiie»l»vtst. Zu Verl. last n. Feoerw., Tragkr. S000 g, '/, Jahr gef., m. Äremse 250->/! Lühinannsweg S, l., Ellbeck. Handblockw. u. n. st. schott. Karre zu verk. Mvrkenstr. 32, Altona. zur L. Klasse ü. 4.— der EchlcSwig-Holst. Landes Jvdtrslrie- Lotterie siud z« beziehe» durch de« Hauptkollertcnr für Slltoua und Uwaeaeud. v. 0ai-»K«n», Ottcnie». SlruoldNra^e SS. ff Schuten ges. i« Mouatswiethe jiir Erd» arbeit auf mehrere Monate. Tragf. ca. 1000 Ctr. Osf. mit Preis unter L. 2S!L an Lstsr Ltslvr, H a mbnrg. Wer gievr ^eschällSinann Pserd gegen monatliche Zahlnng? Off n. v. «49 Filiale Süderstr. 33 Kl. Spedulons-u Rollsuhrgeschait w. mit e. gl. Geschäft zu vereinig Bewerb m. etw. Kundscy. u Kapital w sich m. Off.uD.K76Ältonaerstr 17. n. Auok., Geiuche, Klagen, auver.-.er. Bergleiche, Bejorg. von HetlunUispapiercn zc. Heidentampöweg l:ik. pt. l. katll v ul Slrai-, Steuer', . . U. . Militär-, Polizei., Klage-, Ehe-, Ali. L—10 Am. > meinen», Invaliden-, -1—8 Nm. ^ Teftameutsfache» :c. vkr»I§, Altoua. Meine hjartiierfir. 77> Vereinigte ^ ° r«ch » k «»f ^ ». 5 - Alles, auch Lethhättser N! obIlien :c tu der Liadt: Pserdeiuark 4Sj, i» Tt. Pauli: Zlniniidaftv. 4^. Is§ LoniiM-GWfl 3 beleiht ». lagert iu seitt.Üiäumcu LLaarcupölte.Mobtlicn. PiauoS :c. auf beliebige Zeit. Tel.62?1,l. M MM Beim SlroqtiailS Zlihii-Alclicr kiiäolk Nerteiis, Eppeudorfer Landstr. SS. prt.» Sprechstniid. v. S—s Uhr. 2illui-^tölisr Admiralilätstr. 9/lO. Theilzahl a.gestatttet, Woche l^t Btiuw.ll.Sou»lt.^Lornt.tj-1l)U. Zahnziehen »neutgeltlich. MAI. Milk, Plmbt» lk. kioksrä Lark. ^ Italls,ks1cUsllLtr.,Eckc 5kl. Freiheit pni-onn'« steiler. Slemdamm 17. I Ul vpjl s betn, Hansatheater. Eig. palemamtl-Schntz auf bcqneme u. fcstsiljeudc Gcbisfc, pr. Zahlt v. an ^^ ?!eparat. ii Std. Mll8tllodk LäZiüö auch ohue Gaumeuplatte. Nevaraturcn in Ä---S Siundeu. <öold-»Silbev-i>.Email-Pto»ttbeu Beim Znlulziehe« aus Wunsch t«- Chloroiormireu. N Steinw L3,I1., fr. fiiirtioli'8 kl>»idel». fyiau Ko.ii', ^cileto ÄUee 1, Äll. tuass», >-sl. P., Liucvlniir 4, »l ^rau lSei-g, Schlsienbr^sir. 34, Ul. ffrtl»cukv»tttUclten jeder Ärt veh. L rrau L«rg, Schau.'Nvrgftr. 34, lll. Wm. Lvliildsolt, Bohueiistr 3, >ll. Äehauüt. v. j^raueu- u.Ulilber»Urrh. Frau LoliUdavi», Äohueuftr. 3, lll. Fr. v. <i l.tuäo <Äre>>s>o'alderflr.23,p. g r. LUt, Nödlugomarkt 4V, IV. l. ^rau So dütso, Kurze Aiühren 8, K. Hrlkülltkor.^mdcnslr 29,^.2, Sl.G. Frau Htitor», idvrg>elder>ir. ö3, 1l. ?r.Vrsgor, BcUe-Allia»cestr. 46, it. 5rl L ur m»>Ltor, Peierftr 21,2.,Hvg. Fraukütkltor Avlerflr.77,1. >sS.,Alt. Hr, bsslten, Allonaerstr. 49, p. Fraii^L.xor, Äorge>chitr.41, St. Ä. Kiiffcc-Rösttrci, St. Paul«, Hafeustrafte 8.?». Ein Posten gutschmeckeuder ge branliter Kaffee, Pfund 75 e), soll verkauft werden. Zwelschenbranutwein (süddeutsch.), ca. 200 Liter, garantirt rein, hat in kleineren u. grvß. Quantitäten im Auftrage billig zu verkaufen. Vsrliugsr, Barmbeck, Bürgerstr. 5. Einige Theilneymer >ür Privat Mittagstisch gesucht. Barmbeck, Thormann's Allee 16, part Milch. E. Hofbesitzer i. Haunoversch. will d. Milch-Ertrag seiner unt. »hierärztl. ttontrolle stehende» Kühe, ca. 8tt Liter pr. Tag. ab t. Mai au Privatkuudichaft abgeben, falls geuitgeud Theil- nähme gesichert Lieferung frei i»S Hans. Sclbstrefl>-ct. bei. ihre Adr. »ad lll. ll. 43 a d. Anu.-Cxped. von >l. V. Lasollov, Brod ich eauge» >S/Ä1 einzns . BefleTrlnk-cinpSt.6^, 11 St.6vI gar. Koch-^'"' 7 Stück 30 A Lal>d-^«pSt. 7^. 15 St.l^t Ausschlag-1»'"'5 Stuck 10 A Altona, Große Nooie»strave 14. Der Herr, w. >>ch Blid u. ^1. tä. 33, Bartclsstr., zuschicken ließ, m. eriucht, dasselbe u. 1(. L. 300 bis Dienslag ya^piposliagerud zurückzu>enden. ZsiiieruFteegeiuverth üsa» ttsosos T'' lo fteu 4L. Geliurtodag eeil donn. ^>uch, dat de ganze vnindclhos uu Rutschbahn wackeln dcihl! Ob he sick woll wat marken lett? Mill. e. getber e»gu>cher Coltier, Steuerz 99t5. Geg. Belohn, abzu» Catouneiislr. 14. I. Volln,«»»^. Enuauien e. getbe SpitzhtUidin, Steuerz. Nr. 7513, geg. Belohn, ab. zug eb. BlUH. Röhreiw. 173, H.2, p. r. ZLcrlau>en eiue Tevricrhuudm, Sieuerz. 944 üSiederbringer erhält. B^lohiuiu^. Wexslr 3L, Wirthicha l. itjevl. C^euliietleli>opi,Opal uu goli). Sleru. Avzg. ^ Bet. Huizvrücte tt, 1l. Berlorcn DouuelSt. i^veuo 6—7 Adiinralitälstr., grün lt. Porten»., 70 Inhalt. Abzugeben gege,. Belohn krank, Gerhoistr. 12, ill. Bcauite erhalt, z» cout. Bedlugungeu discrot VosllodUug, Altvnacrstr.42, H.1,1i Fr. Lomw»l. Gy Noose>l>ir 90,l ,Ait. Fr Är. Guruierilr.9^,i.,Atl »a» Litten w. Gählerjtr. 27,l., All. Sonutag. de« S. dS. M tS.. Abends 6 Uhr, Ostersiraße 7, EimSbüttel. ^Der Zweilampf zwiich. David und de>» Niesen Goliath.* Jedermann ist >reundUchst eingeladen, xzg?— Eintritt frei. »lp»H Alle rechtlich denkenden Personen, bie am Sonntag, d.17.Febr., Abends, ans dem Balentinökamp Augenzeuge des polizeilichen Eingriffes des Schutzmannes No. 626 waren, werd» hierdurch höflichst ersucht, ihre Adresse umgehend mit. L. 857 in der Exped. d. Ge»eral-A»ze>gers niederzulegen. ttn»; ^pu iin d nrdentt. lÄeneral- Äerfammlung der Krankenkasse „Up ewig ungedeelt" (E. H. 21V in A l t o n a) am Tieiivtng. d. 2. 2?iLrz iLVI, Abend« 6'/, Uhr im Lokale des Herrn kotor Loirstotu, Altona. Biirgcrstrafte 1tZ4/lVS. Tagesordnung: 1. Nerlesen t>. Protokolls d. letzt. Generalvers. 2. Kassenbericht d. GeschästLj. 1900. 3. Aenderung der Statuten: zz 3, 4. b, 6, 7, 10, 11. 17, IS. 4. Wahl von b Ausschußmitgliedern. Der Vorstand. Nv. Da« NitgliedSduch ist tn »igener Person vorzuzeigen. D. O. ES ist Pflicht der MUgUed»^» zahl- ioetck L>» «Alt»««. Fr. V. Lckmlät, Fr, dnchst. 3ö, Alt zu sprechen 2 b. 9 Uhr. VIt llilll, gz ^ Strohhaule33c,>.l. Zahu-Atelier von vtto Sotiiniilt, Steindauim 4t, ll. ^ !Kü>,stl Zähne Ploutbe» ^ l an, gteparatureu :c. VS Thcilzahluug gestalte!. sprechz.L-1u.3-8,a.Sonnt.geöffii Gebisse A. //h... Borzügl. ini Gebrauch, tadell. Sitz. Umarbeiten nicht passend. Gebisse, Stistzähne, Plomben. Schmerzlose Zahnoperation. Reparaturen in 2 — 3 Stunden. LtA Auch mit Thcilzahluug. Z», ?ku», Steindamm Sl. Zähue mit n. ohne tvaumeu. ZSHnr v. iS, ganze Gebisse v. 50 an. Gut sitzend u. Garantie, nicht passende Gebisse werd. uut. Garantie passend^ umgearbeitet. Für Gebisse, sowie Plomben, w. ihren Zweck nicht auf daS Bor. züglichste ersüllen, zahle ich jed. Betrag ungek. zurück. Für Unbemittelte von Morg. 8—S. 0. klelLLdZuullmer, Zahlttitustter, St. P.» Reeperbahn Z47, !, früher genannt Langereihe, Earl Schnitze-Theater gegenüber l« Kiinsil Zahue, Zahn 3 mc.)r «»Uttjtl.bill., gut u. sestfitzd., ohue Ans», d. Wnrz.,Plomb., Reparal. ll. VSvvrs. Lkdelkcrftr. lL«, pt. Zahn-Atelier Ivon Frau t». NsnllN»en>r,! I Grindelhof 43 Teleph. l V, 24L3. Plomben, Neparat. in 2-3 Std.! IZIitt.Slhliittzl.Zlih»zie!j. ^ Freie Beh. f. Unbem. v. 9-10 Uhr. WsiRS-bill!!jse-°"s> Methode, anerkannt als das Beste, ohne Entferne« der Zahnwurzel, schlecht sitzende Gebisie genau passend ge macht, ärztliche Empsehl. Vorhand. krieär. Lprmger, Gr.BIeichen 7.'l. <ve„r. I87K. I und franklrtem Couvert Allllrikll. Z-im-zislitllt. W. edle Person gewahrt e. jg. anst. Geld. «Äeld. Offerten ü. iä. 653 be>ür!>. die Expedition dieses Blattes. Grld- Forderungen, .piWolhek. Testamente u s. »v. w. getan>tu.>osort bezahlt. Kaiser Wilhelmslr. 4, l. Tarieiieu von icxi au>wärts zu coulante» Bedingungen, sow. Hypothekengelder LUtdUrt lSKS. "Wl Ll«l»Stt«oetr. 37/40 «.ä gsmbllrgs RUssts ru»ä grösstoVsr^. 2vrlg-lllasodülS2» kadrit. LpvvliUtZU: ^ Vrekdäokv. II. Von sin« Äsr xrösstsu uuck IsistunxskSkiAStsn Uiosr»i. VüssarlsdrUrsn mit priw» ?sbrik»t vsrclvn mit xrSaserva ^bnelimern äusserst diüigg Abseklilssö iu Lr»uooUmoll»6sii rmcl Lsltvrsvrv»ss«r in klascdon Ooulants 2ad>un»sdvciiv^unA«Q. Offerten mit ^a»»bs 6e« Mliriietivii Lecksrls bstvrlisrt unter ü. 5378 U«i»u». Liter Ltsivvsx 24. -WstVWWWV» Schnurrbart! klwa» dagegen thun, wenn er nlSti fürchtet-? sri» Geld unnütz -u«,uqebcn. Zm-erlSssig. wie diele Falle deS "utc» «r»»lgrA bew isea. ist «eiu «Zart- haawvuchS-Brfiirdkrer »-»„«-I. S-lbig-r wirkt ffrokarlig -in auf das Wachsthum des Aarjeö, Wo Raptd nicht wirkt, h-lsen auch ,»w» andere. Mittet. Garantie, RSckjahluug Betrage« bei Nichterfol^ Zu beziehcn la giascheu »^« «Äsandh«.^ ^ °'°°U l' «oek in K-lke««rcben 37 ttelluer wünsch« Hcirath mit lieb, hnbich. Madch od. Witiwe. Qff. n. v «Itoiiaerstr 17. Berluienn, in. Bern», Wwe., 39 I., w. Heirath nach Hamb, solid. Mann ln gesich. Stell. Off. u v. 2507 an Sslor. Llslsr, Alter Steinweg 24. E. Mann v, 30 I., nuttl. Gr., w. beabsicht, e, Milchgeschäit zu lausen, jiichr d. Blkaiiulsch. e. Mädch, nicht uulcr 22 Jc.hr.) etwas Vermögen erwünscht, jedoch nicht Hauptsache. Ernstlich gemeinte Aoresicn erbitte u. », V., Altonaerstraste KI. arraugite reell und diStret Frau Ui., Hbg.-EimSbüttet Margaretheuft. ll. Rückporto Krirnth Neell. Ein sol., strebj. j Mann in gesetzt. Jahr., mit Vermögen, >pät. Ervscy., s. ein solid. Mädch, Waise, bez. zw. Heirath. Adr. u Ang d. Verhält»., mögl. mit Phologr. Ano». zweckt. Off. u. ?, 867 au d. Exp. bs. Rl Anst j Maun, 35J.. in >esi. Stell, ucht d. Bek. e. alt Mäüch. in. etwas Verin. Off, u. L. K7 Fil. Uhlenhorst. I. Wwe, 35 I., euv. Verm., f. d Bekaiinttch. e. Mann, m sest. Stell., am liebsten Benniler, zw. Heirath. Off, n. 72 Fil. Slelndamlii 34. Unverh. Munil, 40 <j., scsle «stell, ucht vi. ein. Mädch. gleich. All. in Korresp. zu tret, zwecks spät. Heir. Off. ü. O. 854 be>. d. Exp. d. Bl. innerhalb deS BraudkasscuwerthS als Hyuottihek gesucht. Offert. «. 0. .?VZ erbet. Öfters« rafte 17. in Ltniraaen L^e S Kiiustl. Ziiliiic Ganze Geblffe 50 unt. Garantie Wöchentliche Abzahlung gestattet. Sophienstrave 46,11. r., St.Pauli. Soia auipolst. b>t, St. K0A Federr vlxlirsod, Margarelheustr. 35 Büsten für Schneiderinnen! rrsni lUidnor, Kai»er W>lhelmstr.7ö, Stalhof, nahrHo^stenpl. Kein Laden I A, Svk«v>'ilttege>', Schluinp 27. Bau- nnv Möbel- drechSler. Reparacur-Werksialt. Holz-Rouleaux u. Jalousie» lie>ert zu Fabritpretseu. tt. 1^. 0ol»iag, Ottense», Barnerstrabe 11. Lcistun.,osähige Wäscherei empftehlt sich den geehrten HanS» srauen zur Uebernahme v. Wäsche jeglicher Art. Frau von», Hellbroot bei Barmbeck. Schneiderei nnt aladem. Schnitt ?r. Llllart, Anialienstr 9, ll-, Alt. WitiMtt p.,, Gesangbücher werd mit Goldschnitt verseh., neue Gesangbücher bliligst. Buchbinder Nksnllvi', Jacobltirchhof 33. kljt ?!Zng stiu,meu. Alle Reparatureu billigst. SlllloorISandwehrdammS,p.Hamm. gesucht von ll. mitl^^Ui'" Handwerker geg. gute Sicherheit. Offerlen unter «. 0. ZU an Lorotl«r<!t, Aunc.- Expedltiou, Nödt»«smarkt 88. Wittwe Rath und Beistand. Ofs.u.l..gZ4 Fil.Sophieniir.44,St P. Beamter f. 1l,0 geg. Sicherheit Off, uut. V. X. Filiale Barmbeck. ^ung. Stalin bittet edeld Dame um 50 gegen daulb. Rückzayl. Off.u.H 0.3 pvstl., Ottens, tsulenstr W.r.P.l.e.j W>ve.20^e^.^tlh.Vtuckz.lü Uebereink. Off.» ^ 7uFll Steind.d4 tS)e>. los. ein stiu. Tuellhaver unt K000 zu eilt, lohnend Unternehin Zährl. Gew. nnt. Garantie 1000 Sicherheit I. Land-Hypothek. Off erbeten nur von Selbstreflett. mit. v. 937 Fil. St P., Sophienstr. 44 E. Herr bitlet e. relche Persvul. um 10 mit Adressen»Ängabe geg. dkb. Rückzahlung. Offerten u. L. R. Zeilungspavill., Groß. Neumartt. StcclleS HriratySgesnch. Jg. strebs. solch. Sch>achler, 28 A all, sucht die Bekanntsch. eines jg. ^Itädch. mit etwas Berinüg. zwecks Heirath zu machen. Anonym nicht berücksichtigt. Off. mit näh. Ang. unter L.. 823 bes. die Exp. d. Bl. polstert Sofa vou 5 Bettr.S>»an,in u. a. d.H H. ?rit!lUo!l, PilatnSpool >Zi «,.»»» Haatstechie», gr UtIINe»» Post« bit^. adzuacb. ÄermiethnngSg. von Verrücke». Neuer Steinwe« 4S. Kttttjlliche Zäljue. Schmerzlose Zahuoperattou« (Z. LaQQSiQaiiQ» Schulterblatt I»S. l., V. 12« U., kräit. Speisen, v. 1S-6 U. tuÄcllc-MU<Ulce.Theilzahl^eKatt.^Souvert 70 svuudogge, AuSstellungSthier l. RcmgeS deck« Hünvinnen noch llebereinluust. Selbige ist auch verkäuflich. Hommerbrookstr. 43, Fischhandluug. Aetner Privat-MittagStisch Speisen, v. 1Ä-6 Ll. vuchah 1l^ 1. «iselbst. Handwerker, 3? I., inittl. Statur, sucht die BekatUttichait e. Müdchens paff. Aiter« zw. Heirath. Etwas Ersparn^ erwün>cht. Nur erilstgemetute Off. >». 2.838 bes. d. Exped. d. Bl. Anonym zwecklos. , IZ allemsteh., groiz. Vev v» mvg«u, w. Heirath m. reds.Herrn.Off erb. K.2,LerllulS. Utw reiche Partien, a. Blld send« sosott Auswahl .Lolor«", Larlln lt. ÄieeU! !q. Viehhändler nut Benu. u. eign, beschält tu der Nähe Hamburgs,w.d. Bekanntsch. e.jg. Mädch.o.Wlltive zw. elr.,Bermvg. erw. Anonym unber. ff. u. 835 bet, d. Exped. d. Bl. Steet». Wittwe, ansehnl. u. gut Charakters, m.eiw.Keld, w. stch in. ansehnl. gutstt. Mann, nicht unt. 45 I. zu verheirat. OA. «. L. S4t «» die Exped. d. Bl Leute ohne Kinder wünschen ein Kind gegen einmalige Vergütung für eigen anzunehmen. Offerten unt. w. 863 besvrd. d. Exp d. Bl. Ein neugeboren. Kind sür Eigen abzunebe». Lincolnsir. 5, III. lks. Pflegeeltern gesücht sLr einen 12jährigen Knaben zum 1. April. Derselbe kann auch Wege besorgen. Zu erfr. v. 1—4 Uhr Sonntag u. Montag. Dievrichslr. 12, H. 1, pt. Welche austäud. Famil. iiber- nimiut ei«, kleinen Knabe» für Ick bis 14 »nonatl. Qffert. n. V. 84t an d. Expe5. d. Bl. tKeincht ei» «euaed. Kind in Kost nnd Pflege, Monat Äv ^ Alt.,Hamburgersir. 8Ä, H.t,p.r. Eine Frau wünscht em Kind iu Pflege u. an die Brnst zu nehmen. ^»xsnkoiat, Eißendorf, Bremer Chaussee 85, bei Harburq. I Atäoch. w. s. Äiedert. abznw. b. ordtl. Lt. in Eimsb^ wo d Kind in Pflege bleib, k. Off m. Preis u. k. ^ 11 Bismarckstr. 13, Ann.»E xp. Damen find. >rdl. dislr. Aulnahme. Frau Xr»pl, Heb., BankSstr. 62, II. Dame» find, liebev. Aufn.,pr. Tag 1,20, voue Peuf., b. Fr. Lotdtlloii, Heb., auch gegen Dienstleistung. Hamburgerstraße 12, Barmbeck. Ges. 5»6iX»t weg. Lergr. m. Ge>ch. geg.Sichery. u. hohe Zins. Off. u.991 Ä»ll.-Exp. Üls^er, Meeperbahn 1U1. Jg. Frau blttel edetd. Herrn um 50 ^ zur Miethe, dankb. Stückzahl. Neuerweg 20, 1. link«, Altona. Ges. v. e. Grundeigeuthum pupill. Hauspost. v 4000 ^ Pr. 1. Juli d. I. Nur Selbstrefl. werd, berücks Off. L. (Z. 13 Blsmarckitr. 13, Ann.»Exp. Reell. -WZ Streb, sol. Manu, 32 H., m. spät. Erbsch. 18-20000 s. d. Bekntsch. em. so! häuöl. erzogen Mädch. ni. etwas V^rmög. od. Ww. in. Geschüsl zwecks Heirath. Anonym zwecklos. Off. u. l'. 864 an d. Exp. ds Bl. J.Wwe>, schl.^ od Stenerm -ig, s. zw.Heir. Rapit -ff. 0 300 Oiierstr. 17. Munn (Arveit.), 23 Z., w d. Bekanntsch. e. Köchin zw. Heirath. Anonym zwecklos. Off u. 1^. 93 Ann -Exp., Alt., Hamburgerstr. 32. Streng reell! vtlillllLt, Mark JahreSgeh. u. Mark Baarvermög . sucht die Bekanntschaft eines besser, aufehnl. Mädch. dienend. Standes, mögl. Holsteiuerin od. Mecklenburgerin. vo»«^ grosjer Offerten uuter ll. VS4 Fill Zlltonaerstrake 17. <Sesunde Brustmutter gesucht. Filiale Hamm, Mittelstr. 88. Pflegeclteru gesucht EeWchiim^ZWK Soiitmerspross. (Vers, neu) rationell enlsr rilt. St. G., Danzigcrstr. 30, II. AfsiiliWumönte r. s. v. vmo. Ohlsdorf, am FriedhofS-Etugang und 4l Hohlhöfen 1 l. MW Billigste Preis«. Beste Arbeit. Zcilvunngen. »ostenanschläge auf Wnnsch stets zu habe». Afchc-Uriicil auS Bronze, Eerpentinstein zc. vvrllsrl »n rw««r» Lssso kllr Äsn „vollen V«rtd" oinAvISst. „Uzmdmz?els" VVexpassags 1S-17. neuer 1i»li»ttdüoker u. 1i»ki»ttm»rkun In allen k'arken. für ein neugeborenes Kind Off u. ^..261 Fil. Wandsb. Cyanssee 132 I» der Schlachtkm Schumauustrasze ^ii.Uhieuhorst, werden Rabattmarken gegeben, trotz der billig. Preise nur priina Waar^ la Rindfleisch 45 A, ^ Ochieufleisch 55 A, „ Ochienfl., Bratenstücke60tt.65^, Schweinefleiich Kll u. Lb^, Hal'bseitcs ltall'^eiscki vün^O^an. »« ^ l »»ni» p«> Vavli», Ilvin» » s >» te. eil» k v«»I» »2 l i g o >» «Ultsn, U, k)aemorrkoic!al-^iqueur. Ivu wohlschmeckend«!, dl»tr«tni»c«de<> »ktrixk. befimder» sirPsthl entwert Ma«e». »ud Hae»orrhoid»l»Letde«d«». »,»»»»»»«,I »». ««»-«»-»»» «im«». 1»»«^ «>»»« »IS«r » ».», »«»«n««, »I«. Sllvx«»»»^! i, »F. »^n«, Ich»-»»» I, »M» MMIl. «»»»»« »o».a> »»«. «»».». V«t» d« «wiche v» ' «ck «erw>« »»ich dte «ift,>ltz»,.srvo^el^ voll volillliüti^L!- ^VirliUUß un6 Kl^rkvaÄ svlbüt ill d(zr Pveouv«tkL(:sll2! voposUsiro: '^' Doposnslro: v. Lottsonsu K vornp., ItAINVUNV, Vo«ken»ins»s« IL. 'I'elo^li. ^int V, Xo. 804. öllö KeseUsodslt ?ur Vertkeiluog von I,ebeilsdeckürtllisskll von IL3K. -<o> » pi-ogi-smin» klsngkeniis ^uno Sslino mit iliror >>>»!<rrididiv» l^^uliv. ! I'kv ^oläen !^Ii>pbieto. I^ins. ^.Izardanell Loudrotto Wl!? krolouglrll ffllF > IIS krolonglrt I "WL Olivotti ! Lggei»»kio»o»> nüt nouei»» lioportoirc'. j mit nuusm 1lc!i>L> toiro, IM- Novität! -N» ZHiit It»! VoilkLst unä vor<>etiÄAon voll MskI'I MiTX8its»«?t. Die Dividende für ISttl) beträgt "/g und wird dieselbe im Monat März an den vier Donnerstagen in den Magazinen von8—IV NHr Abends gegen Vorzeigung des Antheilscheines und Abgabe des Stempelbnches ausbezahlt. D»c Magazine werde» au dies,» Abende» um S Uhr Der Uorstand. Dtzutseko Lxovutriciull. Nsnnzf ttolins IZaskiscker Länder. irmatio». 8elMlll?k lüeiäeistoM ^ltr. 8S A, »2« ISO A. SO« S.?0 ^ etc. 8e!äeu8tolke, Llollsellstottö, Vssedstotts, vllterröcke. LodiLr^en, Lorsets, VaLodelitÄoker oto. Aus«»akl. Seki» villigo pneis«. Ml^ons, Lnosse Vsng»«»»s»»v IZS (Lcks öllrgerstr-lsse). |
github_open_source_100_1_278 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <?php
declare(strict_types=1);
namespace duan617\Pay\Plugin\Alipay\Fund;
use Closure;
use duan617\Pay\Contract\PluginInterface;
use duan617\Pay\Logger;
use duan617\Pay\Parser\ResponseParser;
use duan617\Pay\Rocket;
/**
* @see https://opendocs.alipay.com/open/03rbye
*/
class TransPagePayPlugin implements PluginInterface
{
public function assembly(Rocket $rocket, Closure $next): Rocket
{
Logger::info('[alipay][TransPagePayPlugin] 插件开始装载', ['rocket' => $rocket]);
$rocket->setDirection(ResponseParser::class)
->mergePayload([
'method' => 'alipay.fund.trans.page.pay',
'biz_content' => $rocket->getParams(),
]);
Logger::info('[alipay][TransPagePayPlugin] 插件装载完毕', ['rocket' => $rocket]);
return $next($rocket);
}
}
|
5629027_1 | Caselaw_Access_Project | Public Domain | Mr. Justice Strong,
after- stating the case, delivered the opinion of the court.
Assuming, as we think it must be assumed, and as it is certainly held in Indiana, that the deed "of Mrs. Sims, in which her husband joined, though made during her minority, was not void as against her, but only voidable, and hence that it was incumbent upon her to disaffirm it within a reasonable time after she came of age, the inquiry is still to be met, What was a-reasonable time under the circumstances of the case ? She gave notice of her disaffirmance almost immediately after she became dis-covert, — certainly within less than two months. This was, however, a. little more than twenty years after she attained her majority.
The Circuit Court dismissed the complainant's bill for the reason that it did not appea-f she had disaffirmed the deed of May 28,1847, within a reasonable time after the attainment of her majority, being pf opinion that the' rule was established in Indiana she must have so disaffirmed it, notwithstanding her coverture; that is, in the same time as if she had been discovert.
We find no decision of the Indiana courts that ought to be regarded as establishing that rule. The case relied upon by the appellees in support of the judgment of the Circuit Court is Scranton v. Stewart, 52 Ind. 68. The facts of that case, it must be admitted, were in some respects like those of the present, though in others essentially different. The plaintiff was at the time of her marriage an infant, aged sixteen. She was then seised in fee-simple of a tract óf land, containing forty-five acres, and also of an undivided interest in another tract. On the second day of March, 1864, when she was in the nineteenth year of'her age, she and her husband conveyed the lands to one George W. Stewart, for a consideration of $2,500, a considerable part of which -was paid. Mrs. Scranton came of age on the 12th of January, 1867, gave notice to Stewart of her disaffirmance of the <ieed on the 22d of 'July, 1870, and- shortly after brought her action to recover the land.' This was' more than three years and a half after she had attained her majority. The Supreme Court held that her disaffirmance was in time. It .was all the case required. But the judge went on to declare that a married woman who has made a deed of her lands during her infancy and. coverture must disaffirm it within a reasonable time after she arrives at age, notwithstanding her coverture, .and that the fact of the continued coverture would not extend the time for the disaffirmance. All this was (¡biter.. It had nothing to do with the. case before the court. Nothing in the facts or the judgment required the assertion of such a rule. And it is observable that it was said in a case in which it appeared the married woman was seised of her land before her marriage, and that slie was married in 1864,- after the statutes of the State had greatly enlarged the power of a feme covert over her property. Those statutes had given her the rights of a feme sole in regard to her lands, and empowered her to sue as such without joining her husband. They had denied to á husband the rights which at common law lie acquired in the wife's property by the marriage. We find nothing in any prior decision of the Indiana courts that sustains what was said obiter in Scranton v. Stewart. Law v. Long (41 Ind. 586), to which reference has 'been made, decided that the deed of a minor, conveying' her land for a valuable consideration, is'voidable only and not void, and that the right to avoid it on coming of age' is a personal privilege of the minor and her heirs. It also decided- that when the act of an infant is executed, as when -a deed has been made and delivered, the infant must, on attaining full age, do some act to disaffirm the contract, and that such act must precede the commencement of an action. But the case did 'not define what is a reasonable time, or rule that if the wife came of age during coverture she was bound to disaffirm the contract notwithstanding her coverture, as if she was a feme sole. ' In that case the conveyance was made by the wife- and her husband before the act of 1852 was passed. He died in 1852. She married again in 1853, and came of age in 1854. Her second husband died in 1864, and she married a third time in 1868; It was not until after her third marriage that her suit was brought. • She had been discovert during more than four years after her deed was made, and after she had reached her majosity, and yet she had taken no step or done any act to disaffirm the deed prior to the institution of her suit. No intimation is given in the case that she was bound to disaffirm or could disaffirm during her. coverture. Nothing, therefore, in Law v. Long supports what was said, but not decided, in Scranton v. Stewart.
But if the law was accurately stated in the opinion given by the court in Scranton v. Stewart, as applicable to a deed of her lands made by an- infant feme covert after the statute of 1852, it by no means follows that it should rule the present case. There is a radical difference in the facts of the two cases. Mrs. Sims was married before the act of 1852 or that of 1847 was passed, and while the common law relative to the marriage relation existed. By the marriage her husband acquired a vested freehold interest in her lands, and became entitled to the rents and profits. His control over the usufruct thereof' became absolute. His- interest extended during their joint lives, or at least as long as the marriage relation continued. Tt was an interest capable of sale. When, therefore, the deed was made to Mrs. Everhardt in 1846, it gave to the grantee the wife's right,' subject to disaffirmance, and the husband's right to the possession and enjoyment of the profits absolutely.When the wife subsequently came of age, she continued powerless to disturb the possession of the grantee, as long as her coverture lasted; for. the grantee held not only her right, but that also of her husband. The most she could have done was to give notice that she would, not be bound by her deed. Was she required to do that? To; answer the question it is important to keep in mind her condition at common law. , The land was not her separate estate,.such as the wife had in Scranton v. Stewart. In regard to it she was sub potestate viri, incapable of suing or making any contract without hey husband's assent. She could not even receive a grant of land if her, husband dissented. Her disability during her coverture was even greater than that of an infant, and it is settled that an infant cannot disaffirm his deed while his infancy continues. Zouch v. Parsons, 3 Burr. 1794; Roof v. Stafford, 7 Cow. (N.Y.) 179. The reason is that a disaffirmance works a reinvestiture of the estate in' the infant, and he is preáumed not to have sufficient discretion for that. Now, in this case, though there was no disaffirmance for nearly twenty-one years after Mrs. Sims attained her majority, there were very remarkable reasons for the delay, sufficient,- in our opinion, to excuse it. When the deed was made she was laboring under a double disability, — infancy and coverture. 'Even if her deed and that of her husband had not conveyed his marital right to the possession and enjoyment of the land, she would have been under no obligation, imposed by the Statute of Limitations, to sue until both the disabilities had ceased; that is, until after 1870. It is an acknowledged rule that when there are two or more coexisting disabilities in the same person when his right of action accrues, he is not obliged to act until the last is removed. 2 Sugden, Vendors, 103, 482; Mercer's Lessee v. Selden, 1 How. 37. This is the rule under the Statute of Limitations. But Mrs. Sims could not sue until after her divorce, and until the right the husband acquired by his marriage terminated. And had she given notice during her coverture of disaffirmance of her deed, it was in the power of her husband to disaffirm her disaffirmance. 2 Bishop, Married Women, sect. 392. Giving notice, therefore,- which was all she could do, would have been a vain thing. The law does not compel the performance of things that are vain. Mr. Bishop, in his work to which we have referred, says that if an infant, who is also a married woman, makes an instrument voidable because of her infancy, the disability of coverture enables her to postpone the act of avoidance to a reasonable time after the coverture is ended. Sect. 516. In support of this he refers to Dodd v. Benthal, 4 Heisk. (Tenn.) 601, and Matherson v. Davis, 2 Coldw. (Tenn.) 443. These cases certainly sustain the rule stated in the text. In the former it was decided that an infant, who is also a married woman, has the option to dissent from her deed within a reasonable time after her discoverture, though her coverture may continue more than twenty years. And if this were not so, the disability of coverture, instead of being a protéction to the wife, as the la,w intends it, would be the contrary. . But the continued coverture of Mrs. Sims, after she attained full age, is not the only circumstance of importance to the inquiry whether she disaffirmed her. deed within a reasonable time. The circumstances under which the deed was made are to be considered.:. There is evidence that she .was constrained by her husband to execute the deed; that his conduct toward her was abusive, violent, and threatening, in order to induce her to consent to the sale; that she was intimidated by him; that a look from him would make her do almost anything, and that she was in a weak and nervous condition. It is not strange that a woman bound. to such -a husband should delay during -her coverture, disaffirming a contract which he' had forced her to make.
• Add 'to this, that she had very little opportunity to disaffirm until after her divorce. Before she had reached her majority she removed to another State, and never returned to the neighborhood of the property to reside. Betwééh 1848 or 1849 and 1870 she made but two visits to Laporte, both on account of sickness or the death of a relative, and neither visit was prolonged beyond three, days. It is not a case, therefore, of standing by after she came of age and- seeing her property in the enjoyment of another.
And again, she never did any act after her deed was made .and after she came- óf age expressive of hér consent to it or implying an affirmance of the' contract. The most s that is alleged against her is that she was silent during her coverture. But silence is not necessarily acquiescence.
We are aware that the decisions respecting the disaffirmance of an infant's deed are not in entire harmony with each other. While it is generally agreed that the infant to avoid it must disaffirm it within a reasonable time after his-major- ity is attained, they differ as to what constitutes disaffirmance and as to the effect* of mere silence. Where there is nothing more than silence, many cases hold that an infant's deed may be.avoided at any time after his reaching majority until he is barred by the Statute of Limitations, and that silent acquiescence for any period less than the period of limitation is not a bar. Such was in effect the ruling in Irvine v. Irvine, 9 Wall. 617. See also Prout v. Wiley (2 Mich. 164), a well-considered case, and Lessee of Drake v. Ramsey, 5 Ohio, 251. But, on the other hand, there appears to be a greater number of cases which hold that silence during a much less period of time will be held to be a confirmation of the voidable deed. But they either rely upon Holmes v. Blogg (8 Taunt. 35), which was not a case of an infant's deed, or subsequent cases decided on its authority, or they rest in part upon other circumstances than mere silent acquiescence, such as. standing by without speaking while the grantee has made valuable improvements, or making use of the consideration for the deed. We think the preponderance of authority is that,-in deeds executed by infants, mere inertness or silence', continued for a period less than that prescribed by the Statute of Limitations, unless accompanied by affirmative acts, manifesting an-' intention to assent to the conveyance, will not bar the infant's right to avoid the deed. And,those confirmatory acts must be voluntary. As we have said, one who is under a disability to make a contract cannot confirm One that is voidable, or, what is the same thing, cannot disaffirm it. An affirmance or a disaffirmance is in its nature a mental assent, and necessarily implies the action of a free mind, exempt from all constraint or disability.
In view of these considerations, our conclusion is that Mrs. Sims, the complainant, having been a feme covert until 1870, and never having, done, during her coverture, any act to confirm the deed which she made during her infancy, could effectively disaffirm it in 1870, when she became a free agent, and that her notice of disaffirmance and her suit avoided her deed made in 1847.
The remaining question is whether she is estopped by anything which she has done from asserting her, right to the land in controversy. In regard to this very little need be said. It is not insisted that she did anything since she attained her majority which can work an estoppel. All that is claimed is that when she made her deed she asserted that she was of age and competent to convey. We are not, therefore, required to' consider how far a married woman can be estopped by her acts when she has the single disability of coverture. The question is, whether acts and declarations of. an infant during infancy can estop him. from asserting the invalidity of his deed after he has attained his majority. In regard to this there can be no doubt, founded either upon reason or authority. Without spending time to look at the reason", the authorities are all one way. An estoppel in pais is hot applicable to infants, and a fraudulent representation of capacity cannot be an equivalent for actual capacity. Brown v. McClune, 5 Sandf. (N. Y.) 224; Keen v. Coleman, 39 Pa. St. 299. A conveyance by an infant is an assertion of his right to convey. A contemporaneous declaration of his right or.of his age adds nothing to what is implied in his deed. An assertion of an estoppel against him is but a claim that he has assented or contracted. But he can no more do that effectively "than he can make the' contract alleged to be "confirmed.
It is, however, unnecessary to dilate upon this branch of the case. • The judgment of the Circuit Court was not rested upon any estoppel of the '.complainant. •
Our conclusion upon the whole matter is that the complainant was entitled to the decree for which she asked. The decree will-be reversed, and the record remitted with instructions to enter a decree in accordance with this opinion; and it is
So ordered..
|
http://www.pressreleasepoint.com/handy-backup-disaster-recovery-smaller-faster-and-fail-safe-version-15-gpt-support-released | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | Handy Backup Disaster Recovery – Smaller, Faster and Fail-Safe Version 1.5 with GPT Support Released
Printer-friendly versionPDF version
One of most important situations when the backup turns to the bare necessity is a risk of disaster when all data collected by previous work of a computer unit may be somehow lost under major circumstances. Such circumstances may be as bad as total destruction of a system, or as sweet as purchasing of a brand new one computer, but in each situation data must be returned on its place.
(PressReleasePoint) - To help users restore all system data without a fault, Novosoft, LLC releases the brand new utility of bare-metal data recovery called Handy Backup Disaster Recovery (HBDR). This software edition is packed by the most modern functions and allows user to restore an entire disk image without any extra effort.
Alliance, Ohio, June 26, 2014 – Novosoft, LLC announces release of a new version of utility called Handy Backup Disaster Recovery (HBDR), the capable, versatile tool for autonomous restoring of disk images. The new version gives users a possibility of working with GPT-partitioned disk images. It has also improves performance and stability of data copying, being fail-proof from most external errors and failures.
«We are taught our software how to avoid successfully most unexpected situations generated by malfunctioning hardware or unstable third-party software generating exceptions. For now, our disaster recovery utility is almost utterly fail-proof, and it is too difficult task to re-create situations where it fails. It also supports automatically most types of networks include wireless connections», - said Alexey Dolgushev, Head of Handy Backup Business Development Department.
The new version of software package takes a completely new internal structure, being two times smaller and significantly faster than previous editions. It has also a new set of exception-controlling functions catching almost any unpredicted situation that can occur during the process of hard disk image copying.
This new version also supports disk images based on GUID partition table (GPT) logical standard. This feature allows perfect saving and restoration of disk images of almost any level of complexity.
Another important change is a wide spectrum of network types supported by utility, include wireless network adapters. This feature provides user a momentarily access to all the network functions needed for correct data restoration without an extra effort.
About Novosoft LLC
The Novosoft, LLC is a software company specializing on IT consulting and automation of business processes primarily. The more than twenty years on IT market makes Novosoft, LLC a popular brand among individual and corporate users throughout the world. Skilled Novosoft developers are created some product lines, reasonably priced and strongly supported by Novosoft tech crew.
About Handy Backup Disaster Recovery
Handy Backup Disaster Recovery (HBDR) is the standalone disk image backup and restoration software, capable to restore an image of OS even to bare-metal (having no OS yet) computer. The intuitive graphical interface of HBDR, along with its strong functionality, allows user to create entire images of hard disk and restore it when needed, keeping all the system information on these disks intact and fail-proof in any circumstances.
For more information about Handy Backup Disaster Recovery, see the official product website www://handybackup.net.
Press Contact:
Oksana Lukina
-
3303475
http://handybackup.net
**@**v**o**.net
Email partially hidden to block spam. Please use the contact form here.
Contact Oksana Lukina
Email the contact person for this press release. Do not send spam or irrelevant message.
6 + 3 =
News Source : Handy Backup Disaster Recovery – Smaller, Faster and Fail-Safe Version 1.5 with GPT Support Released
Copy this html code to your website/blog to embed this press release..
|
http://www.grandtheftwiki.com/index.php?title=Special:RecentChangesLinked&hideminor=1&target=Trish_Camden | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | Changes related to "Trish Camden"
Jump to: navigation, search
This is a list of changes made recently to pages linked from a specified page (or to members of a specified category). Pages on your watchlist are bold.
Recent changes options
Legend:
N
This edit created a new page (also see list of new pages)
m
This is a minor edit
b
This edit was performed by a bot
(±123)
The page size changed by this number of bytes
Show last 50 | 100 | 250 | 500 changes in last 1 | 3 | 7 | 14 | 30 days
Show minor edits | Show bots | Hide anonymous users | Hide registered users | Hide my edits
Show new changes starting from 17:47, 30 May 2016
Page name:
28 May 2016.
|
556155_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | 待った（まった）とは、勝負事において、相手の行動に対して満足な状況でないことによりやり直しを要求する状態である。
概要
相撲用語では、やむを得ない理由で勝負開始前、あるいは途中で止める際のかけ声であり、またその止める行為そのものを意味する。
囲碁や将棋では相手の次の手を見て、それが自分が困る手の場合にもう一度前回の自分の手まで戻って指し直しをすることを求める場合に「待った」という。これは正式にはルール違反である。
転じて重要なイベントなどで横やりが入って中断するのを「待ったがかかった」と言ったり、切羽詰っていることを「…まで待ったなし」と表現する例がある。スポーツなどで、相手に優勝がかかる試合などで勝利した場合にも「待ったをかけた」という表現がされることがある。
相撲
相撲の場合、勝負開始前のものとしては力士が立合いで息が合わず勝負開始が成立しない場合に生じる。力士自身が身振り手振りで待ったを示す場合と、手つき不十分で行司が待ったをかける場合があり後者は「行司待った」と呼ばれる。
取組中では、廻しが緩んだり力士が出血をした場合、行司の判断で待ったをかけることがある。通常前者を｢廻し待った｣と呼び、後者の場合鼻血が出た際の対応を表わす「鼻血待った」という用語がある。また、勝負が長時間に及び、力士の動きがなくなった際にも待ったがかかる。この場合は水入りという。
立合いの待ったについて
本来は相撲の立合いには時間制限がなかったため、互いの息が合うまでは待ったをしてよかったが、現在の大相撲においては制限時間が設けられている。そのため、逆に制限時間内で始めようとしない風潮が広まってしまった（立合いの項も参照）。したがって、現在では時間前に片方の力士が突っ掛けて「待った」となる場合も存在するが、普通に「待った」として取り上げられるのは、制限時間以降のことである。大相撲では制限時間一杯になると行司が「待ったなし!」「待ったありません!」と声を掛ける。大山（元幕内・大飛）のコラムによると、時間前に仕切って立たないのも厳密には「待った」である。
それ以降は、原則としては立つ（相撲を始める）必要があるから、特別な理由で待ったをする場合、はっきりとした意思表示が必要である。普通は待ったをする力士が前に片手をあげることで意思表示し、行司がこれを認めて相撲を止めることで成立する。時に待ったをしたつもりで相撲を止めたが行司が立合い成立を認め、そのため相手に一方的に押し出され、負けとなる例がある。
制限時間に立てない理由は様々であるが、よく言われるのは制限時間内で見合う際に呼吸を合わせることをしない、という点である。まだ立たなくてよい、とおざなりに見合っていては、本番時にうまく息が合わない、いつでも立つつもりで見合うべきだと言われる。昭和の大横綱・双葉山や大鵬などは、1回目の仕切りから立てるように仕切っていたと言われ、実際に奇襲のつもりで最初の仕切りで立ってきた力士（双葉山に対する龍王山、大鵬に対する大雪）を一蹴したことがある。
これとは別に、相手の気勢を削ぐために待ったをする場合がある。待ったの起源（「大相撲「待った」の由来」の項参照）がこれであるとも言われているが、評判の良い作戦とは言えない。
待ったが増えた場合には、そのような立合いの真剣さが問われたこともあった。その待ったを減らすため、当時の二子山理事長（元横綱・初代若乃花）の「鶴の一声」で、1991年9月場所から十両・幕内の仕切りの制限時間（十両3分・幕内4分）を過ぎてから故意の待ったをした場合は、両力士(後に原因となった力士のみ)に対して制裁金（当初は罰金、十両5万円・幕内10万円）が科せられていた。しかし、罰金を支払ってでも有利な立合いをしたい力士には全く機能せず、7年後の1998年9月場所限りで「待った制裁金」制度は廃止された。2004年夏場所からは待ったを1場所で3回した力士は審判部に呼んで注意を与えている。
大相撲「待った」の由来
立合いの時「待った」をかける力士がいるが、昔は「待った」というルールはなかった。行司が軍配を引くと、どんな場合でも必ず立合わなければならない。ところが「待った」が初めて登場するのは享保時代（1716－1735年）。無敗の大関初代谷風梶之助を、何とかして負かしたいという関脇八角楯之助が、紀州の名行司尺子一学に「立合いは、いくら苦しくともよくこらえて立つべき」との教えを守り、谷風との対戦で「待った」を連発、焦らし戦法でようやく宿敵に勝った。これが「待った」の始まりとされているが、戦略的にはこれ以前にもあったという説もある。
エピソード
慶応元年（1865年）11月場所、新大関の鬼面山谷五郎（のち横綱）－前頭6枚目両國梶之助（のち3代伊勢ヶ濱）の対戦で、両國の待ったが60数回、鬼面山が30数回と延々2時間以上に及び、日もすっかり暮れて、どちらかの歯から出血したのを機に勝負預りになったという珍記録が残っている。
1912年5月19日、五月場所の3日目、横綱太刀山 - 千年山の取組で、千年山が1時間37分待ったを54回くり返し、太刀山が2秒で勝った。当日は迪宮（のち昭和天皇）、淳宮（秩父宮）、光宮（高松宮）が観戦していたが、この取組のせいで最後まで観戦できなかった。夜になって淳宮から相撲協会に、その後の取組の勝敗結果を尋ねる電話があった。相撲好きの迪宮が翌日朝刊を待ちきれず、弟宮に電話をかけさせたのではないかという。
囲碁・将棋等の場合
囲碁や将棋やチェスで着手を直すことも「待った」といわれる場合もある。公式ルールでは即座に反則負けとなる。
囲碁の着手は盤上に置いた石から指が離れた瞬間、将棋の着手は動かした駒（または駒台から盤上に置いた駒）から指が離れた瞬間であり、以降はその手を直すことはできないが、指が離れない限りは手を直す（別の位置に置き直す）ことができる。チェスでは一度触った駒は必ず動す「タッチアンドムーブ」というルールになっており、一度触った駒を動かさずに別の駒を動かすことは反則負けとなる。
将棋では加藤一二三は銀河戦で「待った」をしたとして処分を受けたことがある。
囲碁では厳密には「自分が打って、相手が打った後に、『相手の打った手と自分の打った手』の差し戻し」が「待った」であり、「自分が打った後に『自分の打った手』の差し戻し」をすることはハガシと呼ばれて区別される。
ただし、素人のいわゆる縁台将棋などではごく普通に行われる。またパソコンソフトの囲碁や将棋では「待った」機能がついている例もある。ただし、上達のためには待ったをしないことが重要であるといわれる。
脚注
大相撲
将棋用語.
|
github_open_source_100_1_279 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | def set_module(module):
"""
A decorator to update the __module__ variable as is done in numpy.
References
----------
* https://numpy.org/devdocs/release/1.16.0-notes.html#module-attribute-now-points-to-public-modules
* https://github.com/numpy/numpy/blob/544094aed5fdca536b300d0820fe41f22729ec66/numpy/core/overrides.py#L94-L109
"""
def decorator(func):
if module is not None:
func.__module__ = module
return func
return decorator
|
github_open_source_100_1_280 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import React from 'react';
import { Route, IndexRoute} from 'react-router';
import App from './components/App';
import AuthPage from './components/auth/AuthPage';
import AboutPage from './components/about/AboutPage';
import HomePage from './components/home/HomePage';
import BooksPage from './components/books/BooksPage';
import AddBookPage from './components/books/AddBookPage';
import Dashboard from './components/auth/Dashboard';
function requireAuth(store, nextState, replace, next){
if(!store.getState().user.auth){
replace('/');
}
next();
}
export default (store) => {
return (
<Route path="/" component={App}>
<IndexRoute component={HomePage}/>
<Route path="/about" component={AboutPage}/>
<Route path="/auth" component={AuthPage}/>
<Route path="/books" component={BooksPage} onEnter={requireAuth.bind(this, store)}/>
<Route path="/add-book" component={AddBookPage} onEnter={requireAuth.bind(this, store)}/>
<Route path="/dashboard" component={Dashboard} onEnter={requireAuth.bind(this, store)}/>
</Route>
);
};
|
sn83025316_1912-05-20_1_11_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | 1:31 r.· r 3 r I· Iý a ¢ Ai r ' ,.- feel.,ut orr f hegr, M. wif.... ex. e. teasto me %#1 I t ,I, 5jjjjjjjp jji 'i: I fwIt Q~t.t uory tow the git) Mu wlt. e~kitq~ th8lae m I mu~t opnfmu 'he~O tO me'~ TIhe damsI only seemed to have The girl I. saving twenty gowns A smirle dress. To go away. i.Pd the glit. Ainswer to yesterday's pussel-Upside down under Turk's Per word, each time.................1 cent Per lina' per month...........7.. cents All Ade must be ordered for a stated length of time. Ot bern for ads to be taken out must be in the office before 8 p. m. 'Minimum Charge, 16 Cents. HELP WANTED-MALL WANTED--MALE TO WORK IN orchards, $1.50 per day and find, M. Lt. Dean, state horticulturist, chamber of commerce rooms. GOOD, RESPONSIBLE, WIDE awake hustler. Corporation Securities Company. F. N. Truesdale.. 110 Buast Cedar street, Missoula, Mont. WANTED-FOR U. S. ARMY, able bodied, unmarried men, between ages St 13 and 31, citizens of United states Of good character and temperate habits, . Praise, speak read and write the Unger. For further information, apply to recruiting officer, 3rd floor, A-len-lock, 320 Higgins' Ave., Missoula. WANTED - PEMAID. GIRL; FOR GENERAL HOUSEWORK. Apply 707 South Third, west. COMPETENT GIRL FOR GENERAL housework. 740 South Second, west. WANTED - GIRL FOR GENERAL housework. Apply 803 South Sixth, west. WANTED - A NURSE MAID. Apply Mrs. I. W. Spottswood, 1000 Gerald avenue. WANTED - COMPETENT GIRL FOR general housework; good wages. Apply 415 Ronald avenue. HELP WANTED. WANTED - MAN COOK, HOTEL, $45; waitresses, $40; 4 chambermaids. Western Emp. Office. GOVERNMENT WANTS POST OFFICE ties clerks; carriers; $85.00 month; Missoul examinations coming; cohining free. Franklin Institute, Det.: 11i P., Rochester, N. Y. MEN AND WOMEN TO LEARN barber trade in eight weeks; special Inducements now; percentage paid "While learning; tools free; secured over 10,000 positions 1911; graduates ra $16 to $82 weekly; catalogue free. Moler System of Colleges, 226 3rd avenue, Spokane, Wash. EMPLOYMENT AGENCIES, LUMBER POLONTYMENT AGENTS , P. SMP. AGENCY, 667 HIGGINS AVIAN. AMERICAN LABOR 130 West. Front street; Sell Sd4. Open day and night CITY REEMPTIONMENT OFFICE, ice court, city hall; Ind. phone/488. ap'of all kinds furnished on short ..· Im 'e EIN THE QE=AT IGRT MILE S EAST OF OANDO ,B 40 ie hotto m meadow- lAn the richest soil on arrt; four-m. house, barn, other buildings; finest Water r f r poses; timber convenient; good out. idt ran ±e.,l Theis a might oQh.placer for 4,500; one-half)sh, terms on baïnes. No one 13;t i 71. t t C =r S SITUATIONS WAITED. ODD JOBIS ON APTERNOON AND Saturdays toe, University students at $60 per hour. Tel. to University. SITUATIONS WANTED - FEMALE. A WOMAN WANTS WORK BY THE DAY. Phone 1136 Ind. LADY WANTS WORK BY THE DAY. Bell phone 1065 red. WOMAN WANTS WORK BY THE DAY. Address: M. M., Missoulian. WANTED CURTAINS TO LAUNDER. 1002 Vine street; phone Ind. 37568 SITUATION WANTED - MALE. A GOOD WHITE MAN WANTS work of any kind; house cleaning, a specialty; prompt response. Address box 494, city. WANTED - YOUNG MAN WANTS position as clerk in, general store; experienced in hardware, dry goods and groceries; no objection to leaving Missoula. Best of references. Address M. X., care Missoulian. WANTED SALESMEN. AN OPPORTUNITY FOR A LIVE man selling our guaranteed Yakima Valley grown neryse stock; ex clusive territory; outfit free; cash weekly; "hustle," not experience, re qulre. Toppenlsh Nursery conm pany, Toppenish. Wash. FOR RENT--URNISHED ROOMS. 21I SOUTH THIRD STREET WEST. TWO, MODERN. 2228g. FIFTH EAST. MODERN ROOM. 815 BE FRONT. Reference required, MODERN ROOMS, NEAT AND DE slrable; two blocks from bridge, 131 S. Fith west. HOU EAEPING. ROOMS POR RENT 415 WEST PINE. 211 W. SPRUCE, WITH GAS. MOD;iRN ROOMS WITH GAS. 404 East Spruce. 2 NICF.'LY FURNISHEDI . HOUSE keeuping roous. Iuqulre 1114 Cooper street. FOR RENT-STORH ROOMS PINE LOCATION FOR BMALL GRO cory; just the place for man and irfe or with son or daughter to as slat; can make a nlae living and save a comfortable sum each month besides. See W. P. Smith, 317 Ste vens street. -ORISALI-REAIL SSTATS, FOR SALE-INDIAN LANDS, RN linquishments and town property on the Flathead Indian reservation. Montana. Ad4ress "The Flathead Land 'Compan, Ronan, Montana, box 1i5. k WOMAN'S EXCHANGE. ulNHr SERVED AT WOMAN'S EX ohange from 11 a. m. to 7 p. m. Pk* ctas b DA isRY ;uid flmAu n h ust oa 03o fent. l, o equppd t, he.. fall rentiln O t Ad st 1e TrADan' iD A OR o ~one mIe from town, Diated" to sweet cherries' and craw. see Auh, 187$? West Main." RAI'C SO1A, - 80 ACRwS; .I. . altý Hilies hfrom indoulat uo wa rgh.t; 100 eais seasoned 6wl W; terms. 4nqulre at ranch J. 14 HMabery, Grant Creek. A WIDOW'S GRAIN FARM OF 160 acres, near Drummond; 8 acres in wheat; prospects fine; yielded 88 bushels per acre last year; for sale for a short time at only $26 per acre. Act at once if you want a big land. Address Wheatland, Milford. 40-ACRE IRRIGATED RANCH; 3 acres cultivated; 10 cabin, barn and hamshed, garden, spring, orchard, 20 acres; excellent fruit land; best water right; 1-mile from town; $4,000 if taken before June 1; half cash, balance times no trade. Own, Box 184, Thompson Falls, Mont. FOR RENT - HOUSE FIVE-ROOM HOUSE, 615 ALDER street. 4-ROOM MODERN FLAT, J. W. Beard, 401 Cottonwood. ONE APARTMENT IN CURTAIN flats. Bell phone 188 black. EIGHT-ROOM HOUSE, $23 WEST Cedar. Inquire 818 West Cedar. GOOD FOUR-ROOM HOUSE NEAR N. P. depot. 125 North Third. SIX ROOMS, MODERN RANGES and shades; barn. Inquire 1112 Vine. 4-ROOM APARTMENT, ROZAL apartments. Inquire 11 blk. Bell phone. BOWLAND APARTMENTS; FIVE and six rooms. Wheeldon; Bell 89; Ind. 482. SIX-ROOM MODERN, RANGE, shades. 115 Brooks. Ind. Phone 2740. TWO FOUR-ROOM COTTAGES IN Prescott's orchard. $10 per month. Apply C. R. Prescott. LOWER THREE-ROOM MODERN apartment with wall bed. 715 West Spruce; phone 544 black. TWO-ROOM HOUSE FOR RENT; reasonable terms, at edge of town, south side. Phone 647 red, or Missoula. NICE EIGHT-ROOM HOUSE. CLOSE in; corner Main and Madison; large yard; fruit and shade trees. Inquire J. J. Deakin, UPPER POUR-ROOM FLAT, MODERN, newly kalsomining and papered; range; linoleum: $14, water pad. Inquire on premises, 601 North Sec west, or phone, Bell 1008; Ind. TO TRADILE WANTED--TO TRADE FOR heavy work horses. Phone 7921. TO EXCHANGE--A NICE HOME IN Butte for Missoula property. W. I. Cobbla, Box 600. EIGHTY ACRES STONE AND TIMBER. Call 1020 West Phillippine phone Ind. 26809. WILL TRADE $1,400 EQUITY IN modern cottage for five-passenger, 40 h.p. automobile of equal value. Nonpareil confectionery. NEW CONCRETE BRICK MACHINE; capacity 6,000 bricks per day; might consider horse and buggy or vacant lots. R. Thomas, route No. 1. BOARD AND ROOM. HOME COOKING. 501 EAST PINE. WANTED--YOUNG LADY OR GENTLEMAN for room with board; hot and cold water; close in. Address C., Missoula. WANTED-PURNI8HID ROOMS, FIRST-CLASS FURNISHED ROOM; north side; quiet. N. Y., care Missoula. CARPET WEAVING. CARPET WEAVING; ALSO INGRAIN rugs. Nast 1018 Cooper street. Phone, Bell 16881 red HIDES AND FURS THAT. OLD N.Y. Call Western Hide & Junk CO. Bell , 11 IQ|e6re % Highest prices paid for PURE COSTAINE TO MAINTAIN from its return. Smeaeyi t% fi ott lolt; $330; term., AND NIGHT tIo n. Call on e 1 401 a street. O: addn.;l Phone 01$ MT R 621 AC! PIN eit rooms, t. with large taln. H. A. M at. Phone 10-red, FR GAI· W MoDERN LIVE 404 Blaine street; Slhgea im tef haing plant. flir place S o er, 211 Woodford. SN G W. - Root tODDEIRN house, :1280 r d streetl fine orchard: two l. I0xl : small pay. ttent down, Iahlane on easy terms. Inquire W, H. *loostton, city hall. BY OWNIIR, IIIR VN- OOM MOD eran house of Otl -oot lot; all kinds bearing fruit, d shade trees; one block from street school, $1.,00; essy termt. Address 24i Edith street. NEW, 6-ROOM. OD IRN HOUSE. West End; carlot: nice fruit trees, garden, chicken yard and sheds; also 5-room cottage, fruit trees, cement walks; easy terms for each. Address H. C., Missoulian. A GOOD HOME CHAP. $1,350; IN easy monthly payments (same as rent), or $1,110 cash; two story house; Chickering house; fruit trees; on four lots; corner Worden and North Fifth streets. See it and then phone 304 red, or call to see me at room 8, Higg block. F. D. Whisler. FOR RENT. PURNISHED NOUSES. FOR RENT ROOMS, MODERN. 41 East Front. FOR RENT ROOMS, MODERN. 817 East Front. 4-ROOM MODERN COTTAGE, WITH piano. E. ML, Missoulian. NEW 6-ROOM FURNISHED HOUSE, $15 per month. 714 Cleveland. VITERNISHED 1-ROOM APARTMENT. No. 20, Rosale. Phone 718 orange. 4-ROOM MODERN FURNISHED apartment; for six months desirable tenant. Address H. S, Missoulian. FOUR-ROOM FURNISHED HOUSE. IID COT-. tage; water in house; one block from ear line; 1512 1st Sixth street west. Phone 1907. ESTRAY. ONE BLACK HORSE, 900 POUND. branded D. IL left shoulder. Reward. Krametr, phone 844 red. BROWN MARK ISLAND "J," came to our place May 1. Owner may have same by paying for this ad. M. Lundeen, Box 374, city. INSURANCE. FIRE, LIFE AND ACCIDENT INSURANCE. Insurance. H. A. Chase, 802 Grand avenue. S WOOD SAWING WOOD BAWING. CALL RILLY'S grocery. FOR SALE-INDIAN ALLOTMENTS. THREE INDIAN ALLOTMENTS, 20 sores each, four miles from Polson, on the tails. Address John A. Matt. Arlee, Mont WANTED-MISCELLANEOUS. WANTED-MISCELLANEOUS. WANTED-A SECOND-HAND HAND horse. Call 7782 red. WE PAY TOP PRICES FOR SPIRING chickens. (offered Parlor. West Main. For Sale 6-room modern house, south side, $200 down and $9 per month," 28,800. 5-room modern house, south side; $300 down and $26 per month; 41,7040 6-room house, partly modern; fruit trees, bearing; 2 lots; easy terms! $1,600. 4-room house, pretty modern, south side down and $15 per month, $650. A nice home on the north side, three lots; bearing fruit trees, garden; terms, $1,000. 7-room house, up to date; a beautiful home; $4,210. It costs you nothing to see these homes. Let us show them to you, then, compare with others, Money to loan in City or Ranch property. L. O. 1, · wi F G- 3",.. liX 1. t,,. atLA WOOD 1. Eas.. RAVY HORSES AT P'Ol SAZA* 'S- ED POTATOES. MIS W I ita MVkel opInpany. a MAUI MI dAP TOBACCO. CALLE or write I Daly avenue. TWO P C1{3 LASS POOL TAI.ES. I'qul " e5iester poolroom. OLD PAPER FOR SALE AT 314d. 1 attalla el ee a hundred. CYPHEIS MODEL INCUBATOR cheap. Address CO.MBIISATION WRITING DIE and bookcase, cheap. Phone 132 red. PACK STOCK HORSES AND mules. Robert Johnson, R. D. No. 2. FOR SALE--AIR-FORCE WASHING machines, $8. Mcttley Hardware Co. FOR SALE--CASCADER RANCH, 181st inch ovens. 830. Mcttley Hardware Co. FOR SALE PROPOSITION-ONE SINGLE sewing machine, almost new. 1411 South Fifth West. BARGAIN IN SMALL ROOMING house It taken soon. 831 Higgins avenue. Cheap rent. POPCORN WAGON, GOOD CONDITION; a bargain used very little. Apply 114 West Cedar. TULIP FLOWERS: GET YOUR ORDER in early for decoration day. C. Mains, phone Bell 7420. FOR SALE - CHAP, Hvo-Pa14ScN ger Hudson touring car: first-class condition. Box 618, Hamilton, Mont. TULIPS FOR DECORATION, ALSO aster and pansy plants. I. Q. Roberts, Bell phone 7430. It. F. D. No 8. FOR SALE--NO. 6 REMINGTON typewriter In first-class condition; $21; a bargain. Apply at Missoullan office. ON ACCOUNT OF MOVING AWAY will sell brand new White sewing machine. Inquire 1412 South Fifth west. DRESSERS. COMMODES. 13 ED - steads, springs, etc., cheap. Iverson & Stephens, 104 East Main, basement. A IN' G-YAR-OLD MILCH COW: will be fresh In 10 days: also one Durham 2-year-old bull; a fine one. Call 100 E. Main. HORSES FOR SALE AT 200 EAST Main; mares, geldings, mules and - saddle horses, sold on monthly payments. Iman & Son; both phones 4l6. L. ONE 40 H. P. 4-CYCLING CONTI nental motor, used only 30 days; can be used for irrigating or traction; cost $425; price, $150. 737 10. Front. FURNITURE. NEW AND SECOND hand: I pay highest price for second hand household goods; Hans Jensen. 126 W. Main: t18 black; Ind. 17654. THO.I' ANDS OF CASH, TOO MAN to and fill flower dainties. Last year orders at P. M. Delaney's store, or the pilding J. W. (ouney; phones Hell 361 rdl; Independent 1386. BEIDE X4Pl'PPl.IH: ALSHO PURi AP ple elder, made by the hydraulic elder press. Orders filled promptly. (all r17 North First street, or phone ,Bell 7x10. FOR SALE CHEAP: A range, fine condition; one in tight heater, one fill, one crosscut sash, new national, blackens, layo lump, belleek top. Pianos 8711 red. FOR SALE: 14th, 1912 FURRY Merkle mnortryclel, chain drive, 'e'iltipld with 2 lamps, sirtno horn and linder; to in first-class condition. Call on J. Cord at Goldie Rule store. POULTRY AND G00S. I. C. RHODIO ISLAND RED DOGI $1.60 per 15. For sale by John Voss, Florence, Mont. GE+:T TCfl 1I394T1` R. 1. URIN I1)0108 for hatching, $1 per setting. 1211 Howell. Ind. 26t5. RHODE It4,AND li.D I.CTas, HALlr. price bIalatnce of seasonl. M. A. Cromwell, Missoula. WH1 5TJ WYANDOTTIE 0F8, PER setting of 15, 12: per hundred, $7. Blsboo Bros. Phone 8621 black. KEIDL.I1RTRA.MS, WORLD'S PA mous orystal white Orpingtons; baby oltlcks, eggs and pens. C. A. Harnois, 019 Bouth Third St., Mis soula. 0G0S FOR MATCHING FROM PRO. lifc1 Barred Rooks; pens headed by superb males from Willard's flookL stock bred to lay and pay. Psne 440 reds 1nd. 11ll. DON'T WAW61f YOUIt TIMIE, BUY guaranteed fertile 'ggs, Single Comb Brown and White lleghornts, 1t per setting; special prices per hundred. 710 Mouth Fifth street, west. Phone 047 black. FOR SAI. OR R4NT. rOR MSAALi OR TIONT--NIN STE vensville, modern cottage, 5 rooms and bath; all improvements; b4rn, poultry house, root collar; one to 30 acres to go with it; rent reason able or sell cheap, F. M., Mts soutlan, FOR RANT..-OFFICEg. FOR RT.NT-ONlI .OFFICE, ROOM second floor Montana )lock, fur. Wished coamplete with mahogany fur. niture, typewriter, adding machihe, safe and tle Ones; reasohr ble rent. oin 11 Montana block, FOk NiN1 ROOM*, TW 0.0ooM i UtTeg WIT P T. hth. econd floor Hammond T k, Inquing renm 18, Hammond blook braAYSU bk SOLEN ,brante .J, on soft loulder. Rob art Johuson, 1. D. No.. ITORAIG OGENERAIL STORAGE - VEIRY thlrl on earth: expert packin and bcratnt. J. W. Rooty, 134 W. Cedar. HATTER, HATS C.IAANICD AND BLOCKED. Hat iBox, 41 North Hititnls Lvenut. Notiee. Notice of Intention of the City Council of the City of Missoula, Montana, to Adopt a Resolution Levying and Assessing a Special Assessment and Tax to Defray the Cost and Expense of Constructing a Storm Sewer in Special Improvement District No. 3, In the City of Missoula, Montana. Notice is hereby given that a resolution levying a special assessment and tax upon all property situated within Special Improvement District No. 8, to defray the cost and expense of constructing a storm sewer in said special improvement District No. 8, is now on file in the office of the city clerk of said city of Missoula, Montana, subject to inspection within the 11th day of May, 1912, and all persons concerned or in any way interested in any of the property described in said resolution and against which any special assessment and tax is levied and assessed by said resolution, are hereby notified that Wednesday, the 29th day of May, 1912, at 10 o'clock a.m. of said day, and the council chamber of the city council in the city hall, in the city of Missoula, Montana, has been fixed by said city council as the time and place, when and where said city council will be in session and will hear protests to or objections against the final passage and adoption of said resolution, or to any assessment or tax thereby levied or assessed. By order of the city council. W. H. SMITH City Clerk, Of the City of Misaoula, Montana. Dated May 16, 1912, Notice. Notice of Intention of the City Council of the City of Missoula, Montana. to Adopt a Rlesolution Levying and a Assessing a Special Assessment and Tax to Defray the Cost and Expense of Constructlng a Storm RSwer in r Special Improvement Diatrict No. 8.4, Sin the City of Missotla, Montana. Notice is lereby gIven that a resolu tion levying a special assessment and taix upon all property sItuatedl wllhil SIe.lal ImpTrovment T)istrict No. 0-4. to defray the cost and expense of con. strulctling a lstorll slwe.r In saidt Specill Improvement District No. 8-4, Is now on file in the offih'c of the city clerk of said city of Missoula. Montalna. stnljeet t~t Ioinspection uti the .hRti day of May, 1912, andl all laeraons cnePrnedl or In anyv way interested in any of the p'rol lrt'y dearlthed In salid res.olltion antd T against which any speciltl assessnleart id and tax is levied anld naseseald by Bald ,. resolution, are hereby notified that L Wednesday, the 29th day of May, 1912, at 10 o'clock a. tm. of said day, and the council chamber of the city councll in n the city hall, in thoI city of Missoula, n: Montana. has been fixed by maid city t. teuncil oas the time andll plia'.., when amnd where said city councll will be in sen . rslonn and will hear protests to or olaje,-. -lions against thel final panssage and as adoption of Mlld resoltlion. or to any .l assessment or tax thg',eby levied or, asoessed. By order of the cHlv ealln. W. II. SMITHI .ity flork, Of the t'ity of Misanula, Montana. Dated May 16, 1912 I - - Notice. Notice of intention of the City Council of the City of Helena, Montana, to adopt a Resolution Levying and Assessing a Special Assessment and Tax to Defray the Cost and Expense of Constructing a Storm Newer in Special Improvement District No. 3, in the city of Helena, Montana. Notice is hereby given that a resolution levying a special assessment and tax upon all property situated within Special Improvement District No. 3, to defray the cost and expense of constructing a storm sewer in said Special Improvement District No. 3, now on file in the office of the city clerk of said city of Helena, Montana, subject to inspection by the 28th day of May, 1912, and all persons concerned are hereby notified that on Wednesday, the 29th day of May, 1912, at 10 o'clock a.m. of said day, and the Council chose the city council out of the city hall, in the city of Missoula, Montana, has been fixed by said city council at the time and place, when and where said city council will be in session and will hear protests to or objections against the final passage and adoption of said resolution, or to any assessment or tax thereby levied on the assessed. By order of the city council, W. H. Smith, Clerk of the City of Missoula, Montana. Dated May 16, 1912. Notice for Publication. Department of the Interior, United States Land Office at Missoula, Montana, May 6, 1912. Notice is hereby given that Mary L. Booth, of Ironsburg, Montana, who on May 8, 1905 made homestead entry 2817, serial No. 0893, for the south half of the southeast quarter, lots 1 and 10, section 22, township 15 north, range 21 west, Montana meridian, has filed notice of intention to make final five-year proof, to establish claim to the land above described, before register and receiver, at Missoula, Montana, on the 37th day of June, 1918. Claimant names as witnesses: Louis Bouchard of Ironsburg, Montana; James A. Walsh, of Missoula, Montana; Joseph Orgnier of St. Ignatius, Montana; Edward Grenler of St. Ignatius, Montana. JOMIAN BILL, Register. 5-8 to 0.8--1913. Notice to Contractors. The sealed bids or proposals will be received by the city clerk at the city hall, Missoula, Montana, till 10 o'clock a.m., May 7, 1912, for the city side walk and curb contract for the year 1913, in accordance with the specifications now on file in the city engineer's office, Missoula, Montana. A certified check on a Missoula bank for $100,000, made payable to the city treasurer to be forfeited to the city of Missoula in case the bidder must enter into an agreement at his bid. L. P. St. Company each bid. Oty council reserves the right to vote. W. K. Or. 1. O. O. O. W. WO isr m e 11440are 1 i 11 acres, part roved........ 140 acres, land is now 1. 100 acres, improved......... 68 east, all good......... Roveruon &a 104 last Main St. Bell 03 -lPhonees ll. 3. & A. Building SOOISTY DIRSOTOY. WOODMUN OF TALI WOOD CAMP NO. 1--Meets the second and fourth Friday nights of each month, Odd Fellows' hall under. JOHN DOLL, O. J. ABBY, Clerk. 5Ml Harris street. KNIGHTS OF COLUMBUS. SOULIA COUNCIL NO. 10-Meets in Odd Fellows' hall first and third Thursday evenings of each month. A. P. QUINN, grand Knight. D. W. FITZPATRICK, Fin. Sec. MIBSOULA LODGE NO. 18 A. P. & A. M.--Regular meetings first and third Tuesdays in Masonic temple. O. O. W. W. H. L. BADLIR, Secretary. WESTERN BUN CHAPTER, NO. 11, R. A. M.--Meets first and third Friday of each month in Masonic temple. J. W. LISTNER, H. P. S. H. M'CALL, Secretary. TRIAN COUNCIL NO. 1, R. AND B. M.-Meets at Masonic temple, second Wednesday of each month, at 7:10 p. m. Visiting companions are cordially invited. H. C. JOHNSON, T. I. M. P. H. KNISLEY, Recorder. HARMONY LODGE NO. 8, A. P. & A. M.-Meets in K. of P. Hall, 19, Front street. Regular communications, 1st and 3rd Mondays. Visiting members are especially invited. P. H. KNISLEY, W. C. R. AVERY, Secretary. S. T. IMMANU C. C. CHAP - ITER IT. D--Regular meetings at second and fourth Saturdays of each month at 8:00 p. m., In Masonic temple. Visiting members cordially Invited. Alden W. W. W. MAY WARNER, Secretary. MAY WARNER, Secretary. MAY WARNER, NO. 32, P., O. Meets first and third Tuesdays of each month at 1:00 p. m., at Eagle hall. West Main. W. A. IOOAN, President. JAMES A. RAKER, Secretary. CHURCH HOLM, NO. 4, SONS OF THE CHURCH MECHANIC-Meets In 10agles' hall first and third Sundays of each month at 8 o'clock p. m. JNO. KIRK, President. P. W. KUPHAL, Secretary. THE CIRT OF HONOR-Meets first and third Fridays in I. O. O. F. at the residence of P. W. Kuphal. Pays death, sick and accident enables you to do not have to die to win. Phone Ind. 133'17. A. H. KENNIDY, Recorder. II . W, PENNY. State Manater. THE P'RATIPRNAI, RROTH oR ll }or), MTISBOITLA LODOBI NO. 379 a Meets the second and fourth Monday n eventings of each month In Knights of 3, Pythias Hall. MRS. IIf. N. lREIEN, Presldent.' NYV H. PIACK, eecretary. o. ,. . ELEV(TA CHAPTIR NO. 7-Meets first and third Thursdays of each month In Masonia temple. Visitors espe olally welcome. CLARIA L. LTAWYER, W. M. JAMIH I . WATIA(CI1, W. P. ANNIIE P. HEI,ld, Secretary. IINITI'Df ARTISANA-Meets every second Thursday at Odd 'ellowi' ball an.1t1., at 8 p. Im, H. J. WTIOIITMAN. M A. __._,. 1, Du NHAM. earrptle, MIEIOULA CAMP, NO. 5139. I. MW. A.-Regular meetings first and third Mondays at I p. m.: foresters' drill second and fourth Thursdays, I p. m,. 1. O. O. p. Hall. W. P. SPOKRSPIELD, ConsuL HENRY BLAKELY, Clerk, ' 117 Hlggins Ave LOTA IL ORD R OF MO0IIO -Meets rve cry second and fourth Thursday evenlnl of each month at KL oS P. hall. J. P. NETTLES, Dictator. H. SIUMMERS, Secretary. MODE RN BROTHIORHOOD OF AM RIC A, UNIVERSITY CITY ilOD(lI NO. 1l91--Meets in Odd 176t lows' hall, second and fourth Thuduay pights In each month at 8 o'clock. JOHN NICHOL%, President. JAMES L. WALLACEI, ecrdtary. Rooms Ill-1 Montana RHuldnt. For Sale Modern house with five large rooms, olosets, bath and pantry, located on fine 50-toot corner lot, on street oar line: $100 or $100 down and $85 per month will buy tills snap. TAYLOR & PEARSON BS. A A. Suilding Bell Phone 9201 Ind. Phone I5n. Por Frit. nsuraspe, t i etlla nrohard ladsi, ofty lots. We. |
github_open_source_100_1_281 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | // This file is a part of the OpenSurgSim project.
// Copyright 2013, SimQuest Solutions Inc.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
#include "SurgSim/Blocks/ShadowMapping.h"
#include "SurgSim/Graphics/OsgCamera.h"
#include "SurgSim/Graphics/OsgScreenSpaceQuadRepresentation.h"
#include "SurgSim/Graphics/OsgMaterial.h"
#include "SurgSim/Graphics/OsgRenderTarget.h"
#include "SurgSim/Graphics/Program.h"
#include "SurgSim/Graphics/RenderPass.h"
#include "SurgSim/Graphics/OsgScreenSpacePass.h"
#include "SurgSim/Framework/Scene.h"
#include "SurgSim/Framework/BasicSceneElement.h"
#include "SurgSim/Framework/TransferPropertiesBehavior.h"
#include "SurgSim/Framework/PoseComponent.h"
#include "SurgSim/Blocks/GraphicsUtilities.h"
#include "SurgSim/Graphics/OsgLight.h"
#include <osg/PolygonMode>
namespace SurgSim
{
namespace Blocks
{
std::shared_ptr<Graphics::Camera> setupBlurPasses(
std::shared_ptr<Graphics::RenderPass> shadowMapPass,
int textureSize,
double blurRadius,
bool debug,
std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Framework::SceneElement>>* elements)
{
std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Framework::SceneElement>> result;
float shadowMapSize = static_cast<float>(textureSize);
float floatRadius = static_cast<float>(blurRadius);
std::shared_ptr<Graphics::Camera> perviousCamera = shadowMapPass->getCamera();
// Horizontal Pass
{
auto pass = std::make_shared<Graphics::RenderPass>("HorizontalBlurPass");
pass->getCamera()->setOrthogonalProjection(0, textureSize, 0, textureSize, -1.0, 1.0);
auto renderTarget = std::make_shared<Graphics::OsgRenderTarget2d>(textureSize, textureSize, 1.0, 1, false);
pass->setRenderTarget(renderTarget);
pass->setRenderOrder(Graphics::Camera::RENDER_ORDER_PRE_RENDER, 2);
// Material
auto material = Graphics::buildMaterial("Shaders/gauss_blur_horizontal.vert",
"Shaders/gauss_blur.frag");
material->getProgram()->setGlobalScope(true);
material->addUniform("float", "width");
material->setValue("width", shadowMapSize);
material->addUniform("float", "blurRadius");
material->setValue("blurRadius", floatRadius);
pass->setMaterial(material);
// Quad
auto graphics = std::make_shared<Graphics::OsgScreenSpaceQuadRepresentation>("Quad");
graphics->setSize(textureSize, textureSize);
graphics->setLocation(0, 0);
graphics->setTexture(perviousCamera->getRenderTarget()->getColorTarget(0));
graphics->setGroupReference("HorizontalBlurPass");
pass->addComponent(graphics);
if (debug)
{
pass->showColorTarget(512, 0, 256, 256);
}
perviousCamera = pass->getCamera();
elements->push_back(pass);
}
// Vertical Pass
{
auto pass = std::make_shared<Graphics::RenderPass>("VerticalBlurPass");
pass->getCamera()->setOrthogonalProjection(0, textureSize, 0, textureSize, -1.0, 1.0);
auto renderTarget = std::make_shared<Graphics::OsgRenderTarget2d>(textureSize, textureSize, 1.0, 1, false);
pass->setRenderTarget(renderTarget);
pass->setRenderOrder(Graphics::Camera::RENDER_ORDER_PRE_RENDER, 3);
// Material
auto material = Graphics::buildMaterial("Shaders/gauss_blur_vertical.vert",
"Shaders/gauss_blur.frag");
material->getProgram()->setGlobalScope(true);
material->addUniform("float", "height");
material->setValue("height", shadowMapSize);
material->addUniform("float", "blurRadius");
material->setValue("blurRadius", floatRadius);
pass->setMaterial(material);
// Quad
auto graphics = std::make_shared<Graphics::OsgScreenSpaceQuadRepresentation>("Quad");
graphics->setSize(textureSize, textureSize);
graphics->setLocation(0, 0);
graphics->setTexture(perviousCamera->getRenderTarget()->getColorTarget(0));
graphics->setGroupReference("VerticalBlurPass");
pass->addComponent(graphics);
if (debug)
{
pass->showColorTarget(756, 0, 256, 256);
}
perviousCamera = pass->getCamera();
elements->push_back(pass);
}
return perviousCamera;
}
/// Create the pass that renders the scene from the view of the light source
/// the identifier GROUP_SHADOW_CASTER is used in all graphic objects to mark them as used
/// in this pass
std::shared_ptr<Graphics::RenderPass> createLightMapPass(int textureSize, bool debug)
{
auto pass = std::make_shared<Graphics::RenderPass>(GROUP_SHADOW_CASTER);
auto renderTarget = std::make_shared<Graphics::OsgRenderTarget2d>(textureSize, textureSize, 1.0, 0, true);
pass->setRenderTarget(renderTarget);
pass->setRenderOrder(Graphics::Camera::RENDER_ORDER_PRE_RENDER, 0);
std::dynamic_pointer_cast<Graphics::OsgCamera>(pass->getCamera())->getOsgCamera()->setReferenceFrame(
osg::Transform::ABSOLUTE_RF);
auto material = Graphics::buildMaterial("Shaders/depth_map.vert", "Shaders/depth_map.frag");
material->getProgram()->setGlobalScope(true);
pass->setMaterial(material);
if (debug)
{
pass->showDepthTarget(0, 0, 256, 256);
}
return pass;
}
/// Create the pass that renders shadowed pixels into the scene,
/// the identifier GROUPD_SHADOW_RECEIVER is used in all graphics objects to mark them
/// as used in this pass
std::shared_ptr<Graphics::RenderPass> createShadowMapPass(int textureSize, double bias, double intensity, bool debug)
{
auto pass = std::make_shared<Graphics::RenderPass>(GROUP_SHADOW_RECEIVER);
auto renderTarget = std::make_shared<Graphics::OsgRenderTarget2d>(textureSize, textureSize, 1.0, 1, false);
pass->setRenderTarget(renderTarget);
pass->setRenderOrder(Graphics::Camera::RENDER_ORDER_PRE_RENDER, 1);
std::dynamic_pointer_cast<Graphics::OsgCamera>(pass->getCamera())->getOsgCamera()->setReferenceFrame(
osg::Transform::ABSOLUTE_RF);
auto material = Graphics::buildMaterial("Shaders/shadow_map.vert", "Shaders/shadow_map.frag");
material->getProgram()->setGlobalScope(true);
pass->setMaterial(material);
material->addUniform("float", "bias");
material->setValue("bias", static_cast<float>(bias));
material->addUniform("float", "intensity");
material->setValue("intensity", static_cast<float>(intensity));
if (debug)
{
pass->showColorTarget(256, 0, 256, 256);
}
return pass;
}
std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Framework::SceneElement>> createShadowMapping(
std::shared_ptr<Framework::Component> camera,
std::shared_ptr<Framework::Component> light,
int depthTextureSize,
int shadowTextureSize,
std::array<double, 6> lightCameraProjection,
double bias,
double intensity,
bool useBlur,
double blurRadius,
bool showDebug)
{
SURGSIM_ASSERT(camera != nullptr) << "Camera can't be nullptr.";
SURGSIM_ASSERT(light != nullptr) << "Light can't be nullptr.";
std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Framework::SceneElement>> result;
auto osgCamera = Framework::checkAndConvert<Graphics::OsgCamera>(camera, "SurgSim::Graphics::OsgCamera");
auto osgLight = Framework::checkAndConvert<Graphics::OsgLight>(light, "SurgSim::Graphics::OsgLight");
auto lightMapPass = createLightMapPass(depthTextureSize, showDebug);
result.push_back(lightMapPass);
lightMapPass->getCamera()->setValue("OrthogonalProjection", lightCameraProjection);
auto cameraNode = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<Graphics::OsgCamera>(lightMapPass->getCamera())->getOsgCamera();
cameraNode->getOrCreateStateSet()->setAttributeAndModes(
new osg::PolygonMode(osg::PolygonMode::BACK, osg::PolygonMode::FILL), osg::StateAttribute::ON);
auto copier = std::make_shared<Framework::TransferPropertiesBehavior>("Copier");
copier->setTargetManagerType(Framework::MANAGER_TYPE_GRAPHICS);
// connect the light pose and the light map camera pose, so when the light moves,
// this camera will move as well
// Stapling has the light and the camera on the same element, the view, take the view element and connect the pose
// to the light map pass
copier->connect(osgLight, "Pose", lightMapPass->getPoseComponent(), "Pose");
auto shadowMapPass = createShadowMapPass(shadowTextureSize, bias, intensity, showDebug);
result.push_back(shadowMapPass);
shadowMapPass->getMaterial()->addUniform("mat4", "lightViewMatrix");
copier->connect(lightMapPass->getCamera(), "FloatViewMatrix",
shadowMapPass->getMaterial(), "lightViewMatrix");
auto shadowMaterial = shadowMapPass->getMaterial();
// The projection matrix of the camera used to render the light map
shadowMaterial->addUniform("mat4", "lightProjectionMatrix");
copier->connect(lightMapPass->getCamera(), "FloatProjectionMatrix",
shadowMaterial, "lightProjectionMatrix");
// Get the result of the lightMapPass and pass it on to the shadowMapPass, because it is used
// in a pass we ask the system to use a higher than normal texture unit (in this case 8) for
// this texture, this prevents the texture from being overwritten by other textures
shadowMaterial->addUniform("sampler2D", "depthMap");
shadowMaterial->setValue("depthMap", lightMapPass->getRenderTarget()->getDepthTarget());
shadowMaterial->getUniform("depthMap")->setValue("MinimumTextureUnit", static_cast<size_t>(8));
// Make the camera in the shadowMapPass follow the main camera that is being used to render the
// whole scene
auto shadowCamera = shadowMapPass->getCamera();
copier->connect(osgCamera, "ProjectionMatrix", shadowCamera , "ProjectionMatrix");
copier->connect(osgCamera, "Pose", shadowCamera, "LocalPose");
// Put the result of the last pass into the main camera to make it accessible
auto material = std::make_shared<Graphics::OsgMaterial>("camera material");
material->addUniform("sampler2D", "shadowMap");
std::shared_ptr<Graphics::Texture> texture;
if (useBlur)
{
auto blurrPass = setupBlurPasses(
shadowMapPass,
shadowTextureSize,
static_cast<float>(blurRadius),
showDebug,
&result);
texture = blurrPass->getRenderTarget()->getColorTarget(0);
}
else
{
texture = shadowCamera->getRenderTarget()->getColorTarget(0);
}
material->setValue("shadowMap", texture);
material->getUniform("shadowMap")->setValue("MinimumTextureUnit", static_cast<size_t>(8));
osgCamera->getSceneElement()->addComponent(material);
osgCamera->setMaterial(material);
lightMapPass->addComponent(copier);
return result;
}
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_1_282 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import mod602 from './mod602';
var value=mod602+1;
export default value;
|
github_open_source_100_1_283 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | // 函数setup() : 准备阶段
function setup() {
// 创建画布，宽度640像素，高度480像素
// 画布的坐标系统为，左上角坐标为（0，0），
// x方向水平向右，y方向垂直向下，单位像素
createCanvas(500,500);
}
// 函数draw()：作画阶段
function draw() {
for(var i =0;i<10;i++)
{
var x = i*18;
var y = i*25;
var wd = 100-10*i;
var ht = 10+15*i;
ellipse(x,y,wd,ht);
}
}
|
sn88063294_1943-10-06_1_4_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | Wednesday, October 8, 1941 Page 4 Yale Ship Club Roll Still Open, Deadline Near Five days to be Only five days remain in which you can enroll as a member of the Detroit Times Christmas Ship Club which has as its sole aim the remembrance of service and women overseas who might otherwise be forgotten this December. The by patriotic Detroit and Michigan men and women to this far-fought call has been so enthusiastic that the memorial rolls of the club have welled to be filled. To the residents of Detroit and Michigan who are already members, congratulations are extended. ARE YOU A MEMBERS? Have you joined the club and done your part to provide a Merry Christmas for one of our boys or girls overseas who are fighting the good fight for the people or the home front? If you have not and wish to do so, mail it immediately to the Christmas Ship Editor We will rush your name to Mrs. John Anderson, president of the club and her committee within a few days they will return the name of an overseas or come to Washington. When you receive this name, select your gift. Wrap it according to military and postal regulations and mail it as soon as possible. DON'T DELAY Mail may be sent to son In overseas until Oct. 13, to navy personnel including marines and coast guard until Nov. 1. Rut don't hesitate another minute. If you haven't joined the club, do so immediately. A last minute rush of members is anticipated. The sooner you send in your name to us, the sooner you will receive the serviceman's or woman's name. JOIN NOW Sailors Win Donors' Flag Sailors stationed at the Ford Naval Training School are possessors today of a blood donor flag, awarded by the Red Cross for a 100 percent record in a contest with other departments. The all-season suit classic Navy or black pancake-trip man wear... wool woven with rayon and cotton and beautifully designed to the very tips of its lapels... Wear it with a frilly blouse... or with the tailored shirt as you see above. FASHION BASEMENT 1452 FARMER ST. INI OITROIT TIMES BEATING THE DEADLINE Girls of the Detroit ordnance district pictured in their reception room wrapping. Please send me the name of a serviceman, or woman to whom I shall mail a gift Christmas box. When I receive this name, I agree to comply with military and postal regulations in the packing and mailing of my gift. My name is... (Print or type street and No.) Kill out and mail this blank immediately to: Christmas Ship Editor, Detroit Times, 1370 Cass Ave., Detroit, Mich. Send a Times Over Then. Send a gill subscription to the Detroit Times to your man over seas! From now until Oct. 1, you may order WITHOI’T presenting a specific request from the address. Subscription price: 1 month (Daily and Sunday) $1.00 1 month (Daily only) $1.00 2 months (Daily and Sunday) $5.00 3 months (Daily and Sunday) $6.00 When ordering, please contact us at the address below. COMPLETE name and address of subscribers and enclose a check or money order. Address: Mail Subscription Department, The Detroit Times, 1370 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Mich. Please remember, you have ONLY until Get. IS to order such a gift subscription without accompanying your order with a perific request from an oversea man. Two Dot roil Perrys Consuse lloro Issue Harold H. Perry of 12300 Whitehill is convincing that the Lt Richard H. Pens of Detroit, who was a member of the Flying Fortress "Fights Ball" which limped back from England to London with its crew intact, is his son. His very successful friend, Miss Ruth Costello of 15870 Linnhurst, isn't quite so sure, however. Both called The Detroit Times immediately after reading the dispatch yesterday and, while a tired-of-dressed man, tried to answer the calls simultaneously, he learned the following: "There are two Lt. Richard H. Perry from Detroit. I know there are several reasons for the engagement of one of them last night. Only hairworries? SEE ATHOMAS' DAVID STOTT BLDG., Corner Griswold and State St. MONEY, SUITE 626. WOMEN, SUITE 620 Hours, 11 A.M to 8:30 P.M.—Saturday, 10 A.M to 7 P.M. Fake Doctor Sent to Prison Karl T.T. Stell. To whom he has been found guilty by Federal Judge Moinct of representing him as an army physician to lure women seeking jobs in war plants in his room for a physical examination, was on his way to prison today to serve a three-year sentence. Stell, who formerly lived at 21P Holbrook, was a plant protection guard in a Detroit factory. He pleaded guilty to the charge of impersonating a physician attached to the surgeon general's office, and was given the maximum sentence of three years and a $1,000 fine. He had Written several women seeking to be heard and ordered them to report to his room. Three complained that he attacked them, and it wasn't my Richard, declared Mrs. Costello. "It must be Dick, because he was lying out of London," said Perry at the same time. KMT.C TKD Tit WSFF.R "Dick was co-pilot on the 'Piatol-I’ackin' Mama,' lint be wrote and said that lie was to he transferred soon and get a ship of his own. I his must ha\e been one of his training flights," he explained. If hr i- the *on of Harold Perry, then Lt Perry is 23 years <»ld. a graduate of Don by High School and was employed by the Bell Telephone (V>. before entering ihe service. He went overseas in duly. A brother. Robert, is an army air forces cadet ff he isn t the son of Harold Perry, then will his friends please rise and identify hurt” TV ANTto re mow* t hose itcliv ” dandruff * ales from xoiir acalp? A Thoma* ex|*ert /.moms exactlv how to do it. Hi* knowl edge is based cm 1 he. I lioina*' \* 2*l sear* of Micceßsful experi ence in treating more than a quarter-million persons. Thomas treatment al*o leases xour scalp tingling with a new, fresh healthv ■ff jfe. feeling that von are sure to enjox. Conte in today for frrr consultation and | ad\iee —see for xourself rreciselx how this reliable, prided treatment work*. Ph<to by Timn Stuff Phoi.^r*ph» gifts for the Times Christmas Ship. They arc getting their parcels in by Ott. 15. General to Talk at U. of M. ANN ARBOR. Oct 6 Brig. Gen. Cornelius W. Wickersham. commandant of the School of Military Government, Charlotic villt . Ya . will address the judge advocate general/* school at the l nivriMly of Michigan today. _ Don’t sprea(f^j|g^^^^^^. this around imjo|MNß3B t ■ y ' dm t 1 wKSPr,: jflr 1 i YjM&v ■> Wk& : // i BBTI ' | i M w$T ; A - \ l l, ■ * v: f _j3s* -W Hr Wi iR i -jpr> V '33m fmi « mm ' jflpjw s' Wpi §L /w I f J If I I Bond Plants in Rochf ster and New Brunswick. N. J. Two Detroiters i ft Wounded in Mediterranean Two Detroit servicemen were listed as wounded in action In the Mediterranean and three outstate ntrn as missing in army and navy casualty lists issused today’. Those wounded are: Pfe. Joseph Baehus/. formerly of KBB6 Park wood, awarded the Purple Heart and promoted to corporal for heroism in action in Sicily, during whirh he was wounded. Paul Arfdcrsnn of OpiS Knodell navy machinist s male, wounded .Sept. 0. The missing: Seaman 2A' William f. Camp bell, Rochester. Seaman 2/e Eugene S. Sielawa, Gland Rapids. Seaman 2/c Roy L. Wardwell, Owosso. Price Official to Talk Harmon Martin, chairman of the price panel of the Highland Park ration hoard, will be the principal speaker at a public con .-umer clinic next Wednesday at s p. :n. in the McGregor Library, Woodward at Rhode Island, Retail Proiluee Prices Effective Tomorrow Retail fruit and vegetable price* for Wayne. Oakland and Macomb countie*, effective from Oct. 7 to Oct. 14, were an nounced today by the OPA. n«M i cum s rrn** 3 <t**« « Cahba**. *j! vari** u 3 Ib*. 3 Ib*. #<■ 3 lb* Ac Ic*b*rg Lettuce. A 0» 4 12ch**d / 12c h**d 13c head 12c h*ad Iceberg l.*riuce, large 4>* J V head 13c head 14c head 14« h*«a Leaf Lettuce licit* Ur lb. |f*r lb lOr lb_^ Onion* (dry yilln* i, U. *. K« t med S lb*. 17c 3 lb* 17c 3 lb*. 17c 3 lb*. 14c Onion* (dry yellow*, 3-ib. min., large _ Sp*nl*h type 3 lb*. 30c 3 lb* 30c 3 lb* 20c 3 lb*. 19c Onion* (dry whit* pickier* or boiler*!, _ t. 1-In. maximum 3 lb. 2V 3 lb* 2V 3 lb* 2V 3 lb. 24c Potato#*. U. 8 No. 1. Ige *if* A bulk 3 lb* 19c A lb* 19c A ib* 19c A lb*. l»c Potato**. Maine, ready-packed in 1A- pound con*umer parka*. 1A lb* AAc 1A lb* AAc 1A 'h* A4c 1A lb* Me Pniaioe*. Idaho baker i*p*. ready parked In 10 lb cloth b»*« 10 ib« A7c 10 in* Me 10 ih* AAd 10 lb* A.ic Tomaloe*, home grown lie Ih. lie Ib. Wr Ih >**• Tomatoe*. *hipped in l*e Ib J4r lb L 3C ,LT* k Spinach 'b. "<■ b •* ' h h * *• Oreen Re»ne l*e in. l*r Ih. lA. Ib. ISc Ih. Wax *ean. 18* Ib. I*e Ih I*, lb 18r ih firrhli hom# ift'* n hunrh hunch hunch hr hunch Carrol*! California lie hunrh lie bunch 10r hunch JOr huneh Carrot*, topped ,h - Te I* l, lh ‘ ft RANGES California. 12* count Minimum weight per do*er. 7V, lb* «7r do*. »7r do*. 7«r do*. 7Or do*. California 150 count Minimum » weight per do«en. 5 lb*. 4 «z* 73r do* 73c do* AAr dog. lIK dog. California 170 counl. Minimum. weight per doxen. 5 Ibg 93r do* 03r do. AAc dog. Mr drf*. California, 200 count. Minimum weight per do*en. 4 lb* A or. AAc do* AV dot. 49c dog 49< dog California. 220 count. Minimum weight per doien 4 lh« AOr dog. AOi do*. 44c do* California. 353 count Minimum weight per doien 1 lb. 4 Ot. 43c do*. 43r do* 3S. dot. dot All California, any *i»*. per pound 13c Ib 13c Ib. 11c Ib. OIHI-R PRI IT Table Crape* (California 1 18c Ib. !•*' Ib. l* f >b. !•'' '*>• Concord Grape* (include*, hut not limited to all blue .Up .kin *. * lb. Ac Ih. Navy Needs Electricians The navy today issued a call for men with electrical engineer Weather reports? Sh! But w ithout giving aid or comfort to the enemy, we can report this— October frost is heading your way! So look for some aid and comfort on your own account, right now! And then tab this as one of your best bets—a Bond Rochester tailored Topcoat. Notice we said Rochester tailored Just another way of saying “enduring quality ’—a topcoat that will stay young for a long time. Comfort? 1 hat’s where Bond s pure wool line-up shines, warm as the noon sun. Pure wool fleeces, pure wool coverts, pure wool herringbones -let ’er blow, who cares! Blowing yourself to one of these thoroughbreds w ill bring aid and comfort to your pocketbook, too. Nice cozy picture, eh? Nice topcoats these Bond Rochester tailored beauties! *2B“ *34 *39- Open Every Evening Till 9 1000 WOODWARD AVE. Facing City Hall 9009 GRAND RIVER At any Act, it is degrees, or specialists in elect as commissioned officers, to apply at the Book Tower Building. 6,555 at Wayne in War Courses A total of 6,333 men and women, including 491 servicemen, are registered in specialized war training programs at Wayne University, according to a report made to the board of education. The soldiers and sailors on active duty are receiving training in the medical and engineering schools, while civilians are being given courses in aviation, china and nursing. Wright's. 254 SHAVES YOU FORTHREE MONTHS Try MARLIN SHAVE CREAM |
github_open_source_100_1_284 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package com.micro.mysegmentdefault.entity;
import com.micro.mysegmentdefault.base.data.BaseDataInterface;
import java.util.List;
/**
* author : micro_hx <p>
* desc : <p>
* email: javainstalling@163.com <p>
* date : 2017/5/16 - 21:24 <p>
* interface :
*/
public class ActionDataEntity {
public int status ;
public String message ;
public Data data ;
public static class Data {
public List<Item> rows;
}
public static class Item implements BaseDataInterface {
public String id ;
public String sentence;
public String detailSentence;
public String triggerImage ;
public String url ;
public String title;
public String date;
public String excerpt;
public String mtime ;
public String triggerType ;
public String rootObjectType ;
public Trigger trigger;
public Info object ;
}
public static class Trigger {
public String id ;
public String url ;
public String name ;
public String thumbnailUrl ;
}
public static class Info {
public String id ;
public String title;
public String url;
public String status;
}
}
|
sn83002748_1905-03-02_1_4_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | SARATOGA SUN Mark Crawford, Editor. PUBLISHED EVERY THURSDAY. Entered as Second-Class matter at the Saratoga, Wyoming, post office TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. One Year $2.00 Six Months $1.00 Three Months Advertising Rates on Application. THURSDAY, MARCH 2, 1905 There is a strong feeling throughout the valley to the effect that the coming summer will witness the building into this region of a branch line from Walcott station, on the U.P. road. Outside of the confidence expressed by the officers of the Pennsylvania Copper Company, there is nothing upon which to predicate this general belief of coming prosperity. The Pennsylvania Co., are making every preparation to start smelter, tramway and mine again at an early date. The first loads of coke passed through here on their way to Encampment March 1st. The activity of the company in this matter is unusual, as it evedences a belief in the early construction of the branch mentioned above. Inasmuch as it is a well-known fact that the smelter cannot be operated with any degree of profit, so long as the coke has to be hauled in, and the copper hauled out, this early activity of the company is proof that there will be something doing here this coming summer. Washington Letter. Seldom had a Congress of the United States ended its day under more peculiar or conflicting conditions. The country is prosperous, peaceful, and hopeful in the midst of political and industrial conditions and outlook that is little short of revolutionary. The indictment of the beef trusts involving prominent railroads and the summoning of clouds of witnesses, the investigation of the Standard Oil Monopoly. The railroad rate bill passed almost unanimously by the House but held up by Senators Elkins, Kean, and other representatives of the roads in the Senate. Portends other far-reaching investigations of monopolies until the country is on the verge of hope and expectation. What will the Summer's incubation bring forth? It is not doubtful that the country is behind Theodore Roosevelt, more powerfully behind him and with him than it was on the fourth of November, for that splendid majority has been re-enforced by Bryan, and a powerful Democratic contingent. Will the Senate continue its obstinate or to be polite, its deliberative tactics? It is believed in political circles here that their will be a called session of the new Congress in September or October and that the Senate will not then stand in the way of what the country so magnificently demands. Congress is finishing up in hot haste. One day this week a hundred and thirty bills were passed in less than forty minutes. The Canal bill passed the Senate Thursday notwithstanding the newspapers' prophecy that it would not be taken up at this session, but the recommendation most desired by the President that the Canal be made a legal one. Commission be abolished was stricken out. Secretary Taft has been most outspoken in declaring that the Commission has been an obstruction rather than an aid in the administration of canal matters and the House bill made provision for the abolition of the Commission but the opposition in the Senate led by Senator Allison who is a close friend of Rear Admiral Walker, the president of the Commission, and Senior Gorman, resulted in the elimination of the provision. The bill as it passed the Senate states that President shall have authority to appoint a person or persons to govern the Canal zone and that the President shall be given further authority to direct such control but it is not likely that the House will accept this most important amendment and the bill will go to conference. Among the reasons that have made the President so eager to have the Canal commission abolished was the lack of actual work done under the commission. The House Committee has Hires to state that if this provision of the bill were eliminated by the Senate, Saratoga would have been abolished. The House Committee has Hires to state that if this provision of the bill were eliminated by the Senate, Saratoga would have been abolished. The House Committee has Hires to state that if this provision of the bill were eliminated by the Senate, Saratoga would have been abolished. The House Committee has Hires to state that if this provision of the bill were eliminated by the Senate, Saratoga would have been abolished. The House Committee has Hires to state that if this provision of the bill were eliminated by the Senate, Saratoga would have been abolished. The House Committee has Hires to state that if this provision of the bill were eliminated by the Senate, Saratoga would have been abolished. The House Committee has Hires to state that if this provision of the bill were eliminated by the Senate, Saratoga would have been abolished. The House Committee has Hires to state that if this provision of the bill were eliminated by the Senate, Saratoga would have been abolished. If Saratoga's future never looked brighter, people of Saratoga know this to be a fact, and to people who are not acquainted with Saratoga's natural resources, beautiful location on the North Platte river and prospects of becoming one of the principal cities of Wyoming, we will gladly furnish reliable information. If you want to buy or sell property, call on or address Gustave Jensen, agent, Saratoga, Wyoming. It would lay before the President a statement of the facts developed at the recent hearings regarding the acceptance of fees on the part of the Commissioners for acting as directors of the Panama railroad, and it is probable that Committee will proceed to make the report at once. The acceptance of such fees was in direct violation; the committee states to the order of the President. Indications now are that a sea level canal will be due. Engineers have been watching with great interest the work on the Simplon tunnel, the longest subterranean road in the world and it is argued that experience in the great excavation will greatly aid in tunneling the Culebra mountain and letting the Chares river out through the tunnel, thus eliminating the flood problem which has been the greatest, or in fact the only obstacle in the way of a sea level canal. The Simplon tunnel is twelve miles long, the Culebra tunnel will need be only four miles long and will probably not cost more than the Bohio dam and locks would cost. Representative Campbell, who has emerged from youthful obscurity to be one of the most talked-of men of the day by his introduction of a resolution recommending the investigation and criminal prosecution of the Standard Oil Company, insists that he has the evidence in hand to prove all of the charges he has made against the company to Commissioner of Corporations Garfield. The development of the situation in Kansas newspaper and magazine articles of late on the subject, give Mr. Campbell’s act a peculiar timeliness and the House indicated its feeling by adopting the resolution regardless of party lines. When the Government starts the investigation, it will measure strength with one of the most powerful industrial and financial institutions in the world, and the movements may well be regarded as the most momentous begun in this decade. The above reward will be paid for the following described horses: one light bay gelding, two white feet, blue face; one dark bay gelding with star in forehead, one white foot. Charles Tanner. Restaurant Opened I have opened a restaurant in the building formerly occupied by Mrs. Lewis, on Rivet Street, and am now prepared to serve regular meals at reasonable prices. Your patronage is solicited. Mrs. H. J. Wright. Pore Salt Second hand. 3J Studebaker wagon. This wagon is almost new and is offered for $50. It is a bargain. Baker Brenner & McAnally. The Three Tie Hacks. Composed by C. L. Blackman, the Child Poet of the Medicine Bow Range, Rocky Altos, Wyo. Jim has whiskers silvery gray, Dave has whiskers brown, Jack has whiskers, nine on a side. And they are red as a clown. We have ties out in the woods, Some are culls, some sound, Each day we get enough to pay our board. Just as the sun goes down, Yes we have ties quite a few Mayly so a heap. But we wouldn't have had enough to pay our board, If it hadn't been for sheep. This rhyme has vexed me some, In fact it made me looney, But we will be lucky in the spring, If we don't write home for money. Jim has whiskers silvery gray, Dave has whiskers brown, Dave gives the world a golden hue. Just as the sun goes down, To Truly Live. Life is what we are alive to. It is not length, but breadth. To be alive only to appetite, pleasure, pride, nameless-making, and not to goodness and kindness, purity and love, history, poetry and music, flowers, stars. God and eternal hopes, is to be all but dead.—Maltbie D. Babcock. Believed Smallest Shetland Pony. A Blackburn (England) man owns a Shetland pony which is believed to be the smallest in the United Kingdom. Four years old, fully grown, yet black, with a long, shaggy coat. It is only twenty-seven and one-half inches high, or one-half inch short of seven hands. Save the Bulba. Do not throw away bulbs after they have flowered in the window. Take a little care of them until you can plant them outdoors and they will flower in the garden. All you have to do is to see that the bulbs get thoroughly ripened. The Garden Magazine. Comment on the Wildcat. A wildcat was caught in a trap in Rosshire, Scotland, recently, and is to be carefully stuffed and preserved. The Westminster Gazette says a wildcat is “beautifully remarked,” and adds that “it is more dangerous for game or man than the fox." Judges Must Prove Fitness. Before a Scottish judge may take his seat on the bench, he must conduct a probationary trial to the satisfaction of his brother judges. Lord Ardwall appointed bill chamber judge by the king, has just rendered the ordeal. A Appropriate Monument A German pencil-maker, recently deceased, has over his grave a gigantic stone representation of half a lead-stone set as a tombstone. It is of sandstone, with a core of graphite 8 inches in diameter. Child Marriages in India. The recent census in Bengal, India, reveals the fact that there are 4,000 baby girls in that province alone who have been married, and of this number 600, all less than a year old, are widows. TIGAW Farming and Produce Markets Wm. Turnbull, Manager. Everything Clean and Wholesome. Special Low Prices for Cash. Everything in the Line of MEAT, FRESH, SALT and SMOKED FISH and OYSTERS. Special attention given to parties using large quantities. THE SARATOGA MARKET, West End of Bridge. Legal Notice State of Wyoming County of Carbon In District Court. Charles S. Taylor for Plaintiff, vs. John Story Defendant. To John Story, whose last known address was Meeker Co. You are hereby notified that Charles S. Taylor the above named Plaintiff has this day filed his petition in the District Court, of the County, of Carbon, State aforesaid, praying for judgment against you for the sum of $95.11, and for cost of suit, and that you are required to answer said petition on or before the 15th day of April 1905, or said petition will be taken as true, and judgment will be rendered against you accordingly. Witness my hand and the seal of said Court at Rawlins, Wyoming, this 18th day of February A. D. 1905. C. R. Watson, Seal Clerk Stockholders Meeting. The regular annual meeting of the High Line Ditch Co. will be held at the residence of Chas. Platt on Monday the 6th day of March 1905 for the purpose of electing officers and transacting any other business which may legally come before the meeting. Notice of Final Settlement. State of Wyoming County of Carbon In the District Court, Third Judicial District, in the Matter of the Estate of James Deegan, Deceased. Public Notice is hereby Given, that at the next term of the District Court, sitting in and for Carbon county, State of Wyoming, I, the undersigned Executrix of said estate, will make final settlement of the affairs of said Estate, and ask to be discharged as executrix, at which time and place all creditors and other persons interested may be heard. Harriet N. Deegan. Executrix Notice of Sale Public notice is hereby given that in accordance with the order of the District Court made on Feb. 25th, I will offer at Public sale on March 11th, 1905 at 10 o'clock a.m. the stock and goods of Clemmons Webb consisting principally of wines, liquors, cigars, billiard and pool tables and other articles to numerous to mention. Said sale to be for cash to the highest and best bidder and for not less than three-quarters of appraised value of said goods. Sale to take place in view of the property at Webb’s saloon in Saratoga. James Snyder. Heever. Hello Bill THAT’S CORRECT “THE CORNER GROCERY” Bottom Prices on Everything Good to Eat. Good thing you will find in Fancy Mince Meat Seeded Raisins, Fruit Cake, Cleaned Currants, Sweet, Sweet Potatoes, Candied Citron, Sour Pickles, Oranges, Sweet Pickles, Lemons, Mixed Pickles, Sweet Cider, Chow Chow, Delicious Coffees, Meat Sauces, Fragrant Teas, Cove Oysters, New Dried Fruits, Prize Buckwheat, Good Cooking and Good Popcorn, Eating Apples, Fresh Nuts and Candies, a nice assortment. Come in and see my Winter Stock of fresh new goods. F. N. Larsen, TELEPHONE NO. 20. Shelley S. Wood, TAXIDERMIST, Elk, deer, antelope, and mountain sheep heads, also all kinds of birds, mounted in first class shape, and at reasonable prices. Leave orders with W. M. Mace at Cosgriff Bros. Co., store, Saratoga, Wyoming. A KAT (A ENCAMPMENT) Stage Line, C. M. CRIBNER, Prop. and Manager, Dining stages each way. Leave Wm. H. Arrive at 8 p.m. Leave Saratoga at 8 a.m. and arrive at Saratoga at 8 a.m. All trains, each way, met by Stages. Extra Travel Accommodated. |
735231_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | 弦楽セレナード ホ短調（英：Serenade for Strings in E minor）作品20 は、エドワード・エルガーが1892年に作曲した弦楽合奏のための楽曲である。
概要
本作はエルガーの作品のうちでも特に早い時期に広く認められた作品の1つである。1892年ごろのエルガーは、地元ウスターでアマチュア相手にピアノやヴァイオリンを教えたり指揮者を務めたりしていた。1888年にウスターのアマチュア団体を指揮して「弦楽オーケストラのための3つの小品」（Three pieces for string orchestra）を初演しているが、これが改作されて「弦楽セレナード」になったものと推測されている。「3つの小品」は「春の歌」（アレグロ）、「エレジー」（アダージョ）、「フィナーレ」（プレスト）からなるが、「セレナード」もやはり同様の構成となっている。
作品が「セレナード」として完成したのは1892年5月で、妻キャロライン・アリスに、3回目の結婚記念日のプレゼントとして贈られた。ただし、公式の献呈は友人のW・H・ウィンフィールドに対してである。
初演は、第2楽章のみが1893年4月7日、ヘリフォードで行われ、全曲の初演はベルギーのアントウェルペンで、1896年7月23日に行われた。ロンドン初演は、エルガーが世界的作曲家としての名声を得てからの1905年3月5日、エルガー自身の指揮によりベヒシュタイン・ホールで行われた。
構成
曲は3つの楽章からなる。演奏時間は約12分。
第1楽章 アレグロ・ピアチェヴォーレ
ホ短調、8分の6拍子、三部形式。
第2楽章 ラルゲット
ハ長調、4分の2拍子。
第3楽章 アレグレット
ト長調 - ホ長調、8分の12拍子 - 8分の6拍子。
外部リンク
エルガーの管弦楽曲
せれなあと えるかあ
えるかあ
ホ短調.
|
5547070_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Le lycée Henri Alexandre Wallon est un établissement d’enseignement secondaire et supérieur public à Valenciennes, dans le Nord (Hauts-de-France).
Histoire
La construction du collège Sainte-Croix prend fin en 1735 dans la rue Ferrand. Il devient collège de Valenciennes en 1767. C'est en 1875 que celui-ci est transformé en lycée et prend le nom d'Henri Wallon, historien et homme politique français natif de la ville. L'Académie des Beaux-Arts de Valenciennes et la Bibliothèque des Jésuites occupent alors également le site.
En 1913 le lycée est édifié sur son emplacement actuel par l'architecte Paul Dusart où il occupe aujourd’hui une superficie de 2,5 hectares.
Durant la Première Guerre mondiale, le lycée est utilisé pour accueillir des blessés. En 1914, les Allemands y établissent un hôpital militaire de 1200 lits. Ils l'utiliseront jusqu'à novembre 1918. Les dégâts occasionnés par les conflits n'épargnent pas le lycée, dont l'entrée principale et son campanile sont détruits. Cette entrée, située sur la place de la République, sera reconstruite dans un style moderne qui présentera une rupture avec le style architectural des autres bâtiments.
En 1968, le proviseur, André Lasserez ouvre les premières classes préparatoires du lycée.
En 1985, des nouveaux locaux destinés aux classes préparatoires sont ouverts dans l'annexe situé boulevard Henri Harpignies. Ils étaient occupés par le syndicat des transports urbains (Semurval devenu Transvilles).
Le 1er septembre 2012, le lycée Henri Wallon accueille le DCG qui quitte le lycée André-Lurçat de Maubeuge, faute d'inscriptions dû à l'isolement de la ville. Valenciennes étant un meilleur endroit pour développer le diplôme et est mieux desservi par les transports en commun (bus, train et tram) que la ville de Sambre-Avesnois. Le DCG est enseigné dans le bâtiment en face du lycée, boulevard Henri Harpignies. Cette annexe est fermée en plusieurs étapes dans le courant de l'année 2016.
Entre 2015 et 2016, le lycée connait une importante restructuration qui amène la création d'un nouvel internat (le précédent avait fermé dans les années 2000), la rénovation et l'agrandissement de la cantine et le rapatriement des Classes Préparatoires aux Grandes Écoles dans l'ancien gymnase du lycée, ce qui entraîne un regroupement dans l'enceinte du lycée, scindé en deux pôles, les CPGE et les lycéens.
Le samedi 20 janvier 2018, le lycée Wallon célèbre le 50e anniversaire des classes préparatoires lors d'une soirée entre la direction, les anciens et actuels professeurs mais aussi avec les anciens et actuels préparationnistes du lycée.
Le 1er septembre 2020, Geoffroy Fontaine, ancien proviseur du Lycée Alfred-Kastler de Denain de 2014 à 2020, devient proviseur du lycée Wallon, succédant ainsi à Thierry Claisse, qui occupait ce poste depuis 2011.
Enseignement secondaire
Les bâtiments accueillent un lycée général et technologique (filières S, ES, L et STG). Il est possible d'y apprendre l'allemand, l'italien et l'espagnol. Une section internationale britannique est également présente.
Classement du lycée
En 2015, le lycée se classe 82 sur 99 au niveau départemental en termes de qualité d'enseignement, et 1935 sur 2277 au niveau national.
En 2018, le lycée se classe 50 sur 99 au niveau départemental en termes de qualité d'enseignement, et 1253 sur 2277 au niveau national.
En 2021, le lycée se classe 58 sur 99 au niveau départemental en termes de qualité d'enseignement, et 1238 sur 2277 au niveau national.
Le classement s'établit sur trois critères : le taux de réussite au bac, la proportion d'élèves de terminale qui obtient le baccalauréat en ayant fait les deux dernières années de leur scolarité dans l'établissement, et la valeur ajoutée (calculée à partir de l'origine sociale des élèves, de leur âge et de leurs résultats au diplôme national du brevet).
Enseignement supérieur
Le lycée accueille des CPGE scientifiques (MPSI, MP2I, PCSI, MP, MPI, PC, PSI), ainsi qu'une Licence DCG en 3 ans suivie du DSCG d'une durée de 2 ans en alternance et le DEC. Le lycée accueille aussi un BTS SIO, GTLA (Gestion des Transports et Logistique Associée), SAM (Support à l'Action Managériale) et BCC (Banque Conseiller de Clientèle). En 2017, la baisse des effectifs de la CPGE commerciale (ECS) amène à sa fermeture définitive.
Classement des CPGE
Le classement national des classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles (CPGE) se fait en fonction du taux d'admission des élèves dans les grandes écoles.
En 2015, L'Étudiant donnait le classement suivant pour les concours de 2014 :
En 2021, au palmarès des meilleures classes préparatoires aux écoles d’ingénieur, établi par l’hebdomadaire Challenges , l’option PSI (physique, sciences de l’ingénieur) du lycée Wallon se classe 7e de France pour l’intégration au top des 9 plus grandes écoles (Polytechnique, Mines Paris, Centrale, Arts et Métiers, Supélec). Dix-sept élèves de la prépa PSI (physique, sciences de l’ingénieur) sur 33 (45,9 %) ont été admis dans ce top 9. Wallon talonne Faidherbe à Lille (sixième avec 51,1 %) et le très renommé Louis-le-Grand à Paris (5e, 54,1 %), la première prépa étant Sainte-Geneviève à Versailles (86 %). « Et au classement des intégrations aux écoles des Arts et Métiers, Wallon est premier sur 124 établissements » se réjouit Guillaume Wroblewski, proviseur adjoint auprès de La Voix du Nord. « On arrive à l’excellence : l’an dernier l’option physique chimie était vingtième » ajoute-t-il.
DCG
Le diplôme de Comptabilité et de Gestion (DCG) est :
Un diplôme reconnu au niveau national et européen : les exigences sont normalisées ce qui lui donne une crédibilité évidente ;
Une licence : reconnu comme une licence (BAC+3) il est le premier niveau d'études supérieures (Licence - Master - Doctorat) ;
Une classe préparatoire : assimilé à une "prépa" (telles que les prépas scientifiques) le DCG dispense des enseignements de très haut niveau permettant la meilleure préparation à la poursuite d'études diverses ;
Un accès immédiat à la vie professionnelle : même s'il ne s'agit pas de sa vocation première, le DCG est un diplôme recherché sur le marché du travail compte tenu des compétences acquises au fil des 3 années de formation.
Réformé en 2019 le DCG est une formation en adéquation avec les besoins du monde professionnel et les attentes de la poursuite d'études.
Tous les domaines du droit, de la gestion, de l'économie sont abordés au cours des 3 années de formation et s'articulent autour de 4 axes principaux :
Le droit des affaires
La gestion comptable et financière
L'analyse économique et managériale
La communication et l'environnement numérique
En janvier 2021, les étudiants du DCG 1 ont tournés des films vantant leurs formations dans le cadre du concours ''Je filme ma formation'' et du cours de Communication professionnelle.
Anciens élèves célèbres
Théodore Dudulle (1891-1932), architecte de niches art déco
Thibeau du Poncel d’Artois (1895-1963), Cardinal ;
Catherine Ling (1972), avocate ;
Charles Thellier de Porheville (1842-1915), Député ;
Alexandre Herman (1977), Chef d‘entreprise ;
Pierre Richard (1934), acteur, réalisateur, scénariste et producteur ;
Jean Lefebvre (1919-2004), acteur ;
Olivier Marlière (1950), Avocat, Maire de Valenciennes (1988-1989), conseiller municipal de Valenciennes (1971-2020), Adjoint à la culture (1978-1983), Premier adjoint avec une délégation générale (1983-1988), Député du Nord (1986-1988), conseiller municipal délégué à la sécurité (2014-2020) ;
Omero Marongiu-Perria (1969), sociologue français de l'islam en France ;
Jean-René Lecerf (1951), Président du conseil départemental du Nord (2015-2021), Maire de Marcq-en-Barœul (1989-2001) et Sénateur du Nord (2001-2015)
Galerie photos
Voir aussi
Lycée en France
Liens externes
Site Officiel
Notes et références
Henri-Wallon
Valenciennes
Henri-Wallon.
|
http://fileformats.archiveteam.org/index.php?title=DVM&oldid=15527 | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | DVM
From Just Solve the File Format Problem
Revision as of 17:52, 4 January 2014 by Dan Tobias (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Jump to: navigation, search
File Format
Name DVM
Ontology
Extension(s) .dvm
DVM is an animated-image format from Magic Software. It has a number of revisions designated as versions 1.0 through 4.0.
Format description
Sample files
Personal tools
Namespaces
Variants
Actions
Navigation
Toolbox.
|
github_open_source_100_1_285 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package cn.xxt.listviewsample;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.ListView;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
/**
* 使用baseAdapter的listview
* @author zhq
* @date 2018/6/8 下午3:35
*/
public class CustomBaseAdapterActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_custom_base_adapter);
ListView listView = findViewById(R.id.listview);
View headerView = getLayoutInflater().inflate(R.layout.list_view_header_layout, null);
View footerView = getLayoutInflater().inflate(R.layout.list_view_footer_layout, null);
listView.addHeaderView(headerView);
listView.addFooterView(footerView);
MyBaseAdapter adapter = new MyBaseAdapter(this, getData(), R.layout.simple_adapter_item);
listView.setAdapter(adapter);
}
private List<Data> getData() {
List<Data> list = new ArrayList<>();
list.add(new Data(R.drawable.face1, "盖伦", "上单大宝剑"));
list.add(new Data(R.drawable.face2, "剑姬", "上单女校长"));
list.add(new Data(R.drawable.face3, "蛮子", "上单老蛮王"));
list.add(new Data(R.drawable.face4, "贾克斯", "上单单打王"));
list.add(new Data(R.drawable.face5, "鳄鱼", "上单线霸"));
list.add(new Data(R.drawable.face6, "狗头", "上单发育狗"));
return list;
}
}
|
sn84022137_1886-05-19_1_4_2 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | ache, with pains over tho eyes, r.: |a u,o nose, n:ul WHS fearful that iirr hinjs wore Involved In tho disease. I'ljyslc'.aui pr scrlbcd for her, but yet flio grcrr worse, until finally she lost ell sen so of tmell and taste. She had no nppetite, bccamo bil ious, sallow, weak, emaciated, and dlscocp. i'. tc'1. Having hoard Arcr'j Sanaparllla 1-ijhly recomraccdcd for Catarrh, I pur cliar.cd a dozen bottlei, determined that this medicine should Lsvo a thorough trial My daughter commenecd titlnj it, and" before she bad £nU!icd ten bottles entirely curcd. Ehe is now in perfect fceatth."—S. Gchrelner, 3a Harbor, K. T. O TC* awt obatlaateaaA daacereoi farau of Catarrh may bo° cured by tuiaj Ayer't Sarsaparilla. IfiiNtirehjkaA^rkO»ilM«lliltM aaMkfDnMMa. PHse«i a •'PERRY DAVIS'"** PAIN-KILLER IS KF.COMMKNPF.n 1'V Physicians, Ministers, Missionaries, Man agers of Factories, Workshops, Planta tions, Nurses in Hospitals—in short, euetybody everywhere who hat ever given it a trial. TAKSN INTERNALLY, IT WIt.ti BE JtOVm A SKVEIi l-'AlLING CI" UK VOll SUDDEN CO LI" 9, CHILLS, PAINS JJf THE STOMACH CHAMPS, feUMMBtl ani BOWEL For. Sale WFEVER voultl bleed. 1 thought the torn teould never heal. f'ly'a Cream Halm hai cured me.—if is. if A. Jartann Portstnn»th, X. If. HAY-FEVER A partcle is applied int .each uontril ami u agreeable to use. Price SOct*.. by *il or at drureiet*. Bend for circular. ELY BKOTH Kits. L»r'Ujarlsta.Owego, N. Y. COM PLAINTS, SORB THROAT, &o. APPLIED i: XT E UN ALLY, TS 18 THE MOST EFFECTIVE AND BEST LINIMENT ON EAItTH FOB CL'lUStO SPRAINS BRUISES RHEUMA TISM .NEURALGIA TOOTH ACHE BURNS FROST BITES, &c. Prices, 25c, 50c, at) $1.00 per Bottle. by alt. Meik inf. Dealers. **"Beware of I in nations."®* DROPSY TREATED FREE. 1*U. II. II. G1IKK5 A N»58, S|)rinll«tN for Thirteen Y«*uro Have United Drop y ami its oonj|Urati"n§ with tb« moftt wcmiertul Bureau line w-pftullff remedies, entirely hairwie^n la mow all 8V)u[tuui» of drops/ in eUhi to twM t.v Cure patl ntn pronounced hopeless by the bent Of pliynirluna irnm thf first doce the pvmptnms rftDidlT pear, a: in t-n days at ast two-thirds of all sym^ torn* *rr r» mo\ed. SonnMunv cry humbug without knowing about it anvthine H-tik'iiilv r, it loc* not yu anything to realize tl merits of our tv atnient tor yourm»:f. In ten day* tin* difficulty of hrriithirtf J* rcl frod, the 1 uUe rfguUr. tlie urinary on m:w TMiide dim li/ir^e thrir fu.l dutv, iicarlypnne.ttwps oed. Wr aif constantly *r.lin»r uJI tite made Ptand* i*a» !h Increased, nud ai'peti pood. We aie constantly cimuif canes "t l'Uf ft IBK—cae« t'uit linvo lx-« n t*pt'.i a nmiil»er of ti and tlie ratu i derUro I un dle to ine a w» eV. iir# full i*tMy of cm*. jm-x, h--tf Jiflhcted, how I.Hillv K\V'-i :i an.i when', are Unit\* foj-tire, bare Irju hurHti'd and drm cd wider. ?void frit pamphlwt, rontaitiinu- tt *tin) i:iN. nutations, etc. Ten daya' trratmei.t tnin:sl'»-.l int i.v mat.. I'lilirphy iKM*i |4sHlw»ly It ^.11 onl'i' tria'.KitH i-e Wis. ARTISTS' MATERIAL iniml. !k in atji'up* to paw poitftg*. tl, II. & son*. iMi* Ao tJoiM'% Atomic. AtbiSita* Cm* ^OtSGLAS',9' mW\ does ditv gml niitht from the tliouaand-aiid»on« i Mixtures of vile whisky tWrored w ih aromatic*. Hopn A Malt Bittoni i recom mended by Physicians, ]»1inInters and REMEDY DipMlicria, Croup, Quinsy, Branctiitis, Aitbma, and all Throat Diieassa, Colds, Coughs, Hoaraonoaa, Etc. Until the present thero hu npi'eirod n» ronertir that would ffiiausly riwli niilith«Tia lam. I be* i'ore. In of as certain a run* for it as ean dka-.»vor. on.I In order to huve it iloimr its «o.m|mnn aorh 1 p'sci1 tt on the market for *»l»\ and any per •ou. a fir 1 faithful'T employtntf Kie remeilv a^ pro scribed. ami It fn»:a to mre either liuhtherla, Vulnay. or t'roup. It eo*t« yu uuthintr. U «*un im taken every hour without the !ea*t Injur* to the pa*lent*. It I* n»t f»e«'eaa#ry to burn the throat with eau«tlr« or to u*o any Th»* nie.lfin^ car le nwiilowed K'eordUi^ to directions wU.jouJ any bad effoet. atid wlil r»' i»-ve ih^* pntlent inexde of twenty four hour^. All a«k I* a fun trnti ant yoil will bo lonvlneert tint it Ih the beat remedy yoo bar* ever u*ed for t!irout di»eu^es of ail kinds. Price, 95c., ftOe., and 75c. Hottle. fry It—9»nd For Knmple Iloltle— -rUEPAIt! IIY DR. DOUGLASS, AGKMS IVAN TED. MUlt ITY. IOWA. Wis SOLOIEBS RE06B0,ii?S!S ,I.Vl "Ii itij I Wti. .{. ift7iiifl- ii of art t.-.k. h! 'ior Il-»e»»iri. r^n* ... MierMiati. a etc.. .i.ak 11K i _l#»''cutit A pu ture i f-arn 1.^*. W -«u fll'ed at, will i,ro*e an irjter ntifr* rf e ira'or all, and n price* l«aa nouvenir to po»t•.-»•. lU/bly iudnnwd v lead m*: mi.itary nmn, 'Oio.se who lost aohlier frienda atinng ajne- th" w ar. a.-id everv velerjn vow liv tn»:, w.l] gure to onh il aa e- 1 with GOOD AGENTS ,r h' KM.i»r*4 li.T, In r! ihim,,„k.i. ... s i -.rr ci... 1 Kvprr |inr as, i. ,,«!« tuit .'Th'.- t..i*r r. f-'or tn I ii.riicu! and Hlftc.kUa i n, "FRAZER AXLE GREASE. Bex In the \V»U. ^ri tlir rrni,lne. liv ery Jtaekaae hnn our Trmt:-pi.irk itntl Is marked I'rucr'a. Wll.l) Ili.llK. JONES JPAYStheFREICHT Ton Mafon Hcalra« fr^ lift ii9i mi- soi inuw JODCS «r tlNCHAMTfllV, HIXillAMTUX, V. .UBVUlf SAi.Eor ttEiiim AI» jDEBtLlTI WrEa.U.KJM9 DKCAL A Life Kipenrncf, llemarkable and qolck rure«. Trlnl 1'ackagfi* Consulta tion and Hooks by iil niKK. Address Dr. WARD A CO., Louisiana. Mo. You are allowed a i a o i y i v of th« use of I.»r. I»vh'h vl*hrat«d Voltaic It with Kh'etriO Muapcnsory tor the speedy relief sn |u«r inatiftht eijrf* lability, fmpairfi l'ilu.lty, *ml all kliidretl tr« u le-i. Also f»r many other »U« caites Complete restoration to Health ami ViK«»r gnarantepij. No risk is inctjrred. lUuftra'ed nam phl-t, in wiled eneelop*. m*ii frcp, by ad-lrcsKln^ VOM AIC IKKI/r Marsliull. MIcbi^Hii It. S A. Lac*t. Patent Attorueys,\Vashln^tou. O. lnt iu ous and opinit PATENTS tl to pttsoUbUitr FKEt. aurli fe«n' •ipeiienca. O pYfl NAMR Qrira JaneaviUf, Wla. for Prof. MmmS.'i K.w 11'o,tr»'.M V #oo» on lir»«« M.kln(, Sew Doln.n .id MIIIII, tc. AitoMMii io.4u. rrar.auou(.n»i...u.u. riso's Hmrfy for ^tsrrb Is lbs H. Easiest to Us*, sod ChMpnt. Al* aoo«1 for I'o'ii In t:ip Ilosd, Hpaaachc. Hay Fevpr, Ac. to cents. P.«.'. N. U. No. 31-HU. TO AltVICUTI WHKN Imm say saw the advortlsemeut WKITINO TO AOVICltTINKKH, ulmMi a In tliu pwper MUSTANG Survival ofthe Fittest. 4 w u',1.1 MED,cl,i8 Tn.1T IU9 niiLBIl aiLuoxs Diuna ss iiabri HEMIHSnillllEIT. A BALM FOB r,V| nr ITOCIfD OF MAW ASD BISAITI Th«0lde.t4 uua%|^ But Unlment •VEB MADK IN AMERICA. SALES LARGER THAN EVER, Wan and Beast. /or l*nrr thai, vcr. .71. |
US-55567709-A_2 | USPTO | Public Domain | In some embodiments, the servo motor 10 can use a phase angle advancing technique for the supplied power in order to increase the maximum speed of the rotor shaft 26. A commutation angle can be advanced by supplying a phase current at an angle increment before the rotor 28 passes a BEMF zero crossing firing angle. The phase angle advancing technique can retard the commutation angle by supplying the phase current at the angle increment after the at least one rotor 28 has passed the BEMF zero crossing firing angle. In some embodiments, the phase angle advancing technique can influence the BEMF constant. In some embodiments, advancing the commutation angle can decrease the BEMF constant. The servo motor 10 can be optimized to a certain point of operation. The angle increment of the phase angle advancing technique can be related to the speed of the rotor shaft 26. In one embodiment, the angle increment can be about +/−45 electrical degrees.
In some embodiments, the servo motor 10 can be used to drive a pump. Driving the pump without the phase angle advancing technique can result in a flow rate of 4 gallons per minute (GPM) at a pressure of 150 pounds per square inch (PSI). In one embodiment, the phase angle advancing technique can increase the flow rate to about 5 GPM, which can be delivered at the pressure of 150 PSI.
In some embodiments, the servo motor 10 can be operated with a direct current (DC) power supply (e.g., a battery of a vehicle). In other embodiments, the servo motor 10 can be operated with an alternating current (AC) power supply (e.g., a generator or alternator of a vehicle or a mains power supply in a building).
In some embodiments, the servo motor 10 can be powered with different voltages. The voltages can include one or more of 12 Volts, 24 Volts, 48 Volts, 120 Volts, and 240 Volts. The stator windings 46 can be adapted to a specific voltage. The stator windings 46 can be adapted so that the servo motor 10 can operate with more than one power source (e.g., with a DC power supply or an AC power supply). Other embodiments can include different input power stages that allow the servo motor 10 to selectively operate with different voltages and/or power sources. For example, if the servo motor 10 is used for a sprinkler system in a building, the servo motor 10 can be driven by the 120 Volts AC mains power supply. If mains power is lost, the controller 22 can automatically switch to a 12 Volts DC battery power supply to continue the operation of the sprinkler system.
FIG. 9 illustrates a rectification bridge 600 according to one embodiment of the invention. The rectification bridge 600 can be used to operate the servo motor 10 with an AC power supply. The rectification bridge 600 can include two or more transistors 602, an AC bus 604, and a DC bus 606. The AC bus 604 can connect to the external power supply 66. The DC bus 606 can be used to supply power to the servo motor 10. The transistors 602 can each include an intrinsic diode 608. In some embodiments, the transistors 602 can include metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs). In some embodiments, the transistors 602 can be N-type MOSFETs, while in other embodiments, the two transistors 602 can be P-type MOSFETs. In some embodiments, the transistors 602 can include a first transistor 610, a second transistor 612, a third transistor 614, and a fourth transistor 616 configured in an H-bridge.
In some embodiments, the controller 22 can sense an incoming current I_(AC) at a first location 618 on the AC bus 604. In other embodiments, the controller 10 can sense the incoming current I_(AC) at a second location 620 along with a third location 622 of the rectification bridge 600. Sensing the incoming current I_(AC) of the rectification bridge 600 can result in a much higher level of electrical noise immunity instead of, for example, sensing voltages. If the incoming current I_(AC) is below a threshold current I_(limit), the intrinsic diodes 608 can be used to rectify the incoming current I_(AC). If the incoming current I_(AC) is above the threshold current I_(limit), the transistors 602 can be used to rectify the incoming current I_(AC). To rectify the incoming current I_(AC), the transistors 602 can be turned on by control signals from the controller 22. The rectification bridge 600 can provide the correct timing for the switching of the transistors 602. In some embodiments, the control current can prevent a discharge of the DC bus 606 and/or a shortening of the AC bus 604.
In some embodiments, a voltage drop across the transistors 602 can be lower than a voltage drop across the intrinsic diodes 608. As a result, the switching of the transistors 602 can limit the power losses of the rectification bridge 600, if the incoming current I_(AC) exceeds the threshold current I_(limit). In some embodiments, the threshold current I_(limit) can be low enough to prevent the rectification bridge 600 from overheating due to the power losses of the intrinsic diodes 608, but high enough to provide substantial immunity to interference and noise on the AC bus 604. The rectification bridge 600 can have much lower power losses than a conventional rectification bridge including diodes only. As a result, the use of the rectification bridge 600 can enable a higher efficiency and an operation in higher ambient temperatures. In some embodiments, the rectification bridge 600 can limit the power losses to about 30 Watts at an ambient temperature of about 70° C. (160° F.). In some embodiments, the threshold current I_(limit) can include hysteresis to increase an immunity to the noise on the AC bus 604.
FIG. 10 illustrates a rectification method 700 according to one embodiment of the invention. The incoming current I_(AC) can be sensed (at step 702). If the absolute value of the incoming current I_(AC) is below the current threshold I_(limit) (at step 704), the intrinsic diodes 608 can rectify the incoming current I_(AC) and the rectification method 700 can be restarted (at step 702) with sensing the incoming current I_(AC). If the absolute value of the incoming current I_(AC) is above the current threshold I_(limit) (at step 704), the controller 22 can determine (at step 706) whether the incoming current I_(AC) is negative. If the incoming current I_(AC) is positive, the controller 22 can supply (at step 708) the control current to the transistors 602. In some embodiments, the controller 22 can use the first transistor 610 and the fourth transistor 616, which can be positioned diagonally across from one another in the rectification bridge 600. If the incoming current I_(AC) is negative, the controller 22 can supply (at step 710) the control current to the transistors 602. In some embodiments, the controller 22 can use the second transistor 612 and the third transistor 614, which can be positioned diagonally across from one another in the rectification bridge 600. After step 708 and/or step 710, the rectification method 700 can be restarted by sensing the incoming current I_(AC) so that the intrinsic diodes 608 can be substantially immediately used for the rectification, if the incoming current I_(AC) drops below the current threshold I_(limit).
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that while the invention has been described above in connection with particular embodiments and examples, the invention is not necessarily so limited, and that numerous other embodiments, examples, uses, modifications and departures from the embodiments, examples and uses are intended to be encompassed by the claims attached hereto. The entire disclosure of each patent and publication cited herein is incorporated by reference, as if each such patent or publication were individually incorporated by reference herein.
Various features and advantages of the invention are set forth in the following claims.
1. A method of controlling a motor, the method comprising: monitoring a current temperature of the motor and a power stage of the motor substantially continuously and substantially in real-time; determining whether the current temperature of the motor approaches a maximum rated temperature of the motor; removing power from the motor for a first time interval; supplying power to the motor for a second time interval after the first time interval has elapsed; determining that the current temperature of the motor is decreasing and at least one of decreasing the first time interval and increasing the second time interval until the current temperature starts increasing; determining that the current temperature of the motor is increasing and at least one of increasing the first time interval and decreasing the second time interval until the current temperature starts decreasing; and determining optimum settings for the first time interval and the second time interval in order to deliver maximum output while remaining below the maximum rated temperature of the motor.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the power being supplied to the motor during the second time interval is being pulsed.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein a frequency of the pulsed power being supplied to the motor is varied based on the current temperature of at least one of the motor and the power stage.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the frequency of the pulsed power being supplied to the motor is decreased in order to reduce the current temperature of the power stage.
5. The method of claim 3, wherein the frequency of the pulsed power being supplied to the motor is increased in order to reduce the current temperature of the motor.
6. The method of claim 3, wherein the frequency of the pulsed power being supplied to the motor is less than about 20 kilohertz.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the motor is a servo motor.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the motor is a permanent magnet brushless motor.
9. A method of controlling a motor, the method comprising: monitoring a current temperature of the motor and a power stage of the motor substantially continuously and substantially in real-time; determining whether the current temperature approaches a maximum rated temperature of the motor; removing power from the motor for a first time interval; pulsing power to the motor for a second time interval after the first time interval has elapsed; tailoring pulse shapes of the power provided to the motor for the second time interval.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the tailored pulse shapes include at least one of a step, a linear shape, a polynomial shape, and a trigonometric shape.
11. The method of claim 9, wherein the tailored pulse shapes at least one of minimize mechanical wear on the motor, minimize thermal shock, optimize work output for applied power, and reduce heating for work output.
12. The method of claim 9, and further comprising determining that the current temperature is decreasing and decreasing the first time interval and/or increasing the second time interval until the current temperature starts increasing.
13. The method of claim 9, and further comprising determining that the current temperature is increasing and increasing the first time interval and/or decreasing the second time interval until the current temperature starts decreasing.
14. The method of claim 9, and further comprising determining optimum settings for the first time period and the second time period in order to deliver maximum output while remaining below the maximum rated temperature of the motor.
15. The method of claim 9, wherein the motor is a servo motor.
16. The method of claim 9, wherein the motor is a permanent magnet brushless motor..
|
github_open_source_100_1_286 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <template>
<div class="stt"></div>
</template>
<script lang="ts">
import { Component, Model, Prop, Vue, Watch } from 'vue-property-decorator';
import { Action } from 'vuex-class';
// declare class MediaRecorder {
// constructor(stream: any);
// start(): void;
// stop(): void;
// addEventListener(str: string, callback: any): void;
// }
@Component
export default class STT extends Vue {
@Model('change', { type: Boolean }) readonly isRecord!: boolean;
@Prop({ type: Function }) callback!: (text: string) => void;
@Action('STT') STT!: Function;
blob: Blob | null = null;
mediaRecorder!: MediaRecorder;
isStarted: boolean = false;
@Watch('isRecord')
changeIsRecord(value: boolean) {
if (value) this.start();
else this.stop();
}
async created() {
let stream = await navigator.mediaDevices.getUserMedia({ audio: true });
this.mediaRecorder = new MediaRecorder(stream);
this.mediaRecorder.addEventListener('dataavailable', (ev: any) => {
this.blob = new Blob([ev.data], { type: 'application/octet-stream' });
this.transform();
});
}
start() {
if (!this.isStarted) {
console.log('녹음 시작');
this.mediaRecorder.start();
}
this.isStarted = true;
}
stop() {
if (this.isStarted) {
console.log('녹음 종료');
this.mediaRecorder.stop();
}
this.isStarted = false;
}
async transform() {
console.log('텍스트 변환 시작');
try {
let text = await this.STT(this.blob);
this.$store.state.userText = text;
console.log(`변환 데이터: ${text}`);
this.callback && this.callback(text);
this.$emit('record', text);
} catch (err) {
console.error('변환 실패');
console.error(err);
this.callback && this.callback('');
this.$emit('record', '');
}
}
}
</script>
<style lang="scss" scoped>
.stt {
display: none;
}
</style>
|
github_open_source_100_1_287 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <?php
namespace Orumad\Yourls;
use Illuminate\Support\ServiceProvider;
use Orumad\Yourls\Exceptions\InvalidConfiguration;
class YourlsServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
{
/**
* Bootstrap the application services.
*
* @return void
*/
public function boot()
{
$this->publishes([
__DIR__.'/config/laravel-yourls.php' => config_path('laravel-yourls.php'),
], 'laravel-yourls');
}
/**
* Register the application services.
*
* @return void
*/
public function register()
{
$this->mergeConfigFrom(__DIR__.'/config/laravel-yourls.php', 'laravel-yourls');
$yourlsConfig = config('laravel-yourls');
$this->app->bind(YourlsClient::class, function () use ($yourlsConfig) {
return new YourlsClient($yourlsConfig['yourls_url'], $yourlsConfig['yourls_api_signature_token']);
});
$this->app->bind(Yourls::class, function () use ($yourlsConfig) {
$this->guardAgainstInvalidConfiguration($yourlsConfig);
$client = app(YourlsClient::class);
return new Yourls($client);
});
$this->app->alias(Yourls::class, 'laravel-yourls');
}
protected function guardAgainstInvalidConfiguration(array $yourlsConfig = null)
{
if (empty($yourlsConfig['yourls_url'])) {
throw InvalidConfiguration::serverUrlNotSpecified();
}
if (empty($yourlsConfig['yourls_api_signature_token'])) {
throw InvalidConfiguration::signatureTokenNotSpecified();
}
}
}
|
4641661_1 | Caselaw_Access_Project | Public Domain | O'Brien, J.:
This action is brought to enjoin the defendants from injuring, disturbing or undermining a party-wall. Upon obtaining a preliminary injunction herein, plaintiff gave an undertaking conditioned upon the payment of such damages, not exceeding the sum of $1,000, which the defendants might sustain by reason of the injunction, "if the court finally decides that the plaintiff was not entitled thereto, such damages to be ascertained and determined by the court or by a referee." This preliminary injunction was subsequently •dissolved; although the defendants answered, and the case was on the day calendar, it was never tried; but, on October 7, 1891, the plaintiff made a motion for leave to discontinue without the pay: ment of costs, which motion was opposed by the defendants, and was finally granted upon payment of costs. After the order of discontinuance was entered, the motion was made to ascertain and determine the damages sustained by the defendants by reason of the injunction, and an order was made thereon sending the same to a referee, from which order this appeal is taken.
The principle point made by the appellant is that, as a matter of law, there not having been an actual final decision against the plaintiff's right to an injunction, that the court had no jurisdiction to order a reference to ascertain the damages sustained by the •defendants by reason of the injunction. In support of this contention reliance is placed on the cases of Palmer v. Foley (71 N. Y., 111); Johnson v. Elwood (82 id., 362); Neugent v. Swan (61 How. Pr., 40, 42); Hall v. Sexton (19 N. Y. St. Rep., 677).
In the first case cited it will be found, upon examination, that the court's decision was placed upon the ground that no damages could be recovered because the action had been settled and discontinued by an amicable and voluntary agreement between the parties, and that virtually they had fixed their own damages. "Without, however, commenting upon and distinguishing the other cases relied upon by appellant, we must regard this question as settled in view of the decisions in, the case of Amberg v. Kramer (8 N. Y. Supp., 821), and Parker v. New York Commercial Telegraph Company (3 N. Y. St. Rep., 174), and particularly the case of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company v. Toel (85 N. Y., 646). These are all authorities which sustain the view that the discontinuance of the action by plaintiff, upon a motion which is opposed by defendants, is equivalent to a final determination that the plaintiff was not entitled to the injunction so as to make the sureties upon the undertaking given upon the injunction liable.
We are, therefore, of the opinion that the order appealed from should be affirmed, with costs.
Van Brunt, P. J"., and In&raham, J., concurred.
Order affirmed, with costs..
|
http://joi.ito.com/weblog/2006/05/05/sd-forum-talk-t.html | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | I'll be giving a talk today at the SDForum in Mountain View. This section is called: Virtual Worlds---The Rules of Engagement.
My talk is 4:00pm - 4:45pm Keynote - The Future of the Metaverse
Not sure exactly what I'm going to talk about, but I'll probably be bopping around IRC, Second Life and World of Warcraft so maybe see you in one of the places or at the conference.
About this Archive
This page is an archive of recent entries in the Business and the Economy category.
Books is the previous category.
Computer and Network Risks is the next category.
Find recent content on the main index.
Monthly Archives.
|
github_open_source_100_1_288 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | const Configstore = require('conf');
const crypto = require("crypto");
/***********************************************************************************************************************
* CRYPTO CONTENT *
/*********************************************************************************************************************/
const algorithm = 'aes-256-ctr';
const secretKey = 'vOVH6sdmpNWjRRIqCc7rdxs01lwHzfr3';
const iv = crypto.randomBytes(16);
const fileKey = "b92QmxMsrxBZq3Q3XgeTOE01m3BN";
const openCred = {
username: "NOTHING",
password: "NOTHING"
};
/**
* @class Auth
*/
class Auth {
constructor() {
this.credentials = new Configstore({
configName: "login",
encryptionKey: fileKey,
fileExtension: "cred"
});
this.url = "https://bitbucket.student.fiw.fhws.de:8443"
this.type = "basic"
this.username = this.decrypt(this.credentials.get("username"))
this.password = this.decrypt(this.credentials.get("password"))
};
/**
* @return {string}
* the type if it is set, the username otherwise
*/
getType() {
if (this.type != null) {
return this.type;
} else {
this.type = this.credentials.get("type")
this.getUsername();
}
};
/**
* @returns {string}
* the username
*/
getUsername() {
if (this.username != null) {
return this.username;
} else {
this.username = this.decrypt(this.credentials.get("username"))
if (this.username != null)
this.getUsername();
}
};
/**
* @returns {string}
* the password
*/
getPassword() {
if (this.password != null) {
return this.password;
} else {
this.password = this.decrypt(this.credentials.get("password"))
this.getPassword();
}
};
/**
* @returns {string}
* the url
*/
getURL() {
if (this.isSame("url", this.url)) {
return this.url;
} else {
return this.credentials.get("url");
}
};
/**
* @returns Complete Config Json with encrypted USERNAME&PASSWORD
*/
getCredentials() {
if (openCred.username === "NOTHING" || openCred.password === "NOTHING") {
this.openCreds = {
url: this.getURL(),
type: this.getType(),
username: this.getUsername(),
password: this.getPassword(),
}
}
return this.openCreds;
};
/**
* @param {string} username
* @param {string} password
* @description initialize the config file in system folder
*/
initialized(username, password) {
this.credentials.set("url", this.url);
this.credentials.set('username', this.encrypt(username));
this.credentials.set("password", this.encrypt(password));
};
/**
* @param {string} key
* @return {boolean}
* true if the key is set in the config file
*/
exists(key) {
return this.credentials.has(key);
};
/**
* @param {string} keyInFile
* @param {string} valueInObject
* @return {boolean}
* true if they are equal
* @description checks if the key-value exists in the file and checks if it matches the key value in the program
*/
isSame(keyInFile, valueInObject) {
if (this.exists(keyInFile)) {
return (this.credentials.get(keyInFile) === valueInObject);
}
};
/**
* @return {boolean}
* true if the credentials have been loaded from the file into the program
*/
existsCredentials() {
return (this.credentials.has('password') && this.credentials.has('username') && this.credentials.has('url'));
};
/**
* @description resets the loaded config
*/
resetAll() {
this.credentials.clear();
};
/**
* @param {string} password
* @description sets a new password
*/
setPassword(password) {
this.password = password;
};
/**
* @param {string} username
* @description sets a new username
*/
setUsername(username) {
this.username = username;
};
/*******************************************************************************************************************
* MAGIC CRYPTO PART *
******************************************************************************************************************/
encrypt = (text) => {
const cipher = crypto.createCipheriv(algorithm, secretKey, iv);
const encrypted = Buffer.concat([cipher.update(text), cipher.final()]);
return {
iv: iv.toString('hex'),
content: encrypted.toString('hex')
};
};
decrypt = (hash) => {
if (this.existsCredentials()) {
const decipher = crypto.createDecipheriv(algorithm, secretKey, Buffer.from(hash.iv, 'hex'));
const decrypted = Buffer.concat([decipher.update(Buffer.from(hash.content, 'hex')), decipher.final()]);
return decrypted.toString();
}
};
}
module.exports = Auth; |
8453096_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Der Nationalratswahlkreis Luzern-Ost war ein Wahlkreis bei Wahlen in den Schweizer Nationalrat. Er bestand von 1872 bis 1919 (Einführung des heute üblichen Proporzwahlrechts) und umfasste im Kanton Luzern im Wesentlichen das Gebiet um die Stadt Luzern.
Wahlverfahren
Hierbei handelte es sich um einen Pluralwahlkreis. Dies bedeutet, dass zwar mehrere Sitze zu verteilen waren, jedoch das Majorzwahlrecht zur Anwendung gelangte. Im Sinne der romanischen Mehrheitswahl benötigte ein Kandidat die absolute Mehrheit der Stimmen, um gewählt zu werden. Zur Verteilung aller Sitze waren unter Umständen mehrere Wahlgänge notwendig. Jeder Wähler hatte so viele Stimmen, wie Sitze zu vergeben waren.
Bezeichnung und Sitzzahl
Luzern-Ost ist eine inoffizielle geographische Bezeichnung. Im amtlichen Gebrauch üblich war eine über die gesamte Schweiz angewendete fortlaufende Nummerierung, geordnet nach der Reihenfolge der Kantone in der schweizerischen Bundesverfassung. Aufgrund der wechselnden Anzahl im Laufe der Jahre erhielten manche Wahlkreise mehrmals eine neue Nummer. Luzern-Ost trug ab 1872 die Nummer 11, ab 1902 die Nummer 12 und ab 1911 die Nummer 13.
Zunächst standen Luzern-Ost 2 Sitze zur Verfügung, ab 1902 waren es 3 Sitze.
Ausdehnung
Das Gebiet des Wahlkreises gemäss dem «Bundesgesetz betreffend die eidgenössischen Wahlen und Abstimmungen» vom 19. Juli 1872 festgelegt. Er umfasste:
das Amt Luzern
im Amt Sursee die Gemeinden Emmen und Rothenburg
Zu einer kleinen Änderung kam es mit dem «Bundesgesetz betreffend die Nationalratswahlkreise» vom 4. Juni 1902, als die Gemeinden Emmen und Rothenburg dem Wahlkreis Luzern-Nordost hinzugefügt wurden. Zuletzt umfasste Luzern-Ost somit das Amt Luzern.
1919 wurden die drei Luzerner Wahlkreise zum heute noch bestehenden Nationalratswahlkreis Luzern zusammengelegt, in welchem das Proporzwahlrecht gilt.
Nationalräte
G = Gesamterneuerungswahl
E = Ersatzwahl bei Vakanzen
K = Komplimentswahl eines amtierenden Bundesrates
B = Ergänzungswahl für einen Bundesrat
Quelle
Einzelnachweise
Luzernost
Politik (Kanton Luzern).
|
chroniquesdefro12froigoog_7 | French-PD-diverse | Public Domain | pereur de Rome y ordonna et institua, que ce duc dejuliersle vint voir à Paris: et là le reçut le rqi de France très grandement et grossement:et lui donna dons et joyaux à grand' foison, et à ses cheva liers aussi que le due mena en sa compagnie, tant jl • que le duc s'en contenta grandement: et releva du roi, en ce voyage leMuc de Juliers, la terre de Vier son M et sa seigneurie de laquelle tous les reliefs en appartiennent au comte de Blois: et sied cette terre entre Blaisois et Berry : et y peut avoir de revenue, lrf> par an, pour environ cinq cents livres, monnoie de France, et jura le duc de Juliers que jamais il ne s'aroicroit contre la couronne de France. Ce roi vi « vant, il tint bien sa parole et son serment, car voi rement (vraiment), tant comme le roi Charles de « France vesquit, il ne porta nul dommage, ni con jj sentit à porter, à Fenconiïe de la couronne de Fran ce. Quand le roi Charles cinquième fut mort, et que son fils Charles sixième, fut roi, lequel pour les guer res de Flandres, si comme savez et il est contenu en notre histoire, eut après sa création plusieurs touail lements (troubles), et tant qu'il ne pouvoit pas par tout entendre, le duc de Juliers ne vint point en France, ni ne releva point cette terre de Vierson: pour quoi le duc de Berry qui souverain s'en tenoit, car ildisoit que les reliefs en appartenoient à lui, en saisit les profits, et de puissance il en bouta hors de v. son droit le comte de Blois. Nequedent (néanmoins) U) YirftQQ, Tille du département du Cher. J. A. B, I (t$87) DE JEAN FROISSART. 175 tant comme d'eux , je les vis plusieurs fois ensemble: mais oncques, pour le débat de ces terres, ils ne s'en montrèrent mal-talent: et bien v avoit cause qu'ils fussent amis ensemble, car Louis, le fils au comte de Blois, avoit, par mariage, madame Marie, la fille au duc de Berry. Or bleu pensoit le duc de Juliers à retourner encore sur l'héritage: mais il véoit son fils, qui devoit être son héritier annexé si de courage (cœur) et défait, avec les Anglois que pour ce n'en faispit-il pas trop grand compte. VMWi %*»*** %<V» VWV*<WH,**'%'VVfc'V*»%^* >■»»%*» v»»»»»v%%%mM»>»»^ CHAPITRE XCJ. Comment x.a duchesse de Brabant envoya ambassa deurs devers Charles sixième* roi de France, con tre LE DUC DE GUERLES, SUR LE TEMPS QU IL AVOIT DÉRlg LE ROI: ET DE LA BDNNJE RÉPONSE QU'ELLE EUT. Là duchesse de Brabant qui se te n oit à Bruxelles étoit bien informée de toutes ces affaires, et eom ■ ment le duc de Guéries meuaçoit les Brabançons, et disoit qu'il leur feroit guerre; et bien s'en dou î 76 LES CHRONIQUES ( 1 387) toit : et disoit en cette manière la duchesse: « Ha! Dieu par d oint (pardonne), par sa grâce, à mon seigneur mon mari, car, s'il vesquesist (vivoit), le duc deGueldres n'osât penser et mettre hors ces pa roles : mais pour ce que je suis une femme et désor mais ancienne, il me veut assaillir et faire guerre. » Lors mit la dame de son conseil ensemble, pour sa* voir comme elle s'en cheviroit, car elle sentoit ce duc hâtif et de grand' emprise. En ce temps, que la dame demanda conseil de ces choses, étoit nouvellement du duc de Guéries défié le roi de France : dont grand eschandel (scan dale) couroit parmi le royaume, et en toutes autres terres voisines, oit les nouvelles en étoient venues et épandues, tant pour ce que le duc de Guéries est un petit prince au regard des autres, que pour ce que la lettre de défiance, si comme commune renommée couroit, car oneques ne la vis, étoit felle (dure) et impétueuse, et elle faisoit moult à tous ceux qui en oy oient la devise, à émerveiller. Si en parloit-on en ces jours, en plusieurs manières: les uns en une manière, les autres en une autre: ainsi que les cœurs sont de diverses opinions. «En nom dieu, dame, répondirent ceux du conseil à la duchesse. Vous ne demandez pas grands merveilles : et nous vous conseillons que vous envoyez devers le roi de France et devers le duc de Bourgogne. Il est heure, car le duc de Guéries, si comme vous ayez jà bien ouï dire, a défié le roi de France et tous ses aidans: et au cas qu'il voudra faire guerre au royaume 1 comme il dit, et comme renommée court, qu'il a tÇ0 (t3$7) Ï>E JEAN FBDISS4RT, 177 AngJois et les Allemands en son alliance il nie peut avoir plus belle entrée dedans le royaume, que parmi votre pays. Si est bon que le roi et le duc de Bourgogne en soient avisés et informés, et que vos châteaux» sur les. frontières » soient garnis et pour vus de gens d'armes: pourquoi nu] mal ne s'y prenne * car il n'est si petit ennemi, qu'on ne doive douter. Non pas que nous disons que pour lui singulière* meut, ni pour les Guerlois, il nous convienne prendre confort, ni alliance ailleurs; nenny» Mais nous le disons -pour les grandes alliances, qu'il peut de léger prendre et avoir au-dehors, et des Anglois par spécial dont il s'arme, et jtes Allemands qui moult sont couvoiteux et qui toujours désirent à guerroyer le noble royaume de France, pour la cause de la craisse (richesse) qu'ils y prennent. » La duchesse dit et répondit à ce conseil; « Vous dites voir (vérité): et je veuil (veux) qu*ony voise (aille). » Lors furent élus et nommés ceux qui îroient en cette saison pour cette besogne; le sire de Bergneval, maître d'hôtel; messire Jean Opéra > un moult gracieux chevalier; un clerc, et un écuyer d'honneur et sage; le clerc a voit nom messire Jean Grave, et Pécuyer messire Nicolas de ta Monnaye : et tous quatre étoient du droit conseil de madame deBrabantXeux se départirent de Bruxelles, quand leurs lettres de' créance furent écrites et scellées, et se mirent à chemin : et vinrent à Pari*. Pour ce temps, le roi ni le due de Bourgogne n'y étoient point : mais se tenaient en la bonne cité de Rouero > ton Normandie. Si se départirent de Paris, quand FROISSART. T. XI» I* L 178 LES CHRONIQUES (1587) ils sçurent les nouvelles, et allèrent là où ils trou vèrent le roi et ses oncles. Tattt exploitèrent ces ambassadeurs de Brabant, qu'ils vinrent à Rouen. Si se logèrent : et tout premièrement ils se trairent (rendirent) devers le duc de Bourgogne. Ce fut rai son qu'il leur fit bonne chère car bien les connais* soit; et montrèrent leurs lettres. Le duc les prit et les lut; et puis, quand il sut que heure fut, il les mena devers le roi : lequel, pour l'amour de leur dame, les reçut moult bénignement II lut les let tres* et puis les ouït parler. 11 leur fit réponse en disant: « Vos paroles et requêtes demandent bien conseil. Retrayez (rétirez) vous toujours devers bel onde de Bourgogne: et vous serez ouïs et expé diés le plus tôt qu'on pourra. » Cette parole con tenta moult les dessus nommés: et prirent congé dn roi, et du duc de Bourgogne: et se trairent (retirè rent) à leur hôtel. Pour ces jours étoient le roi et ses oncles, et lqs seigneurs , moult embesôgnés, et tous les jours en semble et en conseil, pour plusieurs causes et in incidences qui leur sourdoient à conseiller, car les défiances du duc de Guéries n'étoient pas bien plaisantes. Aussi on ne savoit pas bien à quoi le doc de Bretagne tendoit, qui a voit pris mer veilleusement le connétable de France, et rançonné h cent mille francs, à trois châteaux et à une bonne ville: et entendoit le roi et ses consaux (conseils), qu'ij garnissoit grandement, de pourvéasces et artil lerie, ses garnisons, ses villes et ses châteaux: et en vqy oit souvent lettres et messagers en Angle (1587) DE JE AN FR01SSART. 1 79 terre devers le roi et ses deux oncles; car le due de Lancestre pour ce temps étoit en Galice. Si avoit bien le conseil de France grandement à penser et à faire sur ces besognes, Car elles étoient moult gros* ses. Sien furent plus longuement sans réponse les ambassadeurs de la duchesse de Brabant En la fin, le duc de Bourgogne fit la réponse, et leur dît : « Vous retournerez devers notre belle ante (tante), et la nous saluerez beaucoup de fois : et lui baillerez ces lettres du roi, et les nôtres aussi : et lui direz que toutes ses besognes sont nôtres, sans nul moyen : et qu'elle ne s'ébahisse en rien, car elle sera reconfortée , tellement qu'elle s'en apercevra , et que le pays de Brabant n'y aura ni blâme, ni repro che, ni dommage. » Cette réponse contenta grande ment les ambassadeurs de Brabant : et se départi rent sur cet état : et s'en retournèrent à Paris, et de là à Bruxelles : et firent à la duchesse relation de la réponse, tout en telle manière et sur la forme que vous avez ouïe : tant que la dame en fut bien con tente. IQ* < 1 6o LES CHRONIQUES (i387) »»» A%V»>W»V»»NMi»»H»VlW*V»W»»>V>i»i»V»»»» ktW«V^V w>«* CHAPITRE XC1I. Dis quelque grand bruit de sainteté d'un cardinal de Luxembourg^ étant jA xort: et la merveilleuse fin dû roi Charles de Navarre. En ce temps «t en cette saison furent les nouvelles épandues de Saint Pierre de Luxembourg, le car dinal, et que son corps était saintis (sanctifié) en la cité d'Avignon, et lequel en ces jours faisoit,et fit, merveilles de miracles, et tant et si grand foison qu'innombrables. Ce saint cardinal avoit été fils au comte Guy de Saint-Pol qui demeura en la bataille de Julliers. Si vous dis que ce saint cardinal fut un homme en son temps de très bonne, noble, sainte et dévote vie: et fit toutes œuvres plaisantes à Dieu. Il étoit doux, courtois, et débonnaire, vierge et chaste de son corps, et large aumônier. Tout donnoit et départoit aux pauvres gens; rien ne retenoit des biens de l'église, fors que pour simplement tenir son état Le plus du jour et de la nuit il étoit en oraisons. Les vanités et superfluités et les pompes de ce monde il fuyoit et eschevoit (évitait) : et tant fit que Dieu, en sa jeunesse, l'appela en sa compa gnie: et, tantôt après son trépas, il fit grands mira cles et apperts: et ordonna à être enseveli au sépul chre commun des pauvres gens: et en toute sa vie (i387) DE JEAN FROiSSART. 181 n'y eut qu'humilité: et là gît: et fut mis tu la cha pelle de Saint Michel Le pape et les cardinaux » quand ils virent que les miracles du corps saint se multiplioient ainsi, en écrivirent au roi de France, et par spécial à son frère aîné, le comte Waleran de Saint-Pol: et lui mandèrent qu'il allât en Avignon. Le comte ne s'en voulut point; excuser ni déporter (différer) d'y aller : mais y alla : et donna de belles lampes d'arv gent, qui sont devant son autel. On se pourrait émerveiller de la grand 'créance, que ceux du pays de là environ y a voient, et des vîsitations qu'ils y faisoient,et des présents que rois, ducs, comtes, dames et gens de tous états fa i soi en t. Et en ces jours que je fus en Avignon ,c$r par là, pour le voir, je retournai de la comté de Foix, mais de jour en, jour ses œuvres et magnificence s'augmentaient, me fut dit qu'il seroit canonisé. Je ne sais pas com ment depuis il en est avenu. Or, si je vous ai parlé de la niorj; dp ce saint homme, je vous parlerai aussi, car point n'en ai parlé encore, de la mort d'un roi, par lequel vie cette histoire, en plusieurs lieux, est moult augmen tée, mais ses oeuvres furent autres que raisonna bles, car par lui, et par ses incidences, le royaume de France eut moult affaire et son temps. Vous devez entendre que c'e$t pour le roi de Navarre. On dit, et voir (vrai) pst, qu'il n'est chose si certaine, que la mort, et chose si peu certain que l'heure de la mort. Je le dis à ce propos que k *0* deNavarre ne cuidojt (ccoyoî^point^ quand il mpi** 1 8 a LES CHRONIQUES ( 1 387 ) rut, être si près de sa fin, car espoir (peut-être), s'il l'eut sçu, par aventure se fût-il avisé» et n'eût point mis en termes, ni ayant, ce qu'il mit. Il se tenoit en la cité de Pampelune en Navarre. Là lui vint en imagination et volonté qu'il convenoit qu'il, eût sur son pays, et prinsist (prit) par taille, la somme de deuxxents mille florins : et manda son conseil: et leur dît qu'il vouloit qu'il fût ainsi. Son conseil n'osa dire non, car il étoit moult cruel. Adonc furent mandés à venir à Pampelune les plus notables des cités et bonnes villes du royaume de Navarre. Tous y vinrent : nul ne l'osa délayer (différer). Quand ils furent tous venus là, et assemblés au palais du roi, il même, sans autre moyen ni avant parler, remontra la querelle, car ce fut un roi subtil lement enlangagé et dît ainsi, tout conclu, qu'il lui convenoit avoir la somme de deux cents mille florins : et vouloit qu'une taille s'en fît % et montra comme le riche seroit à dix francs pour taille, le moyen à cinq francs, et le petit à un franc. Cette requête ébahit moult fort le peuple, car Tannée devant il avoit eu une taille en son pays de Na varre, qui avoit monté à là somme de cent mille francs pour le mariage de sa fille, madame Jeanne, au duc Jean de Bretagne, et encore de cette taille avoit grand foison à payer. Le roi, quand il eut fait sa demande, requit qu'il fût répondu. Ils demandèrent lors à avoir. conseil et délai pour parler ensemble. 11 leur donna quinze jours de conseil à être là: voire les chefs et les ri ches des cités et des bonnes villes. La chose se dé partit sur cet état. j U387) DE JiEAN FROISSART. i83 Les nouvelles s'epandirent parmi Navarre, de cette grosse taillç: et toutes, gens, et plus les uns que les autres, en furent tous ébahis. Au quinzième jour, tous retournèrent à Pampelune: voire ceux des bonnes villes et cités, et qui souverainement y étaient ordonnés: et furent environ quarante nota bles hommes chargés,, 4e par le pays, pour répon dre. Le roi fut présent à la réponse: et voulut qu'ils répondissent en un grand verger qui était en le pa lais en sus de toutes gens, et enclos de hauts murs. Quand ils répondirent > ils dirent ainsi, et tous d'un accord, qu'il n'étoit pas possible; en remontrant la pauvreté du royaume, et comment la taille passée n'ér toit pas encore toute payée: et que pour dieu il y voulsit (voulût) remédier, car le pays, n'étoit point , aisé de le faire. Quand il vit qu'il np viendroit pas aisément à son entente (but), il se mélancolia (fâcha), et se départit d'eux, en disant: «c Vous êtes mal conr seiliés, parlez encore ensemble. » Puis entra en ses chambres, et ses gens aussi; et laissa ces bonnes gens en ce verger, bien enclos et enfermés de hauts murs de tous cotés; et çomjnanda que nul ne les laissât issir hors, et que petitement on leur donnât à boire et à manger. Là demeurèrent-ils au mid ciel , en grand'doutance de leurs, vies: ni nul n'eu osoit par ler: et veut-on biçn supposer que par contrainte il fut venu à son entente (but), car jà en fitil jusque^ à trois mourir et décoler qui étaient, tant comme à son opinion , les plus rebelles, pour donner cré meur (crainte) et exemple aux autres. Or avint soudainement* par merveilleuse inçU 1 84 LES CHRONIQUES ( 1 387 ) dence,qué Dieu y envoya un grand miracle; vous orrez comment: selon ce que je fus informé en la eomté de Foix, àOrthez, en l'hôtel du comte, par les hommes de Pampelune même: car il sied à deux journées ou à trois de là. Et me fut dit que ce roi en son vivant avoit toujours aimé femmes: et enco re, en ces jours, a voit -il une très belle demoiselle à amie, où à la fois il se déport oit, car de grand temps avoit été veuf. Une nuit il avoit jus (couché) avec elle: si s'en retourna en sa chaipbre, tout frileux: et dit à un de ses valets de chambre: «Appareillez moi ce lit, car je m'y vueil (veux) un petit coucher, et reposer, » Il fut fait; il se dépouilla: et se mit en ce lit. Quand il fut couché, il commença à trembler de froid et ne se pouvoit échauffer, car jà avoit-il grand âge r et environ soixante ans (l): et avoit-on d'usage, que, pour le réchauffer en son lit, et le faire suer, on boutoit une buccine d'airain, et lui souffloit on air volant On dit que c'était eau ardente, et que cela le réehauffoit, et le faisoit suer, si comme on avoit fait autrefois sans lui faire mal ni déplaisir de son corps ni de sa personne. Adonc on lui fit comme on avoit de coutume: mais lors se tourna la chose en pis pour le roi, ainsi que Dieu ou le diable le voulurent, car flambe ardente se bouta en ce lit, entre les linceuix (draps), par telle manière qu'on n'y put oncques venir à temps, ni lui secou (i ) Charles le Mauvais, n1 avoit que 55 ans deux mois et sa joars. J.À. B. "* (i&Bi) DE JEAN FROiSSàJ&T. *85 rir, qu'il ne fut tout ars, juscjues à la boudiné, lui, qui étoitlà couché et enveloppé entre les Hnceulx: et fut ainsi atteint de ce J: te flambe, mais pour ce ne mou rut pas si très tôt: ai us (mais) vesquit (vécut) quinze jours en grand'peine et en grand'misère : ni sur gien (chirurgien), ni médecin, n'y purent on cques remédier, qu'il n'en mourut (l). Ce iut la fin du roi (i) La Chronique de St. Denis, le moine anonyme de St. Deniset Juvénal des Ursins racontent autrement la mort de Charles le Mau vais; voici le récit de la grande Chronique de St Denis. « Au dit temps, le roi de Navarre qui étoit fils de la reine Blanche , fille du roi Louis dit Hutin, lequel roi par plusieurs fois fit des maux innombrables au royaume de France > alla de rie a trèpassement; a la mort duquel avoit unéyéque de Navarre, comme on dit, lequel fit une manière de épitre a sa sœur de la mort du dit roy , en louant fort sa vie et sa fin. Mais autres qui en savaient affirmoient que , pour ce que par vieillesse il étoit refroidi, fut conseillé qu'il fut enveloppé en un drap mouillé en eau-de-vie et y fut cousu dedans, et quand le drap seroit sec qu'on f arrosât de la dite eau; ce qui fut fait. Mais celui qui le cousoit avoit de la chandelle de cire allumée , et pour rompre le dit fil, il prit de la dite chandelle pour le couper et brûler Mais il advint que le feu du fil alla jusque au .drap , et fut mis. tout le dit drap en feu et en flambe « et n'y pouy oit-on mettre remède; et vécut le dit roi trois jours, criant et bravant, et en très grandes et âpres douleurs; et en cet état alla de vie à trèpassement ; et disoit-on que c'était une punition divine. » Cette lettre d'un évoque de Navarre dont parlent les Grandes Chroniques est celle qu'écrivit l'évéque et chancelier de Navarre a la reine Blanche sœur de Charles deux et veuve de Philippe de Valois. Le moine anonyme de St. Jtenis qui assure l'avoir vue, la donne en entier mais sans par oître* ajouter foi aux assertions de Pévéque. Secousse dans ses mémoires sur Charles le Mauvais regarde également cette lettre comme l'ouvrage d'un courtisan qui aux dépens de la vérité voulott flatter la douleur de la reine Blanche en honorant la mémoire de son Favin dans son histoire de Navarre pense que cette boceine d'ai rain qui souffloit air volant, et ces draps mouillés auxquels le feu prend, annonçoient tout simplement que le roi deNav^cre, consumé de maladies honteuses, étoit obligé d'employer des fumigations et des i86 LES CHRONIQUES (1587) de Navarre: et ainsi furent les bonnes gens délivrés et la taille quittée de non cueillir ni payer. CHAPITRE XCHt Comment le duc de Berry vit assiéger la forteresse de Vebtado.ur. evs avez ci-dessus bien ouï recorder comment les traités se faisoient du comte d'Armagnac, et du dauphin d'Auvergne, aux capitaines des garnisons d'Auvergne >de Gévaudan, deLimosin,et des envi rons: lesquels étaient contraires et ennemis à tous leurs voisins. Plusieurs s'y inclinaient, et se voa 1 oient bien partir, car il leur sembloit qurils avoient assez guerroyé et travaillé le royaume de France; sivouloient aller d'autre part piHerj car le comte bains sulphureux,et qu'il périt du double effet d'un refroidissement accidentel et de la débauche. Charles le Mauvais mourut le premier janvier i386, ancien style, eu 1 387 nouveau style. Et ce qui est assez curieux, c'est que le a mars i386 avant Pâques (i38^ N. S.) éVst -a-dire »deux mois après sa mort, Charles 6 lue fit faire son procès , cômflttfc un homme vivant, par la •our des pairs v J^. A. B. ii387) DE JEAN FROISSART. 187 d'Armagnac leur promet toit qu'il les meneroit eu Lombardie; et le comte de Foâx, qui n'est mie lé ger à décevoir, pensoit tout le. contraire. Tout quoy (tranquille) se taisoit, pour voir la fin de cette be sogne: et enquéroit soigneusement à ceux qui tail lés en étoient de savoir, comment les traités se por toient, et quelle part ces gens d'armes se trairoient, quand de leurs forts départis seroient. Ils lui di rent la* commune renommée qui coaroit; et il bais . soit la tête ou il la hochoit, et disoit: * Nenny, tous les jours viennent nouvelles subtilles entre gens d'armes. Le comte d'Armagnac et Bernard son frère, sont jeunes: et bien sçais qu'ils ne m'ont pas trop en grâce, ni mon pays aussi. Si pourroient ces gens d'armes retourner sur moi: et pource me vueil (veux)-je pourvoir à l'encontre d*eux, et tant faire, que je n'y aie ni blâme, ni dommage, car c'est pos-, session de lointaine provision. » Ainsi disoit le comte de Foix: et véritablement il n'a voit pas folle imagination , si comme les apparen-i ces en furent une fois et que vous orrez recorder, si je puis traiter ni venir jusques à là. Encore avez vous bien ouï conter de Geoffroy TêterNoire, Breton, qui tenoit, et avoit tenu long temps, la garnison et fort châtel de Vendatour en Limousin, et sur les bandes (limites) d'Auvergne et de Boifrbonnois. Ce Geoffroi ne s'en fût jamais parti, pour nul avoir • car il tenoit ledit çbâtel de Ventadour comme son bon héritage: et avoit mis tout lepays d*environ à certain pactis (composition): et, parmi tous ces p?ctis, toutes gens labouroient en H 188 LES CHRONIQUES (i387) paix dessous lui et demeuroient; et tenoit lï état de seigneur, mais trop cruel étoit et trop périlleux quand il se courrouçoit, car il ne faisoit compte d'occire un homme, non plus comme une bête. Or devez vous savoir, pour approcher les besognes, que, quand tes nouvelles vinrent premièrement en Au vergne et en Limousin pour cette taille lever et re cueillir, commune renoounée couroit que ceux de Yentadour se départiroieot de leur fort, et ren daient la garnison au duc de Berry: et enseroit le pays quitte et délivré. Pour ces nouvelles s'accor dèrent toutes gens à la taille: et payoient moult volontiers. Quand les bennes gens virent le con traire, et que ceux, qui le plus soigneusement cou r oient sur le pays étaient ceux de Ventadour, si furent tous déeonfils: et tinrent leur argent de la première cueillette à perdu: et dirent que jamais ne pàyeroient croix , ni maille, ni dénier, si ceux de Yentadour n'étoient tellement contraints, qu'ils ne pussent issir (sortir) hors de leur fort. Les nouvelles en vinrent au duc de Berry: qui étoit souverain regard (gardien), et avoit tout le pays d'Auvergne, de Rouergue, de Quercy, de Ge vaudan et de Limosin en garde. Si pensa sus un pe tit, et dit que les bonnes gens avoient grand droit de cela dire et faire», et que voiremenl (vraiment) ou s'acquit toit petitement, quand on n'y mettait tel siège, qu'ils ne pussent issir (sortir) hors de leur fori. Adoncques furent ordonnés, de par le duc de Berry , et aux courtages (frais) du pays, la greigneur (ma jeure) partie, quatre cents lances de bonnes gens (1S87) DE JEAN FROISSART. t$g d'armes , pour assiéger "Vent^domy p*f bastides (forts): desquels gens d'aimés on fit souverains capi taines messire Guillaume de Ligtiac et messire Jean Bonne-Lance, un gracieux et vaillant chevalier de Bourbonnois. Or s'en vinrent ces chevaliers et sei gneurs, et ces gens d'armes, mettre le siège au plus près qu'ils purent de Ventadour: et mirent bastides en quatre lieux: et firent faire, par les hommes du pays , grands tranchées et roullis sur les détroits par où ils avoient usage de passer et de repasser; et leur furent faites moult de détraintes. Mais Geoffroi Tête-Noire n'en faisoit que peu de compte, car il sentoit la garnison pourvue de toutes choses, et ne leur venist (vint)-il rien de nouvel pour eux rafraî-* chir, de sept ans^jet si sied lechâtel en si fort lieu, et sur telle roche. que assaut qu'on lui'peut faire, ne lui peut porter nul dommage: et, nonobstant ces sié* ges et ces bastides (forts), si issoyerit (sortoient)-ils à la fois hors par une poterne* qui ouvre entre deux roches à la couverte aucuns compagnons aventu reux, et chevauchoient sur le pays, pour trouver aucuns, bons prisonniers. Autre chose ne rame-* noient-ils en leur fort, car ils ne pussent, pour les étroites montagnes et divers passages où ils pas-» soient: et si ne pou voit-on leur clorre, de nul côté, celte issue ni cette allée, si à l'aventure, sept ou huit lieues en sus de leur fort, on ne les trou voit sur les champs. Et, quand ils étaient rentrés en la (1) C'eftl-a-dire, lors même que de 7 ans ils ne pourroient aroi> aucune nouTelle proTWwa.J. A. B. ï i > 1 9° LES CHRONIQUES ( 1 587) trace de leur chemin, qui bien durait trois lieues, ils étaient aussi assurés, que donc que ils fussent en leur garnison. Ainsi tinrent-ils cette ruse un long temps; et fat le siège plus d'un an devant le châtef , par l'ordonnance que je vous dis: mais on leur tol Ht (enleva) grand foison de rédemption du pays et des pactiz (compositions). Nous nous souffrirons à parler de Veqtadour, et nous nous rafraîchirons d'autres matières. CHAPITRE XCIV. Comment le ©uc de Bourgogne envoya quatre cents lances a la duchesse dr brabant: et comment ils SURPRIRENT ET JSRULÈRENT LA VILLE I>E StRAULLE EA GuBR&ES* JLe duc de Bourgogne ne mit pas en oubli ee qu%il promit à faire à sa belle an te (tante), la duchesse de Brabant : mais ordonna environ quatre cents lances de bonnes gens d'armes, Bourguignons et autres: et en fit souverains capitaines deux chevaliers: le premier, naessire Guillaume de la Tri mouille, Bour guignon: et l'autre, sire Servais de Mer an de, Alle mand, et leur dit: « Vous vous en irezyà(àvec) tout votre charge, sur les frontières de Brabant et de Guéries (Gueldres),là où notre belle ante (tante) et son conseil vous ordonneront à tenir et être: et faites bonne guerre j nous le voulons. » j ( 1 387) DE JEAN FROISSA RT. IQ i Les deux chevaliers répondirent que ils étoient tous appareillés à faire ce qu'on voudroit Si ordon nèrent leurs besognes, et mandèrent leurs gens: et passèrent outre, le plus tôt qu'ils purent -9 et s>avallè rent devers Brabant: et signifièrent leur venue à la duchesse: et passèrent parmi sa terre de Luxem bourg. Ils furent mis et menés, par ^ordonnance du maréchal de Brabant et du Conseil de la duchesse, dedans les trois châteaux, que le duc de Guéries chalengeoit (réclamoit), et lesquels il vouloit avoir, pour tant qu'ils avoient été engagés Gaugelth,Buch, et Mille (Goch> Beck et Meyen). Et là se tinrent en garnison: et firent bonne frontière: et étoient a la fois sur les champs, pour rencontrer leurs ennemis. Le duc de Guéries se fortifia à l'encontre, et pour vut ses villes et ses châteaux à l'encontre de ses en nemis! car il vit bien que la guerre étoit ouverte. Or advint aussi, que messire Guillaume de la Tri mouille, qui se désiroit à avancer et à faire chose par quoi on sût qu'il étoit au pays, jeta sa visée un jour sur une ville en Guéries, à quatre lieues de son fort: laquelle on appelle Straulle (Straelen). Si en dit secrètement toute son intention à messire Servais deMérande, son compagnon, et l'emprise qu'il vouloit faire. Le chevalier s'y accorda légère ment, car il se désiroit aussi à armer et chevaucher: et cueillirent leurs compagnons des garnisons qu'ils tenoient: et se trouvèrent tous ensemble: et se dé partirent environ minuit de Buch (Beck) et chevau chèrent le grand trot vers Straulle (Straelen): et avoient guides qi^i les menoient: «t vinrent sur le 192 LES CHRONIQUES (i387) jour assez près de Straulle (Straelen). Adoncqnes s'arrêtèrent ils: et prirent illecques nouvelle ordon nance: et me fut dit que messire Servais, atout (avec) trente lances d'Allemagne, se départit de cette route (troupe)jpour venir devant, conquérir la porte et là tenir, tant que messire Guillaume delà Trimouille et la grosse route (troupe)* seroient venus; car à che vaucher tant de gens ensemble, on s'en apercevrait: tirais, pour un petit de gens, on cuideroit (croiroit) que ce fussent* gens que le duc de Guéries y en voyât, pour rafraîchir la garnison, ou que ses gens chevauchassent de garnison à autre. Ainsi fut fait comme il fut ordonné: et se dé partit messire Servais de Mérande atout (avec) trente lances d'Allemands: et chevauchèrent tout devant cette place de Straulle (Straelen). Bien trou vèrent sur le chemin, du matin, hommes et femmes qui alloient en la ville, car en ce jour il étoit jour de marché; et, ainsi comme ils les trouvoient, ils les saluoient en Allemand: et passoient outre. Ces gens du pays cuidoient (croyoient) que ce fussent des gens du duc de Guéries, qui vinssent là en garnison. Messire Servais et sa route (troupe) chevauchèrent tant, qu'ils vinrent à la porte: et la trouvèrent toute ouverte et à (avec) petit (peu) de garde: et étoit si matin, que moult de gens étoient encore en leurs lits. Ils s'arrêtèrent là: et furent seigneurs delà porte: et véez cy venir tantôt, le grand gallop, messire Guillaume de la Trimouille et sa grosse route: et se boutèrent en cette ville, çn écriant leurs cris* Ainsi fut la ville gagnée; ni oncques défense n'y eut* (i387) DE JEilN FftOISSART, ïg3 car les hommes de la ville qui point ne pensoient que François dussent faire telle emprise et oient en core en leurs lits. Ce fut la nuit saint Martin en hiver, que cette entreprise fut faite, et la ville de Straulle(Slraelen) en Guéries gagnée: et vous dw que, trois jours en devant, y étoit entré un cheva lier d'Angleterre, atout (avec) dix lances et trente archers que le roi d'Angleterre y avoit envoyés. On nommoit le chevalier messire Guillaume Fil (Fitz) Raoul. A cette heure, que l'estourmi (bruit) monta, et le haro, il étoit en son hôtel et se com mençait à découcher. Si entendit les nouvelles que leur ville étoit prise. « Et de quelles gens? deman da-t-il. » — «De Bretons, répondirent ceux qui à lui parlèrent »— «Ha! dit-il, Bretons sont malles (mai** vaises) gens. Ils pilleront et ardront la ville, et puis* ils s'en partiront. Et quel cry crient-ils. »•— « JEu nom dieu sire, ils crient, La Tri mouille. » Adonc fit le chevalier Anglois fermer et clorre son hôtel: et s'arma., et tous ses gens aussi: et se tint là dedans, pour savoir si point de rescousse (dé» fense)y avoit: mais uenny, car tous étoient si éba his, qu'ils fuyoient'l'un çà, l'autre là: les pauvres g«ns au moustienet les autres vuidoient la ville, par une autre porte, et guerpissoient tous. Les François boutèrent le feu en la ville, pour encore ébahir plus fort les gens, en plusieurs lieux $ mais il y avoit de grands hôtels de pierre et de brique: si ne s'y pou voit le feu attacher, ni prendre légèrement. Neque dent (néanmoins) la greigneur (majeure) partie de la ville fut arse, et si nettement [Allée et robée, quç r&oissAjvr. t. xu ï3 194 LES (CHRONIQUES (1387) rien de bon n'y demeura tant qu'ils le pussent trou* ver: et eurent des plus riches hommes de la ville à prisonniers: et fut pris le chevalier Anglois en bon convenant (ordre); car, quand il vit que tout alloit mal, il fit sou hôtel ouvrir car il doutoit le feu: pourtant que de premier il véoit grandis fumées en la salle; et se mit tout devant son hôtel, son pennon devant lui, et ses gens, archers et autres: et là se dé fendirent vaillamment et bien, mais en la fin il fut pris: et se rendit prisonnier à messire Guillaume de la Trimouille: et toutes ses gens furent pris: et petit en y eut de morts. Quand les François eurent fait leur volonté de la ville de Straulle (Straelen) en Guéries, et leurs vàr lets eurent mis à voie tout leur pillage, ils se dépar tirent, car ils n'eurent pas conseil d'eux là tenir j ils eussent fait Jolie; et se mirent au retour, devers leurs garnisons dont ils étoient partis, Ainsi alla de cette aventure: et eut le duc de Guéries cette première bu(Fe,etce premier dom mage: dont il fût moult courroucé, quand il sçut les nouvelles. Il étoit pour ces jours à Nymaiyes (Nimëgue) mais il vint là tantôt atout (avec) grands gens d'armes: et cuida moult bien là trouver les François. Si fit rem parer le lieu, et le repourvoir d'autres gens d'armes, qui furent depuis plus diligents de garder la ville, qu'ils n'avoient été pardevant. Ainsi avient des aventures: les uns perdent une fois et une autre fois le regagnent. Moult furent la du chesse de Brabantet tous ceux de Brabant réjouis de cette aventure : et y acquirent messire Guillaume de W+M ■ ■■ h* (i587) DE JEAN FROISSART. l$5 la Trimouille et messire Servais de Merande grand* grâce: et adonc disoient-ils communément, parmi le pays, qu'à Pété qui venoit, sans nulle faute, ils iroient mettre le siège devant la ville de Grave, et ne s'en partiroient jusques à ce qu'ils Paur oient, car ils se trouveraient assez gens pour ce faire. Quand le duc de Bourgogne eut ouï ces nouvelles, comment ses gens, qui et oient en garnison en Brabant, se por taient bien, si en eut grand* joie? et pour eux encore mieux encourager et donner bonne volonté, il écrU voit souvent à messire Guillaume son chevalier. Ainsi se tinrent-ils là tous cet biver, grandement bien gardant leur frontière: ni aussi ils ne prirent point de dommage: et aussi les châteaux et villes de Guéries, depuis la prise de la ville de Straulle (Straelen), furent plus soigneux d'eux garder, qu'ils n'a voient été au devant Or vous vueil-je recorder d'une autre emprise que Perrot le Béarnois fit en Auvergne, où il eut grand profit: et par quelle incidence il la mit /sus: je )e vous dirai tout au long de la matière, i3' I * icj6 LES CHRONIQUES (^87) CHAPITRE XCV. commbnt gbronnet de laduraht, lu if dbs capital mbs de perrot lb béarnois, ayant été prisonnier pe Jean Bonne-lance a Montferrant en Auvergne, trouva façon , après sa rançon payée , de mettre le béarnoïs dedans igelle ville de montferrant. Avenu étoit en cette propre année et saison, envi ron la moyenne (milieu) de mai, qu'aucuns compa gnons aventureux, environ quarante lances , étaient issus et partis hors de Caluscet (Chalucet) que Perrot leBéarnois tenoit: et sied cette forteresse en Limousin. Les compagnons à l'aventure couroient en Auvergne: et avoient un écuyer Gascon à capi taine, qui s'appeloit Geronnet de Ladurant, ap pert homme d'armes durement. Or, pour ce que le pays a été et était toujours en doute pour tels gens, sur les frontières de Bourbonnois se tenoit, de par le duc de Bourbon, un sien chevalier, vaillant homme aux armes, qui s'appeloit messire Jean Bonne lance, gracieux et amoureux chevalier, et qui grand courage a voit de lui avancer. Entandisque Angloischevau choient, il demanda quelle somme de gens ils étoient: on lui dit qu'ils étoient environ quarante lances. « Pour quarante lances, dit il, nous n'avons garde. J'en vueil mettre autant à rencontre. » Lors se départit il du lieu où ww (1387) DE JEAN FROISSART 197 il étoit , car la plus grand9 charge de gens d'armes se tenoient devant Mont Ventadour. Et toujours pour trouver armes, car il les dési roi t fortement, il, à (avec) quarante ou cinquante lances, sur les frontiè res, de Limousin, d'Auvergne et de Bourbon nois, se mit à l'adresse, à (avec) ce qu'il avoit de gens. Là étoit avecques lui un chevalier, nommé messire Louis d'Aubière: et aussi messire Louis d'Apchon r et le sire de Saint Aubise: et prirent les champs, sans tenir voie ni chemin, car bien connoissoient le pays; et s'en vinrent sur un pas . où il convenort que leurs ennemis passassent, non par ailleurs, pour les di verses montagnes, et pour une rivière qui descend et vient d'icelles , qui est durement grande quand il pleut, où que les neiges fondent es montages, Ils n'eurent pas été demie heure, quand evvous (voici) venir les Anglois lesquels ne se donnoient garde de cette rencontre. Bonne-Lance et les siens abaissèrent leur glaives, et s'en vinrent sur ces compagnons qui et oient descendus au pied d'une montagne et écriè rent leur cri. Quand ilsvirent que combattre les convenoit, si montrèrent visage et se mirent à dé fense: et Geronnet qui étoit assez appert écujer eut là de première venue, forte rencontre de glai ves et bons boutis, et des renversés, des uns et des autres. Mais, à parler par raison,, les François étoientplus droites gens d'armes que n'étoient les compagnons aventureux: et bien le montrèrent, car ils rompirent tantôt cette route (troupe) et les ruèrent jus , et les prirent, et les occirent; oncques nul n'en retourna, si ce ne fut varlets qui se sauvèrent au 19** LES CHRONIQUES (1 J87) demucier (en se cachant), en tremen tiers (pendant) que les autres se combattaient. Il en y eut vingt et deux pris, et seize morts sur la place: et fut le capi* taine pris, et fiancé prisonnier de Bonne*Lance. Puis ils se mirent au retour. En chevauchant et en ramenant leurs prisonniers, Bonne-Lance s'avisa comment, puis un. mois, il avoit été, en la ville de Montferrant en Àtrvergne, et en grand ébattemënt avécques dames et da m ois elles i tant qu'elles lui avoierit prié et requis, en disant ainsi: * Bonne-lànce, beau sire, vous chevaucher souvent sur les champs: et ne peut être que vous né voyefc à la fois vos ennemis, et que vous n'ayez au cune rencontre. Je le vous dis, dit l'une des dàmeà qui s'avança de parler devant toutes les autres, et laquelle Bonne-Lance avoit bien en grâce, pourtant que je verrois volontiers un Anglois. On m'a dit au cunes fois, et par spécial uû écuyer qui est de ce pays et qui s'appelle Gourdin os et que bienconnois sez,que ce sont durement appertes gens d'armes, et aussi apperts, ou plus, que ceux de ce pays: et bien le montrent, car ils chevauchent souvent: et font de belles appertises d'armeS: et prennent, sur nous, villes et châteaux: et les tiennent. » Et Bonne Lance avoit répondu: « Par dieu! dame, si l'aven ture me peut venir si belle et si bonne que j'en puisse prendre un qui vaille que vous le voyez, vous le verrez. » — « Grand merci, dit elle. » Quand cette souvenance fut venue à Bonne-Lan ce, il avoit pris le chemin pour venir à Clermoiit en Auvergne, car la bataille avoit été assez près delà. (t3«7) DE JEAN FROISSART 199 mais il Pescheva (évita), et prit le chemin de Mont ferrant qui sied environ une petite lieue outre; et passèrent sur la senestre (gauche): et vinrent à Mont ferrant. De la venue de Bonne-lance, et de la jour née qu'il avoit ^eue sur les aventureux qui travail lent à la fois le pays furent les gens de M cm t fer rant très tous réjouis: et fut Bonne-lance grande ment le bien venu. Quand lui et ses gens furent des cendus à l'hôtel, ils s'aisèrent et désarmèrent. Les daines et les damoiselles se mirent ensemble pour mieux con jouir et fêtoyer Bonne-lance: et le vinrent plus de vingt sept voir à l'hôtel, Ii les recueillit moult doucement, car, il étoit sage et gracieux che valier, et leur dit, spécialement à celle qui demandé lui avoit à voir un Ànglois: « Dame, je me vueil £veux) acquitter envers vous. Je vous avois en con venant (promesse), n'a pas un mois, ou environ, si je pusse par l'aventure d'armes cheoir à taille, que je prensisse (prisse) Ànglois , je le vous montrerois. Or m'a Dieu hijy donné que j'ai trouvé et encontre une ronte(troupe)de bien vaillants, car vraiment aux ar mes ils nous ont donné assez à faire: mais toutes fais la place nous est demeurée. Ils ne sont pas Ànglois de nation, mais Gascons; et font guerre dlÀnglois. Us sont de Béarn et de la haute Gascogne» Si les verrez à grand loisir, car, pour Bamour de vous, je les vous lairai (laisserai) en cette ville, tant qu'ils auront quis (acquitté) leur rançon;» Les dames commencèrent à riçe qui tournèrent' cette chose en revel(réjpuissance)et dirent: « Grand merci. » Bonne-lance s'en alla en ébatte méat avec aoo LES CHRONIQUES "* (i5%) ques elles; et fut dedans Montferrant trois jours, en grand rcvel (réjouissance), et toujours entre les da mes et damoiselles. Là en dedans Géronnet de La durant et ses compagnons se rançonnèrent: et leur fit très bonne compagnie Bonne-Lance, car il vit bien qu'ils et oient pauvres compagnons aventureux. Et mieux vausist(eût valu) qu'il les eût tous pendus, ou noyés, que rançonnés ni laissés en la ville. |
68989378_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | The 2018 Mary Hardin–Baylor Crusaders football team was an American football team that represented the University of Mary Hardin–Baylor in the American Southwest Conference (ASC) during the 2018 NCAA Division III football season. In their 22nd year under head coach Pete Fredenburg, the team compiled a 15–0 record (9–0 against conference opponents) and won the ASC championship. The team advanced to the NCAA Division III playoffs and defeated Mount Union, 24–16, in the 2018 Stagg Bowl.
Three Mary Hardin-Baylor players were selected by the Associated Press as first-team players on its Division III All-America team: running back Markeith Miller; linebacker Jalen Martin; and defensive back Jefferson Fritz.
The team played its home games at Crusader Stadium in Belton, Texas.
Schedule
References
Mary Hardin-Baylor
Mary Hardin–Baylor Crusaders football seasons
NCAA Division III Football Champions
Mary Hardin-Baylor Crusaders football.
|
github_open_source_100_1_289 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import fs from 'fs';
import path from 'path';
const ormConfig = require(path.resolve(process.cwd(), 'orm.config.json'));
const logPath = path.resolve(
ormConfig.log || path.resolve(process.cwd(), 'orm.log')
);
if (!fs.existsSync(path.dirname(logPath))) {
fs.mkdirSync(path.dirname(logPath));
}
const log = (sql: string, err: any) => {
const logTime = `--------------------${new Date().toLocaleString()}--------------------\n`;
const logSql = `SQL: ${sql}\n`;
const logErr = `${err}\n`;
const logInfo = `${logTime}${logSql}${logErr}\n`;
console.log(logInfo);
fs.appendFile(logPath, logInfo, (err) => {
console.log(err);
});
};
export default log;
|