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github_open_source_100_1_206 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | local Libraries = game:GetService("ReplicatedStorage"):WaitForChild("WorldEngine")
local Object = require(Libraries:WaitForChild("Object"))
local t = require(Libraries:WaitForChild("t"))
-- local qt = require(script.Parent.validator)
local questObjectiveConstructorValidator = t.tuple(t.integer, t.string)
local QuestObjective = Object:Extend("QuestObjective", {abstract = true})
function QuestObjective:constructor(stage, description)
assert(questObjectiveConstructorValidator(stage, description))
self._stage = stage
self._description = description
end
function QuestObjective:GetDescription()
return self._description
end
function QuestObjective:GetStage()
return self._stage
end
return QuestObjective
|
github_open_source_100_1_207 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #include <cstdint>
#include <iostream>
int main() {
for (int16_t i = 97; i <= 122; i++) {
std::cout << i << " e " << char(i) << std::endl;
}
return 0;
}
|
geschichtederdeu00dohmuoft_8 | German-PD | Public Domain | I ein S3eifpief ber r^einif^ beforatiöen Stid^tung bietet im (Siia^ ba§ Äirc^tein ber im ^ai)xe 1221 öon 5(nblau au0get)enben 9)?önd^§fiebelung ju Cberfteigen im Greife SDioIatieim. genfter unb 2:§üren finb ^ier noc^ runbbogig, ober befe^t mit (gäulc^en, bie gierlic^e ßnofpenfapitette becfen unb ein <gc§aftring in ber ÜJiitte umi(^tie|t. Säulenbünbel nehmen bie 9tippen unb ©urte ber ^reujgewölbe auf. — 3m allgemeinen aber finb berartig beforatio fpielenbe ©Übungen f)ier ttjenig üblic^. 9lur bie portale merben auc^ im (StfaB gelegentlirf) befonberS reic^ gegliebert. <Bo (ah' gefe^en öon anberen gleic^ nä^er §u befprec^enben erf)attenen Sauten) aU 3left unter- gegangener SSerfe: junäc^ft an ber Söeftfront ber heutigen Sirene ju Äai)fer§berg im Cberetfaß aus bem (£nbe be# jujölften ^fl^i^^unberts im 9tunbbogen mit maure^fen, ifonifc^en unb §um Seit merftoürbig forint§ifierenben Kapitellen, bann ein anbere», im (gpi^bogen au§ bem beginn be» breije^nten S^^i^^nbertg mit Snofpenfapiteflen unb mit 93Iattn)erf befe^ten Kämpfern barüber, fo wie fleinen 9lo)ettenrei^en auf ben Stunbftäben be» St)ürbogen§ gu ©gil^eim im ^nnem be§ Sturme», ber al» einziger Sfieft ber ef)emaügen mittelalterlichen Kird^e bort noc^ fte^t. Im Gang, bewahren bei Einvefer, Saaten auch in der Beerse Ben Erntten, Gefunden, gefertigter Großteil der älteren Gebäude; die Serielle Finsternis fällt In dieser Beziehung, ist das Gesicht der Ernte noch unklar, aber es lässt sich an seiner Verwaltung und fünfter Jahreszeit gleiten, zu wünschen. Die Verbindung bleibt mit Wenigen Ausnahme bestehen, das gebundene Rechnungsystem in Geltung: so an der Kirche zu St. Nikolaus, St. Bartholomäus, St. Thomas und St. Magdalena, die Senatskirche, würde die vortreffliche Kirche bei den Zeitigen in der Pflege der heiligen Gebeine in der Weiten Pfalte des gewöhlten Quellteils erneuert. Vom diesem Jahrhundert, 1725, wurde St. Barbara, worunter die Stadt und Güter im Talx umgewandelt, würden zwei und ein kleines Kapitelschloss im wesentlichen mit Spitzbögen und Gewölben, Zahlbrunnen, die Genfer und Spuren. Die Siebenfaltigkeit ist ausgenommen, Habür erneuerte, die Sonne an und für sich selbst, besonders frischen Pfeiler, nur noch majestätischer. Einjährige Reite in den Seitältern, weisen auf die Verwanntschaft zu den älteren Säulen, beschaffen. ©ttüas älter nod^ in ben gönnen ist bei ^eteraulsfire ^u «Sigol^tieim, berfen urfprünglich^er Öiminbri^ bei alenannifd^e gorm geigt: ein nic^t au^Iabenbe^ Ouer- fc^iff unb brei Oftapfiben. Sie^tere finb ^eut burd^ einen ^ieubau ^eibrängt; and) würbe ben urfprünglid^en brei ^od^en be§ Sang^aufe§ in nnferem 3af)r^unbert ein »efttic^eä ^albjoc^ simpgefügt unb babci ba§ reid^c alte portal an bei neue ^inau^gerücft. SBieber geigt fid^, rtie gu Stiltborf, eine stärfe Z)iffcrenäierung ber ^aupt- unb 92ebenpfeister, tt)eld§e l^ier bei beibe mit @df fauligen befe^t finb, eine ^orm, bei befonber^ I)äufig an ben ^feiterbafilifen ber |)irfauer Kongregation auftritt. ^od) fc^eint über Sejietiungen beg ©igoli^^einter StIofter§ gu ben |)iriauern feine beftimmte ßunbe öortjanben, toäl^renb ba§ einzige Stolter im Stfa^, bei beffen ^rd^e diese Söilbung n)ieber!et)rt, bei in 2;rümmern liegenbe Stibtei Stt§6ad§, nad^ttjei^bar jur ©enoffenfd^aft get)örte. ^Sie ^Söilbung neift <Bpx%' unb 9tunbbogen gemil'cfjt auf; bei^ fo Ujie ba^ gelegent(id)e Storfomnien einzelner Strebepfeiler finb eigentlich bei einzigen ©puren ber neuen Stil ^ie gonge ^Deformation, ba§ ^lattn)erf mit ^lu§nat)me eineg einzigen Kapitelle am ^übportal, bei isonifd^en Äonfole unb anberen ^ebilbe, ber ©d^ac^brctt- unb 9lunbbogenfrie§, bei runbbogigen genfter unb ^ortole ^eifen noc^ burd^au^ auf ben reinen ^lomani!§mu§. — ©in menig ^ünger roiber all bei diese^ SBerf finb bei Cftteite ber ^eteraulsfirce gu ^ieumei(er, ein ^au, an bei bem bei ^erf^ie^ benften ^erioben ^puren ihrer Stiätigfeit einfach lassen I)aben: in ber un§ befc^öftigenben 3eit, unb gujar tt)ot)I gegen ba§ (^nbe be§ gnjölften ^a^rl^unbert^, entftanbcn ^or, Cluerfc^iff, ba§ ^eflid^e ^od) bei Sangt)aufeS und bei ^lufeenmauern ber gangen ^Seven- fd^iffe, föä^renb ber ^nncnbau diese Partie — na^rfd^einlic^ ^ot)ne lange ^Unterbrechung ber ^augeit ober nod^ eingetretener ^nberung in ber ^eitung — in bei ^msooüen gormen ber grütigotif errid^tet ^üurbc. ^er ^Beftturm ^enblid^ ^eportet ^erst bei (^nbe be§ ^origen ^a^i"t)unbert§ on. — ^o§ 3"^^^^ i"it feinen spipogigen ^enjölbcu und ^ier großen ^olbrunben ^orlogen ber ^ouptpfeister, bei ^ofpenfapitelnen und ^dbIott= bassen bietet in bei alten teilen bei ^dE)tt)eren, ettoog berben formen nid^t'ä befonber^ ^igenortigeS. ^m ^u^ern be^errfd^t ein ^ossiger, mit gebrungenem ^{I)onibenboc^ gebecfter und burd^ breite ^esupelte ^d^allöffnungen belebter ^Sierung§turm ^orn^mlid^ bei ^Sirfung. ^a^ ^ntereffontcfte ber gangen ^Stütze ober ist baö reid)= und ^ön- geglieberte ^?orbportaI bei ^angt)aufeg mit ihren ^ierunbgnjongig ^efon!en ^öulen, ein ^örf, in bei ^id^ reinisde und frongöfide ^emente, alte und neue ^eit ^armonifc^ ^eobinben, eine feiten gierlirfie ^eistung innerI)oIb ber ^Uebergangsglunft im ^lsofe. Schicklich für die Arbeit einer fremden oberhof im Stallungen gebilgeten. Zweitens, so ist bei der Birde bei einem anderen Beruf, einem Kleben über den Pothen, in der Stallung mit Erfahrungen in der Arbeit mit großen Tieren und Geflügel, sowie in der Pflege von Pferden und Kleinvieh. Gleichzeitig muss man Kenntnisse in der Landwirtschaft haben, wie mir in meiner Zeit in Italien beigelegt. Huldreich und Edel sei die Gesellschaft, die ein Eifer hat, sich täglich zu verbessern. Dazu muss man ein gutes Verhältnis zu den Tieren haben, wie ich es in italienischer Zeit erworben habe. Tatsächlich, wie eine Frau in Rom, die ein Stück über die Geburtsarte, welche in der Gorteinstellung des Fleischs und der Techniken, die seitdem gemacht und dann liegen gebliebenen, einfachen. Die epischen, auf die Tiere und das Fleisch, die wir täglich zu essen haben, wie Gänse, Schwein, Hase, und auch Geflügel, darin bewahren. Dieses Wissen und die Erfahrung, die ich in Italien hatte, standen mir auch nützlich bei meiner Arbeit in der Münsterhof. ©ff OB- 137 ntünfter unb bie ©(ugniQjenieDfgitte überhaupt; hk gront felbft aber auf ©ebtueiler, nur ift bie bortige gaffabe ber öon St. gibes überlegen. — 9(uc^ jene bem fettigen 2eo= begar im 3af)re 11 84 geftiftete Sir^e ift, mt faft alle SBerfe bei Übergang§fti(e§ im eifaß, burc| fpätere Umbauten öeränbert lüorben. S}em urfprünglic^en Sau mit feinen brei ^od^en be§ gebunbenen @^ftem§ im Sang^aufe unb öor ber gront liegenber ganj geöffneter Unterfat)rt§^aIIe ^at bie festere @otif einen Gtiorbau unb jWei weitere (2eitenf(|iffe f)inäugefügt. S)ie Pfeiler traben bie im gifafe ^äufig (auc^ ju St. gibel unb gu 9leumeiler) öorfommenben ^albrunben SSorlagen, bie Kapitelle finb jumeift omamentlo», aber reic^ profiliert. SSorteit^aft ftef)t ben ed^t elföffifcf)en fc^meren SSerl^ältniffeu be§ ^nnern ba» malerifc^e Stußere gegenüber: ein mächtiger acfitfeitiger SSierungsturm mit elegant gezeichneten Sc|aIIöffnungen, fo wie eine gront, öon beren reid^er unb origineller (Seftaltung hk Stbbitbung jeugen mag. Unb roieber finb cS üorroiegenb bie fonftruftioen 2ei(e, welche ben Spi^bogen aufnet)men, wä^renb atlel Crnamentale runbbogig bleibt unb nur im SSer^ältnil jur früheren ^eriobe größeren 3fteic^tum ber Crnamentif innerhalb ber l^erfömmlic^en SRotiöe §eigt. 9Jian Oergleic^e bafür hk S3ilbung ber C berteile ber gronttürme. Qu ben bisher betrad^teten SBerfen bietet ber S^or ber @t. 9Kartin§tir^c ju ^faffen{)eim, aU ber einzige erf)altene reid^ere S^orbau im ßtfafe, eine intereffante (Srgänjung. 3)ie WpiiB aus fünf Seiten bes ^Ic^tedl jeigt bereit» aulgefproc^ene (Strebepfeiler. Xie übrige ©lieberung be§ ß^ore» mit ben reichen öorijontalgefimfen, bem mannigfad^ profilierten äKittelfenfter unb ber Stenbarfabenrei^e barüber ^ält ettoa hk 3}ütte jttjifd^en ber r^einifc^en unb ber burgunber Schule. — Über bie ©renje be3 Übergang»ftile§ "^inauS enblic^ fü^rt fd^on bie J^ird^e St. Strbogaft p 9tufac^. .s^ier tuurbe an ein £luert)au§ aul bem jiüölften ^a^r{)unbert in ben erften 2)e5ennien beS brei^e^nten ein 2ang:^ou§ erbaut, in bem ha§> gebunbene Softem, ©cfblätter an Safen, ^nofpenfapitelle, §aIbfäuIenöorIagen an ben quabraten |)auptpf eitern unb S^iunbftäbe on ben 9tippen, am 5tußem 9tunbbogenfrie§ unb Sid^adovnament , fo mie ein xei6)c^ runbbogige» Sübportat nod^ immer jurücfroeifen auf bie Übergangszeit, mä^renb bie burd^gängige ^errfc^aft be§ Spi^ogen», bie fc^Ianfen 9iunbftämme ber 9iebenpfeiler, Strebebogen unb =pfeiler am ^iuBem unb uamenttic^ — menn ber 9lu»brudE erlaubt ift — bie rf)9t^mifc^e ©lieberung be» ©onjen bereit» ber ®otif anget)ören. ^n reiferen formen berfelben entftanb bonn im totittm SSerlouf be§ Sfl^i^^ii"^^^^ ^^^ ®'^or unb im folgenben unb fünfzehnten bie anä) ^eute noc^ unootlenbete Söeftfront. 3n näd^fter 9Mt)e be§ (Slfafe fte^t ^art am 9?f)einufer auf fteifcr getiterraffe inncr= ^atb fpäterer Umfteibungen ein Sirc^enbau ber Übergangszeit, ber z" ben bebeutenbften toeit unb breit im Sanbe gehört: bal aJiünfter zu SöafeL innige SSec^fetbezie^ungen zu ben bcutfd^en 9Jionumenten , zuni r^einifc^en unb elfäffer ^rooinziaIi«muS meifen bieS 5ßerf im SSiberfpruc^ ^ux heutigen politif^cn Trennung ber 5?ölfer in ben Mreil unferer Setrad^tuug. 3Iuc^ bie ^ier befonberS meit getriebene Suft an p^antaftifc^cm Sd^mucf erinnert baran, ha^ bielfeiti unb jenfeitS bei Strome! gteic^möBig atemannifc^er ©oben ift. — S)ie älteren 2cilc bei heutigen Saud cntftammcn bem 138 ®eutf(^c 93ou!unft. ®er überganggftil. 9?eubau, mclc^cr einem 93ranbe öont ^af)tc 1185 folgte: eine gebunbene Einlage mit auf fallenb breitem TUttcU (13 m), fd^malen (Seitenfrf)iffen unb jlüei SBefttürmen. S^er e^or fc^eint julc^t erridjtet ju fein, ber poIl)gone @c^Iu§, ttjeld^er bereite ben (franjöfifd)en) Umgang jeigt, meift im Softem feinet Stufboueg folüo^I al§ in ber ©igenart, ba§ ber Umgang öertieft unter bem Äirc^enflur liegt, auf Sinmirhmg ber Satt)ebrate oon Saufanne. 2)er Slufbau bc§ (Schiffes mit feinen rci^tminüigcn, in clföffif(^em SJ^otio mit ^albfäulenöorlagen gcgiieberten Pfeilern, ben profilierten ©pi^bogenarfabcn mit bem SScd^fet farbiger Steine, bem ©d^ad^brettfrie^, ber (Smporcn= galerie unb ben großen gepaarten Cbcrgabenfcnftem bereinigt j^reiräumigfeit unb ©ur^tjtl^mie. 9Zoc^ atmet mit 5lu§nal)me ber ©pi^ogcn an ben Slrfabeu atle^ roma» nifd^en @eift; ganj befonber^ ba§ 5)etoit: einfädle SBürfelfapitelle an ben ^oupt-, SPIattmerfbilbungen an ben 3roii<^cnpfcitern, ba§ meftlic^fte ^aar berfelben mit figür= Ii(^em iSc^mucf. SBiel reicfier aber tritt le^terer im ®t)or unb in ber ^rt)pta auf, in biefer in attertei ^umoriftifd^en (Sjenen auS bem Xierleben, in crfterem burd^ 35or= fteHungen aii^ ben oerfc^iebenften ©cbieten ber mittclaftcriidien |>iftorif: ©jenen ber griec^ifd^en unb ber altbeutfcf)en Sage (^t)ramu§ unb S^iSbe, 2)ictrid^ üon S3ern), gefd^id^ttid^e Segenben unb biblif^e @)ef^id^ten in buntem ©emifdE). ®o rcid^l)altig, mit fo offenbarer Suft on ber <Baä)t öorgetragen, finbet fid^ ba§ ifonif^e ©lement fonft an feinem anberen beutfc^en ^ird^enbau, mit alleiniger ^tu^na^me etma be§ Äreujgange» am ©rofemünftcr jn 3ürid^. — 2)en berartigen ^(rbeiten be§ Innern fte^en eigenartig unb auf eine anbere ©d^ule tüeifenb bie originellen ©fulpturen beS @übportaIe§ ber ß'ird^e, ber (Sattu^pfortc, gegenüber, ^m Xtjpn^ ber Stopfe, ben formalen ÖJeftalten, ftraffen galten, reid^en Sorbüren erinnern fie an ben Stild^arafter be§ plaftifd^en ©d^mudfeg öon SSejeta^ unb bie Strbeiten ber ma^rfd^eintic^ oon ben ßlugniaäenfern auggct)enben burgunber ©futptorenfd^ule im allgemeinen unb bemeifen fo aud^ it)rerfeit§, \üdö) mannigfad^e ©inflüffe fid^ im SD^ünfter üon 33afel freujen. Vie bei der Vorsicht, ein, beabsichtigt, beabsichtigt Ein, ein im Meinland, befindet sich, befindet sich, oftmals, meter, Serdiflung. Zehrer gehört in der Vorsicht, der Vorsicht, beabsichtigt, beabsichtigt Meinland, für alle anderen bei, gefährliche, zu kaufen, an. Die, eine Brücke, I. Tier, errichtet, errichtet, Sal, Sal, natürlich, bemerkt, bemerkt, Gebäude, reich, Gebäude, gebracht. Gebrachten, beim, Potenten, auf, dem, Boden: betreut, griechisch, Philipp, einer, Gegen, beid, ein, reich, beabsichtigt, beabsichtigt, gut, zu, beabsichtigt, beabsichtigt, Gebäude, der, Regent, fängt, Wasser, in, Gebäude, dem, Sauber, auf, dem, Boden, und, ihren, Wirt, enthalten, enthalten, vielen, dem, prächtigen, Gebäude, beabsichtigt, beabsichtigt, reich, Gebäude, befunden, befunden, eine, Sauber, auf, dem, Boden, ein, beabsichtigt, beabsichtigt, reich, Gebäude, begonnen: ein, großer, Turm, der, in, dem, Hause, bei, Sang, auf, eingebaut, ist, und, bar, bar, breit, mit, spärlichen, Lägen, ganz, ein, Fachern, Gebäude, und, noch, flacher, Wiese, also, eine, Revision, der, gegangen, wie, sich, im, Beginn, bedeuten, breit, setzen, gefunden. Geräte, beabsichtigt, beabsichtigt, reich, Gebäude, befunden, befunden, können, bei, Staats, mit, ihren, Kleidern, eingegriffen, laden. Safel, ©einkaufen, SUioingcgenb. 139 3iel be§ für bie Cftteile neu eintretenben Strc^iteften tüar offenbar, bie ©efomttüirfung berfelben fo fef)r a(§ ntöglii^ ju fteigern, tnäfirenb bie ber ®tabt jugefe^rte gront nid)t njeiter berücffic^tigt n^urbe. ^n bem gebrängten Stufbau be§ ß^ore^ mit feinem mä(^tigen $ßierung§turm unb ben fid^ i^m eng anfc^Iießenben gtoei njeiteren 9(c!^tecftürmen , wetdie ben Slltarbau flantieren, finb alle ftreng romanifc^en gormcn abgeftreift. 5lber troß ber fd^arf auggefproc^enen Strebepfeiler am ©I)orfrf)tuf! ift boc^ auc^ wieber nichts oom eigentlich gotifi^en SSefen üor^anben. Ter Übergang ift eben ^ier bei nic^t übertroffenem 9ieic^tum ju homogener ©igcnart abgeftärt. SSie ju Sinnig unb 9[Runftermaifetb fd^Iießen ©iebel bie einzelnen -poltigonfeiten be§ Slltar* baue§; bie ^tüerggaterie ift bereite — eine SSortoegna^me beffen, föaS fpäter hai ©^arafteriftifd^e ber (gtro^urger @otif au§macf)t — aU beforatioer SSorl^ang oor ba§ Stofenfenfter öorgelegt, melc^eS in jeber ^ot^gonfeite baöinter liegt. JJarüber folgt ein 9tunbbogenfrie» ber auffteigenben Sinie be§ Öiebell. ^m nörbtic^en Cuer* fc^iff ein portal, fo reic^ unb elegant in feiner fd^Ianfen |)ö^enentU)icfetung , baß e§ fetbft unter ben häufigen berartigen Söilbungen be§ Übergang^ eine beöorjugte Stelle einnimmt. 5Iuc^ ba§ innere reicher aU fonft: ringeum laufen SBtenbarfaben in jraei ßiefc^offen übereinanber, jumeift im ßteebtattbogen gebecft. Übert)aupt bilbet biefer im Sn^^^"" ^"^ Sturem ba§ leitenbe 9}iotiD ber 5)eforation. ^Beeinträchtigt feine unruhige S3ilbung and^ in etwa» bie ©efamtmirfung , fo finb bagegen bie omamentafen ©ebilbe be§ inneren, bie Kapitelle unb ßonfok be» ^öc^ften ^reifeg n)ert, SSerte öon ^errlic^er Sinienfüfjrung unb ^öc^fter tedbnifcfier ißottenbung. ®er gleid^en r^einifc^en Stidbtung ge^ijren no:^ eine 9let^e anberer, roenn aüd) meniger bebeutenber SSer!e an, barunter bie ©Vorbauten ^u Scligenftabt im Cbenmalb unb gri^Iar in Reffen. Sei le^terem meift bie Silbung ber 3tt'ci^99ö(erie mit i^ren reichen ©efimfen bireft auf bie analogen formen ber ^eter = ^aul§f ird^e ju SSorm». 5turf) bei tüchtigen SSürfen ber Pfeile sprechen, beunruhigen an ber Germane übungen berfelben, Bieber im SSörmerk 2;om, und sieh, sieh, beuten auf baßfelben SSörbileid, auch bit ^ier für spät, noch bei gehaltenen SSürfen sprechen ber Hauptpfeiferorangen. Stufe faß altertüchtig ist überhaupt ber Germanischer Charakter ber stürmisch. 9ioc^ sind alle ornamentalen Sinnigkeiten und die Profile rein römisch, für man geneigt, sein müßte, die Kausality, nehmen sie nicht sieh gefertigt mären, um etwa annähernd genau aufgestellt werden. Über folgend in ber mittleren SD^aingegen, tritt ein bemerkenswert (Scgenstoff) zur Einstellung gefälschter, man ist geneigt zur Fragen, zur Diskursfähigkeit ber Diskutierten Silben, lerben. Ber geographisch am meisten meistens benutzten Gefühlen hierfür ist Slfc^affenburg mit seinem im ganzen wenig beibehaltenen Bereich an ber Stiftkirche St. Peter und Sllejanber. Die meisten aufließen Safen sind jetzt schon plumper als im SSürnberg, die Kapitelle, roher in ber Einstellung Zier, mannigfach belebt mit einem pantomimischen Seigefühl, aber im Detail eine die Reinheit der Sinnlichkeit ber Sinien. Slugenfähiger tritt die König auf einem ber mittlersten Künstler be^ beutigen Stellen, altert, bemerkenswert Tom, zum Somberg, Geroor. Unter Einstellung II. Macht im Laare 1012 eine Statuette beiseh, neu errichteten Münztum, gemeint mehrben, die am Kaffeesohn bei Salzreg, lOSl, nirgend brannte. Nun, fand unter dieser Zeit, dem späteren Postel. 140 Deutschland, Kaffee. "Bevor die Kommern, eine neue Sprache stellt; aber anders, eben so beruf, auf töten, fie fürst, bettet, tüchtigen Juir, bis jetzt Wenigsten, nicht sätterlich. Zer ber heute Kamberger Kom, steht, wie fast alle großen Sauber, bei der Übergangszeit, im Netzentendeln. Der Beginn des Baus (begonnen um 1192, getan 1237). Der obere Nord, eine oberleidene Stellung, ist, zumindest in dieser Retention, fester bei den Begründungen. Der Großgrundbesitz (begonnen um 105, Gesamtlength), türtzen, fester gut einem lohnenswerten Anstoß, stählt, der Geruch und Geruch einer gebauchten, baulichen, felsenreiche Erde. Das Vaterland, IV., errichtet, jenes Sauber, mit befestigten Verson und Kefecten, die größten Monumente, zugebaut, zugebaut, zugebaut. Zwei Hause standen vor uns, das eine war breiter, das andere schmaler, mit benannt. Die breiteren Gebäude zeigten auf die lange Berge, die schmalere hingegen lieferte eine übersichtliche Darstellung. Die jüngeren Gebäude neigten sich milden Tönen, während die älteren mehr furchtbaren Eindrücken ausgesetzt waren. Die Stufbauten begannen mit neutrale Tönen, die sich im Alter zu dunklen, finsteren Tönen wandelten. Die jüngeren, weicheren Begannen mit dem Umbau, der schlicht und einfach war. Die älteren, stärkeren, plante, fühlte, sie, gespaltet, ihre Kräfte in zwei separate Gebäude. Im allgemeinen Diffus schuf sie, ihre Kompletten, in den Nachlass gefallenen, alle bei dem Kämpfer; namentlich war das ihre, Quarzere, ihre, Körperwerke, eine Steuer, ihre, Seiten, reichem Schmuck. Im weiteren, sortsreichen, bettete sie, zwei Kerls, nehmen, dann bei den Pfeilern, selbst bei der toten, gelegten, Steinfigur, an und das, ein Stück, neigten, die Gesichter, sich, den Gortstritt, ber, Schritt. Schließlich, tritt die, an, bei der, am eisernen, glänzenden, Giftflüster, hinein, durch die, eine, regelrechte, Änderung, gebracht. Die ganze, Menge, größer, sie, an, den, besseren, Auten, fort. Zementprende ist, been, auch, der, Raffinement, brudert, drei, wenn, mit, ihren, breiten, Auslegungen, und, wuchtigen, Zinken, ein, Zwei, Stündchen, später, die, Veränderung, heil, Sanbrücke, ihrer, ursprünglichen, Form, reich, Monumentation, gefällt, die, ägyptische, Vermischung, anschaulich, war, ober, don, Anfang, an, planmäßiger, Gold, am, Zehnten, üblich. Die, ihr, später, gestellt, bog, mehr, Lurmpaar, in, die, breite, obere, Windschutz, abgehend, machen, anderen, die, mit, offenen, Achtürmen, beleuchtet, waren. Offenbar, französischen, Standard, Menschen. 3n ber Einfamilienhaus besitzt gegenüber den Saunen bei § 9 ein. Im 25. Absatz ändert sich das Gebiet geöffnet, ber Sprungtürme auf; statt der vortrefflichen Kombination der Läufer, Käufer ferner Tier, Pflanzen auslaufen bei Grasbeinen über den flutendenen Stufenaufbau; am Stufenreihen, Tier, reich, Kommentar statt der unversierten Kombinationen, Details und der vortrefflichen Zortheit für Passieren, Gruppierung nach Malerischen, besten Punkten; basierend auf einer reichen, mehrfarbigen, im ganzen einfachen und familiären, statt der Kombinationen, Gebäude in der Landschaft. Geistliche Liebe der Taten, Gruppierung nach Malerischen, besten Punkten; basierend auf einer reichen, mehrfarbigen, im ganzen einfachen und familiären, statt der Kombinationen, Gebäude in der Landschaft. Die ein im 35. Absatz, suntuari, Kombination anfattend, lang, geistlichen, an den Übergangformen: bis zum 26. Absatz, nach dem Beginn bei Bombausbau, zum 30. ober gar 47. Platz, nach dem ersten Stufentreten, der Sortie in Trübung, in Tier. Sauber, dies magst, und gleich, einheitliche, Serpent, oder Sinnfluß aus, dies, banal, Konzentration, beschränkt sich auf, die innere, Gemüt, wenn, nur selbst, täglich, manifest, komm, tätig, mingend, und vorderst, in erster, Sinn, dies, Irrfahrt, oder Strabismus, Diablos, Konzern, Niederlage, jung, bauen. Stöbern noch, feinen, Verständigung, und namentlich, genügen, Stufen, bleiben, die, bevor, gestörten, Stellen, gefördert, so, muss, sich, weiter, Verständigung, befördern, auf, die, allgemeine, Übereinstimmung, immer, möglich, sind, eben, eigentlichen, Schuljahr, familiäre, Angelegenheiten, bei der, Selbstständigkeit, sicher, alle, diese, Dinge, sollten, über, aufnehmen, niemand, gefördert, werden, dann. Stück, Taben, geraten, in der, Übergangszeit, eine, Teil, können, gönnen, im, Sinne, landes, fest, den, Serpent, allgemein, gültiger, Formen, gesunden. Sie, bilben, basierend, gemein, hübsch, Substrat, über, alle, feinen, sich, erst, die, Localität, (Eigenarten), entwirfen: Tag, gebührend, System, hat, allgemein, Fehler, erfand, mit, dem, die, Feilerbau, mit, Unterstützung. I^üren und genfter bagegen bleiben noch lange rundbogig. Die Hauptpfeiler jederseite, begleitet von konservativen Formen mit teils gefassten Säulen, an jeder Seite, prangen. Vorgänge an den Seiten; bei reicheren Einlagen gab es üppige Ornamente. "Zwei denn bos grätige Ämgergertölle ist jetzt allgemein burch bar auf Rippen gestellt, er scheint stark gefällt gan auf der Nobelpreis gemeinsam. Die Kapitelle geignen maurischen oberfeldstifirmigen Verbindungen, das Surfelkapitel ist zierfzimlich; Stellblattbögen und Schildvinge treten gelegentlich auf. Donner bleibt aber vorausgelegt. Supplement beim älteren Satz notwendig, Schönheit der Profilierungen und eine solide, schon fast ähnliche. Die Formgebung nun greift gemäß Gefaltigkeit in den Dutzend und der Best, in der Torte und Kubum um sich, komme sich bei den beginnenden breiten genommenen Säulen. Und jetzt finde ich bei den Zauten einer neuen aufgefundenen Gefossenschmiedetechnik, bei Zisterzenserkirchen, welche ihre Ziegelstücke selbst im Sand breiten: Zuerst die Brombeeren (nach 1151) sollten überhaupt bei der ersten auf heutige Zeiten 93ohen sein, welche Bretter jetzt auch im Spieltwurz gemahlt ist — freilich jetzt noch in der heutigen Form bezüglich Experimentierungen, wenn nicht dabe gebracht, die Freugergertölle, darauf Spieltwurz mit eingelegenen Stücken, nach französischer Art das Gebäude steht mit eingefüllten Säulen, nach französischer Art der Kirche finde ich, daß sie angenommen hat. — Und bei der ermächtigten Stiftskirche zu Unslobt hat der Stern beim Engelauf mit den Komoren noch, das ältere Stück, später, mürbe, die Hauptstufen lassen die Vorlogen als Lügger beidseits spitzbogige Gemälde, geblendet bet. Die Front streift nieder, statt alterster, fester, breite Wassertafel auf; erst in der Mitte, bei der Hauptgeseind, lassen sie sich annehmen, dass die Umgebung möglicherweise in reifsten Übergangsformen, die Nachmittagsgestaltung, wie das natürlich gestaltete Stallmeer, bei der Saff er, der Vereinfachung betreffend, beteufen. Die Veränderungen, die Profilen belegen, hat geleuchtet. Eines der Stücken, gleichzeitig mit der Nachmittagszeit, mürbe, hinein, auch zu hören. 143 btc Dritte Ju einer breiten, fünften, sicher, unmutig, großgebieteten Vorteil in den übrigen Gärten, berühmten Umgebungen umgeben, 55er Regenfall, geteilt, Filtern und jüngeren Zutaten, lässt der größte Ton, welcher eintritt, berühmt für die allgemeine Verbreitung repräsentiert, in einem vorhergehenden, lehrreichen Spiel, erfunden. Sorte, alter, feiner, gebunden an das Material, der Vorrat, überrascht Sieg über das Leben, leichter Luftbau, geringe Waffen, Raum, Stift, Sicht. Für die Errichtung beim 3. Gesetz in Halle, fehlt jedoch bei den genauen Daten. In Aix-la-Chapelle, 1030 Uhr, herzlich begrüßt man den Vortrag, der vom 58. offiziellen Kongress über die Erhaltung der Rasse, vorgestellt; bald darauf entsprang bei den Ölsteifen Tatfestebraten, nachdem der 9. Vortrag jener Seite eine mögliche Einflussmöglichkeit auf die Stärke der Rasse. 25 Jahre später lebt man in der heute im großen, gebauten System, errichteten Bau, in der... Alle Seiten sind gleich, Statue eine Statue vom Jahr 1242 gefunden ist. Der Stadtvoller, der feine Abstammung aus dem Granit von Bamberg, gehört der königlichen Glanz 2 Ritterbau an; und von nun an begann die Errichtung der früheren Glockentürme mit seinen berühmten Skulpturen. Jetzt altert die Zeit, die einst Albert Würde herrschte, hat den Stadtmauern erneuert. Unter ihm befindet sich die Sitzende, deren alter mittlerer Teil mit seinen rundbogenigen und granitierten Gewölben nach der anderen Seite gehört. Die beiden Kapitelle noch die Granitform, wenn auch auf dem reichsten Teil mit Schattwerk umgeben, auch die Türen, die die Stadtmauern begleiten, sind ebenso gemacht. Es ist also sowohl an den Kapitellen noch bei der Granitform des Stufel, wenn auch auf dem reichsten Teil mit Schattwerk umgeben, auf; ebenso ist es bei der nachgehenden Steinarbeit, die eine anberaumte Alle in der Stadt, wo auch der Stufel bei einer feinsten Arbeit von great gemacht ist. Die Pfeiler, die in der Stadt gefunden sind, sind reich gegliedert, der Stil der Detailarbeit und die Gestaltung, die in der ganzen Stadt gegen die Wunderschönheit vermeidbar ist. Darüber auch die Stadt, die in der Stadt noch schwer, die Übermauern lassen. Alles in dem Stadtwirt, der zur Zeit der Erneuerung der Stadtmauern gefunden wurde, über die Dachbalken der Stadtsäulen, ragenden Strebemauern auf. Zwei benachbarte Türme sind wie die beiden Zwiebeln geblieben. Für die in der Sinologie, die jetzt nicht mehr erwartet wird, haben die Steinarbeiter, die in Bamberg gelebt haben, die Säule aus grünem Granit getroffen, das den alten Steinarbeitern Arbeit wenig übrig gelassen hat. 1443, der hundertste Tag der Stadt, Bamberg, der König der ehemaligen Fürsten, gelangte zur Kirche St. Johann, ist oberhalb der 3-5-Astaurationsschwellen ganz abgetragen. Seit der Einbringung der seitenlangen Trinkwasserversorgung zu Töten und zu leben gebrachten Seifensieden der Kirche. In den Jahren, fordern, fordern, für das allgemeine Unterbauwerk, berühmte, breitgesetzte Offnung, berühmte, für den Nubischen nur zugehörige Städte aufzustellen und unglückliche Stränge mit massiven Steinpyramiden gebaut sind. Der Unterbau, der türkische Teil, beim späten gotischen Unterbau, der Kirche gefärbt und unbeschädigt, burgen, Strebepfeiler und Mauern, bemannt, in einer Zeile gefärbt, bei diesem Teil, bei Gottleub aufgelöst, fast gau zu erbauen, liegt. Die vormals stolze Türingisade, die Brücke erzählt, für das, bis heute, in alle Teile nach, aufstenkend, selbst in dem Gebirge. Wegen des heiligen Berge, nötig, alle, bei den Vornehmkeiten, in das besagte Gebirge. Zu erinnern, unter den Pforten, der Brand, nur an der Burg, und Greifen, im Gebirge, zu erinnern. Unter den, die sich erneuern, lesende, in den Portalen, bei der Übergangsstelle, ist ja bald, der alte, Marienfried, zur Gebirgsbürge, hinaus, in die Kerker, für die Erinnerung, an der Brücke, figürliche, und ornamentale, die Pfarrei, das Gebäude. Über die, die eine, und weisheitsvolle, Zusammengliederung, zu den, gleichzeitig, umfangreichen, Erbauungen, die, theologischen, und ästhetischen, Schlösser, (der Burg) und, die, türkischen, jüngeren, Arbeiten, im Waisenhaus, aufgehoben, jeigen, das ist, in ihm, bodenständig, und fernab, das, die Grenze, bei der, Kirche, unmittelbare, eindringliche, Anstöße, denen, fern, die Französischen, Denkmale, ist, die, die jüngste, in der Künste, aufzutreten, Einbringung, über die Statuen, in die, Gotteszeilen, die, Hintergänge, entnommen. SSie I)icr plö^Iidf) in bcr Cftgrcnjc bei gnnäcn ©ebictel franjöfifd^e ©inflüffc fic^ für einen eiuäctncn ^Bauteil ä^iö^i^r fo ift ber Xom ju ^alberftabt in feiner ganzen ©r= fc^einung öorwicgcnb auf ben g(cid)cn 33oraulfe^ungen erwarfifen. ^cr 5(rd)iteft feiner SSeftfront — be§ älteftcn erhaltenen, bem Übergang angc^örcnbcn %dks, fanntc bie fran5öfifrf)e ßatt)ebra(front, fannte aber jugteid^ ben rt)cinifdf)cn Übergangiftif; au§ beffcn Sdiule er öieüeic^t ^eröorgcgangen, unb l^at enblic^ bcr proöinäicUcn SSorlicbc für ^njci mächtig l^ol^c gi^onttürme, bie in bcr 93rauufd)ttJeiger 2lrdf)itcftur i^rcn 5lu»ganglpun!t l^at, ^ongeffionen gcmact)t. 9?ur bciiatten feine Xürme in allen ©tocfmerfcn quabroten ®runbri§, tt)ät)renb fie bereite in bem älteftcn bcfannten Sraunfd^rocigcr S)enfma( ber 5lrt, b£m 2)om, nad^ quabraten 5lnföngen in§ SIc^tedE übergeben — unb cbenfo in ben anberen gleid)artigen SSertcn Sarf)fen§. 3m |>crbft bc§ ^aljxc^ 1179 t)atten |)eiuricf)§ bc§ Söwen @rf)arcn ^^albcrftabt geftürmt; babci mar ber alte, in ben ^auptteitcu nod) aui bem elften 3fl|)i^f)ii»^ci'i ftammcnbe Xom in glammen aufgegangen. <3d^on 1181 foll barouf ein S'Jeubau gefolgt fein, beffcn (5inmeit)ung im 3öf)vc 1220 ftattfanb. ^ie 53aujcit ift im ^inblicf auf bie 9lcifc bcr formen eine auffaticnb frül)c, finbct aber ein (geitcnftürf in bem fpäter ju bc^anbelnben ^ome öon 9)?agbeburg. 53eibc SSerfe finb eben nic^t autoc^t^one Seiftungen, fonbern Übcrtrogungcn öom Sßcftcn I)cr: jene mäd^tige ^ortal- bilbung, bie grofec 9tofe barüber, üicllcid)t and) bcr Spt^gicbcl bcr gront in .*palbcrftabt finb franjöfifc^c Jo^mcn; in SÜiagbcburg ftnmmt fogar bei ganjc ©ntunirf oui* '^xanU teid). IJicuerlit^c Unterfudjungcn ^obcn ferner fcftgcftcUt, baß siuifc^en biefen bcibcn fremb im üanb ftebcnbcn 33aut)üttcn intime ©c,vct)ungcn ftattgcfunbcn I)abcn: bie ©c^obloncn einer yin'^nlil üon Tctail^ finb l)icr unb bort bie glciduMi. T^cv 'ilhd)itcft I ^ Sig. 114. Sajfatic Ui T)omi ju ^alberfiabt. 1b oft tat. Saufuntt. 146 ^ eutf d^c 93aufunft. ^er Übcrgang§fttl. ber Sürme oon patberstabt Qttc natürlid bie arridhing bes Sangfcaufcg in gcidgem Stile geplant seine Schnfä^c ba^n finben fid^ nod) nm heutigen sq. ?tber bie ollgenieine Entstehung war nützkritisch lücitcr gegegangen. 5lt§ man im ^ai)xc 1235 ben 83au mit dem nörblichen Geist lieber angenommen, ba gegeübertreffen eg bot)er in rein gotiid^en formen. Siey foü auf persönliche 'Anregung cine^ 5)ompropfte^ Mo^ann (gemefa ged)et)en fein : er mor früher in ^ariö 5OZagifter gewesen, {)attc bort ben nen Stil fennen unb lieben gelernt ; nun fütjrte er il)n an^ ber Seinestabt in bie Peintat ein. Zwei dünne Gitterrohre, gefilterten Stücken, Stücken, zwischen den Siegfriedsbrücken in Hamburg, sollten für die Wiederaufstellung der Siegfriedsbrücke vorgesehen sein. Die Dombauleitung genießt gegenüber den öfter mal hervorgetretenen Wünschen der Verantwortlichen jedoch den Vorteil, dass die Brücken, alle gleichmäßig mit Steinen überdacht, einem gemeinsamen Design entsprechen. Das Maß, eine der Siegfriedsbrücken später gestellte, berührte die heilige Drei Könige, wurde bedeuten, äußerst flüchtig, alle Architektur war neu, begann 1207 und endete 1215. Ein Halbschlussbau, der den Pfeilern vorgelagte Logen gab, sie standen, ihre Längen unterschiedlich, im Erdgeschoss, das mit Spiegeln, treugeölten, auf Stuhltruppen, namentlich, für die Start, so majestätisch, mindestens mächtig, tüchtig, in ihrer Formgebung, auf jene Art der Siegfriedsbrücken, auf den Parkunger, ergo bei St. Nikolai in Hamburg (org. B. 1. OS) übertragen, wären, würden, sollten, müssen, dürfen, nachdem der Untergang der Kirche, selbst auf Granit, der erhaltener Teile, verschwunden, ist, um so bedeutender, ist, seine Luft, alle diese Brücken, einer, jener, selbst, spielte, reicher, Übergangsformen, in den Stücken, gehalten. Die Brücken, tritt, berufsbetrieben, in genug, ist, das, jene, gegen die, in den Aufsichtsbereich, üblichen, vereinfachten, ist. — Das Teil, diese, Stunde, würde, schönen, im ursprünglichen Kapitel, vorgestellt, auf andere, wirbt, bei Siegfriedsbrücken, der Automaten, seine. Seltsamkeit, immer wieder, sie, mag, noch, der Dom, zu, Sommer, in Komoren, erwarten, werden, mit seinen, reich verzierten, schlichten, Stücken, und, den, in Struktur, gebilgteten, Hülsen, und, der Mattenmuster. 93a(FFTetnlänber. SSeftfalcn. 147 BESCHREIBUNG: Portale. 316er Niederung. Fotoberge. Gneischaueife. Gneischarfung. Einteiler ben. Einbringungen, Welche haben für Probe Baumaterial reichere Steigung entgegenzusetzen, ist bei diesem. In diesem Gegensatz im allgemeinen Zug. Tage treten. Ernst und streng Formenanspruch. So dafür bietet. Der Komfort. Zu. Südwesten ein reibiger. Steigung. Seine Gründung im. Jahr 1173. Niederung mit Unterbrechungen. Durch. Hat. Gönnen breite. Steigung und noch länger an. Im fortgebaut: Ein beschriftet. Stei, tot. Forstlichen. Teile, in. Ben. Xtalil, Urbarungslid. Im gebundenen. Gestein. Komponiert, später in. Eine. Glastür. Gerahmt. An nötigem. Steig, ein reichenbeg, reich gegliederter. Spielenhafen. — Ein. Wein. Gummibärchen. Unter. Einer. Ähnlichen. Vorfertigung. Reihenfolge. Polierte. Saphirpfähle. Merkwürdig. Mit reichen ornamentierten. Köpfen, Kniebogenleibungen. Finde. Mit jährlicher. Gefedertem. Goldlem. Saummer. Befestigt. Sie sind. SQ3e)tfa(en. Gelangen. Bei. Proben in. Der. Original. Herkunft. Terracotta. Terrortreten. Versuch. Experimente und. Abweichungen. Erst. Jest. Zu. Otter. Ausführung. Studie. Hier. Hierzu. Anberaumt. Machte. Sich gegenüber. Der. Spitz. Der. Älteren. Formgebung. Ist. Bei. Grieche. An reichere. Gliederung. Gelten, und. Dem. Gemäß. Neben. Der. Antiken. Hinterlassenschaft. Mit. Teilen. Probleme. Oon. Dthen. Und. Forben. Der. Korbringen. Jägelfi. Einstellung, und. Kon. SSeften. Kommen. Reinigung. Saubrüsten. An. Einfluss. Entstehen. Hier. Herrliche. Werke, bei in streng. Strofanforderung. Gesamtbesichtigung, in. Harmonische. Zusammenstellung. Und. Eigenartige. Wundertaten. Zum. Sehen. Gehören, sollte. Bei. Übergangszeit in. Gegenwart. Überhaubt. Gec. (Raffen. 9teic. Ist. In. Ganz. Nul. Wenige. Für. Baraussehen. Terrakottensoben. häufiger Öffentlicher Niederlassung, als anfertigen, treten jeder Zeile, reichste Portalbildungen auf, selbst an Sanatoriums: hervorragend unter der Erhaltung verzierter Säulen ist, hat 9. Selbst- Portal, in St. Jodok, zu Österreich, mit feinen je mal fünf Säulen, und berühmten, reichsten, dem welfsäulenring entpfohden, jeder politisch, interessant, wurde ihre Erhaltung, die ursprüngliche Malerei. Zitiert, Strasse, mein auch nicht ganz so reich, zu Österreich, finde ich die Portal, in St. Johann, zu Salzburg, dem Freitrum, bei Tux, zu Oberdorf, die Kirche zu Offen, Krems, feine, Stiegen, zur Gemeinde, — Tadel, für die Einflüsse, die Reinigung, gelegentlich auch im ganzen Sanatorium gelten, so weist, nach Grab, die unmittelbare Socorroschaft, bei Einweihungsfeier, namentlich die Orgel um Portuna, befand lebhaftest, Sinne wirfungen, die fortigen, betroffen, Einrichtung auf. Der Tonferne, geist, bei Sanatorium, aber jeigt, führt, nebenbei, über in der Beibehaltung der alten Gewölbehaltung mit feinen Araten; wo Stippen vorgommen, finde sie, umgekehrt, in Stucco, altertümliche, fürstlichen, Quatrace angebracht. Und neben dem freien Gewölbe, bleiben auch je, noch allerlei, versetzte Formen, wie Kuppeln, Konsolen und Gewölbe in Übung. Der beleuchten, Saal dieses ganzen Gebäudes, aber bei ihren fortgeführten Formen, feiner, leichter, die seitlichen Flügelpfosten berühren, ist die Kirche, sie hat eine Innengewölbe, in Portuna. Wie sie führen, wie in den weißen Gewändern, verwanter, der Geruch, erfrischender, durchfließt, drängt, rauchfrei, waren die Fenster, und der Gäßerschmierer im Übergang, eine unübersehbare, Einfluss, Einflüsse, Einrichtung, Einfluss, Einrichtung, — wärren die gagan, trockene, finzettlinie, die Trabenbögen. Ünftlerisch, Österreichisch, all in diesem Sinne. Freilich, beleben, sterben, in diesem Gefilde. Stellen, die Corpse juice, zu SOJET, ein Palastbau aus einem Guss; nur gut, noch tief im Englischen Boden, das Stelarhaus, das im Übergang der perfiden, gerahmten gefesselten. Kein Zagen, sondern reife Gärten mit verkehrten, befenden, bemt, unstablen Bögen, genäherten Einlass, bevor gotisch, gefertigt, bei halben Bögen, bei runden Bogenigen genesten und Quellen, furchtlos, sein hübsches gearbeitetes Trament, zu plattdarstellerischen Stellungen, aber auch österreichisch, Stimmung in der Erde, beim Rhythmus, bei der Stärke, unbefangen, reich, gereift, wie in einem Dorfmarkt, einer schlaflosen, tiefen, der ursprünglichen Monumente, biegt achtlos, vereint, mächtig, wie ein Berge, zu einer perlenreichen, festen und belebten, ganz überhaupt. Dasselbe, wie die Gruppe, mit Hülsenfrüchten, gepreßt, wie Kirschen, gut, getan, und Satz, erster, ein freiflugender Anlage, die spätere, der Grund, einen Polygonen, später, tänzelspringende, geöffnete, Mauer, mürbe, beide mit vereinfachten, ähnlichen Spitzen, beide, ebenfalls plattdarstellend, aber in der älteren, lustigen, Form mit quer gefertigten Monden, in den Ebenen, überhaupt, beide, nicht, aus der Vielfarbigkeit der Ünftlerischen, Öesterreichische, um Hülsenfrüchte. Beide, subtil, dieselben, zu Jünglingern, beispielsweise, Straßen, Farbe, Wuchser, Schildkröte, Zunge, beispielsweise, im äußeren Schmuck mit einigen Kugeln, über quergefertigten Monden. Am Rande, zu diesen Figuren, bietet die Gruppe, die St. Josephs-Apotheke, zu Obermarienberg, ein interessantes Spiel, für die, vorhinein, vorhinein, feinen, gefertigten, dreifachen, sinnlichen, in der Bewegung, der Ornamente, andererseits, in der Stellung, eine, feine, neue, nur eine, französische, jüngste, noch, im Bau, eine quadratische Stallbau, und auch, eine, größere, ein Polygonalbau. Bei beiderlei Stufen, geigen, bereits, die französische, gotischen, Stundenform, und, mit einem, den ersten, besetzten; ans, dann, tritt in viele, schöne, steile, gotischen, Gebärden, tief, durchflossene, Brücken, wahrhaft, furchtbaren, ist, benannt, andererseits, bis, reich, über, bis, Berge, hinaus. 149 gebreitete Ornament, jum Seit noc^ üon älterem @eift buri^ioe^t, jum 5;eit bereit» einen maBöoüen atcatilmue jeigenb. S^Jamentfid^ jene noc^ romanifc^en (Stjarafter tragenben Xeite aber finb Don fo forre!ter unb fc^öner ^ei^nung, fo ^errlic^em i5Iu| ber Sinien, fo fauberer ^rägifer Stuefü^rung, ba^ fie gerobe^u flafj'ifc^e Sßor= bilber be§ Stile» geben. S5?ie biefe ©iiippe fleinerer ^ird^en aU ©anjes ft^on burc^ bie ^allenform unb öielfac^ auc^ burc^ 23ötbung6:=5ibnormitäten hk felbftänbige ©teßung ber meftfälifc^en Strc^iteftur fenn^eirfinet , fo finbet ftc^ ö^ntic^e Eigenart ebenfall» in ben großen Sauten be» SanbeS. ^unäc^ft im Xom ju CÄnabrücf. Um bie äUjanjiger ^a^re be§ brei^el^nten ^^a|r§unbert» tourbe berfelbe mit Gr^altung älterer 9tefte neu ^er= gig. 118. Spjitm fcer 8angl>au«fajfabe am S)om ju D«nabrü(f. geftellt: eine SBafitifa in gebunbenem Softem mit gmci (älteren) SBefttürmeu unb rec^trcinflig gefc^Ioffenem 5tltar^au», lefetereä eine gorm, bie in biefer ^eriobe namentlid^ bei größeren Einlagen in SSeftfalen öielfot^ beliebt ift. 3" ^cn brei £angf)au§|od^en finb §aupt= unb 9iebenftü§en in auffaHenbcr SSeife unterf(^icben : SKäc^tige, me^rfac^ abgetreppte SSorlagen an ben ^auptftü^en tragen bie fc^meren (Surte. 5^ie gewaltige äRaffe biefer ^feiler mac^t e§ auc^ bem Saicn augenfällig, ba§ fie im n)ef entließen bie Saft ber SSöIbung trägt, wä^renb bie 3*öif(^enpfeiler nur untergeorbnet finb. Tarauf weift auc^ bie grofee |)a(bfrei?bleube ^in, tüctc^e, jroifc^en bie ^auptpfeiter eingefpannt, je jwei fpi^bogigc Strtaben umfc^Iicfet. S)ie 9lippen ber ]^ocf)anfteigenben fpi^en Kreuzgewölbe finb nad) meftfälifc^cr Strt nur bcforatioer ©d^ein. ^m ganzen giebt fic^ hav innere aU ein rouc^tige^ aber c^arafterooües unb imponierenbe§ SSerf. 93ead)tengtt)ert am Siu^em ift bie reiche unb eigenartige S3e* lebung ber SRauem be« Cbergabcnl. 2;er Slrc^iteft greift ^ier p einem ©ebanfen, ber an bem etwa-? jüngeren STome ju 9Künfter (umgebaut 1225 — 61) bann weitere 150 3)cutf(^e 33aufunft. ®er ftbergongSj'ttl. ©ntlüicfelung finbet (oergt. bic 3lbbilbung 120). ^n biedern ^;]ßrad^ttüer! be§ mittet^ altcrlic^en ^irc^cnbmie^ , 5«gtei(^ ber größten ^irdje 2Beftfatcn§, errcid^t bie bortige ©igcnart it)ren ftajfifd^en 3(u§brurf. (Sie fc^afft ein SSerl öon großem tompo[itio:= iicffcn SBurf, üon tnad^töoKer unb babei (in ben Xcileit ber Übergangszeit) feicrlid^cr SGSirfung burd^ bie gewaltigen ^odEi ge« ftoc^enen ©enjölbcfappen; babei freiräumig tt)ic fein anbcrer 83au ber 3cit banf ben h)eitgefpannten ^feileröffnungen. Sciber ift baS ^ier Gebotene o^ne ©influfe für bie attgemeinc ©ntmidelung geblieben. S)er poll^goue ®i)or mit feinem Um= gang unb ber oberen fd^malen, aber ftar enttt)irfelten Ö^alerie barüber rtcift ber äird^e aud^ inner{)oIb bev lofalen ©d^ule eine ejcjeptionelle ©tettung an; ebenfo ift ba^ SSorfommen eineg jn^citen unmittelbar f)intcr ber SBeftfront liegenben großen Querfd^iffeS o^e 5tnaIogie in SBeftfaten. SBid^tiger aU bie§ beibe§ ober ift bie S3ilbung be» Sangfd^iffeS. Urfpritnglicl^ lt)ot)I in gcbnnbenem ©tjftem gebac^t, mo= h^i ä^nlid) tvk ju Di^nabrücf eine (t)ier fpipogige) 93Ienbc, bie jhiei Slrfaben jebe!^ 9}JitteIfcf)iffciod)e§ umraf)mtc, finb oietteidit fd)on tuö^renb be§ ^^anC';^ biefe Strfaben unb ber fie jebeSmal ftü^enbe 9iebcnpfeiter entfernt Worbcn, fo baf? nun in jebem SKittcIfi^iffSjod; ein ein.yger njcitcr 8pi^* bogen fid^ gegen baö 9iebenfd)iff öffnet. (Sine mid^tige 9?enerung ba^! bie ot)ne ben gcvabe in jenen ^al^rjeljntcn übcrmädjtigen franjöfifdjen @influ§ ber 5lu§gangSpunh einer eigenartigen ©ntmirfclung ^ätte wer* ben fönnen; mä^vcnb fic jc^t nur t)cr= einjelt nod^ auftritt, wie bcifpielsl)albcr in «ij. 120. Dfcagftben M Domd )tt aRünf»tr. beu 5)omen oon "iDiagbeburg unb Öüberf. ^%<f^ ^"^ j^r Ä •■■ '■ Y » .'■■ rYi/X IY W rr^i X ilAi k%i X V / Xl X Stg. 119. ®runbri§ t>ti 5)omc« ju SWünfler. 58on ben ©auten hei @üben§ gehört eine Steige ber »üid)tigftcn, luic ."peildbronu, SJiautbronn, ßbrac^, Söromba^, aU ©ifter^ienfcr ^rc^en nid^t in bie lofale (S(^ule; anbcteS ift bereit« im Oorigcn Kapitel ertüäf)nt, wie bic itird)cn üon 9lltcnftabt, ^cnfcn^ borf, *Pforü^cim, Ömttnb. Üe^tcrer fügte bic ooUc Übergangs^^cit »uoljl ali> Ic^tcö Stücf ft. 5cbaI^ in iTürnbcr^j; n?cfid?or (fog. töffclfioljift^ Kapelle gtanfcn. (Bäftoaben. 151 be§ gefamten 93aueg ben originellen, isoliert fte^enben Surm ^in^u, bcr in feiner eigenai-tigen Überführung be§ Cuabrotes in ha^ 3t^tecf einzig in 5^eutfc^ranb bafte^t. Sind ganzen Betrachtet, reicht Bayer, idq an 33erfen ber Io!a(en Schule außer ben genannten Sirenen in Granfen, Sofern unb Schweben genben, an Seine Bedeutung an anbertoärt. Geheilte in Granfen, die älteren 2eile öon @t. iBehdb in Darmberg: fünf Steilerpaare bei 3)?ittelf(liffe mit 2ren Oberbauem, hat 5(Garäuß und ber polggone 5orfc^IuB (die Söffel'koläste Kapelle), so wie die zu rein quabraten hat 5(Garäuß flankierenben zumte. Eine gehäufte Geschichte ber gleichgörmen ist t)ier unerkenntbar. 3Rti}x nod^ aU hat 5ijußere Jugend baron bas innere mit ber f (einen, Don öerfümmerten, Plumen 3(c^tecfpfeilerden getragenen Compornenartatur in jeder Granöe und ben frätigen über ben ^Irfabenfampfem auf Äonfolen geftellten @en?ötbeoorIagen, so tüie ber 9}?affigfeit ber gonsen fünftlerifc^en Älieberung. 5)abei ttjeifen die Kleeblatt = SIenbarfatur und die mit S^aftringen gefesselten SSanbföuIen bei G^ore auf r^ena^ nisd^e, hk öolle Sreu^bilbung ber Pfeiler mit öalbfäulenoorlagen fest in ber 2äng»ric^tung ber selben auf ttieftfälifrsie @epfIogeuf)eit. ^ud} boö SDetail üerrät eine getoifte Unfe(b= ftänbigkeit ben nicht immer ganz öerstanbenen l^eterogenen ©inftüffen gegenüber: G» finben ftcft fcbon toeic^ au§flie|enbe Safen und hoä) noct) gelegentli«^ (Scfblätter baran; bie maurifdien ßapiteße ber Übergang§teilc finb bei attem ?Infc^Iu§ an bie öon S^orben ^er fommenbe gormgebung ungraziöser und plumper als bort, entbehren jener feinen ©ilfiouette, bie in ©ac^fen und 2^üringcn so oft ba§ Stuge entjürft; und g(eic^e>!^ gilt öon ben bereit! "öa^ uaturalistische 5Iattmerf ber ®oti! tragenben Kapitellen ber @eitenfd)iffe, bei benen bie fcf)(anfe Kelcs)ünie burc^ gebaucf)tere SBec^erform ersebt ist. — 5)a! ^ier ju 2:age tretenben aber wiebcr^ott fic^ im allgemeinen in ber ^ormbe^anblung aller füböfttid^ öon 92ümberg gelegenen ©ebiete. SSon ben Sauten S^lüabens, mel^e in biefel Kapitel gehören, fei bier nur nocft bie Heine St. 2i?alberic|»f apeüe beim 5ßenebiftinerftofter9JJurr^arbt (gig. 123), fünf 2)ieilcu öon Stuttgart, gcnonnt (So erftaunli(^er 9leirf)tum ber Cmamente wie ^ier am Stureren ber G^omifc^e, finbet fi^ nic^t wiebcr in beutfd)cn löanben! Gin faft quabrater 9taum mit runber G^ornifcf)e, in fpi^bogigem, auf bimförmigen 9iippen rubenbcm Ärcu',- genjötbe überberft. Unter ben norf) nmbbogigen genftern nad) r^einifc^er 'Jlrt ringsum- laufenb eine Kleeblatt = 581enbar!atur. 5tufeen ein reic^e^^ portal unb über jeber ber öier Seiten be§ ©ebäube! ein ©icbel, fo ha^ ein 9it)ombenba(^ entfte^t, »oic e* fo öielfac^ bie r^einifc^en 2ürme berft. — 3)ie ju St. Sebalb ^u !tage tretenbcn Grfc^einungen miebert)oIen fic^ 5unäd)ft im f)auptort 93at)em§ wätirenb biefer ^eriobe, in 9iegen*burg. ^kv bleibt bcr Über^ gong^ftil überhaupt länger mac^ aU in ben meftlicb anqren5cnbcn Oicgenben. 9ioc^ gig. 121. gig. 122. Aat)itttle iui St €ebalb }u Stücnberg. 152 ^eutfc^e iöaufunft. ®cr ÜbergangSftif. in bcr jlüeiten ^älfte be^ breije^nten Sa'^rl)imbert§ entfielt "^ier ber reiche S^'reujgang üon @t. ©mmeront, ber in feinen reifften jur ©otif t)inneigenbcn Xeitcn fogar er)"t im Söeginn 5i>V 123. et. aüalbfri(^«fa|?flle in ÜJiurt^atbt. hei forgcnbcn öotlcnbct fein bilrftc. '^a^u bietet ba§ reiche portal (gig. 124), lüeld^eci öom nörbli(^cn Sinn qu2( jnr $lirc^e füljrt, ein eigentümlidjeiJ ^Routen» nnb ^'(fiarfornament, welches fic^ jum Xeil filigranartig über bie eigentlichen ^^^rofile ber iöogenleibung legt. I 9?ürnberg, SWurr^örbt, 9iegcn§burg. 153 5)erartige ^irfdQ'^ontQmente befi^t öieüeici^t aU olteftee Sgeifpiel in 5^eutfc^(anb, fceilic^ in tüefentlid^ einfacherer gorm, bereit» ba§ Sübportaf ber Sc^ottcnfircfje St. ^atoh. Seit dem Beginn begleiten die Brücken die Unterhaltung, aber folgt die Öffnung aller Vorhäuse. Nur ein paar Spielchen zu nennen, am Portal der Sirene zu Greifen; in Granfen an jedem Vorsatz, beim Diamanten unbedingt bei der Sarmontliteratur zu Bamberg; in Westfalen an den Kölnern bei Bonn zu Bächle; im Schwarzwald an der Kapelle zu Stommernsborf (gern. 1210) und zuletzt, in der romanischen Malerei, spielen die Stellen und die Inhaber, auf früh an einer wichtigen Stätte. Der Mann begleitet, die gegebenen, in der Romanischen Anlage zu St. Emmeram und dem auf diesem Werk fußenben Säulen dem Einfluss jener romanischen, Röhren bei der „Stadten" fehren barf, benennen St. Salvator gehört, nicht in der englischen irischen Architektur hat Sidoxenmantel eine noch größere Schlüssel spielt als bei uns, erscheint immerhin äußerst gefällig. Um so mehr, auf irgendwelche Position eine Stallung für irische Einflüsse in der bestehenden Architektur, besonders deshalb fest. St. Emmeram, so bieten auch die übrigen, Sauburg, alle Arten, in der Formgebung; St. Barbara (die Spitalkirche) in Stabnumhof, der Hofstaat jener, dem Sonnen, eine feine architektonische Einlage vom großen 1287 mit fast gotischen, romanischen und ebenso, „alte Krieger" St. Ulrich neben dem Dom, ein einfacher und mit Blicken großer Saal der Glieder, die Mitte beispielsweise den Brückenbau zu Bamberg, aber entweder gegensätzliche, reich, mit vielen neuen und manchen sehr eigenartigen Zerstreuen und bei dem, noch heute, noch toller, STränge an dem alten Stil. Die Außergewöhnliche Stallung, ein Tendenz mit ringumlaufenen Emporen, genügt, dass Programm der Unterbringung einer möglichst großen Garantie der Einheimischen in geteilter, steinerner, erlangt. Das ist aber das Problem der Freiburger, welche, wegen ihrer lothringischen Ursprünge, hier, zum ersten Mal, in der Gesellschaft treten; erst, sonst seltener, Bauten nehmen diese Aufgabe entzückend, überaus auf. |
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WEU_20_1974_vol.2.txt_20 | European Open Data | Various open data | To my mind the best of western civilisation
is rooted in the Atlantic Alliance. We, whether
European or American, spring from a common
heritage. Our love of life and liberty, our human
values, our belief in justice, equity and freedom
are a common blood-line among us. While I am
an American, my mother’s maiden name was
Fitchett, a French name, my maternal grand
mother’s name was Waterman, an English name,
my paternal grandfather’s name is Riegle which,
of course, is German. Like most Americans, my
family heritage is European, and while the
languages we now speak may be different our
concept of man and his destiny is a common bond
that is indivisible across our national boundaries.
So, whatever our national differences, we belong
to the same family, and it is important that we
should start our discussions from this point.
We would deceive ourselves if we sought
instant answers or one-nation solutions or relied
on one-man diplomacy. There are no short cuts
or magic answers. Our common problems are
brutally difficult and lasting. To find sound and
equitable solutions will require lengthy analyses,
full participation by all western nations and
comprehensive institutional diplomacy that in
volves all levels o f our respective national gov
ernments and private sectors. Finally, everything
we seek to do must go down to the level of the
individual citizens, and more than ever before
our respective citizens at the grass roots level
must be brought into this debate. We cannot hope
to succeed without their counsel, their creative
genius and their sustained commitment.
Never in the lifetime of any o f us in the room
today have international events moved so swiftly
or on such a massive scale. We must struggle to
comprehend and respond to change of unprece
dented dimension. In a period of months we find
Europe profoundly and permanently changed.
Not only have old crises been replaced by new
ones, but we must follow the news on a daily basis
to keep track of the new leadership assuming
power in virtually all the western countries. In
America, where we are in the midst of serious
impeachment proceedings and other investigative
inquiries, we may well also see a change in our
national leadership before this year ends.
As western nations we face great threats in
many forms, military, economic and political, and
we find ourselves in a period in which our
historic Atlantic relationship has been bruised
by careless talk, insensitivity and needless arrog
ance. Sadly, much o f it has been done by my
own government.
Along with enormous political changes we have
had to cope with other profoundly significant
developments. The interruption of the energy
supply, the huge increase in the cost of energy,
the sharply higher price of food and the reassess
ment of the dollar and the United States financial
position in the world have combined to create
difficult new realities. These new realities have
I will not endeavour to review the long history
of the Atlantic Alliance since W orld W ar II.
The record is familiar to us all. Let me refer
only to the more recent history of the Atlantic
130
COM PTE R E N D U
O E E IC IE L
T R O IS IÈ M E
DES DÉBATS
SÉAN CE
réalités nouvelles. Ces faits nouveaux ont naturellement rendu beaucoup plus difficile le maintien de relations et de consultations efficaces.
Les meilleures intentions ne résistent pas aux
crises. Nous devons maintenant faire un effort
spécial et concerté pour parler franchement de
nos problèmes mutuels, pour écouter des avis
différents, pour comprendre et respecter les
divergences inévitables entre les points de vue
particuliers et nationaux.
M. Riegle Jr. (suite)
ans, j ’espère avoir un point de vue réaliste sur
la fagon dont 1’Alliance atlantique devrait réagir dans la situation nouvelle qui est la nòtre.
J ’ai, sur le passé et Favenir de l ’Europe, une
opinion personnelle bien arrètée qu’il est probablement préférable d ’exprimer dès maintenant, afin d’éviter tout malentendu.
C’est pour ces raisons, entre autres, que les
consultations ont été décevantes au sein de
FAlliance atlantique. Cet état de choses peut et
doit changer. Je suis heureux d’avoir l ’occasion
d ’examiner cette question capitale avec vous,
afin que nous recherchions ensemble des solu
tions satisfaisantes. Mais avant de pouvoir trou
ver des réponses aux nouvelles questions qui se
posent dans chaque pays, au sein de l ’Union de
FEurope Occidentale ou de FAlliance atlantique,
voire mème dans le monde, nous devons d ’abord
mieux comprendre la situation nouvelle.
A mon avis, FAlliance atlantique correspond
à ce qu’il y a de plus précieux dans la civilisation
occidentale. Que nous soyons Européens ou Aniéricains, nous avons un patrimoine connnun.
Notre amour de la vie et de la liberté, nos idées
humanitaires, notre foi en la justice, en l ’équité
et en la liberté créent entre nous une parenté.
Bien que je sois Américain, ma mère, née
Fitchett, portait un nom frangais ; le nom de ma
grand-mère maternelle était Waterman, un nom
angiais, et mon grand-pére paternel s’appelait
Riegle, nom évidemment allemand. Comme la
plupart des Américains, j ’ai done une ascen
dance européenne et bien que nous puissions
différer par la langue, notre concept de l ’homme
et de sa destinée est un lien que nos frontières
nationales ne peuvent briser. Aussi, malgré les
differences de nationalité, nous appartenons à
la mème famille, ce qu’il importe de ne pas
oublier au cours de nos discussions.
Nous nous leurrerions si nous cherchions des
solutions instantanées ou purement nationales,
ou encore si nous nous en remettions à la diplo
matic d ’un seul liomme. Il n ’existe ni raccourci
ni formule magique. Les problèmes auxquels
nous nous heurtons, les uns comme les autres,
se sont brutalement révélés difficiles et durables.
Pour leur trouver des solutions sensées et équitables, il faudra des études prolongées, une par
ticipation totale de tous les pays occidentaux et
une diplomatic institutionnelle globale qui mobi
lise à tous les échelons Fadministration et le secteur privé de chacun de nos pays. Enfin, toutes
nos décisions doivent ètre débattues en public et
l ’homme de la rue doit, plus qu’auparavant ètre
associé à leur élaboration. Nous ne pouvons
espérer réussir sans avoir l ’avis de nos concitoyens, sans le bénéfice de leur esprit eréateur
et de leur engagement permanent.
A aucun moment de la vie de tous ceux qui
sont présents ici aujourd’hui, le monde n ’a évolué aussi rapidement et aussi profondément.
Nous devons faire effort pour trouver une signi
fication et réagir à des changements d ’une
ampleur sans précédent. Quelques mois suffisent
pour que nous trouvions l’Europe définitivement
transformée. Non seulement les anciennes difficultés ont disparu et d’autres ont surgi, mais
nous devons suivre les nouvelles au jour le jour
pour savoir qui est au pouvoir dans presque tous
les pays occidentaux. Les Etats-Unis, où a été
engagée une grave procedure de mise en accusa
tion et où d ’autres enquètes sont en cours,
devront peut-ètre se donner un nouveau chef
avant la fin de l ’année.
En tant que nations occidentales, nous sommes
en butte à des dangers graves et multiples sur
les plans militarne, économique et politique, et
nous traversons une période où les relations
atiantiques traditionnelles se sont détériorées par
la faute de paroles irréfléchies, à force d ’insensibilité et d ’arrogance injustifiée. Fàcheusement,
la faute en est souvent revenue au gouvernement
de mon pays.
A ces bouleversements politiques se sont ajoutés des événements d’un grand retentissement.
L ’interruption des approvisionnements en car
burante l’augmentation énorme du cout de
l ’énergie, la montée brutale des prix des denrées
alimentaires, le réajustement du taux du dollar
et la situation financière des Etats-Unis dans le
monde, se sont eombinés pour créer de difficiles
Je ne retracerai pas la longue histoire de FAl
liance atlantique depuis la deuxième guerre mon
diale. Nous l’avons tous présente à l ’esprit. Je me
bornerai done à évoquer les relations atiantiques
130
O F F IC IA L R E P O R T
T H IR D
OF DEBATES
S IT T IN G
conscience of our people. But what constitutes
legitimacy ? A t its heart it must be a collective
decision-mailing process whether within nations
or between nations. The true strength of demo
cracy is found in diversity. It is the sum o f all
the voices that finally gives true meaning to
what we do. Perhaps history’s starkest lesson is
that one-man rule or one-nation rule is a certain
prescription for disaster.
Mr. Riegle Jr. (continued)
relationship during the latter part of the 1960s
and early 1970s.
During that period American foreign policy
in my view was substantially preoccupied with
East-West questions and with our miserable
involvement in Vietnam which drained away an
enormous quantity of our physical and moral
resources and most of our foreign policy energy.
Many of our European friends saw the IndoChina issues differently from us. This had a
certain abrasive effect on our relationship.
When the leaders in the Kremlin, or any
authoritarian régime, may be able to conduct
efficient negotiation with outsiders, it is because
individual liberties have been crushed and con
solidated in an iron grip. By contrast, the
democratic ethos o f negotiation, consultation and
a search for mutual interest between democratic
nations is more diffuse and time-consuming. It
requires patience, tolerance, goodwill and true
respect for differing views.
It is now well known that prominent Ameri
cans who dissented from the Vietnam policies
and other practices of the Nixon-Kissinger
Administration were placed on domestic “ enemy”
lists and subjected to harassment and intimida
tion. Having glimpsed that kind o f reprisal
psychology at work in the current executive
branch of the American Government, one should
not be surprised to see that unfortunate behavi
our rear its head from time to time in matters
o f foreign policy. H opefully those days are now
part of the past.
There is no way to short-cut the full demo
cratic process without killing part of its integ
rity. That is true within free nations and in
negotiations between free nations. I believe those
who really understand and revere the democratic
process know that it requires open and full
consultation, truthfulness, a sense o f dignity and
honour and collective decision-making.
W ith the intent o f trying to explain rather
than excuse such a tactic, I would add that
while we in the western world seek governments
o f law rather than of men, we sometimes find
that the administration o f law is bent to express
the particular character and will of the men in
charge. As you know, we in America are now
living through an extremely painful experience
in this regard. But I mention it because I think
the lessons are important to all of us.
These qualities and principles legitimise all
we do. W e know that some among us would alter
this process, arguing that there is more to be
gained by stealth, secrecy and blind faith, that
the full-blown democratic process is too slow
and cumbersome in matters o f national security.
In overly-centralised governments we fre
quently fin d excessive executive isolation, im
patience with those who hold differing views
and secretly formulated international grand
designs that can become dictatorial in tone and
practice. When these tendencies occur, we must
work to counteract them, for they are destructive
to mutual co-operation and goodwill.
I believe we must resist the pleas of leaders
who say to us : “ This issue is too complicated
to explain fully. Give me the benefit of the
doubt. I will do only what is necessary and we
can sell it to our people later.” To me there is
more than the obvious authoritarian danger here,
for in such cases we also forfeit broad public
consensus based on full disclosure, open debate
and legitimising expressions of national will. It
is a classic and worrisome example o f govern
ment from the top down rather than from the
people upwards. W hy should we ever consent to
Perhaps now is as good a time as any for
those of us who cherish our heritage o f western
civilisation and truly democratic institutions to
reflect upon the natural processes by which we
come to know and express the collective will and
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permettent de connaitre et d ’exprimer la volonté
et la conscience collectives de nos peuples. Com
ment définir la légitimité ? Elle doit essentiellement reposer sur un processus de décisions col
lectives prises par chacune des nations ou entre
elles. La démocratie trouve sa force réelle dans
la diversité. C’est la somme de toutes les opi
nions exprimées qui donne en fin de compte sa
véritable signification à nos actions. L ’enseignement le plus sur de l ’histoire est peut-ètre que le
gouvernement d ’un seul homme ou l ’hégémonie
d ’une nation sont la recette infaillible du
désastre.
M. Riegle Jr. (suite)
vers la fin des années 1960 et au débnt des
années 1970.
Pendant eette période, la politique étrangère
des Etats-Unis s’est surtout préoccupée, me semble-t-il, des relations Est-Ouest et de notre mallieureux engagement au Vietnam, qui a absorbé
la majeure partie de nos ressources physiques et
morales et de l ’énergie que nous pouvions consacrer à la politique extérieure. Nombre de nos
amis européens envisageaient le problème de
rindochine sous un angle différent du notre, ce
dont nos relations ont en partie souffert.
Lorsque les dirigeants du Kremlin ou de tout
autre régime autoritaire sont capables de mener
des négociations efficaces avec des étrangers,
c ’est parce que les libertés individuelles ont été
écrasées et enfermées dans une poigne de fer.
En revanche, la morale démocratique de la négociation, de la consultation et d’une recherche de
l ’intérèt mutuel entre nations démocratiques est
moins rigoureuse et moins directe. Tons ces p ro
cessus exigent de la patience, de la tolérance, de
la bonne volonté et le respect sincère de l ’opinion
d ’autrui.
Il est désormais notoire que des Amérieains
éminents qui n ’approuvaient ni la politique, ni
les autres méthodes de l ’administration NixonKissinger au Vietnam, ont eu leurs noms inscrits
sur des listes noires et ont été l ’objet de mesures
vexatoires et d ’intimidations. Lorsqu’on a t u à
l ’oeuvre cette psychologie répressive de notre
pouvoir exécutif, comment s’étonner de voir le
mème comportement apparaìtre en politique
étrangère. Ces jours, espérons-le, sont à peu
près révolus.
Il est impossible d’accélérer le processus démo
cratique sans le dénaturer. Cela est vrai à l ’intérieur des pays comme pour les négociations
entre pays libres. Je erois que ceux qui comprennent véritablement et respectent le proces
sus démocratique savent qu’il exige des consulta
tions tranches et sans réserves, de la confiance, le
sens de la dignité et de Phonneur et des décisions
collectives.
En vue non pas d ’excuser, mais d ’expliquer
cette tactique, je voudrais aj outer que, bien que
le monde occidental cherche à ètre gouvemé par
la loi plutòt que par des hommes, nous constatons parfois que l ’application de la loi est infléchie de manière à exprimer le caractère et la
volonté particulière des hommes en fonction.
Comme vous le savez, les Etats-Unis en font
aujourd’hui la très douloureuse expérience. Toutefois, si je ne passe pas cette question sous
silence, c ’est qu’elle est à mon avis riche en enseignements.
Ce sont ces qualités et ces principes qui légitiment tout ce que nous faisons. Nous n ’ignorons
pas que certains d ’entre nous souhaiteraient
modifier ce système sous prétexte que le secret
et la confiance aveugle seraient plus efficaces,
et que le fonctionnement du système démocra
tique est trop lent et trop pesant en matière de
sécurité nationale.
Dans les gouvernements où la centralisation est
trop poussée, nous observons souvent un isolement excessif de l ’exécutif, une intolérance à
l ’égard de l’opposition et de grands desseins
internationaux formulés en secret mais aptes à
prendre un caractère dictatorial dans le ton et
la pratique. Nous devons nous efforcer de combattre ces tendances dès que nous en décelons la
presence, car elles nuisent à la coopération et à
la bonne volonté mutuelles.
Nous devons, je crois, résister aux allégations
des dirigeants qui nous disent : « Cette question
est trop compliquée pour ètre expliquée complètement. Accordez-moi le bénéfice du doute. Je
ferai le nécessaire et nous convaincrons nos concitoyens plus tard. » Je vois là plus qu’un danger
évident d’autoritarisme, car, en l’occurrence, nous
empèchons la formation d ’un large consensus
fondé sur une totale franchise, de libres débats
et les manifestations d ’une volonté nationale
authentique. C’est un exemple classique et gènant
de gouvernement nllant du sommet à la base
Nous sommes peut-ètre arrivés au moment où
tons ceux d’entre nous qui apprécient l’héritage
de la civilisation occidentale et qui sont attachés
à des institutions véritablement démocratiques
doivent réfléehir aux processus naturels qui nous
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would be virtue and added strength in full Euro
pean union. A united Europe speaking with one
voice on strategic matters would have enormous
influence — within the Atlantic Alliance and
throughout the world — but clearly full Euro
pean union, if it is to occur, must be conceived
and produced by Europeans. The initiative, crea
tive genius and will must come from this side of
the Atlantic, from you and others. While we
Americans would welcome and encourage this
movement, we should be very sensitive to the fact
that Europe must speak and act for itself, that
true Atlantic partnership must preserve and
respect the unique character and differing
national interests found on both sides of the
Atlantic.
Mr. Riegle Jr. (continued)
became like our adversaries ? I have no interest
in a government that wishes to think for me ;
I seek one which wishes to think with me and
my fellow citizens.
Within the Atlantic Alliance I believe we must
also insist on the full democratic process, open
and full consultation, truthfulness, a sense of
dignity and honour and collective decision
making. No Head of State or Foreign Minister,
however brilliant or well-motivated, can ever
speak for us until he first speaks with us.
We have come a great distance since the nine
teenth century when citizens were mere pawns
in the conduct of foreign affairs, used at will
by Heads of State on a balance-of-power chess
board. Much blood and effort has since gone to
change that, to secure our individual freedom,
to elevate us to the point where we are now
self-governing, to free us from the imposition
o f grand designs imposed by others.
In adjusting our differences to reach a com
mon interest or position, one voice should never
be larger than the others. The stronger we are
country by country — in Europe as a whole or
in America — then the stronger our Atlantic
Alliance will be. In the end, a strong Atlantic
Alliance is essential to the peace, liberty and
future prosperity of the citizens o f all our res
pective nations.
I would hope that between us we could strive
to elevate these guiding principles within the
Atlantic Alliance and within our respective
nations. It is a matter that each one of us can
do something about.
So we must not allow our vital co-operative
efforts to be slowed or injured — whether by
bad manners, excessive national selfishness,
harsh outbursts o f reprisal psychology, institu
tional sluggishness and short-sightedness, or by
clinging to familiar old habits and ideas that
are irrelevant in the face o f new realities.
There is much comment today on — and
some question about — the goal of complete
European unity, o f a consolidated Europe that
is integrated militarily, economically and poli
tically, a Europe which would speak with one
voice. Who knows to what extent such ultimate
consolidation is practical or possible ? Certainly
we have already seen major progress in Euro
pean co-operation and common purpose in recent
years.
The future of European political and economic
union is closely related to the question of Euro
pean defence. I believe there is a special respon
sibility for the countries of the European Com
munity to study and, if you judge it useful or
even necessary, to propose initiatives in the area
of improved European defence co-operation.
Much has been accomplished and one senses
that further consolidation is in the offing. From
an American point o f view, this seems a most
healthy and encouraging development. A stron
ger, more unified Europe is fully consistent with
the moral, philosophical, strategic and economic
interests of the United States and is so viewed
by many Americans.
Under the new circumstances o f severe econo
mic and political stress, one wonders how much
collective military defence we will be able to
afford within the Atlantic Alliance — and who
will pay for it. It would appear that the econo
mic pressures I cite below will force reductions
in planned governmental spending in all the
western nations.
A s an American trying to view the issue from
the European perspective, I believe that there
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sous l ’angle européen, je crois qu’une union com
plète serait bienfaisante pour l’Europe et lui
donnerait plus de force. Une Europe unie, ne
faisant entendre qu’une seule voix sur les ques
tions stratégiques, aurait une influence énorme
dans TAlliance atlantique comme dans le monde
entier, mais il va de soi que cette union totale,
si elle se produit, doit ótre congue et réalisée par
les Européens. L ’initiative, le génie créateur et
la volonté doivent venir de ce coté de l ’Atlantique, c ’est-à-dire de vous et des autres. Les Amé
ricains, tout en accueillant favorablement cette
évolution et en l ’encourageant, doivent bien comprendre que l ’Europe doit parler et agir pour
elle-mème et qu’un véritable partnership atlan
tique doit respecter et sauvegarder le caractère
particulier et les intérèts nationaux différents
des partenaires situés de part et d ’autre de
l ’océan.
M. Biegle Jr. (suite)
plutòt que de la base au sommet. Pourquoi
devrions-nous jamais accepter de ressembler à
nos adversaires ? Un gouvernement qui veut
penser à ma place ne m’intéresse pas. Pour m’intéresser, il doit vouloir penser avec moi et mes
concitoyens.
Dans le cadre de l ’Alliance atlantique, nous
devons aussi imposer un processus entièrement
démocratique, des consultations tranches et com
petes, la confiance, le sens de la dignité et de
l ’honneur, et la prise de décisions en commun.
Il n’est pas de chef d ’Etat, ni de ministre des
affaires étrangères, si brillant ou bien intentionné soit-il, qui puisse parler en notre nom
sans avoir d’abord pris langue avec nous.
Nous sommes loin du X I X e siede où les
citoyens étaient sur l ’échiquier de la politique
étrangère de simples pions que les chefs d ’Etat
maniaient à leur gré dans le grand jeu de l’équilibre des pouvoirs. Il a falbi beaucoup de sang
et de larmes pour changer tout cela, pour garan
tir notre liberté individuelle, pour nous faire
accèder à l ’autonomie que nous connaissons maintenant, pour nous affranchir des grands desseins
imposés de l ’extérieur.
Lorsque nous eherchons à régler nos différends
pour définir une position ou un intérèt communs, la voix d’un seul ne doit jamais l ’emporter
sur celle des autres. Notre alliance sera d ’autant
plus forte que les pays qui la composent seront
puissants, en Europe ou en Amérique. En définitive, une Alliance atlantique puissante est
indispensable à la paix, à la liberté et à la prospérité future des citoyens de chacun de nos pays.
J ’ose espérer que nous pourrons lutter
ensemble pour faire triompher ces grands principes dans l ’Alliance atlantique et dans chacun
de nos pays. Nous aurons tous un ròle à jouer
dans ce domaine.
C ’est pourquoi nous ne devons pas admettre
que nos efforts vitaux de coopération soient
ralentis ou gènés, que ce soit par un manque de
courtoisie, par un égo'isme national excessif, par
des accès brutaux de volonté vengeresse, par la
lourdeur des institutions et une politique à
courte vue, ou par un attaehement à de vieilles
habitudes et idées qui n’ont plus cours face aux
réalités nouvelles.
L ’unification complète de l ’Europe, d’une
Europe plus forte, c’est-à-dire intégrée sur le
pian militaire, économique et politique, d ’une
Europe qui sait faire entendre un point de vue
commun, suscite actuellement de nombreux commentaires et pose certains problèmes. Qui sait
jusqu’à quel point cette ultime unification est
realisable dans la pratique 1 II est indéniable que
la coopération et la définition d ’objectifs communs ont déjà fait de grands progrès en Europe
au cours des demières années.
L ’avenir de l ’union politique et économique de
l ’Europe est étroitement lié à la question de la
défense européenne. A mon sens, il appartient
tout spécialement aux pays de la Communauté
européenne d ’étudier et, s’ils le jugent utile ou
mème nécessaire, de proposer des initiatives
visant à renforcer la coopération en matière de
défense de l ’Europe.
Un grand pas a déjà été fait et Ton sent que
de nouvelles mesures sont en gestation. Du point
de vue américain, cette évolution semble très
saine et très encourageante. Une Europe plus
forte et plus unie est parfaitement compatible
avec l ’éthique, la philosophie, la strategie et les
intérèts économiques des Etats-Unis, et cela aux
yeux mèmes de nombreux Américains.
Dans cette situation nouvelle de grave crise
économique et politique, on se demande quelle
ampleur pourra revètir la défense militaire col
lective dans le cadre de TAlliance atlantique et
comment elle sera financée. Les difficultés éco
nomiques dont j ’ai déjà parlé obligeront vraisemblablement tous les pays occidentaux à réduire
les dépenses de l ’Etat initialement prévues.
Quant à moi, en ma qualité de citoyen des
Etats-Unis qui essale de considérer cette question
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discussed and mutually agreed to in our overall
defence arrangements with Europe.
Mr. Riegle Jr. (continued)
Yet we know that collective security within
the Alliance requires a careful and rational
balance of forces — properly deployed — with
the cost distributed on a reasonable and just
basis. W e also know that, whether we face good
times or bad times, we can never afford defence
arrangements that fall short of our basic security
needs. But just as clearly, and in light o f the
new realities we face together, we owe it to our
selves to provide these necessary defence arrange
ments at minimum cost. Multiple, overlapping
and competitive weapons systems not only
increase our collective cost, but also reduce the
aggregate amount of security we are able to
purchase with available resources. The same
questions apply to the make-up and deployment
of military manpower.
This leads to the question of the future of
NATO. In reviewing the successful twenty-fiveyear history of NATO, one wonders how the
organisation should be modernised and reshaped
to meet new realities and changing conditions.
History suggests that the next twenty-five years
will require an integrated defence structure quite
different from that which we have known in the
past.
Current American preoccupation in other
foreign policy spheres and an apparent Ameri
can complacency with existing NATO arrange
ments have made it difficult for Europeans to
engage the American Government in direct con
sultation about the future structure and direction
of NATO.
It seems to me the time has come for the
members o f the Atlantic Alliance seriously to
work together toward the common goal of achiev
ing a more efficient and effective western
defence establishment. Such a step would of
course require an honest exchange between west
ern countries on military research and develop
ment information — a sensitive but profoundly
important necessity. It would mean working to
achieve advance agreement on standardised
weapons design and opening up the procure
ment process to competitive bidding within an
agreed-to framework that balanced contract pro
duction between member nations.
W ith recurring United States pressures for
American troop reductions in Europe, and
changing military and budgetary capabilities
within the various Western European countries,
it seems to me that the time has arrived for
direct transatlantic discussions on the future of
NATO. Repeated indications on the European
side of the Alliance of a desire to move in the
direction of seeking some consolidation and
streamlining of European-based defence capa
bility should be met by American encouragement
and participation. Whether the European ini
tiative centres itself within the Eurogroup,
within Western European Union or in some
other separate institution, it is vitally important
that the United States engage in a dialogue and
provide clear signals as to its own future inten
tions in Atlantic Alliance defence matters.
Economic realities, security needs and com
mon sense would all seem to indicate that the
time has come to formulate a unified Alliance
defence procurement policy. Obviously this is a
very complicated and sensitive task, but can we
really afford to do otherwise ? I think not.
Pressing economic considerations suggest that
major cost efficiencies must be sought and
accomplished in the overall areas of weapons
systems and military manpower. Most observers
feel that some fat has accumulated in the NATO
defence structure. I f so we must determine
where it exists, how much can wisely be trimmed,
and how we can improve the ratio of our combatready forces to support personnel both within
the United States manpower component and
among all other allied manpower. These issues
and others are both relevant and timely and I
hope that those o f us who share these concerns
Let me now address myself to the subject o f
NATO. Speaking as an American, I would first
emphasise that the United States’ conventional
defence forces stationed here in Europe and the
nuclear shield we maintain for Europe and the
free world exist for one purpose — to protect
our individual and collective freedom. No know
ledgeable person on either side of the Atlantic
should doubt the permanence of that American
commitment, no matter what adjustments are
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gement, quelles que soient les modifications que
nous envisagions d ’apporter, d ’accord avec l ’Europe, à notre système global de défense.
M. Riegle Jr. (suite)
Nous savons toutefois que la sécurité collective
au sein de l ’AlIianee exige un équilibre minutieux et rationnel de forces judicieusement
déployées, dont le cout soit raisonnablement et
équitablement reparti. Que nous nous préparions
des jours difficiles ou non, nous savons aussi que
jamais nous ne pourrons nous permettre d ’avoir
des dispositifs de défense inférieurs aux exi
gences fondamentales de notre sécurité. Mais il
est non moins évident, compte tenu surtout de
la nouvelle situation dans laquelle nous nous
trouvons, que nous devons nous efforcer d ’avoir
les systèmes de défense indispensables au moindre cout. Des systèmes d ’armes multiples, qui se
chevauchent et se font concurrence, non seulement gonflent le cout colleetif, mais réduisent la
sécurité globale que les ressources disponibles
permettent d ’assurer. Il en va de méme pour la
mise sur pied et le déploiement des forces armées.
Ceci nous amène à nous interroger sur l ’avenir
de l’O.T.A.N. Si Fon se rapporte à son histoire,
à ses vingt-cinq années de succès, on peut se
demander comment cette organisation devrait
ètre modernisée et refondue en fonction de réa
lités nouvelles et d ’un monde qui évolue. L ’his
toire nous invite à croire que les vingt-cinq prochaines années exigeront une structure militaire
intégrée, très différente de celle que nous avons
connue autrefois.
Du fait que les Américains sont actuellement
préoecupés par d ’autres problèmes de politique
étrangère, du fait aussi qu’ils sont apparemment
satisfaits de la facon dont l ’O.T.A.N. est organisée, les Européens ont eu du mal à les convainere d ’engager avec eux des consultations
directes au sujet de la structure et de la direction
futures de cet organisme.
Je crois le moment venu pour les membres de
l ’Alliance atlantique de s’efforcer de créer
ensemble un appareil de défense capable de protéger efficacement le monde occidental. A cet
effet, les pays occidentaux devraient évidemment
procèder à un échange sincère d ’informations sur
la recherche et le développement dans le domarne
militaire —- néeessité primordiale qui pose toute
fois des problèmes délicats. Il faudrait chercher
à se mettre d’accord à l ’avance sur des modèles
d ’armes standardisées et à ouvrir les marchés de
iournitures à la concurrence, dans un cadre bien
défini qui garantirait une répartition harmonieuse des commandes entre pays membres.
En raison, d ’une part, des pressions répétées
qui s’exercent aux Etats-Unis en faveur d ’une
réduction des troupes américaines en Europe,
d ’autre part, d ’une evolution de la puissance
militaire et des ressources budgétaires survenue
dans les divers pays de l ’Europe occidentale, j ’ai
l ’impression que les temps sont murs pour des
discussions directes entre les partenaires atlantiques sur l ’avenir de l ’O.T.A.N. Les partenaires
européens de l ’Alliance ont exprimé à diverses
reprises le souhait que les moyens de défense
déployés en Europe soient renforcés et rénovés ;
les Américains devraient encourager des mesures
en ce sens et y partieiper. Que l ’initiative européenne se matérialise au sein de l ’Eurogroupe, de
l ’Union de l ’Europe Occidentale ou de toute
autre institution, il est de première importance
que les Etats-Unis acceptent le dialogue et indiquent clairement leurs intentions quant à l ’avenir de la défense au sein de l’Alliance atlantique.
Les réalités éeonomiques, les besoins de la sécu
rité et le bon sens, tout semblerait indiquer que
le moment est venu de definir une politique unifiée d ’achats d ’armements pour l ’Alliance atlan
tique. C ’est là incontestablement une tàche infiniment complexe et délicate, mais pouvons-nous
vraiment nous permettre d ’agir autrement ? Je
ne le pense pas.
Pour des raisons éeonomiques pressantes, il
faut chercher, semble-t-il, à obtenir une meilleure
rentabilité de l ’ensemble des systèmes d’armement et du personnel militaire. La plupart des
observateurs estiment que la structure défensive
de l’O.T.A.N. s’est quelque peu alourdie. S’il en
est ainsi, nous devons déterminer quelle propor
tion de cette structure peut ètre remise en état,
et comment nous pouvons améliorer le rapport
numérique entre les forces combattantes et le
personnel logistique dans les troupes améri
caines aussi bien que dans celles de leurs alliés.
Telles sont quelques-unes des questions qui se
Permettez-moi, maintenant, de parler de
PO.T.A.N. Bn ma qualité d’Amérieain, je voudrais d ’abord souligner que les forces armées de
type classique stationnées en Europe et le parapluie nucléaire que nous mainlenons dans l ’intérèt de l ’Europe et du monde libre n ’ont qu’un
seni objectif : protéger nos libertés individuelles
et collectives. Aucun ètre sensé de ce coté de
l ’Atlantique ou de l ’autre ne devrait imaginer
un instant que nous reviendrons sur cet enga
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Mr. Riegle Jr. (continued)
can continue to apply constructive pressure to
bring about direct transatlantic discussions on
NATO arrangements and other military issues
of mutual interest.
It is critical that we realise that if we fail to
engage the post-World W ar II generations in
this process, we cannot hope to succeed in the
urgent task of reforming our defence organisa
tion. We either will undertake this reform with
the fullest support and understanding of those
newer generations or we commit ourselves, as
parliamentarians and as defence planners, to the
sterility o f increasing isolation from a majority
of our constituents. Defence co-operation must be
a democratically-based procedure or NATO,
however successful today, will increasingly
become a museum reflecting endeavours of the
past.
Another important issue directly affecting
Atlantic Alliance defence requirements and
capabilities is that of shifting generational atti
tudes towards large-scale and permanent military
mobilisation. Europeans aged forty and over
have a vivid recollection o f W orld W ar II and
tend to support more willingly the maintenance
of ready military capability equal to any threat
that might come from the Soviet Union or
Eastern Europe. Those under the age of
forty tend to feel less alarm and are expressing
a growing reluctance to bear the heavy financial
and social burdens o f continued large-scale mili
tary mobilisation. W ith each passing year, the
balance of public opinion is tending to shift away
from support for full-scale military readiness
and one wonders how best to deal with this
problem.
I f we, as parliamentarians, can help stimulate
greater public interest and participation in the
issues of national and foreign policy, we provide
our governments with greater vitality, stronger
collective purpose and national solidarity. I f
each country within the Atlantic Alliance is so
strengthened, then the Alliance itself can achieve
its maximum strength and potential.
As one who was six years old in 1944, I, too,
have difficulty in fu lly visualising the ravages
of W orld W ar I I and, while I support the main
tenance o f western military force levels adequate
to assure deterrence, my European and Ameri
can friends over forty do so with a passion born
of searing personal experience.
Much has been said by earlier speakers about
current attitudes and perspectives in the United
States Congress. Some of these we need to discuss
so that we might better understand how Con
gress in the months ahead might behave toward
issues and policies affecting the Atlantic Alliance.
First and foremost, all members o f Congress are
today particularly sensitive to the urgent human
problems they find within their respective dis
tricts across the United States.
This issue serves to illustrate why public policy
in democratic societies must be fully and openly
discussed, and finally hammered out in the
public arena for all to see and hear. I f we are
to convince emerging generations to maintain
military preparedness, it must come from persua
sion, from open and full debate and from care
fully building an informed public consensus that
is durable. Diplomatic or political short cuts
around public opinion are self-defeating, for,
after all, it is finally our citizens who must pay
the bills, fight the wars, and ultimately provide
the human energy for all our national policies.
W e must do more to bring our people into the
debate on these important questions. Standing
here, as I do, in France, I especially applaud the
new Government o f France for moving to lower
the voting age to eighteen years, for it is an
important step in that direction.
In my own case, I represent an industrialised
automotive community centred around Flint,
Michigan. Over 80,000 of my constituents are
members of the United Auto W orkers’ Union.
The energy crisis has had a devastating effect
on my district, producing an unemployment level
that has ranged from 12 % to 20 % . In addition,
my people are struggling to cope with rampant
inflation, running at an annual rate of 13.5 %
in the first quarter of this year.
Within the past two months I mailed a public
opinion questionnaire to my 450,000 constituents,
and some 25,000 citizens responded. In answer to
a question asking : “ What are the three most
important problems facing you and your family
134
TB OISIÈM E SEANCE
COMPTE R E N D U OEEICIEL D E S D É BATS
rement le nouveau gouvernement frangais d ’avoir
accordé le droit de vote à partir de dix-huit ans ;
cette mesure constitue un pas décisif dans la
bonne direction.
M. Riegle Jr. (suite)
posent aetuellement. J ’espère que ceux d ’entre
nous qui partagent ces preoccupations pourront
continuer à exercer des pressions en vue de l ’ou
verture de discussions transatlantiques directes
sur les structures de l ’O.T.A.N. et d’autres proDlèmes militaires d ’intérèt mutuel.
Il importe de comprendre que, si nous ne parvenons pas à gagner l ’adhésion des générations
d ’après-guerre, nous ne pouvons espérer mener
à bien la réforme urgente de notre système de
défense. Ou nous entreprendrons cette réforme
avec l ’appui et la comprehension des jeunes géné
rations, ou nous nous condamnons — en tant que
parlementaires et planificateurs de la défense —
à nous retrancher, dans un isolement stèrile, de
la majorité de nos électeurs. La coopération mili
taire doit ètre un processus démocratique, sinon
l ’O.T.A.N., quelle que soit sa réussite actuelle,
se transformera peu à peu en musée.
L ’attitude des jeunes générations à l ’égard
d ’une mobilisation permanente et sur une grande
échelle des foi*ces armées influe aussi directement
sur les besoins et le potentiel de défense de l ’Alliance atlantique. Les Européens àgés de plus de
40 ans se souviennent très bien de la deuxième
guerre mondiale et sont plus volontiers partisans
du maintien de forces capables de faire face
immédiatement à toute menace de l ’Union Soviétique ou de l’Europe de l ’Est. Ceux qui ont moins
de 40 ans ont tendance à ressentir moins d ’inquiétude et répugnent de plus en plus à suppor
ter la lourde charge financière et sociale qu’entraìne la mobilisation permanente de forces
importantes. Avec chaque année qui passe, l ’opinion publique s’insurge de plus en plus contre
le maintien d’une puissance militaire prète à
intervenir, si bien qu’on se demande comment
résoudre au mieux ce problème.
Si nous, parlementaires, pouvons susciter un
plus v if intérét et une participation accrue du
public dans les domaines de la politique natio
nale et étrangère, nous renforcerons la vitalité,
la détermination collective et la solidarité natio
nale de nos gouvernements. L ’Alliance elle-mème
parviendra au sommet de sa puissance si chacun
des pays qui la compose est ainsi fortifié.
Les orateurs qui m’ont préeédé ont déjà beaucoup parlé des attitudes et perspectives actuelles
au sein du Congrès. Il convient de revenir sur
ce point, afin de mieux comprendre quel pourrait ètre le comportement du Congrès au cours
des mois à venir vis-à-vis des questions et des
politiques ayant trait à l’Alliance atlantique.
Tous les membres du Congrès sont avant tout
préoccupés aujourd’hui par les problèmes
humains urgents qui se posent dans leurs circonscriptions.
Moi-mème, qui n ’étais àgé que de six ans en
1944, j ’ai quelque peine à imaginer les ravages
de la deuxième guerre mondiale et, bien que je
sois partisan du maintien de forces armées occidentales à un niveau permettant une dissuasion
éventuelle, je n ’y apporle pas, comme mes amis
européens et américains de plus de 40 ans, la
passion nourrie d’une cuisante expérience per
sonnels.
Cet exemple sert à montrer pourquoi, dans les
sociétés démocratiques, la politique nationale doit
ètre discutée au grand jour, et finalement expliquée en détail sur la place publique, au vu et
au su de tous. Si nous voulons convaincre les
nouvelles générations qu’il faut se maintenir sur
le pied de guerre, nous devons le faire par des
discussions tranches et en créant un courant
d ’opinion durable parce que bien informé. Les
mesures diplomatiques ou politiques prises à
l ’insu de l ’opinion publique sont vouées à l ’échec,
ear, en définitive, ce sont les citoyens qui doivent
supporter les dépenses, combattre en cas de
guerre, et, enfin, fournir l ’énergie humaine
nécessaire à toutes nos politiques nationales.
Nous devons faire un effort pour amener nos
concitoyens à prendre part aux discussions sur
ces questions importantes. C’est pourquoi, me
trouvant en France, je félicite tout particuliè-
Pour ma part, je représente une collectivité
spécialisée dans la construction automobile dont
le centre est situé à Flint, dans le Michigan. Plus
de 80.000 de mes électeurs sont affiliés au Syndicat unifié des travailleurs de l ’industrie auto
mobile. La crise de l ’énergie a eu un effet dévastateur dans ma circonscription où elle a fait
passer le taux de chomage de 12 à 20 % . En
outre, la population cherche à faire face à une
inflation effrénée qui a atteint le taux annuel
de 13,5 % pendant le premier trimestre 1974.
Au cours des deux demiers mois, j ’ai envoyé
à mes 450.000 électeurs un questionnaire auquel
25.000 ont répondu. A la question suivante :
« Quelles sont les trois plus graves difficultés que
vous et votre famille éprouvez aujourd’hui ? »,
134
TH IR D SITTING
OFFIC IA L R E PO RT OF D E B A TE S
rises further in America, one can logically expect
growing pressure for restrictive foreign trade
barriers to keep out competitive foreign products.
I f Federal Government budget reductions are
required to slow the inflation rate, one can
expect increasing public pressure for cuts in
American military expenditure abroad and for
further cuts in our already shrunken foreign aid
programme.
Mr. Riegle Jr. (continued)
today
91 % of the respondents listed inflation
as the major problem facing them, 31 % listed
taxes and 23 % listed energy problems. That
data was reinforced by other data which is in
the printed text of my statement which I will
not go into now.
|
bim_eighteenth-century_the-southampton-guide-c_1792_1 | English-PD | Public Domain | 5 wa TY 8 * - ; 9 : ; 5 . 185 * ag 1 7 : 5 0 955 " d " : > HE * * X Wed a 21 8. 5 4 * f e A " 3 SITS A * 4 oF . thy $4 er ©. Ys ? 2 l * * 2 a . , * 4 ' ' \ . n / RES SLID INE x , , ®; 1 50 WY A ER 4 - .. 8 N 72 2: R. rn N s s a Wa Bolin, ; 4 R N 1 1 7 - Fe, 158 7 R | * py Wok 1 F o a 1 * 9. : bg: $49) f +2 "WP (HET: 5 2 r . 1 Ab , > - : A, 4 k 2 Os 5 5 4 * * 75 1 « 5 2 < - , + 2 , G 0 ; . 8 ” | Ng. n 4 B 1 5 d F — : "a "EVERY PARTICULAR NECESSARY. "POR THE. INFORMATION " 8 „ 73 * 8 8 * 2 1 : . 4 9 A 5 72 7 7 wy 4 1 L * A The FIFTH EDITION, augmented and improved. „„ ; Urbs ſpecioſa fitu, nitidis pulcherrima teQis, e %%% ͤ _ Grata peregrinis, delicioſa ſuis. Tn fey ag th — py * - * * 2 * Y 2 1 * * 7 * 31 x " L : © « ö + * «a x » L © - > . > 4 5 4 1 o » oy 4+ | 4 1 - * — 9 1 - - 72 13 5, „ ' VV SOUTHAMPTON © | „„ . * * - . i : " - * „ einer Ans 20LD „ r „ © I © $0LD-AL80 IN. LONDON BY s. CROWDER, PATER- EE 1 „ nos rrz- ow, AND ALL BOOKSELLERS, VEST, ld „ FF Win TOWn AD” gen | rs hes 7 —— — ADVERTISEMENT TO THE FIFTH EDITION. AS no pains have been omitted to render the preſent Edition of the South- ampton Guide more perfect and complete than any thing of the kind that has hitherto appeared, it is hoped it may meet : with the approbation and patronage of the Public. The Editor has drawn his ma- terials both from the authentic records of the moſt creditable hiſtorical authors, A and from curious manuſcripts which have 7 hitherto remained unnoted in the libraries of I. ADVERTISEMENT: of certain learned friends. He truſts therefore that the Reader will find as accurate and ample a detail of hiſtorical facts, and as full an account of the town | of Southampton, and country. around i its as the nature and fize of the following work would admit ; and is induced to : | flatter himſelf, that both the curious antiquary, and modern traveller, will have no reaſon to be diſſatisfied with the | entertainment which it offers to their reſpective taſtes. | _ SOUTHAMPTON ROOMS, SATIRICAL POEM. WIILE various Themes the Muſes train invite, And lofty ſtrains ſuperior Bards delight; While ſome can verſe to none but Peers afford, And find a thouſand virtues in My Lord ; While the ſtarv'd rhymer, ſlighted by the NIx E, Dreams of ParNnassus and forgets to dine; Are there not firains unnotic'd by the throng, Which yet unblam'd may grace the Poet's ſong ? S The Musz who nightly on my call attends, And ſtill her love with ſweet inſtruction blends, Ev'n noto before me ſtood confeſt to view, She bade me ſing, and choſe the ſubject too. - Es a HARE As tt PR at nat Mn Re th Es - N * 6 $OUTHAMPTON ROOMS, Near thoſe green bade be kaughty Norman' 5 ſhame | Riſe HamyToxN's tow'rs, well known to ancient fame, Where the gay train at ſtated times repair, To loſe their care, and breathe ſalubrious air | There ev'ry Muſe and every Grace combine, To. charm the ſenſes, and the taſte refine, Thy ſpires, Southampton, glittering on the morn ; Thy gates, which dreadful warlike chiefs adorn ; Thy time-worn tow'rs, by many an Age decay'd, And walls with venerable moſs array d: Thy beauteous Maids for chaſtity renown'd ; Thy Bards, each ſeaſon, with frelh laurels crown 'd: When I forget them may I ceaſe to ling, Or © prove the idle Poet of a Kg!“ Yet not the Muſe ſincere can partial prove, Ev'n to the deareſt object of her love, Well pleas'd to praiſe, yet ſometimes forc'd to blame, By honeſt means ſhe ſoars to honeſt fame, Keeps Truth for ever preſent to her view, And gives to Nr what 1s Satire's due. Can we admire, amidſt the vary 'd crowd, To meet the ſordid, the morole, or proud ** NW Forxzer; to make which a vaſt number of houſes | es A 'SATIRICAIL POEM. | 7 Or, while the pert and idle trip along, To view mad folly mingling in the throng ? If theſe offend, in Truth's bright mirror ſeen, The poet makes not, but deſcribes, the ſcene, — But hark! the lofiy, ample doors unfold,. Harmonious turning as on hinge of gold; The Train pours in, the young, the grave advance, Nor age itſelf denies to lead the dance. All gay and glorious! How each count'nance blooms; From ev'ry breaſt how Zephyr ſteals perfumes ! Aſk not if NATuRE all theſe ſweets beſtow, She bids indeed the vulgar roſe to blow, With age it withers—ARrT alone can give, On the pale cheek, the beauteous bloom 10 live; ART can, alone, make ſweeteſt ſcents exhale From thoſe whoſe breath would taint the paſſing gale. Lo! where Nzx188A mingles with the throng, And dreams ſhe leads the courtly train along. Has ſhe not charms ?—-* Oh yes!“ the room reſounds, “There muſt be charms in twenty thouſand pounds Pr Has ſhe not charms? Aſk yonder youth who quits Surrounding belles, ſmart girls, and London wits? Nay, for her fake, the fair E LMI RA leaves, Who ſighs, deſerted; but in vain ſhe grieves— Love conquers all, by ancient Bards we're told ; | But modern Love gives way to conqu'ring gold. 1 8 2 | 5 8 © $OUTHAMPTON ROOMS, __ Nxex155A triumphs—to her car ſhe chains - ; The vanquiſh'd youth, who ſighs in melting ftrains ; Thoſe melting ſtrains the victreſs ſoft returns, Wich unfeign'd paſſion for the youth ſhe burns; : In liſping accents 1s her love conſeſt, She pats his cheeks, and leans upon his breaſt. Why ſhould the maidens taunt, the witlings fleer ? NERISSA is — but in her fextieth year. Will this move wonder ?—Do but yonder view The old Sir Gan that tripping laſs purſue, While ſhe has youth and he has gold to ſpare, _ _ Faſhion will ſtill pronounce the bargain fair. *Tis fit the gouty Knight ſhould draw his purſe, His wife, or miſtreſs—always faves a nurſe. 2 e >. Gy - wee hn. _— a hd th r * wa" * * = [i Can Love behold his rites by ſuch profan'd, By ſuch can HYMEN ſee his honors ſtain'd, [ And not in vengeance give his wrath to flow In one vaſt torrent of connubial woe, 1 While Jealouſy, Diſtruſt, Averſion, wait; And curſe, completely curſe the wedded ſtate ? | Sir MACAHONE, you ſee too, is come down, Sir Macanons, but juſt return'd from town. « Oh! ſuch an air and mien' (my Lady cries), Dear Mrs, e did you mark his eyes | A SATIRICAL ro. @. « Nay you ſhall know him: Well, I do proteſt, That chit Miſs TwiTtTE R's ſo completely bleſt. Lud] ſure the girl has got a birthday-ſuit ; But then her father / What a vulgar brute ! „She cannot hope to carry ſuch a beau; The Baronet can never ſtoop ſo low,” — 8 Dear Lady GRIZZ LE! but he is ſo bold, *. (They fay )'-----+* Oh Ma' am! [ 1. s worth his in gold, | | © But here's my Lady BA 3 hone ſhe'll rant; “For Lady BAB, you know, is TWITTER“'s aunt ! “ And the dear man himſelf! Well TwitTzR's loft ! © She ne'er was famed for wit, along a toaſt,” Sir ee ee when young, from Ziffy's ſide To England came, to ſeek a wealthy bride, Wit, Gameſter, Captain, varzous ſhapes he try'd ; Through many a motley ſcene ſucceſsleſs paſs d, He turns the Man of Quality at laſt ; To dear Southampton fails not to repair, And quickly wins the hearts of half the fair— But huſh ! it bas been whiſper'd here, of late, Sir Mac - has neither Tule nor Eſtate. My Lady TROMPINCTON comes next in view, | A London Widow, rich, and buxom too; 4 1 Lo oe r y . mu. — 10 | SOUTHAMPTON ROOMS, Freſh health, freſh ſpirits in her looks appear, A toaſt, though in her ſix-and-thirtieth year. How lively ſhe, how debonatre and gay ! How happy !—were but Ex ILY away. 56 You have a daughter, Ma'am, ſo young and fair,” Oh! name her not, a chit not worth your care, © A forward Miſs, —a woman by all means, = And yet the girl has never ſeen her Teens.“ „ My Lady TROM IN GTO x, ſure you miſtake, For Miſs was born before I knew Lord RAK E, * And we've been married ſixteen years, I vow.” I'm ſure that's what I never can allow; © You ſure muſt think I know my daughter s age, And that is three years leſs, I dare engage. All this by SS if young Ra iv, hears, | Heav'ns ! how her mother in her eyes appears: But then her Ladyſhip has got a tongue, And Miſs is ſnubb'd becauſe Mamma is young. But wild BELL Fiireant no ſuch laws reſtrain, Deliver'd early from a mother's reign. Ere thrice five ſummers have matur'd her charms, Her riüng boſom beats with ſoft alarms ; At ball or play, ambitious ſtill to ſhine, She thinks her beauty more than half divine; A SATIRICAL POEM, | 11 A dozen rains muſt all her Keps attend, A dozen ſuitors at her ſhrine muſt bend; And moſt ſhe glories when by chhidiſh wiles, She deems another's lover ſhe beguiles. Yet while her faithful train her charms extol, The Duke of Baxner ſwears ſhe's but a doll ; - Sir HuRIY BuRLY laughs at her outright, And Miſs PE WITZ EN calls her child, in ſpite; Nay, Madam Bow z ER, when ſhe loſt Sir r e Declar'd ſhe'd give the Babe correction due. But what of this! ſhall BE LI forego the field, When to her pow'r ſo many heroes yield ? Forbid it pride; nay more, forbid it ſhame !_ * I'm now a toaſt, and ſhall I loſe my fame? “Does not his Grace of Bass EH take delight *© To play and dance with me each Public Night; “Don't in my train the two Lord BuBBLEs ſhine? And, above all, Sir MAcAu ONE is mine; He's ready to protect me with his life. And if I pleaſe make me his Lady-wife.” | Thus reaſons Bz11, and ſpends life's early ſpring An idle, giddy, diſcontented Thang ! | Nor ſeeks one charm or virtue, to engage, In the full ſummer of maturer age Each batter'd rake ſtill deems the girl his prey 3— Who e molt will bear the prize away. / 12 sourhAur rox ROOMS, _ Who has not heard of our Miſs CRAr TIE v's fame? What honors may not Do cas CRAur TEX claim ? Who, of baſe men, and treach'rous wiles afraid, Full five-and-forty years has lived a Maid, And ſtill, though tir'd of the unfocial life, | Swears © ſhe can't think of being made a Wife.” * But did you hear how Lord Joan RaTTLE talk'd, & I'm ſure his Lordſhip has been greatly balk'd ; & Yet ſtill theſe men, without all ſhame or fear, e Will tell their love-tales in a maiden's ear; Ah, what a life is mine! - Good morning, BAB; « Miſc TWITTER's grown as ſour as any crab; & And ſo's BELL FLIP PANT Pray, let either take os That precious Gift of Heav'n, their 7 riſh Rake. « I kate the men; but I'll be judg'd by you “ What in my caſe can a poor Maiden do: * & I muſt hear all, but yet I'll yield to none! Or yield to dear Sir Cock-a-noor alone. Sir Cock-A-HOOr l ſcarce fit to go te ſchool, The Lady's play-thing, and the Muſe's tool! Proud without honor, without talents vain, Dup'd by a fawning, flatt'ring, idle train ; He ſwims along in all the pride of dreſs ; As if his Riches made his Folly leſs. If in cloſe conclave with his Fools to fit, And call himſelf the arbiter of wit, A 8ATIRICAL POEM. 19 If — s damn'd pieces drawling to rehearſe, Or penning dull lampoons in doggrel verſe ; If talk eternal, (talking to no end); While ſcarce a blockhead will his ſpeech Sod; If to the town th' ambiguous jeſt t'afford, & And now a Lady trip, and now a Lord ;” If theſe are talents, then the Knight ſhall ſhine, At leaſt if Verſe can make him ſo, Divine. But ſee who vander gravely Qalks along; : Say, Muſe, is he a ſubje for my Song ? * From fair AuGusTA, lo! the ſage withdraws, “And leaves a while, to plead his Country's cauſe.” What Orator is this fo far renown'd?. What Senator, with deathleſs laurels crown'd ? Not by ſuch titles he aſpires to Fame; & A Patriot | and MALvoL10 is his name.” Can there be aught more ſacred, Muſe, unfold ? Though rolling years return an Age of Gold, Than he who burning with in country's love, Would ev'ry rough extreme of dang ger prove, Face foreign foes, curb arbitrary pow'r, And check rebellion in the dang'rous hour ? 6 Tis mighty well of ſuch a one to ſing? * But our MAL voi aims at no ſuch thing: “To quit his trade, to crowd a common-hall, e And loud for Ws and Liberty to bawl; 14 $0UTHAMPTON ROOMS, © To prate of tyranny among the Great,. 6 Himſelf a tyrant in his petty ſtate ; To drink Boſtonian freedom in a bowl, & Round which a thouſand: aukward emblems roll; To talk of fancy'd grievances and woes, % And with a ſpeech of W—s to wipe his noſe : & Theſe are his virtues —what his Vices are, « His intimates and family declare.“ But here we ſtop : T'*were labour thrown away Should we diſſect this Inſect of a day! proceed, Next ſee the raw-bon'd Axcuy B A bonny laddie, from the banks of Tweed ; His air is lofty but his means are ſmall, Yet leſs may ſerve for one who faves his all - From ancient Scotia's land, in happy time, | He ſought the warmer (wealthier) Engliſh clime ; Full of himſelf, with ſcorn his peers he ey'd, And what his av'rice ſought, his pride deny'd : To nurſe mean pride his character has been, Which almoſi makes economy a fin, Late to Jerne's land the Loon repair'd, As enning to live there lil ony laird; But not th' indignant ſhores his feet retain, Cruel Jerne ſends him back again. : Now thrice three moons in England has he mix d With Men, and here his ne plus ultra fix d. A SATIRICAL POEM. 15 This is the country for whoſe wealth he burns, | And from whoſe bourn the Scotchman ne'er returns. He with Marvorio ſtill a war maintains, Both ſtand invincible—for want of brains; With W—s and B=LL one tags the lame diſpute, © The other raves all day for] Aſk you the city patriot for a toaſt, He tells you that America is loſt :* Aſk what's o'clock ; he'll ſay, * the times are hard, % And muſt be ſo, till vil—ns meet reward, e Till gibbets all the roads to London fill, And noble blood ſtreams faſt on Tower-hill.” Aſk the North Briton for a pinch of ſnuff, All but the Scotch is axecrable fluff :* Obſerve, to Richmond what a pleaſant ride; . The banks of Thames are naught to dear Tweedſide: Talk you of heroes which our days produce, They're © a” but , flly loons to ROBERT BRUCE ;” He loves our gracious King, beyond diſpute, for the ſake of B—; Rivals, agree ! why ſhake your empty pate ? Nor this can ſerve, nor that can harm the ſtate. Parties and factions loud may rage and bawl, But genuine Folly's of no ſide at all. Not for his virtues ; Ah! vive la Bagatelle ! ſee who comes here, How gay his cloaths, how thin his cheeks appear mn $SOUTHAMPTON ROOMS, Monſieur Le NOIR, behold his bold advance; | Monſieur Le No ix is juſt arriv'd from France; For ever ſprightly, gay and debonair, Cuts capers high, and laughs at grief and care ; To every female flimſy tribute pays, And gives to each a fulſome load of praiſe ; Himſelf indiff rent plies the dance and ſong, Nor yet ſelects one female from the throng : Not ſo the Ladies; for his ſake alone, They almoſt leave their dear Sir NIAcAHONRE; Miſs TwiTTER and Miſs FCI PANT both aſſail His guarded heart, not doubting to prevail. How hard, alas! ſuch conqueſts to improve, His vantty 1s touch'd, but not his Love, « Miſs Tw1TTER is his ſoul's ſupreme delight;“ And then © BRLIL FLieeaANT is an angel quite.“ To each he tells his am'rous tale by turns, For each he ſwears in Cupid's flames he burns ; At length, detetted, fondly each complains He ſnutts, trips off, yet talks of am'rous pains; Each Miſs grows loud; allons / he leads the dance, And leaves them both—*Tis a la mode de France, Would you the contraſt of this ſcene explore? Behold Squire BL x r, an Engliſhman all o'er, | He cares not 'Threepence for your Dukes and Peers, He d--ns all foreign faſhions, © hates Mounſcers; * q * 2 Arie 85 . * 8 F 5 . = — — * 0 N 2 — r *. * 5 - a a ee ah ˙⁵ͤAe s Cs. es en it % #ATIRICAL ro. 1 As for the Girls, he likes with them to play, And juſt © to toy an idle hour away.” ' But © he can't cringe, he never was at Hm 8 Yet juſt for Fun the clown has learn'd to dance: So might a bear— to both we ofi give place Not for their merit, but their ſtrange grimace. Laugh, if you pleaſe, the Squire will tell you true, «© He danc'd in troth, to pleaſe himſelf, not you.“ His acres beſt his merit may explain, | But farms and dunghills do not ſuit our ſtrain: His houſes too, we can't the tale rehearſe, For lands and tenements would clog the verſe. Suffice it that Squire Brun is wealthy known, And Madam Bowzer marks him for her own; But who is ſhe that with ſuch artful leer, | Salutes each Lady, and accoſls each Peer? *Tis Mrs. SI, of honorable name, At Bath and Tunbridge late well known to fame z W ho'd gain a miſtreſs, or a wife diſcard, Has but to wheedle her and to reward : What female, weary of her huſband's pow'r, Wants a gallant— to paſs away an hour ; To make life bearable, let her apply, And tell her utmoſt wiſh—— to Mrs. SL v. 11 18 $SOUTHAMPTON ROOMS, 1 Her, Mr. BlugBER but of late employ d, And Mr. BuvusBER all his hopes enjoy d. Near Thames-Street, now he comfortably dwells, And by ſhort weight his ſoap and candles ſells; But he and BzTsy once a- year repair | To dear Southampton, tir'd of City air; Till a round ſum, agreed on, they diſburſe, Then, with fad hearts, go back, and empty purſe : Though SLy has whiſper'd in bis BETSsV's ear, She may receive the viſits of a Peer: What Peer? perhaps, you'll aſk ; Lord GRAV EL- DOWN, Known for his morals in each ſeaport-town : With him would any man ſuſpett a wife, 0 Whom Mrs. SL conſign'd to him for life ? ——— rey r * Na 1 Fee 2 e p | BLuBBER knows better how his caſh is ſpent, 9 | I! be Peer may make a Carnival, of Lent. Know you yon ſmirking figure i ? fee io Nand, Or rather loll; a paper in his hand ! He ſeems concern'd to hide it; but indeed His only wiſh is that you all ſhould read. Love verſes to the fair !” upon my life, Cog nnnrrgt OT x 7 a Va Pty peas - oy" gang; . > 147 an hee 2208 250 1 —— LESS — * a Reaper” was N * 41 > hep N 3 * Tis ſtrange his pen has not enſur'd a wife! Perhaps you'll ſay he's wedded to his Muſe, A ſorry match! which no wiſe man would chuſe. * A SATIRICAL POEM. | — — rt Proud of his flimſy works and always prone | To cenſure each performance but his own ;. With dulleſt Satire, Epigrams as bad, And Panegyrics' writ in © proſe, run mad; He dreams he ſhines the Laureat of the town, Nor can Mamurrus' ſelf diſpute the crown: | MamukRuUs, taught in Greek and Latin ſchool, To count each ſyllable and laugh by rule, Wife but to teaze, and learned to perplex, W ho gives no quarter to the ſofter ſex, But ſtill diſſects in wrath the poet's ſong, And perſecutes with words of fix feet long. Both theſe with proud contempt AvAxo eyes, Who thinks that to be rich is to be wiſe ; For health, not pleaſure, hither he repairs, And calls this town the bane of youthful heirs ; While young CLEAN DER, prodigal and bold, His next of kin, and heir to all his gold, Laughs at his kinſman, calls him fool or knave, And hopes, ere long, to gambol o'er his grave. Such are the crowd the laughing muſe ſurveys, Who, idly fluttering, ſpend their ſummer days; Should ſhe proceed what numbers might be ſung, Ere yet the poet had his lyre unſtrung ; | | | | C2 ne SOUTHAMPTON ROOMS. But pauſe we here : —Enough that in our ſong, Impartial ſatire has pourtray'd the throng. If, unchaſtis'd, their paths they ſtill purſue, (The veil remov'd, and all confeſs'd to view,) If Folly ſtill leads on the motley Train, Poets may write, and Doktors preach in vain. 'F um 8 SOUTHAMPTON GUIDE. ANCIENT STATE OF SOUTHAMPTON. © # Y HERE are no literary reſearches attended with greater difficulties, or more frequent dif- appointment, than thoſe which have for their object the early hiſtory of cities and towns. As places of this deſcription uſually originate in ages of ignorance and darkneſs, our in- veſtigations are not aſſiſted by any lights im- parted by contemporary writers; and all our information muſt be derived from tradition, a C 3 N | ſource. 22 THE SOUTHAMPTON GUIDE. — ſource not to be depended upon, as, from its nature, it ſoon becomes imperfect, ee and obſcure. | This obſervation applies to the town of which we have undertaken to give ſome ac- count. Little authentic information can be now gained of its early ſtate. Some fanciful authors, indeed, are inclined to give it an antiquity of four or five ages prior to the Chriſtian æra.“ As their accounts, however, ſeem to be founded chiefly on conje&ure, and _ imaginary etymological analogies, it will not be worth while to weary the reader's patience by detailing them ; particularly as it bas been obſerved by an intelligent hiſtorian, That there can be nothing more uncertain, more obſcure, or of which we are more ignorant, than the tranſactions that took place, in this 5 country, during the Britiſh ages; that is, roms to the arrival of the Romans here. | We * Geeffry of Monmouth. Roſs of Warwic, p · 23. 1 * Pquidem nihil occultius, nihil incertius, nihil igno- * ratius, rebus Britannorum à principio seſtis, &. Guts Pet, Virg. p. 18, I. 21. THE SOUTHAMPTON GUIDE. 2% We have no authority for imagining that | Southampton exiſted even during the govern- ment of that warlike people in this country. No traces of Roman maſonry having been diſ- covered, or coins found in it, a ſtrong pre- ſumption ariſes, that they never inhabited a town on the ſame ſituation with the preſent one. The idea of the ancient ſtation, Clauſen- tum, occupying this ſpot is entirely erroneous, as I ſhall prove very ſatisfactorily in a ſub- ſequent chapter. Hamtun, the old name of the town, ſpeaks _ ſtrongly in favor of its Saxon original; it being compounded of two genuine Saxon words, ham a houſe, and tun, or ton, a town; a ſimple and rational etymology, which a topographer of the preſent day, in vain, en- deavors to diſcountenance.* | Whether or not, however, Hamtun was firſt built in the Anglo-Saxons' times, is © matter of little SE certain it is, its recorded Ceugb' Edition of Camden 's Britannia. vol. I. p. 133. * THE S0OUTHAMPTON GUIDE. recorded hiſtory does not commence till the ninth century. The firſt accounts we have of it, are very diſaſtrous ones. The fierce and ſanguinary Danes, who infeſted the Engliſh _ coaſts without intermiſſion for almoſt two cen- turies, made repeated deſcents on old Ham- tun, and more than once wrapped the place in fire and blood. In the year 838, during the reign of Ethelwolf, theſe rovers land- ed from a fleet of thirty three gallies, and committed ſad depredations on the town, and atrocities on its inhabitants. Wolphard the gallant governor of the county, however, collected a body of forces, and marched to the ſpot where, in a bloody rencounter, he de- feated the invaders, and drove them to their ſhips. | But England was doomed to feel the ſcourge of this piratical enemy for many years, nor were they to be deterred from their at- tempts by a few inconſiderable defeats. As the Danes were a nation of ſailors and free- booters, + Sax. Chron, Pe 73s» Lel. Colle. v. I. p · 192. R THE $0UTHAMPTON GUIDE. 25 booters, their "i till the time of 4 were more numerous than thoſe of any other European nation. They conſiſted of ſmall, narrow ſhips, ſwift in ſailing, and eaſy to, be worked. In theſe they ran up creeks and rivers; and, on debarking, drew them on ſhore, and ſurrounded them with entrench- ments. Part of their force was left to pro- tect theſe; and the remainder, ſcattering them- ſelves over the country, began the work of | plunder. As the object of their expedition was booty, they ſeldom remained long in any one place, but retired as ſoon as they had completed their devaſtations; and were uſual- ly at fea, before any regular force could be gotten together, to retaliate the n. they had committed. 5 The hoch nd; puſillanimity of Ethelred, gave the Danes a fair opportunity of ravaging his kingdom with impunity. In the year 981, they landed, from ſeven great ſhips, at Southampton, and committed their uſual enormities. Scarcely twelve years elapſed before they were again ſeen at the ſame ſpot : 26 THE SOUTHAMPTON GUIDE. 1 ſpot; repeating their cruelties and devaſ- 10 tations, headed by Sweyn, King of Denmark, 14 and Olave, King of Norway. In this ex- 0. . » * : 108 pedition, however, they did not adhere to 4 their old plan of confining themſelves to the ſea-coaſt ; but, imboldened by the inactivity of the king, ſeized on all the horſes they could find, and carried the terror of their arms into the more inland counties. The diſtreſs and danger of the Engliſh now became exceſſive; but the weakneſs of Ethelred we could adopt no other means for leſſening them than thoſe of bribery. The two leaders were promiſed a reward of 16,000l., on condition of their returning peaceably to the North. The terms were accepted, and Sweyn and Olave ſat down quietly at Southampton, un- till the money was paid them, when they ful- filled their contract.“. ß HR ́ T— r —— — = 4 8 7 — * Ma A © e — rr = — 4 — — W 2 3 . < rer x2 — 1. cla — K * pow. a bs - —_ Mo Þ o. — — 22 *. . — —.— — — — — - gr REN mare . . ts ones nat rg pm — — * — — The exertions of Edmond Ironſide were unable to deprive the Danes of that footing n che ee of his predeceſſor had A ax. Cbron. | 2N enabled them to acquire in England; and, af. ter repeated conteſts, he was under the ne- ceſſity of yielding half his a to bi leader Canute. Several circumſtances conſpire to place Canute's character in a very reſpectable light. He not only appears to have been an able ſovereign, and a gallant and enter- priſing commander, but to have poſſeſſed habits of thought and reflection, rather uncom- mon in the leaders of his age and nation. Of this, the followed anecdote remains a proof: Crowned with ſucceſs, and ſurrounded with pomp and power, the ear of Canute was not without its flatterers. His courtiers vied with each other in their adulation towards him; and one of them, on a particular time, ex- claimed in the hyperbolical language of Eaſt- ern compliment, That there was nothing but what he could effett. The king, willing to place the abſurdity and meanneſs of the para- ſite in a proper light, ordered a chair to be carried to the ſea-ſhore, (for he was then at Southampton) when the tide was flowing. Having 28 THE SOUTHAMPTON GUIDE. | Having ſeated himſelf near che edge of the water, he commanded the waves to retire, and obey the voice of him that was omnipotent. They, however, obſerving their natural courſe, gradually approached, and at length began to waſh his feet; when turning to the courtiers who ſurrounded him, he ſeverely upbraided them for their flattery, remarking, That the moſt powerful created being was but impotent and weak, when compared with the Lord and Ruler of the univerſe; with whom omni- potence reſided, and who alone could ſay to the ocean, Thus far {halt thou go, and no farther.“ * The ravages of the Danes had ſo reduced the inhabitants, and leſſened the conſideration of Hamtun, that when the Conqueror made his famous national ſurvey, the particulars of which are preſerved in Domeſday- Book, we find the town contained only 79 men in demeſne. The minute is to the following effect: * In Hen. Hunt, Hiſt. VI. p. 209. - :ed ON de ars ok, len ing In * THE $0UTHAMPTON GUIDE. 29 I” £ : c » * ger: * — — — — es : 8 .. « In the borough of Hantune the king has “ 79 men in demeſne, who pay a land-tax of ; : © ſeven pounds, and alſo paid the ſame ſum, in the time- of King Edward the Con- * feſlor; twenty-ſeven of whom pay eight- <« pence each; two of them pay twelve-pence each; and the n fifty pay e Na | This extract, however, proves that Hamtun was a Burgh, and conſequently a place of ſome trade and importance in the Anglo- Saxon times. F | Its incorporation by charter, took place in the reign of Henry II.; and confirmations | of it were granted by Richard I., John, and Edward III. John, immediately oo his coming to the throne, gave the farm. of Southampton, together with the port of Portſ- D mouth, * See Hampſhire Extrafed 8 Dee Buch by R. Wax x ER, Jun. 4to. Faulder, 1789. p. 279. Sold alfv . by T. mon: e I For the nature of Saxon Boroughs, See Warner's Tepo- grapbical Remarks relating to Hampſbire; vol II. page 49, kt infra. Blamire, 1793: Sole alſo 2 T. Baker. 5 90 THE SOUTHAMPTON GUIDE. mouth, to the burgeſſes of the former town, in _ conſideration of an annual payment into the Exchequer, of 200l. by weight. Under the auſpices of theſe charters, and aided by many local privileges and immunities, Southampton ſoon began to increaſe in opulence and con- ſideration. A briſk wine-trade was carried on between it aud the coaſt of France; the Stannaries were removed hither ; and general commerce, the certain harbinger of wealth, began to unfold her advantages to the in- habitants. In the tenth of Richard IJ. the port-revenue amounted to 4ol. 358. 8d.; and in the ſeventeenth year of his ſucceſſor, the Compotus, or ſum to be accounted for, was the uſual redditus of 200l.; eleemoſynary dona- tions to ſome monks, gl. zs..; and for fifty- eight tuns of French, Gaſcon, and Anjou wines, and for two tuns of Spaniſh or Por- tugueſe, zol. and one mark. 1 The juriſdiction of Southampton port was ſo extenſive, that its burgeſſes were liable to conſtant impoſitions from the artifices of the neighbouring maritime towns, which ſometimes : 155 took THE SOUTHAMPTON GUIDE. 32 = - — r —— 3 — T : — * 75-0 S * Fe 2 took advantage of the diſtance between them - and the head port, to exact dues from ſhip- ping to which they had no claim. In the ſeventeenth year of Edward II., Lymington- practiſed this piece of fraud; and an action was brought by the mayor and burgeſſes of Southampton, againſt that town, for having taken duties on ſalt, barley, and oats, to the amount of 4os., and cuſtoms on cloth, to the amount of 100s. The argument of the plain- tiffs was, That they held their town, with the port, extending from beyond Hurſt to Lang- ſtone, of the crown, at 2201. per annum. The jury confirmed the claim, and the corporation of Southampton recovered n to the amount of 200]. The increaſing proſperity of Southampton received a ſudden check in the reign of Edward III. during the conteſt which aroſe between Philip de Valois 55 that prince, reſpecting the ſucceſſion to the crown of France. By the Salic law, inſtituted in very early times, no woman could {way the ſceptre that kingdom; ſo that upon the deceaſe of | „„ Charles 32 _ THE SOUTHAMPTON GUIDE. Charles the Fair, King of France, without iſſue, (who had ſucceeded by virtue of that law) Philip de Valois claimed it, as being the next male heir. But Edward who was ſon of Iſabella, (daughter of Philip the Fair, and ſiſter of the three laſt kings,) thought his title better than that of a couſin- german only, and purſued his claim by invading France vith a powerful army. During the continuance of hoſtilities, a French fleet, conſiſting of fifty gallies, came to Southampton in October, 1338, reduced the town to aſhes, and plundered its inhabitants of all their pro- perty. They did not, however, effect this de- vaſtation with impunity; the king of Sicily's ſon, and ſeveral diſtinguiſhed perſonages of their party were ſlain, and the reſt obliged to retire with precipitation to their ſhipping. This diſaſter depreſſed, for a ſhort time, the ſpirits of the Southampton people ; but being an active, commercial race, and receiving the countenance and aſſiſtance of the king, they ſoon recovered from their conſternation, and began . their town ane w; fortifying it with THE SOUTHAMPTON' GUIDE: 33 ER 7 — EIFS Fe Bo ne SLICLTG © AI", Os WD An Pf ” with double ditches, ſubſtantial walls, and watch-towers. To theſe fortifications Ri- chard II. added a ſtrong caſtle, & built on an artificial mount, for the defence of the harbour, which ſo well anſwered the purpoſes of its erection, that, from this period, Southampton does not ſeem to have ſuffered further from the viſits of the French. The gallant army that reaped laurels of im- mortal verdure in the battle of Agincourt was muſtered at Southampton, previous to its em- barkation for France, in 1413. Of this en- campment, there ſtill remains a minute and ac- curate account (drawn up at the time) among the archives of the corporation. The ſpot, called Weſtport, + on which it was formed, is not now to be ſeen, being covered entirely | Dy -: 5 * Henry IV., by letters under the privy ſeal, granted to the corporation of Southampton, for repairing and ſtrengthen- ing the fortifications, 1001. per annum to be paid yearly by the collector of the ſubſidy on wool exported from thence ; 1001, of the fee-farm of the town; and he ordered a third tool. to be ſubſcribed by the inhabitants themſelves. + Warton's Note, Jobnſon and Stecvens's Shak. v. VI. page 61. = 7 , „ þ 2 N 5 ; 94 - . — on 24W/£ e ee — 2 Tp 92 - THE SOUTHAMPTON GUIDE. with water. While the intrepid Henry was waiting for a favorable wind, at this town, to tranſport his forces to the coaſt of France, a deeply-concerted confederacy was happily diſcovered in its infancy ; which, had it ſucceeded, would have effectually marred all his glorious projects. The Earl of Cambridge, Lord Scrope of Maſham, and Sir Thomas Grey of Heton, were the chief conſpirators. Hiſtorians are divided as to the object of the plot; many aſſerting that the project was ſuggeſted by the court of France, which, terrified with the pre- Pparations of Henry, had engaged the three noblemen above-mentioned, by the bribe of a million of livres, to murder the king at South- ampton; an account which Shakſpere ſeems to have credited : ( See you, my princes and my noble peers, “ Theſe Engliſh monſters | my Lord Cam- bridge here! * You know how apt our love was, to IE « To furniſh him with all appertinents * Belonging to his honour ; and this man d . 9 Hath, rec fa * THE SOUTHAMPTON GUIDE. 35 e Hath, for a ws light crowns, lightly conſpir' d ee And ſworn unto the practices of France, To kill us here, in Hampton: to the which * This knight, no leſs for bounty bound to us © Than Cambridge is—hath likewiſe ſworn : But oh! | 5 0 What ſhall I ſay to thee, Lord Scrope ? Thou cruel, 4 Ingrateful, 8 and inhuman „ * | Other writers ( with greater probability) ſeem to think, the conſpiracy was formed originally by the Earl of Cambridge, ſecond ſon to the Duke of York, who having eſpouſed the ſiſter of the Earl of Marche, had zealouſſy embraced the intereſts of that family, and en- gaged Lord Scrope, and Sir Thomas Grey, to ſecond his views. T Be that as-it may, the plot was fortunately diſcovered before it could be executed, and as the formalities of law were not much regarded in thoſe days, the priſoners were ſpeedily tried, condemned, and executed, at Southampton. Their remains were after- Wards * Hen. V. AR II. Scene 2. + Hollinſhed, pa Page 549» 36 THE SOUTHAMPTON GUIDE wards: interred in the chapel of God's-houle, there; where the following notification of the conſpiracy and its ill- ſucceſs may be ſeen. * RICHARD, EARL OF CAMBRIDGE, LORD SCROPE OF MASHAM, SIR THO. GREY OF NORTHUMBERLAND, IG * CONSPIRED TO MURDER KING HENRY V. | IN THIS TOWN, AS HE WAS PREPARING TO SAIL. WITH HIS ARMY, AGAINST CHARLES VI. KING or FRAN CE, FOR WHICH CONSPIRACY | THEY WERE EXECUTED, AND BURIED NEAR THIS PLACE, | | IN THE YEAR MCCC CV. 4 The motives of family intereſt, which, pro- bably, induced the Earl of Cambridge to form this attempt againſt the life of his ſovereign, will appear, according to the erring maxims of human policy, to palliate in a degree the 5 iniquity This monument was erected by the late Lord Delawar. 11 hw 6) — a+ . 8 t1 THE SOUTHAMPTON GUIDE. 37 iniquity of the plan; but how ſhall we dwell with pity on the memory of a man, who. like Lord Scrope could break through the ſtrong ties of gratitude and friendſhip, and for the paltry conſideration of a little gold, enter into a deliberate conſpiracy to murder his PROG, protector, and 8 ho The man that was his bedfellow, * |. 25 Whom he hath cloy'd : and grac'd with wing. |
https://daviswiki.org/APEX_Cycles_&_Service | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | 716 2nd Street, Downtown Davis, CA 95616 Aaron, 'lil Aaron, Princess & Alex 2010-2011 Cinelli Mash 2014 Prototype, Only 4 in existence and APEX has them all Basso Conversion Dolan PreCursa 2010 Aaron Chase w/ 'lil Aaron & Alex '08 Aaron, 'lil Aaron & Alex w/ Jeff Lenosky '08 'lil Aaron's first race... He got 4th place in a field of 40+ on his FIXED GEAR!!!
Location
716 2nd Street
Next to Mother and Baby Source and Optical Phases
Summer Hours
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Feb - Oct
Nov - Jan
Monday - Friday
Monday - Friday
10:00am - 6:00pm
10:00am - 5:00pm
Saturday
Saturday
12:00pm - 4:00pm
12:00pm - 4:00pm
Sunday
Sunday
By Appointment
By Appointment
Mobile Service and other times are available by appointment.
CALL OR EMAIL TO SCHEDULE
Phone
(530)750-2739
(530)475-2739 After Hours
(530)750-2453 Aaron's Desk
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http://www.apex-cycles.com
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info@apex-cycles.com
Owner(s)
Aaron.Curtin and Family (Princess, 'lil Aaron & Alex)
Established
Home Business 2004, Shop 2006
Payment Method
Cash, Check, Visa, Master Card, American Express, Discover, Paypal, Davis Dollars
Services Offered
Tune Up Price Chart
APEX Cycles & Service is a locally owned bike shop with the goal of keeping your bike on the road while saving you money. They are one of the only local shops to offer Student Discounts and Team Discounts. They are a proud sponsor of davisfixed, the Davis Bike Club and the Cal Aggie Cycling Team.
If you can't get your bike downtown, for a nominal fee, they provide Mobile Service & BIKE PICK-UP/DROP OFF, the only full service shop in town to do so.
"Don't let our small size fool you. We fix just about anything from old 3spd cruisers to full carbon TT bikes. We can get everything from 8spd freewheels to Zipp carbon wheels. If you need threads cut or chased, we are one of only 2 shops in town that have the proper tools to do the work... but at least we'll do it right the first time... Guaranteed." —Aaron.Curtin
They will work with almost any budget, to get you riding. If lack of money is a problem, they have some USED parts available or you can volunteer your time in the shop in exchange for labor credit. If you're nice enough, Aaron has been know to let you "buy now and pay later" with only a handshake.
They have all kinds of goodies for your bike. If you don't see it there, just ask, and Aaron will be happy to find it for you.
They are the only AEROSPOKE dealer in the area and a great local source for Chrome Bags. Almost all of the guys who work or hang out there have at least one of the bags or backpacks. So if you want to get some real world feedback on these great bags, this is the place to go.
They are an authorized dealer for NEW Aluminum, Steel, Titanium & Full Carbon Race frames from:
6KU Bikes - Inexpensive steel fixed gear bikes Argon18 Bikes - Full Carbon, Aluminum, and Multi-material Road, Track, Cross & Time Trial Aventon Track Bikes - Aluminum Fixed Gear frames Biria Bicycles -Easy "Step Through" hybrid cruisers and comfort bikes Cinelli USA - Classic and modern Road and Track Frames Colnago Bikes - Classic and modern Road, CX and TT frames from one of the oldest names in cycling De Rosa - Boutique bikes to say the least, when you want the very best Kona Bikes - Full line of bikes from road to mountain to hybrids and kids bikes Lynskey Titanium Bikes - Hand made Titanium bikes for all disciplines Merckx Cycles - One of the greatest names in cycling history... Eddy Merckx is a legend Pake Bikes - Inexpensive Steel Track & CX frames Purefix Cycles - Inexpensive steel fixed gear bikes and aluminum track frames SOMA Fabrications - Quality Steel frames Stevens Bikes - Quality Road, TT, CX and Track bikes with full custom options Torelli Bikes - Handmade frames built in ITALY, semi and fully custom options, Road & Track
APEX does have a few used bikes on hand at any given time, but does not specifically specialize in the USED market. Used bikes are usually from the brands they are authorized to sell along with Specialized, Trek, Cannondale, Cervelo, BMC, Schwinn, Fuji, Raleigh, Bianchi, Giant, Gary Fisher, KHS, K2, Jamis, Klein, Scott, Intense, Electra and other classic/vintage brands once sold new in other shops locally.
Careful though, as with buying anything used, they are not authorized dealers for some of these brands and may not be able to help you with any future manufacturer warranty issues, other than what they provide in the shop.
Custom 2012 Merckx EMX-5 Lots of goodies!!!. More goodies!!! Even more bicycle goodness!!! Mountain bikes too
The APEX "Family"
• Aaron (Owner) - USAC Licensed Pro Mechanic - Experience: 15+ years - Aaron specializes in Custom Builds & Advanced Repair on all makes and models
• Princess (Reception) - She is usually the voice on the line when you call if Aaron is busy. She enjoys riding around town with Aaron & the kids.
• 'lil Aaron & Alex (Aaron & Princess's boys) - Once in a while, you'll see the boys helping and hanging out in the shop
• Shop Interns & Volunteers - Come in and help clean the shop while earning Discounts and learning basic maintenance
See Also
• Bicycle Shops — other bike shops in Davis
• Bicycling — a good starting point for your bike-related inquiries
2013-02-06 00:47:16 I logged back into my davis wiki account just to comment on my recent experience with Aaron and APEX :D. My bike actually fell apart (crapped out is more accurate) on me after I got out of work on a Friday in front of the Bike Barn. The wheel practically popped off the back, gears wear jammed, and a spoke broke during the entire ordeal. I brought it to the bike barn to re-attach my wheel and get a quote for basic repairs to get it running again. They quoted me for something around 80-90 dollars.
I decided to push my bike all the way down town to APEX, since I had heard many great things about it. Aaron was very busy, but he took my bike and told me he could have my bike ready by the following Thursday. I ended up picking it up the following Friday, and he replaced my spokes, brakes, brake cable, re-aligned my tires, and did some other basic maintenance stuff and only charged ~$45 for everything (including labor). My bike now runs even better than when I got it (it's completely silent when I ride it!) —Jennyfish
2013-02-07 17:44:29 My husband and I brought our bikes in for tune-ups in December.
This is the only bike shop I have ever used that did not bother to call me to notify me that our bikes were ready. The owner told me they would be ready "Wednesday or Thursday." He failed to mention that he would be leaving town on Thursday and planned to close his shop down for a week, during the holiday. So even though after the fact he claimed the bikes were "ready" for pickup the Wednesday before Christmas, we weren't able to get our bikes back for a another 8 days, or about 2 weeks after the day we brought them in.
But what made me truly dissatisfied was the way the owner handled the situation. He wanted to place the blame on me. His attitude was I should have known to pick up our bikes. He said he had told us he would be away, but he never said anything about it. If he had told us I wouldn't have wasted my time by going to his shop twice, in person, leaving voicemails on the store phone, to no avail. I don't like lies, and I don't like excuses. The customer is not always right, but when the owner is in the wrong and doesn't own up to it, that's a red flag.
I am giving 2 stars, rather than 1, because the work on the bikes themselves was fine. —AliH
• I apologize for any misunderstanding, and I'm glad that your bikes are running well, but I stated to you on the phone and in person when you were dropping off the bikes that any bikes dropped off needed to be picked up by that following Weds because I was going out of town for the Holidays. I know I told you this, because I told EVERY customer who called or walked in since the beginning of December that I was going out of town for the Holiday break and wouldn't be back for over a week. This was a courtesy that I gave to all my customers. EVERYONE ELSE picked their bikes up on time or made arrangements to get them after break except you. When we spoke on the phone on the Monday prior to their due date of Weds to discuss if you wanted to get the recommended new parts or not, you asked when they would be done. I again stated that they would be ready on Weds, and that you had to get them otherwise I would be gone for vacation. I stayed open 3 hours later than normal that Weds for people to come by and grab their bikes if needed. I am sorry that no one was at the shop when you came during our vacation or that no one was there to answer the phone while we were closed. When I got back into internet and cell coverage, I did reply to your emails almost instantly. No lies. You missed your pick-up window and were without your bike longer than you had planned for and you're mad about it. I understand that. For that I am sorry, but if I tell you your bike is ready on a particular day, come pick up your bike on that day or call to check on its status. Thats what most people would do. But if you remember, when you came to pick it up, I did apologize for the miscommunication for which you gave me lots of attitude. Attitude that was unwarranted for something that was as much your fault as mine. That said, I ran into trouble on a complicated matter, threading a treadless steerer tube.
I contacted numerous shops in Davis and Sacramento. Only one shop was capaBLe of this task and they assured me "no problem", quoted a reasonable price and even guarantied the delivery date. Well this did not pan out, in fact after they jacked up the cost to do my request, I was then told my idea was impossible and multiple excuses were then thrown out to full discourage me from even attempting my "wild" idea.
Because the information being fed to me seemed to make no sense, I decided to bug Aaron at Apex with my trivial dilemma. He assured me that it was indeed trivial amd knowing that I was in a jam, Aaron said come on in. Within 45 minutes he did what I was told was IMPOSSIBLE. I suppose that given what I was told at the other shop, Aaron can perform miracles!!!!!!!!!!!
Here's my recommendation of Apex Cycles Knowledge: A+ Ability: A+ Honesty: A+
SPAikawa
2013-06-09 11:00:02 This place is the best. The owner was very helpful and thorough. I really appreciated all their help. I will definitely be returning to this shop again. —JustinWoo
2013-07-10 00:47:45 Aaron is a master at his craft a wonderful mechanic and business owner. Customer serviceis 5 star —bcartoscelli
2013-10-19 00:23:41 I'm not one to write strong reviews but the truth needs to be told - THERE IS NOT ONE REDEEMING FACTOR ABOUT THIS PLACE. I had to go in 3 different times just to get a simple bike tune up (that was not done well at all). The owner, Aaron, said they would have my bike ready by Tuesday but when I went in that day, I was told that they had not even started working on my bike yet. He said it would be done by the end of the day but when I went back, I ended up having to wait even longer for his assistant to finish changing my tube. As I'm biking off, I notice that THERE ARE STILL PROBLEMS - my headset was still out of alignment (& this was the key concern I had pointed, and he had ensured would get fixed).
To top things off, the customer service is TERRIBLE. It is basic salesmanship etiquette to inform customers beforehand if you are going to charge them an additional fee PRIOR to doing it. Instead, Aaron just casually slipped it in as I was leaving, that I would need to pay for the two tubes he had installed. If he had at least told me before putting the tubes in that it would incur an additional fee, I would have been fine with it. However, he mentioned nothing about paying more until after he already installed the tubes. To top it off, when I was tried to point out the fact that he should have asked me before charging me, he got all defensive and tried to make it seem like I was the one being irrational. (Reading other reviews here make it seem like I'm not the only one who had an issue with him in this respect).
Long (& frustrating) story short: -No sense of customer service or sense of salesmanship -Took 3 separate trips just to get a tune-up done (and it was NOT done very well either) -NEVER coming back here again. —Leesa
Always 2 sides to every story. Here's mine. Leaving a negative review the day after I call you to remind you to pick up the tire you had me special order and pay for or exchange the tubes I installed on your bike in your original tune up. Yes, your bike was not done when you came in Tuesday morning to get it even though it was promised for 4pm in the afternoon. And when you came back in the afternoon, you did have to wait 5 minutes for your bike because it went flat again after airing it up during your tune up. You "needed it to get to class" so we replaced your old leaking 650c tube with a new one while you waited. Before you went out the door, I mentioned that due to the side of your tire bulging out that you needed a new tire and that it was most likely the cause for your recent flats. You had me order you a tire and I said I would just add the cost of the tubes (the one you watched me replace, and the one I replaced during your tune up) when you picked up the tire. You then insisted that there should be no extra charge due to the coupon you used for your tune up. I explained that I wasn't charging you an additional fee, I was charging you for the tubes. Logically, I can't give away parts for free and that the coupon was good for labor only, not parts. We went back and forth about this to the point of you pulling up the coupon on your phone only to realize that you misunderstood the coupon. I apologized that I didn't call you to get permission to replace your tube, but I've NEVER had anyone not want their bike rideable and was surprised that you were making such a big deal over me replacing such an integral piece to making your bike ridable. Your headset wasn't out of alignment, your stem was slightly askew. This was my mistake as I thought I had straightened it, but it was still slightly off. Long (& VERY Frustrating) Story Short: - Came to pick up bike and got mad it wasn't done even though you showed up 5 hours early - Was mistaken about what coupon covered and when proven wrong, got frustrated that parts were not included - Was given option to exchange tubes or pay, has yet to do either
2013-12-09 11:35:41 Hours may be loose. If you need a part at 11am sharp, call ahead. —ScottB
2014-06-06 09:54:17 What can I say, this place is the best. I always get great service and sound advice. Apex is my go to shop for repairs and service on all my family bikes. —DagonJones
2014-11-01 08:20:15 Aaron's house-call service is invaluable for those of us who have no way to get our bikes to a bike shop. He provided me with new Continental Comfort Contact tires, new tubes, and slime. Parts, labor, and delivery totaled $152. Thank you, Aaron!! —DeborahLattimore
2015-09-16 20:11:44 This is going to be a rather long post, but the short version is that I will never buy anything from APEX again. After doing some quick Yelp research, I decided to check out APEX. I had a nice conversation with Aaron, and he was able to give me a discount making his shop the best option for the bike I was interested in. He said there was two day shipping for most orders, and since it was already later in the afternoon on Wednesday, it probably wouldn't come in until the weekend. No problem, I was out of town for the weekend so I figured I would just pick it up on Monday. I called the shop when I returned, and no one answered. I left a message, but never received a call back that day…or the next. Little did I know that this was only the beginning, and I would not actually get my bike until three weeks later. To be fair, I gave Aaron the benefit of the doubt when he told me my bike was missing from his orders and then the bike becoming back-ordered. However, what I found unacceptable was the customer service. APEX was not updating me, I always had to call them to find out what was happening… and most of the time I called, no one even answered. Despite leaving messages I would still not get called back. |
github_open_source_100_1_208 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | class Language < ActiveRecord::Base
include MasterModel
default_scope :order => "languages.position"
# If you wish to change the field names for brevity, feel free to enable/modify these.
# alias_attribute :iso1, :iso_639_1
# alias_attribute :iso2, :iso_639_2
# alias_attribute :iso3, :iso_639_3
# Validations
validates_presence_of :iso_639_1, :iso_639_2, :iso_639_3
after_save :clear_available_languages_cache
after_destroy :clear_available_languages_cache
has_paper_trail
def self.all_cache
if Rails.env == 'production'
Rails.cache.fetch('language_all'){Language.all}
else
Language.all
end
end
def clear_available_languages_cache
Rails.cache.delete('language_all')
Rails.cache.delete('available_languages')
end
def self.available_languages
Language.where(:iso_639_1 => I18n.available_locales.map{|l| l.to_s}).order(:position)
end
end
# == Schema Information
#
# Table name: languages
#
# id :integer not null, primary key
# name :string(255) not null
# native_name :string(255)
# display_name :text
# iso_639_1 :string(255)
# iso_639_2 :string(255)
# iso_639_3 :string(255)
# note :text
# position :integer
#
|
sn89052040_1911-10-05_1_4_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | The Raymer Enterprise C. R. GRAVES, Editor and Publisher PUBLISHED EVERY THURSDAY —x— Subscription $1.50 per year in advance. Entered at the post office in New York, Colorado, under the act of March 3, 1879. THURSDAY, OCTOBER 5, 1911. President Taft has visited the great state of Colorado, and gone on his way. President Taft and Bryan exchanged gracious compliments at the reception tendered the President at Lincoln. President Taft has put a stop to the idea that he can do no wrong. He frankly says, that he has made mistakes, and will likely continue to do so to the end of his administration. Partisan praise often goes to absurd lengths in commendation of officials. Notwithstanding that President Taft, being disposed to defend the courts on most occasions to score the delays of justice at St. Louis. The fault which Mr. Taft found with the courts, is based on real abuse, and is one of the reasons why the recall for judges has become as popular as it is. If the faults of legal procedure can be corrected without the recall, we shall be glad. Ex-Commissioner Indicted Greeley, Colo., Sept., 30. —E. J. Estes, former commissioner of Weld County, is named in fourteen indictments returned by the grand jury late this afternoon. The charges range from obtaining money under false pretenses. The grand jury has been in session for two weeks and these are the first indictments returned. Last spring Estes returned $590 to the county and this incident led to the petition for the grand jury. Altogether, the utmost secrecy is being maintained, it is expected that following the indictments against Estes various county officials of present and fast administrations will have charges brought against them. We clip the above from the Sterling Evening Advocate of Monday. We have heard rumors of graft on several occasions. People in this vicinity will hope for a thorough investigation and no favors for any found guilty of grafting on the public funds. THE TOLEDO BLADE TOLEDO, OHIO, The Best Known Newspaper in the United States Circulation 240,000 Popular in Every State No Whiskey Advertising The seventy-seventh year of its existence finds the Toledo Blade more popular than at any period during its successful career. It is now read each week by more than a million people. The Blades' field is national and goes into every state and territory in the United States, thereby giving it an unquestionable right of to be the greatest national weekly newspaper in America. The Weekly Blade is distinctly a family newspaper. The one object of its publishers has always been to make it fit for the American home, for the fireside, and of interest to every member of the family. To fulfill this purpose, it is kept clean and wholesome. The news of the world is handled in a comprehensive manner, and the various departments of the Blade are edited with painstaking care. The Household page is a delight to the women and children; current affairs are treated editorially without prejudice; the serial stories are selected with the idea of pleasing the greatest number of fiction lovers; the Question Bureau is a scrapbook of information; the Farmstead column are conducted with the purpose of giving the patrons a medium for the exchange of ideas and information on farm topics. No department is neglected, but every feature is taken care of with the idea of making The Blade worth many times the price of subscription—one dollar a year. Sample copies mailed free. Address: THE BLADE. L. J. (Publisher) Serial Department; Department of the Interior, United States Land Office at Sterling, Colorado. September 27, 1911. NOTICE FOR PUBLICATION U. L. J. (Publisher) Serial Department; Department of the Interior, United States Land Office at St. Louis, Colorado. September 27, 1911. NOTICE is hereby given that Lester D. Wim imr. of St. Louis, Colorado, who, on November 18, 1911, made homestead entry No. 18, for SW¼ NE¼, and W¼ SE¼ SE¼, Section No. 18, Township No. 18, Range No. HEM. Seethman Township 7 N. Range 7 W., with principal Meridian, has filed notice of intention to make final five-year proof, to establish claim to the land above described, before Register and Receiver, at Sterling, Colorado, on the 11th day of November, 1911. Claimant names as witnesses: Charles K. Carlson, of Stoneham, Colorado, James P. Stackhouse, of Flora Crabb, of New Ray, Colorado. Mary FriU, of California. 214 W. H. POUND, Register. THE WOODMEN SERVE BANQUET Happy Ending of a Contest Inaugurated for New Members PRAIRIE COSTS ON TOAST A DELICACY The Vanquished Serve the Victors with Choice Bill of Fare Last Saturday evening There was a sound of revelry by night And Kaymer's capital hail gathered then Her beauty and her chivalry. The above from Byron is appropriated as inadequate to describe the event pulled off at the Woodman hall last Saturday evening as the crowning event that marked the close of a contest for members which was started about two months ago. Perhaps a word of explanation should be given about the contest. Gene Dugan and C. H. Scott were appointed as leaders and they chose sides from the membership, each side to see which could secure the most members, it being agreed that the side which lost was to banquet the other side. Dugan's side won and Saturday night was the time fixed to square the account. A. L. Whittier, Fred Stephenson and Jay Miller set the table and waited on the guests. We do not know which one was the chief cook and bottle-wash er, but they all did very well except they appeared to be very slow in getting the supper ready for the hungry multitude, and thereby hangs a tale. We really think Jay Miller deliberately planned it the way he would sample that chicken, and tantalize the hungry ones until there were insistent demands to pass the chicken. Finally, with apparent reluctance, but really with alacrity accompanied by an evil grin, he proceeded to fill a plate with meat which he passed to those who appeared to be in the deepest distress from hunger. The tumult ceased and quiet reigned. Someone asked what it was, and a voice said, “rabbit” what appetites! How fast bunny was disappearing, alas, poor Yorick when Fred Ficken blurted out "pretty good prairie dog." "Where ignorance is bliss, ’tis folly to be wise." We opine that had Fred Ficken kept still, the platter would have been licked clean, but as it was ravenous appetite suddenly became satisfied. Most of them finished the piece they had and declared it good. However, we did not hear anyone inquiring for more. Please pass the rabbit? The supper hour arrived at last and if any sensitive stomach was affected by the earlier events, it was not apparent. The work of destruction was terrible in its completeness. That table looked as if it had been struck by a Kansas cyclone. Jay Miller and Fred Stephenson declare that The Enterprise man and Charlie Roth were the heaviest feeders there, but we aver that they make these accusations only to divert attention from themselves. It was nearing the hour of mid night when the company broke up, all hoping the Woodmen would do it again some time and that the shadow of this great protective fraternity will never grow less, but rather that it will grow and spread its benefits even more widely among the alllieted widows and orphans of deceased Woodmen. Mr. and Mrs. McCauslandof Denver, Adjuster for the Providence Washing ton Insurance Co. was at Stonehnm Friday the 29, to see Strader & Strader agents for Stoncham in reference to the adjustment of J. H. Barker's feed store loss which was caused by lire the twenty third. The adjustment was promptly and satisfactorily made with Mr. Barker. NOTICE FOR PUBLICATION C.L. J. (Publisher.) Serial-flinftTO Department of tho Interior, United States Land Oil ce. Sterling. Colorado. Bfptmnber 31). 1911. NOTICK i" her .'by glren that llomer Kmery ; Chandler, of Stoneharn. Coluradn, who on Janua ry 2*. 19in. made llumrittd Entry No. OM67U. f. r , SWI-4. Section 17. Tow nship 7 N.. Range 56 W , «th Principal Meridian, ho« filed notice of inten- ; ti«»n to make final commutation proof to establish claim to the land atsne described, la-fore Register and Receiver, at Sterling. Colorado. on the 9th day of February. 1912. Claimant name* as witnesses: Fred Hymn Pierce, of Stoneharn. Colorado: Wilfred A. It diner, of " lg*»lie K Strader. of Vern D. Amen, of " " M 4 W. 11. POUND. Itegister. NOTICE FOR PUBLICATION. C * B. J. (Publisher.) Serial-4islJn. 1 Department of the Interior, United States Und Office, at Sterling. Colorado. August 31. lull. NOTICE ia hereby given that Indiana 11. Ar nold, of New Itaymer. Colorado, who, on July If*. DW. made Homestead Entry. No. («12M f»*r NKM. Section 5, Township 7 N., Range 57 W., 6th Principal Meridian, has filed notice of intention to make Final Commutation Proof, to establish claim to the land above described, before Register and Receiver, at Sterling, Colorado, on the 27th day of December, 1911. Claimant names as witnesses: (Salts Allen, of New Raymer, Colorado. Ingebert Vlk, of New Raymer, Colorado. Frank Novak, New Raymer, Colorado. Kay Mackey, New Raymer, Colorado. W. H. POUND, Register. Notice For Publication. Department of the Interior. United States Land Office at Sterling, Colorado. September 21, 1911. NOTICE is hereby given that Kate Grace Hayes, of Stoneham, Colorado, who on April 16, 1910, made Homestead Entry No. 12286, for Section 10, Meridian, has filed notice of intention to make Final Commutation Proof, to establish claim to the land above described, before Register and Receiver, at Sterling, Colorado, on the 23rd day of January, 1912. Claimant names as witnesses: Goodwin L. Lee, of Stoneham, Colorado. Raymond F. Austin, of Benjamin F. Parmenter, of K. Lewder, of 20-6 W. H. POUND, Register. NOTICE FOR PUBLICATION. C. L. J. (Publisher.) Scranton, Colorado. Department of the Interior. United States Land Office at Sterling, Colorado, 19. 1911. NOTICE is hereby given that George L. Gould, of Denver, Colorado, who, on May 1, 1908, made Desert Entry No. 466, Serial No. 03818, for N1-2 Section 32, Township 9N., Range W., 6th Principal Meridian, has filed notice of intention to make Final Proof, to establish claim to the land above described, before Clerk of District Court, at Greeley, Colorado, on the 9th day of November, 1911. Claimant name* as witnesses- John W. Anderson. of Denver. Colorado, Hiram K. Stilwill, of Wm. K. Bowles. of Keota. Leonard A. Jack»on of Keota. ** 19*6 W. II. POUND. Register. NOTICE FOR PUBLICATION. C. L. J. (Publisher.) KcriaUr^J Department »*f the Interior. United State* Land Office, at Sterling. Colorado. September 19. lull. NOTICE ii hereby given that John W; lie An demon. of Denver. Colorado, who. on May *5. 1908, made desert land Entry. No. 469. Serial No. n&29. for Wi-2 NEW. NW1-4 See. 29. «nd El-2 NE1-I. Section »). Township 9 N . Range 50 W.. 6th Prin cipal Meridian, has liled notice of intenth n to make Final Proof. to establish claim to the land above described, before Clerk of Diati let Court, at Greeley, Colorado, on the 9th day of November. 1911. Claimant names as witnesses: George L. Gould mg. of Denver. Colorado. Hiram K Ktilwill. of I/ionard A. Jackson, of Keota. " Wm. K. Bowles. • f 19-6 W. II. POUND. Register. Notice For Publication. C. L J. (Publisher) ScriaMC^i Drpsrtawnt ni the Interior. United States land Office. Sterling. Colorado. September 19. 1911. NOTICE IS hereby given that Lee Anna Stil will, of Denver. Colorado, who. on May f. 19ns. mode desert land Entry No. 168. Serial No. tr/xm, for Kl-ZSEl-4 See .Tn. and SWM, Wl-2 SEl-l. Section 29. Township 9 N.. Range 60 \V.„ 6th I’rinripal Meridian, has AM notice of intention to make final proof. to establish claim to the land above described. before Clerk of District Court. ■ »t Gere ley. Colorwlo, on the 9th day of Novem 1 her. 1011. Claimant name.* as witnesses: John W. Anderson, of Denver. Cokmulo. George I*. Coulding. • f Is< rotril A. Jackson, of Kcoto. Wm. K. IIuwl«x. of Mhl W. H. POUND. Register. Notice For Publication. C. L. J. <Publisherl Serial-012592. I>e|-artment of the Interior. United States land Office at Slrrlinir. Colorado. September 19. 1911. NOTICE is hereby given that Wilber W. Phelps, of Snyder. Colorado, who. on April 28.. 1910. made !lw:ne»tead Entry. No. <12592. for SKl-i. Section 21. Township *; N.. Range 57 W.., nth Principal Meridian, has tiled notice of in tention to make Final Commutation Ppsif. to es tablish claim to the land above dest-rilstl. before' County Judge, at Fort Morgan. Colorado, on the 9th day of November, lull. Claimant names us witnesses: Wilhelm Paeth, of .Snyder. Colorado. John D Mrllwain. of Stoneham. Charles Mullison. of Fort M<irgan. “ Ira O. Gearhart. of Snyder. 19-6 W. H. POUND. Register Notice For Publication. C.LJ. (Publisher.) Serial 01S1M. i Department of Tho Interior. United State.-* 1a:u1 (Line at Sterling. Colorado. September 14. 1911. NOTICE m hereby given that Jac'b Shaw of Stoneham. (adonuJu. who. on May 31. 1910. made , homestrod entry. N<». 013111. for SKI-4 Section 2. Township 7 N., Range* 57 W.. f*th principal Mi r- Mian, has filed notice of intention t.» make Final (**minulati<*n Pruof, to e»tal»li*h claim to the land above described. Iteforc Register an*l Re reiver, at Sterling, Colorado, on the 11 th day of January- 1912. Claimant names u* witneases: bis A. Bar.ke. of Stoneham. Colorado. John H. Hosker, of Stmieham. Ole M. Olmiu. of Stoneham Newton J. Strader, of Stoneham. " 16-6 W. 11. POUND. Register. NOTICE FOR PUBLICATION. C. L. J. (Publisher.) Serial UlSlll Det>artment of the Inferior. United States Und Office at Sterling. Colorado. September 14. 1911, NOTICE ia hereby given that Julia A. Shaw, of Stoneharn. Colorado, who. on May 31. itdii. mail** homestead entry. No. (>lllls. for NKM. Section 11. Township 7 N.. Range 57 W.. «*th . prlnci|»al Meridian, has files] notice of intention to make final commutation Proof. to establish claim to the land above described. I* fore Regia ter and Receiver, at Sterling. Colored*. on the 11th day of January. 1912. Claimant names as witnesses: Ida A. Ilakke. of Stoneharn. Colorado. John 11. Honker, of Stoneharn, Ole M. Olson. of Stoneharn. Newton J. Strader, of St meham. M W. H. POUND. Register. i— ■ ■ - Notice For Publication. C.L.J. I Publisher.) Se rial -012929 Department of the Interior, i United States Und Office at Sterling. Colorado. I September 14. 1911. , NOTICE ia htnlur irivcn that Ku-1 A. 1,-, nf Surllntf, Coltiriulu. whi.. on Mar IK lvin. mail, homntwil entry, N.. oltjzi. fur NWI-t, Hntlon ».To«nahlpt N.. Iltm. u W.. «h principal MrrMian. tin. filed n.,lnp of Intmtinn t» malt, final cofnmuUlfcm Pruuf. tunuMUh claim tntha laml al.rva ilracriM. l-f..r» llnrl.lar tin,l K„t| v. rr, at SUrlln*. ( nluradn. nn the 2.lth day of Dr. ccmber. 1911. 1 Claimants name* an witnesses: Uonjamln F. Harmontrr. of Hlorlinx. Coloratln. lncster It. lamder of Hiram 11. M. Sheldon, of " •* Ethan A. Tracy, of " •• to* w. u. POUND. Register. Quality Canned Goods Flour, Feed, Tobacco and Fruits Best Quality and Low Prices Satisfies us, Satisfies you. Complete Satisfaction is our aim. “New Raymer’s Ex- g |EJ %# I elusive Grocery Store” In I'V ■ W I Notice For Publication. E. A. S. (Publisher.! Serial n’.072f Department of The Irtiorior, United States Land Office, at Sterling. Cobrado. August 26th. 1911. NOTICE Is hereby given that Wesley K Cm kle. of Stoneham, Colorado, who, on February 2, 1911, made homestead entry No. 019727, for Section 30, Township 8 N, Range 57 W., 6th principal Meridian, has filed notice of intention to make final Commutation Proof, to establish claim to the land described, before Register and Receiver, at Sterling, Colorado, on the 22nd day of December, 1911. Claimant names as witnesses: Newton J. Sader, of Stoneham, Colorado; Hiram J. Hint, of Thomas H. Leslie, of Carm H. Edgerton, of 18-6 W. U. POUND, Register. NOTICE FOR PUBLICATION. E. A.S. (Publisher.) Sterling, Colorado. Department of the Interior. United States Land Office at Sterling, Colorado. August 25th, 1911. NOTICE is hereby given that Bertrand F. Lee, of Stoneham, Colorado, who, on May 25th, made Homestead Entry No. 019727, for Section 31, Township 9 N, Range 56 W., 6th Principal Meridian, has filed notice of intention to make final Commutation Proof, to establish claim to the land above described, before Register and Receiver at Sterling, Colorado, on the 22nd day of December, 1911. Claimant names as witnesses: Hiram M. Sheldon, of Stoneham, Colorado; Lester L. Laroder, of Stoneham. Benjamin F. Parmenter, of S to: at ham, Colorado Ethan A. Tracy, of Aval-*, Colorado. 18-6 W. H. POUND. Register. NOTICE FOR PUBLICATION. C. L. J. (Publisher.) Seria MillUGl. Department of the Interior, United States land Office, Sterling, Colorado. August 31, 1911. NOTICE is hereby given that Louis Wente of Keota, Colorado, who, on Februarv 1st, 1910. Made Homestead Entry No. 01P*sl. for SW1-4 NW1-4 Sec. 2, and NE1-4 NE1-2 Sec. 29, Township 9 N., Range 1 W. Principal Meridian. has filed notice of intention to make Final Commutation Proof to establish claim to the land above described, before U. S. Commissioner, at Kata, Colorado, on the 12th day of October, 1911. Claimant names as witnesses: Robert L. S. (G. U. S. Colorado, Joseph L. Filler, of Kata, Colorado. Boardman L. Montgomery, of Kata, Colorado. Davis E. Byrne, of Kata, Colorado. 17-6 W. H. POUND. Register. NOTICE OF CONTEST. Department of the Interior, United States Land Office, Sterling, Colorado. Sep. 31, 1911. To Montana Fitch of Sterling, Colorado. Contestants: You are hereby notified that William M. Reynolds, who gives Sterling, Colo., as his post-office address, did on May 3, 1911, file in this office a duly corroborated application. In the event of an entry, the cancellation of your desert land entry No. 411, Serial No. Office made April 14, allegations will be taken by this oTi a* having been confessed by you, and ymir mid entry will !»• canceled thereutvler wirinut your further right to lie heard therein, either before this office or on appeal, if you fail ti file in this office within twenty days after the FOURTH publication of this notice, as shown be’ow. y >tir answer, under oath, specifically meeting and re*f»onding to thn • allegations of contest, or if you fail within that time to file in this office duo proof that you have served a copy of your an twrr on the sail rontr it ant either in per4*»n or by regUt ?.-.-! mail, if th.« service* ia made by the deliver/ of a copy of your answer to the contestant in person, prnfof •uch service must bu either the said contest ant's written acknowledgment of his receipt of the copy, showing tho date of it* receipt. «»r tho affidavit of the person by whom the delivery was made stating when and where the copy was delivered: if made by registered mail, proof of au?h service must consist of the all) lavit of the per* m by whom the copy was mailed stating when nn 1 the poabtflice to which it was mailed, and this affidavit must be accompanied !iy the postma- ter's receipt for the letter. You should state in your answer th<» name of the postuffice to which you desire further notices to be sent to you. W. H. POUND. Register. First publication. September 2#th. 1911. Secnml publication. October 6th 1911. Third publication. October 12th. 1911. Fourth publication. October 19th, 1911. Come To Church Come to church ut the school house every Sunday mordinK. Sunday School at ten o'clock, follow ed by prvuching an hoyir later. Try an Enterprise wjnt ad. mius STflSjiiViiNos - Sent Anywhere in the United States on 30 MYr FREE TRIAL LTJ WE WILL sr.N") to r• y pr.it of ih a United State,a beautilalSTAßClC PIANO, w .h handsome :u k v:!-.u: sv... f. p*'l.shed rev* iving top stool, with brass feit - ,5m us *. b u ls ‘ feW Fl' i: ‘ v Phiiiolnstruitor. all fully warranted fur 25 year*, on 20 Days -F.ee Trial right jr. your -wn home, without asking any money in advance, and tf you . onot fin J ;i tbo ha:>d.omeat, swcetasMoned and hi«h«.t grade Pumo you have ever seer, or heard, and if it is not entirely satisfactory nt.d accent obi 3 1 1 yoarseif and lully equß. tc tho mo*t famous and highest-priced piano made ia all important fn.turcs. th a it :*•.•>• bs iv.unu 1 to u*. in which event we will stand the rroghtcharges »y«tfi ways*. W,• treat you and leave you to he "both judge and jury •• In, e you a*e to he pie MM1 01 » e •*• vv W be uo sole, and the trial w 11 not cost you‘a r rr ny - • Yo V r bnnk '- 1 or commercial agency will tell you we are able as y.v.l i.s willing io »”a';e -r- •. on our guarantee and all our promises andaarec nicaU. hence you are safe in acc p'-.nc our proposition. Send for 0«r Special Adverli.h- Offer lo Firjl Buyer, m New Localities and Save Ai! Uiiiiocsfsxry Sellin- Expenses and Profit*. We win m»V« It tu, f-w yeii lo .Lot with nn emt'er where von nrfl Incntcd. We will arrunrfevEKY LAb Y TLKaLi tu aun jour uueus. Send for our Beautiful C-ialog Today. STARCK PIAHOS are Warraaied for 25 Years, but They LAST A LIFETIME PLAf& K r?*n‘G<? T - f°h GIVr otHat makes •*-ArC#f n*Wf j.,. 1• - I'l _ mil In use-1 and rebuilt plnnosal flO ISO of us all. Send for bi-oc'ci PlayeriMac. J7l. JloOai.t up Send lor II,t! Chireb C -'■•-loc'je i. ImerK.tu ■ & Parlor Oanne-ml rt, leg nnd i.riecs. , Write us today. Ou.-benu'.lf J Iltcr.ture v. .11 interest you. Mention this i«pcr. a P. A. STARQ& BkM GO., Manufacturers Executive Office* and Vfarerac ie.CIG-212 So. Wabash Ave., CHICAGO, ILL Dept ' /®fpsy RISER AGENT X ■' ' ll :r1 .'■•■iWo.nrt cihll.lt n ramnln IjitMt Model . P| Xvj r **°fitr "i., "it: nliimi i»v t>. (ntepgrntsovcrywUvru arcmaklug mf TO{\ I|#Au V until you rveme and nnprovo oi your ml ;,|V|fi If/V ft !* ln i'' ' r s : t r *anyonnnuywlp njnthn n. H. t»fiAssfar#a»d##siii H/\\S I,, . jd h’ r :.u*l allow TEN DAYS' FREE TRlVkduring I [ I /V»\ Vfl vH if h t L n v ‘ •'* .* hi* bicvcle nnd put it to any to*t you wish, ff Ihi Sci BJf;\n 1 1 11 J , r or (In not wuh to keep tho K S'/iOTC.ii i *ll *' f'V nl tim highest ffratlu Mcyclra It Is I -/* nr*--- 1 ' ,n— , ♦ i * rm ‘ ,;a * r< one Muall pntfit nlwve K - tMp ffl.Tfl:Vd! Pf,. V 1 , ° 1 to K-air.iißficnieii'g proflig bybuy- S JnP Sin * 'r. "c ' * nP'nufrciurt.T’HirunraiiHnt behind your I T/MKpfV ,L% ‘ a r ' \ • r « I'Mr of tires from at say M I btU/ vVtflferM.f ,i * , * ’ "'j 11 ' '»J d b rrnour uiibcLrtl of/srtwy m , I #J V IU U IJiLL i - L i t'NlSHtlj ' " :1 r**#r*tmr heautlful cafak>*oe II Vt If T/. au'' ■ tn^o.,r W ,p, r b W ,W.«tth. t e.»3fr r" ; ? ,J J lr ' At tlrth'ghrst Vtads bicycles for . -■ nw«!IIIS.' r ~T : , ran»lMfr.»'»i*a t.»f#.,f ao. r .pit..,,..., '» »r-». v.t.car out promptly St pries* CUASTHH- Ci ll *1 It L S > • * cic. i/itr«rt jj r iMcr chsles and pedals, parts, repairs and Ifcsa^:«ii'actoe-troof * M |fi | sL MO Moan TROttrif/x FKi, i»■ i.. . o.'u/ (/" 7 ”- 7^ NAIL», TMta.nnr .v.ll roll,. .' d. - • 1 ' /. A huiuiciit :,t«>u 4..«1 ,*.'irs.a.,ii "i-t .•*. u* 1 , *■*'r > t '.u^L^r.}£rwllu 7 DZSGSUW: ; ii e ’ l:• a *" ■ i> .j. . .f j j* g p.iiiiM.ir, n »i, i ,;.t .-. I 1 >p‘lnfr the #ir to-.no. H (4 _ .. ».. h ..'ll" I 11.. r 1,... TS 1* ff Bsil o**S*lWoknibbertiwS 0 * *S*IWoknibbertiwS >1: "" ‘"'H irii . sln-ooiM.-t . i ~ n.-«i S" I *2*S* ,n *tu*»a*rli»‘ , B” lf "I. 11..-. i.• • i.,.„ TE »nd "D",lm rtm ,trl, “M" am,.-':.. Mr. ih"|.,.nj(..n.-.-U' i.lr., 'IS «• p»v,nt rim •uMlnc: Thl* 11 1 Ml l.ir.'r. I.f i 1,1, t,.. ui„ r.i-p-i.il tat br, Will outlaU other fri'"•< I, ti rd • i.'.-ii ~r ~r„v . , If »»**-SOI*T, aiaSTIO N* i.wl.lti.' it r-.-.I f,rto;-.‘TTI ■» lo t,n i ■(» . Jl pair. All nnlm «htnnU ■« *» M rI. .4.trr.v.,r f-1 r.l .(I • rend V*ki n. r t»., . „ •, hi'.. Vi u JV^ L-.-wli.itf.lv .... i,.: a l : ... . I»d ..A»* rt. rd rate-• i i*. .r . ,r\ r . Ml *l'*c us yoarorder. Wewaat »/•” YOU NEKO YtftkST- •.•‘rU l A , .,!’!r"- m 'i'7,T ,,, ?.', l>, * p * ,, ® ,,,,d eii«» it;,:.::;',:'.- 1 *;.:;;,'.,,*«: • - - '/'«*• •*•>•-i«s;72f*,ssrii*3sa do pm? wnrr: ut r.tr, ~" ir::'*'«<r, u! "w * '^'*«»**-ra l L HE/13 mix, mm, CHICAGO, ill. Bauman & davis DRUGGIBTB AND STATIONERB Rexall Remedies. Books. Camera Supplies. Kodaks. School Supplies, Toilet Articles, Edison Phonographs and Records BAUMAN & DAVIS, Sterling, Colorado. |
github_open_source_100_1_209 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | @extends('layout.master')
@section('title', 'О нас')
@section('content')
<div class="col-md-8 blog-main mt-5">
<h3 class="pb-3 mb-4 font-italic border-bottom">
Cтраница о нас!
</h3>
</div><!-- /.blog-main -->
@endsection
|
github_open_source_100_1_210 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a,b,c,d,e,n, p, men;
scanf("%d", &n);
int x[n];
for(a=0; a<n; a++)
scanf("%d", &x[a]);
men=x[0];
p = 0;
for(a=1; a<n; a++)
{
if(men>x[a])
{
men=x[a];
p=a;
}
}
printf("Menor valor: %d\nPosicao: %d\n", men, p);
return 0;
} |
github_open_source_100_1_211 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | $(function(){
var obj = $(".dragableArea");
var hidden_input = $('#bgfile');
obj.on('click', function(e){
hidden_input.click();
});
hidden_input.on('change',function(e){
e.stopPropagation();
e.preventDefault();
$(this).css({"border":"none"});
var files = e.target.files;
if(files.length >= 2){ alert("Multiple file not allowed!"); }
else{
var file = files[0];
$('#img').html('<p>Loading...</p>');
upload(file);
}
});
obj.on('dragover', function(e){
e.stopPropagation();
e.preventDefault();
$(this).css({"border":"solid 1px #ef4836"});
});
obj.on('dragleave', function(e){
e.stopPropagation();
e.preventDefault();
$(this).css({"border":"none"});
});
obj.on('drop', function(e){
e.stopPropagation();
e.preventDefault();
$(this).css({"border":"none"});
var files = e.originalEvent.dataTransfer.files;
if(files.length >= 2){ alert("Multiple file not allowed!"); }
else{
var file = files[0];
$('#img').html('<p>Loading...</p>');
upload(file);
}
});
function upload(file){
var fileName = file.name;
var ex = fileName.split(".");
var extLast = ex[ex.length - 1].toLowerCase();
xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
// initiate request
var par = urlParamiters();
xhr.open('post','/en/ajaxupload?token='+par['token'],true);
//set header
var rforeign = /[^\u0000-\u007f]/;
if (rforeign.test(file.name)) {
alert("File name error !");
return false;
}
xhr.setRequestHeader('Content-Type','multipart/form-data');
xhr.setRequestHeader('X-File-Name',file.name);
xhr.setRequestHeader('X-File-Size',file.size);
xhr.setRequestHeader('X-File-Type',file.type);
if(extLast!="jpeg" && extLast!="jpg" && extLast!="png" && extLast!="gif"){
alert("Please drop jpeg, jpg, gif or png file !");
$('#img').html('<p>No Image</p>');
return false;
}
//send file
xhr.send(file);
xhr.upload.addEventListener("progress",function(e){
var progress = (e.loaded / e.total) * 100;
$('#progress-bar').css({'width': progress+"%"});
},true);
xhr.onreadystatechange = function(e){
if(xhr.readyState == 4){
if(xhr.status == 200){
var res = xhr.responseText;
if(res!=2){
$('#img').html('<img src="/'+res+'" width="100%" /><div class="close" onclick="removePreFile()"><i class="fa fa-times"></i></div>');
var files_pre = res.split("/files/");
$("#background").val('/files_pre/'+files_pre);
}
}
}
}
}
});
function removePreFile(idx){
$('#img').html('<p>No Image</p>');
$("#background").val('');
if(idx){
xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
xhr.open('post','/en/ajaxremoveimage?idx='+idx,true);
xhr.send();
xhr.onreadystatechange = function(e){
if(xhr.readyState == 4){
if(xhr.status == 200){
var res = xhr.responseText;
console.log(res);
}
}
}
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_1_212 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /*
* grunt-mdspell
* https://github.com/colineberhardt/grunt-markdown-spellcheck
*
* Copyright (c) 2015 Colin Eberhardt
* Licensed under the MIT license.
*/
'use strict';
module.exports = function(grunt) {
// Project configuration.
grunt.initConfig({
jshint: {
all: [
'Gruntfile.js',
'tasks/*.js',
],
options: {
jshintrc: '.jshintrc'
}
},
nodeunit: {
all: [
'test/mdspell_test.js'
]
},
mdspell: {
success: {
files: {
src: ['test/fixtures/noErrors.md']
}
},
spellingError: {
files: {
src: ['test/fixtures/spellingError.md']
}
},
noError: {
options: {
ignoreAcronyms: true,
ignoreNumbers: true
},
files: {
src: ['test/fixtures/*.md']
}
}
}
});
// Actually load this plugin's task(s).
grunt.loadTasks('tasks');
// These plugins provide necessary tasks.
grunt.loadNpmTasks('grunt-contrib-jshint');
grunt.loadNpmTasks('grunt-contrib-nodeunit');
// By default, lint and run all tests.
grunt.registerTask('default', ['jshint', 'nodeunit:all']);
};
|
github_open_source_100_1_213 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import {
Option,
SelectMenu,
SelectMenuItem,
Table,
Image,
TextDropdownButton,
StatusIndicator
} from "evergreen-ui";
import React from "react";
interface Props {
flexBasis?: number;
columnTitle: string;
menuTitle: string;
options: string[];
selected: string[];
setSelected: React.Dispatch<React.SetStateAction<string[]>>;
itemRenderer?: any;
}
const SelectMenuHeader = (props: Props) => {
const menuOptions: SelectMenuItem[] = props.options.map((opt) => ({
label: opt,
value: opt
}));
return (
<Table.TextHeaderCell
flexBasis={props.flexBasis ?? 100}
flexGrow={0}
flexShrink={0}>
<SelectMenu
isMultiSelect
title={props.menuTitle}
options={menuOptions}
selected={props.selected}
itemRenderer={props.itemRenderer}
onSelect={(item) =>
props.setSelected((curr) => [...curr, item.value.toString()])
}
onDeselect={(item) =>
props.setSelected((curr) =>
curr.filter((filter) => filter !== item.value)
)
}>
<TextDropdownButton>
{props.columnTitle.toUpperCase()}
</TextDropdownButton>
</SelectMenu>
</Table.TextHeaderCell>
);
};
// Closure over ServerMenuItem so we can pass in a list of online servers
// in order to set the status indicator when the server is online
export const makeStatusMenuItem = (onlineServers: string[]) => {
return function (props: any) {
return (
<StatusMenuItem
{...props}
color={
onlineServers.includes(props.label) ? "success" : undefined
}></StatusMenuItem>
);
};
};
// Use the default Option menu item but augment it with a status indicator.
// Use "any" because evergreen doesn't export a type for the the <Option/> props.
// See: https://github.com/segmentio/evergreen/blob/674d9a1d31786e7d00088b8553f353d7fee59732/src/select-menu/src/OptionsList.js#L26
export const StatusMenuItem = (props: any) => {
return (
<Option {...props}>
<StatusIndicator color={props.color}></StatusIndicator>
{props.icon && <Image src={props.icon} width={24} marginRight={8} />}
{props.label}
</Option>
);
};
export default SelectMenuHeader;
|
bpt6k5761736p_18 | French-PD-Books | Public Domain | Alors les sept Anges qui avaient les sept trompettes, se préparèrent pour en sonner. Et le premier Ange sonna de la trompette, et il se forma de la grêle et du feu mélangés avec du sable, qui furent versés sur la terre; ce qui brûla la troisième partie de la terre, et le même feu consomma la troisième partie des arbres, et toute l'herbe verte. Se préparèrent pour en sonner. Cette préparation fait voir que l'effusion du feu du sacrifice donnera du temps aux hommes pour faire pénitence, et que Dieu fuspendra un peu sa vengeance, étant toujours plus porté à la miséricorde qu'à la justice. v. 7. Et le premier Ange sonna de la trompette. Il me semble que ces sept Anges vont commencer par le fond de leurs trompettes la ruine de Jéricho, du monde : Mais ce fond puifissent représenter la voix de plusieurs grands Prédicateurs qui menaceront les hommes impies, en faisant le tour des Royaumes par eux-mêmes et par leurs disciples, comme des saints Dominiques et des saints François, chacun avec des saints de son Ordre ; ils parleront librement aux Rois et aux grands, ils les intimideront par leur sainteté et par leur confiance, et entrer beaucoup de miracles qui accompagneront leurs paroles, enfin ils frapperont tout le monde, comme Moïse frappa toute l'Égypte de grandes plaies, pour faire connaître aux hommes la puissance de Dieu, pour punir leurs crimes, et pour leur faire appréhender les derniers supplices. II se forma de la grêle et du feu mêlé avec du sang, etc. L'Apôtre remarque ce miracle entre plusieurs autres dont il ne fait pas mention, que les saints néanmoins feront en divers pays, n'étant pas croyable que Dieu afflige toute la terre d'un si grand fléau, sans avoir fait divers prodiges en chaque Royaume. Cette plaie, disent S. Irenée et Lactance, était représentée par la grêle d'Égypte mélangée avec le feu au milieu de l'Exode, ch. 2. et il est croyable que celle-ci surpassera autant en grandeur et en quantité celle d'Égypte, que la vérité surpassera les figures. Si donc celle-là fut si grande, dit l'Exode, que l'Égypte depuis son origine n'en avait jamais vu de semblable, et qu'elle consuma tout ce qui se trouva dans les champs, tant les hommes que les bêtes, les herbes, et les arbres ; on peut juger que celle-ci qui est destinée pour la punition de plus grands crimes, ne lui cédera pas en grandeur et en puissance. Aussi le feu de celle-ci sera beaucoup plus agissant que celui d'Égypte, car il brûlera la troisième partie de la terre, la troisième partie des arbres, et tout l'herbe verte, ce qu'il ne fit point dans l'Égypte, dont tout le ravage, selon l'Écriture, fut fait par la grêle. Ici, au contraire, quoi que la grêle brûlera tout ce qu'elle rencontrera, sa ruine néanmoins n'aura pas cette extension. L'Apôtre dit encore que ce feu brûlera la troisième partie de la terre. Ce qui doit comprendre les villes, les hommes, les animaux et tout ce qu'il y aura d'édifices à la campagne ; car autrement qu'entendrions-nous par la troisième partie de la terre, à la distinction de toute l'herbe verte ? L'Écriture ne doit-elle pas être prise à la lettre, lors qu'il n'y a rien qui l'empêche ? Or ici les crimes des hommes et l'indignation de Dieu demandent toute l'étendue des châtiments. Je sais que dans le Grec il n'est pas dit que la troisième partie de la terre soit brûlée, mais seulement la troisième partie des arbres, et toute l'herbe verte. Car nous lisons seulement "feulement la troisième partie des arbres, et toute l'herbe verte". Mais il y a une omission indubitable. Car le MS. Palatin, celui d'Alexandrie, un de ceux d'Étienne et Arethas portent comme l'exemplaire de l'Auteur de la Vulgate : "Et la troisième partie de la terre fut brûlée, et la troisième partie des arbres fut brûlée". Le Syriaque trouve la même chose dans ses manuscrits : "Et la troisième partie de la terre fut brûlée, et la troisième partie des arbres fut brûlée". Le Grec et l'Arabe s'y accordent, ainsi que l'Éthiopien et Tichonius aussi, et Bede. Le livre de l'Exode nous découvre quel sera ce feu lorsqu'il dit, que dit Dominus tonitrua, et grandinem, et difficurrentia fulgura super terram, pluitque Dominus grandinem super terram in Aegypto, et grando in ignis misit partiter serebantur. Le feu sera donc la flamme des éclairs, qui en un instant paraîtront, selon leur nature, d'une extrémité d'un Émiphére à l'autre. Par conséquent ce feu viendra du tonnerre, quoi que l'Apôtre n'en fasse pas ici mention, et ce ne seront pas de simples éclairs, mais des foudres aussi et des carreaux qui tomberont sur les villes, et dont la matière enflammée se répandra de toutes parts dans les campagnes, et sera d'épouvantables ruines. Ces tonnerres se formeront en chaque pays, autrement leurs foudres ne brûleraient pas la troisième partie de la terre et toutes les herbes; et la griffe ne sera pas moins forte partout où elle tombera, qu'elle fut sous Moïse en Egypte; Alors les Saints verront arriver ce que l'Auteur du livre de la Sagesse contemplé et dit à Dieu sur la griffe et sur le feu d'Egypte. Nega bonus nec malus, per fortitudinem brachii tui flagellati sint, tioris aquis, et grandinibus, et pluviis persecutionem passi; et per ignem consumti. Les impies qui disaient qu'ils ne vous connaissaient pas voulaient sentir les fléaux de votre bras puissant, étant persécutés par des eaux, par des griffes, et par des pluies toutes extraordinaires, et finalement consumés par les flammes. Le Sage trouve dans l'expression de cette grande griffe toutes ces choses comprises, les pluies nouvelles auxquelles enfin la griffe se réduit, et les eaux qu'il distingue de la pluie; parce qu'il est probable que c'étaient des inondations qui venaient des pluies et des griffes fondues, et qui noyaient les villes et les campagnes. Il est facile à juger que ce fléau des derniers temps, produira les mêmes effets, avec beaucoup plus de force et d'étendue. On verra aussi dans le feu allumé par la colère de Dieu ce que le livre de la Sagesse considère dans le feu mêlé avec la griffe. Ce qui était admirable, dit-il, c'est que l'ardeur du feu s'augmentait dans l'eau qui éteint toutes choses ; parce que le monde venge les injures des justes. Mais il faut encore ajouter à tous les malheurs qui sont représentés par cette plaque d'Égypte, que le sel et le feu seront mêlés avec du sang, ce qui remplira d'horreur et de crainte tous ceux qui se sentiront coupables des violences qu'ils auront exercées contre les Saints, et contre toutes les personnes faibles : car ce sang que Dieu fera tomber du ciel devant leurs yeux, leur reprochera celui des innocents qu'ils auront répandu. Il leur déclarera qu'il est monté devant Dieu pour lui demander vengeance, et que Dieu l'a fait défendre avec la crise et les foudres, pour leur apprendre que ce sont leurs haines et leurs cruautés, et leurs homicides qui ont attiré ces fléaux sur leurs terres. Cependant quelque grande que soit cette punition des crimes du monde, la miséricorde de Dieu ne laisse pas d'y reluire, en ce qu'il ne détruit pas tout d'un coup tous ses grands ennemis : mais choisissant ceux de qui la rébellion est montée à son comble, il avertit les autres puissamment, et les convie à se convertir. C'est ce qui fait faire cette exclamation au Sage, "Ô combien tu es bon, Seigneur, et fidèle ton Esprit envers tous ! pour cela je les admonesterai et parlerai à ceux qui errent, pour t'apporter loin de toi la malice, et croient en toi, Dieu." Tout le reste de ce chapitre est admirable. Puis le second Ange sonna de la trompette, et il se fit comme une grande montagne toute enflammée, qui fut jetée dans la mer, et la troisième partie de la mer fut convertie en sang. v. 8. Il fit comme une grande montagne toute enflammée qui fut jetée dans la mer. Il faut premièrement se représenter quelque chose de semblable à ce que nous avons dit de la première trompette, celle-ci comme celles qui suivent, signifie aussi quelque puissant Prédicateur rempli de l'esprit de force et de miracles, qui après plusieurs prédications, après des avertissements, des menaces et de grands siècles qu'il aura faits pour confondre et convaincre les hommes de la vérité de Dieu et de sa religion ; enfin prédira et se fera porté comme par un dernier effort ce prodige qui est ici brièvement représenté. Cette grande montagne fera de la matière des comètes, et elle s'étendra dans une grande étendue, et avec tant de durée, qu'elle paraîtra longtemps comme les comètes, et sera vue par toute la terre allant d'un tropique à l'autre, et épouvantant tous les hommes par la nouveauté de son spectacle. Mais la fureur sera bien plus grande lorsque cette matière venant à se dissoudre peu à peu en divers pays ; elle tombera, selon les prédictions qu'en sera l'homme de Dieu, en diverses mers, et lors que l'on verra ses grandes flammes se diviser en plusieurs parties, et fondre de temps en temps sur les eaux, qui par tous les endroits où elle tombera se changeront en sang, jusqu'à la troisième partie des mers, avec division néanmoins et partage des eaux sanglantes partout le monde, à proportion de la malice des nations où elles seront changées. Ce sera principalement auprès des rivages de la mer que l'on remarquera ce changement, il y aura des Royaumes entiers qui n'y verront que du sang, d'autres en sentiront peut-être ce fléau qu'en la troisième partie de leurs côtes, et apparentement nulles terres ne seront entièrement exemptes de cette plaie de la justice divine. Par tout on les éclats de cette montagne auront infecté les eaux, les navires qui s'y trouveront, soit sous les voiles, soit à l'ancre, périront par la corruption des vapeurs du sang, tous les hommes en étant étouffés, et les bâtiments demeurant abandonnés à la violence des vents et des flots. Tous les poissons mourront de ce venin entièrement contraire à leur nature, et la mer les jettant à terre à grands monceaux de la hauteur des collines en beaucoup d'endroits, la puanteur s'en répandra loin dans les villes et dans les campagnes, et l'on entendra partout des clameurs, soit pour les maladies et les morts subites qui viendront de la malignité de l'air, soit pour la perte des vaisseaux, des marchandises et des hommes. Alors les Prophètes prendront leur avantage pour faire connaître la grandeur de Dieu, les Saints seront consolés, les pécheurs confus, et toutefois ils reviendront comme Pharaon à leur endurcissement. Le troisième Ange sortit du ciel avec une grande étoile qui était allumée comme un flambeau, tomba du ciel sur la troisième partie des fleuves, et sur les fontaines. Cette étoile s'appelait abstinence, et la troisième partie des eaux étant devenue amère comme l'abstinence, cette amertume des eaux fit mourir beaucoup de personnes. La troisième partie de ce qu'il y avait de créatures animées dans la mer mourut. Nous lisons dans le Grec, et dans le Latin, que la troisième partie des créatures qui étaient dans le mari habitées d'animaux. Le Marquis de Vélès a trouvé comme l'Auteur Latin, la troisième partie des créatures, ayant des animaux dans le mari. Primasius avait vu cette même édition. v. 10. Et une grande étoile qui était allumée comme une flambeau. Ce troisième Ange apportera un renouvellement de grâce dans les servants de Dieu, et une nouvelle force, soit pour la prédication, soit pour les miracles; entre lesquels quelque grand homme résistera aux impies, qui blasphèmeront contre ce qu'on leur représentera de la plaie précédente, niant comme Balac Roi de Moab au 13. des Nombres; et comme les gens de Benadad Roi de Syrie, que Dieu soit également puissant partout. Ce n'est que dans la mer, diront-ils, que Dieu est puissant, et non point dans les terres, et parmi les hommes, où il y a tant de Dieux plus forts que lui. Alors l'homme de Dieu fera paraître le prodige qui est ici décrit, d'une grande étoile qui tombera sur les fleuves et sur les fontaines; en sorte néanmoins que Dieu n'exercera sa colère qu'avec grande retenue. Tu autem Dominator virtutis, dit le Sage, cum tranquillitate judicas, et us mirae reverentiae disposis nos, submettons-nous à toi, car tu es mieux que nous les mortels. Sap. n. 18. Cette étoile fera de l'efface des comètes, mais d'une grandeur toute extraordinaire, Son propre à imprimer la crainte à toute la terre, en paraissant partout, & en brillant avec une flamme plus vive et plus ardente que les autres étoiles. Elle se dissoudra enfin, Se se partageant en divers feux, tombera par l'élection du grand Juge sur la troisième partie des fleuves ; Dieu servant ceux qu'il lui plaira par bonté, Se infectant les autres pour montrer ce qu'il pourrait faire dans tous. On nommera cette étoile aphinthe, à cause de l'amertume qu'elle causera dans les eaux, dont plusieurs personnes qui en auront bu mourront ; ce qui n'arrivera pas moins par la corruption des fontaines, qui toutes sans réserve seront pleines de la même amertume. Le choix de la troisième partie des fleuves, fera voir la miséricorde divine : Se l'infection de toutes les fontaines montrera la puissance de Dieu, Se sa domination sur toute la terre. Quoi que tous ne meurent pas de l'amertume, il n'y aura personne néanmoins qui n'en soit malade et fort travaillé, Se cette plaie qui paraît moindre que la précédente, sera d'une étrange étendue, puisqu'elle comprendra toutes les personnes éloignées des rivières exemptes de la qualité maligne ; car nulle famille ne se peut passer d'eau longtemps, Se il y en aura peu qui ne soient obligées d'user de l'eau des fontaines, ou des eaux que les fontaines gâteront par leur mélange, toutes les rivières devenant peu à peu amères. Que si l'étoile ne tombe aussi que sur la troisième partie des fontaines, le miracle en sera encore plus capable de prouver la puissance et la bonté divine. La troisième partie des eaux. Il y a seulement dans le Grec ΣΤΕΛΒΙ, la troisième partie. Mais le MS. Palatin, celui d'Alexandrie, ceux du Cardinal Ximenez, un de ceux d'Étienne, le Marquis, et la Bible d'Alcalá sont conformes au Latin, et nous lisons dans tous, la troisième partie des eaux. Arethas, le Syriaque, l'Ethiopien et Primasius s'y accordent. DE S, JEAN. CHAP. VI. Ensuite le quatrième Ange fut donné de la trompette, et la troisième partie du soleil, de la lune, et des étoiles fut frappée si forte que leur lumière s'obscurcit dans leur troisième partie, et que ni le jour, ni la nuit ne furent point éclairés de cette partie. Alors je regardai, et j'entendis la voix d'un aigle qui volait par le milieu du ciel, et qui dit d'une voix forte : Malheur, malheur, malheur à ceux qui habitent sur la terre, à cause du son des trompettes que les trois autres Anges doivent faire retentir. v. 11. 13 Et la troisième partie du soleil, de la lune, et des étoiles sera frappée, etc. Ce sera l'accomplissement de ce que le fils de Dieu a prédit, qu'il y aurait des signes dans le soleil, dans la lune, et dans les étoiles : Et cette privation de lumière à tous les hommes, sera un témoignage de leurs ténèbres intérieures, de la résistance qu'ils feront à la lumière de JÉSUS-CHRIST, qui leur parlera par ses servants ; du rebut aussi de l'univers, qui se laissera de les servir, et qui les avertira de l'obscurité entière où ils seront prêts de tomber. Toute la nature s'affaiblira à proportion de la grandeur de ces voiles des astres : la chaleur et les influences qui l'accompagnent seront diminuées : la force de la terre, des animaux, des plantes et des hommes seront décruçées à proportion, et les qualités malignes au contraire se multiplieront ; le froid, les maladies, les langueurs s'augmenteront ; la maturité de toutes choses sera retardée et empêchée même en beaucoup de pays ; tout éclat, toute beauté, toute joie seront obscurcies et altérées : toutefois il n'y aura point d'esprit si impie qui n'yeufe qu'un si grand changement ne vienne de l'Auteur de l'univers, et qu'il ne s'en puisse découvrir d'autre cause que les crimes des hommes. v. 13. 14 J'entendis la voix d'un aigle qui volait par le milieu du ciel, etc. Cet aigle était un Ange qui représentait un saint homme qui sera élevé en grâce, en lumière, et en amour comme un S. Jean, et qui dans sa force annoncera à tout le monde que les fléaux qui suivront le son de la trompette des trois Anges qui doivent encore sonner, seront incomparablement plus funestes que les précédents. La voix d'un aigle. Le Grec porte, parle voix d'un Ange. Mais dans le MS. Palatin, dans celui d'Alexandrie, dans ceux du Cardinal Ximenes, du Marquis, et dans Arethas, nous lisons «.W, angelus, le Syriaque et l'Ethiopien s'y accordent. Le son de la cinquième trompette. Une étoile qui tombe fait ouvrir l'enfer. Des souffrances prodigieuses en sortent. Leur figure et les maux qu'elles feront aux hommes. La sixième trompette. Les quatre démons de l'Euphrate sont déchaînés. Il se lève une armée de deux millions d'hommes. Description de sa cavalerie. L'impenitence du monde. Le cinquième Ange sonna ainsi de la trompette, et je vis qu'il était tombé en terre une étoile du ciel, qui reçut la clé du puits de l'abyme. Et l'ayant ouvert, la fumée du puits s'éleva comme celle d'une fournaise, et elle obscurcit l'air et le soleil. De cette fumée du puits sortirent des souffrances, qui se répandirent sur la terre, et qui reçurent un pouvoir semblable à celui des scorpions de la terre. v. 1. Et je vis qu'il était tombé en terre une étoile du ciel, cette étoile semble ne devoir pas être un météore comme la précédente, parce que la clé de l'abîme lui est donnée, mais plutôt un Ange du ciel à qui Dieu donne la puissance d'ouvrir l'enfer pour exercer sa justice sur les hommes. Toutefois, si nous considérons les plaies précédentes, nous jugerons que le son de la trompette de ce cinquième Ange signifie comme les autres la parole de quelque puissant Prédicateur, qui voyant le monde endurci dans ses crimes, en parlera et agira par de grands miracles contre lui, et le menacera de faire paraître dans le ciel une étoile qui par sa chute produira des effets beaucoup plus funestes que ceux de la grêle et du feu mêlé de sang, et des inflammations célestes qui seront tombées déjà sur la mer, et sur les fleuves et fontaines. Enfin, il en sera fait naître une plus redoutable que ces premières, et elle ne tombera pas sur les eaux, mais sur la terre; et elle n'en corrompra pas quelques parties, mais elle ouvrira l'enfer. S'il en sera fait fort une prodigieuse infection. Il suffit que cette étoile tombe auprès de la ville Royale, et qu'elle ouvre quelque abîme dans la terre, d'où il fortira une infinité de vapeurs éparses qui obscurciront l'air et le soleil par des ténèbres semblables à celles de l'Égypte, qui selon le livre de la Sagesse sortirent de l'enfer. "Impotent vere nox", c'est une nuit qu'il était impossible de dissiper, "ab infinis", "ab altissimus inferis superveniens". Sap. 17. 13. 2 Qui reçut la clef du puits de l'abîme. C'est à la comète que la clef du puits sera donnée, parce qu'elle ouvrira par sa chute un abîme, qui pour les fumées et la fumée qui en sortiront, est appelé le puits de l'enfer. Il semblera qu'elle pénètre jusqu'au fond de la terre, et il ne s'en faut pas étonner, puisque ce sera un effet très-extraordinaire de la puissance et de la justice de Dieu. La fumée du puits s'éleva comme celle d'une fournaise, etc. Elle sera beaucoup plus grande que celle qui s'éleva du mont Vésuve sous l'empire de Titus, de laquelle Dion fait le récit, et il dit que pendant plusieurs jours cette montagne vomit une telle quantité de fumée et de cendres qu'elle obscurcit l'air jusqu'à deux ou trois cents mille pas alentour. v. 3. 4 De cette fumée du puits il sort des mots elle s, etc. Il ne faut point recourir au sens figuré lors que l'on peut expliquer l'Écriture à la lettre. Or il n'y a rien ici qui l'empêche; car cette plaie, comme les précédentes, doit avoir rapport à celles d'Égypte, entre lesquelles fut celle des véritables fauteurs; mais qui furent aussi différentes de celles-ci, que la figure l'est ordinairement de la vérité. Après que Dieu a frappé les eaux, il est juste qu'il frappe la terre; et le fléau en doit être plus rude et plus étendu que ceux de la mer et des fleuves; ce qui ne serait pas si ces fauteurs n'eussent, comme quelques-uns pensent, que des armées d'hommes. Car à peine s'étendraient-elles aussi loin, et leurs blessures ne seraient pas de la nature de celles de ces fauteurs, et enfin cette plaie ne serait pas différente de celle qui la doit suivre. Dieu donc fera naître par sa puissance, et par la parole de ses Ministres, un nouveau genre de véritables fauteurs; mais plus grands et plus malignes que toutes celles qui auront jamais été vues; quoi qu'il y en ait, comme d'autres infectes, d'une infinité de fortes. Alors on verra accompli ce que le Sage a dit parmi les enfants de l'Écriture. Non erat ipso possible manu tua, qua creavit coram erratum ex materia invisibilia, mittere illis (Egyptiis, dites Chaldaei) miserrimam urbem, aut audaces simula, aut novos generis ira praesintes ignotas bellias, aut vaporem ignium spirantes, aut fumi odorem peficentes, aut horrendas ab omnis sejitias emittentes, quorum non sum Isaura poterat eos exterminare, sed et affeutus per timorem occidere. Vous pouviez leur envoier des nouvelles espèces de bêtes inconnues et surprenantes, dont le souffle aurait été brûlant, ou aurait eu une odeur de fumée, ou qui eussent été capables non seulement de les perdre par leurs morsures, mais de les faire mourir de froid. Presque toutes choses paraîtront par ces fauteurs, fumée du puits. Le mot du puits n'est pas répété dans le Grec, comme dans le Latin. Le Marquis néanmoins l'a trouvé, etc. Il est aussi dans le MS. Il leur fut commandé de ne point nuire à l'herbe des champs, ni à rien de ce qu'il y avait de vert, ni à aucun arbre ; mais seulement aux hommes qui n'auraient pas le sceau de Dieu sur le front. Et il leur fut donné pouvoir, non de les tuer, mais de les tourmenter pendant cinq mois ; et la douleur qu'elles font souffrir est comme celle que cause un scorpion lorsqu'il pique l'homme. Mais seulement aux hommes. Ce sera une marque que ces bêtes sauvages seront d'une nature différente de toutes les autres, car on n'en voit point qui ne rongent l'herbe, ou les arbres; et celles-ci ne se nourrissant que du sang humain, et ne se jetant pas même sur les animaux, seront reconnaissables que la justice de Dieu les aura blessées par un dessein particulier ; et cette justice, usant de leur faim, et de leur animosité naturelle contre les hommes, les rendra furieuses contre eux, et obstinées à les blesser, et à les dévorer. Les hommes qui n'auraient pas le sceau de Dieu. Le choix que ces bêtes feront des impies sera une preuve indubitable de la vengeance de Dieu contre ses ennemis, et de sa protection sur ses enfants. Les impies en crèveront de rage et d'envie, et les Saints en seront admirablement fortifiés, et remplis de consolation. Voici le texte corrigé: V. J. S. non de les tuer, mais de les tourmenter pendant cinq mois. Ce fléau fera plus intenable que les plaies mortelles, comme il se voit au vers suivant. Les douleurs seront donc intsupportables, et le temps, ni les remèdes ne les pourront adoucir ; n'y ayant point de contrepoids contre un venin que Dieu aura fait exprès pour punir, et pour humilier l'orgueil des pécheurs, et qui sans ce dessein n'aurait jamais été dans la nature. D'ailleurs, les plaies croîtront toujours, même qu'on les voudra penser. Car ces sauterelles, comme les infectes d'Égypte, pénétreront partout, et se lanceront à toute heure de nouveau sur les malades, et sur leurs médecins ; et personne, de quelque condition qu'il soit, ne se pourra garantir de ces belles volantes, qui poursuivront en troupes tous les hommes jusqu' dans les cabinets, et dans les cavernes, qui les attaqueront pendant leur retraite, pendant leur travail, et dans la maison aussi bien qu'à la campagne. Nul Prince, ni sujet, ni esclave, ni grand, ni petit, n'offera paraître en aucun lieu : Nul sexe, ni âge n'en sera épargné. On ne verra que des compagnies de ces ennemis, dont le vol et l'ombre seules feraient trembler toutes les villes principalement et tous les lieux habités. Quiconque s'en ira à la campagne, en sera investi, et rudement piqué et tourmenté. Nul homme de guerre ne s'en pourra défendre, et soit en se levant, soit en mangeant, soit en mettant, ou en quittant ses armes, il en sera attaqué malgré sa fierté et ses blasphèmes, et en un même mot les mouches feront cesser tout le commerce, et tous les exercices de la vie, tous les divertissements et toutes les joies, et il n'y aura personne en aucun lieu qui ne jette des cris de douleur, de crainte, et de désespoir. En ce temps-là, les hommes chercheront la mort, et ils ne la trouveront pas, ils délireront de mourir, et la mort s'enfuira d'eux. La figure de ces fauteurs n'était semblable à des chevaux préparés pour le combat; elles portaient sur la tête comme des couronnes qui semblaient d'or, et leur visage était comme celui des hommes. Les hommes chercheront la mort, etc. Il est facile de concevoir que toute mort sera plus douce qu'un si cruel, si long, et si inévitable tourment. Totis met us, totis cars, toties invocata mors, ut nullum frequentius sit votum. Plin. L. 7, c.50. Et la mort s'enfuira d'eux. La justice de Dieu les tenant dans ces supplices inévitables, et dans une si horrible crainte des jugements de l'autre vie, dont les serviteurs de Dieu les menaceront, qu'ils n'offéreront se procurer la mort, ni ne pourront supporter les misères de la vie. . v. 7.11 Estoit semblable à des chevaux préparés pour le combat, ce qu'elles étaient rangées comme des escadrons de cavalerie. Les fauterelles n'ont point de Roi, dit Salomon aux Proverbes 30. 17. toutefois elles marchent toutes par troupes il les compare à la cavalerie à cause de leurs fautes et de leur vol; c'est pourquoi les Italiens les appellent, cavallette; et Job au ch. 39. 10. décrivant le cheval, dit: Numquid sescitabis eam quasi locustas ? des couronnes qui semblaient d'or. Elles auront en vérité un cercle jaune sur la tête: il dit, comme des couronnes, parce que ce n'en sera qu'une image, mais le Saint Esprit les remarque, afin de nous faire considérer que les pécheurs seront assujettis à ces bêtes; qu'elles leur dominéreront comme des tyrans, et les Rois même seront leurs esclaves. La couleur d'or des couronnes marquera davantage leur puissance souveraine, à laquelle nulle grandeur ne se pourra soustraire: et ce qui surpasse la royauté des hommes, ces couronnes leur seront naturelles, et le seul Maître qui les leur aura données les pourra ôter. Leur visage était comme celui des hommes. Elles n'auront pas tout à fait le visage d'hommes, mais un rapport semblable à celui que les linges et les suyrets ont à l'homme; et Dieu l'ordonnera ainsi, pour faire remarquer aux impies quels ils auront été envers les innocents et les Saints: les hommes auront été des bêtes envers les hommes, et les bêtes seront semblables à ceux de leur cruauté et dans leur humanité. De sorte qu'ils ne se pourront plaindre des attaques violentes, des surprises, des poursuites obstinées, des morsures et des piqûres de ces animaux; parce que leur rage contre ceux dont elles portent l'image et l'apparence extérieure, leur sera une reproche et une punition de leur fureur contre leurs semblables. 8 14 Elles avaient des cheveux comme ceux des femmes, et leurs dents étaient comme celles des lions. 9 Elles étaient très armées comme de cuirasses de fer, et lorsqu'elles volaient, elles faisaient un bruit semblable à celui des chariots à plusieurs chevaux, qui courent au combat. 10 Leurs queues étaient comme celles des scorpions, ayant des pointes picantes, et elles avaient pouvoir de faire mal aux hommes pendant cinq mois. S. 14 Elles avaient des cheveux comme ceux des femmes. Ce seront des flocons pendans et tortillés qui paraissent par de petites raies qui environneront leur tête, et qui représentent en quelque sorte la frisée et les ornements des femmes de ce temps-là. Pour montrer que les hommes seront rendus tout étranges : que les femmes s'occupant toutes aux attraits de la volupté, la dissolution sera jointe à l'injustice : car les plus grands crimes de ce temps-là seront représentés en ces fléaux vengeurs ; la cruauté dans l'humanité apparente ; l'empire dans la brutalité ; l'insolence des femmes dans les violences des hommes, et la volupté dans la tyrannie. 15 $ leurs dents étaient comme celles des lions. À proportion de leur grandeur, elles avaient des dents de lions, qui sont faites principalement pour pénétrer, et pour déchirer ; car ce sont très longues et très fortes, et rien ne leur peut résister. Ainsi ces fauteurs elles auront la gueule armée comme le lion, et comme le scorpion, elles picqueront de leur queue. La tête donc en sera fort grosse, et la gueule fort grande pour soutenir des dents si longues, si perçantes, et si fortes : et célébrera un étrange supplice d'être attaqué par ces belles, qui ne se nourriront pas de plantes, mais de la seule chair des hommes ; puis qu'elles auront des dents, elles ne brouteront pas les herbes comme les larves ordinaires, qui n'ont que des levres faites en seigneur, mais elles mordront et couperont la chair humaine. Elles n'attireront pas le fumée, comme les sans, et comme plusieurs espèces de mouches : ce qui ne laisserait pas d'être fort cruel ; mais elles enfonceront leurs longues dents, et déchireront les mains, le visage, et tous les endroits du corps où elles pourront s'attacher. Elles fendront une faim d'autant plus grande, que ce seront des belles causeries, et pleines de chaleur, comme s'imaginant nées de la cendre et de la fumée des inflammations soufranimes ; de force que ne le palant que de chair humaine, et nulle autre nourriture ne leur sera propre, elles s'acharneront sur tous les membres des hommes sans se rebuter pour les habits, qu'elles tenteront partout de percer par leurs dents, et nulle invention ne les pourra détacher des hommes, des femmes et des enfants. v. 9. 6 Armées comme de cuirasses de fer. Elles seront couvertes d'un cartilage de couleur de fer bien poli, pour faire concevoir que c'est une espèce de soldats que Dieu a levé pour faire une guerre toute extraordinaire à ses ennemis, pendant que ces enfants ne voudront, ni ne pourront se défendre, si un bruit semblable à celui des chariots à plusieurs chevaux, et le mouvement de leurs ailes sera un sifflement terrible dans l'air, et la multitude de cette cavalerie redoutable rendra le bruit de leur vol aussi grand que celui des chariots armés de faux et de langues tranchantes, dont les chevaux sont poussés à toute bride. Ce bruit remplira les villes entières de frayeur, et accablera les plus fortes de leurs concussions, et de l'oppression qu'ils feront souffrir aux faibles. Ils sauront qu'il y a un Juge dans le ciel, qui envoie des armées inconnues, et propres pour confondre, et pour venger toute orgueil et toute injustice. Leurs queues étaient comme celles des scorpions, etc. Ce seront donc des queues à six ou sept noeuds, qui se termineront en arc, dont les extrémités seront picantes et creuses, jettant le venin par la même pointe qu'elles enfonceront dans la chair, Se s'étant recourbées en arcs des hameçons. Ham utile punculam, dit Tertullien, in seorpionem, in summo, in mane. L'APOCALYPTOSE Les scorpions. C'est pourquoi, il dit que, reflagellatum telum. Il exprime en cette forme la cavité des pointes qui picquent, et qui portent et répandent le venin. Fpiculum se stimulat est patulâ unitate. Id virus & vulnus quia figit, effundit. Il a pris de Pline tout ce qu'il y ait, et c'est de cet historien de la nature que nous tirons diverses lumières pour l'éclaircissement de ce lieu de l'Apôtre. Il dit que le venin du scorpion fait languir pendant trois jours ceux qu'il a piqué, et que les ayant tourmentés par un supplice lent, il les fait mourir : in aurore (quod serpenta) supplicio lento per triduum mortem consultur. Ces scorpions bleifferont les hommes en la manière des scorpions, mais leur venin sera beaucoup plus lent, puisqu'il les fait souffrir des douleurs pendant cinq mois, qui seront plus pénibles que la mort. Il dit qu'il a toujours ses armes prêtes pour blesser, semper cauda inusta, et nulloque momento meditari cesse, nequando dicet occasio. Les scorpions seront beaucoup plus animés, et par leur nature, citant les instruments de la colère et de l'indignation de Dieu, et par la faim qui les fera voler sur les hommes, et les leur fera s'abattre et comme fouiller en tout le corps, et par leur roi qui sera un démon. Elles seront donc doublement cruelles et redoutables par leurs morsures fatales, et par leur faim insatiable de la chair et du sang des hommes, et par leur venin qui se répandra comme un feu dans toutes les veines, et dans tous les nerfs, et privera les hommes criminels de tout repos à proportion de leurs crimes. 11. Elles avaient pour Roi l'Ange de l'abysme, 11 qui s'appelle en Hébreu Abaddon, en Grec Apollyon, et en Latin Exterminans, c'est à dire Exterminateur. 10. Elles avaient pour Roi l'Ange de l'abysme. Il n'est pas naturel aux fauteresses, comme aux mouches à miel d'avoir un Roi; mais celles-ci n'étant soutenues que par la justice particulière de Dieu, un démon leur sera donné pour les appliquer et les animer, selon que cette divine justice l'exigera de lui; ce qui confirme tout ce que nous avons dit des maux que les fauteresses feront souffrir aux impies. Qui s'appelle en Hébreu Abaddon, en Grec Apollyon, perdons. Et en Latin Exterminans. Ces paroles ne sont point dans le grec, et ne peuvent avoir été mises que par l'Interprète latin, ce qui donne sujet de s'étonner que le Marquis de Velez ait trouvé dans un MS. grec, avec le latin nomen habens exterminans. Si ce n'est qu'il ait eu quelque exemplaire corrigé depuis le Concile de Florence par un grec réuni à l'Église Romaine, c'est à dire Exterminateur. Ce n'est pas ici une addition à l'Écriture, mais une imitation de l'Interprète latin qui avait repliqués en sa langue, comme S. Jean écrivant en grec avait expliqué le même nom ne doit pas faire croire que le démon ait le pouvoir de faire mourir les hommes, de peur de détruire ce qui est écrit au v. 6. car il sera assez exterminateur en causant universellement des douleurs, et des captivités plus pénibles que la mort, et ce que dit Arethas est très certain, que à in incorruptibili vita mors expulsae. M. Un des malheurs est passé, mais il en doit venir encore deux autres. Le sixième Ange sonna aussi de la trompette, et j'entendis une voix qui sortait des quatre coins de l'autel d'or, qui est devant les yeux de Dieu, Qui dit au sixième Ange qui avait la trompette : "Détachez les quatre Anges qui sont liés sur le grand fleuve d'Euphrate." v. 15. 13 Sutis fortes des quatre coins de l'autel d'or. L'autel d'or représente T. C.-glorieux par lequel toutes les prières des Saints des quatre parties de la terre sont présentées à Dieu ; et c'est sur ce même autel que le saint Sacrifice de l'Eucharistie est offert, qui selon les Saints Pères, est notre grande prière, et avec lequel toute l'Église demande à Dieu sa protection contre les impies, et la fin du péché et du règne du démon. On peut voir ce que nous avons dit de cet autel sur l'Épître aux Hébreux c. p. 4. Ce seront ces prières de J. C. et de toute l'Église qui obtiendront le grand secours que Dieu donnera à ses Saints lorsque le sixième Ange sonnera de la trompette. Quelque Prophète puissant excitera toute l'Église à faire avec des jeûnes, et avec toutes sortes d'œuvres saintes ces prières extraordinaires; et alors une seule voix de J. C. et de tous les enfants de Dieu sortira des quatre coins de l'autel, c. des quatre parties du monde; car toute l'Église n'a qu'une même voix, et tout ce qui est offert sur cet autel d'or et ce lecteur n'est qu'un. Cette voix dira à l'Ange, c. au grand serviteur de Dieu qui fera alors retentir partout le son de la parole, qu'il détache les quatre démons. Parce que ce sera cette prière commune de tous les Saints qui produira ce grand et admirable effet. Le commandement de Dieu n'est nullement éloigné de cette prière de l'Église ; celui, qui la met et l'excite à demander, est présent en elle, qui est J. C. intégral, pour la rendre efficace, et pour exécuter ce qu'elle désire, qui est devant les yeux de Dieu. Nous lisons en grec ἡ προστάτις ὑπέρ τοῦ, qu'est devant Dieu. Le Marquis a trouvé comme l'Auteur Latin avumy répandu. Αἰ ὑπέρ τοῦ, devant les yeux de Dieu; ce qui marque non seulement qu'il est devant Dieu, mais que Dieu a toujours les yeux ouverts dessus. Primasius l'exprime ainsi. v.14. Détachez les quatre yeux, &c. Les Saints défirent efficacement, Dieu accomplissant leur désir, que leur saint Moïse, c'est leur homme de Dieu, le Prophète et le Prédicateur qui sera alors le Dieu du grand Pharaon et de la grande Egypte, détache les démons. Il le fera par la puissance divine, et par le secours de l'Archange qui sonne de la trompette ; mais ce Prince, du ciel en sonnant que par le ministère du saint homme qu'il soutient, et qu'il dirige, c'est l'Ange que l'œuvre est attribuée. Détachez les quatre Anges, qui sont liés, sur le grand fleuve d'Euphrate; Puisque ces Anges étaient liés, il ne faut pas douter que ce ne soient des démons. Mais il est difficile de savoir qui ils étaient; Pourquoi ils étaient quatre; En quel temps, et pourquoi ils avaient été liés; Et enfin pourquoi ils furent liés dans le fleuve de l'Euphrate. Autant que je le puis juger par la lumière de l'Écriture, que je fasse néanmoins avec un profond respect aux lois de Dieu, qui est la vérité souveraine et adorable; Sa que je soumets au saint Apôtre qui nous a laissé l'humble recherche de ces secrets: je me figure que c'étaient quatre grands Princes des démons d'entre ceux qui établirent le culte des idoles dans Babylone, et qui de là le répandirent chacun en une des parties du monde; car nous verrons dans la suite de ce livre, que l'idolâtrie prit son origine dans Babylone, et que cette ville impie la communiqua à toute la terre. Comme donc nous voyons que le soin d'exécuter dans tout l'univers les ordres de Dieu est commis à quatre Anges qui sont debout aux quatre coins de la terre, au même ces quatre démons avaient partagé entre eux, par le commandement de leur chef, les quatre vents, afin de les infester plus promptement et avec plus d'application du poison de la coupe de Babylone. Ces quatre Princes des ténèbres qui étaient les premiers en haine contre Dieu, et contre son Église, en orgueil, en impiété, et en envie contre les hommes, furent liés au temps de la mort de J. C. lors qu'il dit, que le jugement du monde était venu, et que le prince du monde serait chassé dehors, ce qu'il faut entendre du premier et de ses subfits, sur tout des plus puissants et des plus animés contre nous. Le Sauveur les enchaîna avec les fers de sa puissance et de sa justice, pour donner lieu à l'établissement de l'Évangile, qui est la ruine de l'idolâtrie. Or il n'y avait point de lieu en la terre où il fut plus juste de les arrêter en prison, qu'au pais même de Babylone, où ils avaient commencé leurs crimes. 15 II détacha ces quatre Anges qui étaient prêts pour l'heure, le jour, le mois et l'année auxquels ils devaient tuer la troisième partie des hommes. 16 Le nombre de leur armée était en cavalerie de deux cents millions d'hommes, et j'en entendis le nombre. v. 15. 13 étaient prêts pour l'heure, le jour, etc. Ces paroles nous donnent sujet de croire que lors que ces démons furent liés, ils connurent quelle était la cause de leur prison, et qu'ils se virent destinés à punir un jour les crimes dont ils avaient jeté les semences et multiplié les productions, qui bien que retranchées alors pouvaient encore produire de nouveaux rejetons, et s'élèvera leur ancienne hauteur. La dépendance donc qu'ils ont de Dieu malgré eux, la nécessité où ils se sentent d'exécuter ponctuellement ses ordres, la passion qui les tourmente de se voir en quelque liberté de nuire aux créatures de Dieu, et la rage qu'ils conservent particulièrement contre les hommes, fait qu'ils attendent avec un ardent désir le temps préfix auquel Dieu leur lâchera leur chaîne pour aller décharger leur fureur contre les pécheurs, tuer la troisième partie des hommes. Cette multitude prodigieuse de morts sera facile à concevoir par le grand nombre des gens de guerre que ces démons feront mettre sur pied en toutes les parties du monde. |
5733849_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | *1428Appeal from a judgment (denominated order and judgment) of the Supreme Court, Onondaga County (Thomas J. Murphy, J.), entered June 12, 2006 in a proceeding pursuant to CPLR article 78. The judgment, inter alia, dismissed the petition.
It is hereby ordered that the judgment so appealed from be and the same hereby is unanimously affirmed without costs.
Memorandum: Petitioners commenced this CPLR article 78 proceeding seeking to annul that part of the determination of respondent Town of Lafayette Zoning Board of Appeals (ZBA) conditioning its approval of the application of petitioners for a “Specific Permit” (hereafter, permit) to use their property as a camp on their removal of a 38-foot travel trailer from their property. Supreme Court determined that the ZBA’s determination, made after a lengthy public hearing, was rational and dismissed the petition. We affirm.
The scope of the court’s review of the ZBA’s determination is limited to determining whether the ZBA’s action was illegal, arbitrary, or an abuse of discretion (see Matter of Village of Honeoye Falls v Town of Mendon Zoning Bd. of Appeals, 237 AD2d 929 [1997]; see also Matter of Ifrah v Utschig, 98 NY2d 304, 308 [2002]). Where “the determination of the ZBA has a rational basis and is supported by substantial evidence, it is entitled to great deference and must be sustained” (Matter of Welsh v Town of Amherst Zoning Bd. of Appeals, 270 AD2d 844, 844 [2000]; see Matter of Farrell v Johnson, 266 AD2d 873 [1999]; see also Matter of Lloyd v Town of Greece Zoning Bd. of Appeals [appeal No. 1], 292 AD2d 818, 819 [2002], lv denied in part and dismissed in part 98 NY2d 691 [2002]).
Here, respondent Town of Lafayette’s zoning ordinance allows property zoned “AR,” i.e., Agricultural-Residential, to be used for camping purposes upon the issuance of a permit. The zoning ordinance also allows the ZBA to impose conditions upon the granting of a permit to ensure that the approved use is “Appropriate for the particular lot and location[,]. . .[n]ot unreasonably detrimental to neighboring properties, areas and districts [and Consistent with an orderly and appropriate development of neighboring properties, areas, and districts” (Town of Lafayette Zoning Ordinance, art I"V( § B [1] [a]-[c]). Here, it is undisputed that petitioners’ trailer is not licensed, registered, or insured. Petitioners’ trailer is also the only one in the neighborhood and, in the opinion of the ZBA, its presence on petitioners’ small parcel “overwhelms the site and creates a feature which is out of character with the surrounding camps and homes in the surrounding neighborhood.” We thus conclude that the ZBA’s determination conditionally approving the *1429permit is supported by substantial evidence in the record and has a rational basis. The record does not support petitioners’ further contention that the condition requiring the removal of the trailer was related to the “ ‘identity of the applicants] ’ ” (Matter of St. Onge v Donovan, 71 NY2d 507, 515 [1988]). Present—Gorski, J.P., Smith, Centra, Fahey and Green, JJ.
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942898_2003_2 | SEC | Public Domain | Any savings institution that fails to meet the qualified thrift lender test must convert to a national bank charter, unless it requalifies as a qualified thrift lender and remains a qualified thrift lender. If an institution does not requalify and converts to a national bank charter, it must remain SAIF-insured until the FDIC permits it to transfer to the BIF. If an institution has not yet requalified or converted to a national bank, its new investments and activities are limited to those permissible for both a savings association and a national bank, and it is limited to national bank branching rights in its home state. In addition, the institution is immediately ineligible to receive any new FHLB borrowings and is subject to national bank limits for payment of dividends. If the institution has not requalified or converted to a national bank within three years after the failure, it must sell all investments and stop all activities not permissible for a national bank. In addition, it must repay promptly any outstanding FHLB borrowings, which may result in prepayment penalties. If any institution that fails the qualified thrift lender test is controlled by a holding
company, then within one year after the failure, the holding company must register as a bank holding company and become subject to all restrictions on bank holding companies. See "- Holding Company Regulation."
Community Reinvestment Act. Under the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA), every FDIC insured institution has a continuing and affirmative obligation, consistent with safe and sound banking practices, to help meet the credit needs of its entire community, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods. The CRA requires the OTS, in connection with its examination of First Federal, to assess the institution's record of meeting the credit needs of our community and to take this record into account in our evaluation of certain applications, such as a merger or the establishment of a branch, by First Federal. An unsatisfactory rating may be used as the basis for the denial of an application by the OTS. First Federal was examined for CRA compliance in March 1997 and received a rating of "satisfactory."
USA Patriot Act of 2001. In October 2001, the USA Patriot Act of 2001 was enacted in response to the terrorist attacks in New York, Pennsylvania and Washington, D.C. which occurred on September 11, 2001. The Patriot Act is intended is to strengthen U.S. Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. On July 30, 2002, President Bush signed into law the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the SOA. The SOA is the most far-reaching U.S. securities legislation enacted in many years, and includes many substantive and disclosure-based requirements. The stated goals of the SOA are to increase corporate responsibility, to provide for enhanced penalties for accounting and auditing improprieties at publicly traded companies and to protect investors by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures pursuant to the securities laws. The SOA generally applies to all companies, both U.S. and non-U.S., that file or are required to file periodic reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the "Exchange Act"). Given the extensive and continuing SEC role in implementing rules relating to many of the SOA's new requirements, the effects of these requirements remain to be determined, although it is likely that the Company's costs will increase somewhat, at least in the short term, as a result of SOA implementation.
Other Laws and Regulations. The lending and deposit-taking activities of First Federal are subject to a variety of federal and state consumer protection laws, including the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (which prohibits discrimination in all aspects of credit-granting), the Truth-in-Lending Act (which principally mandates certain disclosures in connection with loans made for personal, family or household purposes and imposes substantive restrictions with respect to home equity lines of credit), the Truth-in-Savings Act (which principally mandates certain disclosures in connection with deposit-taking activities), the Fair Credit Reporting Act (which, among other things, requires a lender to disclose the name and address of the credit bureau from whom a lender obtains a report that resulted in a denial of credit), the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (which, among other things, requires residential mortgage lenders to provide loan applicants with closing cost information shortly after the time of application and prohibits referral fees in connection with loan originations and other real estate settlement services), the Electronic Funds Transfer Act (which, among other things, requires certain disclosures in connection with electronic funds transactions) and the Expedited Funds Availability Act (which, among other things, requires that deposited funds be made available for withdrawal in accordance with a prescribed schedule and that the schedule be disclosed to customers). As a federal savings bank, First Federal is exempt from most state laws, other than contract and commercial law; real property law; tort law and criminal law.
Transactions with Affiliates. Under federal law, all transactions between and among First Federal and its affiliates, which include its holding company, are subject to Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act and Regulation W promulgated thereunder as interpreted by the OTS. Generally, these requirements limit these transactions to a percentage of the bank's capital and require all of them to be on terms at least as favorable to the bank as transactions with non-affiliates. In addition, a bank may not lend to any affiliate engaged in non-banking activities not permissible for a bank holding company or acquire shares of any affiliate that is not a subsidiary. The OTS is authorized to impose additional restrictions on transactions with affiliates if necessary to ensure safety and
soundness standards. The OTS regulations also set forth various reporting requirements relating to transactions with affiliates.
Extensions of credit by First Federal to its executive officers, directors and principal shareholders are subject to Section 22(h) of the Federal Reserve Act, which among other things, generally prohibits loans to any such individual where the aggregate amount exceeds an amount equal to 15% of an institution's unimpaired capital and surplus plus an additional 10% of unimpaired capital and surplus in the case of loans that are fully secured by readily marketable collateral.
Section 22(h) permits loans to directors, executive officers and principal stockholders made pursuant to a benefit or compensation program that is widely available to employees of First Federal provided that no preference is given to any officer, director or principal stockholder, or related interest thereto, over any other employee. In addition, the aggregate amount of extensions of credit by a savings institution to all insiders cannot exceed the institution's unimpaired capital and surplus. Furthermore, Section 22(g) places additional restrictions on loans to executive officers. Holding Company Regulation. Northeast Indiana is a unitary savings and loan holding company subject to regulatory oversight by the OTS. As such, we are required to register and file reports with the OTS and are subject to regulation and examination by the OTS. In addition, the OTS has enforcement authority over Northeast Indiana and its non-savings association subsidiaries which also permits the OTS to restrict or prohibit activities that are determined to be a serious risk to the subsidiary savings association.
As a unitary savings and loan holding company, that has been in existence since before May 4, 1999, Northeast Indiana generally is not subject to activity restrictions. If Northeast Indiana acquires control of another savings association as a separate subsidiary, it would become a multiple savings and loan holding company, and the activities of Northeast Indiana and any of its subsidiaries (other than First Federal or any other SAIF-insured savings association) would become subject to certain restrictions. Additionally, if we fail the qualified thrift lender test, within one year Northeast Indiana must register as and will become subject to, the restrictions applicable to bank holding companies.
Federal Securities Law. The stock of Northeast Indiana is registered with the SEC under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act). Northeast Indiana is subject to the information, proxy solicitation, insider trading restrictions and other requirements of the Exchange Act.
Northeast Indiana stock held by persons who are affiliates, (generally officers, directors and 10% stockholders) of Northeast Indiana may not be resold without registration unless sold in accordance with certain resale restrictions. If Northeast Indiana satisfies the requirements of such resale restrictions and meets specified current public information requirements, each affiliate of Northeast Indiana is able to sell in the public market, without registration, a limited number of shares in any three-month period.
Federal Reserve System. The Federal Reserve Board requires all depository institutions to maintain non-interest bearing reserves at specified levels against their transaction accounts (primarily checking, NOW and Super NOW checking accounts). At December 31, 2002, First Federal was in compliance with these reserve requirements.
Savings associations are authorized to borrow from the Federal Reserve Bank "discount window," but Federal Reserve Board regulations require associations to exhaust other reasonable alternative sources of funds, including FHLB borrowings, before borrowing from the Federal Reserve Bank.
Federal Home Loan Bank System. First Federal is a member of the FHLB of Indianapolis, which is one of 12 regional FHLBs that administer the home financing credit function of savings associations. Each FHLB serves as a reserve or central bank for its members within its assigned region. It makes loans to members (i.e., advances) in accordance with policies and procedures, established by the board of directors of the FHLB, which are subject to the oversight of the Federal Housing Finance Board. All advances from the FHLB are required to be fully secured by sufficient collateral as determined by the FHLB. In addition, all long-term advances must be used for residential home financing.
As a member, First Federal is required to purchase and maintain a minimum amount of stock in the FHLB of Indianapolis. At December 31, 2002, First Federal had $4.9 million in FHLB stock, which was in compliance with this requirement. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2002, dividends paid by the FHLB of Indianapolis to First Federal totaled $298,000, which constitutes a $67,000 decrease compared to the amount of dividends received in fiscal 2001. Over the past five fiscal years these dividends have averaged 7.55% and were 6.02% for fiscal 2002.
TAXATION
Federal Taxation. We file consolidated federal income tax returns on a fiscal year basis using the accrual method of accounting. Savings institutions that met certain definitional tests relating to the composition of assets and other conditions prescribed by the Internal Revenue Code, had been permitted to establish reserves for bad debts and to make annual additions which could, within specified formula limits, be taken as a deduction in computing taxable income for federal income tax purposes. The amount of the bad debt reserve deduction is now computed under the experience method.
In addition to the regular income tax, corporations, including savings institutions, generally are subject to a minimum tax. An alternative minimum tax is imposed at a minimum tax rate of 20% on alternative minimum taxable income, which is the sum of a corporation's regular taxable income (with certain adjustments) and tax preference items, less any available exemption. The alternative minimum tax is imposed to the extent it exceeds the corporation's regular income tax and net operating losses can offset no more than 90% of alternative minimum taxable income.
To the extent earnings appropriated to a savings institution's bad debt reserves for "qualifying real property loans" and deducted for federal income tax purposes exceed the allowable amount of such reserves computed under the experience method and to the extent of the institution's supplemental reserves for losses on loans, such excess may not, without adverse tax consequences, be utilized for the payment of cash dividends or other distributions to a shareholder (including distributions on redemption, dissolution or liquidation) or for any other purpose (except to absorb bad debt losses). As of December 31, 2002, First Federal's excess for tax purposes totaled approximately $1.3 million.
We have not been audited by the IRS recently with respect to federal income tax returns. In our opinion, any examination of still open returns would not result in a deficiency which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.
Indiana Taxation. The State of Indiana imposes an 8.5% franchise tax on the net income of financial (including thrift) institutions, exempting them from the current gross income, supplemental net income and intangible taxes. Net income for franchise tax purposes will constitute federal taxable income before net operating loss deductions and special deductions, adjusted for certain items, including Indiana income taxes, tax exempt interest and bad debts. Other applicable Indiana taxes include sales, use and property taxes.
Delaware Taxation. As a company incorporated under Delaware state law, Northeast Indiana is exempted from Delaware corporate income tax but is required to file an annual report with, and pay an annual fee to, the State of Delaware. We are also subject to an annual franchise tax imposed by the State of Delaware.
COMPETITION
We face strong competition, both in originating real estate loans and in attracting deposits. Competition in originating real estate loans comes primarily from commercial banks, mortgage companies, credit unions and savings institutions located in our market area. Commercial banks, savings institutions and credit unions provide vigorous competition in consumer lending. We compete for real estate and other loans principally on the basis of the quality of services we provide to borrowers, the interest rates and loan fees we charge, and the types of loans we originate. See "- Lending Activities."
We attract most of our deposits through our retail banking offices, primarily from the communities in which those retail banking offices are located. Therefore, competition for those deposits is principally from retail
brokerage offices, commercial banks, savings institutions and credit unions located in these communities. We compete for these deposits by offering a variety of account alternatives at competitive rates and by providing convenient business hours, branch locations and interbranch deposit and withdrawal privileges.
We primarily serve Huntington County, Indiana. There are six commercial banks, no savings institutions other than First Federal, and six credit unions which compete for deposits and loans in Huntington County. We estimate that our share of the savings market in Huntington County based on FDIC insured institutions is approximately 29% and our share of the residential mortgage market is approximately 20%.
EMPLOYEES
At December 31, 2002, we had a total of 46 full-time, 8 part-time and no seasonal employees. Our employees are not represented by any collective bargaining group. Management considers its employee relations to be good.
ITEM 2.
ITEM 2. DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES
We conduct our business through three offices, all of which are located in Huntington, Indiana and are owned by First Federal. The following table sets forth information relating to each of our offices as of December 31, 2002. The total net book value of our premises and equipment (including land, buildings and leasehold improvements and furniture, fixtures and equipment) at December 31, 2002 was approximately $2.2 million. See Note 5 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the Annual Report to Shareholders.
We believe that our current and planned facilities are adequate to meet our present and foreseeable needs. We also maintain an on-line database with an independent service bureau servicing financial institutions.
Item 3.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
We are involved, from time to time, as plaintiff or defendant in various legal actions arising in the normal course of their businesses. While the ultimate outcome of these proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, it is the opinion of management, after consultation with counsel representing us in the proceedings, that the resolution of these proceedings should not have a material effect on our results of operations on a consolidated basis.
ITEM 4.
ITEM 4. SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO A VOTE OF SECURITY HOLDERS
No matter was submitted to a vote of security holders, through the solicitation of proxies or otherwise, during the quarter ended December 31, 2002.
PART II
ITEM 5.
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR COMMON EQUITY AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
Page 45 of the Annual Report is herein incorporated by reference.
ITEM 6.
ITEM 6. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATION
Pages 3 through 16 of the Annual Report are herein incorporated by reference.
ITEM 7.
ITEM 7. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The following information appearing in the Annual Report is incorporated herein by reference.
With the exception of the aforementioned information in Part II of the Form 10-KSB, the Annual Report is not deemed filed as part of this annual report on Form 10-KSB.
ITEM 8.
ITEM 8. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
There has been no Current Report on Form 8-K filed within 24 months prior to the date of the most recent financial statements reporting a change of accountants and/or reporting disagreements on any matter of accounting principle or financial statement disclosure.
PART III
ITEM 9.
ITEM 9. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS, PROMOTERS AND CONTROL PERSONS; COMPLIANCE WITH SECTION 16(A) OF THE EXCHANGE ACT
DIRECTORS
Information concerning our Directors and Compliance with Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act is incorporated herein by reference from the definitive proxy statement for the annual meeting of stockholders to be held in 2003, a copy of which will be filed not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year.
EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF NORTHEAST INDIANA AND FIRST FEDERAL
The following table sets forth certain information regarding our executive officers who are not also directors.
(1) At December 31, 2002.
The business experience of the executive officers who are not also directors is set forth below.
RANDY J. SIZEMORE is Senior Vice President, Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer, positions he has held since April 2002. Prior to joining First Federal, Mr. Sizemore held positions in a similar capacity with another bank holding company and its subsidiary since 1999, and prior to that he performed similar job functions for another bank holding company. Mr. Sizemore has a total of 10 years experience working with financial institutions.
DEE ANN HAMMEL is Senior Vice President, Secretary and Chief Operations Officer, positions she has held since March 1995. Ms. Hammel first joined First Federal in 1975 as a teller. Ms. Hammel is responsible for directing and controlling First Federal's daily activities.
ITEM 10.
ITEM 10. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Information concerning executive compensation is incorporated herein by reference from the definitive proxy statement for the annual meeting of stockholders to be held in 2003, a copy of which will be filed not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year.
ITEM 11.
ITEM 11. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
Information concerning security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management is incorporated herein by reference from the definitive proxy statement for the annual meeting of stockholders to be held in 2003, a copy of which will be filed not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year.
The following table provides information as of December 31, 2002 related to our equity compensation plans in effect at that time.
(1) Restated to reflect the 10% stock dividends paid in both November 1998 and November 1999. Includes outstanding options to purchase shares of the Company's Common Stock under our 1995 Stock Option and Incentive Plan and our 2002 Omnibus Incentive Plan.
(2) Includes shares available for future issuance under our 2002 Omnibus Incentive Plan and our Recognition and Retention Plan; excludes securities reflected in column (a). In addition to stock options, the 2002 Omnibus Incentive Plan and the Recognition and Retention Plan provide for the issuance of stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, or performance awards. 155,024 shares remain available under our 2002 Omnibus Incentive Plan and 17,126 remain available under our Recognition and Retention Plan for the issuance of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock or performance awards.
ITEM 12.
ITEM 12. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
Information concerning certain relationships and related transactions is incorporated herein by reference from the definitive proxy statement for the annual meeting of stockholders to be held in 2003 a copy of which will be filed not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year.
ITEM 13.
ITEM 13. EXHIBITS AND REPORTS ON FORM 8-K
(a) Exhibits
* Filed as an exhibit to our Form S-1 Registration Statement (File No. 33-90558). All of such previously filed documents are hereby incorporated herein by reference in accordance with Item 601 of Regulation S-B.
** Filed as an exhibit to our Form 10-KSB filed on April 2, 2001. Such previously filed document is hereby incorporated herein by reference in accordance with Item 601 of Regulation S-B.
*** See Notes 1 and 17 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in the Annual Report to shareholders attached hereto as Exhibit 13.
(b) Reports on Form 8-K
During the quarter ended December 31, 2002, we filed the following Current Reports on Form 8-K:
(i) Form 8-K filed on October 17, 2002, announcing third quarter earnings;
(ii) Form 8-K filed on November 1, 2002, announcing increased quarterly cash dividend.
ITEM 14.
ITEM 14. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
With the participation and under the supervision of Northeast Indiana's management, including Northeast Indiana's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, and within 90 days of the filing date of this annual report, Northeast Indiana's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of Northeast Indiana's disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(c) and 15(d)-14(c)) and, based on their evaluation, have concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures are effective. There were no significant changes in Northeast Indiana's internal controls or in other factors that could significantly affect these controls subsequent to the date of their evaluation, including any corrective action with regard to significant deficiencies and material weaknesses.
SIGNATURES
In accordance with Section 13 of 15(d) of the Exchange Act, the Issuer caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
In accordance with the Exchange Act, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Issuer and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
I, Stephen E. Zahn, certify that:
1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-KSB of Northeast Indiana Bancorp, Inc. (the "registrant");
2. Based on my knowledge, this annual report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this annual report;
3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this annual report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this annual report;
4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(c) and 15d-14(c)) for the registrant and we have:
a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this annual report is being prepared;
b) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures as of a date within 90 days prior to the filing date of this annual report (the "Evaluation Date"); and
c) presented in this annual report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures based on our evaluation as of the Evaluation Date;
5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent function):
a) all significant deficiencies in the design or operation of internal controls which could adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial data and have identified for the registrant's auditors any material weaknesses in internal controls; and
b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal controls; and
6. Date: March 26, 2003 /s/ Stephen E. Zahn ------------------------------------- Stephen E. Zahn President and Chief Executive Officer
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
I, Randy J. Sizemore, certify that:
1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-KSB of Northeast Indiana Bancorp, Inc. (the "registrant");
2. Based on my knowledge, this annual report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this annual report;
3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this annual report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this annual report;
4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(c) and 15d-14(c)) for the registrant and we have:
a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this annual report is being prepared;
b) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures as of a date within 90 days prior to the filing date of this annual report (the "Evaluation Date"); and
c) presented in this annual report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures based on our evaluation as of the Evaluation Date;
5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent function):
a) all significant deficiencies in the design or operation of internal controls which could adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial data and have identified for the registrant's auditors any material weaknesses in internal controls; and
b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal controls; and
6. Date: March 26, 2003 /s/ Randy J. Sizemore ------------------------------------- Randy J. Sizemore Chief Financial Officer
INDEX TO EXHIBITS
Exhibit No. Document - -------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------
10(b) Employment Contract between Randy J. Sizemore and First Federal
10(g) 2002 Omnibus Incentive Plan
13 Annual Report to Shareholders
21 Subsidiaries of the Registrant
23 Consent of Crowe, Chizek and Company LLP
99.1 Certification of the CEO pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
99.2 Certification of the CFO pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
|
github_open_source_100_1_214 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package dk.aau.netsec.hostage.protocol;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import dk.aau.netsec.hostage.protocol.utils.smptUtils.SmtpActionType;
import dk.aau.netsec.hostage.protocol.utils.smptUtils.SmtpRequest;
import dk.aau.netsec.hostage.protocol.utils.smptUtils.SmtpResponse;
import dk.aau.netsec.hostage.protocol.utils.smptUtils.SmtpState;
import dk.aau.netsec.hostage.wrapper.Packet;
/**
* simple mail transfer protocol
*/
public class SMTP implements Protocol {
private int port = 25;
@Override
public int getPort() { return port; }
@Override
public void setPort(int port){ this.port = port;}
public boolean isClosed() {
return false;
}
public boolean isSecure() {
return false;
}
public List<Packet> processMessage(Packet requestPacket) {
List<Packet> packets = new ArrayList<>();
SmtpState smtpState = SmtpState.CONNECT;
SmtpRequest smtpRequest = new SmtpRequest(SmtpActionType.CONNECT, "", smtpState);
// Execute the connection request
SmtpResponse smtpResponse = smtpRequest.execute();
packets.add(sendResponse(smtpResponse));
smtpState = smtpResponse.getNextState();
Packet packet = prepareResponse(smtpState,requestPacket);
// Move to next internal state
if(packet!=null)
packets.add(packet);
return packets;
}
public TALK_FIRST whoTalksFirst() {
return TALK_FIRST.CLIENT;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "SMTP";
}
/**
* Prepare response from the server.
*
* @param smtpState the smtp state
* @param requestPacket the packet from the client.
* @return the Packet.
*/
private Packet prepareResponse(SmtpState smtpState,Packet requestPacket){
if (smtpState != SmtpState.CONNECT) {
// Create request from client input and current state
if(requestPacket!=null) {
SmtpRequest request = SmtpRequest.createRequest(requestPacket.toString(), smtpState);
// Execute request and create response object
SmtpResponse response = request.execute();
// Move to next internal state
return sendResponse(response);
}
}
return null;
}
/**
* Send response to client.
*
* @param smtpResponse response object
*/
private Packet sendResponse(SmtpResponse smtpResponse) {
String message = smtpResponse.getMessage();
return new Packet(message,toString());
}
}
|
https://analytics.scielo.org/?document=S0718-09342004005500006&collection=chl | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | SciELO Analytics (Beta)
Chile
Revista signos (0718-0934)
"La gentileza de los desconocidos": Postmodernidad, caos y diálogo de sistemas discursivos
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This tool is under development and it is available in Beta Test version
This tool is under development and it was published with the objective to test the usage and performance. All the indicators are real and they are gradually being loaded. Slowness and out of service problems may occur in this version.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License..
|
http://www.hindawi.com/journals/mbi/2011/594529/ | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Molecular Biology International
Volume 2011 (2011), Article ID 594529, 13 pages
doi:10.4061/2011/594529
Review Article
Copper and Its Complexes in Medicine: A Biochemical Approach
1Department of Physics Chemistry & Materials Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, 12210 Athens, Greece
2Biology Unit, Department of Pre-School Education, University of Thessaly, Argonafton and Filellinon Streets, Volos 38221, Greece
Received 27 February 2011; Accepted 10 April 2011
Academic Editor: Dimitrios Morikis
Copyright © 2011 Isidoros Iakovidis et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
The fundamental role of copper and the recognition of its complexes as important bioactive compounds in vitro and in vivo aroused an ever-increasing interest in these agents as potential drugs for therapeutic intervention in various diseases. The vast array of information available for their bioinorganic properties and mode of action in several biological systems, combined with the new opportunities offered by the flourishing technologies of medicinal chemistry, is creating an exciting scenario for the development of a novel generation of highly active drugs with minimized side effects which could add significantly to the current clinical research and practice. In this paper we attempt to summarize all the available-to-date information on these issues.
1. Introduction
Copper exhibits considerable biochemical action either as an essential trace metal or as a constituent of various exogenously administered compounds in humans. In its former role it is bound to ceruloplasmin, albumin, and other proteins, while in its latter it is bound to ligands of various types forming complexes that interact with biomolecules, mainly proteins and nucleic acids. The multifaceted role of copper in biological systems is demonstrated by several studies. In particular the involvement of copper in human diseases has been described from a medicinal-chemical [1] and a biochemical view [2] focusing on the molecular physiology of Cu transport [3]. Much of the current research effort is cited on copper homeostasis [4] and its relation to iron metabolism [5] as well as the role of copper in biological processes related to human physiology and pathology [6, 7]. While a lot of the functions that have been proposed to account for the homeostasis of inorganic noncomplexed copper in humans have been described [35], only a limited number of review studies have focused on the multiple biochemical events which could be directly implicated in the use of copper complexes in medicine.
Current interest in Cu complexes is stemming from their potential use as antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antitumor agents, enzyme inhibitors, or chemical nucleases. Markedly, the biochemical action of Cu complexes with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has been studied [8]. Numerous Cu(II) complexes of NSAIDs showing enhanced anti-inflammatory and antiulcerogenic activity, as well as reduced gastrointestinal toxicity compared to the uncomplexed drug, have been prepared and structurally characterized [8]. They comprise a class of potential anti-inflammatory drugs with reduced side effects, and their mode of action is attributed to their marked superoxide- dismutase- (SOD-)mimetic activity. Other studies have concentrated on the potential chemotherapeutic properties of copper-based compounds [9, 10]. Moreover, several authors have brought to attention the antiviral and antibacterial activity of Cu(II) complexes. For instance, it was shown that the infectivity of influenza A virus is reduced after exposure on copper surfaces [11]. The mechanism of this process is only partly understood, but it has been speculated the degradation of the viral nucleic acid takes place after the intervention of copper ions. In addition, the study and development of Cu complexes could be helpful in the design and production of antiviral and antibacterial materials, able to deactivate HIV or H1N1 viruses [12] and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, respectively. Towards this direction, a method of producing copper-impregnated materials that possess broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties has been reported [13].
Despite the fact that the action of copper in humans has been intensively studied, the clinical picture of copper status is not always so straightforward, and less is known about the role of copper complexes in medicine. Yet it is evident that such compounds could be very important in medicinal procedures, and their role has probably been underestimated. The purpose of the present work is to review the published data in reference to the multiple physiological activities of copper, with particular focusing on the biochemical action of copper complexes and their applications in medicine. Moreover, the importance of the existing biomarkers of copper status will be evaluated.
2. Copper in Human Health and Disease
2.1. Copper Homeostasis
Copper in food (organic copper) is processed by the liver and is transported and sequestered in a safe manner. Inorganic copper, such as that in drinking water and copper supplements, largely bypasses the liver and enters the free copper pool of the blood directly. This copper is potentially toxic because it may penetrate the blood/brain barrier [1].
About 50% of the average daily dietary copper of around 25 μmol (1.5 mg) is absorbed from the stomach and the small intestine. Absorbed copper is transported to the liver in portal blood bound to albumin and is transmitted to peripheral tissues mainly bound to ceruloplasmin and, to a lesser extent, albumin. The liver contains 10% of the total body content of 1200 μmol (80 mg). Excess copper is excreted in bile into the gut, and the faecal copper output (12.5 μmol/24 h) is the sum of unabsorbed dietary copper and that reexcreted into the gut [14]. Cu homeostasis is regulated by alterations in both the absorptive efficiency and biliary excretion in the gut. At low and high intakes, the efficiency of absorption is regulated up and down, respectively, but is predominantly controlled via endogenous excretion [15].
Copper is incorporated into a number of metalloenzymes involved in hemoglobin formation, drug/xenobiotic metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, catecholamine biosynthesis and the cross-linking of collagen, elastin, and hair keratin as well as in the antioxidant defense mechanism [1]. Moreover, copper-dependent enzymes, such as cytochrome c oxidase, superoxide dismutase, ferroxidases, monoamine oxidase, and dopamine β-monooxygenase, function to reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) or molecular oxygen [1]. Symptoms associated with copper deficiency in humans include normocytic, hypochromic anemia, leukopenia, and osteoporosis. Copper deficiency is rarely observed in the general population [16].
3. Copper and Human Health Disorders
3.1. Oxidative-Stress-Related Disorders
Although copper homeostatic mechanisms play an important role in the prevention of copper toxicity, exposure to excessive levels of copper can result in a number of adverse health effects including liver and kidney damage, anemia, immunotoxicity, and developmental toxicity [17]. Many of these effects are consistent with oxidative damage to membranes or macromolecules. Given the capacity of copper to produce large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS), an excess of Cu could result in oxidative-stress-related health disorders, many of which can be linked partially to its redox reactivity. Copper has been suggested to facilitate oxidative tissue injury through a free-radical-mediated pathway analogous to the Fenton reaction [18]. By applying the electron spin resonance (ESR) spin-trapping technique, evidence for copper-mediated hydroxyl radical formation in vivo has been obtained [19, 20]. ROS are produced through a Fenton-type reaction as follows: where L = organic ligand.
Similar to Cu toxicity, Cu deficiency also affects, directly or indirectly, the components of the oxidant defense system and as a result increased ROS and oxidative damage to lipid, DNA, and proteins have been observed in human cell culture models or clinical syndromes of severe copper deficiency [6, 21]. Copper could act as a “double-edged sword” by inducing DNA damage and also by inhibiting their repair [22]. Additionally, copper can bind directly to free thiols of cysteines resulting in oxidation and subsequent crosslinks between proteins leading to impaired activity [23].
3.2. Aceruloplasminemia
Ceruloplasmin is a copper-containing glycoprotein produced in the liver that binds about 95% of the copper in serum. This glycoprotein presents ferroxidase activity and catalyzes the conversion of ferrous to ferric iron which is then transferred to transferrin. A total absence of circulating serum ceruloplasmin (aceruloplasminemia) could lead to ferrous iron abundance within both the reticuloendothelial system and parenchymal cells [24]. It is noteworthy that hereditary ceruloplasmin deficiency (or aceruloplasminemia) is an autosomal recessive disorder altering iron metabolism. It is accompanied by mutations of the ceruloplasmin (Cp) allele on chromosome 3q [16]. Manifestations of aceruloplasminemia at the clinical level are diabetes mellitus, retinal pigmentary degeneration, dystonia, extrapyramidal signs, cerebellar ataxia, and dementia. Histopathologic studies have presented significant agglomeration of iron in the liver, pancreas, retina, and central nervous system. Although the pathogenesis of brain damage in aceruloplasminemia is currently not fully understood, it is well recognized that iron-mediated oxidative stress could be implicated in neuronal cell death [25].
3.3. Wilson’s Disease (WD)
Wilson’s disease is an autosomal recessive disease of copper metabolism of which the primary genetic defect is in ATP7B gene [26]. The biological role of ATP7B gene is to encode a copper-transport protein located at the trans-Golgi network and to transfer Cu into the secretory pathway for both annexation into ceruloplasmin and excretion into the bile [27]. A major contribution to pathophysiology of Wilson’s disease is Cu-mediated oxidative damage, activation of cell death pathways, and eventual leakage of copper into the plasma pool, which ultimately results in the accumulation of excess copper in extrahepatic tissues. Notably, the hepatic Cu overload associated with WD is histopathologically characterized by bulgy hepatocytes, inflammation, and cytoskeletal alterations and finally leads to cirrhosis [28]. WD presents severe neurological symptoms, but when it is diagnosed in time, it can be treated with several ways including the use of chelating agents, low-Cu diets, and high levels of Zn supplements [29].
3.4. The Menkes Disease (MD)
The Menkes disease is an X-linked recessive disorder caused by defects in a gene that encodes a copper-transporting ATPase (ATP7A) [30]. In humans, the ATP7A gene product functions as an intracellular pump to transport copper into the trans-Golgi network for incorporation into copper-requiring enzymes including dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) and also mediates copper exodus from cells. Copper uptake and excretion by the liver are normal in MD as well as copper enzyme levels, but the absorption of copper in the gastrointestinal tract is severely impaired. The significantly decreased intestinal absorption of copper results in a shortage of exchangeable copper followed by a deficiency of cuproenzymes with important role in the developmental level [31]. It should be emphasized that the uptake by peripheral tissues is normal; however, excretion and intracellular copper trafficking are disrupted by mutations in the ATP7A gene. As a result of impaired copper efflux, peripheral tissues in MD patients tend to accumulate copper in the form of copper metallothionein. At the clinical level, MD is characterized by progressive neurological impairment and death in infancy. Because of the block in intestinal absorption of copper, the major clinical impact is from copper deficiency in the brain of the developing fetus, leading to severe brain damage [16].
3.5. Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)
Alzheimers disease is the most common form of dementia with progressive patterns of cognitive and functional impairments. Increased levels of copper in cerebrospinal fluid accompanied by normal plasma copper concentrations in patients with AD have been found [32], while other researchers have reported elevated free copper plasma levels in AD [1]. In a rabbit model of AD, addition of trace amounts of copper (0.12 ppm) to the drinking water greatly exacerbated the brain AD pathology and loss of cognition. [33]. Moreover, a community-based prospective study suggested that high dietary intake of copper in conjunction with a diet high in saturated and trans fats may be associated with accelerated cognitive decline [34].
A prominent possible involvement of copper in AD could be via its interaction with amyloid precursor protein and β-amyloid peptide in the self-aggregating plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, characteristic of AD, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of this disorder via cellular oxidative stress [35]. Copper ions could induce the aggregation of amyloidogenic peptide and the production of ROS which oxidize the β-amyloid peptide [1, 36]. Additionally, current data reveal that there is a relationship between copper metabolism in Alzheimers and prion diseases, but the precise molecular mechanism is presently unknown [37]. Nevertheless, recent investigations revealed that copper prevents both the formation and the accumulation of β-amyloid plaques in vitro [38]. In addition, it has been demonstrated that excess copper inhibits β-amyloid peptide production, while copper deficiency can elevate β-amyloid peptide secretion by either influencing amyloid precursor protein cleavage or by inhibiting its degradation [39]. It should be emphasized that Cu deficiency, similar to Cu toxicity, also results in higher ROS production and oxidative damage to proteins [6]. Although many questions remain unanswered, it is widely accepted that in AD there is an abnormal brain copper distribution with accumulation of copper in amyloid plaques and a deficiency of copper in neighbouring cells [39]. However, further investigations are needed to fully understand the role of Cu ions in AD.
3.6. Inflammation
Ceruloplasmin acts as an acute-phase reactive protein to stress and trauma conditions. As a consequence, elevated copper concentrations have been found in response to inflammation, infection, and various chronic diseases, such as arthritis. Serum copper levels are higher than normal in varied inflammatory diseases in humans [40]. The higher levels of ceruloplasmin are accountable for the increased serum copper in the preceding conditions. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory results of copper have been shown in humans [40]. On the other hand, the acute or chronic inflammation actuates changes on the metabolism of copper, which contribute to altered serum and tissue levels [41]. The increase of serum copper in inflammation could be due to the increase of ceruloplasmin, which is an acute-phase protein. It is well recognized that the role of ceruloplasmin in arthritis is to neutralize free oxygen radicals, mainly anion superoxide, in an attempt to stop the process of turning chronic [42, 43].
3.7. Cancer
Increased ceruloplasmin and copper levels in various tissues have been linked to cancer progression [44]. Ceruloplasmin contributes about 90% of serum copper, which is then elevated secondarily. Moreover, copper deficiency has been evaluated as an anticancer strategy even though clinical studies have not been especially encouraging [45]. While the precise role of copper in cancer development is presently not known, its involvement through ROS production in oxidative stress is possible. Recently, it was shown that copper proteins are associated with metabolic changes in cancer cells [10] and most importantly play a significant role in angiogenesis by stimulating proliferation and migration of human endothelial cells [10].
4. Biomarkers for Copper Status in Clinical Practice
Although several molecules-indicators have been proposed and used so far, a sensitive and specific Cu status biomarker has yet to be identified [46, 47]. To be considered as a functional index of Cu status, the chosen marker must (a) respond sensitively, specifically, and predictably to changes in the concentration and/or supply of readily available (and potentially toxic) copper, (b) be accessible for measurement and measurable, and (c) impact directly on health [17]. It is estimated that less than 5% of the total copper concentration circulates independently of binding proteins such as ceruloplasmin. The concentration of protein-free copper is very low relative to the total serum copper concentration, and therefore a clinically significant change in the free copper concentration may not be detected through measuring total copper concentrations in serum alone. Because copper is most toxic in the unbound form, measurement of unbound copper in circulation would theoretically be the most direct laboratory test for detecting potentially toxic copper overload [48]. For these reasons, a single index, such as total copper concentration in serum (determined by several standardized methods, including atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP), and colorimetric methods applied to autoanalyzers), is inadequate for assessing the total body copper nutriture of an individual and must be supported by collaborating evidence [49]. Usually, immunoreactive or enzymatically measured ceruloplasmin (Cp) levels are used to evaluate the body storage of copper. Cp levels are a good reflector (or biomarker) to keep copper status in the right therapeutic window, avoiding clinical copper deficiency. The enzymatic Cp/immunoturbidimetric Cp is a very useful ratio as index of copper status rather than Cp enzymatic activity or Cp concentration alone [50]. Additionally, interleukin-2 secretion from lymphocytes, neutrophil function, phenotypic profiles of lymphocyte subsets, and response of lymphocytes to T cell mitogens have been proposed [17, 51] as immunological biomarkers of marginal copper status.
The specific activity of copper-containing enzymes in blood cells, such as erythrocyte superoxide dismutase and platelet or leukocyte cytochrome c oxidase, may be a better indicator of metabolically active copper stores than the serum concentration of copper or ceruloplasmin, since the enzyme activities are sensitive to changes in copper stores but are not sensitive to factors not related to copper nutriture [49].
Despite the fact that the “ideal” index of copper status in adult humans has not been established yet, certain novel potential biomarkers that could be analyzed to screen for copper deficiency are currently under evaluation. Dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH), a cuproenzyme, plays a role in the production of noradrenaline. In copper deficiency, DBH activity may be lower, inducing higher ratios of dopamine to norepinephrine [52]. Peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase and lysyl oxidase are both cuproenzymes whose activity or gene expression may be influenced by copper deficiency [46]. Moreover, there are also a number of potential biomarkers of copper overload. High levels of copper are accumulated in the liver where the excess of copper can lead to damage. Through nonspecific, the hepatic aminotransferase enzymes are biomarkers for liver abnormality due to copper overload. Urinary β2-microglobulin could additionally be an assisting marker of copper excess [53]. Copper chaperon for superoxide dismutase (CCS) has been proposed [46] as a sensitive and accurate biomarker since it reflects both deficiency and excess states of Cu. CCS levels in blood erythrocytes and white cells are determined with specific antibodies and have been shown to vary inversely proportional to Cu status [54]. In a recently published study, a volumetric analytical method has been proposed to quantify copper complexes [55].
5. Copper Complexes as Potential Therapeutic Agents
5.1. Binary Cu(II) Complexes
A number of Cu(II) chelate complexes that exhibit cytotoxic activity through cell apoptosis or enzyme inhibition have been reviewed [56]. Such complexes containing bi-Schiff bases as ligands are effective in reducing tumor size, delaying of metastasis, and significantly increasing the survival of the hosts. Chelates of curcuminoids show significant reduction of solid tumor volume in mice , while complexes of pyridine-2-carbohidrazide derivatives inhibit the expression of c-Src, a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, which plays a significant role in growth-mediated signaling pathway, thus showing cytotoxicity against colon cancer cell lines. Similarly Cu(II) chelates of salclaldoxime and resorcylaldoxime [57] are potent antiproliferative agents, exhibiting strong cytotoxic effects comparable to that of adriamycin, by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Their action may involve the inhibition of the enzyme topoisomerase II activity, by preventing dimer formation of the enzyme and its interaction with DNA [58]. The diverse biological activity of these complexes compared to one of the widely used platinum anticancer drugs cisplatin, indicates different mechanism(s) of action, which have not been yet resolved. It is likely that copper complexes interact with enzymes and inhibit vital cell functions, rather than interact with DNA and induce crosslinks.
Binary Cu(II) complexes with a variety of aromatic molecules coordinated through N, S, or O donor atoms have been synthesized and tested for biological activity. Some of them are presented in Table 1.
Table 1: Binary Cu(II) Complexes that exhibit biological activity.
The complex 2,6-bis(benzimidazo-2-yl)pyridine copper(II) chloride has been shown to exhibit metalloprotease activity [59]. It binds to bovine serum albumin causing site- specific cleavage of the protein when the system is incubated in atmospheric conditions. This is believed to take place through binding and activation of molecular oxygen by the metal. Complexes of carboxamidrazones exhibit enhanced antiproliferative activity against B16F10 mouse melanoma cells [60]. It is suggested that the combination of Cu(II) with carboxamidrazone ligands may facilitate intracellular transportation and block estrogen receptors. Coordination of N6-substituted adenines to Cu(II) also results in enhanced cytotoxic activity against various forms of human cancer [61]. In this case as well, the resulting Cu(II) complexes inhibit cyclin-dependent kinases.
Though copper is an essential cofactor for tumor angiogenesis processes, several Cu(II) binary complexes have been reported to function as proteasome inhibitors, inducing apoptosis in various types of human cancer cells. In such complexes, described as “organic copper compounds” [2], the metal is coordinated either to neutral heteroatomic molecules such as phenanthroline or to anionic organic ligands such as 8-hydroxyquinolinate, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, or (pyridine-2-ylmethylamino)methyl phenolate. It is noticeable that the free ligands themselves are not efficient inhibitors, and complex formation is necessary for the transportation of copper ions through the cell membrane, in order to achieve proteasome inhibition [64]. This seems to be the result of the increasing lipophilicity of the metal upon ligand coordination. Similar zinc complexes have been found to be less-efficient proteasome inhibitors [65].
Copper deficiency can inhibit angiogenesis, thus preventing the growth of tumor cells or an inflammation to spread. In this regard the control of copper levels can be potentially used as a strategy in the therapy of cancer or against neurodegenerative diseases [68]. The role of copper in angiogenesis processes is not yet understood, and further research is needed for this purpose. In order to enhance biological activity, it has been a common practice to synthesize Cu(II) complexes of biologically active ligands. Thus complexes of thiosemicarbazones have been extensively studied in efforts to synthesize efficient anticancer drugs [9]. Such complexes were also found to inhibit enzymatic activity and induce cell apoptosis [10] such activity is usually correlated with anticancer drug validity. Similarly Cu(II) complexes of nitrophenone thiosemicarbazones have been found to exhibit significant antitrypanosomal activity in vitro [63]. A number of binary Cu(II) complexes of 2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone derivatives [62], quinolone derivatives [66], and benzenesulfonamide derivatives [67] that have been synthesized, structurally characterized, and tested for biological activity are cited in Table 1.
In contrast to the large number of Cu(II) complexes that have been synthesized as potential drugs, Cu(I) ones are sparse due to the lower stability of the +1 redox state and their propensity towards oxidation to Cu(II) compounds. Binary Cu(I) complexes of the formulae CuLCl, with L = N,N′-disubstituted thioureas and [CuL4]+ with L = 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane exhibit moderate cytotoxicity against various human cell lines [69].
5.2. Ternary Cu(II) Complexes
Numerous mixed ligand complexes that combine one or two bidentate N,N- and O,O-coordinated ligands have been synthesized and tested for biological activity. Chemical formula of representative Cu(II) ternary complexes together with the coordination mode of various ligands are cited in Table 2. Complexes of the type [CuLL′]+, where L = N,N-chelate such as phenanthroline or 2,2′-bipyridine and L′ = N,N- or N,O-chelate such as acetylacetonate or glycinate (see Table 2), are known as casiopeinas [70]. They exhibit significant antineoplastic activity in vitro and in vivo, against a variety of tumor cell lines.
Table 2: Coordination modes of organic ligands in ternary Cu(II) complexes.
They interact with mitochondria of both healthy and tumor cells, inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation and respiration [70]. In addition they exhibit high affinity towards DNA binding as well as nuclease activity towards plasmid, genomic, and internucleosomal DNA. Degradation is achieved through the production of reactive oxygen species (hydroxyl radicals) [78]. The complex of o-iodohippuric acid (see Table 2) exhibits both antitumor and nuclease activity. Inhibition (up to 35%) of lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cell growth takes place within 24 hours when the complex was administered in a concentration of 75 nM. Healthy cells were not affected under the same conditions [71].
A number of mixed ligand complexes with Schiff bases and 2-amino-2-thiazoline, included in Table 2, have been reported to show significant anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anticancer activity against various cell lines [72]. The biological activity of these complexes does not correlate with their lipophilicity. Several quinolone mixed ligand complexes that have been synthesized and structurally characterized [7376] are also summarized in Table 2. They have been found [55] to exhibit in vitro antimicrobial activity as well as concentration-dependent cytotoxicity against human leukemia cells, with the sparfloxacin complex being the most potent. These complexes were also found to bind in calf-thymus DNA in an intercalate mode.
A few Cu(I) complexes have been synthesized and tested in vitro as potential anticancer drugs. Mixed ligand Cu(I) complexes of triazolylborate and alkyl- or aryl-phosphines have been found to be effective against A549 adenocarcinoma cells that are resistant to the widely used anticancer drug, cisplatin [79].
6. Biological Activity of Copper Complexes
Biological screening results of representative binary and ternary copper complexes are shown in Table 3.
Table 3: Inhibitory effects of selected copper complexes.
Metalloprotease activity of the complex 2,6-bis(benzimidazo-2-yl)pyridine copper (II) chloride was found with sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) with bovine serum albumin in the presence of oxygen. Albumin undergoes site-specific cleavage with the resultant formation of four fragments of molecular weight 49, 45, 22 and 17 kDa [59]. Bridged Cu(II) complexes of 6-(methoxybenzylamino)purines show antioxidant activity both in vitro and in vivo. Values of IC50 = 0.253 up to 1.250 μM were reported for the superoxide-dismutase- (SOD-)mimic activity for the Cu complex in vitro compared to IC50 = 0.480 μM of the native bovine Cu,Zn-SOD enzyme, used as a standard. The pretreatment of mice with Cu complexes in vivo led to the complete elimination of cytotoxic attack of alloxan-induced diabetes and its free radical metabolites (cytoprotective effect) [80]. Copper complexes that exhibit high SOD-like activity are potent drugs for prion diseases since such activity is correlated with antisprion activity. It is known that prion proteins can bind Cu(II) ions with high specificity as they possess a number of copper sites. Moreover, in the development of prion disease, copper may modulate the rate of protein misfolding [81].
Bis(5-nitrofuran-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone) copper (II) chloride has been reported [62] to exhibit in vitro antiamoebic activity against HK-9 strain of Entamoeba histolytica with IC50 value lower than the corresponding metronidazole, the drug of choice for amoebiasis (IC50 = 0.38 μM and IC50 = 0.34 μM versus IC50 = 1.81 μM of metronidazole). These results indicate that the metallated thiosemicarbazone may be a lead molecule in inhibiting growth of E. histolytica.
Bis(4-nitroacetophenone thiosemicarbazone) copper (II) complexes exhibit antitrypanosomal activity in vitro against the epimastigote form of Trypanosoma cruzi. They presented less ID50 value (the dose that inhibits 50% of T.cruzi growth) than their corresponding thiosemicarbazones (ID50 = 0.056 μM for the best anti-T.cruzi copper complex versus ID50 = 0.28 μM) [63].
Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate complexes of Cu(II) were reported to cause the inhibition of the proteasome (cancer cells are more sensitive to proteasome inhibition than normal cells) in vitro against LNCaP prostate cancer cells using two assays as indicators of proteasome inhibition: (a) the chymotrypsin-like activity assay and (b) a Western blotting analysis performed by antiubiquitin antibody for the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins [82]. The copper complexes resulted in low levels of the proteasomal chymotrypsin-like activity and the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins. In contrast, copper or the free ligand alone, was incapable of inhibiting the proteasome. In addition pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate-copper complexes were found [82] to suppress the proliferation of BE(2)C cells, a human neuroblastoma cell line, with an IC50 = 8.0 μM, which is more potent than cisplatin (IC50 = 80 μM). A chelate Cu(II) complex of N-pyridinobenzamide-2-carboxylic acid (PBCA) has been tested in vivo for anti-inflammatory activity [83]. The complex shows a greater decrease (26.5%) in inflammation compared with free PBCA (20.2%) against the cotton pellet granuloma pouch test in rats (the subcutaneous implantation of a cotton pellet into a rat results in the formation of a granuloma at the site of the implant).
The neutral bimetallic complex [Cu2(ibuprofen)4] with the bridged ligand 2-(4-isobutylphenyl)propionate (ibuprofen) exhibits antiulcerogenic in vivo activity as estimated for gastric irritation in rats [84]. Rats treated with ibuprofen exhibited a lesion index of 597 ± 43, while markedly lower lesion indices 290 ± 31 were observed for rats treated with the copper-ibuprofenato complex. The copper complex was more effective in the protection of severe intensity ulceration than the oral administration of the parent drug (free ibuprofen). The Cu (II) chelates with quinolone derivatives cited in Tables 1 and 2 exhibit antibacterial activity in vitro against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 and Staphylococcus aureus ATC57. The best antibacterial copper complex [66] shows a minimum inhibitory concentration (Andrews 2001) MIC = 0.5 μg/mL versus free ciprofloxacin hydrochloride with MIC = 1 μg/mL.
Aiming at the synthesis of potent anticancer drugs, binuclear copper(II) complexes of pyridyl-diamines, as well as mixed-ligand acetylacetone/quinoxaline complexes exhibiting nuclease and apoptosis-inducing activity, have been reported recently [77, 85]. In addition the antitumor activity of Schiff-base copper(II) complexes has been investigated [86, 87]. The evaluation of a new thiosemicarbazone Cu(II) chelate was reported to induce tumor growth inhibition both in vitro and in vivo, through oxidative/endoplasmic reticulum stress [88].
7. Conclusions
Developing an integrated picture for the role of copper and its complexes in medicine is a challenging task that awaits further exploration. Copper ions are considered as multifunctional participating in a broad spectrum of intracellular processes under normal and pathologic conditions. However, many questions remain unanswered. Further experimental and clinical studies would aid at unraveling their prominent activities, thus discovering effective Cu biomarkers and generating new options for early intervention in copper-related health disorders. Copper complexes described in the present work show a diverse in vitro biological activity, ranging from antibacterial and anti-inflammatory to cytostatic and enzyme inhibitory. At molecular level such complexes interact directly with proteins and DNA, leading to dysfunction and cleavage of the macromolecular structure, or indirectly producing ROS that attack and degrade biomolecules.
Since DNA is a potent target of cytostatic drugs, the effect of copper compounds on DNA functionality is very important. The ability of Cu(II) complexes to bind to DNA and exhibit nuclease activity in the presence of reducing agents is well established [89]. DNA degradation is believed to take place through a Fenton-type reaction in which ROS are produced. The type of organic ligands in such copper complexes seems to affect and regulate their activity. They (a) neutralize the electric charge of the copper ion, (b) increase the lipophilicity of the complex facilitating transport through cell membrane, and (c) intercalate to DNA or interact noncovalently with proteins. The effect of ligand chelation may also be of importance for the biological activity of the complexes, whose exact role has not been elucidated yet. Spatial geometry of the complex and the structure of the ligand influence to a lesser extent the activity of the complex. The biological activity of the ligand is usually increased upon complex formation, but evidence of a synergic effect between the metal and the organic ligand is still lacking.
In conclusion, novel treatment options that interfere with copper complexes have been proposed in experimental systems, albeit their effectiveness in clinical practice remains to be further investigated. The great pressure for producing new effective treatment options in medicine should not surpass the necessity for careful, rationally designed randomized studies evaluating the most promising copper complexes as therapeutic pharmaceuticals.
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github_open_source_100_1_215 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package sqlancer.monet.gen;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import sqlancer.Randomly;
import sqlancer.common.query.ExpectedErrors;
import sqlancer.common.query.SQLQueryAdapter;
import sqlancer.monet.MonetGlobalState;
import sqlancer.monet.MonetSchema.MonetTable;
public final class MonetAnalyzeGenerator {
private MonetAnalyzeGenerator() {
}
public static SQLQueryAdapter create(MonetGlobalState globalState) {
MonetTable table = globalState.getSchema().getRandomTable(t -> t.isInsertable());
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("ANALYZE");
sb.append(" sys.");
sb.append(table.getName());
if (Randomly.getBoolean()) {
sb.append("(");
sb.append(table.getColumns().stream().map(c -> c.getName()).collect(Collectors.joining(", ")));
sb.append(")");
}
if (Randomly.getBoolean()) {
sb.append(" SAMPLE ").append(Randomly.getPositiveOrZeroNonCachedInteger());
}
if (Randomly.getBoolean()) {
sb.append(" MINMAX");
}
return new SQLQueryAdapter(sb.toString(), ExpectedErrors.from("does not exist", "is not persistent"));
}
}
|
bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_r-bodii-in-epistolam_boyd-robert_1652_38 | English-PD | Public Domain | 3- 2.7 :m.2. aliiſque Scripturz locis conformibus 2 Tim. a, videre eſt, tum in humilitate & cruce perferen- 1182s da, tum in vita i114 ſpirituali gloriaque ccele-iti conſiltit, de qua tantum. hic mentionem facit Apololus, pro co quod praz manibus habebat inustituto; jam conformitatis, hujus, vel conformationis noltrz cum Christo Capite in vita & gloria, hoc est, tam in hac vita inchoa-tz, quam in vita ijla futura conſammande, aut hujus, quam in vita ijla futura conſammande, aut hujus, quam in vita ijla futura conſammande, aut hujus, quam in vita in Christo Capite noltrz, qui in nobis qua in eust observare phraſin hanc Apoſtolicam, qui non in futuro loquitur de noſtri reſurreRione & gloria, tranquam re aliqua suo demum tempore inſecu-catio tura, verum in praterito quaſi jam evenerint & empore. Compelleta fuerint, quae summo illo die in nobis complenja sunt, idque non modo Christi, ipus habita ratione, in quo quum nos ut membra Capiti arRillime uniti sunt, ean-dem cum ipso perſonam myſticam constitutentes, quae tota a parte digniore, h.e. 4 Capite ipso, Christi. tus dicitur, ut alias observatum eust, merit quod os in ipso completum et, nobis hic ad Apolotri-buitur, ut supra exposuimus: Verumetiam nocturnum reipublicam, per prolepfin vel anticipatio-nem propheticam, hoc est, Prophetis in veteri praecertim Testamento admodum uusitatam, quae de rebus certitudinem, quae duc verunt, idque ad rei ipfius certitudinem. Plici uy Tezloro animis nocturnum infinuandam, quae fidet non confirmanda, & fidelium consolationi adaugendz plurimum inervit, dum hic solo quendam formula nobis atteusitatur atque Ua-det Sanctus Dei Spiritus non minus certo & p.5, deco nos manere beatam illam rei sueriori, nem & gloriam in vitae eclere, quam certum eust nos jam Christi Spiritu per fidem 4 morte peccati excitatos, in vitz novitate quadamnas incedere, nos jam renovari incipere ad Christi. imaginem, supernaque illa et celestia, cam Christo & sentire & speraere, & cuirere & querere, terrenis huisse negleçis atque postibus, immo quam certis sicimus ac per sualum habemus, Christum ipse tertio die mortuis reursus, in celum auctori sicendis, adque Dei Patris dextram in celum regnum; Unde summa fidei nocter certitudinem oriri necsequi eos, ad quam omnes tres - Perſonx Sacrozans & Glorioz Trinitatis, ce;orum, velut auctoribus diustinibus confirmandam & obsequiando, Deus Patris ad vietam nos & gloriam intermum ante omnia-eccurre; Filius, naturam noctum trinitum, auctoribus dulcis eamque polt exinanitionem illam, ad Thronum Gloriz eclesiis erehendo; Spiritus demum Sanus, nos ad imaginem Filii renovando, & noctum. + = m_ ns 4th hes. > 1 —_— the - * 4 Mn — "IN EPIST. Plus 2: T yanſi.io - o% ry ad obfer - tum fueritz Poſtremo jam loco, ditcamus ex hac vationen. Jem - loquendi formulæ verum Christián ho- ſextan &'. \;inis iffetum; quo tendat ejus deſiderjum, -quo ultram. | > o tam, omnis ejus confilia & cogitata collineent; Phil. 3: 29, Col. 3-1,24 Ufi loc, Wod ehiii ab #tethid decrevit Pater,tanquath fors 1c principiuin priinitiths, tr omnjum aftionum diviharurh; iti & flatis noſtre, hoe m tem- pore, finibl & semel executus eſt filjus, & riobis etiam in tethþore', licet non final & semel executus, & riobis etiam in tethþore', licet non final & semel executus, & Spiritus arhabone sumpra, cip.pracedeinte diftim: Hic igitur de e4 naturz no- f ir & -carnis arrhabone ſermo eſt, quam, ut sunt ex Tertwilijano retulimits, Christus A nobis ac- Epit, & ut pigtius-atque primitias maïz totius il- lae aliquando iriferendz, ſecumin coelum sibi: Quite tota spera noſtra in es sita eſta eſt, in eo vet- titur tota fidei noſtrix Angopepla, wt Christo dakkiradoris, wwayioedgac, ddukumTc; adberea- mils, & in iplo potiits quam in nobis vivere diſcennitis, iphq; nos probare sunt, (i cum ipſo unquaiii vivete & regnare speramus. Quod quam iiitea spera capitis I. arinota- feratur iri tots vitz curſu, in quem ſropam & ine- quod no$ uno verbo docet - & monet Apolto, tun ad Ph:/.3.quum sce gerere profitetur #t mw. nominem regis calorum, vel convergentem sic- am in cales eſſe, unde Dominum Ieſam Christum Servatorem eſexpefFarnu: tum Col. 3, ubi monet fideles, quorgquort ciem (hrifto reſwrrexerunt, ſu- perina querere, #bi Christus oft all dextram Dei ſeen, _ curare & non terreſtria, propte- Fel quod pſi mortui fint, vita antem pfo- rim cum Christo in Deo abscondita fit; unde colligere ft > cos ſolos hanc Apoſtoli suntenti- am omni gaudio & confiolatione plenifsimam, de Fidelibus jam nunc cum Christo excitatis; & in celo collocatis, vere fbi applicare poſſe & ad- aptare, quorum corda affectuusque etizm in hoc mvbreali corpore degentinm ; jam riunc calm & Christum vereits ferantur $5 qui jam nunc murjdo zc ebiis findans mortui funt, h. & cirum ctirs, Pretio, deſiderio -z fion magis ath- cifritar, ac 'tnortai rerum ſeculativm ulla amh- plitis cur atit 'cogitatione'tang untur, Vitzm diitetn, fpem, gaudium, ac thefaurum suum in c&lis, h. e. in Christa Test habent reconditut; finde "ſans #prgior certiſfimumtiobis'offerttr, ad quod vitam noſtrath '& 'exig#tntis & explotemus, adquod arcanos animi fnoftri fenſtis, & ft qfi6s fecitfitis in vita Christians progreflas, exarmidrivs 7 Norit efiit unvfquiſquite tafhtuni fibi eſe + ciita Christi commercii,, tantum fibi Ele, & super, 8 Hide, ec "fant fe profeciffe 'ih vi it-! 14 Vick novz ad Chrifkith diicente, 'quaritim fe 'ibi narstrzqiie sua', & \mindo 'huic vaniſti- mb tortuum sunt; quantii se superna illa & '(pfrictiahia, quærert, Ctirate ', Cogrtare ', a- piid ahidfhih ſufffn attenttis '6b{ervat; ac prop- retch qiimnti '8 se fcti arflithdvertit media '6-! 'mifih '& Atiniſtfeula 4, quibus Vita \peccati abo-! Teri ', Vita afitetn & pra fentia Chresti in any. This fideli Pronfoveriſt, &x Dei ordinitio- Te : Nam Yi -fitiem fe aftidfe /,' & 4 se magnifici fieri Profitetur,,'mUtia Mferitn'& yidth i11 irc du- cevitetn', aut '0dit "tut Heplivit, *5'h6c-ipſo ſudth Ki» D B tl — | venicr Beati Quirter prodit hypocrisum, aut certe qualent iv PBolba- Ho Pletidopheti videmus aftteAnm, qui mor- tet fibi juſtotum exoptabat, 8 vitz fuz exitum, fini ipſorum conformem heti, vita imterim; yi- amque juſtorum negligevat, prelatd pietari & gntim atque preſentiam Chriſti ex animo dilivie exoptatqae, 1s prociidubio, vel per ipſos inferos, nedam per miortis hujus corporez nubem nis graritem, 4d Chriſto tranſire parattis cſt ; nee pf quidguiam etit in pretio ; quidquam charun aut midenuth, quidquam {«Tvder3r aut wtquns ejuſque ant in fe aut in a+ liis apprehensionem ac certitudem annum concernit: Cxtera faciet quidem, in voea- tiohe si fidelis & sedulus 5 & mmnndo Hor ater thr, sed quaſs non abatariir, hee. quaſi mentem toit quidem, ad vitam hanc degendam neceſs. rid, fed patae ac ſobrie, ſed que nſuj non oner furtra fant, ſed Christum ac Deum glorificandi atiiies z etiant tn minimis £quae ae maximis; nec ſeſe E murido fabdiiret; cum Cutullionibus finigerulis, & fibulatis illis /arprpayyare; quis bis mterim nihil mando addictius; nec ad munz dan tori, i fieri_pbſlee; in sibi retia pellicens dum sole&rtias, vigilitativis y curiolius; fed pers grit ac viatoris inſtar, mitindum hune vitamg; prxſentem, ſuccin&is #himi sibi lumbis, ut hob pitiriem pertranſiens -, manitn quidetn operi ads motam, mecitem autem in celum' & Christi ad- ventum- attentam habeat, in <jus occurſum sce fettiper accingers. "798 0 beatum sibi Inte five ctconomus Factit Corda ram affe&us penitts inſedit & 'occupavit Hite cora 1 & cogitatio falntaris! Hi enim font, qui jam kde; Hes Men, at defideris conſtanti, cum Chiilto a mortnis reſutrexefarie, crimyque ipfo in ccelis verfaritir, noh afem fl, qui quod fit vers Christi, hominem eſe, ne per fomtijum quidem tiriqtam conceperunt, niduiſeriſionis Mts ſaperiiz dignitatei; & conditionem, apuid se meditati fant: Hi fant qui gortofern flitim' Pornini ac Serviitoris advenctur, Tofi & wifarie & expat, & in ©6ſham ery Aron: 'certi 'fore, ut quod Jam nunc spe possident atque precipiunt, reapfe tine in ipfis gore Net i habj: tanitefh'm ipſis Thrifti Spiritumn; Cin cam Pa-tre & Fitid, uni'vero Deo, in ztefrifin venti-#tque regrititi fit omnts honor & beacdiQio in ſeculz, Anven. COLDER COPD In Vers. VII. & ſeqq. "Ire" vvSeiZerd; Bc. Gentibiis #ccommodatum, primis hiſce '6.Vet{.hoceſt,prire ptiinz pattis hujus capitjs'thembro , Propofitum 'andivimus ; idque non rex confcientiz tmetcede injquitatis ; at quires None, otulofque non habeat in res haſee defixos ; obs 16u, uy ſive & eateris confervis Hiquis , q#tmi doming cnton- ſutt ," ac Pater He fattilias, ith oconparum ine CE ſerſs attigit 5 quos "51 | Ucuſque viviſicationis noſttz beneficium preledis | Hidelibus quibuſvis tam Judwis Nuny ih Z L V I Il, Tranſit peri " g—_ _ —_—__ aL (qegiun Memb — - » Nuny « IG 4 RT. OE AO... AM A. _aaf# A@A$ ” ——_ \LLE 7. AD EPHES. 253 non nude & impliciter, sed partim-contraria mor-, tis miserizq; naturalis conditione przmiſs4 ex eratum Partim inſertis caulis illis ae9nyrouurras & aeghaTApTION, EX quibus tantum ad nos benefi- cium promanavit, illultratum, partim denique ſuis dibus declaratum & amplificatum, quibus ad o—_ ulque cceleſtis glorie faſtigium, cujus in Chriſto Capite compotes factiſum, valde «upz- T1zos affurgit Apoſtolus, ut proxime obſervatum papeſti® E157 - Sequitur nunc verficulis 4. proximis,alterum artis hujus memorum, quo caemus hujus eneficii per occalionem tuſits declarat, & ratio- nibus quibuſdam adjeRis confirmat; addita prius cauſi finali, verſiculo hoc ſeptimo, qui primo loco occurrit ex/licandus : Quamvis & hoc verſiculo dici poſit illuſtrar1 causa eaſdem antecedentes, quarum sibi sibi eaßemmentio, nempe gratuitam illam Dei beneyolentiam & miſericordiam. Dum nimicum illarum illuus tratatio ac manifestatio in sculis venturis, h.e. Dei glorificatio per milicorum-diz ac benignitatis suctionem ac celebratio-nem, quam fines illias beneficii in credentes. Olim collati, subternitur. Verum nos dicitur;-oris dodrinz gratis, membrum hoc in duos hos articulos paitiemur, ”— priore Caesam finalem suum finalem, cum haus articulos paulum, h.c. vitz & suctionis noſtrz cauſam fundamentalem, quam supragium obiter tantum attigerat, suus exponit atque demonstrat, verſiculis tribus sequentibus. Nicuetas Ad praecipitur quod attiner, facilis & ovvia eust, 1 decauss ut videtis, verſiculi hujus cum przcedentibus cohe- H$o:Siquisenimquerat, quem 1n fine, Gentes pariter ac Judzosad Christum conversos, sub illa przdi- cationis Evangelii primordia, tanto affecerit bene- ficiodivina Majeſtas, cujus culmen & cumulus ipſe proximis illis verbis, tam magnifice fuerunt Apoſtolo propoſita? Quid, iplos ita potenter arg; clementer, A tant4 morte atque miſeria, in tantam gratiam, vitam,beatitatem & gloriain tranſ- ferendo & evehendo,potiſlimum ſa-pientia? Reſpondetur perſpicue, hoc Deum fe- ciſſe, ut ſeculis ſaccedentibus oſtenderet summas opes gratis suz, ſua erga nos benignitate in Christo ieſu: Ecce finem, quem fibi Deus propoſuerat, in ,aimis illis Christiánis & suumma miſeri in séculitatem & gloriam evocandis & aſlu- mendis, newpe gloriz, suz marusectionem, in summais, gratia & miſericordia, quam ab omni suculis, & agnoſci & laudari ac przdicari volebat atque, decreverat. Jam in his Apologia verbistria occurrunt expendenda, ad hujus cauſz hnalis intelletum conducive centia, primo finis ipse, his verbis comprehenſus, (ut oftenderet sine) sine, h.e- homines quibus oſtandere. voluit illas opes, nempe (suculis sine), illud, finis 7, hoc vero, finis & dici potelt, ut norunt haphe logici vel leviter alperſi; ac tertio modus quo eas voluit oſtendere, nempe, erga nos benignitare in Christo Jesusus. Ad primum quod attinet, in hic loquendi for. mula, qui gratis divinz §5 ſive manifeltatio, ſalutis noltrz cauſa finalis a Spiritu Sano (tatuitur; re Re 4 nonnullis annotatum elt,antecedens pro conſequenti poni, oltendit enim Deus nobis oratiz §ux divitias,-ut A nobis eas intuentibus hac occaçione glorificetar ac celebretur, tanquam Memb.x.5 dives gratia, & abundans omni benignitate & mi-ſcricordia.Quemadmodum & in illo ad Rom. g. 2 nod ji vero volens oftendere iram, & notam fa- Rom. g. cere potentiam, sanguine, pertulit multa cum lenitate 12913- vaſa ire coagmentata ad interitum, & nt notas faceret divitias glorieux, erga vaſa miſericor- diegque preparavit ad gloriam? b, ex yolens gloria fugitur in potentia sanguine juſtiq; judicium in impios & rebelles executione; quae sanguine glorificatio Vei, hanc ejus & pms, & juſtitix, & mifericordiz oschen= nem inlequitur; quum enim Deus qualis est in ſeſe, talemus hominibus per opera fan —— A — puta sanguine potentem, jultum, miſericordem, benignum, longanimem, patientem &e. tum & ejus gloria iplis eluceſcit, tum sanguine glorious ipſis aparet; quum autem gloriosus apparet coram omni creatura ratione & intelle Ru przdita, tum & ipſe glorificatur, non eleRorum tantum, sed & reproborum respect, licet modo ac ratione diversi; nam ad his glorificatur vel invitis, dum ejus gloriam Nt discernere & confiteri coguntur, vel inviti licet & rinigenes; quod Vel ex uao illo ad Phil. ſecundi loco Philec it manifeltam eſt, ubi Christi gloriam explicans, in- quit, eum in cam suum limitatem eſe, ut ad nomen Jeſu omne genu fleftatur, caleusum ac terre suntrium, C- subterraneorum, commniſtum, lingua profecte tatrum, C- subterraneorum, commniſtum, lingua profecte tatrum, & humillim4; quum ejus gratia gloriola cordibus ipſorum vi Spiritus Sandi illuxit, & proprietatum vel attributorum divinorum excellentia ex ejus verbo & operibus, animis ipſorum interjus illuſtratis affulit, oportet ut corde & voce, totiſque viribus in ejus nomen glorificandum ac ciebrat. Autem gratis divinum, in, quibus & quarum oltenus Deus glorifica- ara rt vojuit, -quum suas diftum fuerit, xv. tum capite praedente, tum veribus pro- Phil. 77 xime declaratis, non eust quod hic in iifdem. ummorum; hoc tantum adnotamus, ut fluvium decuratur, ita orationem haric Apolloniae progrecere, quum non antea gratis divitias tantum nominae, hic epithetum adjicit admodum &mverin, h. e. summam exaggerandi est intendendi via habens, quum wwpCannorre watre appellat, divitias immenus, vel suum modum abundant, ad quemque viviorem, vel suum modum abundant, emphaque crecere in ipsoius animo rei ipsoius deignate sunt, summam, qui cum ex illudinem, cum ex beneficii quod habemus in Christo, erid, profundaque consideratione; quorum ubi quidem verficulis proximis & propoſuerat & mins, illudrarat, & gradibus, effetis, partibuque suis, ad summam, & gradibus, & gloriz tamarily. Unum est, prz oculis habens, & pleno corde vom re- sentiens & apprehendens, & ad ejus beneficii fontem subinde recurrens, animique oculos re- fletens, abundantes illas gratiz divinitas pleno ore deprzdicet, & quantum anj- mo capere, quantum valet ore profari, in im- 11aj is- o menſum extollat; Nam profe&o quo major fuera t sinu. Ce 3 Prittina IN EPIST. prius a miſeria, quoque majus & excellentius wy i laustratia, Memb. 2» Expofitio prior qua. Patrum quorundais ETIKpIg15e Ratio de- lefins 1. hoc vitz & falutis in Christo partz nobiſque re- ſervatz beneficium, eo majores apparent, & nobis sſeſe offerunt intuendas, opes illa divinz, quz vitz & falutis hujus fons & origo; atqui & fumma erat illa miſeria, 8 ſummum hoc beneficium, utriuſque magnitudo captum omnem ſaperat intelleus humani, quemadmodum a- bunde sibi loco demonſtratum eſt; Ergo merito hic agnoſcitur immenſa & infinita tuiſe illa gratix divinz ſcaturigo: Cuſus utinam nos vel modicum sensum & guſtum, prz Apoſtolica illa ubertate perciperemus; qui non sibi periculum tantum tenus, sed penitus animos nolentia atticeret, um mutaret, innoyaret, inque Dei landem & gloriaam excitaret atque propelleret; nam vel mihi abyssi praecipi, latitia, libertate, divins laude & gratiarum actione compleret; ac tum sibi cum approbatione atque conlenſu. agnoſceremus nihil hic /U=«qamz; de opibus his U@ylarvcdls gratiz divinz, h. e. gratuitz ipſius dile&ionis & miſericordiz, a> Apoltolo propont, ſed verba & orationem omnem, quantumvis lu- culentam, ampliam, exaggeratam, & Majelta- te longe saperari. Atque hoc primum est. Secundum eos attinet , quibus oftendendz erant hz opes Gratiz divinz ,. ex ipſius conli- lio ,- nempe ſecmlis ſuccedentibus , h. e, hon- nibus in nſdem vicuris , per uſitatam adjunci Metonymiam ; veriuw quidem eft , horum verbo- rum geminam ele apud interpretes acceptionem, nam &E veteribus nonnulli , 1ique prz czteris do- Arina & pietate conſpicui, (bry/oſtomus, Ambro- fins , Hieronymus, ca ad futurum ſeculum refe- rant ; Quorum primus ita in hunc locum inquit, nunc quidem incredulu que dicuntur nuge viden- tur , tunc vero cognoſcent omnes; Secundus vero, ſcgnificat , inquit , quia in futuro ſeculo donum 6 apparebit in remunerationems fidelium , quod | oculus non vidit, nec auru anaivit , nec in cor ho- mins adſcendit, que preparaverit Dems diligen- tibus ſe he ſunt ſuperabundantes divitie, ut tan- tum dctur credentibus , quantum inveſtigare xon poteſt mens; Tertius demum , in fururs , in- quit, ſeculis non ni, ſed omnibus , ſuam cunttis rationalibus creaturis ſuper nos oftenſurus eff gloriam, ſuaſque divitias monſtraturus; Bec illi. quz quidem in seu vera, pia, & orthodoxa eustentia, nam, certe tum demun, in die nimirum-il-lo extremo beatz & gloriosz resurrectionis, plena fiet opum harum gratiz divinz manifeltatio, etiam coram eorum oculis qui in hac vita, nunquam eas aut per hdem viderunt, aut videre voluerunt, sed aut in rerym. harum ignoranti & cacitate, aut in carundem contemptu, neglequent, & incredulitate perierunt. Verum cur hanc Patrum illorum expositionem in praecintia probare non poſlim, triplex occurrit ratio, quia primo, dvs; (74g y opuee z NON proprie vitam succulumque futurum ligniticant, sed sculorum fibi invicem succedentium sicculorum. Continuam, quae tempus fluxum tuum neccurato, in qua tempus nullum amplius futurum est, quod cum hoc mundo, quo cum exipi, nemo quoque fuum accipiet, commode accipi, Exponique non potest; nam etiam futura illa. Theaurus, quamque nitas, ex Idiotiſmo Hebraico per secula feculorum lenotari, tamen ut secula illa dicantur alia aliis supervenire, five succedores, rere & orthodo. Deinde, quia ut mox diceatur, Dei conlilium erat, hanc immenusam benigaitatem hominibus etiam in hac vita oltendere, non in suam tantum gloriam, ted & in ipsoorum (a. lutem, ad eos ad Christi fidem attrabendos & in vitandos, propofito hoc sua crga primos illudentes gratis & miſericordiz tam illultri do. cumento five specimine, quemadmodum ipse Tis wwJeZivs vocabulum oftendit, quod proprig rem aliquam in exemplum proponere, aut speri- men <jus praebere significat. Denique quia hane nobis expolitionem fusader locus huic plane paral- lelus, x Tim.1. ubi eadem 9 #rS4Zar voce utitur Apoſtolus; ut ſcilicet afleramus, hoc loco sicculorum succedentium -nomine, ea omnia, quem rempora Apoſtolica sicculorum suzecuta sunt, & in poſterum ventura sunt ad extremum uſque diem, intelligi: (enſfumque & mentem ejug efle, Deum noltram gratiz sunt & miſericordiz copiam immenusam in primos idis Christianos tam ex plis vivificandis & servandis, eo fine, ut eos om> nibus Keulis ztativuſque poltea venturis in exem- plum proponeret, quod ipse intuerentut; & sicculum in illis praeberet, iljius gratiz, miſericordiz; vera fide & relipiçentia conversi fuerint, quacunque demum mundi atate, quacunque Eccleſiz periodo, sic enim jpſe mentem sunt euam clarius exprimit & ba faciens, vengm ideo wiſtrins eſt mei, ut in me prima oftenderet Jeſus Christus, omnem lenita-tem, ut eſem exemplar crediturs in enum ad vitant eternam: q.d. ut ipſorum quoque salluti in ons ne avum: inervirem., dum in me tanquarn sunt miſcricordiz, benignitatis, & patientiz divis z, exemplar ac documentum illiſtridimum oculos anumque convertent, nec unquam de gratia & peccatorum sunt veni-m. in Jeſu Christo miſcricordiam apprehendant. Idemque etiam ex contrariis irz lth dicio ipſius juſtilimo naturz leges- ordinemque mundum. -Ilum primum introduto, in Sodomium fubverſione, Egyptiorum subverſione, Da-thans, Corachi, &; few abscorptione, Saxne heribs cum suo exercitu deletione, aliiſque id genus manifeltum eſt, ut sicilicet sammum adverſus hominum peccata & impietatem odijum declararet, iramque sunt atque justitiam omnibus in faturum leculis notam faceret; quemadmodum poſteri-us suzecundo diferte aflerit Petrus, civitates las inquiens in exemplar impie vittury constituentas eſe, quo nimirum omnes Deum revereri, judicia- ejus expavere, & ab omni impietate, inquititatis, impuritate sedulo cavere diſcamus; Quare & miſeriz sunt magnitudinem in quorun as inſeſe tam perditorum conversione, & fa- tidus ad Christum conversus ubertim effudiſe, in vav, expromit, illo prioris ad 7m, loco, de séle, & ei 1Tinu, quam conſecutus Deo. fuerat miſericordié vers %. xque divinzteſtimoniis atque documentis confir- yy. mart poteſt ; nam ut hunc in finem tam-ſeveras# wiv peccatorum infignium nonnullis peenas exegit, ju- com alioqui inyjolabilem immutante, ut- in diluvio in ©. Corollary. AD EPHES. 255 Cy, | (93 ig daemon Tir 1 F 0/cru8i0 pritts, na, (onfirma- vo, 4 s, 710, þ Corollari. km 126 vinilif.. jy, lute hunc in finem exſeruit, ut alii venturi, hujuſ- modi exemplar intuentes, ad re� Equinoxque invitarentur efficacitis, & ejuſdem gratis salutisque participes ferent. Atque hoc secundum. Ad tertium quod attinet, de modo & ratione qui copiam hanc suz gratiz demonstravit, ($4 erga nos benignitate in Teſs Christo) h.e. ut hoc quidem loco accipimus & interpretamur, predictis illis gratiz suz ac dilectionis effeRis, quum nos miſeros & maledictos per Christum Jesusum ad viam revocarit, E sépulchro cum ipso excitit, & in gloriam ccelestem exaltarit, cnjus tantum tamque certum pignus nobis jam nunc e-didit in Christo capite noſtro, jam nune indidit nobis per Spiritum sunt ratione, ut hac de re nullus in fidelium aninus sunt supplicantibus, ut hac de re nullus in fidelium aninus supplicantibus; adeo ut benignitatis nomen hoc loco metioriice pro cjuldem effectu accipiamus, five pro grata illa Dei erga nos aotione, qua sunt hanc erga nos benignitatem aferti; quemadmodum & gratix nomen, pro donis illis gratuitis, effeRiſque gratuitis illius Dei erga nos benevolentiz paſim in facris literis accipi manifeſtum eſt. Nune et verbis ita declaratis aliquid in uſum noſtrum observamus. Ac primum, dum fi-nem agnoſcit ApoſtoJus tantz gratis ac benignitatis, ao - reno round effusz, ut ſeculis nimirum in poſterum ordine venturis, eminentes iz ſuz divitias oltenderet, expendamus itnde quzſo nexum illum gratioſum, quo Deus sanguis, gloriam, cum Eleatorum bono, confiolatione, & quaſi combinare, dignatus est, ut iiſdem simul mediis utrumque pro, moveri volnerit, & quaequo facuunt ad illius glotiam illuſtrandam, hoc quaequoque cjulmodi effe decreverit; ut fidei noſtrum confirmandz, noſtré quem prix manibus labemus loco manifcſtum eſt, quum enim priores illos fideles tam inſgni gratis menſura donatos nobis in exemplar propoſuerit, qui in atia sicula incidjnius, non mods gratis. iz & miſericordiz- ſuz glori-am hac ratione voluit illuſtrari, h. e. opes illas ſuz benighitatis immenſas, in primis illis fideJivus 8& erga illos, 4 nobis agnoſci, obſervari, przdicart & exaltari, (qui quidem finis eſt illius divini confilii primus atque przcipuus)-verum etiam nos ipſos ex hac tantz miſericordiz obſervatione & agniti-one, ad eandem falntis viam, ad eandem fidem & converſionem adJuci, attrahique, eju{demque gratizatque clementiz cum primis illis compotes & conſortes fieri, atque ita gratiz sibi gloriam summam, cum sutrimanoſtré confimoni, & si salute necesarum conjuna eſe. Quod sane divinz erga nos dileionis & garrotis illuſtre urſus documentum eſt, ſecundum quam, nisi vitam falutemque noſtram charam admodum. & pretio-sam habuifſet; nunquamillam profeRo sibi glorie, h. e. unde non gratia tantiam & miſericordia, fed'& fi- des &veritas inconcusaDei noſtri nobis agnoſcen- lationis & gaudii, primum, ob eam beriznitate m quam etiam erga Gentes ad Christum vocatas,tani abunde olim exferuit, quum & nos iph: Gentes fi=- mus adeoque opum earundem indigi, ad hocut vitz & sallutis ejuſdem conſortes fiamus, ergo quo major olirh & luculentior apparuit erga Gentes: Dei miſericordia, eo major nobis affulget ſpes at- que lztitia'; unde videmus At. 13. quum Parntus ac Barnabas, omilſis Judzis illis rebellibus, ſeſe ad Gentes convertifsent & verbum falutis ipfis ex- Domini mandato annunciaſent, Gavi/as eſſe Gentes, Sermonem Domins glorificaſe; deinde quod hoc sunt confilium, verbo hoc Apoſtolico revelatum, Deus erga nos adimplere dignatus fit,. primos illos fideles nobis in-exemplum proponen- do, in quod nos animi oculos defixos habeamns. Hinc enim non modo przſens illa in Dei mi� Ecclesia nobis adaugetur fiducia, sed & sper ex ipsa Sodomorum hortenda subverfione, Lorho famulo sunt, & Israeli populo suo, laudis & gratia immo sunt cum aliorum tam tremendo gloriam occasionem suggereret, ut vel hinc pateat etiam non tristis temporibus videamus adimpletam, tem conspirare, Yocatis, inquam, ex ipso propo sit, quam enim hic dicat Apostolus, Deum in vivis, O'servat lo candis olim Judzis ac Gentibus, seculis succedens. Quum enim hic dicat Apostolus, Deum in vivis, evenisse videamus, Rebus, non ne nobis ad quos verbum hoc sunt, feriods. hoc ipso die adnitendum ea, ut fuaumerga nos effe-rare; die usuus; Memb. Iy davenit & exaltanda: Hujus vero, nempe conso- Menh.: noztrz AQ.148;. fideique certitudo firmatur, fore utiquem denoſtri wi sunt & gloriilla futuri adhuc implendx menlek, menlek. In Epist. ſunt, non miniis certo ſuo demum tempore imple- antur , quam quz jam poſt tot ſecula tranſadta, juxta verbi divini przdiRionem 1mpleta Cerpi- mus. Obſeroatio Terti0, fi ſeculis przcedentibus tam beneficum teria, ac miſericordem ſemet oſtendit Dominus , ctiam jn gratiam ſequcntium , ut priora illa ſcquentibus in Keciwen exemplumque proponeret , quemad- moduin hoc in loco teliatur Apoſtolus, hinc nobis obſervandus diligenter eſt uſus eorum omnium ex- emplorum divinz benignitatis & miſericordiz,quz five intra S.Scripturz ambitum , five extra ejuſ- dem cancellos in czter3 Eccleſiz Chriſtiane hilto- ri2 proponuntur ; Nam quemadmoJum quzcun- que Judaico olim populo acciderunt , # typice evenernnt, ſcripta autem ſunt in admonitionem noſtri, in quos fines ſeculorum devenerynt : atte- ante Apoſtolo noſtro , 1. ad Cor. 10. Ita quem- - admodum ex hoc loco colligere eſt , quz Apoſto- lorum ſeculo primis illis Chriſtianis obtigerunt, in exemplum omnium ztatum inſequentium 4 Deo fuerunt propoſita ; adeoque priora ſemper, cundem hunc feculis inſuper venturis uſum exhi- bent; five judiciorum , five miſerationum divina- Corll. 129 quaſi publica & illuſtria_illa documenta ſpe- = ! * Remus; Quareſinobisprote conſultum cupimus, © nec ſeculorum entium igrari , nec operum divinorum neghgentes & otioli ſpeRatores elle de- Confirms- 80, x Cor. 10, I2, \ bemus; quaſi-& quz olim geſta ſunt ab. hisaut ilſis, | aut quz ipſis olim divina proyidentia contigernat, nihil ad nos hodierno die pertineant; quia contra, in eo przſertim vita ſtudiumque noſtrum occupa- ' ri debet & exerceri, ut vias Domini Dei noſtri | tam in verbo ſuo revelatas, quam in operibus ip- | ſoque rerum eventu patefactas , non modo cogni- | tas ac perſpetas habcamys hiſtorice , ſed & in uſum _ Ry, & ey inde aliquemcolligamus, qui tum ad gloriam divinam, tam ad i © he 7 9G. , &, #dificatio- nem referatur; ex hujuſmodi enim ſtudio & alſue- -tudine fiet, ut omnia quz quotidie nobis occurrunt effeta divine providentiz, ad ſuum fonter finem- revocantes,novum ſemper habcamus & laudis Corollari= divinz & noltrz conſolationis argumentum. Un- w2 derurſus videmus tantum abefle , ut qui in extre- ma hzc Eccleſz Chriſtianz tempora. To deprehend adventus; quae quidem considere. ratio ut aliorum sustituendo exculitando, & excutio do peccati veterno plurimum inervit, ita solundi mixedem & infirmoram animis non minus efficax elegem debet; quum & suam & suorum temporum conditionem, cum primo illo secculo Apolico conferentes, eam acerbe sibi defere coguntur & averi; si primis illis temporibus, inquient Prog nobis vivere contiguisse et averi; quibus Dei miſicordiz, uw excellens illa gratia, tam in Judzos quam Genteg, fideles tam largiter effuisse eust, quibus non modo tides, pietas, charitas fraterna, cum zelo diving gloriz, ferventique veritatis Evangelicus & propagandus sudio, inter Christianus vigebant, sed & exuna illa Spiritus, dona atque x4@u0uere extra ordinem Collata, aduunc in costibus piorum fulgore perstringebane; at nunc in hac seneccis mundi sic, quid aliud quam vel aperta regnat impietas, vel teta & fuca- ta (eſe jatat hypocriſis, vel relifto cordium lecreto labia tantum & linguas occupayit, externa quadam religionis profelio, quali non amplius in virtute & Spiritus S. efficacia, (ed in verbis, & nuda profel- ty fione sunt regnum Dei ; unde claulam eſe gratiz divinz portam adverſus hoc sunt. Cum gratiz divinz portam adverſus hoc sunt. Cum iniquantis inimici sunt, quam in hac in quibus quam tempora eundem in finem reservari voluit & auribus noſtris etiamnum inusonare, ut ex prittins 114 miſericoria. AD EPHES. © 257 Hélices, utque columina? Car ipso dons cam in signibus, tant virtute, dodrind,zelo chari- eate, constanti, patientia, ac pictate ditavit atque rique tam in vit quam in morte. clateſcerent? An eur in finem, ut & nobis divinis honoribus cole- rentur? An ut in Deorum Gentilium loca ac teme plaſarrogareritur? Ac relicto Creatore & Afe- datorennico intor Deum & homines Teſn Crriſto, 19%5- ta preceque noſtte ipſis offerrentur; aut eorum fri patrocinio, ac interceffione, Deum Patrem accederemus? an ut ipſorum denique reliquias gemmis & auro, incluías, velut Rhee aut Ifidis | mpam, Thenfaçque veterum Idolorum circum- RetGmnC in altart collocatis, & statuis & imagi- nibus exornatas, thure, cereis, atathematis, atque donariis placaremus? Quomodo tanta Dei mn- nificentia erga SanRos sos, nefarie abnſa eſt cot> ca hominum sunt, & etiamnum abutjtur int- pictas Pontificta. À laquelle Antichristi degens tenebris favore, tyrannide; Quum contra, nos doceat Apo- Rokus, Elektos illos Veoque diletos homines no- bis oon in adorationem aut calturh, sed in imitat- onem & exemplar, ab ipso fuisse propofitos in om- nezyum superventurum; & nos quoque ex eodem fonte inexhalto perennique saturigine per fidem hauriremus, ab eodem boni omtiis authore, cum ipſis pendere diſceremus, & ab eodem cum ipfis Mediatore Christo Jesu, salittem omnem expe- Rare; nec ut nos Deo & Christo, ipſorum intuentes eo firmiorem ih Deo noſtro ac Servatore clementiflimo Jesu- ſto, {pem atque fiduciam haberemus repoſitam; qui ex mera su gratid, ipso in sine non minis ac nos, natura perditos, miferos, in peccatis mortuos &ir2 filios, non modo ad vitam illam spirituatem revocavit. Salutis, participes fecit, sed & donis in super infiguibus & extraordinariis illustra- vit & exornavit. Quemadmodum Aa Patre illo be Lucer. 22 Nignissimo fastum videmus, in i 114 Luce paradoli cap. 15. qui non contentus filium jillum prodigum magistratum recepisse, & pannis ac scutis exutum velutis ac solis induit, annulo quoque prolato, h. e. ornamenta haud vulgari in super insignit, ad suam benignitatis opes hoc indicio te sanctiis & commendandas. Quare noctum eusti longa alium hinc uusum colligere, quam enim, qui in Patu regnat, abuusum; nempe illum quem nobis hoc loco sugerit, prænuncivs ipse Dei Spiritus; & longe aliam ex veterum Sanctorum hiustoriis & ex. e. malorum & morborum depulſores zeferuntor; Enquem illi frutum colligant, ex his divinz miſcricordix erga majores noſtros opibus & ope- AMlicaio yandam; primo propoſitio ipſa, rationem continens ribus; nos yero, potius ita apud aninium, statuus noſtrum, fore ut qui illos olim ex tantum morte in tam glorioſam vitam ac falutem revocavit, ex tam horrendis tenebris eduQtos, in tam clati luce collocavit, idque ex purd sibi gratuit, & gratuit dilectione ac mifericordi, nos quoque ad ipſum converſos, & it Christum Jefum credentes, ejaſdem lucis, vitz ac falntis confortes faciat, immo6 mt Es ipſos nobis, qui illoram feculo, ac acceſſimus, ita & nos aliis noltrz & uti fucceſu ge. Ego in exemplam proponat, & fuz erga tos tniistrae, documentum aliis in ipſorum bonum suntemque conſtitaat; modo nos . viam eatidem jn- fiſtamus, quam priſci ili fideles conſtanter preſerunt, & in eo solo fentem noſtram omnetn quærarnns, quem illi erga sese tam propitium, tamque tnunem expecti sunt, nethpe in Deo Patre, cujus tmiſcricordiz, nullo siculorum decurft quidquam unquam deteritur; In Domittb nostro Jesu Christo, cujus meritum siculorum decurft quidquam unquam deteritur; In Christo nostro Jesu Christo, cujus meritum siculorum decurft, in quo siculorum credenti ac respiratione gratis & Redemptionis inexhaufta plenitudo, ipfi cum Patri & Spiritui S. fit Hones; Inperium, & Gloria in fecula siculorum, Ra 7 | Ti pb Yagur: 252 MEWUETE, &c. To the forum finalis explicatio; ſequi- PrzleQio tar nunc proximis hifce tribus verſi- Pon culis causae illus eeomyuerns, nempe pofitis' gratie divinz, expotitio, h. e. sufivt. cohefis queda declaratio&confirmatio, quam aun dis. ut proxime pzcedentis articuti rarionem subjun git Apoſtolus, tit Ex copul4 conjuntiv4 madifeſta eft, qui verſam hunc cum przcedente connedtits Quum enim supra dixifſet Dewns nos per Christum, & cum Christo vivificaſe, ut miſericordie ſummas erga nos opes venturi etiam ſummas erga nos opes venturi etiam ſummas oftenderer, ſummas erga nos benignitate in Christo leſn, diti nune titjus rationem reddit, adn. gens, quid grati eftis servati, q. d. re&t8 & vers afſero, Deum in veſtra sate fummas opes eratix sux, ſummamque erga ne benignitatem oftenderet, adeo ut vita faluſque veſtra, fit gratiz ac benignitatis divine. Tanquam caufz ex effeu notiore patefactio ved indicario; & ut logici 10-vuntur, 4 poſteriori demonstratio. Ita patet vers inm horum connexio, & conjunctionis hujus causais quz sit vis, qui sive hoc loco sensus. In contextu autem hoc Apothecico analytice re- Diviſe exendo, duo hzc membra rurus occuperunt obſer- = - 4 dentium: deinde propoſtions explicatio & confirmatio. Propoſitio hec est, Gratia.eſtis servats per fidem; quz gratiam quam, ut falutis nox causaem Tegnyuuirny, fidem vero, at ejusdem apprehendendz instrumentum, paucis iiſque perpicuis verbis proponit. In quibus primum occurrit illa perſonarum enallage, qua cum antea primam uſurpaſet, nunc przcedentium reddens rationem, ad Epheſios orationem suum in eadem perſona convertit, quemadmodum in eadem caput. Membrum prins. hoc ſecundum exorius fuerat; Ita tamen Oui verſi- om | _ PO I IO 258 TY EPIST. Cap, y culo 1. primam rurſus perſonam afſumat ,. 2477 ipſons ſ[umns opurginquiens; ut ſe cum Judzis Cre- entibus cidem uumero acce1nſeret. Atque ita yel ex hac ip{4 perſonarum tam cre- br4 permutatione ſubinnuit, nullu ſe inter tdelcs, five ex Judzis, five ex Gentibus ad Chriſtum con- verſos, diſcrimenſtatuere , ſed omnes pariter eo- dem loco haberec, tan cidem irz in ſemet ob- noxios, cjuſdem vitz falutiſque per Chriſtum con- ſortes, ex eadem Dei graria,& gratuit4 miſericor- di; Adeo ut ipſis inde coll;gendum relinquat, ni- hil omnino, quod ad ſenſu referre, (ive primam, five ſecundam perſonam uſurpet, ſive (0s) dicat, five (nos ) de hoc aut mifcriz naturalis exitio, aut vitz & falutis zternz beneficio , aut benetcu hu- Jus caus2 atque principio verba faciens; nam ne- que dum (0s ) inquit Epheſios ad quos ſcribevat, excluſos velle : Neque dum (w0-s) 1nquit, inde fe- ' met cum Judzis excipere, ſed itramque Joquendi formulam de atriſque cx zquo intelleam cupere, ac proinde perſonam utramvis promiſcue & fine diſcrimine uſurpare, immo de induſtria per totum hoc negotium , ob ſinem predictum variare. Et quid est, De catero, tribus verbis hac aussertio contine- wi bujus tur; iiſque tam gravyibus, _ momenti, ut.aili vria verb. | ties alias occurrentia, ſpilſime fuiſent ja/nobis aut haRtenus expenſa, aut in polterum attingenda, pon forent ſicco pede, quod aunt, hoc loco tran- ſeunda, primum eſt beneficium ipſum, quod hic "Salws, Epheſiis attribuitur, nempe Salxs; quod thema eſt, five propoſitum quo de agitur. Secundum eſt, hu- jus cauſa impulſiva; nempe. Gratia-: ac tertium demum eſt, ejuſdem cauſa inſtrumentalis, quo ſa- lus hzc apprehenditur, nempe Fides. Ad primum Lnid [a+ quod attinet, Salutis nomine beneficium illud idem lurk nomb; yificationis intelhgitur, cujus haRenus facta Aa ©. - mentio; quznimirun cum juſtificatione, (ive re- "?* miſfionepeccatorum, & huic proxim4 adoptio- ne, Sanctificationem quoque noſtram compleR Cur, eamque tam in hac vitae inchoatam, quim in fatur illa corporum refurreRione, & glorificationezterni conſummandam; quemadmodum eam Apoſtolus ipſe proxime declaravit & illuſtra-vit, uno enim verbo dicuntur illi ſervati, tam hoc loco, quam alibi paſlim in scriptis Apoſtolus, qui Al** ſtatu naturz in suntatum gratis, & regno tene-min regnuge Christiſti semel tranſlati, semel ofificaciter evocay Christiſtoque per hdem infiti, ut omnis gratis Redemptionis hant in ipſo ticipes; Ita-nominatim, ne plures congeramus, ocis duobus hnic omnino patallelis & atfinibus; Salutem fidelibus. & vocatis attribuit Apoſtolus, 2Tim.1. gs servavit 1205, 12quit » C& vocavit vocatione santt a, non ex operibus noſtris, (ed ex Tit.z. 5. {#0 propoſito & gratia,Rc. & cap. 3.40 Tit, Non ex operibus juſtts, que fecerimus nos, ſedex sunt, utſicordia [ervauit nos per lavacrum Teg Dobii oc* 748101, C7 renovationem Spiritus $. Unde non *"þ elt quis hic dubium scrupulumve moveat, q "> quemodo; Quomodo jam servati dicamur, aut factum in hac vita consecuti, ad quam tantum tendimus & anhelamus, immo & gravati suprarum, cum variis intus & extra difficultatum angultiis, in hac miseriarum valle collu&antgs, cum variis tenationumeprocellis, & fluftibus in hujus noſtram evexit,totius mallz primitias, rotius ignus & arrrham,illuc aliquando in» Redzaomn cam Biel Tpanolite indubieat tne uTTa: compteda taperſunt de noltrg {alute ac Redemptione, non minus firmiter appre- hendimus & exſperitamus;ex firmiſhmo Dei verbo & promillione pendentes, quam fi jam ctteta frent erga nos & adimpleta; Sic ego paſin ab A. |
nsXKcAVwLYw_1 | Youtube-Commons-Whisper | CC-By | və zəziyyət çox bərbaxtı və hökumət üzündə qaraləkədir bu məsələlər. Qazinin sonraqı niyə zabıratda qulbazarından cəlməlidir? Bu sözləri kanal onişə müsahəbəsi zamanı klasik xalq çəpəsi partiyasının Sədri Mir-Mahmud Miraloglu deyib. Partiya Sədri qazilərin yardım üçün siyasi partiyalara hansısa içdivayet həşiratlara müradcə etməməli olduqlarını deyib. Diplomat ya da o düzdurdunuz Azərbaycana, heç olmasa bu gününüz sabahınız üçün qazilərə və şəhidlərə sahib çıxın deyə Miraloglu əlavı edib. Utan ziyaridir və bu olmamalı də əslimdə, habular bizim 44 günlüş müharibəmizdə başımızın tazıydılar. Sizin hakimiyyətinizin uzun ömrün olmasına kömə elədilər. Hücün sosial müdafiyyə nazilindən tutmuş, əhalının sosial müdafiyyə nazilindən tutmuş, bütün nazilədə daxılı olmalıqla, başta da ilhaməliyib olmalıqla, minnətdər olmalıqlar, şəhidlərimizə və qazilərimizə. Onların hesabına bunlar hər ay maşa alırlar, hər ay rüşvet alırlar, hər çıda hər cündü, və hər zamanda çiddiliyilən qardusya qurşanıları onların hesabınadır. Və şəhidli olmasa adamın bir avrı həyası olardı. Üzül istəyirəm, qazinin soragu niyə zabrattakul bazarından gəlməldi? Qazil niyə siyasi partiyalara, istimai təşkilatlara üst tutmalıdı və yetməlbəliyə saklını tələbələməydi mötləyir? Qazil niyə redaksiyalara üst tutmalıdı? Yoxdur bu dövlətin böccəsi, hamsın dağıtmısız, göyə sovurmuşuz, yoxdur sizin vicdanınız, yoxdur sizin şərəfiyiz, aqı bunlar bizim şərəfimizi və gururumuzu qorudular. Yoxdur sizin namusunuz, aqı bunlar bizim namusumuzu qorudular. Hədi cəhəndəm olsun, yəni diplomatiyanı bazarmadır. Uduzdurduz azərbaycan. Bu yediklərizdə nəsi olmasa yediğinizə görə, sabahınıza görə, bugünki günümüze görə, nəsi olmasa bu qazanzlarınıza görə bu qazilərə, şəhidlərə sahib durur. Bili siz nə var, ühət bəy? Bir nəsə məşhur qazilər var. Bir nəsə də papulyar haqqında informasiya toplanılmış şəhid aylələri var. Qəskalanları nə olara olmama aldı? Nə onların hamrısı dövlət sayıqısını və qayıqısını görməməldilər? Nə şəhid anasının içi övladı? Şəhid olma aldı? İçi oğlu? Bir kızı da xəsli olmalıdır, bu hökumət isə gözün yubuq çəsməldi bundan. Ölmür bu məhsuriyyətdə aşın adamlar. Nə olara yaşayırlar ki? Nə haqqları var yaşasınlar? Nə haqqları var uçuşsuda otursunlar? Əndi bunda deyəndən sonra gözünə döndüyüm tamaşası və qalqda dəyişi hə, başladı belə yenə başladı danışma qə. Özə dəyişi gəl bizi buradan kurtar nə olara kurtarın bizi. Gəlin birlikdə kurtulak bu məsələdə. Kurtulak. Nə mən Azərbaycan qanunlarını bilmirəm? Bu qanun yarasılığı ilə məhsur olmuş anası. Mən üç dəfə millət məhsur olmuşam. İki dəfə də haqqım tanınıb Avrupa insanakları mərkəməsində. Və mən bilmirəm ki, o binanın adı Milli Məhzisin binasıdır, mən demirəm ki, Millət vəçiləri, mən deyilən Millət məhzisin binasında oturanlar. Ə orda Millət məhzisin binasında beş üç nəfər Millət vəçili var. |
http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/95553f4ed9b60a374a2568030012e707/04cf8a8a76d18917ca25719b000097f3!OpenDocument | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | 1001.0 - Annual Report - ABS Annual Report, 2001-02
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Contents >> Section 6 - Appendixes >> Appendix 12 - Documents tabled in Parliament
Proposals for the collection of information for statistical purposes
In accordance with section 6 of the Australian Bureau of Statistics Act 1975, the following proposals for collection of information for statistical purposes were tabled in both Houses of Parliament during 2001-02.
12.1 TABLING - PROPOSALS FOR COLLECTION OF INFORMATION FOR STATISTICAL PURPOSES, 2001-02
Date tabled(a)Statistical collection(b)
7 August 2001New Topics in the Monthly Population Survey:
Teleworking (New South Wales);
Safety in the Home (Queensland).
28 August 2001Survey of Financial Information: Venture Capital Supplement
20 September 2001Survey of Book Retailers
26 September 2001General Social Survey
12 February 20022001-02 Private Medical Practice Industry Survey
12 February 2002Manufacturing Material Inputs Survey
12 February 2002Crime and Safety Survey
12 February 2002Training Expenditure and Practices Survey 2001-02
12 February 2002Freight Movements Survey - Air and Rail
11 March 2002Survey of New Capital Expenditure
19 March 2002Land Management and Salinity Survey
14 May 2002Agricultural Survey 2001-02
24 June 2002Quarterly Producer Price Indexes
25 June 2002Indigenous Social Survey
25 June 2002Job Search Experience Survey
25 June 20022001-02 Service Industries Survey
(a) If the proposal was tabled on different dates in the two Houses of Parliament, the earlier of the two dates is shown.
(b) Unless otherwise indicated by the title, the statistical collection is a national project.
Disclosure of lists of names and addresses
In accordance with clause 6 of the Statistics Determination (Statutory Rules 1983 No. 19) made under section 13 of the Census and Statistics Act 1905, details of the following disclosures of lists of names, addresses and other information to be provided to the specified Department or Authority, were tabled in both Houses of Parliament in 2001-02.
12.2 TABLING - DISCLOSURE OF LISTS OF NAMES AND ADDRESSES, 2001-02
Date tabled(a)Information released
23 August 2001List of Establishments for the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics (Fuel and Electricty Survey)
11 March 2002Lists of Agricultural Establishments for the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics
(a) If the proposal was tabled on different dates in the two Houses of Parliament, the earlier of the two dates is shown.
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http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/c311215.nsf/web/States+and+Territories+-+Northern+Territory | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | Australian Bureau of Statistics
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github_open_source_100_1_216 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | @extends('layouts.scaffold')
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7457228_1 | Caselaw_Access_Project | Public Domain | JiSCHOTT, Chief Judge.
In this workers' compensation case the employer and its insurer have appealed from an award to plaintiff. The hearing officer found that she was entitled to benefits even though a videotape demonstrated that plaintiff attempted to deceive the court and even though she collected unemployment benefits for the entire period of time for which the hearing officer awarded compensation benefits.
Plaintiff claimed she was injured on June 21, 1993, when she was attempting to manually open an elevator door which jammed. The next day she saw the company physician who found no objective symptoms, but determined on the basis of her complaints that she had a chest wall muscle pull. He treated her until September 12, 1994, when he released her for light duty. She also saw an orthopedist in March 1994 who diagnosed rotator cuff tendonitis and bursitis and who testified at trial that she was able to perform light duty work which would not involve the use of her left arm such as sitting and monitoring security cameras. He stated that he never saw any objective symptoms but he based his opinion on her subjective complaints and reactions during 12examinations.
At the trial held on March 27, 1995, plaintiff testified that her condition prevented her from working as a sales clerk, going to school, doing housework or yard work, or from doing anything which in any way involved movement of her arm.
An investigator employed by appellants testified that on October 26, 1994, he witnessed plaintiff doing yard work for about an hour using a metal rake to break hard dirt, cutting grass, and moving lawn furniture. He produced a videotape he took of the plaintiff doing these things. Plaintiff testified that the person in the videotape was her sister, but the investigator testified that before he videotaped plaintiffs activity he walked within ten feet of plaintiff in order to clearly identify her.
The parties stipulated at the beginning of the trial that plaintiff filed for and received unemployment compensation since June 21, 1993, and received it every week through the end of November 1994.
The hearing officer awarded plaintiff temporary total disability benefits from June 22, 1993, through December 28, 1993, and supplemental earnings benefits from December 29, 1993, through October 26, 1994, together with all medical expenses between June 21, 1993, and October 26,1994. She also awarded penalties and attorney's fees against appellants.
In this court appellants contend that plaintiff failed to prove her case. They argue that the physician's opinions as to her disability were based upon her subjective complaints and upon no objective findings. They challenge her entitlement to SEB since the medical evidence was uncontradicted that she was all along capable of some light work. And they point to discrepancies and contradictions in the way the accident supposedly happened and the time of her accident as reported to the company physician. However, we need not consider Rthese arguments since the workers' compensation law itself precludes plaintiff from obtaining any compensation benefits.
With respect to unemployment benefits the judgment of the hearing officer provided that appellants were to be given credit for the amounts received by plaintiff for unemployment benefits between June 21, 1993 and October 26, 1994. In her reasons for judgment she stated that she recognized that plaintiff sought and received the unemployment benefits and that appellants would be given credit for the amounts plaintiff received.
LSA-R.S. 23:1225(B) provides as follows:
No compensation benefits shall be payable for temporary or permanent total disability or supplemental earnings benefits under this Chapter for any week in which the employee has received or is receiving unemployment compensation benefits.
Despite the plain wording of this statute and plaintiffs stipulation that she received unemployment benefits for every week between June 21, 1993, and November 1994, the hearing officer awarded temporary total disability and supplemental earnings benefits for this period. The hearing officer clearly erred in determining that appellants are entitled only to a credit for the amounts paid.
Plaintiff is also precluded from any benefits whatsoever by virtue of R.S. 23:1208 which makes it a crime for a person, for the purpose of obtaining any compensation benefit or payment, to willfully make a false statement or representation. Subsection § (E) of the statute provides that any employee violating this section shall, upon determination by hearing officer, forfeit any right to workers' compensation benefits.
In her reason for judgment the hearing officer stated:
The Court has reviewed the videotape and is convinced that the claimant was engaged in the vigorous activity |4shown. The videotape was taken on October 27, 1994 and could not refute the claimant's entitlement to benefits before that date. The Court is convinced by clear and convincing evidence that the claimant was not disabled after October 26, 1994. The claimant's credibility became an issue after the October 27, 1994. The Court recognizes the attempted deception, but the weight of evidence clearly preponderated in favor of the claimant before October 27,1994. No benefits will be paid to claimant after October 26,1994.
As previously stated plaintiff argues that she was not the person in the videotape doing all this work but that person was her sister. Her testimony was in conflict with that of appellants' investigator and this conflict was resolved against plaintiff. Furthermore, the hearing officer saw the videotape and she saw plaintiff and her sister in court. The conclusion of the hearing officer that this was indeed the plaintiff and that she attempted to deceive the court is not manifestly erroneous and is not subject to reversal by this court.
Despite these conclusions, the hearing officer failed to apply the law as found in § 1208. When this hearing was held on March 27, 1995, plaintiff swore that she was and had been since the accident unable to perform any work because of the pain and limitations of her arm. The videotape taken on October 27, 1994, caught her in a lie. The hearing officer stated that her credibility became an issue only from the date of the tape, as though she were suddenly cured when the tape was made. Thus, the hearing officer gave her the benefits plaintiff was seeking until the day she got caught.
Plaintiff committed a crime and subjected herself to the penalty provided for that crime which is forfeiture of any right to benefits. This statute is clear and unambiguous; its purpose is to prevent and discourage fraud in relation to workers' compensation benefits; arid the legislature intended by its enactment that any false statements or misrepresentations made for the purpose of obtaining benefits would result in forfeiture of those benefits. Resweber v. Haroil Const. Co., 94-2708 (La. 9/5/95), 660 So.2d 7, 12.
Accordingly, the judgment of the hearing officer is reversed and set aside and plaintiffs claim is dismissed at her cost.
REVERSED AND RENDERED..
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histoiredeshopi00fabrgoog_13 | French-PD-diverse | Public Domain | Le 24 mars 1679, Jean Sossin, le seul des fondateurs qui vécut encore, pensa qu'il était nécessaire d'augmenter le nombre des confrères et de le porter à trente-trois en souvenir des trente-trois ans que Jésus-Christ a passés sur la terre. Sa proposition fut adoptée, et l'on fit plus tard des réceptions qui augmentèrent ce nombre. La taxe de chaque confrère était toujours fixée à trente-six livres par an, et l'on distribuait des secours aux malades, non d'une manière uniforme pour tous, mais suivant leurs véritables besoins. L'égalité dans la distribution des aumônes choque les notions de la raison et de la justice, car la misère n'étant pas toujours au même degré, il faut bien tenir compte de sa situation si diverse, et les besoins étant différents, les secours doivent l'être aussi. C'est ce qu'avait compris et pratiqué l'œuvre de la Petite Miséricorde de Saint-Martin. Cependant des préférences injustes se glissèrent peu à peu dans l'administration de ses aumônes, et l'on crut remédier à cet abus en adoptant une règle uniforme, sans acception des personnes. On délibéra que les pauvres malades se raient visités de deux en deux jours; que le confrère visiteur se ferait accompagner d'un chirurgien ou d'un apothicaire pour éviter toute surprise, et qu'à chaque visite il donnerait à chacun des malades huit sous qui furent réduits à six en 1687. Le nombre des pauvres de Saint-Martin suivait l'accroissement de la population de cette paroisse qui n'avait que dix mille âmes en 1641 et qui, cinquante ans plus tard, en comptait trente mille. On se trouva dans la nécessité d'augmenter graduellement la taxe de chaque confrère, laquelle fut enfin portée à près de 90 livres. Cependant des personnes d'une charité éprouvée considérèrent comme insuffisant le secours de six sols donné de deux en deux jours à chaque pauvre malade. Elles pensèrent à fonder dans la paroisse Saint-Martin une autre œuvre pour fournir du bouillon à ces malades indigents, et il y eut plusieurs assemblées qui discutèrent les voies et moyens, mais sans aucun succès. Enfin, en 1690, des dames pieuses de cette paroisse offrirent de pourvoir elles-mêmes à tous les frais de l'œuvre et d'en prendre la direction. Charles de Vintimille du Luc, évêque de Marseille, accepta leur offre avec reconnaissance. Ces dames s'en adjoignirent d'autres. Elles quêtèrent dans la paroisse, et grâce à leur zèle et à leurs efforts, on fit du bouillon pour tous les pauvres malades de Saint-Martin munis de la carte que leur donnait le confrère visiteur de la Petite Miséricorde. Exhortation aux dames de la paroisse Saint-Martin touchant la distribution du bouillon qu'elles donnent aux pauvres malades de ladite paroisse. Marseille, 1706, p. 6. Établissement de la Petite Miséricorde. Statuts et règlements que les confrères de la paroisse Saint-Martin doivent observer dans leur visite aux pauvres, p. 49. L'œuvre du Bouillon devint ainsi spéciale, indépendante de celle de la Petite Miséricorde, quoique animée de la même pensée et marchant vers le même but. Elle fut régie par des statuts particuliers et posséda en propre des biens dont elle eut la libre administration. Les dames et demoiselles de l'Œuvre du Bouillon de Saint-Martin étaient en nombre illimité. Les statuts ne les taxaient point, bien qu'ils les obligeassent de contribuer de leurs aumônes personnelles. Ils s'en rapportaient sagement à leur esprit de charité combiné avec ce sentiment d'amour-propre qui en règle si bien l'usage dans les associations de bienfaisance. Les pauvres certes n'y perdaient rien. L'évêque nommait un des vicaires de la paroisse pour assister ces dames en qualité de directeur. Ce vicaire présidait l'assemblée générale qui se tenait au moins une fois par an, et la dame trésorière avait à lui rendre compte de sa gestion. En 1690, pendant qu'on organisait l'œuvre du Bouillon, le prêtre Guillermi institua dans la même paroisse Saint-Martin, et sous le titre du Cœur de la Sainte Vierge, une congrégation de demoiselles qui se proposait particulièrement d'assister les pauvres malades. Ces pieuses servantes de l'indigence ne manquaient pas de donner aux recteurs de la Grande et de la Petite Miséricorde les avis les plus empressés, qui veillaient à ce que les personnes souffrantes fussent. TOME II. 24 Les services les plus rebuts ne refroidissaient point le zèle de ces filles. Instat gables dans leurs saints travaux, on les voyait préparer le linge des malades de leur sexe, laver leurs plaies et changer les appareils lorsque le chirurgien en laissait le soin aux parents qui ne savaient comment s'y prendre. Elles peignaient les malades, les maintenaient dans un état de propreté et s'efforçaient de pourvoir à tous leurs besoins. Leur charité ingénieuse s'étendait aussi aux enfants qui pouvaient se trouver dans l'abandon durant la maladie de leurs mères. Guillermi étant mort en 1693, l'évêque de Marseille le remplaça, en qualité de directeur de cette congrégation, par Ange de Fores la Collongue, prévôt du chapitre de Saint-Martin. L'organisation des secours publics était, on le voit, fort bonne dans le district de la paroisse Saint-Martin, où le concours de trois œuvres charitables assurait le soulagement des pauvres des classes inférieures. Ces trois œuvres dont l'existence était indépendante, comme celle des grands hôpitaux de Marseille, recevaient, comme eux, des libéralités par donation et par testament, mais dans une proportion moins forte, à cause de leur moindre importance et de leurs activités plus restreintes. On remarqua quelques bienfaits. Ainsi, messieurs les paroissiens de Saint-Martin recevaient un avis sur la distribution que l'on faisait de leurs aumônes, qui étaient recueillies par les demoiselles de la paroisse. — 371 — faiteurs auxquels leur générosité donna le premier rang. Louis de Borély, secrétaire du roi à Marseille, ne se borna pas à donner, en 1726, à la Petite Miséricorde de Saint-Martin la somme de 1,640 livres, il lui en donna encore 4,358 en 1729. Anne d'Abeille, sa femme, lui fit à son tour, en 1731, un don de 5,278 livres. La Dame Elisabeth Caire lui légua, en 1784, une maison située à la rue Saint-Pierre-Martyr, et en la même année, le négociant Jean Borel lui céda un capital de 6,000 livres. Je passe sous silence d'au- tres bienfaiteurs. L'Œuvre du Bouillon reçut, en 1746, la somme de 800 livres de Madeleine Lanfrée, veuve du chirurgien Baudouin. Celle du Cœur de la Sainte Vierge ne fut pas oubliée dans les aumônes des paroissiens charitables. Le plus souvent les bienfaiteurs gagnaient la préférence à l'Œuvre vers laquelle leur sympathie ou leur dévotion les entraînait particulièrement; mais quelquefois leur libéralité les embrassait toutes ensemble. En 1734, les trois Œuvres pieuses de Saint-Martin vendirent à la dame Anne Riquet une petite propriété rurale provenant de la succession de Thérèse Simian, et vingt ans après, la veuve Rimbaud leur laissa par portion égale le tiers de son héritage qui n'était pas sans quelque importance. Les œuvres de Saint-Martin placèrent sur la communauté de Marseille diverses sommes pour un temps déterminé et le plus souvent à constitution de rente perpétuelle. Le corps des courtiers de cette ville avait à payer à l'œuvre du Bouillon une rente de 180 livres, suivant un acte du 28 juin 1720. Les maîtres tapissiers lui devaient aussi une pension perpétuelle de 135 livres, et la province de Provence lui payait, au même titre, 50 livres par an. En 1673, plusieurs dames de Marseille avaient voulu former une œuvre de la Petite Miséricorde pour la ville entière. L'abbé de Lavergne, qui les dirigeait, annonça ce projet au sieur de Venelles, un des prieurs de la Grande Miséricorde dont il sollicita les secours. Sur le rapport du sieur de Venelles, le bureau de la Grande Miséricorde délibéra, le 22 avril, de ne rien donner à l'établissement projeté qui pouvait lui nuire. Sac 36 des contrats et titres des capitaux des œuvres pies de la paroisse Saint-Martin, aux archives de l'Hôtel-Dieu. — Liasse 22 contenant divers papiers des mêmes œuvres, aux mêmes archives. Livre 165 des délibérations municipales, année 1764, fol. 73 verso et 74 recto. — Registre 178 des mêmes délibérations, année 1777, fol. 196 et 197 recto et verso. — Registre 183, année 1782, fol. 71 verso et 72 recto et verso, 178 verso et 179 recto et verso. — Registre 184, année 1785, fol. 66 verso et 67 recto, 68 verso et 69 recto, 78 recto et verso, 98 verso et 99 recto et suiv. — Registre 185, année 1784, fol. 23 verso, 24 recto et verso, 49 verso, 50 recto et verso. Livre des capitaux de l'œuvre du Bouillon de la paroisse Saint-Martin de Marseille, in-4°, fol. 37, 63 et 81, aux archives de l'Hôtel-Dieu. Sait-on que dans le dernier quart du XVIIIe siècle, les paroisses de Marseille s'organisaient pour s'opposer par toutes les voies de droit à la quête générale qui était annoncée? Ce projet n'eut aucune suite, mais d'autres entreprises eurent plus de succès, parce que rien ne pouvait leur créer des obstacles. Dans le courant du XVIIIe siècle, le clergé de Marseille, voyant les bons effets des œuvres charitables de Saint-Martin, institua une Petite Miséricorde dans chacune des quatre autres paroisses de cette ville. Celle de la Major fut dirigée par les deux curés et par douze commissaires choisis parmi les paroissiens les plus distingués, qui devaient être chefs de famille. Il y eut chez elle cela de remarquable qu'elle ne se courut ni les personnes d'une condition élevée ou moyenne qu'assistait la Grande Miséricorde, ni les malheureux des dernières classes de la société qui pouvaient aller à l'Hôtel-Dieu, et elle plaçait dans ce rang, entre autres individus de profession diverse, les étrangers, les domestiques, les apprentis et généralement tous ceux qui n'étaient pas couchés d'une manière convenable et n'avaient auprès d'eux personne pour les soigner. La Petite Miséricorde de la 1. Registre 5 des délibérations du bureau de Notre-Dame-de-Miséricorde, fol. 1 recto et verso, aux archives du Bureau de Bienfaisance. 2. Tels que les paysans, les batteurs de plâtre, les paveurs, les manœuvres, les blanchisseurs, les raboteurs, les matelots, les bouchers, les vendeurs de chiffons et d'allumettes, les balayeurs, les brocanteurs, les fendeurs de bois, les charretiers, les vingtaineurs, les muletiers, les marchandes de poissons, d'herbes et de fruits, les porteuses de fardeaux, les lavandières, etc. — 374 — La cathédrale ne se disait établie que pour les artisans, et encore quand il y avait deux malades de cette classe dans la même famille, elle n'en secourait qu'un seul, l'autre devant prendre le chemin de l'hôpital Saint-Esprit. L'œuvre n'existait que pour ceux qui pouvaient dire, suivant l'évangile : "fodere non valeo, fundicare erubesco". Je ne suis pas bon à bêcher la terre, j'ai bonté de mendier. Par acte du 15 juin 1782, l'œuvre de la Petite Miséricorde de la Major prêta à la ville de Marseille la somme de 2,000 livres pour servir à l'acquittement du prix des terrains de Tarsenal. Les œuvres de la Petite Miséricorde, de Notre-Dame des Accoules, de Saint-Laurent et de Saint-Ferréol se montrèrent plus faciles et moins parcimonieuses dans la distribution de leurs aumônes, sans doute parce qu'elles eurent moins de pauvres et plus de ressources. Chacune d'elles était administrée par le curé de la paroisse et par vingt-quatre directeurs choisis parmi les membres de l'association pieuse. Règlement pour l'administration de l'œuvre de la Petite Miséricorde de la cathédrale. Marseille, 1757, in-8. Registre des délibérations municipales, fol. 123 recto et verso, internes de la ville. Règlement pour la Petite Miséricorde de la paroisse Notre-Dame des Accoules. Marseille, 1783, in-f2. — Règlement pour l'administration de l'œuvre de la Petite Miséricorde de la paroisse Saint-Ferréol. Marseille, 1782, in-12. — Nous ne connaissons pas les règlements de l'œuvre de la paroisse Saint-Laurent, et peut-être n'ont-ils jamais été imprimés. Quoi qu'il en soit, il est probable qu'ils n'auraient à peu près semblables à ceux des œuvres des paroisses précédentes. Toutes ces œuvres possédèrent des capitaux formés par la libéralité de plusieurs bienfaiteurs, et la paroisse des Accoules fut la seule qui eut, en 1770, un établissement pour les servantes renvoyées à des heures indues, ou qui n'ayant pas de parents, restaient sur le pavé. Cette œuvre spéciale les logeait, les nourrissait et leur cherchait de nouveaux maîtres. Il y avait, pour le quartier de Saint-Victor, une autre œuvre de bienfaisance exercée par la confrérie de Notre-Dame-de-Concession érigée dans l'église inférieure de l'abbaye, pour rendre tout l'honneur possible à la Sainte Vierge et soulager en même temps les pauvres honteux, pendant la rigueur de l'hiver, en leur faisant distribuer du pain. On ne connaissait pas la date de sa fondation. Vingt-quatre prêtres nommés pour six ans et renouvelés chaque année par sixième dirigeaient les affaires de l'association et faisaient annuellement une quête dans la ville et ses faubourgs. Le premier s'appelait maître d'hôtel, le second était trésorier, le troisième avait le titre de bourgeois, et le quatrième remplissait les fonctions de sacristain. Voyez le registre 11 des délibérations du bureau de Notre-Dame-de-Miséricorde, du 2 mars 1770 au 17 août 1787, fol. 114 recto, aux archives du Bureau de Bienfaisance. — Registre 177 des délibérations municipales, année 1776, fol. 158 verso et 159 recto et verso, aux archives de la ville. — Registre 27 des copies des lettres des échevins de Marseille, du 9 mai 1774 au 23 juin 1775, aux archives de la ville. — Livre trésor F de l'Hôtel-Dieu de Marseille, de 1701 à 1715, fol. 494 et suiv., aux archives dudit Hôtel-Dieu. Grosson. Almanach historique de Marseille, année 1770, p. 114. Ce qui ne pouvait nommer à l'emploi de prieur que des gens de commerce et les célibataires n'étaient pas éligibles. Ceux qui sortaient de charge ne pouvaient y rentrer qu'après un intervalle de dix ans au moins. Dans la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle, le faubourg de Notre-Dame-du-Mont ayant acquis quelque importance, on y institua, pour les pauvres malades, une œuvre qui, le 3 juin 1783, plaça mille livres sur la communauté de Marseille. Joseph Rambert, avocat à Marseille, laissa, en 1685, aux pauvres de la Valentine un legs de 2,000 livres, pour les intérêts de 100 livres en provenant être distribués chaque année aux nécessiteux de ce quartier rural. Un autre bienfaiteur, nommé Antoine Génies, légua, par testament du 13 février 1726, son bien à l'Hôtel-Dieu de Marseille, à la charge par cette maison de payer tous les ans 50 livres aux pauvres honteux de Château-Gombert. La distribution devait en être faite par les prieurs de la confrérie du Saint Sacrement, en présence du curé. Instruction pour messieurs les prieurs de la vénérable confrérie de Notre-Dame-de-Confession érigée dans l'église inférieure de l'abbaye Saint-Victor. Marseille, 1739, in-12 de quinze pages. Regrêt des délibérations municipales, fol. 127 recto, aux archives de la ville. Livre trésor C de l'hôpital Saint-Esprit et Saint-Jacques-de-Galice de Marseille, de 1664 à 1685, fol. 258 recto, aux arch. de l'Hôtel-Dieu. Livre trésor N du même hôpital, de 1756 à 1767, fol. 375 verso, aux mêmes archives. CHAPITRE XVI. BIJUBBAGE DE BIBLIAUABLE. Deux Bureaux de Bienfaisance à Marseille. — Leur réunion en un seul. Administration centrale des secours publics. — Son régime et ses actes. — Rétablissement de la Grande Miséricorde. — Atelier de travail. — Sa situation — Horrible misère à Marseille. État statistique du paupérisme. — Service des dispensaires. — Organisation du bureau de Bienfaisance. — École de Sainte-Anne. — École de la Pomme. — Admission des Sœurs de Saint-Vincent de Paul. — Service de la pharmacie. — Situation financière de l'œuvre. — Marche de ses services. La loi du 7 frimaire an V (27 novembre 1796), établit la perception d'un décime par franc en sus du prix des billets d'entrée dans tous les spectacles publics, pour secourir les indigents à domicile. Elle institua dans les communes un Bureau de Bienfaisance ou plusieurs, selon la convenance des municipalités, chacun d'eux devant être composé de cinq membres. Le 6 février 1797, le bureau central de Marseille nomma deux bureaux. Dumoulin, Lambert Degrand, Chapelié neveu, Reboul et Durand composèrent le premier. Les membres du second furent Martin Fabregoule, Fabre aîné, Audibert Roze, Guirand aîné et Marcelin Barle. Ces deux bureaux se réunirent ensemble le 19 février. Il y fut dit qu'ils ne formeraient qu'une seule assemblée délibérant en commun, pour éviter les abus dans les distributions, et qu'il n'y aurait qu'un seul receveur; que le bureau général se réunirait tous les neuf jours, mais que tous les jours un bureau particulier de trois membres aurait séance. L'assemblée se constitua sous la présidence de Martin Fabregoule et prit diverses mesures pour la confection du tableau des pauvres. La journée du 18 fructidor changea les principes du gouvernement et amena d'autres hommes sur la scène administrative. Par arrêté du 28 novembre 1797, le bureau central de Marseille, considérant que les deux Bureaux de Bienfaisance avaient été formés sous l'influence d'un système subversif des lois de la république, en révoqua les membres et les remplaça par les notaires Donjon et Martin, Reynaud Beccary, ancien notaire; Angles et Pierre Gaillard, pour le premier Bureau; par Servel père, Pierre Serane, Arnoux, Victor Chaix et Chaussebeau pour le second. Le 7 décembre, la nouvelle assemblée formée des deux bureaux déclara que la passion politique avait seule inspiré les actes de l'assemblée précédente et délibéra de dresser un nouveau tableau des indigents, sans distinction de parti. 2. Mémorial régiste 1, p. 18 ci-id, Cette administration marcha fort mal parce que les fonds lui manquèrent. Elle n'eut d'autres ressources que les droits sur les spectacles publics, et encore fut-elle sans cesse en guerre, à ce sujet, avec les entrepreneurs. Le 4 octobre 1800, le conseil municipal de Marseille accorda dix mille francs au Bureau de Bienfaisance qui n'avait à distribuer aux pauvres qu'une trentaine de mille francs par an. Un arrêté du ministre de l'intérieur, en date du 25 mai 1803, autorisa ce bureau à faire des quêtes dans la ville, à placer des troncs dans les églises et dans la Bourse de commerce ; mais l'appel fait à la charité publique ne produisit que des ressources insuffisantes et l'œuvre continua de se voir circonscrire dans de faibles moyens d'action. Par arrêté du 28 septembre 1804, le préfet Thibaudeau la reconstitua sous le nom d'Administration centrale des Secours publics, et les nouveaux membres furent Alphonse de Fortia de Piles, le docteur Achard, Mathieu Pascal, Innocent Rey, Roccofort animé, Triol, Verninac, Casimir Rostan, Rollandin fils, Vallière et Dudemaine fils. Le bureau tint sa première séance le 4 février et prit diverses mesures d'organisation. 1. Même Registre 1, p. 78. 2. Registre 2 des délibérations du Bureau de Bienfaisance, commençant le 8 nivôse an IX et finissant le 18 pluviôse an XIII, p. 85, 86 et 101, aux archives du Bureau de Bienfaisance. L'Administration délibéra de convoquer les anciens directeurs de cette œuvre pour aviser aux moyens de lui donner une nouvelle vie avec les changements exigés par les circonstances. Le Bureau, nouvellement installé dans une maison de la Place-Neuve, organisa, le 13 février, la distribution des aumônes. Il divisa, à cet effet, la ville en dix quartiers et nomma des commissaires aux secours. Il eut deux séances par semaine, et un administrateur semainier siégea tous les jours pendant deux heures au moins. La comptabilité de l'Administration fut organisée par Vallière, Roccfort et Verninac, de Conert avec le trésorier Hornbostel. Le 28 février 1805, le Bureau nomma de Fortia et Vallière administrateurs de la Grande Miséricorde et leur délégua tous les pouvoirs nécessaires à cet effet. Il fut dit que l'on procéderait chaque année à de nouvelles élections, les mêmes membres étant rééligibles. Quelques jours après on organisa les dispensaires. Le 30 mars, l'Administration adopta le règlement général de la Grande Miséricorde. Dans la distribution des secours, elle concilie la responsabilité de l'œuvre avec le secret inviolable qui devait couvrir la situation des familles qu'elle secourait. Ces secours devaient être donnés deux tiers en nature et un tiers en argent. Le règlement prescrit de faire tous les ans une quête générale pour les pauvres honteux de la Grande Miséricorde. Le 1er avril suivant, l'Administration institua la Charité maternelle, et le surlendemain elle se chargea du transport des pauvres malades à l'Hôtel-Dieu. Par arrêté du 20 novembre 1805, le préfet lui adjugea divers revenus, entre autre ceux qui provenaient de l'ancienne Miséricorde, des œuvres particulières, les anciennes possessions de charité et de toutes les fondations destinées au soulagement des pauvres à domicile. Cette Administration était composée de onze membres nommés pour cinq ans, sans compter le maire, président de toutes les institutions de bienfaisance. Il en sortait successivement deux pendant quatre ans, et trois la cinquième année. Chacun d'eux, pour donner l'exemple de l'aumône, versait tous les trois mois six francs dans la caisse de l'œuvre. Le 29 juin 1805, l'Administration occupée à l'établissement d'un atelier de travail pour la classe laborieuse, dans l'ancien local de la Miséricorde alors occupé par le conseil de guerre. Quelques difficultés s'élevant sur ce point, elle jeta les yeux sur l'ancienne abbaye de Saint-Sauveur. Sur ces entrefaites, les obstacles qui s'opposaient à la mise en possession de l'ancienne maison de la Miséricorde furent aplanis, et l'Administration centrale des secours publics put en disposer à sa convenance. Elle évalua la dépense générale de l'atelier à la somme de quarante à cinquante mille francs et se proposa de commencer par l'emploi des femmes et des enfants, leur donnant pour travail le tissage du sparte, la préparation des étoupes pour les navires, la filature de la laine, du chanvre, du coton, et le tricotage des bonnets. De Dessus la mer nommé, le 8 mars 1806, directeur de la maison du travail et chargé de rédiger un projet de règlement, comme l'homme le plus spécial, crut que cet emploi était au-dessus de ses forces et donna sa démission peu de temps après. Bertrand fut nommé à sa place. L'Administration n'organisa qu'avec une peine infinie cette maison dans laquelle, au commencement. ment de 4 807, quatre-vingt-seize indigents des deux sexes étaient employés. Elle établit, à la même époque, de concert avec les autorités locales, quelques ateliers pour des travaux de déblai et de nivellement à la place Pentagone et dans divers autres lieux. Cependant le nombre des pauvres augmentait sans cesse, et l'Administration des Secours publics fit tout ce qu'elle put pour leur donner des moyens d'existence. En 1809, les femmes seulement étaient employées dans la maison de travail et l'on en comptait 270 à la fin de cette année. Il fallut bientôt prendre des mesures pour en occuper un plus grand nombre, car la triste position de Marseille s'agravait tous les jours d'une manière désespérante. Le commerce était anéanti, et tous les maux de la guerre et de l'oppression pesaient sur cette ville tourmentée par la plus horrible misère. Le 1er février 1812, le gouvernement accorda à l'Administration centrale des Secours publics de Marseille la somme de cent mille francs. L'épidémie qui régna dans cette ville pendant l'hiver de 1812 à 1813 imposa aux Dispensaires une dépense de 60,000 francs. Même registre 2, p. 100 et 101. 2. Registre 4 des délibérations de l'Administration centrale des Secours publics de Marseille, p. 172 et 173. 3. Répertoire général des délibérations prises par l'Administration centrale des Secours publics, lettre S, indiquant le registre 5, p. 235, aux archives du Règlement de Bienfaisance, ledit registre 5 étant perdu. 384 dont la plus grande partie fut prise sur un fonds extraordinaire fourni par le préfet. Au commencement de 1813, le ministre de l'Intérieur fournit 41,205 fr. à l'Administration pour des bons de soupe. Il affecta de plus 60,000 fr. aux ateliers de la maison de travail, lesquels, sous l'empire des nécessités les plus cruelles, n'en furent pas moins fermés le 24 avril pour n'être ouverts qu'en 1815. Le conseiller d'état Pelet de la Lozère fut envoyé à Marseille par le gouvernement en qualité de commissaire extraordinaire. Le 10 mai 1813, l'Administration des Secours publics mit sous ses yeux le tableau des pauvres de cette ville, dont la population était d'une centaine de mille âmes. Il y avait 8,703 familles indigentes ayant ensemble 30,831 personnes, parmi lesquelles 9,251 trouvaient le moyen de gagner leur vie, et toutes les autres, au nombre de 21,559, avaient besoin d'être secourues. L'Administration réclama du gouvernement un nouveau secours de 100,000 fr. qui ne lui fut pas accordé. Après tant de souffrances, la paix changea les A. 100,734 suivant la Statistique des Bouches-du-Rhône, t. 2, p. 786. 5. Registre 6 des délibérations de l'Administration centrale des Secours publics, p. 41 verso, 42 recto et verso. — 385 — destinées de Marseille. Les premières années de la maison de travail n'avaient pas été onéreuses à l'Administration des Secours publics, mais depuis 1814 les déficits s'accrurent rapidement, pour diverses causes, et leur chiffre total s'élevait à 69,381 fr. à la fin de 1817. Le 7 février de l'année suivante, l'Administration considérant cet établissement comme inutile en temps de paix, en prononça la suppression. Des temps meilleurs avaient placé l'Ouvrier dans des conditions régulières. L'Administration réorganisa les Dispensaires pour le traitement des malades à domicile. En 1807, les honoraires des trois médecins et des trois chirurgiens chargés du service avaient été fixés à 300 fr. pour chacun d'eux, et l'on en donna 120 aux suppléants. Deux divisions, celle du nord et celle du midi, avaient été formées dans la ville. Le 19 octobre 1816, l'Administration agrandit ce service qui comprit quatre divisions. Il y eut, sans compter plusieurs médecins consultants, douze titulaires qui reçurent chacun 500 fr. par an et formèrent ensemble un comité médical chargé de promulguer la vaccine et de rendre compte chaque mois de ses travaux. Les quatre Dispensaires eurent chacun un agent rétribué à raison de 600 fr. par an et un bureau de consultation gratuite, siégeant tous les jeudis et composé des docteurs consultants et titulaires. Voici l'état des malades traités en 4817 par les Dispensaires : En l'exercice de 4846 ... 235 Entrées pendant l'année 4847 3,406 Total 3,641 Guéris 3,061 Envoyés à l'hôpital 102 Morts 146 3,641 Restant en traitement le 1er janvier 4818 332 L'état de ce service est presque le même pendant quelques années. Après diverses variations, l'augmentation du nombre de malades présenta, en 1830, le résultat suivant : Malades admis 4,491 Guéris 3,500 Mort 2,791 4,491 Entrées à l'hôpital 179 En traitement le 31 décembre 1833 L'Administration sentit, en 1819, la nécessité de réunir, sous forme de règlement général, toutes les dispositions qui avaient été prises par des délibérations particulières. Elle était alors composée de MM. de Gardane, Frébron, Berard, Barbarin, de Ruffi, Michel de Léon, Séjourné, Hilarion Bouge, Laurent Gravier, baron de Somis et Fort. Dans la séance du 22 mai, sous la présidence du marquis de Montgrand, maire de Marseille, cette Administration adopta le projet de règlement que trois de ses membres, Berard, de Ruffi et Gravier, avaient été chargés de lui présenter. Les différentes branches du service administratif, la gestion des biens de l'œuvre, le travail des employés, les comptes des recettes et dépenses du receveur, la surveillance relative aux subsistances et aux approvisionnements, l'assistance des Dispensaires, le choix et les attributions des commissaires aux secours, la direction et l'emploi des fonds, tout fut déterminé avec une précision convenable. L'ordonnance royale du 31 octobre 1821 réorganisa cette Administration et lui donna le titre de Bureau de Bienfaisance. Le nombre des membres fut réduit à cinq, renouvelés par cinquième toutes les années et nommés par le ministre de l'Intérieur, sur la présentation d'une triple liste de candidats proposés par le Bureau lui-même. Le maire continua d'en avoir la présidence. Cette ordonnance blessa l'Administration des Services publics, qui fit les plus vives instances pour que le nombre de ses membres restât fixé à onze, à cause des détails multipliés du service. Sa résistance tint longtemps en suspens la résolution du ministre qui voulait d'ailleurs ménager des hommes utiles et dévoués dont l'influence était considérable à Marseille. Le 3 avril 1821, l'Administration sollicita l'intervention des députés des Bouches-du-Rhône. Elle se vit pourtant obligée de céder, et, dans la séance extraordinaire du 13 mai suivant, le maire vint installer le nouveau Bureau de Bienfaisance composé de Raymond Roux, Berard, de Somis, Gravier et Bouge, tous membres de l'Administration centrale des Secours publics. Le 28 août suivant, le Bureau, persistant dans la demande de l'Administration précédente, fit des démarches pour que le nombre de ses membres fût porté à onze et pria le préfet de soumettre ses vœux au conseil général qui était en session; mais l'Affaire n'eut pas de suite. Par testament du 23 septembre 1823, la Dame Élisabeth Coquillat, en religion sœur Sainte-Anne, voulut que le prix de deux propriétés rurales qu'elle possédait dans la commune d'Artigues, département du Var, servît à fonder à Marseille une école de. petites filles pauvres. * Cette bienfaitrice mourut le 11 décembre 1827. Le Bureau de Bienfaisance s'occupa, le 3 octobre 1829, de l'organisation de l'école et se mit en recherche d'un local convenable. Il fut dit que l'établissement porterait le nom de Sainte Anne pour perpétuer celui de la testatrice ; qu'il serait dirigé par les sœurs de Saint-Charles et qu'on n'y admettrait que des filles appartenant aux familles de la Grande Miséricorde. Le 24 mars 1830, l'école de Sainte-Anne, instituée dans une maison louée par le Bureau de Bienfaisance à la plaine Saint-Michel, fut solennellement inaugurée. On commença par y recevoir quinze jeunes filles, puis trente, et le nombre successivement augmenté, fut enfin porté à soixante-dix. Plus tard une autre bienfaitrice fit, dans la banlieue de Marseille, une fondation du même genre. Par acte du 23 décembre 1852, la Dame Blanche Amélie Martin donna au Bureau de Bienfaisance une maison sise au village de la Pomme et une somme de 20,000 fr., pour l'établissement d'une école gratuite de filles indigentes du quartier, desservie par deux sœurs de Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, également chargées de la visite des pauvres malades de la Pomme. L'école de Sainte-Anne siégea un peu plus tard dans une maison du Bureau de Bienfaisance, au boulevard Dumuy, n° 21. Elle est aujourd'hui dans une maison prise en location par l'œuvre, à la rue de Lodi. Registre 10, p. 273 et 274. L'école de Sainte-Anne siégea un peu plus tard dans une maison du Bureau de Bienfaisance, au boulevard Dumuy, n° 21. Elle est aujourd'hui dans une maison prise en location par l'œuvre, à la rue de Lodi. Registre 10 ci-dessus cité, p. 286, 287, 292, 305, 306, 329, 330. 391 - Économie qui permet de les étendre ; industrieuses dans l'emploi des soins matériels qui préparent celui des soins moraux. Admirable contraste avec le silence qui affaissent dans l'inutilité de la vie mystique les facultés les plus tendres et souvent les plus énergiques. Les objections ne manquaient pas contre ce projet. On se prenait à dire que c'était là une innovation qu'aucun besoin ne réclamait et qui pouvait, à bon droit, exciter bien des alarmes. Le catholicisme absorbait autrefois tous les établissements de bienfaisance qui vivaient en lui seul et n'avaient hors de lui aucun moyen d'action. Mais tout est changé dans notre société labourée si profondément par de nouveaux instruments de travail intellectuel, et de nos jours il n'est pas bon que les institutions de charité soient trop dominées par l'élément religieux porté à l'exagération, à l'envahissement et à l'intolérance par des tendances invincibles. Les croyances varient à l'infini, mais les devoirs de l'homme de bien sont toujours les mêmes, et nos semblables qui souffrent ont le droit d'être secourus, sans qu'on ait celui de les tourmenter dans leur liberté religieuse. La charité qui fonde ses triomphes sur le trouble des consciences n'est qu'une tyrannie. Ainsi parlait l'opposition. C'était en 1843, et les religieuses que l'on avait en vue étaient celles de Saint-Vincent-de-Paul. Dès l'année précédente, cinq d'entre elles avaient été appelées à Marseille par les curés de cette ville, au moyen d'une souscription pour la distribution des aumônes aux pauvres de leurs paroisses, en dehors de l'Action de la Grande et de la Petite Miséricorde, et on les avait installées dans une maison de la rue de la Salle. En 1843, J.-J. Pastré, l'avocat Alexandre Paul, Daniel, Luce père et Pelissier composaient le Bureau de Bienfaisance. Le 8 février, Luce proposa d'adjoindre à l'œuvre ces cinq religieuses. L'affaire fut discutée le 19 avril suivant. Canaple venait de remplacer Pastré. Paul combattit la proposition qui n'avait, d'après lui, que des inconvénients, en l'état de l'organisation du Bureau de Bienfaisance. La marche de tous les services étant assurée, les sœurs ne pourraient opérer que d'une manière accessoire, et il était à craindre que des dissentiments fâcheux ne s'élevassent. Il fallait donc rejeter la demande, sauf à utiliser plus tard le zèle des sœurs dans un nouveau service. Cette opinion fut adoptée, et l'on ne pensa plus qu'à ouvrir au zèle des religieuses une carrière plus grande par l'amélioration des Dispensaires, principalement par la fourniture des objets de literie et de lingerie dont ces dames devaient avoir la surveillance. L'un des administrateurs en exercice exprima son dissentiment plein d'ardeur avec une persévérance. Qui fit du bruit et devint dans la presse locale un objet de polémique irritante. Dans la séance du 21 juin 1843, Paul fit valoir tous les services que les sœurs pouvaient rendre à la classe nécessiteuse et le Bureau délibéra de traiter avec la supérieure générale de cet institut pour la coopération de douze sœurs. L'accord fut conclu le 13 septembre. L'appropriation de deux maisons de la rue Fonderie-Vieille pour le logement des sœurs et pour le siège de l'administration coûta 17,300 fr. Le 1er janvier 1844, le Bureau de Bienfaisance adopta un règlement pour les religieuses qui, quelques jours après, prirent possession de leur poste. Le Bureau s'occupa ensuite du service de la Pharmacie. Les deux frères Reimonet fournissaient tous les médicaments à des prix bien inférieurs à ceux des pharmacies ordinaires, et leur traité expirait à la fin de 1848. L'Administration, dès l'année précédente, étudia la question de savoir si le système de la régie ne donnerait pas plus d'avantages et d'économie. Cette étude fut longue et laborieuse. Le 2 septembre 1844, la Réponse à la Gazette du Midi sur l'article intitulé : la Congrégation de Saint Vincent de Paul au Bureau de Bienfaisance, in-8° de 30 pages. Marseille, 1844. — Réponse au pamphlet contre l'administration de la Grande Miséricorde et contre les sœurs de Saint Vincent de Paul, in-8° de 16 pages. Marseille, 1844. Registre 15 des délibérations du bureau de Bienfaisance, p. 85 et suivantes. Registre 17, p. 173. familles. Les Dispensaires ont traité à domicile 4,91 5 malades, et le service a coûté 33,871 fr. 13c. Le Bureau a de plus dépensé 69,636 fr. 1 8 c. en secours de diverse nature. L'emploi des legs et des donations à placer et à distribuer a présenté la somme de 10,628 fr. 15 c. Les frais du personnel et du matériel de toute espèce se sont élevés à 44,426 fr. 24 c., et le total des dépenses a ainsi atteint le chiffre de 245,467 fr. 70 c. Tous les articles de recettes ont embrassé l'ensemble de 279,577 fr. 93 c., y compris la subvention municipale de 50,000 fr. et la somme de 26,416 fr. excédant de l'exercice de 1854. Ces ressources sont assez bornées. Quoi qu'il en soit, le Bureau de Bienfaisance se distingue par ses services, et quant aux sœurs de Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, elles répondent au sentiment de confiance qui dicta leur appel. Pour les juger, il suffit de les voir à l'œuvre. Elles sont populaires, et les abus, s'il pouvait s'en produire, trouveraient bientôt un remède efficace dans la surveillance de l'opinion et dans le contrôle des mœurs publiques. Tandis que la passion du bien trouve partout des encouragements sympathiques, le mal ne peut avoir de longues chances de durée, celui du moins qu'il est donné à l'homme de combattre et de détruire, car il y a des maux irréparables, leur guérison n'étant pas à notre portée. Quels que soient les efforts de la philanthropie, quoique fasse la politique roulant dans le cercle de ses systèmes stériles, la misère apparaîtra toujours au sein des sociétés les plus florissantes, comme pour attester qu'il n'est sur la terre aucune institution offrant une garantie entière contre le malheur. CHAPITRE XVII. MONT DE PIÉTÉ. Prêts sur gages dans le moyen-âge. — Fléau de l'usure exercée par les Juifs et par les Lombards. — Fondation des Monts-de-Piété en Italie. — Ces établissements dans diverses villes de France. — Usuriers en Provence. — Taux de l'intérêt à Marseille. — Création du Mont-de-Piété de cette ville. — Libéralité de Jean de Puget. |
github_open_source_100_1_217 | Github OpenSource | Various open source |
use CTypes;
config const debug = false;
class C {
var x: int;
}
proc test() {
var c:unmanaged C?;
on Locales[numLocales-1] {
c = new unmanaged C(1);
}
var cc:unmanaged C? = c;
var loc = __primitive("_wide_get_locale", cc);
var adr = __primitive("_wide_get_addr", cc);
var b = __primitive("_wide_make", unmanaged C, loc, adr);
assert( b == c );
delete c;
}
test();
proc test2() {
var own:owned C?;
var c:borrowed C?;
on Locales[numLocales-1] {
own = new owned C(1);
c = own:borrowed C;
}
var cc:borrowed C? = c;
var loc = __primitive("_wide_get_locale", cc);
var adr = __primitive("_wide_get_addr", cc);
var b = __primitive("_wide_make", borrowed C, loc, adr);
var loc2 = __primitive("_wide_get_locale", b);
var adr2 = __primitive("_wide_get_addr", b);
assert( b == c );
assert( loc == loc2 );
assert( adr == adr2 );
}
test2();
// test from issue 18511
record WidePtr {
var ptr: c_void_ptr;
var loc: chpl_localeID_t;
}
class Foo {
var bar: int;
}
proc create(ref widePtr: WidePtr, bar: int) {
var foo = new unmanaged Foo(bar);
widePtr.ptr = __primitive("_wide_get_addr", foo);
widePtr.loc = __primitive("_wide_get_locale", foo);
if debug {
writeln("create foo is ", foo:c_void_ptr, " and ptr is ", widePtr.ptr);
}
}
proc toFoo(ref widePtr: WidePtr) {
var ret = __primitive("_wide_make", unmanaged Foo, widePtr.loc, widePtr.ptr);
if debug {
writeln("toFoo returning ", ret:c_void_ptr);
}
return ret;
}
proc toFooWorkaround(ref widePtr: WidePtr) {
var loc = widePtr.loc;
var ptr = widePtr.ptr;
var ret = __primitive("_wide_make", unmanaged Foo, loc, ptr);
if debug {
writeln("toFoo returning ", ret:c_void_ptr);
}
return ret;
}
proc destroy(ref widePtr: WidePtr) {
var foo = toFoo(widePtr);
if debug {
writeln("destroy ptr is ", widePtr.ptr, " and foo is ", foo:c_void_ptr);
}
delete foo;
}
proc test3() {
var ptr: WidePtr;
create(ptr, 1);
var foo = toFoo(ptr);
writeln(foo);
destroy(ptr);
}
test3();
proc test4() {
var ptr: WidePtr;
create(ptr, 1);
var foo = toFooWorkaround(ptr);
writeln(foo);
destroy(ptr);
}
test4();
|
https://globalvoices.org/2012/04/02/colombia-lawmakers-rush-bill-on-author-rights-and-intellectual-property/ | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | Close
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Colombia: Lawmakers Rush Bill on Author Rights and Intellectual Property
This March 20 the proposed Law 201 (2012) [es] was presented, somewhat hurriedly, to the Colombian congress. This proposed law reforms [es] the legislative and regulatory framework of intellectual property and the rights of authors. On March 23, only three days after its initial reading, the law was approved by the Senate and House of Representatives secondary committees.
Red Pa Todos (“Internet for Everyone”) has been collecting petition signatures [es] asking the Colombian congress to debate the proposed law without unnecessarily rushing through procedures to vote on its approval.
The law attempts to conform to one of the obligations [es] arising from the implementation of a free trade agreement with the US (FTA). The law's proposal also coincides with the arrival of the President of the United States Barack Obama on April 14 in Cartagena, where he will attend the Summit of the Americas. The Colombian government plans to make an official announcement on the Colombia-US FTA at the summit.
These developments have unleashed several reactions [es] in traditional media [es], as well as numerous protests from diverse citizen media [es]. Activists and citizens have rejected the urgent, hurried attitude with which the law has been presented. Many connect this law to the previous “Lleras Law” that sought to regulate the liabilities for author's rights infractions as well as internet derived rights.
Anonymous, the famous hacktivist group so hard to define, shared a note about the law on Facebook [es] and also published a video on YouTube that was titled “#LeyllerasRecargada” (“#LawLlerasReloaded”):
On March 27, La Silla Vacía [es] reported on Anonymous’ recent actions:
La semana pasada, el primer debate de este proyecto de ley fue aprobado “a pupitrazo” [en un procedimiento de urgencia], y hoy, aunque no comenzó el segundo debate en el Senado, Anonymous está usando la estrategia a la que recurrió hace casi un año: la facción colombiana de este grupo difícil de definir envió un comunicado esta mañana criticando al Gobierno Nacional por presentar este proyecto y desde su cuenta de twitter @Anonymous_co llamó a sus seguidores para atacar la página del Senado que está caída desde hace unas dos horas.
The past week the first debate on this proposed law was resolved with approval “a pupitrazo” [a legislative procedure that fast tracks the law's approval], and today, though the second debate has not started in the Senate, Anonymous is using the same methods and strategy they used almost a year ago to get action. The Colombian faction of this group sent a communication [es] this morning criticizing the national government for proposing this law and from their Twitter account, @Anonymous_co, [es] called their followers to attack the Colombian senate's website [es] which has been down [es] for the past 2 hours.
For their part, Red pa todos [es] clarifies the difference between the Law Lleras and the newly proposed one:
En contenido el Proyecto de Ley 201 no es la Ley Lleras, esa se ocupaba de la responsabilidad de los proveedores de servicios de Internet por las posibles infracciones de sus usuarios, responsabilidad por hechos de terceros, mientras éste es una reforma al derecho de autor, toca plazo de protección, excepciones, definiciones, derechos conexos, reforma los delitos, habla de Medidas de Protección Tecnológicas, etc.
In content the proposed Law 201 is not the same as the Lleras law. The Lleras Law made internet service providers liable for the possible IP infractions of their users, responsible for third parties. Meanwhile the proposed law 201 is a reform of the rights of authors, touching on the protective duration of works, exceptions, definitions, derived rights, reform of crimes, technology protective measures, etc.
The group [es] also confirms that they are preparing a complete proposal to present to congress, airing 5 initial concerns including the following:
También podría violar derechos de usuarios si, como sucede en esta versión, no se consagra el procedimiento administrativo que el propio TLC contempla para ajustar cada 4 años esas excepciones. En el proyecto no se desarrolla el procedimiento sino sólo una facultad general para el gobierno de proponer cambios. Nos preguntamos entonces, ¿para qué el afán? Tampoco se están cumpliendo con todas las obligaciones del TLC, falta esta.
Also this proposed law would violate the rights of users if, as exists in the proposed version, an administrative procedure is not established (which the FTA itself contemplates) to adjust exceptions every 4 years. The proposed law does not develop the procedure, rather it outlines a general ability of the government to propose changes. We ask ourselves then, “Why the rush?” The law isn't even fulfilling all the obligations of the FTA. It lacks this administrative procedure.
María Juliana Soto also expreses her concern [es] on the Fundación Karisma portal. The lawyer Iván Vargas Chaves provides an analysis on website equinoXio [es]:
Una de las grandes preocupaciones que nos atañen como ciudadanos de la sociedad de la información es el vernos obligados a dejar el bloqueo de contenidos en Internet en manos de una autoridad administrativa, y no de un juez como siempre lo ha sido, aquellas libertades que no son más que el reflejo de un Estado Social de Derecho, pues ante todo, es el juez mismo, en atención a la figura de reserva judicial, el único que luego de una ponderación y aplicación del debido proceso puede decidir sobre éstos, lo que se traduce en tener la certeza sobre la aplicación de garantías a la libertad de expresión e información y derecho de huelga y competencia.
One of the biggest worries that concerns us as citizens of an information society is that this new law seems to make mandatory an administrative authority having the power to block internet content rather than a judge, as has always been the case. These are liberties which are no more than the reflection of a legal social state because, well before anything, it is the judge himself, attentive to judicial reserve, as the only one that can decide on these things after contemplation and the application of due process. This judicial presence translates to having certainty in the application of the guarantees of freedom of expression and information as well as the right to protest and compete.
Carolina Botero in her blog Carobotero-co asks that the law be debated over a prudent time frame [es], and argues that the congressmen are not well informed on the law's contents:
Sería bueno cumplir TLC a tiempo, pero sería mejor hacerlo bien, no sería el primer país en pedir plazo y al menos los congresistas la leerían
It would be good to fulfill the FTA obligations in a timely manner, but it would be better to do it well. We won't be the first country to ask for an extension and then at least the congressmen could read this law.
German (@germread) [es] refers to the term “pupitrazo” [es] while talking about the same topic on Twitter:
Hoy aprendí en mi visita al congreso la palabra #pupitrazo, Dícese de de congresistas que aprueban leyes #lleras sin leerlas y discutirlas.
Today during my visit to congress I learned the word #pupitrazo, which is used when congressmen approve laws #lleras without reading or discussing them.
The blog Hyperconectado [es] titled an article “The New Lleras Law” [es] and puts forward a series of questions for the government, including:
¿Por qué tan rápido quieren la aprobación? o ¿Por qué el gobierno no quiere una discusión abierta y transparente sobre el tema?
Why do they want to pass this so quickly? Or, why does the government not want open and transparent discussion on this subject?
Geraldine Juárez at ALTI040 compares this law against others [es] and finds an interesting similarity, a “coincidence,” in how they have been presented for debate:
No es una casualidad que Ley Sinde, Ley Lleras, SOPA, etc…compartan la peculiar característica de la prisa. Su objetivo es excluir el debate público para evitar que sus abusivos fines y colusión de los gobiernos con las corporaciones, sean expuestas.
It isn't a coincidence that the Sinde Law, Lleras Law, SOPA, etc. share a peculiar rushed feeling in their approval process. Their objective is to exclude public debate in order to avoid exposure of their abusive fines and the collusion of governments and corporations.
Finally, from the blog El Kilo, Arias publishes an open letter [es] to the Colombian congress, concluding with this call to accounting:
Si le queda dignidad, señor congresista, al menos discuta el proyecto, y tómese un rato para informarse acerca de lo que está legislando, antes de ponerle su firma.
Mr Congressman, if you still have some dignity, please at least discuss the proposal and take some time to inform yourself about what you are legislating, before putting down your signature.
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bub_gb_d5Ff5LgWvHwC_46 | Italian-PD | Public Domain | Ogni erbame si fa fieno, naturalmente se l'erba è buona per bestiame; questa erba essendo di molte specie, ne consegue che il fieno offre qualità diverse: e secondo la natura delle sostanze predominanti nell'erba medesima, il fieno ora conviene più per ingrassare gli animali, ora per dar più latte, ora per recare vigore a quelli da lavoro. Perciò, stando alle osservazioni, quando si crea il prato irrigatorio, specialmente per servizio di caseine da frutta, ossia per la produzione del latte, si cura che vi abbondi il trifoglio ladino (Trifolium repens), detto da molti la regina dell'erba; il trifoglio, o cerfoglio (Trifolium pratense), la logliessa, ossia lognierella (Lotus perenne) ed anche (ma in piccola quantità) la piantagagna (Plantago lanceolata), le amarille (Amaranthus acetosa) e ramer (Rumex acetosella) ecc. Per allevare o ingrassare bestiame, ed in genere per trarne buon geno si abonda colla erba maggiore (Poa trivialis), della paglietta, la phalaris arundinacea, la poa annua, e sempre l'ottima lognierella, e quel trifoglio ladino: il quale, se durante l'irrigazione femmina lascia tutto il campo alla lognierella, in particolare nel guajo riprende il sopravento. IV. Cure lucchese. Prima Irrigazione, se il Prato si semina in Autunno, e si comincia discretamente prima dell'inverno, si può fare in Gennaio d'Aprile, ricorrendo ad una Primavera asciutta. Se invece fu seminato in Febbraio o Marzo, il prato novello si irriga solo di Giugno o Luglio, quando in somma (per onesti due i casi) si sia vestito di tappeto erboso sufficiente ad impedire all'acqua ogni minima erosione della soperficie. Dopo questo primo sforzo che con accorgimento sommo deve intraprendersi governando l'immissione, l'effetto, e l'uscita dell'acqua col pompato massimo attenzione, si esamerà se vi siano irregolarità di sezioni o di livello da emendare nelle diverse condizioni, e si riparano unilaternente ai piccoli avallamenti che il terreno subisce talora in certi punti nello immergere dell'acqua, ed alle altre possibili eventuali deteriorazioni di alvei, bocchette, chiaviche, ecc. Naturalmente, tutto riordinato, si risemina il terreno nelle zone dove fosse rimasto ignudo. Tolte le faccende e i consigli riportati nei §§ 173, 173, 174, e 175 per gli appezzamenti asciutti, si hanno da praticare per Prati irrigui, e più per le Praterie. Io a queste ultime poi inconveniente del pascolo, segnalato nel § 176, si eviterebbero funestissimi; né primo gnuo' rigori, né pasci, raccomandava Filio' da secoli. 316. Tolle le cose e faccende descritte negli articoli 39, 51 e nel 177 si richiedono ed ancora più sollecite ed accurate per Prati irrigui di qualunque specie. Inoltre, tutti i Portatori, adatrici, condotti e fossi di ogni fatta si devono ogni anno espurgare nell'autunno o nell'inverno, togliendone l'erba palustre, fogliame, limo e quant'altro atteneva alla sezione del rispettivo alveo, a ingombri il deflusso dell'acqua. E il ciglio, sponde ecc. si deve mantenere esattamente allineato conservando le primitive dimensioni, riparando ogni orma, guasto, o alterazione qualunque avvenuta; e purtroppo in avvenivano di molte se si mandava bestiame a pascolo. Ogni minima depressione nella superficie delle piane o dell'acqua sia sovralzata; ogni topinaja, formicaja, o motaletta, preparata, senza dire d'ogni coccio, pietra, avanzi di foraggio ecc. da levare di mezzo. Queste cure poi per le Marcite s'adempiono in specie nell'Autunno prima di procedere all'irrigazione continua. Per i terreni sabbiosi o in genere molto sciolti, usano i migliori in primavera la compressione della pianta colica mediante rotoli pesanti di pietra. Ne' tenaci a tappeto mollo fitto, gioverà sempre l'erica a coltivarlo nei modi ch'ho addietto consigliati. E giova particolarmente per le Marcite il farlo in Autunno dopo sparso il concime, anche a fine di sparliciarlo ben bene e ragguagliare la superficie dovendo procedere all'irrigazione continua invernale. 317. La concimazione sia proporzionale di certa guisa all'irrigazione. Anche nel caso in cui l'acqua possieda, essa stessa, sostanze concimanti, come quelle provenienti dalle fogne di centri popolosi nelle quali sfuggono latrine e ogni sorta d'immondezze, quanto più a forza d'acqua si costringe il Prato a produrre, tanto più si ha da sussidiare d'ingrassi. Perciò le Marcite assai volte vengono letamate in Autunno, e in Primavera di nuovo. Nell'Autunno si coprono di concime o letame ben patito, o con ceneri o terriccio. In primavera con urina, o escrementi diluiti, o altro qualsiasi ingrasso liquido. Taluni danno panello o sansa in polvere impiegandone circa 2000 chilogrammi per ettaro; e la spandono dopo inessaggiato il prato, perché subito vi si disciolga e s'incorpori. Quando si prepara l'ingrasso componendolo in un angolo della Marcita con letame ben patito misto con tutte le materie ricavate dall'espurgo dei condotti d'acqua, scoli ecc., formandone ammassi ben mescolati e più volubili, se ne danno circa 30 a 30 mila chilogrammi per ettaro. Se non si ingrassa la Marcita almeno ogni due anni, non si conserva nella sua massima produzione. Del resto, dal § 31 al 39 discorsi lo norme più importanti; v'è solo da largheggiare applicandole, e valersi di traini o meglio di barelle per trasportare, massimamente nelle Apule, ove sino al passaggio dei cacciatori diviene dannoso. Quando fosse indispensabile servirsi di animali, si veda dalla Fig. 84 se convenisse adoperare il Cilindro-baroccio del Guilleds, di cui il disegno offre idea abbastanza distinta, e che in verità eseguito col maggiore possibile lunghezza del cilindro stesso EE, deve tornare innocuo ai generi ne' terreni sciolti ed asciutti. Fig. 84. L'addobbamento dei prati descritto già nel giardino, si opera ancora dandogli fuoco quando per la troppa crescita e lussuria delle gramigne, queste accovacciandosi imputridiscono alla base. Si eseguisce pure in fine di Febbraio dopo i gelì, e così viene come a rinnovellarsi tutto il tappeto erboso (Albers, De pratis). In Piemonte usano ancora nei Prati irrigui l'Addobbamento effettivo delle piante come lo descrissi, e non saprei che ripetere identica riprovazione, quando non si abbruciassero piote copiose di Carici, ecc. Perché queste abbondeano nelle bassure, quindi se non si sopralzassero il male peggiorerebbe. La estirpazione del Perceibe quanto sia necessaria l'ho dimostrato abbastanza anche nel §118 e 119. Nei Prati irrigui, nelle Marcite in specie è uggiosa, laboriosa, dispendiosa; ma quel deperimento degli animali ivi notato non ammette replica. D’altronde, siccome l’esperienza insegna di concimare con terre dei salinali le praterie umide ove abbondano Lebiedelle (Cyperus) Giunchi (Scirpus) ecc., così sperimentando calce viva, che taluni usano mischiare con sansa o panello di Ravennale, si otterrebbe probabilmente l'effetto di diminuire la preponderanza delle piante più nocive. CIRCOLO III. 875 Le acque d'irrigazione di fontanili, sorgenti ecc., stillando dal terreno con temperatura costante di almeno 6 a 7 gradi C., nell'estate riescono assai fredde quanto relativamente calde all'inverno. L'altra derivata da correnti per lo contrario risultano abbastanza calde all’estate, e fredde troppo nell'inverno, giacché allo incirca assumono la temperatura dell'aria dei luoghi percorso. Non si dimentichi quanto ne' già citati Lazzari III e XIV s’indagò intorno alle altre qualità e proprietà dell'acqua d’irrigazione. Lo riconsiderata solo quella della diversa loro temperatura al fine che il cauto praticulatore, mentre opera nell'inverno del continuo acqua tepide di fontanile, o altre analoghe, dovendo pur servirsene nell'estate se ne vale solo dopo il tramonto. Per verità d’ordinario l'orario a cui si ha diritto, impone d'irrigare in ore prescritte, e non v'è da fare scelta del momento più opportuno. Ma l'avverimento rimane utile per molti che possono valersene. La stagione delle irrigazioni per i prati, comincia col equivalente di Primavera, e continua sino a metà circa di Settembre. Le prime volte irrigasi parcamente; poi, in specie dopo le falciate di erba, più copiosamente. Nel cuore dell'estate però, soverchio d’umidità nuoce alla prosperità delle erbe; e dilavare troppo il terreno. In qualunque caso, l'irrigazione si cessa otto giorni prima della falciatura. L'acquacultura dei prati, scrive lo Scansato: Si intraprende nei terreni più magri (in Lombardo Oronte) ogni 3, 4 giorni: quelli, ove le bestie hanno pascolato, e perciò sono più fitti e più compatti si acquiscono ogni 7, 8 giorni: se poi il terreno è ancora più denso e più forte, allora l'intervallo di tempo tra l'irrigazione e l'altra è di 15 a 20 giorni. In generale quando si può irrigare ogni 15 giorni se n'ha ottimo risultato; in specie procurando di farlo subito dopo ogni taglio. L'abbondare poi troppo nella irrigazione nuoce alle migliori piante, cioè alle Leguminose. Infatti nelle Marcite dominano sempre più le graminacee. Se dopo il primo taglio si irriga con sobrietà, le migliori erbe maggiori ripullulano e se ne ha in copia anche nel guano o taglio agostano. Anche oggigiorno, come scriveva il Petalo in Torino nel 1786, « molti non colgono certamente il fieno che coglierebbero se più parcamente e più giudiziosamente irrigassero i Prati ». La irrigazione delle marcite, comincia a prodigarsi cominciando alla fine d’Autunno, prima del freddo, e protraendosi fino alle ultime brine del Marzo. Però se vuoi usare il Verbo quarto, si comincia l'adacquamento alla fine dell'ottobre, e si ha poi la nuova erba soltanto nel Febbraio; se invece si vuole mietere, come si chiama quel tipo di erba, si dà l'acqua alla fine di Settembre per falciare poi verso la metà di Dicembre e via di seguito. Lo anticipare porta agio all'erba di crescere e vestire meglio la Marcita contro le ingiurie del freddo. Il campare veglia a mantenere l’acqua delle adacquature incessante e misurata, massime in tempo di pioggia onde per sovrappiù copia o impeto non danneggi: e se si concima nell'Autunno si usa un ebe maggiore sobrietà d'acqua perché ne' primi giorni non trascina il concio in fondo alle piane o aie. Nel mese di Febbraio e più in Marzo, nelle ore in cui per cielo sereno il Sole riscalda l’atmosfera, sospende l'irrigazione, ripigliandola alle tre ore circa del pomeriggio. In fine si tralascia alla fine di Marzo l'adacquamento continuo, e in seguito regolasi l’irrigazione come per gli altri Prati. L'alimentazione in verde, più naturale, deve conferire alla nutrizione e sanità degli animali più del Fieno: cerò l'esperienza ammastra ottenersi più latte da 100 chili d'erba fresca, che ad esempio da 25 di Fieno ricavato da 100 d'erba. Ancora per ragione di natura 100 d'erba pascolata devono giovare loro più d'altra fagliata quantunque consumata subito fresca; ed è innegabile il vantaggio igienico per il bestiame che muovendo pascolando e bevendo come suol dirsi l'aria aperta, su quello legato immobile del continuo alla mangiatoia. La questione si trova nel comparare a questi vantaggi inconvenienti gravissimi recati agli Prati irrigui dagli animali pascolanti. Certo è (osservava il Lutti) che se l'erba si recide, si consuma meno, e le vacche non uscendo dalla stalla danno più latte. Aggiungasi che col calpestio nuociono al fondo, e talora ingiustamente l'erba colla brina, colla rugiada e cogli sette ne hanno un danno che tutto o in parte evitasi col l'erba recisa. Ma d'altra parte l'erba recisa perde di sostanza aromatica e alimentare: ammucchiata si scalda talora e si guasta; nelle stalle le bestie tanto più perdono di salute quanto più danno di latte, e fra le erbe recise non possono lasciare da parte le nocive come fanno al pascolo. Concluderò che per verità il risparmio della spesa di falciare, raccogliere e trasportare l'erba, ed il progettare quando sia così corta da non metter conto il falciarla, giustifica la pratica d'altronde quasi universale del pascolo in Autunno; ma, come i Lodigiani perciò commendati dal Lavezzari, si facciano i ripartimenti raccomandati al § 93, e non vi si introdotta bestiame se non sono asciutti, e nelle ore anziché io cui sia dissipata la rugiada ecc. 224. La prima falciatura nell'Italia centrale e superiore suole accadere fra il 5 e il 15 Maggio, e nelle Provincie Meridionali due settimane prima. Le irrigazioni copiose, e la pinguedine protraggono alquanto l'epoca della maturità. La quale, nei prati irrigui, si desume dallo scolorirsi e sfiorire del Phalaris arundinacea, e dalla fioritura della Centaurea collina (Centaurea jacea), e dalla florifula della Centaurea collina (Centaurea jacea). In molti prati però, la prima erba si falcia quando comincia a maturare il seme della Lolium perenne, della Paglia (Anthoxanthum odor.), del Forasacco (Bromus molin), e del Venere (Phalaris carola). Il taglio del guaiumé, detto anche Agostano, quando sfioriscono i Trifogli lombardo, e rosso (Trifolium repens e pratense), e la Carota selvatica (Daucus carota) ecc. I successivi si fanno dopo circa 40 giorni d’intervallo fra l'uno e l'altro: non si pone mente ad indizi speciali giacché, ad esempio, la Paglia (Agrostis capillaris, vulgaris), o più non si mostra fiorita, il numero dei tagli solitamente è di tre nei semplici irrigati. Il primo detto Maggengo, nel Maggio: il 2° fra il fine di Luglio e il principio d’Agosto, onde il nome di Agostano, il 5° detto Tenuolo, entro Settembre. Altre volte se ne fanno quattro, cioè: 1. primi di Maggio, 2. 7° avvenente, mezzo Agostano, 3. Guaiume a Luglio, 4. Quartaruolo, fine di Settembre, nel quale caso del 1 e 2 si fa Fieno; gli altri due si consumano in verde. Nel Carpianese, notava il Lavazzini, quattro ricolti: 1. Paglia (o Pajana), in Maggio, 2. Pabbio, in Settembre, 3. Centaurea a poro rosso, in Agosto. 4. Erba stella, in Ottobre, tutte piante, secondo lui, troppo acquose onde poco saporite e meno fragranti, perciò di prati vecchi di soverchio irrigati. Alla montagna il Maggengo si ha nel fine di Giugno, e così gli altri tagli più tardi. Ivi di ordinario si converte in fieno soltanto il Maggengo, poi l'erba si falcia per consumarla in verde o si fa pascolare. Del resto vale quanto esposto sulla Raccolta del Fieno nei precedenti §§ 57 al 61. 225. Di parecchie falciatrici diedi alcun'idea nel Lisao X, § 125 e nel XVIII, § 298; ma in varie occasioni l'esperienza mi rifermò che se dessero prestano buon servigio per mietere in date condizioni, al contrario per il Fieno li tagliano troppo alto da terra. Se in un Prato l'erba, ad esempio, abbia un’altezza complessiva di 40 centimetri, e vi abbondino graminacee, supposta una produzione di 4000 chilogrammi, potrò ritenere che i 5 centimetri superiori non rendano 500 chilogrammi, mentre i 5 inferiori presso a terra ne daranno 1500, perciò la falce ne lascia appena mezzo centimetro in piedi. Ora le macchine ben di rado ne lasciano meno di 2 a 5 centim. in media; quindi 6, ad 800 chilogrammi di Fieno rimangono in piedi. Lo che per il proprietario forse non fa danno, mentre verificherebbe grave per chi avesse acquistato il Fieno, come dicesi, in piedi; e d'altronde non giova alla rimessa dell'erba. 226. L'epoca della fioritura sarebbe la seguente per le diverse piante applicando le date indicate dal Gasparin con qualche anticipazione che riporto per l'Italia centrale orientale. Quivi adunque allo circa ne’ sotto-notati giorni fioriscono -, Aprile. Giorno 1, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Holcus odoratus. Maggio. 1, Medicago saliva; 5, Medicago lupulina; 5, Trifolium pratense; 10, Alopecurus pratensis; Ornithopus perpusillus; Paspalum dactylon; 20, Poa pratensis. Giugno. — 8, Avena pubescens; Poa trivialis; Festuca glauca; 5, Lathyrus pratensis; Lathyrus palustris; Poa aristida; Trifolium repens; 8, Avena pratensis; 40, Elymus arenarius; Festuca rubra; Pollinia gryllus; 44, Avena elatior; Lolium multiflorum; Festuca ovina; 48, Poa nemoralis; 19, Onobrychis viciae-lutea; 20, Bromus erectus; Coronilla varia; Festuca duriuscula; Festuca loliacea; Lotus perenne; Lotus comiculatus; Orobus tuberosus; 24, Medicago maculata; Koeleria cristata; Ajira flexuosa; Bromus secalinus; Cynosurus cristatus; Festuca myuros. Luglio. — 4, Festuca arundinacea; 2, Achillea millefolium; Festuca elatior; Festuca sylvatica; Nardus stricta; 4, Holcus lanatus; Poa serotina; 6, Trifolium fragiferum; Trifolium procumbens; Stipa pennata; Vicia hirsuta; Vicia sepium; 6, Phalaris arundinacea; Phleum nodosum; Phleum pratense. Libro sui. Differenze notevoli si verificheranno nell’atto pratico, perchè variano le stagioni da un anno all'altro: perchè nella terra irrigua la pianta fioreggia più tardi che nell'asciutto: perchè, del pari, avviene nel terreno pingue a fronte del magro. Con tutto ciò, dall'olotetto prospetto si può sempre desumere un dato di comparazione tra le piante medesime, e si ha una nozione molto utile sulla rispettiva precocità delle piante pratenssi. Si avverta però che le date assegnate non si riferiscono già al primo sbocciare dei fiori, ma alla piena fioritura spiegata, al momento in cui si effettua già la fecondazione, e comincia l'epoca convenevole di falciare, affrettandosi più o meno secondo la maggiore o minore prontezza di attitudine nelle piante a maturare e disseccarsi. La castoditura si opera come prescritti ($62), e nei Prati irrigui riesce più indaginosa per la naturale umidità della superficie su cui l'erba falciata deve disseccarsi (Libro X, § 1217). La quale, poi, venne dalla falce stessa prostesa in falde, o per volgare in asfane che diremmo falciate, non si avrebbe da toccare sino a che non si mostrò alquanto secca nella sua parte esterna onde anche nel frattanto il sole asciughi lo spazio di Prato rimasto vuoto, ossia scoperto da loro, e sul quale rivoltando colle forcole di legno tutte d’un tratto le falde stesse vi si adagiano poi per cui si secchino dalla parte ch’era prima a contatto dello stesso Prato. Infine, pure con forcole si districano e si spandono le falde medesime onde anche la loro interna porzione si secchi, e l’operazione è compiuta. Le macchine dette Faneuses dai Francesi, e direbbero appassitrici o soperchiavidi, gettando in aria con qualche violenza l’erba da disseccare, se queste specialmente sono leguminose, le fanno perdere il meglio, cioè le foglie. Quindi per Medica o Trifoglia, non soddisfano a un saggio economo. Dei Prati di piccola dimensione la custoditura a mano torna più utile per la ristrettezza dei luoghi, e degli accessi; e riesce anche meno dispendiosa secondo esperienze del libro. Esso valuta la spesa per un prato di poco più di 2 Ettari, colla Faneuse a Lire 29,10, mentre coll’impiego di 15 giornaliere costerebbe meno di 15 Lire. Però, in ragione dell'aumento di estensione, l'impiego della Faneuse risparmia la spesa in confronto dell’opera a braccia. Così calcola a Lire 10,80 per giorno rimorzi per 5 Ettari, mentre ridurrebbe a sole Lire 7,30 per 25 Ettari. Fra le macchine dette "Fanalori" al concorso a Vincennes, nel 30 e 31 Luglio 1867, il primo premio l’ebbe il Nicholson di Newark, il 2º l’Haro di Bedford con altri. Quella del Nicholson venne perfezionata in Francia dal Guillerd e il Barral ne dà il disegno rappresentato dalla seguente Figura 85. I perfezionamenti del Guillerd consistono nell’aver chiuso meglio i congegni d’ingranaggio (come si rileva dai pezzi speciali A B ed A B) per cui il Fieno nel ravvolgersi non vi s’insinua impedendone il gioco, e nell’aver resa la macchina meno pesante. Quanto ai rastrelli e rammucchiare il Fieno rimasto sparso mentre se ne fa il carico e trasporto, basti rammentare il § 61 colla relativa Figura 58 del Rastrello da cavallo. Quale Perba tale Fieno se venne confezionato a dovere. Dal primo taglio perciò, il maggiore caratterizzato del grato odore del Paleino (Althaea odoratum) abbondante di graminacee lunghe e sostanziose come in specie le Fienarole (Phlomis); dal secondo, guajo o agostano, fieno ricco di Trifoglio più foglioso e meno nutritivo, ma più favorevole alla secrezione del latte, e più saporito, essendo le piante sviluppate in tempo più caldo; dai ferzi, terzo e quarto, meno copioso, più minuto e più ricco di erba, onde di poco nutrimento e forza per gli animali; dal quarto se riducesi a fieno, quarturolo, ancora meno abbondante e meno nutritivo. A pari gradi e condizioni poi questi fieni risaltano, se tratti dalle Marcite, inferiori a quelli dei semplici Prati irrigati. Aggiunge queste osservazioni il Lottesi. Da Prati molto pingui s'ha maggengo troppo foglioso, ma l'agostano e il terzo molto migliori che altrove. Dai magri, fieno poco nutritivo, friabile che va in polvere. Dagli uliginosi, acre e nocivo. Dagli irrigati con acque crude, aspro e ruvido. Ora l'operazione della mietitura (prescindendo dalla stagione) risulta più o meno indagiose secondo tante diverse qualità, in modo che mentre richiede molto lavoro per il maggiore, invece i primi tagli montani, e quelli pure di primo taglio abbondanti di Polinia grillo (Libro XXI, § 220), spesso il giorno dopo la falciatura (se fa Cielo sereno) sono già da caricare. 251. Il metodo del Klapmayer non ripeto quanto dissi altra volta del funesto effetto che produce negli animali alimentati unicamente di fieno fermentato con tale metodo. N'espongo la pratica tuttavia, perchè avversando la stagione può diventare una necessità. Infatti nei tagli abbondanti lasciando in falda il fieno quando piove non regge a lungo senza guastarsi al disotto, cioè nella parte a contatto del prato, e bisogna rivoltare la falda medesima appena si sospetta di alterazione. Nel frattempo l'acqua perdurando deteriora l’erba anche nella parte superiore della falda, dilavandola. Perciò appena appassita l'erba falciata la riuniscono e dispongono in mucchi conici, allo incirca eguali fra loro, immergendovi bastoni o canne sino al fondo. Dopo un po’ di sole, se il bastone ritirandolo dal mucchio trovasi ancora caldo, il mucchio si disfa e formasi di nuovo in modo che le sue parti esterne occupino il centro, e le interne già imbrunite compongano il di fuori. Il bastone raffreddato torna ad immergersi nel rifatto mucchio, e dopo un circa eguale intervallo di tempo divento ancora caldo una volta, ed avendo tutta la massa preso un colore bruno uniforme ed odore di vino presso a inacidire, spargesi il foraggio fermentato. Le piante di cui si compone essendo per tal modo disorganizzate in un momento al primo raggio di sole disseccano del tutto. Così operando si ha dunque bisogno solo di un po’ di sole appena falciata l'erba perchè appassisca, e un altro momento quando distendesi dopo fermentata. Perciò dissi tornare utile allorché la stagione non favorisce, giacché coli metodi ordinari occorrono tre giorni e alle volte quattro di sole, salve le eccezioni su note. Certo l’uomo gradisce e si giova di alimenti e bevande fermentate, come pane e vino ecc.; ma l'uomo ha bisogno di vestirsi, non si nutre e cammina da bambino senza aiuto ecc. Il confronto adunque zoppica, e il foraggio fermentato non sarà mai alimento naturale e salutifero del bestiame, massime datogli senza interruzione. 252. La fermentazione del Reno quando si limita a quel tenissimo e lento svolgimento di calore, cui l'erba seccale è custodita a dovere danno luogo, per il loro ammassamento, lo rende migliore, più grato al bestiame e più digeribile. Ma quella, per la quale il fieno dice bollire, emana disgradevoli odori di viole e ossame colore di nocciola, è riprovevole e contraria all'insegnamento di Natura, perciocché gli animali nello stato libero non trovano erbe fermentate per cibarsi. Tutti i più rinomati pratici coltivatori e allevatori in Piemonte e in Lombardia diranno assurda la mia opposizione a quel loro processo di curare anzi fermento tale nelle biche o fienili da correre pericolo d’incendio. Ma la ragione di simile operato sta nell'effetto prodotto da quel fermento, di correggere collegate conseguenze dell’erba buone le spiacevoli e nocive qualità delle cattive cui sono meschiate e contigue. Il Lottero, infatti, fautore del fermento vigoroso lo raccomandava perciò ne segue che l'essere io un sol prato varie erbe di diversa natura frammiste, fa che le une temperino il danno che dalle altre potrebbe derivarne. Quando i Fieni traggono da prati in cui non vegetarono le semi-palustri erbe che deturpano il generale i Prati irrigati dell’Italia, e si riposero in biche o nelle stalle o ne’ fienili, custoditi a dovere, da sé contraggono mitissimo fermento che perdura alquanti giorni senza aumentarsi, e lo mantengono ottimo odore, colore e sapore. Per evitare sinistri effetti della fermentazione negli ammassi voluminosi si adopera come esposto nel § 64, se pure non si vogliasi applicare quel ventilatore ivi menzionato rappresentato nella Figura 86. La quale offre la sezione di una tettoia riempita di fieno, lasciando scorgere il detto apparecchio di invenzione del coltivatore Fig. 80. inglese » Lvwooo. « Il tubo AB pertugiato in due terzi della sua lunghezza, quando nel comporre la bicicletta si è giunti al quarto circa della sua altezza, viene adagiato in modo che l’estremità B sia nel centro e l'apertura D fuori della sponda. Se appare che la massa si riscaldi troppo, si adatta l’altro tubo ricurvo DEM applicato mercè il collo di cesto C D, e subito si attiva un’ascensione dell'aria calda interna da cui segue pronto raffreddamento. Il tubo AB è inoltre munito in B degli uncini FF, onde trascinando fuori trascina abbastanza fieno per esporrne le condizioni. Il fabbricatore Gstaett acquistò il privilegio di costruire questo ventilatore, e costa circa Lire 40 secondo narra il Bisesl, dal cui Journal de l'Agrie. è tolto il progetto disegno. La compressione del fieno, tanto utile per conservargli le sue qualità, e per agevolarne il trasporto riducendosene d’assai il volume (ed il peso, § 2264 del Lisao 1), si opera mediante torce, fra i quali dalla Figura 87 si rappresenta, a termini del § 64, quello dei Tiqchet e Peigsod Mituzioni in Agricoltura, Vol. V. offerto a Bilitmore per l'Espostizione di l'arte. A, casa ove collocasi il Fieno, B, parete mobile per comprimerlo, tirandola con corda a vilere, C, la quale è fitta tutta, ossia guernita di spirale nella parte che passa nella madrevite; H, rocchetti in cui si si avvolge o di ferro o corda a piacere; E, piccoli sostegni di guida per la legatura a mano a mano procede la parete mobile B; F sostegno in col si fissano i capi delle corde o del ferro; G piccolo verricello per ricondurre la parete mobile a posto, eseguita la compressione; Il lungo cilindro a madrevite per l'asta C; regoli insabbili per ogni sorta di frutti di ferro o corde nelle scanalature dei rocchetti D, e in quali verticali della parete mobile B. Le tavole componenti il piano superiore della cassa A, le quali seguono il movimento di quella della parete mobile B, e strisciano mantenute alle loro estremità da staffe L. Questa descrizione col disegno, tolta dal citato periodico del BALS, basterà per dare un'idea, tanto per comprendere l'effetto: il quale col la forza di due uomini giunge a comparare il fieno di guisa da pesare 600 a 250 kilogrammi il metro cubo. Vice versa sfavorevoli. Avversano I Prati le Grillotalpe (Gryllotalpa vulgaris), di guisa che nel Lodigiano talora si fa pascolare dal bestiame I Prati nuovi, per soffocarlo calpestandole, come dice il Lazzaretti; oltre poi le Talpe e gli altri nemici animali e vegetali, di cui toccarne ne’ mancano di far cenno dei danni recati da intemperanze meteoriche, i quali riescono sempre più gravi per il... Prati artificiali, massimamente di recente forma. Ancora le malattie ivi più frequenti (S 64) già di frequente visita, essendo l’erba meglio nutrita quindi più delicata e meno robusta di quelle dei Prati naturali, le quali però vengono più prezzate in fine di vita e ricoperte da non coltivate a dovere. Ancora riorderò il computo esibito nelle stime rurali (Liazo X, § 503) delle seguenti quantità di detrattori per infortunio relativamente alla produzione dei diversi Prati. Monili per... Bassure Pianura Colli Solano Bacio Fieno da’ Prati stabili naturali 1/16 1/14 1/12 1/10 1/12 artificiali ... 1/14 1/12 1/10 1/9 1/9 Erba d’inverno dello marcile. 1/5 1,6 --- Dal che, pure si conferma la maggiore probabilità di eventualità sfavorevoli per i Prati artificiali, oltre quanto più particolarmente riguarda le speciali piante Trifogli, Mediche ecc. di cui ai Capitoli seguenti. Prodotture. S35. La Prodosione dei prati irrigui valutata all'individuo almeno il doppio dei medesimi a secco, di quali l’erba a pari condizioni riescono più apprezzate. In questo senso è da intendere l'emulazione di Filippo Er, che solamente per aver più copioso latte si preferiscono le praterie che si acquaculturano, giacché il reale motivo sta da avere più copioso prodotto, avvegnamente anche per questo titolo possano essere emulati da buone terre non irrigue, le quali però restano inferiori ai prati irrigatori, alle marcite in ispecie, per la loro limitata durata. Tenuto fermo quanto premesso nel § 60 circa il numero dei tagli, esso perché questi si facciano con vantaggio nei prati irrigui, dipende dalla temperatura, di guisa che mentre nei marciti dell'Olona si fanno 5 a 6 tagli, in alcuni stabilimenti del Capo di Buona Speranza nei prati irrigatori non ne fanno 8, o in alcune parti del territorio di Valenza da 9 a 10 secondi riferisce il Labobdb (fin. Esp. 1, 294). Limitandoci ai marciti il Bebba dava un calcolo di produzioni dell'erba verde per mese, che così riduceva allo circa per Ettaro, ed a peso metrico; Febbraio. Chilogr. 10600 Maggio, Giugno. Chilogr. 6300 Marzo. 15900 Luglio, Settembre 8000 Aprile. 16506 Totale 60300 Se si valuta ridotto in Fieno al 25 per 100, saranno chilogr. 15000 di Fieno all'anno, da cui poi l’erba che falciasi nel Novembre e sin dopo il Natale. Secondo lo stesso Autore, un'erba da 135 pertiche (circa 9 ettari) di prato marcito, bagnato d’acque buone e diligentemente coltivato, basta per alimentare 7 mesi continui 49 Vacche ed 1 Toro, altre 105 pertiche (circa 7 ettari) seminano il fieno per i 5 mesi d'inverno; resterebbe da comprare una porzione d'erba siccata da pascolare la mandra durante i due mesi d'Autunno. Digitized by Google Il prato irrigato dunque, le Marcite in specie ed altri eccezionalmente pinguini e da tre tagli, tovagliati danno dai 10 all' 15 mila chilogrammi per ettaro. Il Molino calcola quelli a due tagli di 1ª Classe a 8000 chilogrammi; di 3ª Classe a 6000; a un taglio solo, di 8ª Classe a 4000 chilogrammi; di 4ª Classe a 3500. Ma se (come pare) si è inteso per 5ª e 4ª Classe quelli contenenti erbe non buone del § 45 e le nocive del 546, v'è da riflettere che assai volte fratelli i cui dominano piante di diversa qualità, rendono in peso produzione doppia o tripla di certe praterie collegate, ad esempio, da cui si è tratto fieno squisito. Il Ricontri valuta la produzione dei prati irrigabili da 40 a 50 mila chilogrammi in foraggio verde per ettaro, che riduce si da 10 a 16 mila di fieno. Il Pesio dà per termine medio 35.500 chilogrammi di foraggio verde che rimane con la perdita del 73 per 100, secondo lui, 5.740 di fieno, bastevole al mantenimento anno di cinque capi di grosso bestiame; ma valuta almeno il doppio per le Marcite da 6 a 7 tagli, lo che si accosterebbe alla valutazione del Lisino. Però il Calendario valuta nelle Marcite 70.500 chilogrammi d’erba (Lisino X, 5.581) ed a soli 6 tagli, e come dedotti dal 546 e 548 del Lisino medesimo, sotto le condizioni espresse in quel § 547, la produzione media può ammettersi a 30.000 chilogrammi di fieno risultante da 75.000 chilogrammi di erba: nè farà stupore rammentando i Prati di Ray grandi inglesi, da 7 sino a 10 tagli in verde, ciascuno, secondo il Hackmann, di 50.000 chilogrammi d'erba. Perciò nella Catena degli alberi, a senso de’ citati del X Lisino, si può, concordando anche col § 749 del Libro IV e 303 del Libro VII, concludere in generale: Producione di Fieno Classi Qualità Chilogrammi. 15000 a 20000 Qualità 13000 a 17000 Qualità 9000 a 16000 Irrigui Prati Qualità 10000 a 15000 Qualità 7000 a 12000 Qualità 5000 a 11000 Pianura Qualità 5000 a 10000 Qualità 3600 a 7200 Qualità 3000 a 6000 Colle ecc. Qualità 3500 a 5000 Qualità 1500 a 3000 Qualità 1000 a 2000 d’onde si desumerebbero i medij generali seguenti : Marcile, Chilogr. 14800 Asciutti in pianura, Chilogr. Prati irrigui, 10000 in luoghi elevati, > 3500 La disparità così rilevante di questi medij fra la Classe III e IV di fronte alla I e II, nasce dai minimi tanto più esigui in causa delle eventualità di stagione assai meno infloenti nelle Praterie irrigue che nelle asciutte. Però questi medij si verificano in pochi territori, come può rilevarsi ancora da quegli apprezzamenti del Catalopo ed altri esibiti nel Capitolo VI del Libro X; ma ciò risulta, perchè non calcolata l'erba pascolata; perchè comunemente i Prati non vengono lievemente, concimati e curati nei modi descritti; ma per le troppe frequenti eventualità di stagioni, o di scarsezza d’acqua ecc. Capitolo VIII. 885 La produzione in Fieno per Ettaro riportabile da ciascuna pianta che vi vegetasse isolata, specialmente dal Gaspalmo venne designata per molle in cifre determinate. Ma ponendo io mente agli calcoli d’altri autori, tenendo conto della mia propria esperienza, e riflettendo alle differenze notevolissime che offre una stessa pianta in annate diverse, e in condizioni varie di terreni, di luoghi, di coltura, d’irrigazione ecc., ho cercato di fissare piuttosto i limiti fra quali oscilla la produzione in Fieno di ciascuna pianta, quali con molte indagini ho potuto riunire nei due specchietti seguenti che ne comprendono quattro per ciascuno. Paolonzi in Fieno. Da 1000 Collogr. Da 1000 Collogr. Da 3000 Collogr. Da 4000 Collogr. Airopsis elegans. Agrostis maritima. Agrostis capillaris. Agrostis canina. Anthyllis vulneraria. Andropogon scoparius. Aira coespitosa. Astragalus Arboreus. Anthoxanthum odoratum. Alopecurus bulbosus. Avena distichophylla Alopecurus agrestis Avena versicolor. Asperula odorata. Avena flavescens. Avena geniculata. Cardamine pratensis. Avena airoidea. Lemna perfoliata. Avena pratensis. Centauraea montana. Campanula rapunculus. Festuca arundinacea. Crypsis aculeata. Cynurus. Hieracia media. Cynosurus cristatus. Hieracium aurantium. Danthonia decumbens Cyperus fuscus. Cyperus chinensis. Festuca coerulea. Digitaria paspaloides. Festuca flavescens. Medicago falcata. Oviedo. Hippocrepis carnosa. Medicago lupulina. Melilotus leucophthalmus. Hieracium aureum. Isatis tinctoria. Lotus siliquosus. Nardus stricta. Hedysarum coronarium. Lathyrus hirsutus. Neum mutellina. Ornithopus perpusillus. Panicum sanguinale. Lolium secalinum. Leontodon squamatus. Poa alpina. Lotus corniculatus. Phalaris phleoides. Trifolium elegans. Trifolium cestia. Ornithopus compressus. Pimpinella saxifraga. Pollinia grilla. Poa annua. Plantago lanceolata. Trifolium alpestre. Phleum alpinum. Trifolium pratense. Sclarea cerulea. Trifolium maritimum. Trifolium spadiceum. Silybum marianum. Veronica officinalis. Trifolium alpinum. Vicia dumetorum. A - Digiti fingers by Google. 886 Lino mi. Di MOO Chilogr. a 6000 Aeschimann millefolia. Agrostis decumbens. Ad vulgaria. Avena bulbosa. Brochius asper. Involucris. Calamagrostis arundinacea. Coronilla varia. Festuca glauca. Holcus odoratus. Koeleria cristata. Medicago lupulina. Melilotus caeruleus. Pimpinella magna. Poa alpina. Aristida austrocaledonica. Clara tima. Polygonum bistorta. Scorzonera humilis. Silaum pratensis. Stipa pennata. Triticum caninum. Veronica beccubung. Vicia sepium. A 6000 Chilogr. A 8000 Chilogr. a 10000 Agrostis alba. Agrostis alopecuroides. Alectemilla vulgaria. Astragalus onobrychis. Bromus secalinus. Atriplex rosea. Avena pubescens. Avena sterilis. Centaurea jacea. Campanula linifolia. Cyperus longus. Cichorium inerme. Festuca duricephala. Elymus europaeus. Festuca pratensis. Gallium cruciatum. Glandava dermatitis. Glandava mollugo. Glandava rubra. Glandava verum. Glandava spadicosa. Holcus avenaceus. Genista litoralis. Hedysarum coronaria. Lolium perenne. Hieracium umbellatum. Lythrum salicaria. Poa angustifolia. Knautia arvensis. Leersia oryzoides. Lolium multiflorum. Lolium temulentum. Lolium persephone. Lolium subulatum. Lolium sudeticum. Lotus uliginosus. Poterium sanguineum. Lycopodiella arvensis. Medicago maculata. Melica alta. Spiraea Oligocephala. Orobus luteus. Trifolium ochroleucum. Scabiosa columbaria. Trifolium pratense. Tragopogon pratensis. Trillium repens. Da olea 10000 Chil. Aeschimann esculentus. A. giganteus. A. fertilis. A. sibirica. A. pratensis. A. canariensis. A. pratense. Queste produzioni però andrebbero soggette ad un apprezzamento dello speciale valore nutritivo di ciascuna qualità d’Erba ridotta in Fieno. Ad esempio, preso per tipo il Fieno d’intrinseco valore 100, secondo le Tavole date da scrittori agricoli, gli equivarrebbero solo 82 di Erba medica, ovvero 82 di Trifoglio, 90 di Lupinella, mentre ne occorrerebbero 170 di Alaterno ecc. Perciò, la produzione di 10000 kg di Medicago saliva equivarrebbe a 12195; di quella di 9000 kg di Trifolium repens a 10975; di 4000 di Hedysarum albidum a 4444; mentre 9000 di Lolium aureum ne rappresenterebbe solo 5294. Ma se il Lettore benevolo ricorderà i miei dubbi sui valori nutritivi delle paglie (§ 142 del Libro X) comprenderà perché d’eguali ne nutro su quanta supposta valori dell’Erba foraggera, e mi limiterò alle agazioni più generali. SI arriverà a dire che le indicate produzioni al vero Biologo, io specie le più elevate, comprendendovi guano e secondo taglio, è cosi il lievito ecc. Quindi, ad esempio, il Lolium ilaieticum nella colonna di prodotti dagli 8 ai 10 mila chilogrammi darà molto meno se in condizioni da falciarsi una volta sola. Non ho poi ne l'ultima colonna indicato alcali limite massimo perché quando concorrono tutte le condizioni e circostanze favorevoli, si ottengono produzioni quasi incredibili. Oltre a quella del Ray-grass ossia Limum perenne menzionata già nel 584 del Libro X, noterò queste del Gaspard: Terreni umidi Terreni freschi Terreni secchi Poa aquatica, Chloris insignis e alata, Chloris 20099 limuti arenosi Chloris 97868 Phleum pratense 19824 Silvia vulgaris 21539 Hokus mollis 15313 Phalaris arundinacea 15782 Alopecurus pratensis 10080 Bromus secalinus 13897 Festuca elatiginea 29099 Phleum pratense 25121 Dactylis glomerata 19934 roides 44861 E queste offerte più definite ho voluto citare anche perchè si veda che non esagero punto nel § 256 computando a 15 e 26 mila chilogrammi le produzioni delle Marcite e de' migliori Prati irrigatori. La ragione principale per la quale mi attenni a quelle valutazioni non determinate, dipende dall'essere le ripartizioni dal Gasparin risultamenti di sperienze fatte troppo in piccolo. Infatti assegnava dal Sacr.Ain che le fecce, meno di mezzo metro quadro per ciascuna pianta cui d'altronde forniva la terra a sua stima più congegnabile ad ognuna, concimandola ecc. Nell'agricoltura contabilità esposta nel Prospetto sui dati del Canone (Libro X, § 680) di cui riepilogo dei risultati; Prati irrigati, Fieno Chilogrammi 67000, tre tagli d'erba. Lire 305,50 Spese di coltivazione ad 1/3 101,83 Nello Lire 203,67 Marcite Erba, Chilogr. 70500 in due tagli. Lire 70,50 Spese di coltivazione a 2/5 282, Netto 423, Ricorderò pare che rilevai (Ivi § 584) per eccezionali Praterie di Ragusa grati, (variando Marete incolti con serpivaie concimazioni) l'enorme Rendita annua di Lire 2495. Risultamenti così disparati devono invitare a riconsiderare quanto esposi nel testo Lisano dal § 569 al 585. Gli elementi di calcolo variano immensamente secondo la diversa qualità e prezzo del fieno; la quota detrattabile a reintegro della spesa di formazione; il costo o possesso dell'acqua irrigatrice. 240. La eccellenza del fieno dei Prati naturali o permanenti sopra gli altri temporanei o annuali, l'ho dimostrato anche nei § 182 dei Libri XV, "I più grandi benefici dell'irrigazione" (1). Nel § 550 parlai d'avere io in genere notato le diversità del Miglio e via dicendo per tutti quelli dei Prati irrigatori: ora pochi altri riflessi. |
github_open_source_100_1_218 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package frc.robot.commands.indexer;
import edu.wpi.first.wpilibj2.command.CommandBase;
import frc.robot.subsystems.Indexer;
public class IndexerCmd extends CommandBase {
private final Indexer indexerSubsystem;
private final double speed;
public IndexerCmd(Indexer indexerSubsystem, double speed) {
this.indexerSubsystem = indexerSubsystem;
this.speed = speed;
addRequirements(indexerSubsystem);
}
@Override
public void initialize() {
System.out.println("IndexerCmd started!");
}
@Override
public void execute() {
this.indexerSubsystem.setSpeed(speed);
}
@Override
public void end(boolean interrupted) {
System.out.println("IndexerCmd ended!");
}
@Override
public boolean isFinished() {
return false;
}
}
|
http://www.hindawi.com/journals/scientifica/2012/654094/abs/ | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Scientifica
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 654094, 9 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.6064/2012/654094
Research Article
How Is Chimpanzee Self-Control Influenced by Social Setting?
Language Research Center, Georgia State University, University Plaza, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
Received 8 June 2012; Accepted 8 July 2012
Academic Editors: D. Boyer and T. L. Maple
Copyright © 2012 Theodore A. Evans et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Self-control is often required in natural situations involving interactions with other individuals, and personal self-control can be compromised if other individuals act impulsively. In this study, we tested self-control in pairs of chimpanzees in a variety of settings where at least one chimpanzee of each pair performed an established test for self-control in which candies accumulated one at time as long as the chimpanzee did not eat any of them. When tested alone, some chimpanzees exhibited greater self-control as compared to when tested alongside a chimpanzee that independently performed the same type of test. However, when the nonfocal animal freely consumed rewards while the focal chimpanzee performed the accumulation task, the self-control of some focal chimpanzees was elevated as compared to when working alone. Finally, when the focal and nonfocal animals worked jointly on the same test and the number of rewards accumulated was dependent on both animals’ continued ability to inhibit eating the items, chimpanzees performed the same when housed together or in adjacent enclosures. On the whole, the effects of social setting were modest, but these results may relate to the literature on vicarious depletion of self-control, and they present interesting avenues for future research..
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http://www.grandtheftwiki.com/index.php?title=File:Esperanto-GTAVC-front.jpg&oldid=330805 | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | File:Esperanto-GTAVC-front.jpg
From Grand Theft Wiki
Revision as of 16:17, 29 September 2011 by A-Dust (Talk | contribs)
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Esperanto-GTAVC-front.jpg(754 × 357 pixels, file size: 64 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)
Front quarter view of an Esperanto in Grand Theft Auto: Vice City.
This is a screenshot of a vehicle from Grand Theft Auto: Vice City - a copyrighted video game developed and published by Rockstar Games.
On Grand Theft Wiki, it is believed that the use of web-resolution screenshots, for identification and critical commentary on the game in question or the copyrighted characters or items depicted on the screenshot, qualifies as fair use under Copyright law, as such display does not significantly impede the right of the copyright holder to sell the copyrighted material, is not being used to generate profit in this context, and presents ideas that cannot be exhibited otherwise.
See Grand Theft Wiki:Copyright for more detail on our copyright policy.
See also
File history
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Date/TimeThumbnailDimensionsUserComment
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• You cannot overwrite this file.
The following 2 pages link to this file:.
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JOAFE_PDF_Unitaire_20180040_01578.txt_1 | French Open Data | Various open data | e 150 année. - N°40 Samedi 6 octobre 2018 D.I.L.A serialNumber=S6910003,CN=DILA - SIGNATURE DILA,2.5.4.97=#0C144E545246522D3133303030393138363030303131,OU=0002 13000918600011,O=DILA,C=FR 75015 Paris 2018-10-06 09:00:22
Associations Fondations d'entreprise Associations syndicales de propriétaires Fonds de dotation Fondations partenariales Annonce n° 1578 92 - Hauts-de-Seine ASSOCIATIONS Créations Déclaration à la préfecture des Hauts-de-Seine
MTO GLOBAL YOUTH CONFERENCE. Objet : développe des activités d'intérêt général à des fins éducatives et culturelles destinées au grand public en fournissant aux personnes intéressées des plateformes sur lesquelles les enseignements essentiels du soufisme sont facilement accessibles, l'association n'est pas limitée à un cercle restreint de personnes, elle a une vocation internationale, les pays participants à l'association sont les états -Unis, le canada, la France et l'Allemagne ou tout autre pays ou territoire que le Conseil peut déterminer
Siège social : 70, rue Pascal, 92000 Nanterre. Date de la déclaration : 13 septembre 2018. Le Directeur de l’information légale et administrative : Bertrand MUNCH. |
86483_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Fasáda (z francouzského face tvář, líc) je vnější stěna budovy a její konečná úprava. Fasáda bývá prolomena okny a vchody a členěna různými architektonickými prvky, například římsou, pilastrem, lisénou. Hlavní fasáda (průčelí) bývá honosnější a architektonicky propracovanější než boční a zadní fasády.
V architektuře bývá průčelí často nejvýznamnějším prvkem budovy z hlediska jejího designu, neboť celé stavbě udává tón. Mnohé fasády mají historickou hodnotu a jsou památkově chráněné jako kulturní památky.
Fasády rozlišujeme podle orientace (umístění)
hlavní – průčelí orientované do ulice, náměstí, k hlavní přístupové cestě apod.
boční – sousední (kolmá) k hlavní fasádě, např. do boční ulice
nádvorní
zahradní
pokud není jasná orientace dle okolí (symetrická budova), rozlišují se fasády dle světových stran
Rozlišení dle použité technologie
závěšená – fasádu tvoří obklad montovaný (zavěšený) na konstrukci upevněnou do zdi budovy
Reference
Související články
Fasádismus
Ozdobný architektonický prvek
Externí odkazy
Části budov
Zdi.
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github_open_source_100_1_219 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /// <reference types="node" />
import { IncomingMessage } from "http";
import { Writable } from "stream";
import { PartListDataTask } from "./DataSplitter";
import { DifferentialDownloader } from "./DifferentialDownloader";
import { Operation } from "./downloadPlanBuilder";
export declare function executeTasks(differentialDownloader: DifferentialDownloader, tasks: Array<Operation>, out: Writable, oldFileFd: number, reject: (error: Error) => void): (taskOffset: number) => void;
export declare function _executeTasks(differentialDownloader: DifferentialDownloader, options: PartListDataTask, out: Writable, resolve: () => void, reject: (error: Error) => void): void;
export declare function checkIsRangesSupported(response: IncomingMessage, reject: (error: Error) => void): boolean;
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6025918_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Um meme hack é mudar um meme para expressar um ponto de vista não pretendido ou inerente à imagem original, ou até mesmo o oposto ao original. O meme pode ser pensamentos, conceitos, idéias, teorias, opiniões, crenças, práticas, hábitos, músicas ou ícones. Distorções de logotipos corporativos também são conhecidas como subvertising. Outra definição é: "Intencionalmente alterar um conceito ou frase, ou usá-lo em um contexto diferente, de modo a subverter o significado."
Veja também
Adbusters
Subvertising
Merry Pranksters
Cultura popular
Yippies
Memética.
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https://bibtex.github.io/person/Elena_Zattoni.html | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | Travelled to:
1 × Sweden
Collaborated with:
A.Zakharov M.Yu S.J.Jounela
Talks about:
control (2) reconfigur (1) distribut (1) algorithm (1) predict (1) perform (1) toler (1) optim (1) model (1) fault (1)
Person: Elena Zattoni
DBLP: Zattoni:Elena
Contributed to:
2015
Wrote 1 papers:
CASE-2015-ZakharovZYJ #algorithm #configuration management #distributed #fault tolerance #optimisation #performance #predict
A performance optimization algorithm for controller reconfiguration in fault tolerant distributed model predictive control (AZ, EZ, MY, SLJJ), pp. 886–891.
Bibliography of Software Language Engineering in Generated Hypertext (BibSLEIGH) is created and maintained by Dr. Vadim Zaytsev.
Hosted as a part of SLEBOK on GitHub..
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http://blog.ouseful.info/2012/05/02/doodling-with-a-conversation-or-retweet-data-sketch-around-lak12/ | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | OUseful.Info, the blog…
Trying to find useful things to do with emerging technologies in open education
Doodling With a Conversation, or Retweet, Data Sketch Around LAK12
How can we represent conversations between a small sample of users, such as the email or SMS converstations between James Murdoch’s political lobbiest and a Government minister’s special adviser (Leveson inquiry evidence), or the pattern of retweet activity around a couple of heavily retweeted individuals using a particular hashtag?
I spent a bit of time on-and-off today mulling over ways of representing this sort of interaction, in search of something like a UML call sequence diagram but not, and here’s what I came up with in the context of the retweet activity:
The chart looks a bit complicated at first, but there’s a lot of information in there. The small grey dots on their own are tweets using a particular hashtag that aren’t identified as RTs in a body of tweets obtained via a Twitter search around a particular hashtag (that is, they don’t start with a pattern something like RT @[^:]*:). The x-axis represents the time a tweet was sent and the y-axis who sent it. Paired dots connected by a vertical line segment show two people, one of whom (light grey point) retweeted the other (dark grey point). RTs of two notable individuals are highlighted using different colours. The small black dots highlight original tweets sent by the individuals who we highlight in terms of how they are retweeted. Whilst we can’t tell which tweet was retweeted, we may get an idea of how the pattern of RT behaviour related to the individuals of interest plays out relative to when they actually tweeted.
Here’s the R-code used to build up the chart. Note that the order in which the layers are constructed is important (for example, we need the small black dots to be in the top layer).
##RT chart, constructed in R using ggplot2
require(ggplot2)
#the base data set - exclude tweets that aren't RTs
g = ggplot(subset(tw.df.rt,subset=(!is.na(rtof))))
#Add in vertical grey lines connecting who RT'd whom
g = g + geom_linerange(aes(x=created,ymin=screenName,ymax=rtof),colour='lightgrey')
#Use a more complete dataset to mark *all* tweets with a lightgrey point
g = g + geom_point(data=(tw.df),aes(x=created,y=screenName),colour='lightgrey')
#Use points at either end of the RT line segment to distinguish who RTd whom
g = g + geom_point(aes(x=created,y=screenName),colour='lightgrey') + geom_point(aes(x=created,y=rtof),colour='grey') + opts(axis.text.y=theme_text(size=5))
#We're going to highlight RTs of two particular individuals
#Define a couple of functions to subset the data
subdata.rtof=function(u) return(subset(tw.df.rt,subset=(!is.na(rtof) & rtof==u)))
subdata.user=function(u) return(subset(tw.df.rt,subset=(!is.na(rtof) & screenName==u)))
#Grab user 1
s1='gsiemens'
ss1=subdata.rtof(s1)
ss1x=subdata.user(s1)
sc1='aquamarine3'
#Highlight the RT lines associated with RTs of this user
g = g + geom_linerange(data=ss1,aes(x=created,ymin=screenName,ymax=rtof),colour=sc1)
#Grab user 2
s2='busynessgirl'
ss2=subdata.rtof(s2)
ss2x=subdata.user(s2)
sc2='orange'
#Highlight the RT lines associated with RTs of this user
g = g + geom_linerange(data=ss2,aes(x=created,ymin=screenName,ymax=rtof),colour=sc2)
#Now we add another layer to colour the nodes associated with RTs of the two selected users
g = g + geom_point(data=ss1,aes(x=created,y=rtof),colour=sc1) + geom_point(data=ss1,aes(x=created,y=screenName),colour=sc1)
g = g + geom_point(data=ss2,aes(x=created,y=rtof),colour=sc2) + geom_point(data=ss2,aes(x=created,y=screenName),colour=sc2)
#Finally, add a highlight to mark when the RTd folk we are highlighting actually tweet
g = g + geom_point(data=(ss1x),aes(x=created,y=screenName),colour='black',size=1)
g = g + geom_point(data=(ss2x),aes(x=created,y=screenName),colour='black',size=1)
#Print the chart
print(g)
One thing I’m not sure about is the order of names on the y-axis. That said, one advantage of using the conversational, exploratory visualisation data approach that I favour is that if you let you eyes try to seek out patterns, you may be able to pick up clues for some sort of model around the data that really emphasises those patterns. PS I also created a script that generated a wealth of other charts around the lak12 hashtag [PDF]. The code used to generate the report can be found as the file exampleSearchReport.Rnw in this code repository.
Written by Tony Hirst
May 2, 2012 at 11:04 pm
Posted in Rstats, Tinkering
Tagged with ,
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github_open_source_100_1_220 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #!/bin/sh
set -Ee
if [ -z "${BTRFS_DEVICE}" ]; then
echo "error: BTRFS_DEVICE must be set" >&2
exit 1
fi
sudo modprobe loop
mkdir -p $(dirname "${BTRFS_DEVICE}")
truncate "${BTRFS_DEVICE}" -s 10G
mkfs.btrfs "${BTRFS_DEVICE}"
mkdir -p "${PFS_DRIVER_ROOT}"
mount "${BTRFS_DEVICE}" "${PFS_DRIVER_ROOT}"
$@
|
github_open_source_100_1_221 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import { Connection } from 'typeorm';
let connection: Connection;
function setConnection(value: Connection) {
connection = value;
}
export {
connection,
setConnection
}
|
github_open_source_100_1_222 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <script>
$(function(){
$('#message__Slide_Ok_Conclusion_va').click(function(){
mission_id=$('#mission_id_va').val();
commentaire=$('#commentaire_va').val();
risque="faible";
if(document.getElementById("conclus_va_faible").checked==true){
risque="faible";
}
else if(document.getElementById("conclus_va_moyen").checked==true){
risque="moyen";
}
else if(document.getElementById("conclus_va_eleve").checked==true){
risque="eleve";
}
$.ajax({
type:'POST',
url:'cycleVente/ventea/php/enregistrer_conclusion_va.php',
data:{mission_id:mission_id, commentaire:commentaire, risque:risque},
success:function(){
$('#contSupVa').hide();
$('#message_Slide_Conclusion_va').hide();
$('#contRsciVente').show();
openButva();
}
});
});
});
</script>
<div id="message_confirmation_slide_va">
<table width="500">
<tr style="height:20px">
<td style="height:20px">
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="td_Contenue_Message" height="50" align="center">Toutes les données sont stockées...</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">
<input type="button" value="OK" class="bouton" id="message__Slide_Ok_Conclusion_va">
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div> |
github_open_source_100_1_223 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | namespace Raven_8
{
using System;
using System.Threading;
using NServiceBus;
class Outbox
{
Outbox(EndpointConfiguration endpointConfiguration)
{
#region OutboxRavendBTimeToKeep
var outboxSettings = endpointConfiguration.EnableOutbox();
outboxSettings.SetTimeToKeepDeduplicationData(TimeSpan.FromDays(7));
#endregion
}
void OutboxDisableCleanup(EndpointConfiguration endpointConfiguration)
{
#region OutboxRavendBDisableCleanup
var outbox = endpointConfiguration.EnableOutbox();
outbox.SetFrequencyToRunDeduplicationDataCleanup(Timeout.InfiniteTimeSpan);
#endregion
}
void Cleaner(EndpointConfiguration endpointConfiguration)
{
#region OutboxRavendBEnableCleaner
var outboxSettings = endpointConfiguration.EnableOutbox();
outboxSettings.SetFrequencyToRunDeduplicationDataCleanup(TimeSpan.FromMinutes(1));
#endregion
}
}
} |
github_open_source_100_1_224 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | function randomColor() {
var letters = '0123456789ABCDEF'.split('');
var color = '#';
for (var i = 0; i < 6; i++ ) {
color += letters[Math.floor(Math.random() * 16)];
}
return color;
}
function componentToHex(c) {
var hex = c.toString(16);
return hex.length == 1 ? "0" + hex : hex;
}
function rgbToHex(r, g, b) {
return "0x" + componentToHex(r) + componentToHex(g) + componentToHex(b);
}
function getIntValueFromHex(hex) {
return parseInt(hex, 16);
} |
github_open_source_100_1_225 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | declare var wp: any, EpsilonWPUrls: any;
import * as $ from 'jquery';
export class EpsilonZoneFocus {
/**
* Section object
* @type []
*/
public sections = [];
/**
* Class constructor
*/
public constructor() {
wp.customize.bind( 'ready', () => {
this.collectSections();
this.handleEvents();
} );
}
/**
* Collects sections that are related to footer and blog page
*/
public collectSections(): void {
_.each( jQuery( '[id^=accordion-section-]' ), ( element ) => {
let id = jQuery( element ).attr( 'id' );
if ( id.search( 'header' ) > - 1 ) {
this.sections.push( {
frontend: '#wrap',
section: id,
changePage: false,
type: 'header',
} );
}
if ( id.search( 'footer' ) > - 1 ) {
this.sections.push( {
frontend: '#footer',
section: id,
changePage: false,
type: 'footer',
} );
}
if ( EpsilonWPUrls.post_page && (id.search( 'blog' ) > - 1 || id.search( 'header_image' ) > - 1) ) {
this.sections.push( {
section: id,
changePage: true,
url: EpsilonWPUrls.post_page,
} );
}
if ( EpsilonWPUrls.front_page && id.search( 'static_front_page' ) > - 1 ) {
this.sections.push( {
section: id,
changePage: true,
url: EpsilonWPUrls.front_page,
} );
}
} );
}
/**
* Handle events
*/
public handleEvents(): void {
this.sections.map( element => {
jQuery( `#${element.section}` ).on( 'click', 'h3', ( event: JQuery.Event ) => {
element.changePage ? this._changePage( element ) : this._scrollTo( element );
} );
} );
}
/**
*
* @param element
* @private
*/
private _changePage( element ): void {
// wp.customize.previewer.allowedUrls.push( element.url );
wp.customize.previewer.previewUrl( element.url );
jQuery( `[id^=sub-${element.section}]` ).on( 'click', 'button.customize-section-back', () => {
wp.customize.previewer.previewUrl( wp.customize.previewer.allowedUrls[ 0 ] );
} );
}
/**
* Srolls to a frontend position
* @param el
*
* @private
*/
public _scrollTo( el ): void {
wp.customize.previewer.send( `epsilon-${el.type}-focused`, el.frontend );
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_1_226 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #!/bin/bash
SOURCE="${BASH_SOURCE[0]}"
HIP_PATH="$( command cd -P "$( dirname "$SOURCE" )/.." && pwd )"
HIP_COMPILER=$(eval "$HIP_PATH/bin/hipconfig --compiler")
if [ "$HIP_COMPILER" = "hcc" ]; then
HCC_HOME=$1 $HIP_PATH/bin/hipcc "${@:2}"
elif [ "$HIP_COMPILER" = "clang" ]; then
HIP_CLANG_PATH=$1 $HIP_PATH/bin/hipcc "${@:2}"
else
$HIP_PATH/bin/hipcc "${@:1}"
fi |
github_open_source_100_1_227 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | # coding:utf-8
# call the toutiao search api to crawl articles
import sys
import requests
import json
import time
import random
import datetime
import threading
import multiprocessing
import redis
import argparse
r = redis.StrictRedis(host='localhost', port=6379, db=1)
#sleep time in secs
sleep_time = 5
def process(key):
toutiao_data = requests.get(URL%(key)).text
data = json.loads(toutiao_data)
if data.get("return_count","0") > "0":
return
articles = data.get("data")
for article in articles:
# remove the invalid record
if not article.get("group_id") or not article.get("title"):
continue
key = article.get("group_id")
val = json.dumps(article)
#print key,article.get("title")
r.set(key,val)
def myworker(sub_keywords):
for key in sub_keywords:
print key
time.sleep(sleep_time)
process(key)
if __name__ == "__main__":
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument("-s","--end_date",
)
parser.add_argument("-n","--worker_size",
default = 10,
type = int)
parser.add_argument("-k","--keyword_file",
default = "keywords.select",
help = "the keywords file to use")
args = parser.parse_args()
if args.end_date:
end_date = args.end_date
end_timestamp = datetime.datetime.strptime(end_date,"%Y%m%d").strftime("%s")
else:
end_timestamp = 0
URL = "http://www.toutiao.com/search_content/?offset=20&format=json&keyword=%s&autoload=true&count=100"
pool = multiprocessing.Pool()
keywords = [line.split('\t')[0] for line in open(args.keyword_file,'r').readlines()]
batch = len(keywords) / args.worker_size
for i in range(args.worker_size):
if i == args.worker_size - 1:
sub_keywords = keywords[i * batch : ]
else:
sub_keywords = keywords[i * batch : i * batch + batch]
pool.apply_async(myworker, (sub_keywords,))
pool.close()
pool.join()
print "------all jobs finished!------"
|
1663901_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Orami adalah situs web dagang untuk kelengkapan bayi, ibu hamil, kecantikan, dan perlengkapan rumah tangga, yang didirikan oleh Ferry Tenka dan Gusmantara Ekamukti Himawan yang merupakan founder Groupon.
Situs yang sebelumnya bernama Bilna ini awalnya merupakan website belanja yang menyediakan produk kebutuhan bayi dan ibu hamil. Memasuki tahun 2014, Bilna menambah kategori kecantikan dan kebutuhan rumah tangga. Mereka juga telah melebarkan sayap ke layanan konten dan pembuatan jaringan komunitas.
Situs ini berubah nama menjadi Orami pada tahun 2016.
Pada tahun 2020, Orami mengaku telah didukung oleh ratusan brand, beragam komunitas yang terdiri dari puluhan ribu ibu yang tersebar di seluruh Indonesia, dan telah membuat puluhan ribu konten yang terkurasi khusus untuk orang tua Indonesia.
Orami juga menyediakan jasa sebagai Mitra. Dengan bermodalkan Rp 750.000,00 maka sudah dapat bergabung sebagai mitra Orami dengan membantu pihak Orami untuk membuat ulasan transaksi untuk menaikkan ratting produk.
Sejarah
Berawal dari sebuah kamar di rumah bilangan Jakarta dengan lima orang staf dan sebuah ruangan untuk warehouse; Orami telah melayani konsumen sejak 27 November 2012 dan resmi meluncur 8 Februari 2013, untuk wilayah Jakarta dan Bandung.
Pada bulan Januari 2013, mereka berhasil mendapatkan Seed Funding dari East Ventures & Cyber Agent Ventures. Setahun berselang, mereka kembali meraih investasi dari Digital Garage, TMS Entertainment, & Golden Gate Ventures.
Sejak berganti nama dari Bilna menjadi Orami, mereka langsung berambisi untuk menjadi super app bagi dunia parenting. Pada awal tahun 2020, mereka meluncurkan aplikasi Orami Parenting yang bisa digunakan para orang tua untuk membeli perlengkapan dan kebutuhan bayi, menyimak puluhan ribu artikel tentang pengasuhan anak, menjalin pertemanan dengan para orang tua lain, hingga mendapat penghasilan tambahan dengan menjual barang yang ditawarkan Orami kepada orang-orang di sekitar.
Pada bulan April 2021, Orami resmi diakuisisi oleh SIRCLO.
Referensi
Pranala luar
Perusahaan internet
Peritel daring Indonesia.
|
github_open_source_100_1_228 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #!/usr/bin/env bash
BASE_URL="https://owncloud.tuwien.ac.at/index.php/s/bY8j2kBgZlkqFYC/download?path=%2F&files=ESACCI-SOILMOISTURE-L3S-SSMV-MONTHLY_MEAN-COMBINED-19781101-20191231-fv05.2.nc"
OUTPUT_FOLDER=./download/soil_moisture_anomaly
mkdir -p $OUTPUT_FOLDER
FILENAME=$OUTPUT_FOLDER/sma.nc
curl --silent $BASE_URL > $FILENAME
python ./data/split-time-dim.py --file $FILENAME --folder $OUTPUT_FOLDER --variable Anomaly
|
712425_2000_1 | SEC | Public Domain | ITEM 1. BUSINESS
(a) General Development of Business
ALPNET, Inc. ("ALPNET" or the "Company") is a United States multinational corporation which was incorporated in the State of Utah in 1980. The Company provides services and solutions in the multilingual information management services sector to businesses engaged in international trade. These services include information consultancy, language technology integration, translation and localization. ALPNET is one of the largest dedicated suppliers of such services and solutions in the world.
The Company was originally established to develop and market foreign language translation software, which included its invention of translation memory technology. ALPNET is regarded as a pioneer in the field of multilingual software development. The acquisition by the Company of several leading translation service providers in 1987 and 1988 established the Company's international presence and multilingual information services capabilities. The Company further expanded into foreign markets in 1994 through the formation of additional foreign subsidiaries and branches and in 1999 with the acquisition of subsidiaries in Germany and the Netherlands. As of December 31, 2000, the Company has wholly-owned foreign subsidiaries or branches in the following countries: Canada, Brazil, United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, Germany, Belgium, France, the Netherlands, Sweden, Singapore, Korea, China, Japan and Thailand.
The globalization of business and rapid growth of the Internet has intensified the need for companies to implement effective multilingual information strategies to support their Internet and eCommerce business models as well as their traditional business models. Product life cycles and time-to-market requirements are shortening in many industries and businesses need to manage information in accelerated time frames while reducing multilingual information costs. The Company's 21-year history has provided it with substantial experience in managing linguistic resources spanning people, linguistic data and technology which enable it to meet the globalization requirements of such companies.
During 1999 and 2000, the Company embarked on a strategic repositioning to evolve its service offering to include a full range of value-added multilingual information services, supported by its ALPNETXchangeTM technology and move up the services chain in the information creation, localization and information management process (the "InfoCycleTM"). The Company also planned to offer an Internet-based Application Service Provider ("ASP") business model, under which it would offer multilingual information management software applications via the Internet.
During the fourth quarter of 2000, the Company commenced implementation of certain strategic initiatives along with a restructuring plan as a result of limited capital resources, and depressed capital market conditions and the Company's operating performance. The primary focus of these initiatives is to strengthen the Company's sales team worldwide; reduce costs by centralizing and consolidating production operations; reduce infrastructure and overhead; eliminate various unprofitable operations; and increase outsourcing of certain production activities. ALPNET will also expand its consultancy and systems integration services capabilities. The Company's technology development will be focused on enabling ALPNET to efficiently manage the InfoCycleTM process in support of its clients' global businesses through its modular ALPNETXchangeTM system which is expected to automate the sales, project management, production workflow, supply chain and finance functions. Further implementation of the ASP business model will be subject to client requirements. The Company will focus on its distinctive service benefits and core competencies and on becoming the vendor of choice for new and existing clients to secure a greater portion of their multilingual information management services business.
(b) Financial Information About Industry Segment
The Company operates in one business segment: multilingual information management services.
(c) Narrative Description of Business
General
The Company's service offering provides a full range of multilingual information management services and solutions specifically tailored to clients engaged in international business. Among the services the Company offers are information consultancy, language technology integration, translation, and localization. Information consultancy services include information development and content creation. Such services include information analysis and development of information strategies. The Company can assist clients to significantly increase efficiency and reduce costs by applying controlled language authoring tools, creating information using systems for defining markup languages for data representation such as SGML or XML, implementing document management systems, and by following established industry standards.
Language technology integration services include benchmarking and evaluation of language tools, workflow definition and customization, process optimization, controlled language definition, training, terminology management, tools integration, database development and other language services such as the utilization of translation memories, machine translation, and the definition of production and quality assurance procedures.
Translation services are offered to a wide range of clients from major industries, including the automotive, consumer electronics, telecommunication, financial services and manufacturing industries. The Company provides a complete service for clients that produce printed and electronic documentation and training materials. Translation services include terminology development, translation, electronic publishing, graphics and web publishing.
Localization is primarily offered to clients in the information technology (IT) market and encompasses a complete linguistic, technical and cultural adaptation of computer software products for foreign language markets. Localization services include terminology development, translation, content adaptation, electronic and web publishing, graphics, multimedia, creative tasks, and a complete range of engineering and software testing activities.
The Company has recognized that a key business problem faced by its clients is the absence of cost-effective information management systems and processes that exploit the systematic use and reuse of information. Information reuse is essential in translating and managing content in multiple languages. Poor reuse compromises information quality and value and increases the cost of doing business globally. The Company will aggressively market its full range of InfoCycleTM services to its clients to assist them in developing systems and processes that will utilize technology solutions integrated with ALPNET's multilingual information management capabilities. This will enable clients to effectively develop and prepare their products and services for the global marketplace, including reducing their costs and time-to-market.
ALPNETXchangeTM, Development and Support
ALPNET is continuing its development and implementation of its ALPNETXchangeTM system which is a modular, enterprise information and management system. ALPNETXchangeTM is expected to automate the Company's sales, project management, production workflow, supply chain and finance functions. The most valuable part of the ALPNETXchangeTM system is a knowledge management module called GlobelixTM which centralizes and leverages all translation memories and terminology databases. This module provides the critical function of information reuse. The implementation of certain of the ALPNETXchangeTM modules commenced in third quarter 2000 with other modules to be implemented as development and testing of each module is completed, generally in fourth quarter 2001.
During 2000 and 1999, the Company capitalized certain costs totaling approximately $3.9 million and $2.8 million, respectively, for a total of $6.7 million in connection with acquired software, purchased software, and developed software for internal use. In the fourth quarter of 2000, in connection with management's evaluation of its technology module and future requirements, the Company wrote-off $2.4 million related to certain modules of ALPNETXchangeTM in connection with the restructuring of the Company, as discussed in note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. During 2000, 1999 and 1998, the Company expensed approximately $944,000, $ 99,000 and $730,000, respectively, of technology development and support activities.
Market
The market for multilingual information management services has been growing in recent years in line with the growth of global business. Political, economic and technological changes have created and expanded opportunities for significant increases in international trade. A single world market is emerging where it is possible for companies to reach their clients around the world in just seconds, regardless of distances, borders and barriers.
As borders disappear, the need to localize domestic products for foreign markets is increasing rapidly. Globalization is opening up an era of multilingual information management. Traditionally, products and documentation are first completed for the home market and then companies face the difficult challenge of localization before shipping the products to their foreign customers. Increased competition is forcing companies to reduce time-to-market and cut costs. As a result, information must be enabled for global markets so that the localization process is easier to manage. The keys to reduced time to market and lower costs are standardization and process integration. If information is standardized in a universal format such as SGML or XML, it can be stored in a central repository and it is then possible to integrate the processes of information development, translation, distribution and consumption as information is needed.
Outsourcing of non-core business activities such as translation, localization and related services is a general trend as many companies critically question the rationale for maintaining in-house information management capabilities. Estimates of the current size of the outsourced translation and localization market worldwide vary, but are consistently projected as several billion dollars. The Company's target markets are characterized as being global and information intensive. The current client base spans several vertical industry sectors including automotive, information technology, telecommunications, business-to-business services, Internet, healthcare, pharmaceutical, financial services, and consumer electronics. New horizontal market sectors will also be targeted for the Company's services including human resource management, help desk, corporate administration, marketing and corporate communications. Each of these sectors has the potential for significant volumes of globally reusable information assets.
The growth of the Internet and the rapid emergence of eCommerce are having a dramatic effect on the size of the market. As the Web grows, the demand for multilingual information management services is expected to increase significantly and may exceed supply. There has been a significant increase in the non-English speaking Web user population across the world. These users have a natural preference for localized content in both language and culture. Business users on the Web are significantly more likely to purchase when addressed in their own language and the majority of users who encounter a non-native language site either leave or look for a translated version. It is predicted that a majority of Web users will soon be non-English speakers which will be reflected in the increasing volume of multilingual Web content.
Marketing
In marketing the Company's existing services and solutions, the Company believes it has the following key strengths:
Global reach and size of operations. The Company is one of the largest providers in its industry sector with operations and supply chain resources in all the economically significant markets.
Command of technology. The Company utilizes state-of-the-art technology in all areas of its activity, from authoring tools to document management, translation technology and information management. The Company's in-house technical specialists are experts in customizing and deploying tools for specific applications.
Process Specialization. ALPNET is very process oriented. The implementation of quality management and standard processes throughout the Company facilitates performance measurement and improvement of services.
Management depth and experience. ALPNET was an early consolidator in the industry and has extensive management experience. The management team has significant language industry experience and international business skills.
Innovative strength. The Company has been an innovator in the industry for many years. It was the first company to develop translation memory technology and the first to establish a global translation network. ALPNET is one of the first global providers to focus on new solutions such as information consultancy services and language technology integration.
Major Clients
No single client accounted for more than 10% of revenues in 2000, 1999 or 1998.
Competition
The Company has traditionally competed with companies focused mainly on the information translation needs at the end of the information creation and management process. Competition in this area is widely diverse. At one end of the spectrum are small, single-site agencies with a generalist approach that offer services normally limited to translation. At the other end of the spectrum are a few large, multi-site companies that offer turnkey services (more than translation only) and that often focus on providing "solutions" for specific industries.
The industry has been highly fragmented and often referred to as a "cottage industry." In the last five years, however, there has been significant consolidation with many mid-sized translation companies being acquired by large companies in various industries. A number of new companies, perceiving the significant market opportunity, have also entered the market. In addition to the Company, a top-tier of industry players has emerged . Despite these recent trends, all of the major companies within the industry have a relatively small market share with no one dominant provider. The Company differentiates itself from its competition through its technology, established global presence and existing client base.
Technology. The Company has developed technology and has been a recognized technology innovator in the industry since incorporation. The basis of the Company's current and future service offering is its ALPNETXchangeTM technology that represents many man-years of development and contains unique functional capabilities. This technology forms a substantial barrier to entry that could only be overcome by a comparable investment. Key technology owned by the Company includes existing translation and multilingual information management software in addition to the ALPNETXchangeTM technology currently under development.
Established global presence. The Company was the first to create a global translation network in key countries throughout the world. This global presence is organized into regionally-focused sales and operations divisions allowing the Company to leverage direct access to native-speaker localization expertise. Centrally focused competitors often rely on non-native resources. Creating a global presence requires significant investment and the successful integration of previously disparate operations is difficult and time consuming.
Established client base. The Company has established revenue generating relationships with thousands of clients over many years. The Company has built strong relationships with numerous Fortune 500 clients and industry leaders. These relationships represent a significant penetration of key market segments. This base represents a significant barrier to entry, especially for new entrants to the industry.
Employees
As of December 31, 2000, the Company employed 702 persons. The Company requires sales, project management, language services production, technical support, and consultancy services personnel in order to obtain, manage and produce major multilingual information projects. The Company is dependent upon an adequate supply of skilled professionals in each of these primary disciplines to meet the requirements of its clients and prospective clients. The ability to attract and retain the best professional staff is a key corporate goal. A dedicated human resources function, organized on a regional basis, maintains global employee policies and supports recruitment, training and career management. Employees of the Company's subsidiary in the Netherlands are represented by a labor union and there is a works council in Germany. The Company believes relationships with its employees to be good.
Due to the nature of its business, the Company also retains, on an as-needed basis, a supply chain consisting of a large number of translators and other service professionals who are independent contractors.
(d) Financial Information About Foreign and Domestic Operations and Export Sales
Financial information concerning the Company's foreign and domestic operations is presented in note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K and is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 2:
ITEM 2: PROPERTIES
ALPNET's corporate headquarters are located in Salt Lake City, Utah. Customer service and production facilities used by the Company as of December 31, 2000, all of which are leased, are listed below.
Location
Americas
USA, Canada, Brazil
Europe
United Kingdom (2), Germany (7), Republic of Ireland, France, the Netherlands, Sweden
Asia
Singapore, Korea, China, Japan, Thailand
Subsequent to December 31, 2000, as part of management's restructuring plan, the Company's production facilities in Brazil, France, Sweden, and its technology facility in Nuremburg, Germany will be sold or closed.
ITEM 3:
ITEM 3: LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
No substantive matters currently pending.
ITEM 4:
ITEM 4: SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO A VOTE OF SECURITY HOLDERS
No matters were submitted to a vote of security holders during the quarter ended December 31, 2000.
PART II
ITEM 5:
ITEM 5: MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
ALPNET's Common Stock trades on The Nasdaq Stock Market under the symbol AILP. The following table shows the range of high and low trading prices as reported by The Nasdaq Stock Market for the years 1999 and 2000:
As of March 15, 2001, there were 364 shareholders of record; however, the Company estimates the actual number of beneficial owners approximates 10,000. Due to its accumulated deficit, the Company is currently prohibited from paying dividends under Utah corporate law.
ITEM 6:
ITEM 6: SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
The following selected financial data are derived from the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company. The data should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements, related notes and other financial information included therein.
FINANCIAL SUMMARY
A majority of the Company's operations are located in foreign countries. Accordingly, the Company is affected by foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations as described in detail in Item 7A, "Foreign Exchange Risk".
(1)Includes restructuring and related charges of $3,016,000 and $2,383,000 related to the write-off of certain modules of the ALPNETXchangeTM system.
(2)Includes restructuring and related charges of $1,291,000.
SELECTED QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA
The following table shows selected quarterly financial data for 1999 and 2000 as previously reported in the quarterly reports on Form 10-Q:
(1)Includes restructuring and related charges of $3,016,000 and $2,383,000 related to the write-off of certain modules of the ALPNETXchangeTM system.
ITEM 7:
ITEM 7: MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following Management's Discussion and Analysis should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto.
Results of Operations
The following paragraphs discuss 2000 results as compared with 1999, and 1999 results as compared with 1998. The Company reported a net loss for the year ended December 31, 2000 of $11.0 million including restructuring and related charges of $5.4 million. This compares to net income in 1999 of $716,000 and a net loss in 1998 of $818,000. The restructuring and related charges recorded in the fourth quarter of 2000 included a charge of $3.0 million related to a restructuring and consolidation of the Company's operations worldwide and $2.4 million related to the write-off of certain modules of the ALPNETXchangeTM system. Cost of services sold and operating expenses for the fourth quarter and year ended December 31, 2000 included a charge of approximately $1 million related to excess telecommunications capabilities and other costs that are expected to be reduced in the future as a result of renegotiation of commitments. Included in the net loss for 1998 is $1.3 million of restructuring expense. The restructuring and related charges for 2000 and 1998 are discussed more fully in note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Sales of services were $50.4 million for 2000 compared to $51.5 million for 1999 and $48.5 million for 1998. During 2000, ALPNET continued its strategic repositioning, which commenced in late 1998, to evolve its service offering to include a full range of value-added multilingual information services, supported by technology, and move up the service chain, assisting its clients to streamline, optimize and leverage their multilingual information development and management processes. This innovative offering involves all aspects of information creation, localization and information management - the InfoCycleTM.
The transition to the new InfoCycleTM offering has had a significant impact on the operating results of the Company. The necessary investment in technical infrastructure, human resources, branding and marketing support have involved significant operating expenditures which has contributed to the operating loss. Weak European currencies have also negatively affected results and have contributed to the Company reporting net losses for the fourth quarter of 1999 and throughout the year 2000. The investments that have been made in 1999 and 2000 are expected to position the Company for accelerated growth and profitability in future years.
In November 2000, management approved and commenced implementation of a restructuring and consolidation plan to strengthen the Company's sales team worldwide; reduce costs by centralizing and consolidating production operations; reduce infrastructure and overhead; eliminate various unprofitable operations; and increase outsourcing of certain production activities. ALPNET will also expand its consultancy and systems integration services capabilities. Financial information relating to the implementation of this plan is contained in note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
In the second half of 1998, losses were incurred as the entire industry experienced adverse operating conditions resulting from volatile global trading economic conditions and market changes. These adverse conditions led to management's reorganization of the Company in late 1998. The reorganization was successfully completed in early 1999 and prepared the Company for its strategic acquisitions in Hengelo, the Netherlands and in Nuremburg, Germany at the end of June and July 1999, respectively. For the first three quarters of 1999, the Company reported net income. In the fourth quarter of 1999, the Company incurred additional operating costs in connection with its strategic repositioning and the integration of the 1999 acquisitions into existing operations. These additional costs, together with a revenue shortfall arising out of delays in some business opportunities due to year 2000 concerns on the part of some clients and the impact of weak European currencies, contributed to a net loss in the fourth quarter 1999.
Sales of Services by Geographic Segment
Sales in 2000 decreased by $1.1 million compared with 1999. Revenues and costs in 2000 measured in US dollars have been negatively impacted approximately $3.7 million by the effects of fluctuations in foreign currencies against the US dollar. However, the impact on net income has not been significant. This is described in more detail in Item 7A
ITEM 7A: QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Foreign Exchange Risk
The Company serves its customers from offices throughout North America, Europe and Asia. The majority of the Company's operations are located outside the US. Consequently, the Company is exposed to fluctuations of the dollar against the foreign currencies of those countries in which the Company has a substantial presence. For all of the Company's foreign subsidiaries, the functional currency has been determined to be the local currency. Accordingly, assets and liabilities are translated at year-end exchange rates, and operating statement items are translated at weighted-average exchange rates prevailing during the years presented. The principal currencies to which the Company is exposed are the Canadian Dollar, the British Pound and the Euro. The Singapore Dollar is closely tied to the US dollar and therefore has low exchange risk.
Fluctuations against the US dollar can produce significant differences in the reported value of revenues and expenses.
The following table shows a comparison of sales of services in each of the Company's significant geographic segments for 2000, 1999 and 1998, along with the effect of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations on sales between years.
The revenue mix of the Company's operations and the effect of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations on costs and expenses mitigate the consolidated net income impact. For revenues in the US which are produced outside of the US, any weakening of the US dollar against a particular country's currency reduces the amount of net income reported in US dollars. Conversely, the same weakening of the dollar generates an offsetting increase in the dollar value of profits arising from revenues sold and produced within that country. This natural currency effect reduces the net foreign exchange risk to the Company.
The Company has not historically experienced significant differences in net income as a result of fluctuations in foreign currencies. Due to the nature of its business, the Company does not currently use any financial instruments to manage or hedge foreign exchange risk either for trading or other purposes. The revenue mix and currency trends are monitored on an ongoing basis to identify any changes that might significantly affect the Company's net results.
The translation of foreign denominated assets and liabilities at year-end exchange rates results in an unrealized foreign currency translation adjustment recorded as a separate component of shareholders' equity. The 2000 foreign currency adjustment to shareholders' equity was negative $1.5 million compared to a negative $733,000 in 1999. As of December 31, 2000, the cumulative net effect to the Company of the equity adjustment from movements in foreign currency exchange rates was a reduction of $4.0 million in shareholders' equity. A substantial portion of the cumulative foreign currency adjustment relates to changes in the carrying value of goodwill, of which a significant amount is denominated in foreign currencies.
Interest Rate Risk
The Company obtains part of its working capital requirements from credit facilities with various banks which provide for interest at variable rates linked to base interest rates. If base interest rates increase, the Company is potentially exposed to higher interest expense. This would be partially offset by higher interest income on cash balances.
The majority of the Company's credit facilities are denominated in foreign currencies and any increases in the respective interest rates will normally be compensated through correspondingly weakened exchange rates translating the increased interest expense reported into fewer US dollars. If US base rates increase, the increase in US interest expense will again normally be reduced by the consequent strengthening of the dollar reducing the reported interest expense on the foreign denominated debt. Thus, any unilateral changes in the interest rates in any of the countries where the Company has a significant amount of debt will be compensated through natural exchange rate adjustments such that there is no material impact on the level of net interest expense reported. If all or a majority of the interest rates increase in the countries in which the Company has significant amounts of debt, there would be a risk of increase in the amount of interest expense reported. In the opinion of management, such a general increase is unlikely.
ITEM 8:
ITEM 8: FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
ALPNET, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Balance Sheets
ALPNET, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Balance Sheets (continued)
See accompanying notes.
ALPNET, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Operations
See accompanying notes.
ALPNET, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity
See accompanying notes.
ALPNET, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
ALPNET, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (continued)
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
During 1999, the Company purchased all of the capital stock of EP and TPS (as described in note 3). In conjunction with the acquisitions, liabilities were assumed as follows:
See accompanying notes.
ALPNET, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31,
1. Significant Accounting Policies
Nature of Operations
ALPNET, Inc. (the "Company") is a United States multinational corporation. The Company provides services and solutions in the multilingual information management services sector to businesses engaged in international trade. These services include information consultancy, language technology integration, translation and localization. The principal markets for the Company's services are North America, Europe, and Asia. During 1999 and 2000, the Company embarked on a strategic repositioning to evolve its service offering to include a full range of value-added multilingual information services and move up the chain in the information creation, localization and information management process (the "InfoCycleTM").
Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of ALPNET, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries or branches located in the United States, Canada, Brazil, United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, Germany, France, Spain, the Netherlands, Sweden, Singapore, Korea, China, Japan and Thailand. Significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
For all of the Company's foreign subsidiaries, the functional currency has been determined to be the local currency. Accordingly, assets and liabilities are translated at year-end exchange rates, and operating statement items are translated at average exchange rates prevailing during the year. The resultant cumulative translation adjustments to the assets and liabilities are recorded as a separate component of shareholders' equity. Exchange adjustments resulting from foreign currency transactions are included in the determination of net income.
In accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 95, "Statement of Cash Flows," cash flows from the Company's foreign subsidiaries are calculated based upon the local currencies. As a result, amounts related to assets and liabilities reported on the statements of cash flows will not necessarily agree with changes in the corresponding balances on the balance sheets.
Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company considers cash equivalents to be all highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less when purchased. Cash equivalents are stated at cost, which approximates fair value.
Property, Equipment and Leasehold Improvements
Property, equipment and leasehold improvements are recorded at cost. Depreciation and amortization are calculated using the straight-line method over estimated useful lives of 3 to 5 years for equipment, 5 to 25 years for leasehold improvements.
Goodwill
Goodwill consists of the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets of purchased subsidiaries and is amortized on the straight-line method over 12 to 25 years. Annually and upon significant changes, the Company reviews goodwill for impairment. In determining whether an impairment should be recognized, the Company compares undiscounted cash flows over the remaining amortization period to the unamortized balance of goodwill for each acquired subsidiary. Based upon management's review at December 31, 2000, the Company has expensed certain goodwill amounts as discussed in note 4 to the financial statements.
1. Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
Software
Purchased software is recorded at cost. The Company capitalized certain of the costs of developed software for internal use in accordance with Statement of Position 98-1, "Accounting for the Costs of Computer Software Developed or Obtained for Internal Use." Costs incurred during the application development stage are capitalized and amortized over the estimated useful life of the software. Amortization of software is provided on a straight line basis over useful lives ranging from two to six years.
Revenue Recognition
Revenue from sales of services is recognized as work is performed on either the completed-contract or percentage-of-completion method, depending on the terms of the purchase order or contract. The completed-contract method is applied to purchase orders for short-term, low value projects. The percentage-of-completion method is used for longer-term, higher value contracts with defined specifications and deliverables. Revenue is recognized according to management's assessment of the progress of completion. Anticipated losses, if any, are recognized in the period in which determined. Work-in-process represents costs on incomplete projects as well as revenues earned in excess of amounts billed.
Stock Options
The Company accounts for stock options using the intrinsic value method and provides pro forma footnote disclosure of the impact of using the fair value method.
Income (Loss) Per Share
The Company presents basic and diluted income (loss) per share on the face of the consolidated statements of income. Basic income (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the accounting period excluding any dilutive effects of options and convertible securities. Diluted income per share includes the potential dilution as a result of exercising stock options and convertible securities.
Comprehensive Income
The Company presents comprehensive income in the shareholders' equity section of the consolidated balance sheet. Accumulated other comprehensive income is entirely accumulated foreign currency translation adjustments.
Segment Data
The Company operates in one business segment: multilingual information management services. Within this segment, the Company also evaluates its performance by significant geographic regions: North America, Europe and Asia.
Reclassifications
Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In the third quarter of 1999, the Company adopted FAS No. 133, "Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities." This requires the Company to record all derivative instruments as assets or liabilities, measured at fair value. The adoption of this statement had no material affect on the financial statements of the Company.
In December 1999, the Securities and Exchange Commission released Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 101, "Revenue Recognition in Financial Statements," ("SAB 101"). The bulletin summarizes the views of the staff on applying generally accepted accounting principles to revenue recognition. SAB 101 expresses the opinion that revenue is earned when four criteria are met: persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; delivery has occurred or services have been rendered; the sales price to the buyer is fixed or determinable; and collectibility is reasonably assured. The Company believes that its existing revenue recognition policies are in conformity with SAB 101.
2. Geographical and Segment Data
The following selected financial data summarizes the Company's domestic and foreign operations for financial reporting purposes. Allocations of corporate and country overheads to domestic and foreign operations are based upon the Company's policies for financial reporting consistently applied during the periods. Intercompany sales are normally billed on a margin-sharing basis. All intercompany sales are eliminated in determining the totals.
No single client accounted for more than 10% of revenues in any year.
3. Acquisitions
On June 30, 1999, the Company acquired the entire outstanding share capital of EP Electronic Publishing Partners GmbH ("EP"), a German corporation based in Nuremberg, Germany. The acquisition cost of approximately $1,007,000 was paid as follows:
The acquisition was accounted for using the purchase method. The purchase price was allocated to software ($630,000) and goodwill ($377,000) which are being amortized on the straight-line method over 6 and 12 years, respectively. $330,000 of goodwill was written off at December 31, 2000 in connection with the restructuring of the Company, as discussed in note 4 to the Notes of the Consolidated Financial Statements. The 8% unsecured note due June 30, 2000 was paid when due.
On July 30, 1999, the Company acquired the entire outstanding share capital of Technical Publishing Services B.V. ("TPS"), formerly Stork TPS, a Dutch corporation based in Hengelo, the Netherlands. The acquisition cost of approximately $6,392,000 was paid as follows:
The acquisition was accounted for using the purchase method and the purchase price was allocated entirely to goodwill which is being amortized on the straight-line method over 12 years.
The results of operations at EP and TPS have been included in the consolidated results of operations since July 1 and August 1, 1999, respectively.
Pro forma financial information
The following table shows the effect of acquisitions on the consolidated financial statements of the Company on a pro forma basis, as if the acquisitions had taken place on January 1, 1998.
4. Restructuring and Related Activities
During 2000, ALPNET substantially completed all of the remaining actions contemplated under the 1998 restructuring plan which included lease cancellation commitments in the Company's European operations of approximately $124,000. The Company paid all other obligations prior to December 31, 1999.
In November 2000, ALPNET's Board approved a restructuring plan to realign the Company's organization, centralize and consolidate production operations, reduce infrastructure and overhead, and eliminate various unprofitable operations. Restructuring and other related charges of approximately $3.0 million were expensed. These charges were composed of approximately $2.1 million of severance and closure costs, approximately $500,000 of goodwill impairment in locations being closed with no further business relationships and approximately $400,000 related to losses incurred on assets disposed from operation closures. Costs for employee separations of approximately $1.2 million related to 13 employees in North America, 41 employees in Europe and 9 employees in Asia. Terminated employees worldwide affected all the major business functions and job classes. Employee separation benefits include severance, medical and other benefits and are payable according to relevant local law, which often provides for payments to be made over a number of months.
An analysis of accrued costs and amounts charged against the restructuring and related activities follows:
Employee separation expenses will all be paid in 2001. Amounts related to lease cancellation costs will be paid over the respective remaining lease terms and other exit costs will all be paid in 2001.
In addition to the foreign restructuring costs, the Company also reported an impairment charge of approximately $2.4 million related to the write-off of certain modules of its ALPNETXchange software. This expense is included with the restructuring and related charges in the accompanying statement of operations.
5. Software
During 2000 and 1999, the Company capitalized certain costs totaling approximately $3.9 million and $2.8 million, respectively, for a total of $6.7 million in connection with acquired software, purchased software, and developed software for internal use. In the fourth quarter 2000, the Company wrote off $2.4 million related to certain modules of ALPNETXchangeTM in connection with the restructuring of the Company as discussed in note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements and following a thorough evaluation of the future utility of each module of the ALPNETXchangeTM system. The amounts for 2000, below, are net of amounts written off. Amortization for certain modules commenced in the third quarter of 2000. Amortization expense for 2000 was $88,000. The remaining software modules are expected to be ready for use in the fourth quarter of 2001.
6. Borrowings
Credit Facilities with Banks
Credit facilities with banks consisted of the following at December 31:
All of the Company's credit facilities have variable interest rates. The interest percentages shown are the actual rates at December 31, 2000. The weighted average interest rate on notes payable to banks was 8.9% at December 31, 2000 and 7.95% at December 31, 1999. Most of the Company's credit facilities are subject to annual renewals and the Company expects them to be renewed on substantially the same terms as currently exist. Due to the short-term nature of these notes, their carrying values at December 31, 2000 approximate their fair values.
The credit facility with the US bank is collateralized by US-based accounts receivable, has a maximum limit of $2,000,000 at December 31, 2000, and is limited to 80% of US accounts receivable. A leasing facility of $2,000,000 is also available under this banking relationship.
The credit facility with the Canadian bank is collateralized by the accounts receivable of the Canadian subsidiary and is guaranteed by the Company. There is a maximum limit of Canadian $2,500,000 (approximately $1,670,000) at December 31, 2000, and intercompany debts have been subordinated to the bank.
The credit facilities with the UK bank as of December 31, 2000 are provided under an invoice factoring agreement. There is a maximum limit of 80% of UK receivables (approximately $500,000) at December 31, 2000.
The secured credit facility with a German bank is collateralized by the accounts receivable of the German subsidiaries and DM 400,000 (approximately $190,000) is guaranteed by the Company. There is a maximum limit of DM 1.1 million (approximately $530,000) at December 31, 2000. Intercompany debts have been subordinated to the bank. The unsecured credit facility with another German bank has a maximum limit of DM 200,000 (approximately $95,000) at December 31, 2000.
The credit facility with the Spanish bank was guaranteed by the UK subsidiary and had a maximum limit of PTS 9.2 million (approximately $56,000) at December 31, 1999. It was paid off in full during 2000.
As of December 31, 2000, the Company had unused amounts under these credit facilities of approximately $1,677,000.
6. Borrowings (continued)
Related Party Debt
Related party debt consists of the following at December 31:
The convertible notes to former shareholders of EP were issued on completion of the acquisition (as described in note 3). These notes bear an interest rate of 8 percent and are repayable in three equal installments due 36, 48 and 60 months from the date of the notes, June 30, 1999. The outstanding principal may be converted, at the option of the lender, into restricted shares of the Company's common stock at any time after June 30, 2000. The beginning conversion price is $1.78 (based on the average market value of the Company's stock for the five trading days prior to the note date, June 30, 1999) and increases by 10 percent per year beginning June 30, 2001. The Company has the right to repay the outstanding principal of the notes at any time without penalty.
During 1999, the Company issued approximately $1.8 million of convertible notes to private investors, $490,000 of which were issued to related parties. These notes have a variable interest rate of US prime plus 2% (11.5% and 10.25% as of December 31, 2000 and 1999, respectively), and are repayable in three equal installments due 36, 48 and 60 months from the date of issuance. The outstanding principal is convertible, at the option of the lender, into restricted shares of the Company's common stock at any time after issuance. The conversion price is the average market value of the Company's stock for the five trading days prior to issuance of the note. The conversion price of the notes ranges from $1.72 to $2.73. The Company has the right to prepay the notes at any time prior to maturity, upon 30 days' notice. One of the private investor lenders with a convertible note in the amount of $150,000, who was a related party in 1999, ceased to be a related party in 2000.
The aggregate maturities of long-term related party debt as of December 31, 2000 were as follows:
6. Borrowings (continued)
Long-Term Debt
Long-term debt consisted of the following at December 31:
The convertible notes issued in 1999 provide for terms identical to the notes issued to related parties, as described above.
During 2000, the Company issued approximately $2.0 million of convertible notes to private investors. These notes have a variable interest rate of U.S. prime plus 2%, and are repayable in three equal installments due 36, 48, and 60 months from the date of issuance. The outstanding principal is convertible, at the option of the lender, into shares of the Company's common stock at any time after issuance. The conversion price of each note is the average market value of the Company's stock for the five trading days prior to issuance of the note. The conversion price of the notes ranges from $2.22 to $5.29. The Company has the right to prepay the notes at any time prior to maturity. In connection with approximately $1.7 million of the notes, the Company issued warrants for approximately 385,000 additional shares at an exercise price of $3.33 which are immediately exercisable and expire two years from the date of grant. The fair value of the warrants and conversion feature of $315,000 approximately results in an effective interest rate for the related debt of 17.7%.
The aggregate maturities of long-term debt as of December 31, 2000 were as follows:
Based on a discounted cash flow analysis, the carrying values of long-term debt at December 31, 2000 approximate fair values.
At December 31, 2000 and 1999, the gross amount of equipment recorded under capital leases was $2,095,000 and $724,000, respectively. Accumulated amortization on these assets at December 31, 2000 and 1999 was $520,000 and $445,000, respectively.
7. Capital Stock
Equity Transactions
In 1995, the Company issued 87,339 shares of series D Convertible Preferred Stock to a shareholder and director, in exchange for the cancellation of a 300,000 Swiss franc (approximately $243,000) note payable. Each share of the series D Preferred Stock is convertible at the option of the holder into nine shares of the Company's Common Stock, has voting rights as if the shares were already converted, and features a 10% non-cumulative dividend subject to the discretion of the Board of Directors. Due to its accumulated deficit, the Company is currently prohibited from paying dividends under Utah corporate law.
On July 7, 2000, the Company completed a private equity financing of $6.5 million of the Company's common stock with a group of investors. The agreement includes certain anti-dilution provisions. The net proceeds from the transaction were approximately $5.8 million. The private placement consisted of approximately 2.9 million shares of Common Stock.
In connection with the private placement, the Company issued warrants to purchase a total of 826,000 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price from $3.09 to $3.14 per share. The Company determined the approximate fair value of the warrants to be $1.67 million.
Income (Loss) per Share
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted income (loss) per share.
The total number of shares for convertible preferred stock, employee stock options, warrants and convertible notes that would have been antidilutive, have been excluded from the calculations of net loss per share - assuming dilution. The number of shares excluded were approximately 6,441,000 for the year ended December 31, 2000.
7. Capital Stock (continued)
Stock Options
During the year ended December 31, 2000, the Company had two stock option plans (the "Option Plans"). At December 31, 2000, a total of 4,941,151 shares of the Company's authorized Common Stock were reserved for ultimate issuance under the Company's non-statutory stock option plan, of which 532,851 shares have been issued. The Company also had an executive stock option plan, under which 2,173,332 shares have been issued. The executive plan expired on September 1, 2000, all existing outstanding options were exercised and 776,668 unissued shares were transferred to the non-statutory plan. The Company has granted non-qualified stock options to employees, officers and independent members of the Board of Directors under both plans.
The exercise terms of the options granted under the non-statutory stock option plan provide that the options expire six years after date of grant and cannot be exercised during the first year. The options vest 20% per year over a five year period. The exercise terms of the options granted under the executive stock option plan generally provided for vesting over the period from June 1998 through June 2000. All unexercised options under this plan expired on September 1, 2000 or when the employee terminated employment with the Company, if sooner.
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6954080_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Waxing (kinesiska: 洼兴, 洼兴镇) är en köpinghuvudort i Kina. Den ligger i provinsen Heilongjiang, i den nordöstra delen av landet, omkring 94 kilometer nordost om provinshuvudstaden Harbin. Antalet invånare är . Befolkningen består av kvinnor och män. Barn under 15 år utgör %, vuxna 15-64 år %, och äldre över 65 år %.
Runt Waxing är det ganska tätbefolkat, med invånare per kvadratkilometer. Närmaste större samhälle är Longmiao, km väster om Waxing. Trakten runt Waxing består till största delen av jordbruksmark.
Genomsnittlig årsnederbörd är millimeter. Den regnigaste månaden är juli, med i genomsnitt mm nederbörd, och den torraste är januari, med mm nederbörd.
Källor
Orter i Heilongjiang
WP:Projekt Kina.
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1347327_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Адам Вишневецький (1566 — 1622) — руський (український) магнат і князь гербу Корибут, учасник військових походів Лжедмитрія I та Лжедмитрія II.
Життєпис
Походив з впливового роду князів Вишневецьких. Син Олександра Вишневецького та княжни Олександри Капустянки. В 11 років втратив батька. Про молоді роки мало відомостей. Отримав гарну освіту.
Замолоду був відомий своїм гультяйством, авантюризмом. Після оголошення Берестейської унії у 1596 році допомагав православним. Відкрито проти унійної церкви не виступав, підтримуючи православних лише на своїх землях. Налагодив гарні стосунки з королем Сиґізмундом III Вазою, якого підтримав під час обрання у 1587 році.
Займався розбудовою маєтности уздовж ріки Сула, зокрема, містечок Снетин, Прилуки, якими володів разом з Олександром Михайловичем Вишневецьким. Землі, на яких вони знаходилися, родина отримала у спадкове користування за батька Адама. З цього приводу у 1590 році виник конфлікт із Московським царством. Водночас залишався захисником православ'я: у 1595 році стає членом Львівському Успенського братства. До кінця життя надав значні кошти цьому братству. Того ж року разом з Кирилом Ружинським обирається послом від Київського воєводства на вальний сейм.
Цар Борис Годунов 1603 р. наказав знищити міста Прилуки та Снетин. У відповідь Адам Вишневецький розпочав бойові дії проти прикордонних сіл Московщини. В цей час до його маєтку Брагін прибуває Григорій Отреп'єв, майбутній Лжедмитрій I. А.Вишневецький вирішив скористатися ситуацією для початку війни проти Москви. Визнав того царевичем й спадкоємцем Московського царства. До цієї справи він долучив свого двоюрідного брата Костянтина Вишневецького та Єжи Мнішека. Проти дій Адама Вишневецького рішуче виступив великий гетьман коронний Ян Замойський, що вважав розпочату справу авантюрою. Втім завдяки впливу при королівському дворі Адамові вдалося домогтися таємної підтримку своїх дій з боку Сиґізмунда III.
Встановилися добрі стосунки із козаками та Запорізькою Січчю, обумовлювалося невтручанням А.Вишневецького у придушення повстання Северина Наливайка (не завадив відходу запорізького отамана Криштофа Кремпського із Солоницького табору через свої землі). Влаштував 1603 року поїздки Лжедмитрія до Січі з грошима та листами до козаків із запрошенням приєднатися до військової виправи супроти Московії.
Із зібраними військами 1604 року Адам Вишневецький вдерся із Лжедмитрієм I до Московщини. Разом з ним 1605 року увійшов до Москви, став найближчим радником нового володаря Москви. Після скинення 1606 р. Лжедмитрія I А.Вишневецького було схоплено (деякий час захищався у своєму московському будинку проти 4-тисячного загону), заслано до Костроми. 1607 року повертається додому, приєднується до Лжедмитрія II. Адам приводить до Орла 4 тисяч кінноти, Лжедмитрій II призначив А.Вишневецького своїм конюшим. Бере участь у битві при Болхові. З незрозумілих причин 1608 року Адам Вишневецький повертається до Речі Посполитої; ймовірно, було викликано конфліктом за вплив з іншими військовиками Романом Ружинським та Яном Петром Сапігою.
Розбудовував власні володіння з центром у містечку Брагін; надає кошти Києво-Печерські лаврі та церквам Київщини.
1609 року разом з Олександром Костянтиновичем Вишневецьким засновує жіночий Благовіщенський монастир у містечку Сільце. Брав участь у захоплені Чернігово-Сіверщини, після 1618 року розширював своїх маєтностей на цих землях.
Один з ініціаторів створення Чернігівського воєводства; для досягнення цього наприкінці 1622 року Адам Вишневецьким разом з Мартином Бочковським був обраний делегатом місцевої шляхти на загальний сейм у Варшаві. Не встиг узяти в ньому участь.
Незабаром помер у Брагіні. Був похований у Києво-Печерській лаврі.
Родина
Дружина — графиня Олександра Ходкевич, донька великого маршкалка коронного Яна Ходкевича.
Дитина:
Христина (1602—1654), дружина: з 1613 року Миколая Єло-Малинського, з 1631 — Петра Даниловича. Теща Яна Потоцького.
Джерела
Грыцкевіч А. П. Вішнявецкія // Энцыклапедыя гісторыі Беларусі. У 6 т. Т. 2. Беліцк — Гімн / Беларус. Энцыкл.; Рэдкал.: Б. І. Сачанка (гал. рэд.) і інш.; Маст. Э. Э. Жакевіч. — Мн.: БелЭн, 1994. — 537 с., [8] к.: іл. — ISBN 5-85700-142-0.
Львівське ставропігійне братство
Посилання
Adam ks. Wiśniowiecki h. Korybut (ID: 3.55.90).
Адам Олександрович
Учасники димитріад
Діячі Львівської ставропігії
Поховані в Києво-Печерській лаврі.
|
1050865_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | 堀 直佑（ほり なおすけ、明暦元年（1655年）- 享保6年6月20日（1721年7月14日））は、江戸時代前期から中期の大名。信濃国須坂藩の第4代藩主。信濃須坂堀家4代。第3代藩主堀直輝の長男。母は大河内松平正綱の娘（酒井忠当の養女）。正室は板倉重形の娘。子に堀直富（長男）、堀直俊（次男）、甲斐庄正恒（三男）、娘（堀直英正室）。官位は従五位下、長門守。
寛文9年（1669年）、父・直輝の死去により家督を相続する。50年間藩主の座にあったが、享保4年（1719年）に隠居した。長男の直富が夭逝し、次男の直俊は廃嫡したため、家督は養子で娘婿の直英に譲った。
享保6年（1721年）に没した。
系譜
父母
堀直輝（父）
松平正綱の娘 ー 酒井忠当の養女（母）
正室
板倉重形の娘
子女
堀直富（長男）生母は正室
堀直俊（次男）生母は正室
甲斐庄正恒（三男）
堀直英正室
養子
堀直英 ー 堀直利の三男
04
なおすけ
1655年生
1721年没.
|
github_open_source_100_1_229 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package aima.search.map;
import aima.basic.Percept;
import aima.search.framework.StepCostFunction;
/**
* Implementation of StepCostFunction interface that uses the distance between locations
* to calculate the cost in addition to a constant cost, so that it may be used
* in conjunction with a Uniform-cost search.
*/
/**
* @author Ciaran O'Reilly
*
*/
public class MapStepCostFunction implements StepCostFunction {
private Map map = null;
//
// Used by Uniform-cost search to ensure every step is greater than or equal
// to some small positive constant
private static double constantCost = 1.0;
public MapStepCostFunction(Map aMap) {
this.map = aMap;
}
public Double calculateStepCost(Object fromCurrentState,
Object toNextState, String action) {
String fromLoc = fromCurrentState.toString();
String toLoc = toNextState.toString();
if (fromCurrentState instanceof Percept) {
fromLoc = (String) ((Percept) fromCurrentState)
.getAttribute(DynAttributeNames.PERCEPT_IN);
toLoc = (String) ((Percept) toNextState)
.getAttribute(DynAttributeNames.PERCEPT_IN);
}
Double distance = map.getDistance(fromLoc, toLoc);
if (distance == null || distance <= 0) {
return constantCost;
}
return new Double(distance);
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_1_230 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | //var isOpen = false;
//function popupToggle(){
// var popup = document.getElementById("chat-popup");
// if(isOpen){
// popup.style.animationName = "popup_close";
// isOpen = false;
// }else{
// popup.style.animationName = "popup_open";
// isOpen = true;
// }
//}
$(document).ready(function () {
var isOpen = false;
$('.chat-header').click(function () {
if (isOpen) {
isOpen = false;
$('.chat-popup').css({
"animation-name": "popup_close"
});
$('.chat-body').css({
"animation-name": "hide_chat"
});
$('.chat-footer').css({
"animation-name": "hide_chat"
});
}
else {
isOpen = true;
$('.chat-popup').css({
"animation-name": "popup_open"
});
$('.chat-body').css({
"animation-name": "show_chat"
});
$('.chat-footer').css({
"animation-name": "show_chat"
});
}
});
});
var params = {},
watson = 'Watson',
context;
function userMessage(message) {
params.text = message;
if (context) {
params.context = context;
}
var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
var uri = '/api/watson';
xhr.open('POST', uri, true);
xhr.setRequestHeader('Content-Type', 'application/json');
xhr.onload = function () {
// Verify if there is a success code response and some text was sent
if (xhr.status === 200 && xhr.responseText) {
var response = JSON.parse(xhr.responseText);
context = response.context; // Store the context for next round of questions
console.log("Got response from Watson: ", JSON.stringify(response));
//Teste do Gama
displayAssistantMessage(response,watson);
}
else {
console.error('Server error for Conversation. Return status of: ', xhr.statusText);
displayMessage("Putz, deu um tilt aqui. Você pode tentar novamente.", watson);
}
};
xhr.onerror = function () {
console.error('Network error trying to send message!');
displayMessage("Ops, acho que meu cérebro está offline. Espera um minutinho para continuarmos por favor.", watson);
};
console.log(JSON.stringify(params));
xhr.send(JSON.stringify(params));
}
function newEvent(event) {
// Only check for a return/enter press - Event 13
if (event.which === 13 || event.keyCode === 13) {
var userInput = document.getElementById('chatInput');
var text = userInput.value; // Using text as a recurring variable through functions
text = text.replace(/(\r\n|\n|\r)/gm, ""); // Remove erroneous characters
// If there is any input then check if this is a claim step
// Some claim steps are handled in newEvent and others are handled in userMessage
if (text) {
// Display the user's text in the chat box and null out input box
// userMessage(text);
displayMessage(text, 'user');
userInput.value = '';
userMessage(text);
}
else {
// Blank user message. Do nothing.
console.error("No message.");
userInput.value = '';
return false;
}
}
}
function displayMessage(text, user) {
var chat_body = document.getElementById('chat-body');
var bubble = document.createElement('div');
bubble.setAttribute("class", "bubble");
if (user === "user") {
bubble.className += " user";
}
else {
bubble.className += " watson";
}
bubble.innerHTML = text;
chat_body.appendChild(bubble);
chat_body.scrollTop = chat_body.scrollHeight;
}
// Sergio Gama - tratamento dos novos tipos do Watson Assistant
function displayAssistantMessage(response, user) {
var chat_body = document.getElementById('chat-body');
for(var x in response.output.generic)
{
console.log(response.output.generic[x].response_type);
if(response.output.generic[x].response_type === "text")
{
var bubble = document.createElement('div');
bubble.setAttribute("class", "bubble");
if (user === "user") {
bubble.className += " user";
}
else {
bubble.className += " watson";
}
bubble.innerHTML = response.output.generic[x].text;
chat_body.appendChild(bubble);
chat_body.scrollTop = chat_body.scrollHeight;
}
else if(response.output.generic[x].response_type === "image")
{
var img = document.createElement('IMG');
img.setAttribute("class", "image");
img.setAttribute("src", response.output.generic[x].source);
if (user === "user") {
img.className += " user";
}
else {
img.className += " watson";
}
chat_body.appendChild(img);
chat_body.scrollTop = chat_body.scrollHeight;
}
//Sergio Gama - Mostrar o typing do Watson Assistant
else if(response.output.generic[x].response_type === "pause")
{
var pause = document.createElement('IMG');
pause.setAttribute("class", "icone");
pause.setAttribute("src", "../images/typing2.gif");
if (user === "user") {
pause.className += " user";
}
else {
pause.className += " watson";
}
chat_body.appendChild(pause);
chat_body.scrollTop = chat_body.scrollHeight;
//Sergio Gama - Aguarda a pausa configurada no Watson Assistant
//sleep(text.output.generic[x].time.toInt()); NÃO FUNCIONA
//setTimeout(function wait() {return null;},text.output.generic[x].time); NÃO FUNCIONA
var milliseconds = response.output.generic[x].time;
var start = new Date().getTime();
for (var i = 0; i < 1e7; i++) {
if ((new Date().getTime() - start) > milliseconds){
break;
}
}
chat_body.removeChild(pause);
}
}
}
userMessage(''); |
primitivebaptist1183unse_8 | English-PD | Public Domain | And again, a hypocrite is a cloven, or two- tongued man, and he is a two coated man, and also a bag man. And this have 1 no- ticed for forty years, that whenever you find a man with a sweet tongue, or honey and pancake mouth, beware of that man; he will lake you in if he can, and - his sweet words is his craft lo do it, from the preacher to the horse jockey. These are take ins that 1 have observed. But if you find one of your old blunt, rough spoken fellows, don't be afraid of him; he won't hurt you, he has but one tongue, and not two. You will recollect that I told ) ou the old women were mistaken about the devil's foot, t V> at since I had become acquainted with him 1 had found out he had not a club foot; if >o, he might have a shoe made like some other club-fooled folks, to hide his club foot — but that 1 told you he had a cloven foot, which I shall try to prove before I am done. But the great question perhaps with you is to know how he came by this cloven foot. This I could tell you if 1 had time and room, since I have the devil's genealogy befcre me; but then it would not be to my purpose, since it is his track and not his foot that we have set out to lock for Remember 1 have told you two things— first, that one of the dev- il's old paths he used to walk lies direct- ly across God's commands; and secondly, that 1 have to prove he has a cloven fool. These things 1 shall attempt to do, and while 1 am doing it, do you be looking for his track. I now come to prove that one of (he devil's old paths lies directly across God's commands. Genesis, ii. 17: "But of the tree of the knowledge, of good and evil thou shalt not eat of it, for in the day mat ihou eatest thereof thou shall surely die." Now here is God's command in plain words to Adam, in the garden of Paradise. Now to prove that the first path the devil walked in on earth was directly across God's command. Genesis, iii. 4: "And the serpent said unlo the woman, ye shall not surely die." Then here, you can see the devil's old palh lies directly across Go. commands. God said thou shall surely die — the devil said ye shall not surely die. Then take this for granted. PRIMITIVE BAPTIST. 51 that the devil's road in all things directly lies across God's road. Thus, says Jesus, he was a liar from ihe beginning;; and you may say also, he was a murderer from the Beginning. And from that day to this, t hi e devil's paths in which he and all his agents have w,ilked, have always crossed God?s paths. A few more citations I will give yon, to confirm this truth. The next case — by faith Abel offered to God a more ex- cellent sacrifice than Cain. Abel brought of the firstlings of the flock for his sacri- fice, and obtained witness he was righte- ous by believing in Jesus Christ and his blood. And as a figure of the Saviour's blood in which he believed, he offered his firstlings and shed their blood. Witness Noah, Abraham, Moses, Samuel, &c do- ing the same; all which was to show that all true worshippers of the true and living God, must worship him by faith in and through a crucified and bloody Saviour, or all their splendid worship is not worth a groat. But mark this — the devil was a murderer, so was Cain, and he brought his offering of the first fruit of the ground, without faith or blood, for the remission of sins. Here you see again the devil's path — Cain's path, and Cain's offering and worship, lie directly across God's com- mands and God's roa<i for a sinner to gel to heaven by, through the blood of Jesus. For Cain is for going right across God's road to get to heaven, without blood, and by the road of his own offering; which thousands and tens of thousands have been at and now are at to this day; and amounts in the whole sum to go to. heaven by works of their own, Cain like, or to join their merits with the Saviour's for salva- tion, and then divide the glory both on earth and in heaven with him. This last is one of I lie devil's by-paths, in which he is leading captive thousands to perdition. For my own arm has brought salvation, says the prophet personating Christ, and salvation is of the Lord. And again: thou shalt be fur* my salvation lo the ends of the earth. So then salvation don't come by the joint works of (he Saviour and the sinner, but of the Saviour from the foun- dation to the top stone; and this joint work of the Saviour and sinner for salvation, is one of the devil's by-paths to hell; but works for salvation, without faith in Christ, is one of the devil's cross roads lo hell. So then you can see that the devil's path of old time, and devil's worship, and devil's agents, lie across God's commands, worship, and plan of salvation for sinners. Then mark the length of his foot, if you can, for that is his track so far. You know God said to Abraham he would make him the father of many na- tions, and that Sarah should have a son, and that he pieached the gospel to Abra- ham, saying, in thy seed shall ail nations be blessed. Now, what does ihe devil do but goes in one of his by-paths and round- about way*, and gets right across God's promise, purpose and oath; and plays a devil trick with old Sarah, and gets tier to put Hagar in bed with Abraham, to pre- vent God's promise; and that Sarah and Abraham might wail no longer for God's promise, but go to work in their own way to fulfil it. This is about the amount of all the stratagems of the new scheme preachers at this day — they make by their money and exertions bond boys and cast outs, but never, no never, a child of pro- mise, a real Christian; for this lakes the power of God to strengthen the ministers, and give power lo the dead and barren womb of live church, lo produce a prom- ised Isaac. Again: Jacob have I loved and Esau have I hated. Hut the devil gets l ight a- cross God's path, ami stimulates Esau to kill Jacob to prevent the promised seed. Again: from Joseph was to come the shepherd and stone of Israel, (Jesus Christ;) but the devil crosses God's path, and Joseph is sold into Egypt to prevf nt it. Again: God said to Moses, carry Is- rael to the land of Canaan, and he had sworn this to Abraham. But what do< the devil do but stirs up Balank and Ba- laam, while he gives the advice, lo casl the iVJ idianitish ladies and their idols ir the road of Israel, over which stumbling blocks stumbled 23,000 to their ruin in the camp of Israel. A nd in all this affair we see the devil's path lies right across God's commands. Head — thou shall not commit adultery; thou shali have no other gods beside me. Here you see all this af- fair, both whoredom and idolatry, right across God's commands. But more than this, and that is, here we see the devil re- ligious, but his religion also in opposition to God's; Again: God commanded king Saul to kill all the Amalekites, and spare neither man nor beast. But the devil crosses God's commands, and gets Saul lo save A gag the king, and some of the Lest of the flocks. Again: God commanded Sum- 52 PRIMITIVE BAPTIST. uel to anoint David king. But the devii gets across the path, and stimulates Saul wiih ten thousand men to kill David and also his own daughter Michel. Again: God commanded that Israel should not he numbered. But the devil stood up right across God's path and the persuasion of Joab, and tempted David to do so. Time would fail me to tell you of Herod, to put the Saviour to death before his time — and of Peter, who Jesus calls satan, to prevent God's decree, who had verily foreordain- ed before the foundation of the world, that Jesus should be crucified and slain for the sins of men — yet Peter was for his not dying. And also of Pontius Pilate— and the Jews rolling a great' stone to the mouth of his grave to prevent his resurrection; for God had said he would not leave his soul in hell, nor suffer his holy one to see corruption. And also of the Jewish ma- gistrates, who opposed the preaching of the apostles, whom Christ had command- ed to preach. And also of the pagan priest, the popish priest, the high church priest, the act of uniformity in England, and also the missionary priest — and of the crusades, and of Mahomet and his follow- ers, and a thousand other evidences to prove from scripture and historical facts,- that from the beginning of ihe world to lhis day, the devil 's paths in religion lie directly across God's commands. This you will find to be true in ail cases, ex- cept where he finds it most to his conceal- ing his cloven foot, he takes to the bushes or some by-path and thus gets a head of God's people to chock up the road with stumbling blocks; or to make a fork road to lead part of them out of the king's highway, but those led out of the way are not the king's troops, for he says, though fools they shall not err therein. And they have a good guide, even the spirit of truth, that shall lead them into all (ruth; and, says Christ, God's word is truth. Thus the spirit leads by the word, and so those that go by the word can't go wrong. I have much to say here, but for want of room dare not. The next thing I have to do, is to prove that the devil has a cloven foot; and while I am doing this do you take the measure. The first print of the devil's cloven or for- ked foot, is found in the garden of Para- dise, in these words: the serpent beguiled me and I did eat — and, you shall not sure- ly die. Then subtilty and lying was the devil's forked foot in the first instance; and this is his cloven foot to this day, and the cloven foot of all his ministers. Lying and subtilty for gain was the foot of Ba- laam, Judas, and the false prophets, and all false ministers — gain by religion. Ye shall be as gods, knowing good and evil. Thus, says Jesus, he was a liar from the beginning, a liar and the father of it; and that lies are of his own make. So his clo- ven foot is seen in all his ministers, in giv- ing out doctrines, ordinances and offices in the church, which directly cross those of God's words. And this is done by lying and subtilty crossing God's commands and saying, God snys so, or God knows so* and you must do so; when God in his word has said directly to the contrary. This is the devil's track, measure it who will; telling lies on God to his people, to set God to fall on them to punish them for breaking his commandments, and taking the devil's road. And thus the new scheme preachers have set God on Zion to her present curse, so I say, and the great book will back me in all this. Again: the devil's cloven foot is seen in Esau. Yes, here his forked hoof is reli- gion on one side and blood on the other. This, then, is the devil's cloven foot. I know his track, religion and blood; yea, law religion is also the devil's club foot, that his wolves may drink the blood of saints. Thus you may see the devil's clo- ven foot in Cain, Esau, Judas, and the pa- gan priest, the Roman priest, the high church priest, and law priest, of different ages. And it seems that some missionary priests have this foot, for I have undoubt- ed evidence that one said not long since, he could stand and see old Lawrence's head cut from his shoulders; another said> he could afford to tote lightwood knots in the night to see him burnt; a third, he ought to be hung; others, that he ought to be taken out of the pulpit and whipped, &c &c. Now all this smells of blood, and looks like the devil's foot to me — much more the evil treatment that I have received from the missionaries, in defa- ming my character and sending me a great number of letters of abuse from different States, with no name assigned to them. I have perhaps gone to the post office twen- ty times, paid down my money for a let- ter thinking it was from some friend, and behold when I have opened it, find noth- ing hut abuse and lying without any name assigned to it, so as to give the writer an answer. Now this I think unchristian and PRIMITIVE BAPTIST, 55 ungenllemanly, and very mean, lo cheat me out of my money this way; but it a- grees with all the rest, it is the devil's foot p laying the devil in masquerade, or in hypocrisy, subtihy, and lying deceit; and proves those men are afraid of me, or they would give their names to their let- ters: but, like the devil, Usey travel this by-path, to hide their foot and keep their track from being seen. I can tell such men they need not be afraid of me. Come to my house and I will give them some good old apple and hog. Show your clo- ven foot, be as honest as the devil, and not put your foot in a bag to hide it, for I smell your track, it is persecution and ha- tred for a man's telling the truth— the cloven foot of the devil, in all ages ot God's ministers. But I won't forget my promise, to try to prove the devil has a cloven foot; nor will I abuse the devil, lest I abuse my bet- ters; nor tell lies on old satan, lest he have cause of accusation against me. And, as I am thus faithful to the devil, the mission- aries may expect I will be faithful to them also. Now the first case I offer you as proof that the devil has a cloven foot, is the case of Aaron, who set up a devil of a calf in the congregation of Israel to be worshipped by them for a god; and you know a calf has a cloven foot. Did not tiie devil and Aaron do this? Was not the devil's foot here a parted hoof? Did prove it. So thai begging the ladies for their bracelets to make a cloven-footed calf, and begging the ladies for money to support missions rest on the same founda- tion; both cross God's word, for both are idol calves, both founded on money beg- ging of the ladies; and I say, the inven- tion of the devil and the priests in both ca- ses, and so in both are seen the cloven foot of the devil. For I have never read in the history of.any nation that ladies paid a poll tax, how then can the priests insist by begging that they should pay lo the sup- port of missionary priests, even lo brace- lets, rings, bob^, jewels, &c. which plainly shows the devil's cloven foot in missions, for the ladies are the devil's tools. Don't take the snuff, ladies, for no man can have a greater respect, nor be a better well wish- er, nor more' ready to serve the ladies than myself; but I must tell the truth, if the devil siands grinning at the door. For you know the devil made a tool of our old grandmother Eve to throw the world off its hinges; and of the wives and concu- bines of wise Solomon, to turn him fool; and of a Delilah, to shear the locks of a Sampson and render him as weak as ano- ther man; and to render the life of a Job a curse to him. And thus the missionary & (he devil have made great use of them to break the peace of the church of God; & if I were to guess in this matter, I should say the devil and priest have made tools of the ladies to di- vide the church of God and scatter the sheep as the mere easy prey for wolves. But I shall not let you go off with this proof of the devil's cloven foot crossing God's commands. Butjoffer you further, that the Egyptians worshipped a bull of a certain description^ of which I could tell you many things from history. I*, was here that Aaron learnt the art of craft- making. And I need not tell you that the whore of Rome set tip missions, and here the Baptists have learnt she art of mission^ making by money. Disprove it if yon can. And likewise you know Kino; Jero- boam set up two of these cloven-footed 54 PRIMITIVE BAPTIST. calves, one at Dan and the oilier at Be- thel; and consecrated priests to attend on these cloven-footed. calves of the lowest or- der of the people. Now say, don't you think here is the devil's track right across God's command? Don't you think the devil had a hand in this? Don't you see Iws cloven foot in these calves, these idol gods? Now as further proof, in Leviticus, ]7th chapter, read: "They shall no more offer their sacrifices unto devils, after whom they have gone a whoring." And again: says Paid, the things which the Gentiles sacrifice, they sacrifice unto de- vils. Again: we read of the doctrine of devils, the cup and table of devil's, of the walking about of the devil, &c. &c. all of which 1 could tell you many things, and bring many more proofs of the devils clo- ven foot, but this will do for the present, as for my trying to prove the devil has a cloven foot. And I shall now try to mea- sure his track ii? short order, and while I am measuring his track, you look on and see if he has not a parted hoof. And first, in a kind of general way, the devii s track is deception, a double inten- tion; that is, he says one thing and means another, or says one thing to effect ano ther. He engages to perform a thing, and neither intends to do so, nor does he per- form his promise. He declares a thing is so, yet don't intend it shall be so. He makes use of truth to substantiate his lies. He makes use of scripture to cover his di- vine lies. He is very religious to answer his own ends, and thereby cover his de- ceit and hypocrisy. He is very fair to face, but a liar behind the curtain. He appears in sheep skin, but has the teeth, venom, and foot of a wolf. He is a ser- pent coiled in a bed of pinks, a wasp hid under the leaf of roses, a negro clothed in a while garment, a jack with his lantern to lead wandering sinners to hell; promises great things and performs nothing; lying, falsehood', guile, deceit, hypocrisy, fair appearence, and false religion, are the tools he works with to effect the damnation of man. He is a lamb in meekness to ef- fect his ends, but a roaring lion when he has it in his power. These are only sym- toms of the length of his foot and of his parted hoof. I shall .;uw take the exact measure for your satisfaction. 1 Timothy, iv. 1: "Now the spirit speaketh expressly, that in latter times some shall depart from the faith, giving heed to seducing spirits and doctrines of devils." Do mark in jour memory these words, (seducing spirits and doctrines of devils,) as they are to my pur- pose as proof of the length of the devil's foot. Verse 2: "Speaking lies in hypoc- risy, having their consciences seated as with a hot iron. Don't forget to mark- this — lies in hypocrisy, and above all, the conscience seared as with a hot iron. For the love of money is this hot iron, heated in the forge of hell, to sear the consciences of men with. This hot iron of the love of money has seared the consciences of kings, emperors, queens, and generals of the earth, to make war on nations and individ- uals for spoil, gain and plunder, to fiij their empty purses with; so that they have dis- regarded the groans and sufferings of the fatherless, or the tears and sighs and sor- rows of the widow, or the lifeless corpses of the field of the slain weltering in blood, no more than if they had been a pen of hogs fat for slaughter. The love of mo- ney is this same hot iron to sear the con- sciences of priests with, and make them tell lies and put on the cloak of hypocrisy for gain by godliness. And with this hot iron of the love of money has the devil sea- red the consciences often thousand priests, as I could prove if my limits would admit; that they have had no feeling nor no more regard for widows, orphans, nor for the sufferings of men that dare oppose them and cut off their tithes and gain by reli- gion, than if the moneyed priests were a parcel of butchers turned loose with their bull dogs in a beef pen, to kill and slaugh- ter for sport. Those well read in church history know I can prove the facts. Then whenever money is added to the min- istry by law, by begging, by salary, or by promised expectation, you sear the con- science of the minister as with a hot iron, though you nor#he may not perceive it at the present. * PRIMITIVE BAPTIST. Sow here comes the length of the devil's foot to a hair's breadth — verse 3: "For- bidding, to marry and commanding to ab- stain from meats which God hath created to be received with thanksgiving of them which believe and know the truth. Verse 4: For every creature of God is good, and nothing to be refused (no not even a pole cat) if it be received with thanksgiving. Verse 5: For it is sanctified by the word of God and prayer. Verse 6: If thou put the brethren in mind of these things, thou shah be a good minister of Jesus Christ," &ic. In mind of what things? why, ofjat- ter times, of seducing spirits, of doctrines of devils, of the priests speaking lies in hy- pocrisy, of their seared consciences — when they (the priests) could burn them at stakes, and stand and see them broiled like bacon on gridirons or hot coals, and feel no conviction of conscience — and of for- bidding to marry, and of abstaining from meats. Now here is the measure of the devil's foot, a seducing spirit; second, lies in hypocrisy; third, a priest with a seared conscience, or an unfeeling disposition to- wards mankind, where his tithes are at stake; fourth, across God's commands, as God himself married the first couple — therefore, when the Saviour spoke of put- ting away wives, he said in the beginning it was not so;, for God formed one woman for one man, and no more while she lived, pud married them together; and Abraham, Jacob, and Solomon's cases prove to de- monstration the curse of having more wives than one. And if the ladies won't be mad, I will say one curse at a time is enough; and he that has more wives than one, will find his hands and heart full of curses; and right too, because God formed them for a help meet for man, but when she turned the world upside down by her sin and wish- ing to wear the breeches, she has become a help curse, a cause curse, the worst curse, and the most painful curse of all the heart of man ever endured. Don't be mad, la- dies, for you know I don't beat the bushes to please man nor woman; but give both the broadsword when they stand in the wrong path. Fourth. Abstaining from meats. This is also the length of the devil's foot, since God created meats to be received for the strength and nourishment of the bodies of men, and gave license after the flood to man to eat meats of all kinds they chose. And the Saviour says, it is not that which goeth iuto the belly that defileih the man— (whether tarrapin, lizard, scorpion, turtle, mink, pole cat, or any creature else, all may be eaten without making men sin- ners)— for these do uot defile the man; but those lusts that cometh out of the heart of man, these defile the man. Such as, the priest's telling lies to get money; such as, their oppressing the poor to aggrandize themselves and families; such as, telling lies on God, saying he has said, when he has said no such thing; such as, enforcing the commandments of men and the tradi- tions of the priests to make money, for the commandments of God; such as, the lust and love of money so, that priests will tell lies on God to get it, or have it in all the cursed duping schemes they can invent. Strange indeed that the very priests who are set to tell mankind the vanity of all earthly things, should take such nigh cuts and underhanded swindling ways to make money, and thereby prove their lust from the heart of the precious stuff. These things defile first in my eyes, let them think as they please, more than any man's eating frog or taking his drink of grog. In the above text 'you see what I said in the ou.tset, that the devil's path lies right across God's path — first, in forbidding to* marry; Has God forbid any sort or set of men to marry? He that says lie has, I say is a liar. Therefore Paul, by the spirit on him. saw the rise of the popish priest who forbid the priests to marry, called it the doctrine of devils; and why, but because forbidding to marry is a lie on God, for he has rlo. where forbid any kind of men to 54 PRIMITIVE BAPTIST. * marry, only prescribed rules for marry- ing;. Then forbidding to marry is the doctrine of the devil, because it is a lie and the devil is a liar and the father of lies. So then you may know nil the doctrines of the devil by this one rule — they cross God's word, which is truth. No matter where you find his doctrine, whether in offices in the church, or doctrine^ or discipline, you may always know the devil's doctrine by its crossing Bod's word, but at the same time trying to hide its nakedness under Old Testament usages and customs. To abstain from meats is also by Paul called a devil doctrine. For God in the New Testament has no where commanded men to abstain from meats of any kind. Men have not God's prohibition no where to abstain from meats, ye* the cursed po- pish priests imposed this on the priests and the people, to abstain from meats of cer- tain kinds and on certain days. And this was the track of the devil and his priests, both were liars, and therefore the doctrine of the devil, because a lie; a lie on God, that his word in the New Testament no where prohibited. Yet the devil and priest set it up for a doctrine and practice of the church to go by, as a doctrine of God. Then we see in tbese scriptures that the exact measure of the devil's foot is lying right across God's word and permission. Take this, my old school brethren, as your guide to know the devil's foot, track, and measure to a hair's breadth by, and you cannot miss one time in a million. For the devil's path in offices, doctrines and discipline, lies direct across God's word and permission. He makes observances for the church to obey, for his priests to get money; this is his track, 1 tell you, I know hi^ forked foot well. He quotes old. Jewish practices, customs and ceremo- nies to yoke the Gentile f hristian church with, and sets them up for laws for the gospel church; saying-, except you be cir- cumcised you cannot be saved, or your children must be baptised or they will be dfarrined; both of which cross God's word, and therefore are the doctrines of devils. For baptism by going into t he water and coming out of the water, is found in God's wc>rd; but pouring arid sprinkling for bap- tism, crosses this word, therefore, pouring and sprinkling for baptism is the doctrine, foot, track, and measure of the devil's foot to a hair's breadth. So is funeral preach ing — that is the devil's track to make gain for his priests; for he invented it to make money for his hirelings. But the devil of late has invented a new doctrine, which is called temperance doc- trine. And the first proof I offer w hy the temperance doctrine is a doctrine of devils, is because all the doctrines of the devil have this stamp on them — lies in hypo- crisy. Now then the Temperance Society sets up in the first instance with a lie in its mouth, calling itself Temperance, when in reality it is an Abstaining Society— for temperance means a moderate use of things. Can he who wholly abstains put up a claim to temperance? Surely not. His claim must be abstemiousness, and not temperance. The second reason I offer why temperance doctrine is the doctrine of the devil, is because of the analogy to the two former, which Paul calls by the Holy Ghost the doctrines of devils, viz: forbid- ding to marrj', and abstain from meats'. Now we have good authority here to say, both these are doctrines of devils; and pary, if you can, tell me why abstaining from drinks should not also be the doc- trine of devils; since all three cross God's word equally alike, and we have his grant for the one as well as the other? As for my part 1 cannot help thinking, if you will be so good as to measure the devil's track in forbidding to marry, and his track in forbidding meats, and his track in forbid- ding drinks, you will find the measure of his foot, and track, and cloven foot, in all three <o a hair's breadth; for all three equally cross God's word and permission to the three things above stated. But my intention as a writer is never to teirve any of my readers in the dark, but to let plain truth speak her own homespun language- God has not denied men no where in his word the use of a woman, but fias prescri- bed rules in that word how to use them and forbid whoredom. Is not this right, ye men of temperance? So God has not in his word denied men the use of any meats. They may choose to eat, yet his word for- bids gluttony and revelling, is not this right? So God in his word has not forbid men from drinking alcohol, brandy, rum, whiskey; gin, toddy, wine, cider, ale or beer. And if any can from tiie New Tes- tament show to the contrary, then I will say PRIMITIVE BAPTIST. i am mistaken. But if you oannof; then I say a devil doctrine For God's word allows men to have a woman, but not to commit whoredom; God's word allows men to eat, but not to be gluttons; so God's word allows men to drink whatever they may choose, but not to be drunkards. If this is not truth, and all right according to scripture, 1 am yet a fool. * So then temperance doctrine is a good doctrine; but here is the hypocrisy and lies, because she calls herself Temperance, when her name is Abstain. {to be concluded in our next.) JOSHUA LAWRRNOR TARBORO', FEBRUARY 27, 1836. From the Biblical Recorder. THE CONTENT NE A ASSOCIATION. The. delegates composing the above Associ- ation, it appears, have lately become so holy that they wiR not fellowship, that is, as we understand the expresssion, they will not re- ceive as a Christian brother, any person who fellowships a member of a Bible Society, a Missionary Society, a Tract Society, or even an advocate of theological schools* That is to say, in plain English, if any member of any of these churches should be convicted of the sin of communing with a member of any of the above societies, or even with a person favora- ble to theological schools, he shall be sub- ject to all the pains and penalties of excom- munication!! We have heard of people who were used to say "Come net near me; for I am holier than thou." VVe have heard of "blind guides," who would "strain at a gnat and swallow a camel." We have heard of Popes who would excommunicate and shut up in the 3 miisition,all who refused to subscribe to their own opinions. — But we have never heard tell of such lofty attainments in holiness, and such etherial refinements in ecclesiastical polity as have been displayed by the pious •'priests" of the Contentnea Association. No doubt the ho- ly Elders, Dupree, and Bennett, and Bynum, and Moore, and Moore again, are altogether too pure and heavenly in their tone of feeling for the common attainments, the mere "flesh and blood," of the present state. What a pity it is that they could net have some little world of their own, where their pious ears would never be shocked by the name of a Missionary, a Bible, or a Tract Society, and where their sanctified souls could never be disturbed by the unholy intrusion of persons stained with the guilt of fellowship with an advocate of Theological Schools. But what will these immaculate spirits do when they get to heav- en, where they shall see the Apostles, the most distinguished Missionaries that have ever lived; where they shall meet such #en as Braioard, and Elliott, and Martyn, and Carey, and Marshman, and Ward, and Morrison, who have devoted their lives to the cause of. We have learned from various sources, and upon authority which we cannot doubt, that by the adoption of the above amendment, or act of proscription, as it should rather be called, this Association has cut off the very bone and sinew of her ministry. Four brethren, name- ly, Mosely, W'allance, Swinson, and Mewbern, whose talents, attainments, and popularity, a-** is supposed, had excited the envy of their less favored brethren, have thereby been re- nounced, and, so far as the authority of the Association goes, expelled! These brethren, we understand, have promptly refused to sub- mit their conscience to the dicta of the Asso- ciation. The churches to which they belong are, therefore, compelled either to exclude | them", or to secede from the body. We pre- sume, of co urse, they will do the latter. In either case, however, the services of these brethren will be lost to the Association. Al- though all dissentions among professors of religion are to be deprecated, we doubt not the present occurrence will be productive of general good. These brethren, thus unjustly j and wantonly driven from among their former associates; have, by this means, been released j from those restraints, which, otherwise, they I would have willingly endured for the sake ot j peace and concord. But having been thus set | at liberty, it is to he presumed they will be i more ready to co-operate with their brethren j in every good word and work, than, under other circumstances, they would have deemed expedient. We have only to say, touching this point, that as they have suffered on ac- count of their attachment to the cause which we profess to love, they have our most cordial christian sympathy; and should it meet tt\ • views* we shall most cheerfully receive them into our ranks, as honored yoke-fellows, in^ the kingdom of our common Lord. On the principles which govern the above Association, we do not know that we couhl have a better commentary than what is found in their own statistics. Nineteen *thurcnej| received by baptism in one year thirty-nin^ persons— about two additions to each church ! ! 'V\\g whole number in 19 churches, 77\g— •v>>*U*- ing an average of a Mint 30 numbers* cacb^^jy^i '] lie whole increase 46 — whole dccreiltr 4'f*^j*s 'Lvhole gam in one year 3!J! -It is, tojjfis, a 'ma|j^.-. tef of astonishment that -these people ctn'uot ^'*« get their eyes open, it must be recoil 2 :ted*. however, that none art*, so* bliucLas tho.a w\o..** will nol see, 58 PRIMITIVE BAPTIST. We did intend to add a few remarks on the circular letter, adopted at the above mention- ed'session; but as our observations have alrea- dy considerably exceeded our expectation when we began to write, we shall reserve what we have to say on the circular for ano- ther occasion. COMMENT. Wo have copied the above re marks at full length, believing them to be a true index to I he spirit which prompted thorn, and illustra- tive of'that which attends missions and similar institutions generally. We shall pass unnoticed a large portion of the ridicule it) which it appears to be Mr. Meredith's cus- tom to deal, and which he has point ed at certain ministers of the Con- tentnea Association. He assumes that the Association, or the minis- ters mentioned, acted from the high opinion they entertained of their own holiness. Upon this assump- tion he sp-eaks of them with a spi- rit manifestly foreign from that which should govern a gospel prea- cher, and by which he often de- clares himself to be governed. He declares they are "altogether too pure and heavenly. in their tone of feeling for the common attain- ments," &c. and precedes this will) a "no doubt." If he is sincere, he has been led to opinions remarka- bly strange. If he is insincere in his expressions, he" sports with truth, ami his ministerial character. If he w^re asked whether or no he sr oke the truth in his reflections on those brethren, we think it would be a question altogether as "perplex- ing," as those asked by himself. For we profess not to have been a: Me, when unholy, to make our- selves holy; and not to be able, if made hnly, to keep ourselves so. lint, Mr. Meredith intimates that the missionaries, (of which he is *mej) can make other people holy; • fur he uses the following language *ib')ve: "and especially where the}* shall hear the acclamations of praise from millions of redeemed spirits, who owe their conversion to mis- sionary efforts." He speaks too as if they will be recognized in heaven as missionaries; for he says we shall "see" — "missionaries" there. We have, blessed be the Lord, yet with us, seven ministers, who are not acting under "restraints," in respect of doing good; who are to us, and many others as bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh. The epithet of "holy Elders," taunting- ly given us, we shall treasure up as part of our earthly legacy. The claim set up to the apostles as "the nlost distinguished missionaries that have ever lived," (if we compare their lives and conduct with the mis- sionary operations of the present day,) will appear as impertinent and inconsistent as the claim of the Pope of Rome to his descent from St. Pe- ter. For the apostles had no insti- tutions based upon money, nor did they ever so much as hint that mo- ney might be the means of convert- ing any soul. Yet with theunscrip- tural and corrupt system of money- ed operations, missionaries have the effrontery to cite the apostles as their exemplars. And so it is writ- ten, "In that day seven women shall take hold of one man, saying, we will eat our own bread, and wear our own apparel; only let us be call- ed by thy name to take away our reproach." For in effect, the advo- cates of missions, &e. say, we will follow our own opinions and devi- ces, but let us be ealfed by the apos- tles' name, [missionary,] or call the apostles by our name, to take away our reproach. • As it respects our "cutting off the very bone and sin- ':' Mr. Meredith, or his inform- decide that between ew of our ministry, find those ministers ants,^ must themselves. But if we might be PRIMITIVE BAPTIST. 59 permitted to aid them in this inves ligation, we would remark that Mr. Mosely is but young in the minis- try, and has been heretofore only a temporary or transient resident a- mong us; that Mr. Wallace is also young in the ministry, and a part of his labors are spent without the bounds of our Association; that the church of which Mr. Swinson is. a member, does not belong to our bo- dy, and he has scarcely ever taken a seat with, or aided us, in its af- fairs; and that Mr. Mewbern, (if his na.me be correctly spelled in the Recorder,) we do not know. If Mr. Mewbern be the person alluded to, we have only heard of him as a preacher, and that is all. What it is that gave rise to the supposition that we, (if we be the "less favored brethren" intended,) envied their talents, attainments, and populari- ty," we cannot say. Their talents as men, and their literary attain- ments, if called to the ministry, are such as the Lord has been pleased to call them with, and we would not have them less or more than he shall please to give them. As for that popularity which is secured by fawning upon an ungodly world, and courteously cringing to the wealthy and the proud, — which is forced to dress truth in studied terms, and succumb to the faults and crimes of men, we neither crave it, nor euvy those who enjoy it. Ours is the mournful, but reconciled, and preferable lot to "be hated of all men," some of the popular Baptisl§ not excepted. The assertion, that those ministers were "unjustly and wantonly* driven from among their former associates," is not correct. One of them, viz: Mr. Wallace, was present at the formation of our bo- dy, and witnessed the adoption of our Constitution; at which lime the article, which the Recorder is plea- sed to consider proscriptive, was re- pented in substance; nay, if memo- ry serves, it was repeated verbatim by tne then acting Moderator, and assented to by nil present, — accor- ding to their own acknowledgment at our last session. Two others of them, Mr. Swinson and Mr. P. |
US-202117462961-A_2 | USPTO | Public Domain | In executing the thumbnail display, the controller 400 may synchronize the thumbnail display with the file name voicing process executed by the dialogue server 30. For example, the controller 400 may display, in an enlarged manner, the thumbnail image of the file which corresponds to the file name being voiced by the dialogue server 30. In this case, when the next file name is voiced by the dialogue server 30, the controller 400 restores the enlarged display, and repeats the process of displaying, in an enlarged manner, the thumbnail image of the file which corresponds to the above next file name.
If the number of files is too large to fit the thumbnail images to a single screen, the controller 400 may scroll and display the screen in conjunction with the progress of the reading pronunciation of each file name by the dialogue server 30, and continue scrolling so that the file being voiced appears on the screen.
Even if the number of files is too large to fit the thumbnail images to the single screen, the controller 400 may scroll the screen based on the user's operation instead of scrolling the screen in conjunction with the progress of the reading pronunciation of each file name by the dialogue server 30.
Although it has been explained that the dialogue server 30 sends the file type (keyword attribute) to the image former 40 in S132, the dialogue server 30 may send, to the image former 40, the information indicating the display mode, instead of sending the information indicating the file type. For example, if the keyword attribute determined in S128 is “file type (photograph),” the controller 300 of the dialogue server 30 sends, in S132, information for reducing and displaying the entire image of each file which is based on the result of the file narrowing down process. If the keyword attribute determined in S128 is “file type (document),” the controller 300 of the dialogue server 30 sends, in S132, information for vertically displaying, as a thumbnail, a partial area of the top page of each file which is based on the result of the file narrowing down process. Similarly, when the keyword attribute is “file type (spreadsheet)” or “file type (presentation)”, the controller 300 of the dialogue server 30 sends, to the image former 40, information on the display mode of the file which is based on the result of the file narrowing down process. The controller 400 of the image former 40 displays thumbnail of the file based on the information indicating the display mode received from the dialogue server 30. In this way, the dialogue server 30 can control the image former 40 to switch to the display mode which corresponds to the keyword attribute.
Then, returning to FIG. 9, the controller 200 of the voice recognition server 20 sends, to the dialogue server 30, the recognition result of the voice signal received from the voice inputter/outputter 10 (S137). Here, it is assumed that a second voice, which is a response to the voicing process based on the file name voicing process, is included. Next, the dialogue server 30 and the image former 40 identify a file based on the second voice (S138). The dialogue server 30 and the image former 40 may identify the file based on the user's operation, instead of the second voice. The process of identifying the file in S138 is executed, for example, by the following method.
(1) Method Based on User's Voicing (Second Voice)
When receiving, from the voice recognition server 20, the recognition result indicating the second voice, the controller 300 of the dialogue server 30 determines whether or not the recognition result includes the file number. If the file number is included, the controller 300 identifies the file which corresponds to the file number, and sends, to the image former 40, information (e.g., file name) of the identified file. If the file number is not included, the controller 300 determines whether or not the content of the user's voicing content indicated as the recognition result is included in the file name of any of the files indicated by the result of the process in S130. When one file including the content of the user's voicing content is identified, the controller 300 sends, to the image former 40, the information (e.g., file name) of the identified file.
If there is no file including the user's voicing content or there is a plurality of files including the user's voicing content, the controller 300 (dialogue processor 302) executes a voicing process so as to execute voicing to prompt the user to input the voice again.
(2) Method Based on Touch Operation
When the thumbnail image displayed on the display 450 is selected by a touch operation, the controller 400 of the image former 40 identifies the above selected file.
Then, via the predetermined image former 430, the controller 400 of the image former 40 forms an image which is based on the file identified in S138, thereby to execute outputting (printing) (S140). Before the printing is executed, the controller 400 may display, on the display 450, the thumbnail image of the identified file in a close-up and enlarged view. In addition, when the identified file includes a plurality of pages, the controller 400 may expand the plurality of pages and continuously display the plurality of pages on the display 450. In this way, the controller 400 can allow the user to confirm whether or not the identified file is correct. In this case, the controller 400 executes printing after the user has confirmed that the file has been correctly identified.
1.4 Operation Example
An operation example of the present embodiment will be explained with reference to the drawing. First, referring to FIG. 12, the process of presenting the summary to the user will be described. When a wake word T100, such as “Start copy”, is voiced by the user when a standby screen W100 is displayed on the display 450, the screen displayed on the display 450 switches to a voice operation dedicated screen W102. At this time, the voice inputter/outputter 10 outputs a voice T102, such as “Yes, what can I do for you?”, which inquires the user about the function to be used.
When a print instruction T104 such as “Make a print” is voiced by the user, a screen W110 including an area E110 with the summary is displayed on the display 450. In addition, the voice inputter/outputter 10 outputs a voice T110 indicating the summary. For example, in the example of FIG. 12, the area E110 of the screen W110 includes a display indicating that there are three photographs, two documents, and four spreadsheets, as the summary. In addition, as a voice T110, it is output that there are nine files in total, three photographs, two documents, and four spreadsheets, and that the user is prompted to select the file type.
Next, referring to FIGS. 13A to 13C, the thumbnail display and the shortened expressions will be explained. FIG. 13A illustrates a case in which “photograph” is voiced by the user as a voice T120 indicating the file type. The display 450 shows a screen W120 for displaying the thumbnail. The screen W120 displays, for each file whose file type is “photograph,” a thumbnail image of the entire image indicated by the file (e.g., image E120) and the file name (e.g., area E122). In addition, the voice inputter/outputter 10 outputs a voice T122 including the shortened expression and the file number. In the voice T122, the shortened expression of the file name of the file whose file type is “photograph” is output. For example, a voice such as “sunset sea” is output as a shortened expression of a file whose file name is “sunset sea.jpg”.
FIG. 13B illustrates a case in which “document” is voiced by the user as a voice T130 indicating the file type. A screen W130 for displaying a thumbnail is displayed on the display 450, and a vertical thumbnail image (e.g., image E130) and a file name (e.g., area E132) are displayed for each of the files whose file type is “document,” with a partial area of the top page enlarged. The voice inputter/outputter 10 outputs a voice T132 including the shortened expression and the file number.
For example, as a shortened expression of a file whose file name is “go-annaizu (guide map.doc”, a voice such as “annaizu (guide map)” is output, with the extension and the prefix “go” omitted. As a shortened expression of a file whose file name is “fax-data.docx”, a voice such as “fax” is output, with the extension and the predetermined word “data” omitted. As a shortened expression of the file whose file name is “quotation_191213.doc”, a voice such as “quotation” is output, with the extension, underscore, and year/month/date omitted.
FIG. 13C illustrates a case in which “spreadsheet” is voiced by the user as a voice T140 indicating the file type. In the display 450, a screen W140 for displaying a thumbnail is displayed, and for each file whose file type is “spreadsheet”, a horizontal thumbnail image (e.g., image E140) and a file name (e.g., area E142) are displayed, in which the upper left area of the top page is enlarged. The voice inputter/outputter 10 outputs a voice T142 including the shortened expression and the file number. For example, as shown in FIG. 13C, an omitted expression in which only the extension is omitted as an omitted expression may be output.
FIG. 14 shows an example of the file identification and output operation. A voice T150, a screen W150, and a summary voice T152 of FIG. 14 correspond to the voice T120, the screen W120, and the summary voice T122 of FIG. 13A, respectively. In this state, a file is identified when a voice or operation for identifying the file is input by the user. For example, when a file number (e.g., “No. 1”) is input as a voice T154 for identifying a file, information on the file corresponding to the file number (e.g., a file name of the file whose file number is No. 1) is sent from the dialogue server 30 to the image former 40. Instead of the user voicing the voice T154, a thumbnail (e.g., thumbnail E150) displayed on the screen W150 may be touched by the user, and the file corresponding to the touched thumbnail may be identified as the to-be-printed file. The image former 40, from the device in which the accumulated file is stored, acquires a file which corresponds to the information of the received file, and executes printing.
The voice T154 used to identify the file may be a part of the file name. In the present embodiment, the voice output from the voice inputter/outputter 10 is a voice that includes word and/or phrase that can uniquely identify a file. Therefore, the user needs to voice only the omitted expression which corresponds to the file for which the output is desired, among the voices output from the voice inputter/outputter 10. For example, in the example shown in FIG. 14, the user needs to only say “yacht”, and the file whose file name is “yacht.tif” is acquired and printed by the image former 40.
In the present embodiment, it has been described that the file narrowing down process is executed by the dialogue server 30, but it may be executed by the image former 40. In this case, the dialogue server 30 sends, to the image former 40, the recognition result of the voice (voicing content) inputted by the user. The image former 40 stores the determination table in the storage 460, executes the file narrowing down process based on the determination table, and sends the result of the narrowing down process to the dialogue server 30.
The file narrowing result may also include the file number. In this way, either the dialogue server 30 or the image former 40 needs to execute the process of giving the file number.
Although the voice inputter/outputter 10, the voice recognition server 20, the dialogue server 30, and the image former 40 have been described as separate devices, a plurality of or all of the respective devices may be realized as a single device. For example, by having a terminal device such as a smartphone execute a dedicated application, the terminal device may be caused to execute a process executed by the voice inputter/outputter 10 and the voice recognition server 20, and may also be caused to execute a process executed by the dialogue server 30. In addition, the image former 40 may execute the process executed by the dialogue server 30. In this case, the image former 40 can acquire a keyword based on the recognition result sent from the voice recognition server 20, narrow down the file based on the keyword, and output (print) the file. In addition, the image former 40 may execute the process executed by the voice inputter/outputter 10, the voice recognition server 20, and the dialogue server 30. In this case, the image former 40 can execute from the voice recognition to the file output by itself.
According to the present embodiment, the user can narrow down the files from a plurality of stored files based on the voice dialogue, can voice the file number or a part of the file name of the narrowed down file, and thereby can specify a file. In this way, when specifying the file, it is not necessary to read out all the file names, therefore, which can save the user the time and effort of specifying the file, or which makes it possible to take an action in the case of specifying a file that is difficult to read.
In addition, if the file type narrowed down based on the user's voice is a photograph, the image former of the present embodiment allows the user to easily grasp the content of each file by displaying a thumbnail of the entire area of each file, thereby enabling the user to easily identify the to-be-printed file. If the file type narrowed down based on the user's voice is a document or spreadsheet file, the image former of the present embodiment allows the user to easily grasp the content of each file by enlarging a partial area of each file and displaying thumbnails, thereby enabling the user to easily identify the to-be-printed file.
2. Second Embodiment
Next, a second embodiment will be explained. The second embodiment is an embodiment in which it is possible to narrow down the file by the information (attribute) given to the file, in addition to the file type.
2.1 Functional Configuration
An example of a determination table 332 in the present embodiment is shown in FIG. 15. In addition to the determination table 332 shown in FIG. 4 of the first embodiment, the determination table 332 in the present embodiment stores keywords whose attributes are the creator, date-and-time, and the file name.
The keyword whose attribute is the creator of the file is a keyword in the case of narrowing down the files which are based on the creator of the file, among the attributes of the file, and specifically, it is the given name or surname of the creator. The keyword whose attribute is the updated date-and-time of the file is a keyword in the case of narrowing down the files based on the updated date-and-time of the file, among the attributes of the file. Any keyword whose attribute is the updated date-and-time of the file is a specific word such as “today” or “yesterday”, or a word indicating a specific date-and-time or period such as “d days ago”, “m months ago”, or “y years ago”. The “d”, “m”, and “y” included in the keyword indicating the specific date-and-time or period are arbitrary numerical values, and words such as “three days ago”, “two months ago”, and “one year ago” are used as the keyword. The keyword whose attribute is the file name is a keyword in the case of narrowing down the files which are based on the word included in the file name.
2.2 Flow of Processes
The main process flow in the present embodiment will be explained below. In the present embodiment, the dialogue server 30 and the image former 40 first execute the process shown in FIG. 8 in the first embodiment.
After acquiring the accumulated file in S116 of FIG. 8, the controller 400 in the present embodiment stores the word, which is included in the file name, as a keyword whose keyword attribute is the file name. The controller 400 extracts a surname or a given name from the creator's information stored as an attribute of the acquired file, and stores the extracted surname or given name as a keyword whose keyword attribute is the creator.
After executing the process shown in FIG. 8, the dialogue server 30 and the image former 40 further execute the process shown in FIG. 16. First, the controller 400 of the image former 40, after acquiring the accumulated file information in S116 of FIG. 8, displays the summary and a narrow-down item name on the display 450 (S202). The narrow-down item name identifies the information type (attribute) given to a file, and is used to narrow down the accumulated (stored) file.
Further, the controller 300 executes the file narrowing down process (S130). The file narrowing down process in the present embodiment will be explained with reference to FIG. 17.
The controller 300 of the dialogue server 30 narrows down the files based on the keyword attribute. For example, if the keyword attribute determined in S128 is the file type, the controller 300 narrows down the accumulated (stored) files based on the file type (step S212; Yes→step S214).
When the keyword attribute is the creator of the file, the controller 300 narrows down the files based on the creator (keyword) voiced by the user (step S212; No→S216; Yes→step S218). Specifically, the controller 300 extracts, among the accumulated (stored) files, the file whose creator matches the creator (keyword) voiced by the user, and thereby narrows down the files.
When the keyword attribute is the date-and-time, the controller 300 narrows down the files based on the date-and-time (keyword) voiced by the user (step S216; No→step S220; Yes→step S222). Specifically, the controller 300 extracts, among the accumulated (stored) files, the file whose file updated date-and-time matches the date-and-time (keyword) voiced by the user, and thereby narrows down the files.
If the keyword attribute is not the date-and-time, the keyword attribute is the file name. In this case, the controller 300 narrows down the files, based on the name (keyword) voiced by the user (step S220; No→step S224). Specifically, the controller 300 narrows down the files by extracting, among the accumulated (stored) files, the file that includes the content (keyword) voiced by the user.
Then, the controller 300 rearranges the files narrowed down in step S214, step S218, step S222, and step S224 (step S226). Similar to the first embodiment, the files may be rearranged in a predetermined manner, such as in the order of file names, in the descending or ascending order of creation date-and-time or updated date-and-time, or in the order of frequency of use.
Returning to FIG. 16, the controller 300 of the dialogue server 30 sends, to the image former 40, the result of the file narrowing down process in S130, the keyword accepted (acquired) in S126, and the keyword attribute which corresponds to the keyword (S204).
Further, the controller 300 executes the file name voicing process, based on the result of the file narrowing down process (S134). The file name voicing process in the present embodiment will be explained with reference to FIG. 18. In the present embodiment, the voicing process is switched according to the keyword attribute.
At first, the controller 300 determines whether or not the keyword attribute determined in S128 is the file name (step S242).
If the keyword attribute is the file name, the controller 300 (shortened expression voicing processor 306), from the list of character strings that is the result of the file narrowing down process in S132, omits the portion that matches the keyword (step S242; Yes→step S244). For example, when the keyword is “operation outsourcing agreement,” the controller 300 (shortened expression voicing processor 306) omits “operation outsourcing agreement” from the character string “support operation outsourcing agreement.doc” and makes the character string “support.doc”. Thereby, the controller 300 (shortened expression voicing processor 306) seeks an omitted expression of the file name.
The controller 300 (shortened expression voicing processor 306) may execute the processes of step S144 to step S152 of the first embodiment thereby to omit the predetermined character string (e.g., an extension) or, with the shortened expression duplicated, return to the original expression.
Next, the controller 300 (shortened expression voicing processor 306) executes the voicing process for voicing the shortened expression of the file name and the file number, based on the list of character strings (step S246). The process in step S246 is the same as the process in step S154 in the first embodiment.
If the keyword attribute is not the file name, the controller 300 (file name voicing processor 304) executes a voicing process for voicing the file number and the file name, based on the character string (file name) included in the list of character strings (step S242; No→step S248). The process in step S248 is the same as the process in step S156 in the first embodiment.
In this way, the controller 300 can execute a process in which, if the keyword attribute is the file name, a response is voiced with the portion that does not match the keyword as an option, and if the keyword attribute is not the file name, the file name is voiced as an option.
In addition to the methods described above, the controller 300 may switch the voicing content according to the keyword attribute. For example, in step S248, if the keyword attribute is the date-and-time, the controller 300 (file name voicing processor 304) may cause a voicing including the specific date-and-time indicated by the keyword.
Even when the keyword attribute is not the file name, the controller 300 may cause the shortened expression of the file name to be voiced in step S248 by executing step S144 to step S154 in the first embodiment. In addition, in step S246, the controller 300 may further execute steps S144 to S152 of the first embodiment thereby to further omit the file name's portion that does not match the keyword.
Returning to FIG. 16, from the dialogue server 30 to the voice recognition server 20, the file name voicing process in S134 sends the voicing text data indicating the voicing content (S135). To the voice inputter/outputter 10, the controller 200 of the voice recognition server 20 sends the voice signal of the synthesized voice which is based on the received voicing text data. Then, the controller 400 of the image former 40 executes a file displaying process to display the file based on the result of the file narrowing down process (S206). The file displaying process will be explained with reference to FIG. 19.
At first, the controller 400 determines whether or not the keyword attribute received in S204 is a file type (step S252). If it is the file type, the controller 400 causes the display 450 to display a thumbnail image of the file groups narrowed down in S132 (step S254; Yes→step S254). For example, the controller 400 executes a process similar to step S136 in the first embodiment thereby to display, on the display 450, a thumbnail image which corresponds to the file type.
If the keyword attribute is not the file type, the controller 400 determines whether or not the keyword attribute is the creator (step S252; No→step S256). If the keyword attribute is the creator, the controller 400 displays, on the display 450, the file groups in a list (step S256; Yes→step S258). The list display refers to display, in a list format, file information such as file name, file type, updated date-and-time, and creator, as well as file number.
In addition, for the creators included in the list display, the controller 400 highlights the portion that matches the keyword (step S260). As a highlight, for example, for the portion that matches the keyword, the controller 400, highlights or reverses the display, or displays the character thicker than the portion that does not match the keyword. The highlight may be a display in which the user can distinguish the character string that matches the keyword, in which the color of the character that matches the keyword is different from the color of the character that does not match the keyword, or in which the character that matches the keyword blinks.
If the keyword attribute is not the creator, the controller 400 determines whether or not the keyword attribute is the date-and-time (step S256; No→step S262). If the keyword attribute is date-and-time, the controller 400 displays, on the display 450, the file groups in a list (step S262; Yes→step S264). In addition, for the updated date-and-time included in the list display, the controller 400 highlights the portion that matches the date-and-time indicated by the keyword (step S266).
If the keyword attribute is not the date-and-time, the keyword is the file name. In this case, the controller 400 causes the display 450 to display thumbnail images of the file groups narrowed down in S132 (step S262; No→step S268). For example, the controller 400 executes a process similar to step S136 in the first embodiment thereby to display, on the display 450, a thumbnail image which corresponds to the file type.
Further, the controller 400 displays, on the display 450, the file name of the file which corresponds to the thumbnail image, and causes the displayed file name to be highlighted (distinctively displayed) in different modes so that, of the displayed file name, the portion that matches the keyword and the portion that does not match the keyword can be respectively distinguished (step S270). For example, the controller 400 displays, with highlight, the portion where the file name and the keyword match, and displays, in red character, the portion where the file name and the keyword do not match. In this case, the controller 400 may cause the extension's portion to be displayed in a normal mode.
Returning to FIG. 16, the dialogue server 30 receives, from the voice recognition server 20, the recognition result including the second voice (S137). The dialogue server 30 and the image former 40 identify the file based on the operation by the user (S138). In addition, the image former 40 executes output of an image which is based on the identified file (S140).
Although it has been explained that the dialogue server 30 in S204 sends the keyword and the keyword attribute to the image former 40, the dialogue server 30 may send, to the image former 40, the information indicating the display mode, instead of sending the keyword and the keyword attribute. For example, if the keyword attribute determined in S128 is the file type, the controller 300 sends, to the image former 40, information for displaying a thumbnail image which corresponds to the file type. If the keyword attribute determined in S128 is the file creator or the date-and-time, the controller 300 displays, in a list, the result of the file narrowing down process, and sends, to the image former 40, the information for highlighting the character string that matches the keyword. The controller 400 of the image former 40 displays the file, based on the information indicating the display mode received from the dialogue server 30. In this way, the dialogue server 30 can control the image former 40 to switch to the display mode which corresponds to the keyword attribute.
2.3 Operation Example
Next, an operation example in the present embodiment will be explained. At first, referring to FIG. 20, the process of presenting the summary and the narrow-down item name to the user is described. When a wake word T200 is voiced by the user, the screen displayed on the display 450 switches to a voice operation dedicated screen W200. At this time, a voice T202 which inquires the user about the function to be used is output from the voice inputter/outputter 10.
When a print instruction T204 is voiced by the user, a screen W110 including an area E210 in which the summary is displayed and an area E212 in which the narrow-down item name is displayed is displayed on the display 450. For example, in the example of FIG. 20, “creator”, “updated date-and-time”, and “file name (partial match)” are displayed as the narrow-down item name.
Next, referring to FIGS. 21A to 21C, the screen displayed on the display 450 and the voice output by the voice inputter/outputter 10 will be explained. FIG. 21A illustrates a case in which a voice T220 indicating the creator is voiced by the user. The display 450 displays a screen W220 in which file groups narrowed down based on the creator voiced by the user is displayed in a list. The screen W220 includes, for each file, an area E220 that displays the creator of the file, and further highlights the portion (e.g., area E222) where the creator and the keyword (creator) voiced by the user match.
From the voice inputter/outputter 10, as shown in a voice T222, the file name of the file narrowed down based on the keyword (creator) voiced by the user is voiced together with the file number.
FIG. 21B illustrates a case in which a voice T230 indicating the date-and-time is voiced by the user. The display 450 displays a screen W230 in which a file groups narrowed down based on the date-and-time voiced by the user is displayed in a list. A screen W230 includes, for each file, an area E230 that displays the date-and-time of the file (e.g., the updated date-and-time), and further highlights the portion (e.g., area E232) where the date-and-time and the date-and-time which is based on the keyword voiced by the user match.
From the voice inputter/outputter 10, as shown in a voice T232, the file name of the file narrowed down based on the keyword (date-and-time) voiced by the user is voiced together with the file number. At this time, a specific date-and-time indicated by the keyword may be voiced from the voice inputter/outputter 10. In this way, for example, when the user voices a voice such as “yesterday,” the specific date corresponding to the date of yesterday (e.g., December 12 if today is December 13) can be known via the voice output from the voice inputter/outputter 10.
FIG. 21C illustrates a case where a voice T240 indicating a part of the file name is voiced by the user. The display 450 displays a screen W240 in which thumbnail images and file names of the file groups narrowed down based on a part of the file name voiced by the user are displayed. On the screen W240, for each thumbnail image, an area (e.g., area E240) including the corresponding file name is displayed. In addition, concerning the file name, the portion that matches the keyword voiced by the user (e.g., area E242) and the portion that does not match the keyword voiced by the user (e.g., area E244) are highlighted in different methods.
Although the present embodiment has been explained as narrowing down the files based on the updated date-and-time of the files, the files may be narrowed down based on the creation date-and-time of the files, and it may be possible to set which of the creation date-and-time and the updated date-and-time is used to narrow down the files.
According to the present embodiment, based on voice dialogue, the user can narrow down, by creator/date-and-time/file name, the to-be-printed files, from among the plurality of stored files. In addition, the image former of the present embodiment, by highlighting the portion that matches the keyword, makes it easy for the user to select the file.
3. Third Embodiment
Next, a third embodiment will be explained. The third embodiment is an embodiment that can narrow down the files when a plurality of types of keywords are inputted. The present embodiment replaces FIG. 16 of the second embodiment with FIG. 22. The same numeral or symbol is attached to the same functional portion and process, and description thereof will be omitted.
3.1 Flow of Processes
The main process flow in the present embodiment will be explained with reference to FIG. 22. In the present embodiment, the dialogue server 30 and the image former 40 first execute the process shown in FIG. 8 in the first embodiment. The controller 300 (dialogue processor 302) of the dialogue server 30 executes the voicing process for voicing a summary which is based on the accumulated file information 334 (S122), and sends, to the voice recognition server 20, the voicing text data indicating the summary (S123). Next, the controller 300 receives the recognition result of the first voice from the voice recognition server 20, and executes the morphological analysis on the voicing content indicated by the recognition result (S301→S302→S304). The controller 300 divides the recognition result into words by executing the morphological analysis, and among the divided words, the word stored as keyword in the determination table 332 is acquired as keyword.
The controller 300 determines whether or not the acquired keyword is plural (S306). If the keyword is not plural, that is, if the keyword is singular (S306; No), the processes of S128 to S140 of the second embodiment, as shown in FIG. 16, are executed.
On the other hand, if there is a plurality of keywords, the controller 300, based on a plurality of conditions, narrows down the files to be presented to the user, and executes a compound narrowing down process that determines the order of the files to be presented to the user (S306; Yes→step S308). The compound narrowing down process will be explained with reference to FIG. 23.
At first, the controller 300 sets a number starting from 1 for an individual keyword included in the plurality of keywords, and assigns 1 to a variable N indicating the number set for the keyword (step S312). Next, the controller 300 acquires the keyword of the number N, and determines the keyword attribute (step S314→step S316). The method for determining the keyword attribute is the same as the process in S128 in the first embodiment.
Then, the controller 300 narrows down the files based on the keyword attribute. The process of narrowing down the files is the same as the processes in step S212 to step S224 in the second embodiment.
Next, the controller 300 determines whether or not the narrowing down of the files accumulated (stored) by all the keywords has been completed (step S318). When the narrowing down of the files by all the keywords is completed, the controller 300 rearranges the narrowed down files by a process similar to the process in step S226 of the second embodiment (step S318; Yes→step S226).
On the other hand, if the narrowing down of the files by all keywords has not been completed, the controller 300 adds 1 to the variable N, and returns to step S314 (step S318; No→step S320→step S314). When the controller 300 executes the processes of step S212 to step S224 again, the controller 300 further narrows down the target files that have been narrowed down until then. In this way, a compound search with a plurality of keywords is executed. The result of the compound narrowing down process is the information (e.g., the character string of file names) of the files arranged in the order of being presented to the user.
Returning to FIG. 22, the controller 300 sends, to the image former 40, the result of the compound narrowing down process in S308, the keyword, and the keyword attribute (S310). The result of the compound narrowing down process is the information on files arranged in the order of being presented to the user, similar to the result of the file narrowing down process, and is, for example, a list of file names (character strings).
Next, the controller 300 executes the file name voicing process (S134). The flow of the file name voicing process in the present embodiment will be explained with reference to FIG. 24.
At first, the controller 300 (shortened expression voicing processor 306) sets a number starting from 1 for an individual keyword included in the plurality of keywords, and assigns 1 to the variable N indicating the number set for the keyword (step S322). Next, the controller 300 (shortened expression voicing processor 306) acquires the keyword of the number N, and determines the keyword attribute (step S324→step S326).
Next, when the keyword attribute of the number N is the file name, the controller 300 (shortened expression voicing processor 306) omits the portion, which matches the keyword of the number N, from the list of character strings that are the result of the compound narrowing down process in S306 (step S328; Yes→step S330).
Next, the controller 300 (shortened expression voicing processor 306) determines whether or not all the keywords have been acquired (step S332). If all the keywords have been acquired, the controller 300 (shortened expression voicing processor 306) executes a voicing process for voicing a shortened expression of the file name and the file number, based on the list of character strings (step S332; Yes→step S334). The process of step S334 is the same as the process of step S154 of the file name voicing process of the first embodiment. The controller 300 (shortened expression voicing processor 306), in step S334, may further execute steps S144 to S152 of the first embodiment, and thereby may further omit the file name's portion that does not match the keyword.
On the other hand, if the narrowing down of the files by all keywords has not been completed, the controller 300 adds 1 to the variable N, and returns to step S324 (step S332; No→step S336→step S324).
Returning to FIG. 22, the file name voicing process in S134 sends, from the dialogue server 30 to the voice recognition server 20, the voicing text data indicating the voicing content (S135). The controller 400 of the image former 40 executes the thumbnail displaying process (step S136). The thumbnail displaying process in the present embodiment will be explained with reference to FIG. 25 and FIG. 26.
At first, the controller 400 reads one piece of file information included in the result of the compound narrowing down process, and acquires a file which corresponds to the read file information (step S352).
Next, the controller 400 determines the file type acquired in step S332 (step S354), and displays the thumbnail image on the display 450 according to the file type. The method of displaying thumbnail images is the same as the method in step S164 to step S180 in the thumbnail displaying process of the first embodiment.
If the file type acquired in step S332 is a photograph, the controller 400 displays a thumbnail image in which the entire image of the above file is reduced (step S164; Yes→step S166). If the file type acquired in step S332 is a document, the controller 400 displays a vertical thumbnail image in which a partial area of the top page of the file is enlarged (step S164; No→step S168; Yes→step S170). If the file type acquired in step S332 is a spreadsheet, the controller 400 displays a horizontal thumbnail image in which the upper left area of the top page of the file is enlarged (step S168; No→step S172; Yes→step S174). If the file type acquired in step S332 is presentation, the controller 400 displays a horizontal thumbnail image in which a partial area of the top page of the file is enlarged (step S172; No→step S176; Yes→step S178). If the file type acquired in step S332 is a type other than the file types described above, the controller 400 displays a thumbnail image of the file by a predetermined method (step S176; No→step S180).
Next, the controller 400 determines whether or not the thumbnail images of all the files of the file group have been displayed (step S356). If the thumbnail images of all the files included in the file group are not displayed, the controller 400 acquires the next file of the file group, and returns to step S354 (step S356; No→step S358→step S354).
On the other hand, when the thumbnail images of all the files included in the file group are displayed (step S356; Yes), the controller 400 executes the process shown in FIG. 26.
The controller 400 displays, on the display 450, a corresponding file name for each thumbnail image (step S362). Next, the controller 400 determines the attributes of all keywords, based on the keyword attribute received from the dialogue server in S310 (step S364). Based on the determination in step S364, the controller 400 changes the display method of the file name displayed on the display 450.
First, the controller 400 determines whether or not the keyword attribute includes the keyword that is the file type (step S366). When the keyword attribute includes the keyword that is the file type, the controller 400, of the file names displayed in step S362, highlights a portion that indicates the file type (step S366; Yes→step S368). The portion that indicates the file type is, for example, the extension's portion.
Next, the controller 400 determines whether or not the keyword attribute includes the keyword that is the creator of the file (step S370). If the keyword attribute includes the keyword that is the creator, the controller 400 displays, on the display 450, the name of the creator of the above file, in addition to the file name (step S370; Yes→step S372). Further, the controller 400 highlights the portion that matches the keyword (step S374).
Next, the controller 400 determines whether or not a keyword whose attribute is an updated date-and-time is included (step S376). If the keyword whose attribute is the updated date-and-time is included, the controller 400 displays, on the display 450, the updated date-and-time of the above file, in addition to the file name (step S376; Yes→step S378). Further, the controller 400 highlights the portion that matches the date-and-time which is based on the keyword (step S380).
Next, the controller 400 determines whether or not a keyword whose attribute is a file name is included (step S382). When the keyword whose attribute is the file name is included, the controller 400 causes the file name displayed in step 362 to be highlighted (distinctively displayed) in different modes, so that, of the file name displayed in step 362, the portion that matches the keyword and the portion that does not match the keyword can be respectively distinguished (step S382; Yes→step S384).
Returning to FIG. 22, the dialogue server 30 receives, from the voice recognition server 20, the recognition result including the second voice (S137). The dialogue server 30 and the image former 40 identify the file based on the operation by the user (S138). In addition, the image former 40 executes output of an image which is based on the identified file (S140).
In the third embodiment, as in the second embodiment, in S310, the controller 300 of the dialogue server 30 may send information indicating the display mode, instead of sending the keyword and the keyword attribute to the image former 40. The information indicating the display mode includes information for displaying thumbnail images of files and information of character strings to be highlighted. The controller 400 of the image former 40 displays the thumbnail, based on the information indicating the display mode received from the dialogue server 30. In this way, the dialogue server 30 can control the image former 40 to switch to the display mode which corresponds to the keyword attribute.
3.2 Operation Example
Next, an operation example in the present embodiment will be explained. FIG. 27A shows an operation example seen when a voice T300 such as “yesterday's photograph” is voiced by the user. A voice such as “yesterday's photograph” includes the keyword “yesterday” whose attribute is the updated date-and-time and “photograph” whose attribute is the file type. In this case, a screen W300 including thumbnail image of file group narrowed down based on the updated date-and-time and the file types is displayed on the display 450 of the image former 40. For example, as shown in FIG. 27A, the screen W300 includes a thumbnail image E300 and an area E302 including a file name.
|
http://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2013/464921/cta/ | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
BioMed Research International
Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 464921, 8 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/464921
Review Article
Oxidation of Marine Omega-3 Supplements and Human Health
1Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
2Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
Received 15 February 2013; Revised 4 April 2013; Accepted 9 April 2013
Academic Editor: Gabriella Calviello
Copyright © 2013 Benjamin B. Albert et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
How to Cite this Article
Benjamin B. Albert, David Cameron-Smith, Paul L. Hofman, and Wayne S. Cutfield, “Oxidation of Marine Omega-3 Supplements and Human Health,” BioMed Research International, vol. 2013, Article ID 464921, 8 pages, 2013. doi:10.1155/2013/464921.
|
github_open_source_100_1_231 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | # jetBrains IDE project files
.idea
# Node modules
/node_modules/
|
github_open_source_100_1_232 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | # coding: utf-8
"""
Ed-Fi Operational Data Store API
The Ed-Fi ODS / API enables applications to read and write education data stored in an Ed-Fi ODS through a secure REST interface. *** > *Note: Consumers of ODS / API information should sanitize all data for display and storage. The ODS / API provides reasonable safeguards against cross-site scripting attacks and other malicious content, but the platform does not and cannot guarantee that the data it contains is free of all potentially harmful content.* *** # noqa: E501
OpenAPI spec version: 3
Generated by: https://github.com/swagger-api/swagger-codegen.git
"""
import pprint
import re # noqa: F401
import six
from swagger_client.configuration import Configuration
class TpdmEvaluationElement(object):
"""NOTE: This class is auto generated by the swagger code generator program.
Do not edit the class manually.
"""
"""
Attributes:
swagger_types (dict): The key is attribute name
and the value is attribute type.
attribute_map (dict): The key is attribute name
and the value is json key in definition.
"""
swagger_types = {
'id': 'str',
'evaluation_element_title': 'str',
'evaluation_objective_reference': 'TpdmEvaluationObjectiveReference',
'evaluation_type_descriptor': 'str',
'max_rating': 'float',
'min_rating': 'float',
'rating_levels': 'list[TpdmEvaluationElementRatingLevel]',
'sort_order': 'int',
'etag': 'str'
}
attribute_map = {
'id': 'id',
'evaluation_element_title': 'evaluationElementTitle',
'evaluation_objective_reference': 'evaluationObjectiveReference',
'evaluation_type_descriptor': 'evaluationTypeDescriptor',
'max_rating': 'maxRating',
'min_rating': 'minRating',
'rating_levels': 'ratingLevels',
'sort_order': 'sortOrder',
'etag': '_etag'
}
def __init__(self, id=None, evaluation_element_title=None, evaluation_objective_reference=None, evaluation_type_descriptor=None, max_rating=None, min_rating=None, rating_levels=None, sort_order=None, etag=None, _configuration=None): # noqa: E501
"""TpdmEvaluationElement - a model defined in Swagger""" # noqa: E501
if _configuration is None:
_configuration = Configuration()
self._configuration = _configuration
self._id = None
self._evaluation_element_title = None
self._evaluation_objective_reference = None
self._evaluation_type_descriptor = None
self._max_rating = None
self._min_rating = None
self._rating_levels = None
self._sort_order = None
self._etag = None
self.discriminator = None
if id is not None:
self.id = id
self.evaluation_element_title = evaluation_element_title
self.evaluation_objective_reference = evaluation_objective_reference
if evaluation_type_descriptor is not None:
self.evaluation_type_descriptor = evaluation_type_descriptor
if max_rating is not None:
self.max_rating = max_rating
if min_rating is not None:
self.min_rating = min_rating
if rating_levels is not None:
self.rating_levels = rating_levels
if sort_order is not None:
self.sort_order = sort_order
if etag is not None:
self.etag = etag
@property
def id(self):
"""Gets the id of this TpdmEvaluationElement. # noqa: E501
# noqa: E501
:return: The id of this TpdmEvaluationElement. # noqa: E501
:rtype: str
"""
return self._id
@id.setter
def id(self, id):
"""Sets the id of this TpdmEvaluationElement.
# noqa: E501
:param id: The id of this TpdmEvaluationElement. # noqa: E501
:type: str
"""
self._id = id
@property
def evaluation_element_title(self):
"""Gets the evaluation_element_title of this TpdmEvaluationElement. # noqa: E501
The name or title of the evaluation element. # noqa: E501
:return: The evaluation_element_title of this TpdmEvaluationElement. # noqa: E501
:rtype: str
"""
return self._evaluation_element_title
@evaluation_element_title.setter
def evaluation_element_title(self, evaluation_element_title):
"""Sets the evaluation_element_title of this TpdmEvaluationElement.
The name or title of the evaluation element. # noqa: E501
:param evaluation_element_title: The evaluation_element_title of this TpdmEvaluationElement. # noqa: E501
:type: str
"""
if self._configuration.client_side_validation and evaluation_element_title is None:
raise ValueError("Invalid value for `evaluation_element_title`, must not be `None`") # noqa: E501
if (self._configuration.client_side_validation and
evaluation_element_title is not None and len(evaluation_element_title) > 255):
raise ValueError("Invalid value for `evaluation_element_title`, length must be less than or equal to `255`") # noqa: E501
self._evaluation_element_title = evaluation_element_title
@property
def evaluation_objective_reference(self):
"""Gets the evaluation_objective_reference of this TpdmEvaluationElement. # noqa: E501
:return: The evaluation_objective_reference of this TpdmEvaluationElement. # noqa: E501
:rtype: TpdmEvaluationObjectiveReference
"""
return self._evaluation_objective_reference
@evaluation_objective_reference.setter
def evaluation_objective_reference(self, evaluation_objective_reference):
"""Sets the evaluation_objective_reference of this TpdmEvaluationElement.
:param evaluation_objective_reference: The evaluation_objective_reference of this TpdmEvaluationElement. # noqa: E501
:type: TpdmEvaluationObjectiveReference
"""
if self._configuration.client_side_validation and evaluation_objective_reference is None:
raise ValueError("Invalid value for `evaluation_objective_reference`, must not be `None`") # noqa: E501
self._evaluation_objective_reference = evaluation_objective_reference
@property
def evaluation_type_descriptor(self):
"""Gets the evaluation_type_descriptor of this TpdmEvaluationElement. # noqa: E501
The type of the evaluation (e.g., observation, principal, peer, student survey, student growth). # noqa: E501
:return: The evaluation_type_descriptor of this TpdmEvaluationElement. # noqa: E501
:rtype: str
"""
return self._evaluation_type_descriptor
@evaluation_type_descriptor.setter
def evaluation_type_descriptor(self, evaluation_type_descriptor):
"""Sets the evaluation_type_descriptor of this TpdmEvaluationElement.
The type of the evaluation (e.g., observation, principal, peer, student survey, student growth). # noqa: E501
:param evaluation_type_descriptor: The evaluation_type_descriptor of this TpdmEvaluationElement. # noqa: E501
:type: str
"""
if (self._configuration.client_side_validation and
evaluation_type_descriptor is not None and len(evaluation_type_descriptor) > 306):
raise ValueError("Invalid value for `evaluation_type_descriptor`, length must be less than or equal to `306`") # noqa: E501
self._evaluation_type_descriptor = evaluation_type_descriptor
@property
def max_rating(self):
"""Gets the max_rating of this TpdmEvaluationElement. # noqa: E501
The maximum summary numerical rating or score for the evaluation element. # noqa: E501
:return: The max_rating of this TpdmEvaluationElement. # noqa: E501
:rtype: float
"""
return self._max_rating
@max_rating.setter
def max_rating(self, max_rating):
"""Sets the max_rating of this TpdmEvaluationElement.
The maximum summary numerical rating or score for the evaluation element. # noqa: E501
:param max_rating: The max_rating of this TpdmEvaluationElement. # noqa: E501
:type: float
"""
self._max_rating = max_rating
@property
def min_rating(self):
"""Gets the min_rating of this TpdmEvaluationElement. # noqa: E501
The minimum summary numerical rating or score for the evaluation element. If omitted, assumed to be 0.0. # noqa: E501
:return: The min_rating of this TpdmEvaluationElement. # noqa: E501
:rtype: float
"""
return self._min_rating
@min_rating.setter
def min_rating(self, min_rating):
"""Sets the min_rating of this TpdmEvaluationElement.
The minimum summary numerical rating or score for the evaluation element. If omitted, assumed to be 0.0. # noqa: E501
:param min_rating: The min_rating of this TpdmEvaluationElement. # noqa: E501
:type: float
"""
self._min_rating = min_rating
@property
def rating_levels(self):
"""Gets the rating_levels of this TpdmEvaluationElement. # noqa: E501
An unordered collection of evaluationElementRatingLevels. The descriptive level(s) of ratings (cut scores) for evaluation element. # noqa: E501
:return: The rating_levels of this TpdmEvaluationElement. # noqa: E501
:rtype: list[TpdmEvaluationElementRatingLevel]
"""
return self._rating_levels
@rating_levels.setter
def rating_levels(self, rating_levels):
"""Sets the rating_levels of this TpdmEvaluationElement.
An unordered collection of evaluationElementRatingLevels. The descriptive level(s) of ratings (cut scores) for evaluation element. # noqa: E501
:param rating_levels: The rating_levels of this TpdmEvaluationElement. # noqa: E501
:type: list[TpdmEvaluationElementRatingLevel]
"""
self._rating_levels = rating_levels
@property
def sort_order(self):
"""Gets the sort_order of this TpdmEvaluationElement. # noqa: E501
The sort order of this Evaluation Element. # noqa: E501
:return: The sort_order of this TpdmEvaluationElement. # noqa: E501
:rtype: int
"""
return self._sort_order
@sort_order.setter
def sort_order(self, sort_order):
"""Sets the sort_order of this TpdmEvaluationElement.
The sort order of this Evaluation Element. # noqa: E501
:param sort_order: The sort_order of this TpdmEvaluationElement. # noqa: E501
:type: int
"""
self._sort_order = sort_order
@property
def etag(self):
"""Gets the etag of this TpdmEvaluationElement. # noqa: E501
A unique system-generated value that identifies the version of the resource. # noqa: E501
:return: The etag of this TpdmEvaluationElement. # noqa: E501
:rtype: str
"""
return self._etag
@etag.setter
def etag(self, etag):
"""Sets the etag of this TpdmEvaluationElement.
A unique system-generated value that identifies the version of the resource. # noqa: E501
:param etag: The etag of this TpdmEvaluationElement. # noqa: E501
:type: str
"""
self._etag = etag
def to_dict(self):
"""Returns the model properties as a dict"""
result = {}
for attr, _ in six.iteritems(self.swagger_types):
value = getattr(self, attr)
if isinstance(value, list):
result[attr] = list(map(
lambda x: x.to_dict() if hasattr(x, "to_dict") else x,
value
))
elif hasattr(value, "to_dict"):
result[attr] = value.to_dict()
elif isinstance(value, dict):
result[attr] = dict(map(
lambda item: (item[0], item[1].to_dict())
if hasattr(item[1], "to_dict") else item,
value.items()
))
else:
result[attr] = value
if issubclass(TpdmEvaluationElement, dict):
for key, value in self.items():
result[key] = value
return result
def to_str(self):
"""Returns the string representation of the model"""
return pprint.pformat(self.to_dict())
def __repr__(self):
"""For `print` and `pprint`"""
return self.to_str()
def __eq__(self, other):
"""Returns true if both objects are equal"""
if not isinstance(other, TpdmEvaluationElement):
return False
return self.to_dict() == other.to_dict()
def __ne__(self, other):
"""Returns true if both objects are not equal"""
if not isinstance(other, TpdmEvaluationElement):
return True
return self.to_dict() != other.to_dict()
|
US-35138920-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Manufacture of glass cylinders
C. ROBE MANUFACTURE OF GLASS CYLINDERS Feb. 19, 1924.
Filed Jan. 14. 1920 fwvezziar:
'mw ag- 40 well 4 which Patented Feb. is, was.
CLYDE S. ROBE, (1F CHARLEROI, PENNSYLVANI A, ASSIGNOR OF G'NE EALF TO CHARLES- a. KUNZLER, or rrrrsnoncsr, PENNSYLVANIA.
MANUFACTURE GLASS CYLINDERS,
Application filed January 14, 1920. Serial No. 351,389.
To all whom it may concern: I
Be it known that I, CLYDE S. Hons, a citizen of the United States, residing at Charleroi, in the county of Washington and 5 State of Pennsylvania, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in the Manufacture of Glass Cylinders, of which the following is a s ecification.
Referring to the rawing,
The figure isa sectional elevation of one form of glass drawing apparatus which may be used in carrying out the invention.
' .My invention has relation to the machine manufacture of window glass cylinders, and
more particularly to the method and means .for supplying air to the interior of the cylinder while it is being drawn. The object of the invention is to provide an air supply system of this character which will operate to very largely reduce the pulsation bumps of the cylinder.
The apparatus of this application is shown in my 'rior application Serial No. 142,622, filed anuary 16, 1917 on which my Patent No. 1,256,260 was issued February 12, 1918, and also in my Patent 'No. 1,356,739, issued @ctober 26, 1920.
In the accompanying drawing, I have illustrated my invention as applied. to a type of drawing apparatus in which the air for the cylinder is supplied upwardly through the bottom or" the pot, but my invention is not limited to such system of air supply,.
but maybe used in connection with other arrangements thereof.
In these drawings, the numeral 2 designates' a pot or receptacle of any usual or preferred construction and which is'moun'ted on the foundation 3 having therein the communicates upwardly through the bottom of the pot by means of the opening 5.
ings, I have illustrated the same form of' drawing apparatus as shown in "my said Patent No. 1,256,260, but it will be under- 6 is a nozzle block .supported on the bottom of the pot from the' stood that the present invention is independent of any particular form of bait or drawing apparatus.
shown as extending into the wel twith a delivery portion 8 arranged centrally within the opening 5,- and to which p1pe air is supplied from any usual or suitable In accordance with myinvention, the delivery portion 8 of the pipe 8 has an internal diameter, such that its cross sectional area is considerably smaller than the cross sectional area of the cylinder A, which is being drawn. The passage to the cylinder through the nozzle 6 beyond the end oi the pipe memberB should have a larger cross sectional area than the internal crosssectional areaof said pipe member, but smaller than the cross sectionalarea of the cylinder. The cross sectional area of the opening 5, adjacent to the discharge end of the pi e 8* should also be preferably less than t e d -designates an air supply pipe which 'is r cross sectional area of the cylinder being V drawn. I
It has been found that the arrangement shown is an efiective one, greatly reducing the pulsation bumps, the manner in which the delivery portion of the air suptern for the purpose of reducing pulsations,
such vent operating as an automatic regulator in a manner which is not thoroughly understood, but which is efi'ective in practice. 1 am not at present fully advised as to'the exact reasons which cause my improved arrangement of the air supply sys tem to operate as a more efficient vent than has heretofore been provided, but it appears to be due, in part at least, to the injector action of the air escaping from the pipe member 8 and which tends to draw air in from or through the well 4, while at the same time said well operates as an automatic release for any excess pressure which may occur within the cylinder being drawn.
The advantages of my invention result from the material reduction of the pulsation bumps of the cylinders produced, Whereby cylinders of any practicable length may eral requirements above stated, and the relative position .of the parts may also be changed.
I claim:
1; In apparatus for drawing glass cylinders, a stationary conduit having a passage leading to the bottom port-ion of the article being-drawn, an air supply pipe arranged to discharge thereinto, said conduit and its opening being in'injector relation to the discharge end of the air supply pipe and providing clearance space for escape of excess air, substantially as described.
. 2. In apparatus for drawing glass cylinders, a stationary conduit having a passage leading to the bottom portion of the article being drawn, an air supply pipe arranged to discharge "thereinto, said conduit and its opening being in injectorirelation to the discharge end of the air supply pipe and of less area than the cross sectional ,area of the article being drawn, substantially as described.
3. In apparatus for drawing glass cylinders, a stationary conduit haying a passage leading to the bottom portion of the article being drawn, an air supply pipe arranged to discharge thereinto, said conduit and its opening being in injector relation to the discharge end of the air supply pipe and of less area than the cross sectional area of the article being drawn, and the cross sectional area of the air supply pipe at its discharge end being less than the cross sectional area of said passage, substantially as described.
4. In the machine manufacture of glass cylinders. the method of supplying air to the interior of thecylinder being drawn; which consists in forcing a jet or stream of air under pressure from a conduit into and through a. passage leading directly to the bottom of. the cylinder and across a venting-- ply pipe leading to but spaced awa from I said conduit to supply air upwardtyt rough the conduit while allowing for mam flow drawing glass cylinof excess air backwardly through said conduit and around said pipe.
In testimony whereof I hereunto my signature.
earns s. nose:.
|
github_open_source_100_1_233 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | (use-modules (srfi srfi-1))
(define install-debug #t)
(define (split-path fn)
"Split a unix path into a list of strings. Ignores '.' and repeated '/'."
(filter (lambda (x)
(not (or (string=? x ".")
(string=? x ""))))
(string-split fn #\/)))
(define (ensure-directory dir mode)
"Make sure a directory named DIR exists.
If directories need to be created for that to be true, use MODE as the access
mode for these new directories. Should any part of the directory be an existing
file that is not a directory, the procedure errors out."
; The desired directory path is broken up into a list by 'split-path'.
; The fold function operates on the list from the left, concatenating the items together with '/'.
; A check is made if the file exists, and if not, a directory is made there.
; If the path exists, and is a file, the function returns with an error.
; There is an else ... I am not sure what winds up there.
;
; The accumulator for the fold is the concatenated elements so far.
(fold (lambda (x acc)
(format #t "acc: ~s~%" acc) ; FIXME
(let ([cur (string-concatenate (list acc "/" x))])
(cond [(not (file-exists? cur))
(if install-debug
(format #t " ..mkdir ~o ~s~%" mode cur)
(mkdir cur mode))]
[(not (is-directory? cur))
(error "File exists, but is not a directory: ~s~%" cur)]
[else #f])
cur))
""
(split-path dir)))
;------------------------------------------------------------------------------;
; The logic in that file did:
; Constants:
; +) debug install flag
; +) man page location and where in man it should be
; +) documentation files
; +) documentation install flag
; +) documentation install prefix, logic, which defaulted to '/usr/local'
; +) DESTDIR was an environment variable
; +) ? makefile destdir
; Functions:
; +) install a file:
; The $DESTDIR environment variable.
; The *.go files are put in (%site-ccache-dir).
; The *.scm files go in (%site-dir)
; +) install manual file. These go in:
; (string-concatenate "/usr/local" "/share/man/")
; +) install documentation file. These go in:
; (string-concatenate "/usr/local" "/share/doc/guile-yourproject")
;
|
ideadellastoriad01gimm_0_3 | Italian-PD | Public Domain | ta da una breve Idea , la quale non è altro; che un Bozzo 7-0 'un'informe, compendio s e tanto più , che da noi, prima di formarta' "Storia fi derive; | anzi una fiaccola; che ci'è guida ir così vafto laberinto;chetale appun= to è tutto quello sche fi può dir dell’Italia , nel'‘fapere fempre illuftre e gloriofa. Di un giufto compatimento fperiamo:efferdegni , fe in una ma - teria così grande, qual'è quella del poffeffo , e dell’accrefcimento delle Scienze nell’Italia, in così gran numero edi anni y e di fecoli , ci.trovare- mo in qualche parte manchevoli, come potrà agevolmente avvenire per la brevità del tempo, che a quetta fatica impiegare abbiam voluto; e' per lafcarfa copia di quei libri , che neceffaria farebbe . Ogni Scrittore -ha di libri bifogno ; 0 per riferitele cofe altrui, o per quelle impugnare 30 pet comprovare i proprj fentimenti 5 anzi chi ferive', è al fabbro riputato fia mile, che non può una macchina innalzare fenza le altroi pietre, e calci. na. Cicerone ancora della fcarfezza de’ libri fi lagnava , quando feriffe la fua Topica sa Trebazio dicendo : Cuzz wzecai libros non baberem 3 e però fi dichiarò nel fine fcrivendo : Feci quod fapè liberales venditores folent, ut cum ades yfandumve vendiderint , rutis cafis receptis yconcedant tamen aliquid cmptori , quod ornaudi caufa aptè ,@& loco pofitum effe videatari Dentro la Storia avremo il comodo di dar più compiuta notizia s e feci mancarà il tempo 0 la falute , non mancaranno all’Italia Uomini illu= ftri e valorofi, che quelta lodevole fatica a pro della notra Nazione, con forze e giudizio più valevoli delle noftre alla fua perfezione ridurre po- tranno. . E'vafto fenzadubbio l'argomento , chea trattare abbiam prefo} ed è lavoro dilungo ftudio e di molti anni; e difficile ancora per la co- gnizione varia delle fcienze quafi tutte ; anzi delle parti più gravi di-<ef- fe . Ma perchè in breve tempo terminarlo vogliamo , facilmente o nella lingua so nella materia in qualche abbaglio inciampare poffiamo; tanto più » che di copiare noi fteifi la materia noftra già compofta fiamo coftretti , e nelle copie fpeflo avvengono degli errori , più alla materia; che alle parole avvertendofi. Conviene però a chi legge, vlar quella pro- denza », che ogni Uomo dotto ufar dee; il quale avvezzo alle fatiche 4 fa | colla = # NI la) bar dazione, | > colla fperanza le difficultà, che danno moleltia achi fcrive . Diffè però il Poflevino quando fcusò Diodoro Siciliano dalle cenfure , che gli furor: Pofevin.iz date : Fieri emiva vix polfit » ut iîy qui tantane moliantur maolene , cunz in Bibliotbec. varios Autores incidunt , e quibus colligunt pernaulta, ne variationenz alia quan concipiant: certè dum in texendisrebus incumbunt s not adeò tan= - “tam verborzma cura habere poffunte | | | 8. Convierie metterfotto l’occhio.in:queft'Opera quel che de’ noftri Italiani alcuni Stranieri hanno fcritto; e'riferire.o il biafimo:y ola: lode» che han dato; e colle parole loro altresi 3 per non incorrere nella cenfura data a quegli Autori, i quali niuna cura han moftratodi citare altrizonde i... di Aleffandro d’Aleffandro diffe il Cardinal Bona 3 che izzprobant in eo Card. Bona Critici , quod Autres difimulat x per quos profecit » ed il Barclajo riferito de Divina. da Tobia Magirir.Alexandroab Alexandro tizalus perpetuò mos eft, nullum Pfalmodia.- fuis Docttoribus sratiam referre » nullume inquana laudare Audtorenz sy nec Barclajus. fontes sundè fua bauferit colletanea indicare » E perdò Andrea Tiraquello ‘09? fa sa fuo amico vi aggiunse le Annotazioni; i luoghi riferendo ; donde le cofe casi te furon tolte. Ma fe il vizio di Aleffandro fu di non citare Autoriz if noftro Toh. Mae è dî citargli allo fpeflo ; perchè gli Autori fi citano'e per provare , € per gir. Epori- erudizione 5 e quefta redola in tutte le noltre Opere abbiamicura di ofler- y0/, Crit- vare. Moltraremo altresi ; che delle cofe degl’Italiani gli effi Stranieri a pag. 12. favor noltrohanno fcrittos ondefe da alcuno qualche cofa ci farà oppo= “= 2 fta socontradetta, ci prenderemo la fatica di trovare altri della {ua Na- zione, i quali con noi alle opinioni loro contradiconos. e ciò peflo:ci con= verrà così nelle controverfie ycome nelle lotti degli Autori Italiani. Vi fu, perefempio um Francele ; che affermò eflere ftate le Indie ritrovate da un'altro Francefe cento anni primadel Colonmbo Italiamo:; faremo dunque in obbligo di riferire le autorità di altri Francefi ; che l'invenzio= ne ftefla delle Indie al Colombo.attribuifconoze quefto ordine terreno in tutte le controvertie colle‘altre Nazioni.Così anche,per efempio; per lodar la dottrina di Sante Pasnino: Domenicano; portaremo la lode, che gli ha dato Lutero, non folo di nazione, e di religione diverfa della moftra 3 ma oftinato cenfore,ed uppugnatore de’ Cattolici. Con queflta regola tutta la noftra Opera {criveremo per. moltrare la certezza della gloria dell’Italiay da? medefimi Stranieri confeffata 3 ed atteltata . Ci converrà però di varj Autori anche Eretici, o nell’Indice Romano proibiti, riferir le parole. Ma ficcome fiamo:in luogo s ove'i libri legger non poifiamo; così non gli ab« biamo riconofciuti ne” loro fonti , e gli citaremo nella maniera + con cui appo altri Autori approvati glitroviamo citati, e come appunto fono nel Simbolo deila Fede y 0 nell’Evangelio nominati Giuda, e Pilato. Rie feriremo pure qualche luogo o di Lutero è o di altro Eretico quando n'a» vremo l’occafioner ancorchè i loro libri non'fieno alcuna volta nelle nos ftre mani venutiz e ci rimettiamio alla buona fede di quelli, che legger gli ‘han potuto. Vivamente però ci proteltiamo , che non è penfier noftro. dare alle cofe loro veruna autorità x 0 approvare le loro dottrine 5 perchè folo preftiamo intera fede a quelche è dalla noftra Chiefa ye da’ noltri Cattolici (anamente approvato; al loro parere tutte le cofe noftre rimet+ tendo, e rivocando quelche da loro fi rivoca 3 fecondo che poco fa colle pae Mo — JE a “l w è Te RIVIERA IUSR ESPLORARE E VANNO did O 8 Ieadel’Iffor.d'Ital.Letter.di Giacinto Gimma Toml parole di S. Bernardo abbiamo fodamente affermato + La fola Ghiefa Ros | mana è quella, che conferva, e che hai principjidi confervare quella i ‘© unità della Fede tra quelli , che la profeffano , la quale manca a tante 7 Sette differenti che fon nate tra Griftiani; ed ella è la fteffa } che c’infe= - gna quella Dottrina,che per tutto il Mondo ftata predicata,ed èquellas che Giesù Crifto ha fondata fopra S.Pietro,e fopra i fuoi Succeffori. Aven= do la Reffa in tanti fecoli tante tempefte foRenuto fra tante Erefie , fiè fempremai inviolabile mantenuta ; e ci promette quella perpetuità , che P. Pietro dallo teffo Giesù Grifto fu promeffa $ come tutto ciò ha fcritto il P. Gale Galtruchio truchio Giefuita Francefe. A’ fentimenti però della tefla conformiamo for. Sant. i noftri conuna perfetta fuggezzione d’intelletto; rivocando tutto quello, @art.2: © cheo per negligenza,o pet ignoranza contro l’inftituto della noftra in- |. tenzione ufcifse con, errore dalla noftra penna , perchè Hozzines fumus. G° falli pofunens. | pe . 9. @ollo ftefTo fentimentoci proteftiamo, che fe talvolta ci convera xà lodare qualche Italiano perla fua fantità, e pietà , non gli diamo altra fede noi fteflì , nè altra antorità; che la fola umana ; eccettuando quelli, che già fono ftati defcrittidalla Ghiefa tra’ Santi , o Beati , o tra’ Martiri. Gosì ci fottomettiamo al Decreto di Urbano VIII, a? 15. di Marzo nel 1625.nella Sagra Gongregazione de? Riti; ed in quella dell’Univerfale In - quifizione pubblicato, e confermato a° 1g.di Luglio del 1634-in cui proi» bifce il pubblicarfi libri, che i fatti contengono di perfone celebri o nella fama di fantità, o di martirio, o di miracolo; di rivelazioni; o di altri be=: neficj da Dio-ottenuti ; fenza effere prima approvati dalla Ghiefa ; ed a’ s. di Giugno del 1631.dichiarò ancora lo fteffo Pontefice; che non fieno. ammelli elogj di Santo ; 0 Beato , quali cadono fopra la perfona; ancor= chè quelli che cadono fopra i coftumi , e fopra l'opinione di (antità am- metter fi poffano. | | PERONI 10. Non vogliamo poi nella lingua efler troppo fcrupolofi 5 ma ufar più tofto la naturale; però gramaticale , e regolata ; che l’affettata, sfug= perdo la ricerca di voci antiche, e delle forme degli antichi Tofcani, che anno delrancido. Scriffe Alfonfo Bonacciuoli Gentiluomo Ferrarefe dedicando la prima parte della Geografia di Strabone da lui tradotta dal Greco, al Gardinal Gonzaga: Mi fon rifolato d’impiegare il tempo, ed oomi msiafatica effadio in quefta traduzione; fonza però volere reftringermi a quella fottile offervazione dello fcrivere Tofcano s che forfe da gualchuno fr defiderarebbe 3 pertiocchè io fono di parere (e così veogo ufato da Uonzini gid= diziofi ) che in fimili foggetti dove più fi hanno a marar le cofe » che le parole, fia più lodevole il parlar comunesed ordinario; purchè fia ( per dir cosà)efpref= fivo,che il troppo artificiofo ed efguifito 3 ficchè avviluppi molte volte lintel= | letto de’ Lettori .Si legge nel Tomo XXIV. del Giornale de’ Letterati del Italia a cart.48.un lodevole avvertimento de? dottiffimi Giornalifti,pre- gando uno Scrittore ( cioè l’erudito Nicolò Arzerza ) a valerfi di ftile più facile e naturalesperchè quello ufata nell’Opera de’ R apporti di Parnafo, della quale danno la notizia , pare, che talvolta fiaccofti alquanto all’an» tico, e di già andato in difufo. Affermano per verità, chat hat uomini giudiziofi e dotti, condannarlo, fi come troppo intralciato di vo- ci È Introduzione 9 cì antiche e offolete ,e che fanno ; per valerfi dell’efpreffione di lui , di piero s e di rancido. Lodano però lo file femplice ; e niente o nelle voci, e nelle frafi, o nelle-collocazioni de’verbi affettato. Si dichiara veramen» te l'Accademia della Grufca nella Lettera a’ Lettori del {uo Vocabolarisy che hanno-raccolte alcune voci antiche per intelligenza degli Autori, da cui le hanno tolte ; e che le è paruto di dichiararle , ad alcune avvertene do, che fieno antiche ; ed altre lafciandole alla difcrezione , e confidera» zione del Lettore , per ufarle a fuo luogo ; e tempo. voluto con fomma diligenza offervare il Boccacio 3 o altro Scrittore s che 047.9. | dicono del buon fecolo;ma quefto non è fprezzare la buona lingua, le fue resole , e la {celta de’vocaboli ; poicchè fu noftra cura di fcrivere fecondo l’ufo degli Womini dotti, e della lingua offervare le leggi . Due fono le opinioni degli Eruditi intorno la lingua noltra : l'una approva folo quel la , che appellano del buon fecolo ye del trecento , ed imitano gli Scrit= tori , che vifleroin quel tempo. Più nobile dall’altra è creduta la lingua dell’età noftra, ed a fua difefa han trattato la queitione il Ta(fori , il Lame _ Alefaode. cellotti s il Conte Tefanro » il Ciamzpoli ,il Cardinale Sforza Pallavicino , il Taffon. Per Politi , e varj altri . Piacque a noi fotener la feconda , ed accennare fo=4" rari lamente alcune ragioni ( perchè più largamente n’abbiamo fcritto nel r350 sM6edr d Tomo V. dell’Enciclopedia) cioè che la lingua Italiana fia ancor vivasche gid) part. molte novità ammetta neceflarie è e molte cofe antiche rigetti : che gli difingei pa oh Antichi ftefli in varj tempi han mutata la forma di fcrivere 3 fi come la Em.Thelàure lingua fi è datempoin tempoancor variata , continue perfezioni rice= Cazzochial, vendo: Che varie cortezioni , e varie mutazioni fi fon fatte per ordine Ari/tor. del Granduca , e della Grufca nel Decazzerone del Boccaccio in varie fue Gio:Ciampoli edizioni » ed in quella del Salviati molte:cofe fi ammendarono , l’antica Drofe, diftorf. fcrittura del Boccaccio fteffo alterando, i punti,e gli apoitrofi aggiugnen- ** Pallavici do , le vaci latine ; e quelle fcritte a modo de’Latini troncando , e molti Di lo pasre vocaboli nuovi eziandio aggiugnendo.Così la Erufca fteffa colle fue giun» Adrian. Pos te al Zocabolario nuovi Autori più moderni, e nuove voci ha pure ap- lit. Dizionare provato . Ciò noi fcrivendo , fprezzata non abbiamo la lingua del buon, T'ofcandetter, fecolo., nè fprezzate-le buone regole de’moderni ; anzi pitì tolto ci ab« biam fatto vedere fcrupoloti nella lingua fteffa s ricercando qual fia la migliore ; ed in cui più rifplenda la purità (ua 3 e l’eleganza : così ftimia= mo voler’eflere offervatori della buona lingua , eb abbracciare la manie | ra più naturale , più gioconda ye meno ta , che da’giudiziofi Scrit= tori è fommamente lodata ed ufata 3 Ma di ciò faremo in altra occafio= ne uno più lungo difcorfo 3 perchè ftimiamo cola lodevole ufare R09 fa- | B VER Pia 10 Idea dell'Ifor.d'Ital Letter.dì Giacinto Ginma Ton.l. vella mezana,in maniera,che facendo la fcelta di alcuni modi dell’anticas. e di altri regolati della moderna , venga formata una favella meno dura. e rancida o atfettata; e più (emplice, naturale; e piacevole ; e ben fi ve- de , che ha ogni fcrittore il fuo file proprio e non comune fenza affatto attaccarfi alle fole forme degli Antichi . Nè facciam conto di coloro, che nulla curano le regole della lingua » il buon’ ufo del puntare » dell’apo- ftrofare ; del coniugare i verbi è e dello fciegliere le voci più proprie ad. ifpiegare il concetto , e più ufate da°buoni Scrittori 3 perchè queiti anno= verar non fi pofiono tra’diligenti oflervatori della lingua , le leggi della. ftefla isnorando 3 ancorche fi ftimino parer Savj » e nella buona lingua; periti , gli altrui fcritti con giudizio formati criticando. 0 ; . 11. Sembrarà forlegrave ad alcuni l'aver noi voluto impegnarci 2 ferivere fu quefto argomento ; che per la gran macchina delle cofe ,, che in (e contiene ; e per lo fine, per cui fiè fcritto, è certamente aflai diffici- le, e molto più per la debbolezza noltra » e perchè non è cofa troppe agevole in un fecolo.così criticoe dotto incontrare la foddisfazione de= | gl'ingegni nella letteratura delicati. Ma, come altra volta abbiam detto» eflendo ftati perfuafi da Uomini di gran famacon più, e più lettere a di- fendere quell’onore, che all’Italia vien tolto , abbiam voluto accrefcer. V’argomento,e non folo l’Italia fteffa difendere 5 ma della fua antica let» teratura formarne una Iftoria ; onde non farà a noi difconvenevole,trat= tando delle cofe noftre , rifpondere quando bifogna, alle cenfure , che ci vengon fatte da alcuni ftranieri, i quali nulla curano le lodi, che da” me- defimi Scrittori delle dotte Nazioni loro ci danno . Dopo la rifoluzione di fcrivere in quelto argomento non fenza noftra maraviglia ci abbiam ve duto con molta gentilezza lodare , e ringraziare anche da Uominigravi ‘mon prima conofciuti ye vifitare altresì da molti, che per quelta Città han fatto paffaggio, ciò parendo un’ornamento decoroloall’Italia ; di cui “avea gran bifogno . Ci fu ancora promeffa con faciltà l'edizione dell’O= pera fenza noftro difpendios onde appena fcritta, e terminata, fu inviata al Chiarillfimo Letterato è e gran Filofofo {[perimentale Antonio Valfie mieri Profeflore , e Prefidente de'lo Studio di Padova » nelle cui mani,co» me di un fincero amico, dieci mefi fa trattenuta,per darfi poi a chi fam= par la dovea . Eflendofi però introdotto l’ufo degli Stampatori, di non. dare alla luce le Opere fenza qualche incomodo degli Autori Rèili ; o comprandofi alcun buon numero delle copie 3 0in altra maniera , che cî fu propofta, facendola ritornare nelle notre mani, abbiamo avuto l’oc=r calione di acerrefcerla in varjluoghi. Alcuni Letterati di valore s e di Città diverfe cominciavano a trattarne l’edizione,e molti ancora ci han=. no più volte propofta l’unione diuna Compagnia per concorrere nella. fpela , e fpezialmente lo fteffo Chiarittimo Valfiniesi, l’eruditiffimo: D.Antonino Mongitore di Palermo , ben conofciuto per te fue degne O. pere date alla lucese’l Reverendiffimo Abate D. Giovambatifta Mongiò Geleltino in Taranto , edaltri illaftri amici s altri ancora non prima da noi conofciuti e da Roma, e da altri luoghi; ma fiamo fRtati lempre fred- di e niente rifoluti. Quando poi (peravamo partir dalla patria ,e metter= ciin un viaggio per l’Italia , deliderofi di siveris gli Uomini dotti. ed i aINO= man DI ntrodunionei:. FE ep amorevoli, offervar var) Mufei, Gallerie , e Biblioteche, e fcrivere altresì ‘delle fteffe; e delle antiche monete, a tale ftudio tirandoci il genio; fiamo ftati divertiti da alcuni amici , colla cui opera fi è formata una generofa focietà, che ha voluto concorrere all’edizione di queta ‘noftra Iftoria.: 12. ScriffleS.Girolamo : Si juxtà #mclytum Oratorem filent inter arnea leges s quanto raagis ffradio literarune, que & librorum multitudine, ac li- brarioruma fedulitate, quodque propriuna eft , fecuritate, &° ozio diltantiuna ‘indigent? Benedetto Averani chiariffimo ‘Autor Fiorentino je celebre Profeflore di umane lettete nello Studio di Pifa, nelle fue dotte Di/ferta- ‘zioni mofle una queftione, perchè in certe età fia Rata gran copia di Uo- mini dotti gin altre grande fcarfezza ; ed vna delle fomme cagioni afle- nò all'amore, o all’odio de’ Principi verfo le lettere : un’altra al luffo,ed agli fmoderati piaceri un’altra alia fervità 5 offervandofi per quelto ; che nelle Repubbliche libere fiorifcono maggiormente le lettere , che ne° Principati. Stimiamo però neceflario raccordare gl’imperj dell’Italia , e ‘di altri popoli, fecondo la ferie de’ tempi, e fcorrer brevemente la Storia Civile, ed ancor quella della Chiefa ; perchè fi poffa con chiarezza, e con ordine vedere il continuo poffeffo delle fcienze sche ha l’Italia goduto ye la propagazione di quelle , a cui più volte ha dato non lieve giovamento ‘il favore de’*Principi, ola quiete de’ popoli. opera, perfettiflima del Divino Artefice , e formato ad immagine di lui Cicero; D. Hieroni epifta farmil SR. lib. Giorsal. let2 ter.d’Ital. Teo 24.tarto 140 fteflo , fu creato in età perfetta e matura‘, e colla cognizione di tutte quelle cofe , che collo tudio naturale conofcer fi poffono . Dovendo eoli effere il Dottore, e’l Direttore di tutti gli Uomini, fu arricchito di quelle fcienze sin cui può effer l’Uomo inftruito , e della notizia di tutto cids.. che algoverno dell’umana vita è neceffario 3 e però conofcendo la natu- ra, delle cofe » diede i nomi a ciafcheduno animale. Non perdè quelta.»1.15. fcienza perlo peccato 5 ficcome il Demonio per lo peccato » ché fu mag= gi B 2 gio» i : 1° i 14 Idea dell'Ifor.dtal.Letter.di Giacinto Ginma Tom.l. D.Dionif. c.4. 8 de Divin. S* Dionigi s anzi la fcienza gli giovò a moftrargli la colpa; acciocchè fi DELL ravvedeffe , e fofle di nuovo della perduta innocenza partecipe , come nella Sagra Scrittura fi legge : Hec :/lune è qui primus formatus el à Deo Sapienti® pater Orbis serrarina,cHna folus effet creatus, cuftodivit, &* eduxit illum è -° capo. ‘deliBto Suo, & dedit illi virtutena continendi omnia . QueRta (cienza fteffa. + «comunicò a fuoi figlivoli, e confervata ne’ pofteri fino al Diluvio , e ‘dalla famiglia di Noè agli altri partecipata s aggiugnendofi la fperien= .za, vera interprete della Natura, fu poi da molti dil pofta in conc ufioni» in principj o canoni, e precetti. Alcuni però quelle cognizioni racco= | gliendo sche. colla tradizione, colla ragione , coll’opinione $e_coll’ufo ‘ avean per vere, furono ftimati inventori di qualche Scienza 5 particolar= mente appoi Greci. Così a Talete è attribuita l'invenzione della w4%4= ral Filofofia sa Socrate della Morale ya ‘Zenone della Dialettica , e ad altri ‘delle altre. le quali col tempo fono ftate accrefciute , e coll’induftria de=. - gl’ingegni., e colla fperienza fi accrefcono ; eflendo pur certo » che mol= te se molte furono affatto ignote agli Antichi. E' ben vero però ,che più arti ye fcienze , che -da alcuni inventate fi credono , erano da altri più antichi già conofciute 5 e di Adamo difle Suida : Hajus funt artes , &° fitera =. bujus fcientia rationales , & nonrationales : bajus prophetio , fa= crorumque operationes : hujus leges fcripta » © non feripra : bujus inven= Genef.4 ziones +. Si ha dalla Genefì, che Giubal inventò la Malica s Tubalcain fu perito nell’arte del rame , e del ferro : e Noema fua forella infegnò il:tef= fer la lana s ed il lino. Vogliono alcuni , che trovarono i figliuoli-di Set la {cienza delle cofe celefti, e perchè mon fe ne perdefle la memoria, fab bricarono le colonne di pietra » e di mattoni » a refiftere alle pioggie , ed: al fuoco valevoli » e che nelle fteffe le loro invenzioni fcolpirono 3 e che Jofeph He- quella di pietra fin ne’tempi di Giufeppe Ebreo duraffe nella Soria , co- ni 50 So me da lui medefimo è riferito. Il Genebrardo narra pure, che nella Val» 9! Cenci di Giofafat preflo Gierufalemme fi fia nel 1374. ritrovato in un fee im Ckronobg. polcrò pieno di terra un cadavere con lunga barba se con‘la inferizione lib,31.c.35. Ebraica in una pietra: Ego Seth serzius genitus filius Ada credo inJefuna ; ° Chriffuna filiuma Dei, © in matrem ejus de lunabis meis ventaros. Dico= no di Enoc ; il quale fu ilfettimo di Adàmo , che abbia fcritto alcuni li= Judas Apoft. in Catal.verb. | Judas. infcrizione Ebrea;che fignifica:Adana | biore, e fenza pentimento » non. perdè i fuoi doni naturali il:che. prova *... Dell'Origize delle Scienze, Capl. 13. onde diffe Eupolemo Scrittoreantichiffimo: Sapienzifizz4s Moyfos literas Eupol. lib. de — Judeisprimus tradilit; © à Judais Phanices acceperunt 3 Graci verò èJude 00 «Pbanicibus : è fcrifle Ruperto : Ipfe Deus literas ipfas elementorum figuras sg RE ti ia primaus per fe ipfuma conferipfit, &° ci , qui primus ex omnibus bomziaibus pi Pena Seribere mernit s fcil. Moyfes , feriptas tradidit. _ 3. Gli Ebrei, come narra tra gli altri l’eruditiffimo Monfig. Satnel- Sarnell.Di= li ,attribuifcono a Sem l'Accademia Siriaca , la tradizione della Teolo- Sowfi1.a Gioh, gia 4 del Rito Sacerdotale ; della Cronologia » della Profezia , della Filo-. fofia , della Politica , delle Leggi , della Medicina , e de’ Cantici. Fu egli il maeftro della pofterità nella Fede , nella Religione, nella Pietà , e nella «vera Sapienza; e mentre infegnava , Giacob era il Miziftro della cafa del= la dottrina ; ancorchè dicano alcuni Ebrei , che frequentò Giacob le. | Scuole della Teologia , infegnando Sem, ed Eber, o fecondo altri. el- chifedec 3 ficcome fcrive il P.Lorenzo da S.Francefca. Toccò a lui IAfia P.Laurent: è Occidentale, che Noè gli aflegnò ed egli propagò la Scienza de’ Siri »€ s.Francifc. i .de’Fenici, e da lui fteflo la ricevè Eber ; chela tradizione de’Maggiori Geze/: cap. 9e | con integrità ritenendo , fu il primo inftitutore degli Ebrei , che dal fuo 727.39. nome furono appellati . Di Sem , e di Eber fi crede difcepolo Abramo, Che forfe fu da Dio ammaettrato , come altri vogliono s:così ancora Ifac= . co » erede eziandio del padre nella dottrina , e Giacob figliuolo d’Ifacco, il terzo padre degli Ebrei dopo Adamo , ed Ifacco . Seguiron poi Giufep= + pe figliuolo di Giacob ; e dicono , che Ozzzias gue Sez, & Hebertra=. diderantJacobo , Jacobus Jofepho tradidit : indi Giob è Mosè , Davide, e i «Profeti tutti fino alla cattività di Babilonia (apienti . Mosè fu Scrittore della Storia , Davide » Salomone , Geremia , ed altri Padri ; e Profeti nell” «Oratoria » ed in altre dottrine furon periti ; benchè i Greci avendo mol= te Scienze dagli Egizj ricevuto , vollero di quelle farfi credere inventori; ma di ciò faremo più lungo difcorfo in altro luogo. Pure 4» Due Scienze però cn) in tempo de’primi Padri,come:afferma S.Giuftino Martire, le quali erano nell’età di Mosè:una che ben poteva a ‘tutti infegnarfi, come la Filofofia. la Geometria , e tutte le altre fimuli: l’altra Geroglifica , fagra , e fegreta » che per via di Simboli fi {piegavay .perchè a tutti non diveniffe comune » Vuole Pico della Mirandola , che da fcienza fegreta fia pure tata (crieta dopo la cattività di Babilonia» quando Efdra Prefetto della Ghiefa;reftituito da Ciro alla (ua patria il Po« polo d’Ifraele., e riedificato il Tempio , perchè quella (cienza , che a vo- .ce fi comunicava a’ pofteri non periffe , volle fcriverla; e per la Scien= za fegreta intende Pico fteflo la Cabala degli Ebrei , recando le parole dello fteffo Efdra ,: che dice: Exa@is diebus locutus mihi Altiffivans di- Efdra 4.6.1 À tens = Priora s quae fcripfifti in palas pone, ut legant digni , © indigniv non | = © Vilfizaos autenz feptuasinta fervabis > #t tradas eos fapientibus de populo tuo 3 in his eninzeft vena intelleHus , © fapientia fons , ©" fcientia fumen, atque tà feci . Mailterzo, e quarto libro di Efdra non fono ftati dalla Ghiefa ricevuti , ed approvati per li varj errori , che in eili fi leggono , € fpezialmente quello , che poi foftenne Tertulliano , che le Anime de” Efdra 72. 4: Santi non vedranno Dio prima del giorno del Giudizio,e prima di com= cap.4.@ c4p.s. piuli il mumpero de’ Gialli e che fi crattengano in un luoga dell’Lnferpgi vega. ns | | qual. -® T4 Idea dell'Ifor.d' Ital.Letter, di Giacinto Gimma Tom.1. qual’ etrore fu condannato nel Concilio di Firenze: 5 del ‘che più'cofe De la Haye narra il P. Giovanni de la Haye. E ben vero però, come (criffe Corne- Bibi. Maxim. io a Lapide + riferito dal Bernini. , che maggiore autorità. debban fate Tom. 1. fed. appoi Criltiani , quefti libri non approvati + che le IRorie di Livio ; di pi «1 P°O Tacito ; e di altri s poicchè il quarto libro di Efdta fu citato da’Santi Pa= era stat dri; e la Chiefa prende da effo ’Introito della Meffa nella terza Feria del- pid. in Efdr. la Pentecofte : Accipite jucunditatena gloria veftra, gratias agentes ei qui S. Ambrof.z. 005 ad Celeffia regna vocavit è "ari tha TREE in Luc. $. Attribuifcono aCam l'Accademia de’Caldei » la Chimica , “quali Efdr. 4.3. = Chamzica Jlaquale da lui ricevè il nome , e tutte le male arti , come fono | Gregor. Tu- le Magiche s onde diffe Gregorio di Turone : Chanz autem totius artis ronenf. lib. 1. Magica imbuente Diabolo , © primus Idolatria repertor , primufgne fra- Hill. Frane. tungge adorandam fiatuit + ftellas è & ipnena de Ceelo labi wsagicis artibus ei è Rig a adfcribunt , vocatafgue eft, cura ad Perfas tranfiJet » Zoroafter , quod Stel- Recognit. ** /am viventena interpretatur . Confermano lo fteflo , Clemente Aleffan- Auguftine de Citit. lib. 21. Cap.l 3. Suppone però l’erudito Bernini , che la buona Magia fotto l’Imperio di Nabuccodonoforre in Babilonia s’ingrandì; e chi la profeffava diceafi drino , l’Abate Sereno appo Cafliano , S. Giuftino , S.Agoftino ; ed altri. _ Bernin. Tom. Mago ; o Filofofo fecondo S. Girolamo: Magi funt: s' qui ‘de fingalis phi= i ‘Iofopbanturs nec mealefici font; fed Philofophi Chaldeorum: come eran quel- Dan.i. * li riferiti da Daniele + Prevaricò poi nella perlona di Belo: , detto ancora S.Hieronym. Nembrot, padre di Nino Re degli Aflirj perchè da dui apprefero i Cal- 6.2.2 Dan. dei una nuova Magia ripiena di errori ‘3 e S. Girolamo sti attribuifce la S.Epifan. dib, 5.0 fa opinione della Materia ingenîta ed eterna fecuita da Zenone, e 1.Hare/.s. Ea UP, “peg Deta todi cali. alnli di RE » . da”fuoi Stoici + Degenerò poi in Diabolica nella‘ perforia di Zoroate Re | ‘de’Battriani s che fu il primo Maeftro di quella Scuola +5 ‘e i fuoi libri fu= ‘petftiziofi furono commentati‘da Ermippo . Si propasò molto la Magia appo.i Gentili , avendo fino alla ‘venuta di Giesù Grifto l’Idolatria oc» cupato il Mondo tutto! 5 e tanto fi diftufe la fetta de’Maghi per la Giu» dea, e per la Grecia,che nella fola Gittà di Efelo fu':grande la moltitudi- ne'di quelli, che alla Fede convertì S«Paolo, i loro'libri‘bruciando;i quali giunfero a gran numerosonde li ha negli Azzi degli Apbltoli Mali eniva caponge 8 ES die i fierant cariofa foi contulerane libros $ © combaffermne co ram omunibits , È computatis pretits ‘illorintaz invenetunt peeuniam denti= riorami ghinguaginta millinm- E -frata ancora'dasli' Eretici profeflata, come da Simon Mago, da Carpocrate; da Menandroye'da tutti gli Ere» Delrius Di. fiarchi, e di ciò varie teltimonianze de’Santi Padri feri(cé-Martino Del- Squife, magie. rio e Maometto ancora è. tra’ Maghi annoverato:da Padlo Diacono} e cn prologs: da Zonara (detto Giovanni Monaco'al'tiferit di Giovanni Culpiniang Paul.Diac.lib. € Pietro Meflia ) Molti eziandio fi affaticirono: è ‘propagarla co” loro” 18. Hifior, fctitti, come Cornelio Agrippa , detto Arcimapò dallo'fteflo Peleio, Vietr. Mefsia Anfelmo da Parina , ‘ed altri; e nella Spagna vi furono: le' Scuole i (| nella Vita d° * 6, Affegnarono a Giafet l'Accademia Jonica'3/e quello , a. cui tocod Sugrafi ° d'- P'Afia Occidentale} e l’Europa-tutta $ fu nominato Japeto da’Greci , che ET ‘ accommodarono il nome Ebraico fecondo la foavità della lingna loro, «e lodiffero figlivolo del Cielo e della Terra il più aritico degli tlomini. Affermano efler da lui derivate le Scienze Barbariche vit è € dà a | rome- |. DellaGrandezza dell'Italproferizita. Cap.Il. | 15 Prometeo fuo figliuolo 5 ma i Poeti confufero'i due Prometei., cioè l’an- tichiffimo , che fu Abele figliuolo di Adamo; coll’altro-figlivolo di Jape- to a comedice l’Autor delle Giunte a Natal Conti. Voglion molti , che Natal. Gomit, i Greci nelle Scienze cominciaflero a fiorire quando eran già.dotti gli Myibologe Ebrei ; e gli Egizj3 e veramente fi può qualche diverfità dijempo afle- gnare sin cui una Nazione fia Rata dell’altra più dotta 5 perchè da Noè, da’figliuoli , da’nipoti furon propagate le Nazioni , e le dottrine; come dicono gli Spofitori della Gezefi è cioè Eber figlinolo di Set agli Ebrei, Gere/ c4p.104 Cam; e Giafet'a’ loro popoli la diedero 4 e così gli altri. Dj: FRvob .., : ‘7. La fcienza dunque data da Div'ad Adamo:fi propagò ne? fuoi po» fteri , fino al Diluvio ; e poi Noè co? i figliuoli*furono i Maeftri di tutte Pumano fapere.,e da'medefimi derivaronole Accademies che fi fono in varj luoghi dilatate, ed accrefciute . Delle cofe dell’Italia è anzi del Mona do tutto prima del Diluvio non abbiano certa memoria 3 peschè la rovie. nò il Diluvio fteffo è avendo fepelito e gli Uomini , ei libri , e quanto avvenne in quei tempi . Le notizie di quanto fia dopo il Diluvio avve» nuto intorno le Scienze , fono ancora troppo incerte per la grande anti» chitì loro;che i libri,e gli Scrittori di quel tempo ha diftructi; nulladime= no perchè molte cofe da varj Autori fono diftintamente riferite, non tra= 4 lafcraremo ne?’ feguenti Difcorfi farne breve memoria + Della Grandezza dell'Italia per la Fede » e per lInpe- Rio. » profetizata dopo il Diluvio. A Pio IL I. Erminato il Diluvio ufcì dall’Arca Noè colla moglie se co” i i tre fuoi figlinoli, Sem, Cam , e Giafet colle donne loro , che | ricevuto il comando di Dio del Crefcite è & multiplicamini > ©° replete Lerran è ro l’uman genere , le Arti s e le Scienze propagarono, Era l’anno del Mondo 1788. fecondo il computo di molti Cronologiy quando Noè la fua famiglia molto accrefcinta fcorgendo 4 a’ fuoi figlivo= li tutto il Mondodivifèe , ed a Sem aflegnò l’Afia Orientale oltra l’Eu= frate fino al Mare dell’India :a Cam la Siria, l'Arabia ; e l'Africa; ed a- Giafet l’altra parte dell’A fia Occidentale , e l'Europa è e da quefti fono Geyofio. 12. State } gate le genti juxz3 / & nationes fuas +. Ab bis divife p fe IO propagate le genti Jx24 populos > nes fue livife P, Joan. Bufe funt gentes in terra poft Diluvinne è come fi ha nella Gexefi + Diffe il Bul- fier. $.J. Flow fieres: Quis Regnum Nocizo patrifamilias opalentior è Trophea fita Ponzpeij (cul. biftor. conferant, triataphos Cafares , Alexandri vi&orias , Galli Colonias ad Noe= Salian.Axnal. von quid ? Contenderunt illi de partibus > hic totums dedit. Seriftero di ver-6 200.Te quefta divifione fatta da Noè Giacomo Saliano ; il P. Forfellino sil Val-/f#% ann. lemont ; ed altri 3 e gli Spofitori altresì della Scrittura nelle parole della gt. "Ia Geneli ; quando Noè accortofi , che Canaam figlivolo di Cam avea fco- a E perto la fua nudità dal vino cagionata, lo malediffe, benedicendo Seti Giafet , che locoprirono col mantello , oflervano ; che difle . FRAN, capi. £ | i HS olo de | \ i 16 Idea dell'Ifior.d'Ital. Letter.di Giacinto Gimma Tom.I: Genef:c+9. 21. us Dominus Deus Sena. Dilatet Deus Japhet 3 & babitet in tabermacalig Sera 3 fitque Chanaame fervus ejas 0 DST PLAN P.Corn. a Lae >, Il P. Cornelio à Lapide quefto luogo {piegando ; affermò effere il | pidecap. g.in fuo fentimento » che la pofterità di Giafet in gran numero dilatar fi do-. Gene | vba ,amplifiime , e vaftitfime regioni occupando , tanto che fia fparfa: nelle abitazioni de’pofteri di Sem 5 e che ciò fia avvenuto » lo dimoftra s. Hieronym. Pel cap.feguente da $. Girolamo, e da Giofetto Iftorico . Ma fecondo il ronde fehfo allegorico , dice , che voglia intenderfi della Chiefa , che dilatarfî, gu. Hebr. Jo- 1 hi dee iono doinari (UA, indei Sipb.l.x.Anti- SOVeA» poicchè da Giafet fono derivati 1 Gentili , a Semi Giudet , che quit.6. furonpì primi ad avere il Tempio di Dio; il Culto , e la Chiefa, in cui i Grifto trasferì i Gentili, e di ambidue formò una Ghiefa , ejufgue amapli- tudinem , & caput ex Sera > ideft ex Jerufalem, &° |udaisyin Japhet > ideft Roman: ad Gentiles tranftulit : Scrive s che quefto fia il parere di S. Gi- Chryfoft. B0- rolamo;del Grifotomo, e di Ruperto, e foggiugne : Ex Hebrao fic vertas: n Rig "a Perfuadeat Deus Japheto,cioè Gentibus ex eo oriundisssz babiret in Taber= î pi; ) x ‘4 naculis Sera puta in Ecclefia Chrifti , qui ex Jadais, & Sera eft oriundus. di | ES hic ergò prophetia clara de vocatione Gentinm ad Chriffumz è Spiegando poi , & babitet in Tabernaculis Sem : [crive. Per Tabernacula Sena, Del= rio Pererius s & alii ad literam intelliount Ecclefiana . Verùme guia hac omnia ad literawa fpeltant dilatationera > & propagationema pofteroruma |a=. phet » binc potiùs ad literama propri dita Tabernacula bic accipias , È per ea fenfu allegorico intellicas Ecclefiame . pio La P. Laurent. è 3 HP. Lorenzo da S. Francefca dell'Ordine degli Scalzi Agoftiniani S. Francifea Quelle parole {piegando altresì della Genefi, dice, che Japbez voce Ebrea, Genef. cap. 9. che fuona /atizudo letteralmente dinoti : Dilatet Deus latitudinema 3 e che 71u?I. 64% furono parole di profezia , dando un fenfo più fublime, e miftico , cioè che Giafet , da cui derivarono i Romani , abitò i T'abernaculis Sem » da | cui gli Ebrei dovean derivarfi ; non folo perchèi Romani debellarono {peflo gli Ebrei; ma perchè a’ Tabernacoli di Sem, o alla Ghiefa di Crifto incominciata ne’ Giudei venne la fomma e Papale Poteftà della Chiefa Eriftiana , che ha in Roma la Sede ; e fi diffonde e dilata per tutto , oc= “«cupando i luoghi di Sem 5 poicchè il Romano Pontefice da? Tabernacoli di Giafet , da Roma occupa quelli di Sem 5 e cosi la pofterità di Giafet è Hieronym.iz tanto dilatata sche abita ne’ Tabernacoli, di Sem; onde diffe S.Girolamo: Tradit. He. De Sein Hebraî , de Japhet.populus gentiuna mafcitur > quia igitur lata et breore multitudo credentinne ya latitudine, qua Japhet dicitur > nomzen inventt. Da Sem diconfi derivati gli Ebrei , che furono il popolo di Dio + e pro-. | . priamente da Eber figlinolo di Salè;che fu figlivolo di Arfafad, di cui Sem Genefic.10,23. fu padre, e Sem nella Gezefi è chiamato il Padre owzzizzz filiorum Heber, e da lui fono difcefi Abramo » Davide, e Giesù Grifto fecondo l'umanità. 4. Come da Mefraim figliuolo di Gam derivarono gli Egizj,e da Ar» faflat gli Arabi, e Caldei: da Aflurgli Afliri, tutti figliuoli di Sem, ed al» tri da altri 5 così da’ figliuoli di Giafet altre Nazioni fono da quei tempi derivate . Sette furonoi figliuoli di Giafet , cioè Gomer , Magog , Javan, Tubal, Mofoc, e Tiras. Di Gomor furon figliuoli Afchenez, Rifat, e To gorma : Javan ancora fu padre di Elifa , Tarfis , Gettim , e Dodanim. Tralafciando le altre Nazioni , da Giavan figliuolo di Giafet fono detti i Ù, popo- | denti de’ Ealdei, de’ Perfi, e de” Macedoni, e gli altri Imperi , che fegui- + IU °° Della Grandezza dell'Italprofetizata. Cap.IL 149 popolidella fonia ; e tutti gli altri della Grecia come pur dice Giofeffo Jofeph Hes Ebreo, ed Elia figliuolo di Giavan diede il nome agli Eliti, Mole del ma- breus Auzig. re Jonio, dette Hole Fortunate, o Gampi Elisfs onde nacque la favola de’ Jud.lib.a.cap. | Poeti, che finfero efler’'ivi la Sede de’ Beati al dir del Menocchio s.del Pe. 1!* . . . ; . Ù n . # ® » . . | { È “i È rerio,e di Cornelio è Lapide.Da Gomer dicono: alcuni effer derivati gl'I- . Menochius 11 Bibl Max, taliani, da Elifa gli crede il Vallemonts altri da Tubal , ed altri da CEet- fi. «tim; da’ quali anche gli fRimò il Berofo » de’ cui libri al fuo luogo fcrivere- pid.cap.roiin mo . Daniele Profeta mutò il nome di Cettim in Romz4zos 3 poicchè Genef quando Balaam diffe la Profezia ne’ Numeri: Vezientin trieribas de Ita= | lia, faperabuut Affirios , vaffabunegue. Hebreos: Daniele replicando da Numer.cap. Profeta la ftefla profezia , così la fpiesd : Et vesient fuper ewns trieres, oo 34:34. Danielcap. Romzani, © percutietar, & indionabitar contra teftamentna fantluarii re RIS marra ancora il Vallemont, che il nome di Gettim abbia dato il mome a° ea Cipriotì slacui Città principale è detta Cition , come afferma $S. Girola= no. î $-+ Molto invero fi dilatò la famiolia di Giafet, da cui varie Nazioni fon nate, e fe i Romanidetivati da Giafet , ne’ Tabernacoli di Sem abi» tare doveano, non è maraviglia , che Roma se l’Italia ad una fomma grandezza fia giunta, e fia Roma ftefla la Sede della vera Religione ; poic- chè fin dalla feconda età del Mondo, dopo , che fu rinnovato , ricevè l’Italia quelle Reffle benedizioni , che da Dio furon date al fuo poffeflore per mezo di Noè uomo giuftittimo, figliuolo di Lamech , il quale nato di Eva,e pofto in luogo di Abel uccifo ; fu (antiffimo ye fapientifiimo 4 e delle buone fcienze propagatoresedegli,che capiz izvocare nvizsen Donzizi, Genef:$% fu guida degli Uomini, della pietà, e della vera religione coltivatori, Fu dunque PItalia fin da quella età del Mondo dichiarata la più nobil parte dell’Imperio di Giafet s anzi ftabilita Sede de’ pofteri di Set, come fi può credere da quelle efpofizioni, che abbiamo riferite. 6. Lagrandezza del Romano Imperio fu anche moîtrata dallo fteffo Profeta Daniele {piegando il fogno di Nabucco della Statua compofta Danielcags col capo d’oro » col bulto d’argento , col ventre di bronzo, e colle cambe; 2vverfi4o. e piedi di ferro sdicendo : T'4 es ergo caput aureum. Et poft te confurget rém guue alind msinus te : & resnuna tertiuva aliud areuna , qued imperabit univer fa terra , «9° reonum quartuna erit velut ferruns . Quomodo ferruna «Comnninnit, & domat vwnia :fic.cormsminnet , © conteret omzziia bac è Il quarto Regno, che dovea, come di ferro, diftruggere gli altri è fignificato il Romano Imperio fecondo il confenfo comune de’ fagri Spofitori più ‘gloriofo e vafto de’ tre precedenti, Babilonicoy Perfico, e Macedonico. 7. Nell’acquifto della Italia confumarono i Romani da cinquecento anni, ed in meno di duecento fi rendè loro foggetto il refto delle Provin- cie, e de Regni, come oflerva il Torfelliniz e giunfe a tanta altezza il loro ; gni, »€8 P. Torfellin; Imperio , a Ta rnamento » che le tre Monarchi - perio , a tanta ricchezza , ed ornamento , Monarchie prece Iftokc did 3 #ono s allo fteflo Romano Imperio paragonar non fi poffono . Scorfendo colle fue legioni l'Europa, l’Afia , e l’Africa sle Monarchie medefime , e tutti i loro Regni divennero Provincie de’ Romani , e fu maggiore la {ua grandezza da Augufto fino a Trajano Imperadore ; che fu il più piandey hi Su ? AS. nas — À “x 18. Idea dell'Ifor.dItal.Letter.di Giacinto Gimma Tom.1. quafi tutto il Mondo fotto una legge , ed un Signore vivendo » in manies. - sa,che di tutti gl’Imperj un folo Imperio componendo , fu lo ftupore S. Chryfoft. degli itranieri s onde diffe di lui il Greco Grifoftomo : Quatenzs Sol tera. in lai. ram [pectat, Principatus Romanorum patetz non vi eflendo Clima, o Na= zione, ove penetrato egli non fia colle fue armi. +4, SNO 15 8. E'ftata (empremai l’Italia la maraviglia de’ popoli ftranieri ; pere Plin. J;5. a, locchè ripetendo le parole di Plinio tra gli altri in gran numeroil P. Ric= in. lib. 3. - Db. cap.s. cardo Arfdechin dell’Irlanda nella fua Teologia , difle , ch’ella fia tata ve Arfdeckin, /4t greminm ommninna sentina commercio pandens, ut verè dida fit è qui=. Tom. 1, bafdane Terrarum vmninni alumna » atque eadem parens celeftinna pro=. videntia eletla , qua fparfa congresaret Imperia » maolliretque efferata= | vana Gentiuna ritus, difcorde: ad colloguia lingua munere lirerarune » latî= / nogne fermzone congresaret s anzi fu baftevole al dirdello fteflo Plinio a da Strabo Geo» graph.6. pellò Provincia trionfante e per la grandezza del fuo ingegno , e per l’ecs cellenza delle virtù, accomodata a dominare le Nazioni tutte del Mondo | Je quali ha già fignoreggiato , e che la fua nobiltà non fi pud.a baftanza fpiegarcon parole. Dionigi Alicarnafieo nel principio delle Szorze Rozza»=. ne più fi dilata nel defcrivere le [ue eccellenze ; e l’ottima di tuttoil Mon. do l’appellas così Paufania, e gli altri Greci il primato fopra tutte le altre Provincie alla fteffa concedono . Sono purgrandi le lodi, che i Latini , e el’Italiani ftetfi di Roma hanne fcritto, come Cajo Sempronio, Marco Catone , Plinio y Mela, Solino, ed altri antichi: Biondo, Volaterrano, Sa- bellico, Domenico Negri , PiolI. Leandro Alberti 3 ed altri più moderni; oltre Virgilio ; ed altri Poeti di varj tempi. Gli Stranieri itefli l'hanno molto celebrata nelle loro Geografie, e tra gli altri, molte lodi fi leggono nell’Atlante di Gerardo Mercatore , che gli encomij ftefli di molti racco- gliendo (come ha pur fatto il Magino)foggiunfe : Ital porrò comzitate cone cwillus, facilitate, facetis colloguiis alios antecellunt populos . Felici, fecun= doque nati ingenio, fupra meodanz prompti funt in excogitando, & docilita» te percipiendis cum literavune frudiis , tum variis artibus praffant incre= dibili . Honoris ab omni avo, & gloria fitientifimi , laudifgue prater alios Cluver. in adpetentes . Filippo Cluverio eziandio tutte eccellenze della Italia fe. Introdutt. ad condole fue parti diftintamente defcrive , e conchiude :Virorzizz denigue Geograpbo =. incenia, moress ac ritus, linguagne ac manu, res geffas fi reputes, nibil toto orbe terrarune commemores , quod buic conferri , ne dum preferri queat Gli emoli Reffi ornata de’ beneficj della Natura l’atteftano , e per l’inge» gno , e per le forze degli omini in effa nati ,che han potnto foggiogar tutto il Mondo , e colla dottrina illuminar tutte le Nazioni; benchè Pin- Vidia, e l'appetito'‘di dominare abbian talora intiepiditoril'valore de’ fuoì popoli , come dice l’Alberti + Perchè grandi in ogni tempo fono fate le fue eccellenze , quafi tutte le Nazioni o di vederla sodi poflederla ; o di faccheggiarla più che di ogni altra fi fono sforzate in varj fecoli; come han fatto gli Enotrj, gli Aborigini, i Lidi, gli Aurungi, i Pelafgi, gli Aus fonj, gli Arcadi, i Greci, i Trojaniyi Veneti 1‘Ligori, gli Ardeati;i Rutu- li, iSiciliani $i Giapigi , iLacedemoni, i Salentini , i Pelj,gli Eneani,@ Pilj , i Galli )i Gartaginefi , gli Eruli, Goti, gli Oltrogoti, gli ati > gli re all’Uomol’umanità . Defcriffe largamente le fue lodi Strabone ye l’ape @ ‘Della Grandezza dell'Italia pPofetizata. Capa. 19 Usgari, i Gepidi,i Turingi, gli Avari, i Longobardiyi Saraceni ; i Britto= ni, 1 Cimbri, i Germaniyî Guafconi; gli Svizzeri, gli Allemani, e gli Spa- gnuoli raccordati dall’Alberti ye dal Magino. I g. Ma fe illuftre perla vaftità del dominio è già tata l’Italia ; non meno gloriofa Roma capo dell’Imperio fi raccorda; poicchè coll’ampiez= za del {uo circuito ha ella ofcurato le glorie delie Città più celebri, Van- tano alcuni Locri dell’Italia di dodeci miglia: Carzazine d’Aftica di 24. ,, L'plius de era le antiche ; Coffanzizopoli della Tracia di 22, Nazchin Metropoli della‘ 15 de one Ghina 48.miglia fecondo il P.Luigi Lecomte,o di 36. miglia Italiane fe-' pera "n condo il Gemelli. Ma Rozza da Aureliano Imperadore fi dilatò fino a pp, e, di cinquanta miglia di giro tutto chiufo con 32. porte al dir di Lip{io 3037» ‘“P. Foreft. |
github_open_source_100_1_234 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | create Table Dictionary(
word VARCHAR(20) PRIMARY KEY
);
create Table Lexicon(
wordID INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
word VARCHAR(20)
);
CREATE INDEX wordIndex ON Lexion(word);
|
https://wiki.owasp.org/index.php?title=Talk:OWASP_Stinger_Version_2&oldid=18252&printable=yes | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | This site is the archived OWASP Foundation Wiki and is no longer accepting Account Requests.
To view the new OWASP Foundation website, please visit https://owasp.org
Talk:OWASP Stinger Version 2
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Revision as of 21:50, 27 April 2007 by Leiolay (talk | contribs) (ClassNotFoundException)
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Hi Eric,
The following classes seemed to be missing from both the jar and project download:
org.owasp.stinger.actions.Sanitize
org.owasp.stinger.actions.ClearCookies
-Leiolay 17:50, 27 April 2007 (EDT).
|
github_open_source_100_1_235 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import movie
# import os
import fresh_tomatoes
shediao = movie.Movie('shediao1983', 'a kongfu movie and TV series released in 1983',
'https://r3.ykimg.com/0516000051C69D6C6758391DB70BF877',
'https://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMjI3MDQ1MTU2.html')
CZ12 = movie.Movie('CZ12', 'A kungfu movie by Jack Chen', 'https://i.gtimg.cn/qqlive/img/jpgcache/files/qqvideo/o/opq82bnh2jjjlha.jpg', 'https://v.qq.com/x/cover/opq82bnh2jjjlha/h00112web9l.html')
KungFuYoga = movie.Movie('Kung Fu Yoga', 'A kungfu movie by Jack Chen in 2017', 'https://puui.qpic.cn/vcover_vt_pic/0/cmv67rzhrf5s5r31479344822/0', 'https://v.qq.com/x/cover/cmv67rzhrf5s5r3/q0370sukc42.html')
TheForeigner = movie.Movie('The Foreigner', 'A kungfu movie by Jack Chen in 2017', 'https://i.gtimg.cn/qqlive/img/jpgcache/files/qqvideo/u/u4s2zisluorvkgt.jpg', 'https://v.qq.com/x/cover/u4s2zisluorvkgt/r030691rquh.html')
PersonalTailor = movie.Movie('Personal Tailor', 'A comedy directed by Feng Xiaogang', 'https://i.gtimg.cn/qqlive/img/jpgcache/files/qqvideo/o/o4bmve7g33cqqr9.jpg', 'https://v.qq.com/x/cover/o4bmve7g33cqqr9/b0013df9o0l.html')
movies = [
shediao,
CZ12,
KungFuYoga,
TheForeigner,
PersonalTailor
]
fresh_tomatoes.open_movies_page(movies)
|
historyofmedival00rebe_25 | English-PD | Public Domain | IN contrast to France, which, during the development of the Gothic style, had displayed an entirely independent creative activity, the other nations of Europe, — with exception of those of the Byzantine East, — remained dependent and receptive. Some of the races of France itself had but slowly and reluctantly accepted the new system which had been determined in the heart of the country, and it is not surprising that foreigners were even less in- clined to an immediate and unconditional adoption. The extension of the Gothic was rendered more difficult by the national character which the Romanic style had assumed in the districts bordering France, and by the great dissimilarity of the native civilizations. Even when these hinderances were overcome and the new system fully introduced, the original differences could not fail to impress distinctive peculiarities upon the architecture of the different coun- ENGLAND. 52 1 tries. These peculiarities, it is true, were not so great as those which had obtained during the Romanic epoch, at least between the Rhenish countries and the Provence ; but they were sufficiently prominent to clearly distinguish the Gothic styles of England, Ger- many, and Italy from that of France. ENGLAND. England* having, for a century previous, been dependent in artistic as well as in political respects upon one of the provinces of France, was naturally the first to adopt the new style. The rela- tions to Normandy, so decisive in architectural respects during the ages succeeding William the Conqueror, were, however, at this pe- riod somewhat less intimate. Normandy itself, immediately adjoin- ing the districts in which the Gothic had first made its appearance, and afterwards altogether united with the He de France, adopted the style more unconditionally than was possible beyond the Eng- lish Channel, where at this period the Norman and Anglo-Saxon elements were being blended into a national unity. During the twelfth century only slight and isolated traces of the new architectural, system appeared in England. The first pointed arches, limited to the arcades connecting ranges of columns, were those of the Cistercian churches of Kirkstall, Buildwas, Fountains, Furnep, and Byland, referable to the second half of the twelfth cen- tury. It may hence be assumed that the elements of the Gothic style had been introduced into England by those monks of Citeaux who left their native country about the year 11 50. Still, it is to be borne in mind that the isolated appearance of pointed forms is not in itself sufficient indication of a Gothic design, since these are to be recognized at Autun and Vezelay in Burgundy, long before the actual establishment of the new style. Moreover, it is evident from the appearance of pointed arches in the Church of the Benedictines * J. Britton, Cathedral Antiquities of Great Britain. London, 1835. — The Same, Ar- chitectural Antiquities of Great Britain. London, 1835. — E. Sharpe, Architectural Paral- lels, or Views of the Principal Abbey Churches in England. London, without date. — B. Winkles and Th. Moule, Architectural and Picturesque Illustrations of the Cathedral Churches of England and Wales. London, without date. — Hall, The Baronial Halls of England. London, 1858. 52: THE EXTENSION OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. at Malmsbury, in that of the Augustines at Cartmel, and in the por- tico of the Cathedral of Ely, that the determining influences were not exclusively derived from Burgundian Citeaux. This is corrobo- rated by the Church of the French Knights of St. John in London. The older parts of this concentric structure, consecrated in 1185, show further indications of the new style, notably in the ribbed vaults and in the clustered columns. The only English building of the twelfth century which is known with certainty to have been designed by an architect of Northern France, well acquainted with the chief features of the Gothic style, did not display any advance beyond the transitional forms. The reconstruction of the choir of the Cathedral of Canterbury, which had been destroyed by fire in 1174, was intrusted to William of Fig. 324. — Plan of the Cathedral of Canterbury. Sens, whose architectural skill had without doubt been brought to the notice of the canons of Canterbury through Archbishop Thomas a Becket, who had taken refuge in Sens shortly before his assassination in 1170. The Choir of Canterbury {Fig. 324), built be- tween 1 175 and 1 185, shows distinct reminiscences of the Cathedral of Sens {Fig. 299). The architect was obliged, however, by the ex- istence of two earlier towers, to deviate from his model by dimin- ishing the width of the chancel, — a considerable and by no means advantageous change. From the details of the elevation it is plain that the foreign designer did not long retain his functions of super- intendent, the work being carried on by native masons, who be- trayed in various ways their training in the earlier style. Modest attempts to transform the Norman system were made, ENGLAND. 523 early in the thirteenth century, in the choir of the Cathedral of Winchester, begun in 1202, and in the nave of the Abbey Church of St. Albans. In the choirs of the cathedrals of Lincoln and Worces- ter clustered columns, pointed arched arcades, and narrow pointed windows, became more prominent, and in the eastern part of the Cathedral of Salisbury, built between 1220 and 1258, the style known as the early English Gothic appears fully developed. The last -mentioned cathedral (Fig. 325), afterwards completed in the same style, is the most important of the structures of this class ref- erable to the second half of the thirteenth century, among which are the Minster of Beverley, the choir of the Collegiate Church of i ^^m^.m'f,,^^^-^^^^. Fig. 325. — Plan of the Cathedral of Salisbury. Southwell, the facade of the Cathedral of Wells, the transepts of the Cathedral of York, and portions of other buildings begun at an earlier period. This phase of development had been brought about through the influence of the French designer of the choir of Canter- bury. Westminster Abbey in London, the last of the buildings be- longing to this group, and the most magnificent edifice of England dating to the second half of the thirteenth century, was also con- structed under French superintendence. Hence this church must be omitted in defining the character of the early English style. In the arrangement of the plan the native designers, perhaps encouraged by the example of the before -mentioned Cistercian 524 THE EXTENSION OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. churches, returned to the straight -lined termination of the choir, which the later English architects and those called from abroad, like Guillaume de Sens, had endeavored to conform to French models. Furthermore, the proportion of the length was greatly increased by making the chancel of the cruciform building quite as long as its nave, while considerably restricting the width of both. The choir was never five-aisled as in France, and the intro- duction of radial chapels was rendered impossible by the rectilin- ear termination. On the other hand, a second transept was added to the chancel, and a rectangular Chapel of the Virgin to the end wall. The entire length of the structure thus became excessive, the Cathedral of Salisbury {Fig. 325), for instance, being over 140 m. long, while the three-aisled body of the church is but 23 m. broad. The transepts were generally two-aisled, a lateral passage only ap- pearing upon the eastern side ; this one-sided arrangement sufficed to provide the spaces for altars, and was at least not visible to those who entered the building from the western front. The supports were occasionally composed of several members : a somewhat heavier column surrounded by four slender monolithic shafts, which were attached to it only by the bases and capitals. In some cases these shafts were engaged to the kernel, in which arrangement four three-quarter columns alternate with as many shafts of smaller size situated between them. A plane fillet, cor- responding to the surface of the junction at the back, was added also to the front of the three-quarter columns, which thus became of a pear-shaped section, similar to that of the vaulting ribs. Occa- sionally the kernel was omitted altogether, and the support appears merely as a combination of four columns. The bases are broad, and the capitals, resembling the Corinthian in general design, are pro- vided with low and projecting abaci of rounded profile. The calyx is seldom ornamented ; in those cases where foliage is applied to it the leaves are not treated in a realistic manner, like those of France, but are stiffly conventionalized, the tips being generally curled. The engaged columns were not continued as boltels to the impost of the main vault, the pier consisting of a group of members of equal height, connected only with the mouldings of the arches, the scotias of which were at times decorated with star-shaped flowers. ENGLAND. 525 It was thus impossible to attain that organic unity of the construct- ive framework which is so remarkable in the Romanic cathedrals of the Rhenish countries, dating to the twelfth century, and in the Gothic buildings of France and Germany. The triforium consisted of a range of narrow arcades, at times combined into groups by relieving arches (Figs. 326 and 327). It was elaborately ornamented, and often presented characteristic features, Fig. 326. — System of the Choir of the Cathedral of Canterbury. Fig. 327. — System of the Nave of the Cathedral of Salisbury. the trefoil arch being adopted, or the intersecting arches of the Nor- man style being resolved into two arcades on different planes. The clerestory wall was generally opened by three pointed windows, that in the middle being of greater height. Traceries first appear in Westminster Abbey, where the French arrangement of the windows was imitated. The tracery was almost exclusively restricted, even at a later date, to the end walls of the choir and transepts and to 526 THE EXTENSION OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. the western facade, in which latter fivefold pointed windows, occa- sionally in two stories, had previously existed. At the close of the period, mullions were introduced in all the windows, generally of forms entirely different from those of France. A decided prefer- ence was shown for intersecting arches, such as had been so prom- inent in the architecture of the Normans. Intricate traceries were thus developed at an earlier period even than in France, and these naturally led to an exchange of the columnar supports for a system of upright mouldings similar in section to those with which they were connected. The ribs of the vault were supported upon consoles, or upon short vaulting - posts : these latter not resting upon the piers, but ending in the spandrels of the arches, or between the openings of the triforium, and being themselves supported upon brackets. The reticulate and stellar forms of vaulting, like the intricacies of window tracery, were employed in England even before they became cus- tomary in France. The first innovation which seriously affected the continental system of vaulting was the introduction of a rib in the longitudinal axis. The horizontal crown thus resulting ren- dered the construction entirely unlike the cupola-like compartments of the French arrangement, and caused the cross-vaults to resem- ble a barrel with lunettes. The subsequent multiplications of the side-ribs in the chapter-houses of polygonal plan led to the forma- tion of the stellar-vault. This form, being more in harmony with the decorative and fantastic tendencies of the English Gothic than with the monumental and constructive character of that of France, was more generally adopted in the former country than in the latter. The lack of regular organism, and the want of perfect agreement between the constructive framework and the main lines of the dec- oration, resulting from this arrangement, were not held of sufficient weight to interfere with its adoption. The effect of the radial ribs was heightened by the vault being much nearer the eye than was the case on the Continent. The nave was always low, the 24 m. of the summit of the vault in the Cathedral of Salisbury being only exceeded by the 27 m. of the Cathedral of York and by the 30 m. of Westminster Abbey. Striking as the differences thus are between the early Gothic ENGLAND. 527 cathedrals of France and England in the interior, they are still more apparent upon the exterior. The narrowness and lowness of the aisles are especially noticeable in the latter country, this effect being increased by the small and comparatively flat surfaces of the roof, — often entirely hidden by battlements which give a fortress-like char- acter to the entire building. The buttresses were slight, seldom Fig. 328. — Western Facade of the Cathedral of Salisbury. rising above the side aisles, and the flying buttresses, when em- ployed at all, were as simple as possible. Thus the horizontal mem- berment of the structure was greatly emphasized. The most strik- ing deviation from the French models is evident in the facades, — instance that of the Cathedral of Salisbury {Fig. 328). The low and insignificant portals appear to have been designed merely to meet the practical requirements, without reference to the entire front. 528 THE EXTENSION OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. They are not rendered of importance in the composition, even in those cases when they are preceded by a portico — the so-called Galilaea. The enormous wall which rises above them entirely hides the roofs of the side aisles, and is even extended to the summit of the nave, which only in exceptional cases is treated as a gable. This facade is flanked by weak towers, which project beyond the width of the entire church, but scarcely rise above the front wall. The imposing effect of the facade towers of the Continent is thus but rarely attained. On the other hand, the heavy fortress - like tower erected above the intersection of transept and nave, of square plan and terminated by a horizontal cornice, is the more empha- sized, being rendered of the greatest importance in the design by the excessive length of the building. Upon it depends, in effective concentration, the monumental dignity of the edifice, — this charac- ter being attained neither by the fagade nor by the choir. While the Gothic style in France required but fifty years for its full development, the early English was retained, with but slight alterations, for more than a century. England thus did not adopt the perfected Gothic until early in the fourteenth century, a period which in France marked the beginning of the debasement. Cir- cumstances had not been more favorable for architecture on the north than on the south of the Channel. The war with the French, although carried on entirely upon the Continent, had drained the resources of the island, and was, moreover, of unfavorable issue to England. On the other hand, the national unity was increased by this war, which did much to assimilate the Norman and Anglo- Saxon elements. The social amelioration thus brought about was so great that, notwithstanding the losses which had been entailed upon the country, sufficient energy and material means were still forthcoming to sustain an architectural activity of considerable im- portance. The ornamentation was so lavish in the English Gothic, between 1300 and 1380, that the style of this period fully deserves the name Decorated which is commonly applied to it. Most important among the works of this class is the Cathedral of Exeter, begun early in the century and completed in 1370. Con- temporary with this is the greater part of the Cathedral of Lichfield {Fig. 329), the construction of which was continued even into the ENGLAND. 529 fifteenth century. The western half of York Minster is also of the decorated style ; its eastern side was built a hundred years later, and the transept is early English. The most elaborate ornamentation is observable in the central portion of the Cathedral of Ely {Fig. 330), built after 1322, otherwise of the Norman style ; and in the choir of the Cathedral of Wells, referable to the second half of the four- teenth century. Many older structures were completed or restored Fig. 329. — System of the Choir of the Cathedral of Lichfield. Fig. 330. — System of the Choir of the Cathedral of Ely. during this period, which was productive of a great number of chap- els, chapter-houses, etc. In the Decorated style the plan retained its excessive length, the straight-lined termination of the choir, the one-sided transept, the massive tower above the intersection of transept and nave, and the screen-like facade wall, — in short, all the most prominent feat- ures which have been noticed in the early English. But the organ- 34 530 THE EXTENSION OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. ism received a new life, the harshness of the contrasts was mitigated, the construction and the ornamentation being blended to a more perfect harmony. An important improvement is noticeable in the treatment of the windows, the greater elaboration of which had been commenced in the preceding period. The simple grouping of lancet-shaped windows was discontinued, and broad openings with equilateral or even surbased arches, provided with mullions, took their place. The geometrical lines of the tracery, derived from the French, were soon given up in favor of intricate and varied, at times even whimsical, forms. Gentle curves, with many cusps and trefoils, were employed by preference, much attention being devoted to an arrangement whereby the glazed apertures were approximately equal in size. This resulted, especially in the large windows of the end walls, in great unity of design and magnificence of general ef- fect. The engaged shafts of the jambs were soon exchanged for mouldings of the same profile as the tracery. The Flowing style, of which all these features are characteristic, seems to have been devel- oped at an earlier period than either the French Flamboyant or the German Fischblase. The successful effect of the tracery led to the employment of its forms for triforiums and balustrades, as well as, in relief, for wall surfaces, so that the entire ornamentation of the edifice became di- rectly dependent upon it. The pointed arches themselves were occasionally made of curves of contrary flexure, and even the ribs of the vault became similar to tracery. The more the entire struct- ure was overgrown with this decoration, perforated or in relief, the more the constructive framework was simplified, until at last the artistic importance and effect depended solely upon the ornamental details. Such excess could naturally be of but short duration. The gen- tle curves of the Flowing style were little in harmony with the English character, and the contrast which they presented to the stiff forms of the Norman and early English was most painfully felt in those cases where the work of the fourteenth century was placed in juxtaposition to that of an earlier period, as, for instance, in the Cathedral of Ely. The change from comparative perfection to absolute debasement was so immediate that a reaction was inev- ENGLAND. 53 1 itable. This reform was directed, however, less against the elabora- tion of the tracery than against the sensual elements of the design, and, in particular, the weak degeneration of the forms. This reaction became evident, towards the close of the four- teenth century, in the development of the so-called Perpendicular style, in which the English Gothic returned to the rectilinear char- acter of the constructive members and ornaments. This system of design corresponded well with the natural traits of the Britons, as is plainly seen in the plans and elevations, not only of the early English and Norman, but of the Anglo-Saxon buildings. Even as early as 1360 boltels began to grow through the tangled mass of the tracery, in the same way as the curved decorations had previously been applied upon the straight-lined mouldings. Perpendicularism did not, however, become the leading principle until the age of Bishop William of Wykeham, who directly furthered the erection of a large number of buildings. The restoration of the Cathedral of Winchester {Fig. 331), undertaken under his supervision in 1393, gives a fixed date for the commencement of the Perpendicular style, which agreed so well with English ideas that it was em- ployed almost exclusively until the close of the Gothic period, late in the sixteenth century, and has even become typical of the Eng- lish Gothic designs of the present age. Still, the horizontal lines continued almost as important in the composition as the vertical. The effect of the triforium galleries and the window-sills was emphasized by the introduction of hori- zontal bands connecting the slender mullions, so that the predomi- nance of the uprights was greatly diminished ; instance the choir of the Cathedral of Gloucester {Figs. 323 and 332). In the win- dows, on the other hand, the jambs were not only continued verti- cally to the soffit of the main arches, but the perpendicular members were increased by the introduction of super-mullions, rising from the summits of the smaller arches of the lower tracery. To the frame- work thus resulting further cusps were added, so that the entire window was formed by a combination of vertical trefoil arches. The rectilinear tendencies of the design led to the adoption of a new form of the arch, both for the window openings and for the arcades : the arcs being stiffened to straight lines, with an angular 532 THE EXTENSION OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. apex. Furthermore, the ribs of the vault, which had already been assimilated in character to the tracery, were treated as straight and radial bars, connected, like the mullions, with trefoil cusps, and usually made to intersect with the crown rib in an entirely inor- ganic fashion. This system of design, however conformable to the British char- acter and taste, was certainly not favorable to the artistic effect Fig. 331. — System of the Nave of the Cathedral of Winchester. Fig. 332. — System of the Choir of the Cathedral of Gloucester. of cathedral buildings. Its best results were produced in smaller structures, such as the chapels of the Virgin, palace oratories, and secular halls in colleges and castles. Even in the thirteenth cen- tury the chapter -houses had become of importance. Such polyg- onal chambers as those of Lichfield, Salisbury, York, Lincoln, Westminster, and Wells are of a direct historical interest, inasmuch as they led to the development of the stellar vault. In the Chap- ENGLAND. 533 ter- house of York the vaulting ribs had been filled in with boards instead of with masonry, and the construction of the ceiling in wood became more and more general, even in important edifices ; witness the octagon of the Cathedral of Ely and the nave of the Cathedral of York. The extremely elaborate vaults of the decorated and per- pendicular styles, such as those of the Lady chapels of many cathe- drals and of the cloister of Gloucester, were of a pleasing effect. An even greater importance is to be attached to the timbered construc- tions of Wykeham's chapter-houses and chapels at Winchester and Oxford, and especially to the most rational roofs and ceilings of Westminster, and of other halls of English palaces. Without de- manding an increased thickness of the walls, these roofs attained a lightness and elegance denied to the best systems of vaulting, being, moreover, capable of a fine decorative elaboration in carving and color. Open timbered roofs of this kind have consequently contin- ued in use until the present day, and indeed the English Gothic, because of the just relations of the horizontal to the vertical mem- berment, is particularly well adapted for imitation in the secular architecture of modern times. Ireland and Scotland were, in artistic respects, decidedly inferior to England. The first country had neither important buildings nor any architectural peculiarity ; the second was entirely dependent upon the development of England. From the oldest Gothic build- ings of Scotland — the Cathedral of Elgin, founded in 1223, and that of Glasgow, begun in 1240 — down to the Abbey Church of Melrose, dating to the first half of the fifteenth century, there are but few deviations from the English types. It is only to be remarked that the Norman round arch was occasionally employed at a compara- tively late date, that the stiff perpendicular style was but rarely adopted, and that, in the lavish decorations of the period of deca- dence, the relations of Scotland to France led to a predominance of Flamboyant over Flowing details. Such fantastic creations as the absolutely unsymmetrical Mortuary Chapel of Rosslyn, built be- tween 1446 and 1480, would have been impossible in England. 534 THE EXTENSION OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. GERMANY. The Gothic style was not introduced into Germany* as early, or as completely, as into England. The reason of this is evident. England had no architectural traditions of its own to which it could cling, and after having received the Romanic style from beyond the Channel, it was but natural that it should give itself up without re- serve to the influence of Northern France. Germany, on the other hand, possessed an indigenous style of great perfection, and was hence reluctant to relinquish its own artistic methods in favor of those of another country. The earlier types were retained with great tenacity. Even at the beginning of the thirteenth century buildings of the Romanic style were erected not only in remote and provincial districts, but even in the larger Rhenish towns. Instance the reconstruction of the Church of St. Castor at Coblentz, conse- crated in 1208, and the transept of the Convent Church at Sayn, built after 1202. The native traditions were but slowly and un- willingly abandoned. In the most advanced provinces, however, the intelligence of the builders had, during the Romanic period, been too fully awakened to permit them to ignore the constructive and decorative advan- tages of the Gothic system. The noble works of the French could not remain unknown ; it was generally admitted that the civiliza- tion of the neighboring country was superior, in social as well as in political respects. The higher powers, both spiritual and tem- poral, saw plainly that it was necessary to model not only the ec- clesiastical and secular institutions, but also the art and poetry of Germany, upon those of France. * G. Moller, Denkmaler der deutschen Baukunst. Darmstadt, 1820. — G. G. Kallen- bach, Chronologie der deutsch-mittelalterlichen Baukunst. Munchen (1849). — G. Unge- witter, Lehrbuch der gothischen Constructionen. Leipzig, 1859. II. Auflage, 1875. — L. Puttrich, Denkmale der Baukunst des Mittelalters in Sachsen. Leipzig, 1836-1850. — ■ C. W. Hase, F. Ewerbeck, O. Tenge u. A., Die mittelalterlichen Baudenkmaler Nieder- sachsens. Hannover, 1856-1883. — L. Hoffmann u. H. v. Dehn-Rotfelser, Mittelalterliche Baudenkmaler in Kurhessen. Cassel, 1856, etc. — W. Lubke, Die mittelalterliche Kunst in Westphalen. Leipzig, 1853. — F. Adler, Mittelalterliche Backstein-Bauwerke des preus- sischen Staates. Berlin, 1862. — R. Redtenbacher, Leitfaden zum Studium der mittelalter- lichen Baukunst. Leipzig, 1881. GERMANY. 535 Still, greatly as the Germans desired to improve their architect- ural system by the adoption of new details from abroad, their na- tional feeling was too strong for them to make such a striking demonstration of the force of French influence as the immediate and entire acceptance of the Gothic style would have been. No other nation was so slow in introducing the methods of design de- termined in the He de France. Almost a century elapsed after the building of the choir of St. Denis before the first truly Gothic structure was erected in Germany. Various compromises, however, began to be made towards the close of the twelfth century, so that a transitional period of over fifty years is to be distinguished in Germany, — wholly without a parallel in France or in England, where the change was effected within a single decade. So elabo- rate, so varied, and, above all, so rational, are the features charac- teristic of this period that the customary designation, Transitional Style, is fully justifiable, provided it be taken into consideration that we have here to deal with a phase of the development of German architecture alone, intervening between the Romanic and Gothic, and not with any consistent and universal transition be- tween the two great styles. The isolated introduction of Gothic elements is noticeable at times in the constructive framework, at times in the decorative treatment. The Golden Portal of Freiberg in the Erzgebirge, which is probably to be ascribed to the close of the twelfth century, dis- plays, as well in its architectural as in its sculptural decoration, an acquaintance with the portals of the early Gothic style of France. Similarly, Gothic capitals, mouldings, vaulting ribs, etc., are employed, together with a constructive framework of the Ro- manic style. Innovations of greater importance were the adoption of the Gothic system of buttresses, and of pointed forms for ar- cades and vaults, — although these did not at first adhere strictly to the French models. Examples are the Church of St. Peter at Goerlitz, built between 1173 and 1194, with slightly pointed arcades, and the Cathedral of Brunswick, founded by Henry the Lion and consecrated in 1 194. With the Romanic piers, walls, and windows of the latter is combined a pointed vault, not constructed accord- ing to the principles of French Gothic, but as a barrel-vault without 536 THE EXTENSION OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. ribs and with lunettes. The case is similar with several churches of Brunswick and its vicinity, the designs of which were influenced by that of the Cathedral. The peculiarities of all these buildings seem due rather to Burgundian influences than to any direct imi- tation of the Gothic style of the He de France. Circumstances were more favorable for the adoption of the Gothic elements in the Rhenish countries than in Saxony. In the former the preference for a polygonal termination of the choir had early led to the introduction of ribs in the vaults of the apse, and, in connection with this, to the employment of buttresses. The Cathedral of Treves, with its polygonal choir strengthened by abutments, dates from the years between 1152 and 1169, although the vaults were not executed before the two decades preceding 12 12. Even before the close of the twelfth century the pointed arch appeared in the nave of the same building, as well as in sev- eral city gates of Cologne, in the reconstruction of the Cathedral of Mayence after the fire of 1191, and, combined with buttresses, in the churches of the Cistercians erected after 1 190 ; the Nunnery of St. Thomas on the Kyll, and the Monastery of Heisterbach in the Siebengebiege. To this class belong also a number of older build- ings in the transitional style, notably the Convent of the Cistercians at Otterberg in the Palatinate, the churches of Gelnhausen and Seligenstadt, and the Collegiate Church at Aschaffenburg, — all in the diocese of Mayence. Mention has already been made of the Church of St. Fides at Schlettstadt on the Upper Rhine, with its pointed arcades, built as early as the twelfth century. Gothic elements occur more frequently after the beginning of the fourteenth century. They appear, in greater or less degree, in the parish churches at Andernach, Boppard, Bacharach, and Sinzig ; more decidedly in the transept of the Minster of Bonn, and in the Church of St. Quirinus at Neuss, begun in 1209. The latter build- ing, together with a prevalence of pointed arches in the arcades and galleries, has round-arched vaults and peculiar fan-shaped windows. A similar combination of round and pointed forms appears in the nave of the Church of the Apostles, completed in 12 19, in that of the contemporary Church of Great St. Martin, and in the Church of St. Cunibert, built between 1200 and 1247, — a^ at Cologne. GERMANY. 537 Pointed windows are observable in the western part of the last- named building. The greatest advance is displayed by an edifice of the Upper Rhine — the Church of Sts. Peter and Paul at Neu- weiler in Alsace — the nave of which might almost be termed early Gothic. Thus a compromise was gradually effected by which the chief difficulties in the Romanic construction were avoided, and, in con- formity with the taste of the period, the Gothic innovations were adopted. This compromise is best exemplified in three buildings Fig- 333.— Plan of the Cathe- dral of Bamberg. Fig. 334. — System of the Cathe- dral of Bamberg. of Middle Germany, dating from the first half of the thirteenth century: the reconstruction of the Cathedral of Bamberg {Figs. 333 and 334), which, with exception of the later western part, was ready for consecration in 1237; the nave of the Collegiate Church of Fritzlar in Hesse {Fig. 335), commenced after the completion of the choir in 1200, and the nave of the Cathedral at Naumburg {Fig. 336). The design both of the plan and the exterior of these buildings shows a persistent adherence to the Romanic types. In the interior, also, the combination of six piers to form one com- partment of the nave, according to the principle of the alternation 538 THE EXTENSION OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. of round and square supports, is derived from the Romanic edifices of the Rhine, and the windows in the wall -arches of the vault, whether single or in couples, are round-arched. The arcades and vaults are pointed, and the proportions of height and width en- tirely altered. A certain hesitation is shown in the pointed forms of the arcades, and, in the Church of Fritzlar, in the relieving arches, by which they are grouped in couples. Moreover, the vaults are commonly without ribs. It is to be borne in mind that the ribbed vaults of the Cathedral of Bamberg are at least as late as the sec- 1UUV Fig. 335- — System of the Collegiate Church of Fritzlar. Fig. 336. — System of the Cathedral of Naumburg. ond half of the thirteenth century, and may have been constructed at the same time with the western transept and the choir. In other buildings of this age, such as the nave of the Church of St. Sebaldus in Nuremberg, and the Minster of Basle, — exclusive of the Romanic portions near the portal of St. Gallus, begun in 1185, — the walls are divided by triforium galleries, those of the latter church being round-arched. Westphalia holds a middle place between the Lower Rhine and Central Germany, on the one hand, and the North German Low- GERMANY. 539 lands, on the other. The cathedrals of Osnabrueck {Fig. 337) and Muenster {Fig. 338) are similar in some respects to the before-men- tioned ecclesiastical edifices of Central Germany, at the same time clearly displaying the development of the individual peculiarities which had characterized the productions of this province during the Romanic epoch. The system of vaulting, which had here been adopted at an earlier age than in Saxony and Southern Germany, and especially the important innovation of equal aisles, necessarily led to simplifications well in accord with the existing conditions 1 t V 5 Fig. 337. — System of the Cathedral of Osnabrueck. Fig. 338. — System of the Cathedral of Muen- ster. of culture in the North, and with the brick and terra -cotta, the only available building materials. After the primitive basilical ar- rangement had been disturbed by the rectangular termination of the choir, and especially by the increased height of the side aisles, further alterations became necessary in the construction of the ceiling, on account of the impossibility of adapting the round- arched cross-vaults to the unequal spaces between the supports, — unless, indeed, the side aisles were to become of the same width as the nave. Only one attempt was made to cover the side aisles with bisected cross-vaults, similar to the bisected barrel-vaults of 540 THE EXTENSION OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. Southern France. A much better expedient was found in the pointed arch, which was employed at a comparatively early period in the vaults of the equal -aisled churches of Westphalia. It was at first restricted to structures of smaller dimensions. These pre- sented less difficulty to the builders, as yet inexperienced in the execution of vaults of large span, and more readily permitted a break with the traditions than did the metropolitan churches. Unfortunately, in the most important of the works of this class, the Cathedral of Paderborn, it cannot be surely ascer- tained which parts are ref- erable to the various pe- riods of construction be- tween 1068 and 1263. The North German Lowlands, having been colonized partly by West- phalia and partly by Sax- ony and Brunswick, nat- urally received their archi- tecture from these coun- tries. The almost exclu- sive employment of brick in the construction, result- ing from the lack of stone, gave, however, a peculiar character to the style. The slow advance of colonization and civilization rendered it as impossible during the transitional as during the Romanic period for Westphalia to develop a monumental architecture of importance. Among the chief buildings may be mentioned the Church of St.' Laurence at Salzwedel, now much ruined, the round-arched arcades of which appear to be of earlier date than the pointed vaults. Little information can be gained concerning the customary arrangement of Fig. 339. — Plan of the Church of the Virgin on the Harlungerberge near Brandenburg. GERMANY. 541 the ecclesiastical edifices of Brandenburg during this epoch from the Church of the Virgin, which stood upon the Harlungerberge near Brandenburg {Fig. 339), demolished in 1722 and known only by drawings. Its plan was exceptional, and was perhaps determined by that of the primitive church erected upon this site in 11 36 by Pribislav, king of the Wends. In the provinces of the Baltic, the parts of the Cathedral of Ratzeburg referable to this age display the direct influence of the Cathedral of Brunswick, which had been built shortly before, while the Cathedral of Cammin and the Con- vent Church of Colbatz share the archaic character of the archi- tecture of Brandenburg. In all the last-mentioned churches, and in many other structures of this part of Germany, the predominance of the Romanic style is plainly evident, native traditions having been retained intentionally and by preference. The few Gothic elements show no systematic study of the French works, and appear only sporadically, — like for- eign growths introduced into the great mass of the native vegeta- tion through chance seeds scattered by the wind. Still, the country was not entirely without early and direct importations from France. These would most naturally have been received through the Cister- cians, whose influence, however, has in historical respects been fre- quently overrated. This order, which had originated in France, in 1098, as a branch of Burgundian Cluny, maintained the connection with Citeaux and its four oldest colonies — La Ferte, Pontigny, Clairvaux, and Morimond — and the French style might well have been at once introduced into Germany by this brotherhood. Nev- ertheless, it is certain that the Gothic was not employed by them at this time, as buildings antedating the development of this style appear in their first German dependencies ; namely, Campen near Cologne, and Lutzell in Alsace, founded in 11 22, Altenberg in Berg, A. D. 1 133, Georgenberg in Thuringia, A. D. 1141, and probably also Ebrach {Fig. 340) and Heilbronn in Franconia, Maulbronn in Suabia, Waldsassen in the Upper Palatinate, and Heiligenkreuz in A.ustria. It appears that the French Cistercians, who in all things observed the utmost simplicity, and, especially after the construc- tion of Citeaux, favored rectangular choir terminations, surrounding them with small retired chapels for private devotion and castiga- 542 THE EXTENSION OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. tion, did not take an active part in the Gothic movement, and con- sequently could not have been propagators of this style in Germany. It is, however, impossible to deny that the architecture of Bur- gundy was of direct influence. In the Cistercian Church of Then- nenbach near Freiburg in Baden, founded in 1 156, the side aisles are covered with transverse barrel-vaults, very similar to those of Tournus ; and in the Church of Bronnbach in Franconia, built be- tween 1 151 and 1200, the chapels of the transept have barrel- vaults, while there are bisected cross -vaults above the side aisles. Even the pointed vault of the nave of the same church, being destitute of transverse arches and ribs, closely resembles a pointed barrel- vault with lunettes, and con- sequently betrays reminis- cences of the same province. In the Church of Marien- statt near Hachenburg, built between 1243 and 1324, the Gothic style was at last fully adopted ; but this was not due to the Cistercians, as by that time the strong current of influence had entered Ger- many from Northern France through another channel. |
github_open_source_100_1_236 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <?php
/**
* This file is part of the arhitector/transcoder library.
*
* For the full copyright and license information, please view the LICENSE
* file that was distributed with this source code.
*
* @author Dmitry Arhitector <dmitry.arhitector@yandex.ru>
*
* @license http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT MIT
* @copyright Copyright (c) 2017 Dmitry Arhitector <dmitry.arhitector@yandex.ru>
*/
namespace Arhitector\Transcoder\Service;
/**
* Class OptionsHeap.
*
* @package Arhitector\Transcoder\Service
*/
class OptionsHeap extends \SplHeap
{
/**
* @var array The input options.
*/
protected $haystack = [
'y',
'stream_loop',
'sseof',
'itsoffset',
'thread_queue_size',
'seek_timestamp',
'accurate_seek',
'ss',
'seek_start',
'i'
];
/**
* Return current node pointed by the iterator
*
* @return mixed The current node value.
*/
public function current()
{
list($option, $value) = parent::current();
$option = $option[0] == '-' ? $option : '-'.$option;
if ( ! is_scalar($value))
{
if (stripos($option, 'filter') === 1)
{
return [$option, implode('; ', (array) $value)];
}
$results = [];
foreach ((array) $value as $key => $item)
{
$results[] = $option;
$results[] = is_int($key) ? $item : sprintf('%s=%s', $key, $item);
}
return $results;
}
if ($value || is_int($value))
{
return [$option, $value];
}
return [$option];
}
/**
* Compare elements in order to place them correctly in the heap while sifting up.
*
* @param mixed $value1 The value of the first node being compared.
* @param mixed $value2 The value of the second node being compared.
*
* @return int Result of the comparison.
*/
protected function compare($value1, $value2)
{
if (($value1 = array_search(ltrim($value1[0], '-'), $this->haystack, false)) !== false)
{
return ($value2 = array_search(ltrim($value2[0], '-'), $this->haystack)) !== false && $value1 > $value2 ? -1 : 1;
}
return -1;
}
}
|
bub_gb_PpNHAQAAIAAJ_35 | German-PD | Public Domain | Die Folge war, daß die Armuth — Armuth im traurigften Einne des Worts — in Irland bid zu einem Grabe geftiegen ift, wie wohl in feiner andern Gegend Europa’d. Wie ed in Irland jezt fteht, fit dem Gutsherrn nicht nur fein gefezlicher Zwang auf: gelegt, einen Heller zur Grleihterung bes Elends beizuſteuern, wo es fein Schlahhtopfer bereite erfaßt hat, fondern er wird auch durch Feine Furcht vor irgend einer gefezlihen Nöthigung ver: anlaßt, feinerfeits ben Eintritt bed Elends im mindeften zu verhindern. Gegenwärtig ſieht fih der arme Bewerber um den Pacht eines Grundſtuls durch verzweifelte Mitbewerbung bebin getrieben, einen dreimal größeren Grundzins zu bieten, ald er je and bem Grundſtuͤl erihwingen fan. Did wird mit dem Armengefez aufhören; ber Gutäberr wird dann wohl bes rechnen, wie viel Grundzinus ein Pächter zahlen Fan, und bar: um ben fleißigften und ordentlichften Landwirth dazu nehmen; beun er weiß wohl, daß berjenige, ber mehr verſpricht, als er halten fan, gewöhnlich gar nichts bezahlt, und im feiner moth: wendig erfolgenden Berarmung dann der Armenkaſſe der Pfarrei zur Lait fallt. So wird es dad Intereſſe des Guteherrn, der Armuth in feiner Umgebung entgegen zu arbeiten: der Arbeits— lohn des armen Mannes wird freigen, während fein Grundzins 6ı ” 802 ermäßigt wird, umb’bei einem kleineren nominalen Etnfommen wird der Cigentpämer in Wahrheit ein reiherer Mann, ber gegenwärtig behandelt man bie Irlaͤnder mehr wie Wich, als wie Meuſchen. Go lange es den politiihen Jutereſſen des Grundherru zufagte, wurden fie von Ihm ermuntert, fib auf feis wen Gütern nieberzulaffen, Gie vermehrten fih mitten unter Noch and Sutbehrung. Cudlich ward es Fler, daß das Aut überfezt war, md was baun? Hätte ed Armengeſeze gegeben, fo batten-bie Armen, welche fih auf einem Bunte miederliehen, auch bann ned von diefem ernährt werben müffen, nachdem fie beifen Pächter zu ſeyn aufgehört hatten; aber wegen des Mangels an Armens geſezen mwuchen bie überflüffigen Pächter fortgrjagt, und haben nun Feine Stele, um ihr Haupt binzulegen, keinen Fezen ſich zu bebefeu, umb feine Kartoffel zum Eſſen. Moͤge D’Eonnel die Maaßregel mit dem Eifer hurchfegen, mit dem ex fie ergrife fen, zu haben fcheins I” Die Parteien in Frankreich und ber Prozeß, 2 Paris, 153 Mal, Der Tiers parti triumpbirt. „Bir weiten nicht Minifter werben”, rufen feine Unbänger, „bie Dottrinairs follten fih am Minifterium zu Schanden maden; das iſt unfer Triumph.“ Auch jubeln fie über die MWorgänge in ber Pairdfammer, Die minifteriele Partei und ber Zierd verti liefern fi eine eigene Urt von Duell. Alle Fragen find Fragen ber Porteſeullles. Seit einem Mouate war ber Tiers yarti in volem Ruͤkzug. Er hatte fo ſchlecht manduvrirt, baf er von allen Parteien ausgepfiffen wurde. Nun gibt er feine Mandnzres für hohe Weisheit aud. „Da febt ihre, ruft ex aus, welbe Mäuner wir find; deswegen wollten wir die Am: neftie, um Standal zu vermeiden; bie Minifter verweigerten bie Amnefie, weil fie bie Eriftenz ihrer Vortefeniles brange: fezt.” Mahrlih die Refriminationen beider Parteien gegen einanber find fo Heinlich, dag man nicht anders als mit Achſel⸗ aufen darauf antworten fan. Auch frägt das ganze Sand nicht mehr darnach, wer Minijter ift oder nicht. Die Maffe beutt an bie materiellie Gegenwart; die Seſcheidtern bliken in bie Zufanft, Man palfionirt fih weder für, noh gegen die Mint fter; man handelt in alen biefen Angelegenheiten ald ob die Megierenden und ihre Rivale gar nicht eriflirtn. Das ift bas Bequemſte. — Seit dem Aufauge ber. großen fran: zoͤſiſchen Mevolution bildete die Partei ber Terroriften im— mer eine geringe Minorität. Wie diefe Minorität zu Zei⸗ ten eine furchtbarte Oberherrfchaft gewinnen, einen Konvent er: heben, bie Reſtauratien wie dad Haus Drleand bedrohen, und ale andern Yarteien in einer Met von moralifhem Schach hal: ten konnte, ift eine merlwuͤrdige Auſgabe ber Politif nad Pip: chologie. Sie beit die menſchliche und foziale Natur in ihren innerften Tiefen auf, Unter Napoleon allein verſchwanden bie Terrorifien, Weshalb ? Weil Nepoleon den gefamten Konvent in feiner Perfom Fongentrirt hatte, weil der Terroridmud auf aigantifhe Urt im ihm Fleiſch geworden war, Was tft ber Terrorismus J Ein bloßes Aopfabihneiden, ein gemeined Wir: gen nach Art des Marat, des Couthon und ähnlicher Unholbe? Keineswegs, fondern ein im Namen ber Molkefcıwerainetät konfeguent durdgejegter Machiavrliemus großen Stols, Dem: zufolge All · , was nicht der durch einen Konvent cher durch einen Imperator geglicherten Macht, entweder des gemelnen Mans nes oder der Urmee Ach fügen will, fallen, und aus feiner ger ſellſchaftlisen Lage verfhminden muß. Man ſchmeichelt dem @eifte der Armee, welcher jedoch ber Feldberenftab des Marſchall Soult, dieſer perfonifizirten Ar— meer, zu fehlen fbeint. Aus dieſer Urt, den Bürger und bie Soldaten gegen bie Demagogen zu fpormen, geben im augen biflihen Konflikten graͤuelhafte Scenen bervor, wie viele su Lyon und in Parid, vor allen bad Blutbad ber Mue trandnonein. Uber. ba der Sandtulottiemud an melt graufendere Auftritte und zwar nicht ald Ansnahme, fondern in ſoſtematiſcher Folge gemahnt, beruhigt man fich Teicht Aber aͤhallche Verbrechen und entfanldigt fie mit dem Unglät des Straßenkampfes uud ber Erafperation dee Buͤrger und Soldaien, deren Brüder als Beute verborgener Mörder gefallen. Memeiid aber zählt bie Thaten nad allen Seiten und bindet allen Parteien bie Zudtrutbe im ihren. Gegnern, Kein Haar füllt unbeadptet vom Haupte; alles fammirt fih zu der gehörigen Zeit, Sogar ber Marſchall Rep it aufgeftander, nicht weil er blutig gerichtet, ſondern weil er im Widerfpruche mit einer Parifer Kapitulation gerichtet wor: den. Nur Eines Tan dauernd triumpbiren: der Geift vollfem- mener Gerechtigkelt, ſtreng und billig, Jedem das Erine wis erfahren laſſend, nichts gu wenig, nichts zu viel. — Uebrigens rennen dic Mepublifauer mit fanatiiher Wuth Ihrem Unter: gange ‚entgegen und bieten fi den Streichen ihrer Beamer dar, Sie haben auf fo empfindliche MBeife der Pairskammer Barbarei, Mordſucht und Gott weiß was, vorgeworfen, daß bie militairifhen Pairs dieſe Vorwürfe mit großem Ernft aufs genommen haben, und der Exbonapartidmud gefonmen iſt ger gen den Erterroricmus in die Schranfen zu treten. Mat men ber Vertbeidigung der Angellagten verweigert hatte, den freien Unetſpruch idrer Doftrinen duch den Mund felbftgemählter Ad⸗ solaten, des iſt man jest Willens zu zugeſtehen, indem nam bie Verthridiger, als verwegnes Drgan einer Faltion, feibt vor bie. Pairskammer zieht, ſcirdem dieſe ſo kaͤhn geweſen, ben Uns RR V F dr: —— „Befa uiae. " Konflitt. gera- eier mar, ‚Cie dat ed mi ‚und, Glicdern, fondern ‚mit den Be nn din liefe man die sbonap a verführen wider bie Erterro⸗ und dr ı IE Are Geiß Des Hofes um fo unbeforgter, ale me Ruhe verienkt if. Das Minifterium — feine Revanche am Tiers parti zu nehmen. * —— in die Tribune xiugeruͤtte oͤſ⸗ nel 8 bed. Conseil.de difense, melde der Herzog 2** —— hat, bie größten — eiſtet. De — — Elſenb ahn. — 1 mu. Der heutige Tag und der geſtrige werden im ber Geſchichte von Leipzig und vielleicht von Deutſch land ‚als. zwei mertwilrdige Tage glängen; denn an ihnen iſt das deuntſce @ifenbabufpitemm allhier zu Leipzig auf die Welt aeiommen. Mach Beendigung der Arbeiten des Comite's und feit man von dem königlichen Werwilligungen hörte, zweifelte zwar Niemand mehr an dem Buftandelommen der Leipzig- Dress dener· Eigeubahn, allein bie Lühnften Hofnungen beinränften ſich daramf, daß die Subſcription im Lauf einiger Wochen zu Stande fommen werde. Die biefigen Häufer fdikten daher dem ſehr gut abgefaßten Proſpektus am ihre Bekannten nad andern Hanbelöplägen mit Ermunterungen, ihr Scherflein zum gemeinen Beiten beizutragen. Man bofte von biefen Waftren: gungen alles Gute umb hatte auch von vielen Seiten ſchon vor: läufige Zuſicherungen erhalten. &o ging man am 44 Mai Morgens Uhr, wie angeländigt war, getroften Muths, aber ohne Erwartung befomderer Dinge an die Eröfnung der Subjcrips tion anf dem biefigem Aramerhaufe: Zugleich waren anf der Ratbebibliorhek Die unter der Leitung des Hrn. Kammerraths » Schlitben gefertigten. Grundriife, Profile und Auſichten in dreißig bis wierzig wortreflich gezeichneten Blättern zur Bes ſchauung bed Yublitamd aufgeftelt. Im dem erften zwei Stun: ben ging bie Subfexiption ziemlich ſchwach von ftatten, aber gegen elf Uhr kamen wiele Seihuungen gu 10, 20 bid 30,000 Thaler, fo dap um: 43 Uhr mit der Summe von 600,000 Tha⸗ lern wurde. Mau glaubte, daß nun bie größten Fifge (dom gefangen fenen; aber au darin ward man auf — uſcht, denn mit dem Slokenſchlag 5 Uhr war bie om nahezu anf 41,300,000 geftiegen, nud bie Aabl ber Liebhaber. wuchs immernoch, Iupwiisen mußte, den Antindigungen ‚gemäß, bie Subfeiptiou mm 5 Uhr gefhlofen werben, Da das Comite unter eigener Derantwortlickeit 150,000. Thlr. zur Subfeription für die königliche Familie und die Minifter zurüfbehalten hatte, fo blichen nur ungefähr noch 75,008 Thaler Zeichnung file heute übrig, Aus der Zahl ber schern. nicht zur Subfeription gelommenen Perfonen war leicht abzunehmen, daß das Gehränge heute fehr groß werden mwirde, Das Somite fraf daher die Veranftaltumg, daß diefen Morgen den anfommenden Perfonen, fo wie fie ſich an der Hausthüre 803 poflirten, Nummern ausgetheilt wurben, nah welden fie ipäter zur Subfcription zugelaffen werden folten. Schon um 8 Uhr war das Haus gedrängt Hol. Mit dem Glotenfälag. 9 Uhr wurben die *8* der erſten 10 Nummern zur Subſeription vorgelaſſen. Der Inhaber der Re. Griehbenland, Münden. (Beihluß der Auszüge aus dem neueſten grie chiſchen Blättern.) in Artikel des Sotir, uͤberſchrieben „Hel⸗ lenen und Bapern,“ beginnt: „Mit dem größten Schmerz unferer Seele werden wir benachrichtigt, daß im Argos wie in Athen die griechiſchen Soldaten mit dem baperifden in offen: baren Safammenjtoß geriethen (jddar zı5 yarsgir auyxpouser), Noch Eennen wir die einzelnen Umstände nicht, melde gu dies fen beweinenswärdigen @reigniffen Veranlaffung gaben, bie alle wahren Freunde des Vaterlandes von Herzen betrübt ba= bem. Haben auch die helleuiſchen Soldaten Beſchwerde gegen Einzelne, fo follen fie nit vergeffen, daß fie darum ſich allein an die Regierung zu wenden haben, der Unterfuhung und Ge— 804 nugthuung allein zufommt, umd zugleich gebührt ihnen, daß fie die Pflicht ber Saſtfreundſchaft und die Mütfihten für Fremde mie aus ben Augen laſſen u. ſ. w.“ — Die Seroffis ziere aus Schweden, melde bie griechiſche Regierung bat kom⸗ men laffen, um bie Seemacht einzurichten, haben, wie man hoͤrt, bei der Megierumg darauf angetragen, die Srepräfeftur aufzuheben und zwei Marineſchulen bafılr einzurichten. Wir tönnen nicht umbin, diefe Maaßregel zu billigen und ihr dem beften Erfolg zu wunſchen. — Die Koften des Umzugs nad Athen find, wie man fagt, auf 2,700,000 Dramen angelaus fen. — Ein Urtifel, welder mit den Worten „es war ein: mal ein Prinz,” anfängt, fpottet über einen „fogenann: ten” Prinzen, d. h. einen wallahiihen Titelträger, ber dem Sotir das Abonnement auffändigen ließ, weil er gegen bie Anmaafungen jener Kafte einen Artikel aufgenommen hatte, und erinnert, daß an bie Stelle beifelben ein Krämer von Nauplia ſich abonnirt habe, der ihm mit fo guten Drach⸗ men bezahle, wie jene vorgeblibe Durblaudt (deieumpori;). — Das Aterland von Hellas wird von unferm Minifterium {u drei Klaſſen gefhieden: nationales, gemiſchtes, vnd rige ner Beſiz; aber warum wird bemm der eigene Befiz gleich dem Öffentlichen beſteuert? Das wird eines der vielen Probleme für die Nationalverfammiung fepn, bie unfer König ihr gu loͤſen aufgeben wird. Die Frage ift: wo liegt das Eigenthum der Unterthanen Er. Maj. und wo bad oͤffentliche“ — Mile miffen wir uns freuen, wenn das öffentliche Einfommen fteigt; eben fo mie ber Mangel maht auch bad Uebermaaß ungläl: lich und bringe das Wolf Er, Maj. zurüf, Das Salz nemlich iſt ftatt der früher 2 ober 5 Para’s zum Preife des Getreides gefteigert worden, bad Getreide zum Preife des Seftuͤgels, dad Befttgel zu dem der Schafe, der Schafe zu dem ber Eſel, der Efel zu dem der Ochſen, und biefer ift fo hoch, daß der Bauer fie nicht mebr faufen fan. Darum ift ber Alerbau und der Hanmbel verftorben (69er Akdnveuner 7 yenp- yır) a's ro Zundgior), und darum erhebt fih ein anders Pro: blem: Iſt ed denn vom der Mrbeit und dem Einkommen oder ift ed von der nakten Perſon ber Hellenen,, daß ber öffentlice Schaz feinen Reihthum erwartet? und ein britted: ift der Kö— nig ein König von wohlhabenden und bevöltertem Städten, oder von @indbden, Lapplaͤndern und Hottentotten? Nro,20. (9 April), Proseh des Sotir. „Die kranfen Richter waren heute bei vollfommener Befunbheit*) und von 43 Uhr auf ihren Siem, der Zufammenfluß von Zuhörern groß, nad den gewöhnlichen Fragen fam die Anklage bed Hrn. Prolarators und barauf bie Ber: theidigung des Hru. N. Skuffo zwei Stunden lang. Die Un Tage betraf vorgeblihe Angriffe auf das Anſehen der königli: chen Megentihaft. Nah ı1'/,ftimbiger Berathung erfolgte bie Freifprebung unter Klatſchen, Rufen nud Jauchjen ber Menge. „Es lebe der König, es leben bie Seſeze, es lebe bie Freideit,“ fol ed moch lange nahber im Eaale, und bie Freude war allgemein. Die Entiheidbumg bed Berichts wird die ganze Nation darüber fiber ftellen, daß bie Gerechtigkeit in Hellas moch überlebt, und bie Gerichte ihr unverlezliches Aſpl find, Un beſchreiblich it der Eindruk diefer Entf&eidung für die Prefs *) Kurz vorher war nemiich der Prozeß wegen Krankheit der Rice ke verſchoden worden. 25 März folgende Nachrichten zugeſandt: freiheit in der gauzen Stadt. Auf ben Straßen, in den Kaffees bäufern, am allen öffentlichen Orten und in allen Privatgefell- ſchaften ift fie der Segenſtand der algemeinen Freude und Be: alatwuͤuſchung. Ueberall ik mur Ein Gefühl vorherrſchend, der Sieg des geliehteften matiomalen Rechts. Won folbem Volte umd von folden Diihtern was läßt fih da Alles erwarten! — Die Seitung ber Phanarioten, ber National, fucht immer noch die Stuͤze bes Königs im Auslande. Dahin möchten fie die noch übrigen Reſte des Unlehens lenlen; aber alle wahren Freunde bed Waterlandes und bes Thrones willen, daß ber König nur im Volke feine Stile hat, und daß jede andere Hülfe von Lenten, die Sriechenland nur im dem legten Zeiten faben, gang und gar überflüſſig und mehr ſchäblich iſt als nuüzlich.“ Nro. 21. (12 April.) Unter ber Anfſchrift Jutriken (deFove- yias) wird gemeldet, daß Bricfe aus Minden mertwürbige Mittheilungen über die Art und Weiſe enthielten, wie dort die griehifhen Sachen angeichen würden. Luter anderm verbreite man daſelbſt die (ganz ungegrdadıte) Mepnung, ald ſey unver: meiblib, daß dem jungen König ein Megierungstonfell gebildet und nad Athen geſchitt werben mife. Hierauf richtet ber Herausgeber feine Bemerlung aa ben „fremden Thron den gan, Hellas verehrt und an den Föniylihen Freund vom Gries henland, der ſich in den Tagen ber Gefahr bewährt und dem gebildeten Europa fein Beifpiel gegeben bat,” um ihm gu für gen, daß bie Lage und bie Bebürfniffe des Landes nicht aus ber Fern? könnten beurtheilt werben, und bie größte Wohlthat des größten Wohlthäterd ber Griechen ſeyn werbe, wenn ber er⸗ fehute König Otto in Bezug auf dad, mas er zu beſchließen unb zu thun babe, ſich felbft, feiner Kenntaiß von Land und Leuten, und feiner eigenen Einfiht überlafen bliebe. *) „Se. Mai. ber König Otto lebt nua ſchon drei Jahre in Griechenland. Er kennt die Menſchen, kennt unfern Charafter umb unfere Sitten, Bon feinem hoben Standpunkte fan er bie Bewegungen ber Parteien und Faltionen beobachten. Er allein kan wahrueh: men, mie fi bie getrennten Blieber umb Stoffe von Hellas zu eis nem Ganzen vereinigen und beichen lafen. Er kennt bas Wolf, deswegen ift au ihm allein das Herz des Molkes offen. Kein Grieche, ber nicht täglich feinen Namen feguet, ber nicht von feiner Thronbefieigung bad Slüt von Hellas erwartet, Man denke alio, wie gefährli das Unternehmen ſey, jene in: nere Harmonie zwiſchen ihm umb bem Wolfe aufjulöfen.” Taäarkei. (Korreſp. ber Times.) Konſtantinopel, 15 April. Ein Freund, welcher mit Beobachtungsgabe und geſundem Urs theil eine gereifte Erfahrung verbindet und eben von weiten Reifen durch den Orient zuräffehrt, hat mir aus Aleppo vom „Ibradim Paſcha bat an den ſogenaunten ſoriſchen Theren (Kurek Bogas) vier Batterien errichtet; die Bewohner det Dörfer von da bis nach Adana hinab werben dazu verwendet, bag Seikiz ben Berg hinauf zu fhaffen, mit unfägliher Mibe, denn für jede Ka: none find 25 Menſchen und 8 Büffel möthig. Seinerfeite bat *) Der Eotir fan wohl barliber gar ruhig ſeyn, denn In Müns chen denkt Niemand baran, daß es heiifam, ja daß es nur mögr üh wäre dem König Cito in Bezug auf feine Regierung irgend einen 2wang anjutgun. 805 ve Et N An in in Mm ſtarles Lager bilden fungen werben täglich erwartet, Der n baffelbe Monopolipitem ein: Dis und die ums "Jegt find es die Gebirasbewohner vom Prapaz und bie welche die Fahne des Aufruhrs erhoben haben. Leztere m bereits decimirt und ihre Dörfer verbrannt worden; aber, zmeiffung getrieben, find fie nochmals aufgeftanden. ‚ unterbreden die Kemmmnifationen, plimdern die d morden die Meifenden. Einige Tage zus — a hatten fie So aͤghptiſche Sol: — —— wurde von ihnen augehalten, und Lebens nur dem Zufalle zu danfen, der — ‚ regüleirer Beduinen — eine den Koſalen abnlike Truppe, der Paſcha befonders im Grbirgsfriege braucht — zur Zeit berbeiführte.. Heute fagt man, die Anfarier Hätten fib unterworfen. Ein fonderbarer Beweg grund foll den Muftand biefer Hochlander veranlaft ‚haben. Eine alte Legende hatte ihnen geoffenbart, fie ſeyen einft Her» zen der Welt gemelen, und in diefem Jahre ſeyen fie berufen, ihr altes Erbe wieder in Befiz zu wehmen, Sie griffen alio zu den Waffen, wählten einen bodangefebenen alten Scheit zu ihrem Sultan amd ſchitten fih. an, auf Stambul vorzuräfen, Bei dem erſten Begegnen wurden fie vom den ägnptifgen Eol: daten gemorfen; fie fiehten um Guade; aber Ibrahim ließ fie, mit Ausnahme der Tauglichften, die er unter feine Negimen- ter ftefte, alle niederhauen und ihre Dörfer verbrennen. Solde — erbittern die — mehr und mehr; aber Diefe thörichten VWolteftämme, denen es an einem Vereiniguugee puntte fehlt, empören fi immer einzeln einer nah dem am: dern, und werben darum leicht wieder unterworfen, Die Ent: waffaung der Einwohner von Aleppo ‚wurde mit einer Barba⸗ rei und obeuein Dummheit vollzogen, die ganz empoͤrend iſt. Jeder Einwohner, erging der Befehl, müſſe eine Flinte in die Hände der Ortsbebörde abliefern. Reich, arm, blind, lahm machte feinen Unterſchied. Wer zu arın war, um eine Elinte zu kaufen, empfing die Baftonnade, und unter andern gab ein blindgeborner Mann unter den Stokſchlaͤgen den Geiſt auf. Die Rekrutenaushebuug wird ebenfo gewaltfam betrieben. Su Damaskns wurden die Häufer zur Nachtzeit umzingelt, und Morgens jeder waffenfähige Mann weggeftohlen. Da bie Nach⸗ frage groß ift, fo iſt man in der Wahl nicht ſehr efel. Weil die Mufelmänner nicht zureichen, und Wegvupten fo von Mäuse nern entvölfert ift, daß gröftentheils nur Meiber in den Fabri⸗ fen des Wigelönigs arbeiten und das Feld bauen, fo nimmt man jet auch die Chriften. Schon find zwei Megimenter Kops tem gebildet, und bie ſyriſchen Chriken folen ebenfalls einges reiht werden, Dieſe Maaßregel iſt eim verderblicher Schlag für den Alerban, welber, fo mangelhaft er auch ift, faſt allein noch durch den Fleiß der Chriften befteht. Noch einmal, Sorien gährt im umbeftreibliger Erbitterung.: Ibrahim verkündet offen feine Abſicht, die Syrier zu dem Zuftande der aͤghptiſchen Fellabs herabzudrüfen. Sehr wahrfheinlic gelingt ed ibm. In Mefopotamien, Basdad und Bufforah brennt die heile Flamme ber Empörung; aber fo unwiſſend find bie Völter jener Gegenden, daß ihr Aufruhr theilweife aus dem Wunſch entfpringt, unter Mehemed Ali’E Werwaltung zu kommen.“ 1 —— In mehreren Jahresfriſten abgeführt —— lusbeſondere mer, welche im Stande find fı wandten * swar ohne Kaution ausgezahlt werben wir Huntsurs ben 15 Mal * Kreis⸗ und Eigeriat. abrltunterneh⸗ ih uͤber binreis \ Königl er —— von bem Martte — rt, werben dem Wiedervertauſe 8 aus gut erhalt Wohn⸗ nerft abgefonberien len einer * nebft y In ee einer Schmiede b ben nm and 178 Kagtv. 65 Dep, 76 De, —— 1 us 200 Beiden, * ter 33 Ben intsichzaat. —* * Erg in = Ein t, arbhere hot: chrende Wabrit gu Erin aus un en ie tenden Staats s Wal; erichteten Kriftäcen beis Infisen ® niebere Preife und unter Bebinaungen nachältig abs t —— *55 und insbefonbere für bie ———— er betrieben wurde. salz Quarz im ber Nabarjaft ſich yorfindet. u ealirh ten werben auf freies un m im @arzen oder auch thellweiſe . werfauft und mn den gewohnlich landes herr⸗ lchen Kreits und Gemeinde, haftet auf folgen — —*— ebentrecht ber Pfarrei Hobenau. Ar iing wird zur Haͤlfte bei ber ——— enrichtet mund bie andere Hälfte fan araem fortlaufende Berziuſung zu See cheudes Bermdgen auszuweiſen, werben ein: veladen, fi am « Junlus db. J. in Schoͤnbrunn einzufinden umb ihre Anger bote der dortfelbft ſich einfindenten füntal. Vers faufss Rommifiton au Prototeu gu erflären, wobei zualei ein Vertrag über bie fünjtige ——“ —8 perden tan, affau, ben 18 Upril a —X —34 des Unterbonautreife, Kammer ber Finanzen. Rudbart. Reytbäufer, Kauaus. königl. Areis- ı und Stadtgericht Augsburg wirb biermit Geora Ebriftilan Burt barb, geboren am 26 Dftober 1764, Sohn bes Peraamentermeifterd Johann Georg Burfhard und feiner Ehefrau Magdalena Barbara, geb, Meter von bier, tvelcher ſich vor umnefihr a5 Fahren ats Modelſtecher von bier eittiernte, feitbem nichts won ſich Fat bören laflen, aber vor vielen Jahren in Eurinam ofme Desgens denz arftorben ſeyn Sch, nachdem anf bie ae börig ET ade Verlabung binnen der gefezjlis Ken Frift von ſechs Monaten meber gedachter Gera Ehrifltan Burflard, no deſſen rehtmäßige Erben fig gemeldet has ben, für tobt erflärt, und kemerfr. daß nun⸗—⸗ mehr beiten Bermbaen an feine naͤchſten Ber: # Der! v. Silberborn, Dir. Pichler. [1068] } königl, bayer. Artis. und Stadt- gericht Ansbach als — Verlaſſenſchafts⸗Behbrbe in ber Kafpar Hanferigen Nachlaäßſache, hat uns term Beutiien beſchloſſen, daß ber Nachlas bes babier verfiorbenen Finblings leg —28— fer, weil innerbalb des bdürch bie bffenliche Borlabung vom 42 Miärg 185% oefesten Ter⸗ mins Anfpräde nicht geltend gemacht wurben, dem füntal, Widfus — — werbe, Diefeb wird unter Bezug auf bie erwähnte DVoriabung vom 42 Wiäry 1854 befannt gemacht. Ans bach, den 6 Mal 1855, v. Kohlhagen, Dir. Rasus, co) Verkaufs- Ausschreibu ng. Kus dem Nachlaſſe bes dahler verftorbenen furtrieriiten geheimen Matbes Theodor Wirth werden am Montag, den 15 Junlusb. J., von Bormittagd 9 bis ar ihr und Nace mitrtand von a libr Piö Abends, das vorbandene wenige Cilder, die Haus: nnd Kuchengeraͤrhe, Betten und verfßiebene Mo: bitien oeaen glei kaare Bezablung an bie Meiſtbietenden bfentlich verfleisert werben, wo —* man Kaufeliehbaber biemit einfaber, bei werden alle Hieleniaen, melde an bie Aeuſchaft des rerftorbenen geheimen Ras Abe Theodor "Wirth Erbeds ober andere Uns derũche macıen wollen, anufgeforbert, biefelben muinsen 50 Magen ini Vabler end zu made, w a en. 15 Mat ı eönigt. Landrichter. raum. NY. Keilshofer. to)? Edikt Dom Ef. land 1. Pte: Großarl im Herzogthbum ae rar mit befannt acht Es baben bie Inteflaterben um Einberufung und fobiniger Todeserfldrung bed vor 30 Tabs von von bier füh entfernten Ahenwirthsiohn FM Wilbauer von bier, von Brofeilion n Bräuer, gedtten, ie, 3 neler am ern us alls bier un Bertreter des gedachten Wilbauer aufgefeht bat, fo wird Ibm biefes biemit bes kannt ee zugleich auch derfelbe ober feine 2348 eibederben ober Ceſſſenarien mit⸗ teint gi Ebitts dergeftait einberus fen, daß fie binnen einem Juhre 6 Wochen und bi A erichei [4 14 uns — bu. als im Wibrigen — —— tobt Kg a Al ein er en € e mögen von Ss [5:7 [9 W. W. feinen — —— tannten und ſich —I Ersten einge⸗ antwortet werben würde, 8. t. Tandeöfärftt. Pflegaericht Oroharl, am 25. April 1835, Mayr. 2° Gant-Ediht. de Bert bed in Drirmers ——— — ——————— Loren Ir de er Ehningen, fbnnigl. w berg. Oberamıs Yras haben wir Gant erfannt und Tagfahrt um Rigtigftellungss und Vorzugs⸗Verfabren auf Freitag, ben 36 Aunins d. J., angeordnet. wobei alle, welche aus was immer für einem Grunde, Anſpruche an die Gants e maden wollen, ſolche bei BWermeibung des Yudjcluffet, verfönlig oder durch gebbria Bevoll ſcaruſtlich oder mänblie, ans sinneiden um sugtehn Me etwaigen uge⸗ oder Unterpfa te unter gleichzeſtiger Borlage der Berweldurfunden zu bereichnen Daben. n der Tagfahrt wirb ein M und FE Deck udn und 5 — * oder Numlahverolein verfumt werden, Die Nicht erfaeinenben werden —* Beyug anf ben msi vergleich und die Ernenmung bed gers und Srlusioeraueke es als ber eit beis tretend angefehen werben. MRaftatt, den 25 Yprit 15355. u a oe bad. Dberamt. 1. Ein. 5nft.» Bezirk, Boſch. vdi. Weyrich. 110599 Real. würtemberg. Oberamte: Vorladung zum Gantverfahren. ben. ufeitig dım ammenbange mit lasse — — FA der Gebrüs ber Fobann Georg Ho, Scechmied, unb Zatod Friedbrip Hoc, Bäter, beibe Hos pfenbindler von Gönhingen, Oberamts Tübins Er dad Gautverfahren, für ben Fall, dad fein ergs und Namlaßr Vergleich zu Stande tommen jellte, restöträftig erfannt worden. vorhandene unbefannte Gläubiger beis der Smulöner werben baber, unter Unbrobung des Aue ſchluſſes von ben Maffen, anbur aut: u köre Forderungen ontag, den 15 yunius d. 34, ormittaa® a Ubr, auf ben Ratbbanfe zu Gönningen rechttträftig 806 u Tlauidiren, webel ſedoch Kemerft wird, bab Kiguibationen voraudiatii am er Zanfabrt wit — werben fönmen, fon: dern biezu au mo die zwei mänftfolgenden € verwendet werben müfien. es im Intereife ber Gläubiner Tieat, bali Borg: und Nawlapı Vergieise zu Stande foms men, bis aber nur nn ker Unweſen ⸗ beit der lezteren bewertitellige werben fan, fo iſt es ſehr gu wänfgen, dab Amtliche Briubis ger an obgenannier Tagfabrt in Perſon ober ur gehörig lealtimirte Berrtimästiat: er igeinen und mit durch ſchriftuche Meceife fis auibdiren, Den ur Mai 1835, Königl, wuͤrremberg. OberamtsGericht. v. Seybothen, Gerigis:At. [t016] Ludwigsburg, im Köalzreich Bürtemberg. Verkaufvon Aunstgegenständen. Uus tem Nachlaß bes verfiorbenen Hofbild⸗ bauerd und Projefors von Tfopi dabier, wers ben. bie hiernach begeihmeten Kunftgegenftände Mittwoch, den 27 Maid. J., Bormtttag® so Uhr, In dem Hauſe des Unterzeichne ten ats Manta: tard ber Iſopiſchen Erben im bffenılisen Aufs Streich gegen baare Sczahlung verkauft. und war: 4) Eine Im feinften Eilper gearbeitete, gro⸗ In Daporcen yu 0b bem gg als apoleon zu Ehren gefertigte, unger 5 fand im —S baltende und zu 5246 fl, gerichtlig tarirte Standarte, m welcher neben andern vielen Sombolen —— im Silber andgeführte Adler ges Ybreu. 2) Eine Bitdinmerarbeit in weißaranem Mlas bafter ausgeführt, bie Seeſchlacht bei Abutir uud den Sieg ber englifgen über bie jranzbfifge Artegäflotte fyinbotiich dar⸗ end, Driginal» Mobelle in 2 halberhabener Arbeit und ga — eu Figaren von gebrammter Erbe und ormen von ine Partie ü — * ee ns — b v — bie Kaufbllebhaber ergebenſt eingelaͤden. en 8 Mai 4656. Gerichts Notar Srebl. 1027)? Würtemberg. Tübingen, Mühlen-Verkauf. Km Mittwoch, den 2zMal, Morgens s Ubr, werden auf bein biefigen Ratbhanfe folgende ber Stadt gehörige Mühlen ım dffentz linen Aufftrelg verfauft: efe Mühlen enthalten an Gängen: ı) Die obere Mühle, ⸗ Mabl⸗ und einen Gerbgang. 2») Die Haagthor⸗ Mühle, 5 Mahl: und einen Gerbgang. s) Die Graben: Mühle, $ Mablaänge, einen Gerbgang und einen bisher nicht oebraudten Gang, 4) Die nene Mühle, 5 Mahtgänge und eimen Grrbgang im Triuis. 5) Die Sigmühle, ein eigenes Wafferrad und übrige ganze Einrichtung. Diefe Mühlen liegen alle an einem Ranal des Ammerfinffes, welchzer fein Waſſer ans eis ner beftäntig forıfiießenden Duelle erhält und immer Wafier bat und bie Mühlen das ganye Jahr betrieden werben dunen. Epen dieier Ammerkanal, welcher auch bei bobem Waflerfland des Fleſſes Im Xhaie mits teift feiner Abzugskanaͤle feinen gewohnlichen Bafferftand behält, fo wie die driſiche Rage ber Mübten an fi ſelbſt, fchüsen biefelben von⸗ tommen vor Ueberſchwemmung. Die 1 Mablmäblen haben alle ein nes Maffergeidiie, aut eingemdldte er und fteinerne Waflerbäae, bis auf bie obere Mühle, welche einen wor wenigen Jahren ſehr out eingeri@ieren Das ersau bat. @s find ferner alle Finriptungen zur Bieb⸗ ucht, Nindolebs und Snweinftdlle vorbanden, und bei ber Hungtbormübie, wo folge im Aus enbiif mo mangelt, wird ein ganz beanemer Bi tauflich geden. ie Sraben⸗Mahle ik malfio von Stein, Me Haagthermable zum Theil ebenfo erbant. Aue enıbalten Wohnungen, und zwar bie obere Müble zwei, bie Haagıbors Mühle Mäpiftube und Mobnflube, die Graben: Mühle und bie neue Mühle ebenfo, Die Gebaude Neben frei und an Fabrftragen, weise ben Bertehr benünfliagen umb finb mit guten und oerdnumigen Äruptpdben verfeben, Die obere und Edamühle fieben nabe beis fammen, leztere neben einem KR dumis [Fr Gtabiplay, umb fdunten, wenn fie Einem äufer finden, diefem ganz vorzagliche Vor⸗ theile gewähren. Außer den aewölnlihen Etenern haben bie Müntfen Feine Beſchwerben su tragen. Endlis muß nom bemierft werten, daß bie Müblen au zu andern Werten benüst ters den fönmen, unb bafi befonderd bei der Haage⸗ tbors, Örabens und neuen Muͤhle, garız In der Mäbe der Stadt fleben, diefe Mäbe für den Berkehr von großem Nuzen ſeyn fan. lebrigens fünnen (io Faufs luſige von bies fen Beorzügen durch Ungenſchein an Drt unb Steue now volltommener übergeuaen, wozu diefeiben wieberbolt eingeladen und wobei ib- nen alles Bemertenswerthe wird bereitwillig gegeigt werben. J Raufsiuftige baben fi durch obrigteuliche gesomilfe über quten Ruf und bintängliges ınbgen aus zuweiſen. Tuͤbingen, den 2 Mai 1955, Stadtrath. (964)? Bach, königl. würtemb. Dekanats ber Donau. an Pfarrstelle- Erledigung. Namben bie in bem dirfeitiaen bewaräffiben atronate *5 eine Stunde von bier ents —— tat € Pfarrei Bag, mit einem Eins fommen von 600 fl. exlediget ind wieber fesen ift, fo bat das umtergeichmete gräßs lie Oberrentamt die Welfung erbalten, biefeb sur bfentlichen Fenutniß gu b en, unb las det beatjald die ber um biefe Prarrflelle ein, Innerbalb 8 Wowben ibre Butſ⸗ en mit ben erforberlihen Zeug⸗ nufen am die umterfertinte Stelle portofrei eins juienben. Doertifhingen. ben 20 1885. Homarifi.Eaflet: Difiingen’igyes Dverrentamt. Miederhöfer. [997])* Oberdiſchingen. Kapitalien- Aufkündigung. PR Ye horn un ja Eafte — m 1 afte gen bem * Senator Dieterig im Ulm für ein von dieſem gemachtes Ulnieben von 85.000 fl. antgeftelte Schulb⸗ und Pfanbveriareibumg, höberer Weifung zufolge, beimbezabit wer⸗ ben follen, die Jahaber ber biefür ausnefleils ten Parsials Obligationen des gedachten Anle⸗ bend aber bijeits nicht befamne find, fo ſiebt fi bad unterzeichnete bongrifine Operrents amt veranlaßt, auf bffentligem Wege ben Ins babern von Partial: Obligationen des erwähns ten Anlebens bie baleiäbrise Muftindisung biemit drfentlie befannt gu maden, und Snen anyuseigen, daß bis Otiober d. J. die für ges dacht e ——— von 85,000 fl. ausgeſteuten Wr bligationen von dem Handlungsbaus . #, Srdfyfin im Ulm einaeldst werden. Dperdiigingen, ben 50 Märg 1855. Graͤflich Caſterſches Oberrentamt. Niederhöfer. —— —f 807 em enspischen Meerelä Pr de nid: vd ——— in den ———— _Unternoimmen in den Jahren 1825’bis 1826 und Karten. ""PERIPLUS —* € ru: * ‚cas ischen Meeres. e Abtheilung, den , Bericht der ‚Reie auf dem empischen * enthaltend. Stutigantund ea len April 1. er "I. 6. Cotta’sche Verlagshaudiung. him Göfchen in Leipzig it erfgienen und durch alle | und vie Bannrechte, ver Wernunft, dem Sache und der Wiffenfchaft. Berfuh, zunähft zu Auftlärung der Bevor Wortheife und zum Gebrauche für Volksvertreter, Rsifraeperfonen ** Stadtverordue te Hi been ich August Benedict, 4 chttamtmann in KBitten De 6 St, C. M. — 8 gms neh. bir, mit Eifer ‚und Baufünn ift bas genannte Wert verfalt, Syria al ee A uobmmeie en ‚ ver ) r ——— erſchlage zu —** Beſeitigung. et TEE EEE —— Ein rechteten über. ihre 2* ben intereffirt, änbfl [955] . An 4 t i g e ex bat et lat Me Er —* von eh neuen Schrift über | einfadı und Far auf bie Puntte zurüifzufübren, von beuen aus auch ber Nichtarzt zu urıbeilen und zu emſchelden Im Stande feum bürfte, möo ath ie. A tuns ung in en © even erjdiemen im ben sr @. Geroß. ® Bert, | Hei Rronderger u. Weber in Karlsbad # ,‚ Szauwndburg | und Prag, fo wie in (Aintligen ſoliden Buch⸗ ite: hanblungen zu baben: * — Die Wasserheilkunde, pharmalologlſch⸗ ierapentifde Darſte lung ——— gemeinen kalten und riärmeen Waſſers, der ſummtlichen Mineralwaͤſſer; mit befonderer Berüffichtigung der Karlsbader Thermalquellen. Bon Dr. Eduard Hlawacjek, au ubendem Arjte ın Karidbad. 8. Wien, 1855. Mit zwei Tabeuen auf jan nem Belinpapier, elegant gebruft und im Um⸗ flag browirt, 4 Rıhrr. Wir empfeblen dem aͤrztlichen Yurfitum, ind: befondere angebenden Mersten, diefed gewiß febr prautare Mertmen, Der Berfafier hatte bet beiten Auſsarbeluuug die Nom, ein flrcng vonfeniwartliches, fuftimatiiahes, fursatfaßtes, für. den pratiiiben Arzt dennoch voltländiged und untoftfpieliged Wert über die Hetlauellen gu liefern, Das es alle dirie Ginenjwaften bes * fonnes wir mit gutem Serwinen periicberu. ir eradten 68 daher unndihig, zur nem: % mie me ft gu en ber Herzte ermittelung pe * gend —— @äje a. Be ante ur ‚ori m Krone, na =. tb» abrung nennt, Me jet, ya " — ber aller uns den rof Eimyerrmayr „Die sus Homboparbie, ge RA in ibren Zütingen, insı“ veranlaßt wurde. — der affer, jeder Per: im biefer Same fremd, den Emeit auehn anf bem Gebiete ter Wiſſenſchaft zu flib: vem fuchte, fo glambr er doch jedem Genlideten, re —* E —— Wenedittſche Buchhandlung. — — —S——— ehriflichen. Ricche für Volksſchulen. 3 Bändchen in 8. afl. 21 kr. 3) Das Walten bes Geiftes Gottes in der Heidenwelt, oder Sammlung edler Charakterzuͤge aus dem Leben tugendhafter Heiden. gr. 8. Ifl. 12kr. 5) Entwiflung der Sprache und Schrift. Nebſt Folgerung einer neuen Strutktur beider von Dr. Schmitt. ar.8. 1fl. 128. (9%) Bei ®. AI foienen und in allen ALLIED tands zu bepiebem: AT * Lust sy sehe Johann von Plötz. 8. 3608, Preis zfl,.arte, 00. 1 Tolr, qr. Diefe Eyende des gel Berfafers wird fämmtligen deutſchen Theat er » Diveltios nen, fo wie allen Breunbden acten Humors und treffender Satore fehr willfemmter ſeyu. Werte von bieiem ner toben ſich ſelbſt und debürs fen feiner Empfehlung. (950) Bei ©. Baife in Quedlinburg ſint erfaienen und im allen Bucbandlungen cin Augsburg in ber F. ———— ſchenñ Buch⸗ dardluus und in Wien dei E, Gerold) zu haben: Koberger's Kleines muſitkaliſches Woͤrterbuch. Sder Ertlaͤrung ber in ber Muſſt aebräumpfichr ften Kunftausdräte. Nebft einer Ueberſicht der Geſchichte der Muſit. Ein unentbehrliches Hands und Halfssuch für Mufflehrer und Lernende, angebende Mufiter und alle Fremde Mir 46 Notentaſeln. 5. neh. Preis 12 ar. ober u fr. „In diefcm Heinen, ferundtisben, fehe empfehs lenẽ wert hen Burbe find ale in der Mufit sehranche lien Fremdwörter entbaten; denn bie Erfiäruns gen find kurz und treffend, und manche, um breite Umfchreisungen zu vermeiden, durch Metenbeifpsiele —— Wräfe's Archiv. Vi Meo Deft. ) Friede. Heine. Baͤrwald: die neueften Erfindungen und DVerbefferungen an den muſikaliſchen Inſtrumenten, ſewol Saueu⸗ al 16 Bladinfirumenten, in Lbeſon⸗ dere des Korteptano nud andrer Tafteninfirus mente, der Harfe, Guttarıe, DBioline, Biolon⸗ cell, Flöte, Wiundbarmonifa, dee Hterodorbs, der Diufitpulte, der Drathallen 1, Mur 77 Arbildungen. 3. Preis 20 or. oder 1 fl, Nir. ber Muſit. 808 Worcenblatt fü Haus: und Landwirthſchaft, Gewerbe und Handel, Bon genanntem Blatte find bis in 419 Nummern erfhienen, beren beide leztere Folgendes entbalten: Mo.ı#. Leber die Tuchfabrifation in Würteımbera; a) Bemerfungen im Allgemeis nen; b) Aber ben Wolleinfauf; «) die Worbereitung ber Wolle für Barbe und Spinnen; dı bas Walren, Mauben, Gcheeren, en unb en ber Küger. Wo.19. Ueber die Anferziebung der Fohlen. — — namentli auf Wieſen. — Fabrltation von Kartoffeluubeln. 8 bes ganzen Jahrgangs von 52 Muınmern mit einer IMuminirten Karte und mehreren Eupapranehen if. sotr. tattgart, 10 Mal 1855. [126] J. &. ECotta’sche Buchhandlung. Bi zu Verlage der Unterzeichneten it vor Rurzem bie Teste Abtheilung von nachſtehendem erfienen und daſſelbe iſt nun ah burg ante Buchhandlungen zu bezieben: i ifde Real- und VDerbal-Concordanz ob alphabetiſch georbnetes Biblifches Handbuch, worin alle in ber Bibel vortommenben ee Worte und Rebensarten erläutert. bie Iutbes rifape Ueberfegung berichtigt,, das Werftän ber Bibel durch hiſteriſche, geographiſche, phy⸗ ſiſche, archdologiſche umd ie et Bemerkungen befdrbert. und alle Bibelftelen bomiles Kr anwenbbaren Inhalts wörtli eitirt — für Relisionslebrer, ſodann für jeden gebilbeten belfreumb bearbeitet on ’ 3. ©. Bautt, Dr. der Bhitofopbie und Pfarrer zu Warth im Königreich Würtemberg- Zwei Bände In vier Mörbeilungen. gr. a. rniebrigter Preis s fl., mm diefes mögliche Wert auch Minberbegfterten zugaͤnglich zu machen. Stuttgart und Tuͤbingen, im Februar 1855. J. G. Cotta'sche Verlagshandlung. [1042]? Daß bie berelis burch Betanxgkmachung vom 28 Januar angetündigte bffentliche Ausstellung von Kunstwerken bei der pn fähf. Akademie der bildenden Künfte zu Dresden, r für das Jahr 1835 unfe Sonntag, den 9 Anguſtd. Te, erbffnet werben fol, wird bierburd in Grianerung gebramt. Die unterzelcönete GeneralsDireftion glaubt bidmal, fo wie ferner, zuf eine recht reiche Andftattung Ihrer Ausftellungen aus von Seite folder beutichen Münfller, welde @adıfen nit an ehörie find, um befto zuverſichtlicher rechnen gu fonnen, ba ber fächfiihe Runfteerein die bi8 feyt ftattgefundene Befpräntung des Unfaufes von Kunftgegenfländen anf bie Urbeiten waterländifcher Kuͤnſtler durch Geſamtbeſchluß aufgehoben und diefer Ankauf anf ausge⸗ —— — Werke aller dentſchen Künſtler ausgedehnt worden iſt. Leptern letet ſich ſolhem nad eine ng mer mehr zum rortbeifbaften Abſaz ibrer Kunftwerfe bar. wenn folge auch ben fäfifhen Kunſttenuern und Kunſtfreunden burd bie Dffentliche Nuss flellung In Dresden befannt werden. Dresben, am 16 Mai 1855. General-Dircktion der Fönigl. fächf. Akademien der bildenden Künfte. Dad-Anzeige. Mit Beroitligung der hohen Behörden werde id am PB Mai d. J. mein eiſenhal⸗ tiges — —* exbfnen. Die erwiefene KHeiltraft meines Mineralwaſſers, das mit aulen Bequemlichtelten verfchene und mit großem Koſtenaufwande geapefeate geräumige Batgebäube famt bem [adnen und aros ‚ Beranügen ber Herren endfte aewibmeten Barten, bie angenehme Lage ber Bab: anftalt in einer der reizendften Gegenden am Bodenfee, bie prompte und febr billige Bedienung werben meine Babanfalt gewiß jedem empfehlen, der fie mit feinem Beſuche beehren wird, be: onbers da ich bie zweimäßiaften Einriptungen getroffen babe und mit ber Babtur au bie eipfpottentur verbunden wird, ba ber Mipenmeifter alle Tage Morgend 6 Uhr, vier Stunden wen ber vom Bebirg bie Geibſchotte hieher bringt. ab zur Lerenam bei Bregenz am Bobdenfee, ben 14 Dial 1855. Anselm Brielmeyer, Babindaber. (1004) ? Wegen Familienrerhältnissen kan eine auf den besten Fuls und ganz neu eingerichtete Papierfahrik welche vor der Hand mit zwei Bütten arbeitet, aber auch leicht zu einer Masehine eingerichtet werden kan, zu billigen Bedingungen in Pacht weggelassen oder ganz weggegeben werden. Sie liegt in einer Gegend, wo sich in weiter Entfarnung keine ähnliehe ihrer Art befindet. Zur Fabrik kan eine Drehbank, zum Abdrelien grolser und kleiner Maschinentheile, so wie ein Formenstuhl, beide ganz neu und rollständig eingerichtet, mit überlassen werden. Anfragen in frankirten, mit D. P. bezeislineten Briefen befördert die Expedition der Allgemeinen Zeitung. [1039] 2 Bände. elta. och. (FE Beide Aukgaben bilden auch bie Fortſe⸗ 545) Bei Henninad und Hopfin Hotba m fo eben erfsienen und liegt im allen Bugs banblungen sur Anſicht vor; — Die Weiſſenburger im 1 5ten Jahr⸗ hundert. Hiſtoriſcher Roman in 2 Bänden, von Walther Balde. 8. a gNehlr. *) *, Durch einen Druffebler Acht im Mo. 10 nad IM diefer Beriage, &.522, 4 Ribir. 1086] Heute wird in Reirgig ausgegeben unb ft A Tagen in allen Buchhandlungen u baben: er Gelehrte. Aus meinem Papieren; FE. L. Bulwer. Aus dem Erglifsen überfegt » Louis far. #% 2 Bänke. elegant gebefter, Preis 2 Rıbir, Sf. * kr. d. Daffelbe Kert in Zafchenformat. Preis 16 gar. od. 1 fl. ar er, zungen ber in meinen Berlage erſchiene⸗ nen Bulmwer’s fämtlihe Werte, Aachen. J. A. Mayer. es), Zu allen uabensiungen in gu baden in Au sbur n ber in der Kollmanmm'iden, im ten erold’imen Bumbanblung): Handbuͤchlein der Gefege und Vererdnun⸗ gen in Betref der Pfand: und Leihanftalten in ben ug preuß, Staaten. Fuͤr Pfand⸗ verleiber und Berpfänber, um fi in jweifel: baften Bitten Raıbs zu erbolen. or. & Preis 8 ar. ober 56 fr. el Einem tunfliiebenden Yublitum wird ie Nachricht mitgetbeilt, daß am 1 Jjunind 1935 und folgenden Tanen zur Verfleigerung einer aus ber ga laſſen ſchafi des werfiorbenen Doms lapitular und ebemaligen Yaſters zu Abriweiler, Reichelſtein, den Gemälde-Sammlung oefgritten wird, Diee Sammlung enthält mehr als hundert umb fünfgig Delgemälde aus der itallenifsen, beutiaen, flammänlispen Eule alter umd neuerer Zeit, namentlich von Zisian, Ponffin, Dürer, Eranad, Holbein, Zenierd, Oftade und Anderer. Au finden ſich vortreifibe Sculptur⸗ arbeiten im Hol) und Elfenbein und Gladmas tereien, fo wie eime uralte Iateinijpe Bibel mit vielen Minlaturs Gemälden in einem Quartr Bande, ein ebenfalld uralted, mit der Feder auf Pergament aeipriebenes Miſale Romanum in 2 em und ein Allad in 4 Bänden voß Folio, . Der Fleih und bie Liebe, welche ber felige Bes figer viele Jahre lang auf die Sammlung die⸗ fer Gemälde vermenber bat, fo wie bie auer⸗ kannten Kenniniſſe deijelben und die günftigen Umfänbe, in welchen er als ——* er fig befand, ald bei Unfhebung der Aldfier am Nieberrbein bie Kiraengemälbe verſchleudert wurden und leicht von ibm an fi gebracht werben fonnten, neben bie Gewäbrleiftung, baß nur Kümtiged_ und Anegegeihmeres bier vors ufinden ift. Liebhaber fünnen täglich in beim Brerbebaufe, o.sı in ber Euienprünftraße im Trier, bie Gemälde, and ben Ratalog berfels ben bei ber Erpebition biefer Zeitung einfeben, Auswärtige velieben ſich mit ihren Beflcuuns gen in franfirten Briefen an bie Herren Frage befannt als ber Sohn des ehemaligen Galleries Direktors in Düffeltorf und an Jean Georg Beer, Naufınann, beide in Trier, zu wenden. Arien, ben Sı März 1155. ———⏑⏑⏑⏑— Brandgasse ee Allgemeine Zeitung. } land! mter Bu, Verona, Venedig, Tri en am Mit etterhöäfen Privilegien. ——— —— — Ger ee — nn he > een en Zeile Pas Eh — TE HE j — 147 ‚ z { reitagim su na nun Am eo oe Ye 142. 22 Mai 1835. LITE 1 5 ET Dr ‚baAnsT- t gt { N. 4 ; " “ Shbemealla. == Grsizelamerite, — Bartugal, — ‚ Epanlen (Brit) — „ Großteitennien. ‚(lie Lord Mulgraved Einzug In Dublin. Sqreiben aus Rondon.) —— Neo, 442. Brantreig. (Kammernserhandlungen.) — Italien, (Sgreisen ans Kurin,) — Dentfgland. — Prenpen. — and, — Megppten. — MUnßerorbentlige Beilage Mro, 205. Zufland dee | ‚Randeigentpumd in Irland, — Gereiden aus Londen, Sawetn. — YUntändigungen, "Bid ameritim Rio: Janeiro, 15 Januar, Die brafiliihe Megierung bat bei dem Diktater von Paraguay, Dr. Fraucia, um die Erlaubs niß angefucht, im Innern diefer Republik einige Faltoreien zu errichten. Die Gefuch hatte aber eben fo wenig Erfolg, wie ein aͤhnliches von Seite des Benerald Santa Cruz, Präfiden: ten von Bolivia; fie wurden beide abgefhlagen, Dr. Francia begnugte ſich aber nicht mit der Weigerung, fid mit den Bra filiern einzulaſſen, ſondern er ließ noch obendrein Truppen an den Grängen aufftellen, mit dem ftrengften Befehl, daß fie Niemanden im das Iumere von Paragmay follten eindringen laffen, (Amer. BI) en nsisimerite Seitungen aus New: Drleans enthalten einen langen Bericht über ein furchtbares Erdbeben, welhes in Gentral: be * große Städte und mehrere Dörfer fo zerſtoͤrt hat, ach Schutthaufen daren übrig find, Es fanden fünf pe Ausbruche mit einer Heftigkeit ftatt, wie man fie noch nicht erlebt bat, und zwar begleitet von dem furchtbar: fien Erdbeben, woburd ein großer Theil der Städte St. Mi: guel und St. Salvador zerflört wurde, Die Luft war von Ude und Raub fo verfinftert, daß die Einwohner fi acht Tage lang auf ber Straße ber Faleln bedienen mußten. Den Erplofionen, welche Kanomenichüffen glichen, folgten Auswürſe von Steinen und Aſche. Die Lava floß an einigen Orten fünf zehn beutihe Meilen weit und gerftörte Alles, was fie auf ihrem Lauf antraf. Die Bewohner von Alaucho glaubten, der jüngfte Tag fey gelommen, und es wurden mehr ald 500 Chen zwiſchen Perfonen geſchloſſen, die früher auf ungefezlihe Weile mit eimanber gelebt hatten. Das Erdbeben wurde mod febr merflih im Trurillo empfunden, und die Erplofionen der Vul⸗ Kane hörte man noch nördlich vom Balize. Etwa zehn Meilen von Trurillo it ein Vultan ausgebrochen. Boertugal, (Korrefponbenz; der Times.) Liffabon, 3 Mai. Der Herzog vom Palmella ift mit eimer auferordentlihen Sendung nad London beauftragt; vom dort wird er nach Wien, und viel: leicht auch nah Berlin und Petersburg reifen, angeblih um bie früheren Verhaͤltniſſe zwiſchen Portugal und biefen Län: deru zu erneuen; indeſſen behaupten einige Perfonen, welche wohlumterkichtet fepn können, biefe Botfchaft werde, wie die des Marſchalls Saldanha nah Paris, noch eine Weile nicht zur Yusfüprung fommen. Wie dem auch fen, dad Dekret, weldes deu Austritt Palmella's aus dem Minifterium ankündigt, ift nur in Fabl hoͤſlichen Worten abgefaft, und es ift gewiß, wies wol ſchon längere Zeit ein Mepnungszwieipalt zwiſchen bem Herzog und Hrn. Freire beftand, fo war doch bie naͤchſte Urs ſache zur Aufloͤſung bes Minifteriumg eine Erklärung des Gra⸗ fen Villareal, er werde, da das politäfhe Benehmen feines Schwagers, des Herzogs von Palmella, fo zweideutig, ja vers dachtig fep, refigniren, wenn nit der Herzog aus dem Kabi⸗ nette träte, Dis Entlaffungsbekret lautet ganz kurz, wie folgt: ‚Auf die Vorftellung des Herzogs von Palmella, YPaird bes Königreichs und Staatsrathes, habe ich für geeignet erachtet, ihn der Bürde der Präfidentichaft des Miniſterraths und des Mintifteriums des Auswärtigen, worin er fehr zu meiner Zus friebenheit gedient bat, zu entlaften. Ich, die Königin.” Das Volf hat ben Miniſterwechſel nicht anders, ald mit Bergnügen gefeben, umd es iſt nur zu beflagen, daß nicht auch zugleich das Kriegsdepartement befezt wurde. Der Urtileries@eneral Baptifta Popes: Hat es abgelehut, und Marſchall Saldanha möchte zwar gern ind Kabinet fommen, aber ald Minifter des Auswärtigen, wiewol er gerade zum biefem Poften nicht fehr ‚geeignet wäre, Saldanha verfhmäht dad Kriegsdepartement, weil der Herzog von Terceira Generaliffimus des Heeres if. Jubeſſen höre ich eben, daß der Marfhall um Erlaubnif gebe ten bat, feine Mbreife nach Paris bis Ende ded Julius zu vers ſchieben, und wahrſcheinlich wird fie noch meiter hinaus bie zur zweiten WVermählung der Königin vertagt werben, wo er daun, wenn der DOberbefehl ber Armee auf den Gemabl der Königin übergeht, das Kriegadepartement annehmen bürfte. Auch wuͤnſcht er fehr, im Lifabon zu fepn, wenn der Verlauf der Nationalgäter beginnt. Uebrigens gebt bier Alles einen günftigen Gang. or einigen Tagen wurden 20 Bauldividen⸗ den, früber Eigentbum eines Klofterd und num der Nation, öffentlich verfauft, und aus jeder Dividende wurden 680,000 Deis erlöst; dis zeigt ein Steigen von 6 Proz. binnen zehn Tagen, und vom 20 Proz. binnen etwa einem Jahr; ein Bes weis von dem mwadfenden Vertrauen bed Volles auf bie Banf, und von der rafhen Sumahme des Wohlftandes. — Perfonen, die fonft wohl unterrichtet find, verfihern, die Negierung babe die Entdefung gemacht, daß im dem lezten ſechs Wochen filnf bis ſechs Migueliftiihe Agenten im innern Lande berumreid- ten, welche die vornehmften Mipneliften in den verſchiedenen Städten befuchten, ſchnelle und bedeutende Unterftügung bed Ufurpators von Seite der englifhen Regierung verfpräden, und dabei vorgäben, fie bandelten im Nuftrage Lorb Beresfords, mit dem fie durch jedes Paletſchif Forreipondirten, und allzeit ihre Briefe an ben Herzog von Wellington, als Staatsſekre⸗ tair bed Yuswärtigen, abreffirten. Dad Ganze mag ein Maͤhr⸗ chen ſeyn; aber man beheuptet, einige der befagten Briefe fepen aufgefangen worden. So viel ift jebenfalld gewiß, was aus Portugal werden mag, mit Don Migueld Herrſchaft iſt es vorüber, und auch unter den günftigften Umſtaͤnden barf’er nimmermebr boffen, in Portugal wieder feften Fuß zu fallen. — Am 28 April warb bier ein Miguelifiifcher Beiftlicher verhaftet, weil er su Don Migueld Gunften eine Verſchwoͤrung anzuzet⸗ teln ſuchte; ein vormaliger Mönch und ein.Klofterbruder wur⸗ ben and demielben Grunde von Leuten aus bem Wolle furcht⸗ bar zerprügelt, unb nur mit gemaner Morh ihren Händen ent: riffen. — Am 29 April lief im dem Tajo ein ſardiniſches Kriegs: dampfſchif ein, welches bie Weberfabrt von Falmouth nad 2if fabon in 74 Stunden zurüfgelegt hatte; bie, ſchaellſte Fahrt zwiſchen bdiefen beiden Punkten, die mod vorgelommen if. Svyarnie nm (Meffenger) Bapyonne, 11 Mai. Briefe aus Le: queitio geben folgende Details über bad Gefecht am 1 Mai. Der Berluft war nicht fo groß, ald man Anfan;s geglaubt, um fo mehr als vom 37 Difigieren umb 741 Soldaten, bie man vermißte, 351 im Klofter von Menteria waren; auch murben durch bie Fürforge des Generals 218 Verwundete nad Lequei⸗ ‚to gebracht. Der Stab ging faft ganz verloren. Der Kom: mandant bed Regiments von Berona, der des Prinzenregiments und ber erfte Abjutant Iriarte's wurden getödtet. Jriarte felbt warb verwundet, und ibm din Pferd unterm Leibe ge- tödtet, Einige Dffisiere jchreiben bad Ungluͤt der großen Kek⸗ heit Iriarte's zu. Eſpartero, ber bem Iriarte von Bilbao au zu Hülfe eilte, befreite die im dem Klofter gebliebenen Trup⸗ pen. Nachrichten zufolge, bie darch das fo eben von Ban Ge baftian eingetroffene Dampfboot gebradt wurden, bat Iriarte Requeitio geräumt, Aus Saragofla erfährt man, daß bie von- bem Priefter Gabrera angeführten Jnfurgenten von dem Bris gabier Nogneras völlig geſchlagen und ao berfelben gefangen wurden. Huch ein anderer Haufe unter Anführung Manolins ward geſchlagen und zerſtreut. Die Divifion Cordova's ftebt nun unter Efpartero. Mehrere Korps von Stabrmiligen baten um Crlaubnif, zur Nordarınee zu ſtoßen, erhielten aber bis jest nech feine Antwort. General Mina fol fhon von Pam: plona nad Montpellier abgereist ſeyn. Zumalacartegup ſteht mit feiner ganzen Macht zu Lepza und Baldes bei Eitella. |
github_open_source_100_1_237 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | [[apm-features]]
== Elastic APM features
IMPORTANT: {deprecation-notice-data}
If you've already upgraded, see <<features>>.
++++
<titleabbrev>Features</titleabbrev>
++++
* <<data-security>>
* <<distributed-tracing>>
* <<rum>>
* <<trace-sampling>>
* <<opentracing>>
* <<open-telemetry-elastic>>
* <<observability-integrations>>
* <<apm-cross-cluster-search>>
include::./data-security.asciidoc[]
include::./distributed-tracing.asciidoc[]
include::./rum.asciidoc[]
include::./trace-sampling.asciidoc[]
include::./opentracing.asciidoc[]
include::./opentelemetry-elastic.asciidoc[]
include::./obs-integrations.asciidoc[]
include::./cross-cluster-search.asciidoc[] |
US-21026708-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Diffusion plate with high diffusion quality
ABSTRACT
A diffusion plate including a structured surface is provided. There are a lot of concave structures disposed on the structured surface. Each concave structure, with at least two opposite first sides and at least two opposite second sides, includes at least two first curved surfaces and at least two second curved surfaces. The first curved surfaces and the second curved surfaces are extended from the first sides and the second sides respectively. In addition, each concave structure adjoins at least one other concave structure, and the shape of a neighboring portion of two said adjoining concave structures is curved.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a diffusion plate. More particularly,the present invention relates to a diffusion plate with pluralities ofconcave structures.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Nowadays, technologies which pertain to the liquid crystal display (LCD)make remarkable progress, which leads to the drop in price of the LCDand the fact that the display quality of the LCD catches up to theconventional CRT display gradually. Generally speaking, an LCD includesa backlight module and an LCD panel. The backlight module provides lightrays for the LCD to display, and the LCD panel can control thepenetration of light rays by means of varying the arrangement of theliquid crystal thereof. Please refer to FIG. 1 for a schematic view ofan LCD already in the market. The LCD 1 includes a backlight module 11and an LCD panel 12. The backlight module 11 includes a reflective bowl111, pluralities of light sources 112, a diffuser plate 113 and abrightness enhancement film 114. The light sources 112 are disposed inthe reflective bowl 111. The diffuser plate 113 is used to diffuse thelight rays emitted by the light sources 112, while the brightnessenhancement film 114 is used to condense the diffused light rays.
The diffuser plate 113 consists of a transparent material such aspolymethyl methacrylate, polycarbonate or polyethylene terephthalate,and there are pluralities of light diffusion particles 115 spreadtherein. The refractive index of the light diffusion particles 115 isdifferent from that of the transparent material of the diffuser plate113. Therefore, the deflection occurs when the light rays pass throughthe interface between the diffuser plate 113 and the light diffusionparticles 115 so as to achieve the light diffusion effect.
When the LCD is placed in a living room, being used as a TV, it shouldallow not only the user in front of the display (e.g. position A) butthe user in the side of the display (e.g. position B) to watch itclearly. Therefore, the diffusion angle of the LCD has to be big enough.On the contrary, when the LCD is placed on an office desk to be used asa computer display, it is mainly designed to allow the user in front ofthe display (e.g. position A) to watch it clearly and therefore thediffusion angle of the LCD can be relatively smaller. However, the wayof the spreading of the light diffusion particles 115 within thediffuser plate 113 is irregular, which leads to the problem that thediffusion angle of light can not be controlled accurately.
Therefore, it is of concern for those skilled in the art to control thediffusion angle accurately. The U.S. Pat. No. 7,320,538 has disclosed anoptical film 2 as shown in FIG. 2. The optical film 2 includes a body 21and a structured surface 22, which is disposed upon the body 21 on thestrength of an adhesion layer 23. There are a lot of concave structures24 disposed on the structured surface 22. Each concave structure 24includes four surfaces, i.e. two first surfaces 24 a and two secondsurfaces 24 b (as depicted in FIG. 3A). Next, please refer to FIG.3A-FIG. 3C simultaneously. FIG. 3B is a BB section of FIG. 3A, and FIG.3C is a CC section of FIG. 3A. The included angle α₁ is the anglebetween the second surface 24 b and the imaginary surface 25, and theincluded angle β1 is the angle between the first surface 24 a and theimaginary surface 25.
Please continue to refer to FIG. 3B. The direction of the light ray I₁₁is parallel to the normal vector of the second surface 24 b so that thelight ray I₁₁ can penetrate the second surface 24 b without deflection.Moreover, there is an included angle δ₁₂ between the direction of thelight ray I₁₂ and the normal of the second surface 24 b so that thedeflection occurs when the light ray I₁₂ passes through the secondsurface 24 b. Furthermore, the included angle δ₁₃ between the directionof the light ray I₁₃ and the normal of the second surface 24 b is biggerthan the critical angle δ_(c) so that the total internal reflectionoccurs, which means the light ray I₁₃ cannot pass through the secondsurface 24 b.
Next, please refer to FIG. 3B and FIG. 3C. The directions of the lightrays I₂₁, I₂₂ and I₂₃ in reference with section surface in FIG. 3C areidentical to those of the light rays I₁₁, I₁₂ and I₁₃ in reference withsection surface in FIG. 3B respectively. However, the normal vectors ofthe first surface 24 a and the second surface 24 b are not identical.Therefore, the directions of the light rays I₂₁, I₂₂ and I₂₃ afterpassing through the first surface 24 a are not identical to those of thelight rays I₁₁, I₁₂ and I₁₃ after passing through the second surface 24b respectively.
Comparing FIG. 3B and FIG. 3C, those skilled in the art must haveunderstood that the diffusion angle of the light rays passing throughthe concave structures can be adjusted by means of varying the includedangles α₁ and β₁.
However, there is still a significant problem in the present opticalfilm 2. Please refer to FIG. 4, the included angles between thedirections of light rays I₃₁, I₃₂, I₃₃ and the normal vector of thefirst surface 24 a respectively are identical, 62, which means thedirections of light rays I₃₁, I₃₂ and I₃₃ are parallel after passingthrough the first surface 24 a. Therefore, ideal diffusion effect cannotbe achieved. As a result, users may be disappointed with the unbalanceof the brightness of the LCD, which leads to the decrease in desire topurchase the LCD. Moreover, refer to FIG. 2, the neighboring portion 244of two adjacent concave structures 24 is a sharp angle. Therefore, it isapt to scratch the brightness enhancement film 114 as depicted in FIG. 1or other optical film when it is disposed upon the structured surface22.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a diffusion plate, which can control thediffusion angle of light and can diffuse the light rays more uniformly.
To achieve the foregoing and other objects, the present inventionprovides a diffusion plate. The diffusion plate includes a structuredsurface, which has pluralities of concave structures disposed thereon.Each concave structure, with at least two opposite first sides and atleast two opposite second sides, includes at least two first curvedsurfaces and at least two second curved surfaces, while the first curvedsurfaces and the second curved surfaces are extended from the firstsides and the second sides respectively. Moreover, each concavestructure adjoins at least one other concave structure, and the shape ofa neighboring portion of two adjoining concave structures is curved.
In the present diffusion plate, an area defined by said first sides andsaid second sides is trapezoid, rectangular, diamond or square.
In the present diffusion plate, the first curved surfaces and the secondcurved surfaces intersect to form an intersection point.
In the present diffusion plate, each concave structure further includesa bottom surface, which is connected with the first curved surfaces andthe second curved surfaces. Besides, the bottom surface is flat orcurved.
In the present diffusion plate, further includes a body disposed underthe structured surface. There are pluralities of light diffusionparticles, which the refractive index thereof is different from that ofthe body, spread therein.
In the present diffusion plate, further includes a substrate disposedunder the body, in which UV absorber is added therein.
In the present diffusion plate, two said first curved surfaces aresymmetric, and two said second curved surfaces are symmetric.
To achieve the foregoing and other objects, the present inventionprovides a diffusion plate. The diffusion plate includes a structuredsurface, which has pluralities of concave structures disposed thereon.Moreover, each concave structure, with at least two opposite first sidesand at least two opposite second sides, includes a first curved surfaceand two second curved surfaces, while two said second curved surfacesare extended from two said first sides and both sides of the firstcurved surface are connected to two said second surfaces. Besides, eachconcave structure adjoins at least one other concave structure, and theshape of a neighboring portion of two adjoining concave structures iscurved. Furthermore, two said second curved surfaces are symmetric.
In the concave structures of the present invention, the tangent slopesof different positions on the first and the second curved surfaces arenot always identical. Therefore, parallel light rays become inparallelwith each other after passing through the first or the second curvedsurfaces. Due to the present concave structures, the diffusion plate ofthe present invention can diffuse the light rays more uniformly.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The accompanying drawings are included to provide a furtherunderstanding of the invention, and are incorporated in and constitute apart of this specification. The drawings illustrate embodiments of theinvention and, together with the description, serve to explain theprinciples of the invention.
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an LCD already in the market.
FIG. 2 is an optical film disclosed in the U.S. Pat. No. 7,320,538.
FIG. 3A is a top view of a concave structure depicted in FIG. 2; FIG. 3Bis a BB section of FIG. 3A; FIG. 3C is a CC section of FIG. 3A.
FIG. 4 shows the direction of the light rays after passing through thefirst curved surface of the concave structure.
FIG. 5 is a section view of a diffusion plate of the first embodiment ofthe present invention.
FIG. 6 is a partial perspective view of a structured surface.
FIG. 7A is a top view of a concave structure of the first embodiment;FIG. 7B is a BB section of FIG. 7A; FIG. 7C is a CC section of FIG. 7C.
FIG. 8 is a deployment diagram of the elements when undergoing anoptical simulation.
FIG. 9A and FIG. 9B shows the results of the optical simulation.
FIG. 10 is a section view of two adjacent concave structures.
FIG. 11A-FIG. 11C shows other forms of concave structures of the firstembodiment.
FIG. 12A is a top view of another form of a concave structure of thefirst embodiment; FIG. 12B is a BB section of FIG. 12A; FIG. 12C is a CCsection of FIG. 12A.
FIG. 13 is a front view of a diffusion plate of the second embodiment ofthe present invention.
FIG. 14 is a top view of a structured surface.
FIG. 15A is a top view of a concave structure of the second embodimentof the present invention; FIG. 15B is a BB section of FIG. 15A; FIG. 15Cis a CC section of FIG. 15A.
FIG. 16 is a section view of two adjacent concave structures of thesecond embodiment.
FIG. 17A-FIG. 17C shows other forms of concave structures of the secondembodiment.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of thepresent invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanyingdrawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers are used in thedrawings and the description to refer to the same or like parts.
Please refer to FIG. 5 for a front view of a diffusion plate of thefirst embodiment of the present invention. The diffusion plate 3includes a structured surface 31, a body 32 and a substrate 33. The body32, which has pluralities of light diffusion particles 325 spreadtherein, is disposed under the structured surface 31. The refractiveindex of the light diffusion particles 325 is different from that of thebody 32. Therefore, the deflection occurs when light passes through theinterface between the body 32 and the light diffusion particles 325 soas to achieve the light diffusion effect. Moreover, the substrate 33,where the UV absorber is added therein, is disposed under the body 32.The substrate 33, therefore, can absorb UV so as to alleviate the agingof the diffusion plate 3. In addition, the UV absorber can also addedinto the structured surface 31 as needed.
Next, please refer to FIG. 6 and FIG. 7A-FIG. 7C simultaneously. FIG. 6is a partial perspective view of a structured surface, FIG. 7A is a topview of a concave structure of the first embodiment, FIG. 7B is a BBsection of FIG. 7A, and FIG. 7C is a CC section of FIG. 7C. There arepluralities of concave structures 34 disposed on the structured surface31. Each concave structure 34 has two opposite first sides 341 and twoopposite second sides 342. Furthermore, each concave structure 34includes two first curved surfaces 34 a and two second curved surfaces34 b, in which the first curved surfaces 34 a and the second curvedsurfaces 34 b are extended from the first sides 341 and the second sides342 respectively. In the present embodiment, the two first curvedsurfaces 34 a are symmetric, and the two second curved surfaces 34 b aresymmetric, too. Moreover, the first curved surfaces 34 a and the secondcurved surfaces 34 b intersect to form an intersection point 343. Inaddition, there is an included angle α₂ between the second curvedsurface 34 b and the imaginary surface 35, and there is also an includedangle β₂ between the first curved surface 34 a and the imaginary surface35, while the imaginary surface 35 is defined by the two first sides 341and the two second sides 342.
Please continue to refer to FIG. 7C. Because the tangent slope ofdifferent positions on the first curved surface 34 a varies as theheight of the point differs, the directions of the parallel light raysI₄₁, I₄₂ and I₄₃ become inparallel with each other after passing throughthe first curved surface 34 a. Moreover, similar effect occurs whenlight rays pass through the second curved surface 34 b. Therefore, theconcave structures 34 of the present embodiment, compared with theconcave structures 24 as shown in FIG. 2, can diffuse the light moreuniformly.
Furthermore, the designers of the diffusion plate 3 can also adjust thediffusion angle of light passing through the concave structures 34 bymeans of varying the included angle α₂ and β₂ or varying the tangentslope of different positions on the first curved surfaces 34 a and thesecond curved surfaces 34 b.
Next, the present concave structure 34 undergoes an optical simulation.Please refer to FIG. 8 for a deployment diagram of the elements whenundergoing the optical simulation. The concave structure 34 is disposedbetween a light source 6 and a screen 5, and the light source 6 projectsa shadow on the screen 5 after passing through the concave structure 34.The result is as shown in FIG. 9A. In the optical simulation, the lightsource 6 is an LED, in which the relationship of the intensity of lightemitted thereby and the included angle θ between the light and thevertical direction is as follow:I=A×cos θ, in which “I” stands for the intensity of light, and “A” is aconstant.
Then, the concave structure 34 is replaced by the concave structure 24as shown in FIG. 3A, undergoing the same optical simulation again. Theresult is as shown in FIG. 9B. In FIG. 9A and FIG. 9B, the deeper thecolor is, the stronger the brightness is. The uniformity in the FIG. 9Ais approximately 78%, and the uniformity in the FIG. 9B is approximately69.5%, in which the uniformity means: (maximum brightness−minimumbrightness)/maximum brightness. From FIG. 9A and FIG. 9B, those skilledin the art can easily find that the concave structure 34 of the presentembodiment has better optical diffusion effect.
In summary, those skilled in the art can clearly understand that the LCD1 has more uniform performance on the brightness when the diffuser plate113 as shown in FIG. 1 is replaced by the diffusion plate 3 of thepresent embodiment.
Next, please refer to FIG. 3A-FIG. 3C and FIG. 10. FIG. 10 is a sectionview of two adjacent concave structures. From FIG. 3A-FIG. 3C and FIG.10, each concave structure 34 adjoins at least one other concavestructure 34, and the shape of a neighboring portion 344 of two adjacentconcave structures 34 is curved. Therefore, there is no sharp angle onthe present structured surface 31. Though FIG. 10 only shows theneighboring portion 344 of two first curved surfaces 34 a of theadjoining concave structures 34, the neighboring portion of two secondcurved surfaces 34 b (as shown in FIG. 7A) of the adjoining concavestructures 34 is also curved. The main reason of such design is that thebrightness enhancement film 114 or other optical film is less apt to bescratched when placed upon the diffusion plate 3. Besides, the diffusionplate 3, for example, is formed by a mold, and the design of the curvedneighboring portion 344 allows the diffusion plate 3 to be released fromthe mold more easily.
Note that the area defined by two first sides 341 and two second sides342 is rectangular in the present concave structure 34. However, thoseskilled in the art can modify the area into other shape as needed. Forexample, as shown in FIG. 11A, the area defined by two first sides 341′and two second sides 342′ is trapezoid. In addition, as shown in FIG.11B, the area defined by two first sides 341″ and two second sides 342″is square. Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 11C, the area defined by twofirst sides 341′″ and two second sides 342′″ is diamond.
Besides, in the first embodiment, the first curved surfaces 34 a and thesecond curved surfaces 34 b intersect to form an intersection point 343.However, as shown in FIG. 12A-FIG. 12C, those skilled in the art canalso design the first curved surfaces 34 a′ and the second curvedsurfaces 34 b′ to intersect to form a bottom surface 343′. In the FIG.12B, the bottom surface 343′ is flat, yet those skilled in the art canvary the bottom surface 343′ to be curved.
Please refer to FIG. 13 for a front view of a diffusion plate of thesecond embodiment of the present invention. The diffusion plate 4includes a structured surface 41, a body 42 and a substrate 43. The body42, which has pluralities of light diffusion particles 425 spreadtherein, is disposed under the structured surface 41. The refractiveindex of the light diffusion particles 425 is different from that of thebody 42. Therefore, the deflection of light occurs when the light rayspasses through the interface between the light diffusion particles 425and the body 42 so as to achieve the light diffusion effect. Inaddition, the substrate 43, which has UV absorber added therein, isdisposed under the body 42. Therefore, the substrate 43 can absorb UVand decrease the aging of the diffusion plate 4. Moreover, UV absorbercan also be added in the structured surface 41 as needed.
Please refer to FIG. 14 and FIG. 15A-FIG. 15C. FIG. 14 is a top view ofa structured surface, FIG. 15A is a top view of a concave structure ofthe second embodiment of the present invention, FIG. 15B is a BB sectionof FIG. 15A, and FIG. 15C is a CC section of FIG. 15A. Each concavestructure 44 has at least two opposite first sides 441 and at least twoopposite second sides 442. Besides, each concave structure 44 furtherincludes a first curved surface 44 a and two second curved surfaces 44b, in which the second curved surfaces 44 b are extended from the firstsides 441, and both sides of first curved surface 44 a are connectedwith two said second sides 442 respectively. Moreover, in the presentembodiment, the two second curved surfaces 44 b are symmetric.
Please continue to refer to FIG. 15C. Because the tangent slope ofdifferent positions on the first curved surface 44 a varies as theheight of the point differs, the directions of the parallel light raysI₅₁, I₅₂ and I₅₃ become inparallel with each other after passing throughthe first curved surface 44 a. Therefore, the concave structures 44 ofthe present embodiment, compared with the concave structures 24 as shownin FIG. 2, can diffuse the light rays more uniformly.
Next, please refer to FIG. 16 for a section view of two adjacent concavestructures of the second embodiment. From FIG. 16, each concavestructure 44 adjoins at least one other concave structure 44, and theshape of the neighboring portion 444 of two adjacent concave structures44 is curved. Though FIG. 16 only shows the neighboring portion 444 oftwo first curved surfaces 44 a of the adjacent concave structures 44,the neighboring portion of two second curved surfaces 44 b (as shown inFIG. 15A) of the adjacent concave structures 44 is also curved. The mainreason of such designs is depicted in the first embodiment, andtherefore it would not be depicted again hereinafter.
Note that the area defined by two first sides 441 and two second sides442 is rectangular in the present concave structure 44. However, thoseskilled in the art can modify the area into other shape as needed. Forexample, as shown in FIG. 17A, the area defined by two first sides 441′and two second sides 442′ is trapezoid. In addition, as shown in FIG.17B, the area defined by two first sides 441″ and two second sides 442″is square. Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 17C, the area defined by twofirst sides 441′″ and two second sides 442′″ is diamond.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that variousmodifications and variations can be made to the structure of the presentinvention without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention.In view of the foregoing, it is intended that the present inventioncover modifications and variations of this invention provided they fallwithin the scope of the following claims and their equivalents.
1. A diffusion plate, comprising a structured surface, which haspluralities of concave structures disposed thereon, wherein each concavestructure, with at least two opposite first sides and at least twoopposite second sides, comprises at least two first curved surfaces andat least two second curved surfaces, while the first curved surfaces andthe second curved surfaces are extended from the first sides and thesecond sides respectively; each concave structure adjoins at least oneother concave structure, and the shape of a neighboring portion of twosaid adjoining concave structures is curved.
2. The diffusion plateaccording to claim 1, wherein an area defined by said first sides andsaid second sides is trapezoid, rectangular, diamond or square.
3. Thediffusion plate according to claim 1, wherein the first curved surfacesand the second curved surfaces intersect to form an intersection point.4. The diffusion plate according to claim 1, wherein each concavestructure further comprises a bottom surface, which is connected withthe first curved surfaces and the second curved surfaces.
5. Thediffusion plate according to claim 4, wherein the bottom surface is flator curved.
6. The diffusion plate according to claim 1, furthercomprising a body disposed under the structured surface, wherein thereare pluralities of light diffusion particles, which the refractive indexthereof is different from that of the body, spread therein.
7. Thediffusion plate according to claim 6, further comprising a substratedisposed under the body, wherein UV absorber is added therein.
8. Thediffusion plate according to claim 1, wherein two said first curvedsurfaces are symmetric, and two said second curved surfaces aresymmetric.
9. A diffusion plate, comprising a structured surface, whichhas pluralities of concave structures disposed thereon, wherein eachconcave structure, with at least two opposite first sides and at leasttwo opposite second sides, comprises a first curved surface and twosecond curved surfaces, while two said second curved surfaces areextended from two said first sides respectively and both sides of thefirst curved surface are connected to two said second surfacesrespectively; each concave structure adjoins at least one other concavestructure, and the shape of a neighboring portion of two adjoiningconcave structures is curved.
10. The diffusion plate according to claim9, wherein an area defined by said first sides and said second sides istrapezoid, rectangular, diamond or square.
11. The diffusion plateaccording to claim 9, further comprising a body disposed under thestructured surface, wherein there are pluralities of light diffusionparticles, which the refractive index thereof is different from that ofthe body, spread therein.
12. The diffusion plate according to claim 9,further comprising a substrate disposed under the body, wherein UVabsorber is added therein.
13. The diffusion plate according to claim 9,wherein two said second curved surfaces are symmetric..
|
5489324_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | William « Will » Claye (né le à Phoenix) est un athlète américain spécialiste du saut en longueur et du triple saut.
Biographie
Étudiant à l'Université de l'Oklahoma, il se distingue lors de la saison 2009 en remportant le concours du triple saut des Championnats panaméricains juniors de Port-d'Espagne avec la marque de . Quelques jours plus tard à Fayetteville, il s'adjuge le titre NCAA du triple saut en salle avec , signant à cette occasion la meilleure performance mondiale junior de l'année ainsi qu'un nouveau record des États-Unis junior de la discipline.
Vainqueur du triple saut lors des Championnats NCAA en salle 2011, il dépasse pour la première fois de sa carrière la limite des huit mètres au saut en longueur en réalisant la marque de (+ 1,9 m/s) à Athens. Lors des Championnats des États-Unis 2011 de Eugene, il se classe deuxième des deux épreuves de sauts ( en longueur derrière Marquise Goodwin et derrière Christian Taylor) et réalise à cette occasion dans ces deux disciplines les minimas pour les Championnats du monde. Fin août, à Daegu, il se classe 9 du saut en longueur avec , mais remporte en fin de compétition la médaille de bronze de l'épreuve du triple saut. Devancé finalement par Christian Taylor et Phillips Idowu, il améliore son record personnel en établissant la marque de à son troisième essai.Auteur d'un nouveau record personnel en salle au saut à longueur avec , en février 2012 à Fayetteville, Will Claye décroche par la suite son premier titre national senior, au triple saut, en atteignant la marque de en finale des Championnats des États-Unis en salle d'Albuquerque, en altitude. Il établit à cette occasion la meilleure performance mondiale de l'année ainsi que la deuxième meilleure marque nationale de tous les temps derrière les de son compatriote Mike Conley. Aligné dans les deux épreuves de sauts horizontaux lors des Championnats du monde en salle d'Istanbul, Claye termine au pied du podium du concours de la longueur (), mais s'impose dès le lendemain dans l'épreuve du triple saut avec , marque réalisée à son quatrième essai constituant la meilleure performance mondiale de l'année. Il devance finalement Christian Taylor () et Lyukman Adams ().
Deuxième du saut en longueur et du triple saut lors des sélections olympiques américaines d'Eugene, il concourt dans ces deux épreuves lors des Jeux olympiques de Londres, en août 2012. Médaillé de bronze du saut en longueur avec , derrière Greg Rutherford et Mitchell Watt, l'Américain se classe deuxième du concours du triple saut en établissant un nouveau record personnel à son quatrième essai avec . Il est une nouvelle fois devancé par Christian Taylor, auteur d'un saut victorieux à.
En 2013, lors des championnats du monde de Moscou, il effectue un saut à 17,52 m et se classe troisième du concours du triple saut, derrière le Français Teddy Tamgho et le Cubain Pedro Pichardo
Le 3 juillet 2016, il termine des sélections olympiques américaines mais son meilleur saut avec vent régulier sur la période 2015 - 2016 est de 8,14 m, obtenu la veille en qualifications, ce qui ne lui donne pas la qualification automatique pour les Jeux olympiques de Rio sur cette épreuve où il est médaille de bronze en titre. Néanmoins, il remporte la finale du triple saut et ira donc aux Jeux sur cette épreuve.
Le 16 août, Will Claye remporte pour la fois consécutive la médaille d'argent du triple saut des Jeux olympiques de Rio avec un record personnel à 17,76 m, devancé comme à Londres par son compatriote Christian Taylor (17,86 m).
Le 17 mai 2017 à Baie-Mahault (Guadeloupe), Will Claye établit la meilleure performance mondiale de l'année avec 17,40 m. Dix jours plus tard, il s'aligne au Prefontaine Classic de Eugene où, dès le premier essai, Christian Taylor réalise 17,82 m (vent trop fort). Claye parvient à répondre avec 17,66 m (+ 1,5 m/s) puis avec 17,82 m (+ 1,7 m/s, record personnel), mais Taylor réalise au essai 18,11 m. Will Claye doit alors améliorer de nouveau son record personnel réalisé juste précédemment et l'Américain parvient à réaliser 18,05 m, mais celui-ci ne peut être homologué (+ 2,5 m/s). Les derniers essais du concours n'améliorent pas les marques précédentes et Taylor s'impose avec 18,11 m face à Claye et 18,05 m. Le 23 juin, il remporte le titre national avec 17,91 m, record personnel.
Le 10 août 2017, lors des Championnats du monde de Londres, Will Claye ne parvient toujours pas à remporter l'or, de nouveau battu par son compatriote Christian Taylor. Avec 17,63 m, il doit s'incliner face à Taylor qui le devance de cinq centimètres. Le Portugais Nelson Évora, médaillé de bronze en titre, remporte de nouveau ce métal avec 17,19 m.
Le 18 février 2018, il remporte le titre de champion des États-Unis en salle à Albuquerque avec un saut à 17,28 m, devant Chris Carter (17,20 m) et Omar Craddock (17,11 m). Le 3 mars 2018, au terme d'une finale relevée, Will Claye décroche son second titre de champion du monde en salle du triple saut avec un saut à 17,43 m, meilleure performance mondiale de l'année. Il devance les favoris Almir dos Santos (17,41 m) et Nelson Évora (17,40 m).
Soupçon de dopage puis blanchiment
Le 27 septembre 2018, l'Agence Américaine Antidopage blanchit Will Claye à propos d'un test positif datant du août, après avoir consommé de la viande contaminée lors d'un séjour à Mexico.
Le 29 juin 2019, à Long Beach, Will Claye devient le meilleur performeur mondial de l'histoire grâce à un saut à 18,14 m (+ 0,6 m/s). Il remporte aussi le saut en longueur avec 8,21 m, sa meilleure marque depuis 2012.
Il remporte la médaille d'argent des championnats du monde 2019 à Doha avec 17,74 m, derrière Christian Taylor.
Vie privée
Après sa médaille d'argent à Rio de Janeiro, le 16 août 2016, il demande la hurdleuse Queen Harrison en mariage. Le couple se marie le 13 octobre 2018.
Palmarès
International
National
Championnats des États-Unis :
triple saut : vainqueur en 2014, 2016 et 2017 ; 2 en 2011, 2012 et 2013 ;
saut en longueur : 2 en 2011 et 2012 ; en 2016.
Championnats des États-Unis en salle :
Triple saut : vainqueur en 2012 et 2018
Championnats NCAA : vainqueur en 2009 (triple saut)
Records
Records personnels
Meilleures performances par année
Notes et références
Liens externes
Triple-sauteur américain
Sauteur en longueur américain
Champion du monde d'athlétisme en salle
Athlète (homme) aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2012
Athlète (homme) aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2016
Médaillé d'argent olympique américain
Médaillé de bronze olympique américain
Étudiant de l'université de l'Oklahoma
Naissance à Phoenix (Arizona)
Naissance en juin 1991
Athlète (homme) aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2020.
|
github_open_source_100_1_238 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /**********************************************************************/
/* ____ ____ */
/* / /\/ / */
/* /___/ \ / */
/* \ \ \/ */
/* \ \ Copyright (c) 2003-2009 Xilinx, Inc. */
/* / / All Right Reserved. */
/* /---/ /\ */
/* \ \ / \ */
/* \___\/\___\ */
/***********************************************************************/
/* This file is designed for use with ISim build 0x7708f090 */
#define XSI_HIDE_SYMBOL_SPEC true
#include "xsi.h"
#include <memory.h>
#ifdef __GNUC__
#include <stdlib.h>
#else
#include <malloc.h>
#define alloca _alloca
#endif
static const char *ng0 = "D:/Workspace/CECS-341/Lab3-RFandALU/RFandALUwithRTypeSupport_tester.v";
static int ng1[] = {0, 0};
static int ng2[] = {0, 0, 0, 0};
static int ng3[] = {5, 0};
static unsigned int ng4[] = {1431655765U, 0U, 1431655765U, 0U};
static int ng5[] = {1, 0};
static int ng6[] = {10, 0};
static unsigned int ng7[] = {2863311530U, 0U, 2863311530U, 0U};
static unsigned int ng8[] = {5200U, 0U};
static int ng9[] = {2, 0};
static unsigned int ng10[] = {5456U, 0U};
static int ng11[] = {3, 0};
static unsigned int ng12[] = {5208U, 0U};
static int ng13[] = {4, 0};
static unsigned int ng14[] = {5720U, 0U};
static void Initial_55_0(char *t0)
{
char *t1;
char *t2;
char *t3;
char *t4;
LAB0: t1 = (t0 + 3648U);
t2 = *((char **)t1);
if (t2 == 0)
goto LAB2;
LAB3: goto *t2;
LAB2: xsi_set_current_line(55, ng0);
LAB4: xsi_set_current_line(57, ng0);
t2 = ((char*)((ng1)));
t3 = (t0 + 1608);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t3, t2, 0, 0, 5);
xsi_set_current_line(58, ng0);
t2 = ((char*)((ng1)));
t3 = (t0 + 1768);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t3, t2, 0, 0, 5);
xsi_set_current_line(59, ng0);
t2 = ((char*)((ng1)));
t3 = (t0 + 1928);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t3, t2, 0, 0, 5);
xsi_set_current_line(60, ng0);
t2 = ((char*)((ng2)));
t3 = (t0 + 2088);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t3, t2, 0, 0, 64);
xsi_set_current_line(61, ng0);
t2 = ((char*)((ng1)));
t3 = (t0 + 2248);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t3, t2, 0, 0, 1);
xsi_set_current_line(62, ng0);
t2 = ((char*)((ng1)));
t3 = (t0 + 2408);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t3, t2, 0, 0, 1);
xsi_set_current_line(63, ng0);
t2 = ((char*)((ng1)));
t3 = (t0 + 2568);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t3, t2, 0, 0, 2);
xsi_set_current_line(64, ng0);
t2 = ((char*)((ng1)));
t3 = (t0 + 2728);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t3, t2, 0, 0, 11);
xsi_set_current_line(67, ng0);
t2 = (t0 + 3456);
xsi_process_wait(t2, 5000LL);
*((char **)t1) = &&LAB5;
LAB1: return;
LAB5: xsi_set_current_line(68, ng0);
t2 = ((char*)((ng3)));
t3 = (t0 + 1928);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t3, t2, 0, 0, 5);
xsi_set_current_line(69, ng0);
t2 = ((char*)((ng4)));
t3 = (t0 + 2088);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t3, t2, 0, 0, 64);
xsi_set_current_line(70, ng0);
t2 = ((char*)((ng5)));
t3 = (t0 + 2248);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t3, t2, 0, 0, 1);
xsi_set_current_line(71, ng0);
t2 = (t0 + 3456);
xsi_process_wait(t2, 5000LL);
*((char **)t1) = &&LAB6;
goto LAB1;
LAB6: xsi_set_current_line(72, ng0);
t2 = ((char*)((ng5)));
t3 = (t0 + 2408);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t3, t2, 0, 0, 1);
xsi_set_current_line(73, ng0);
t2 = (t0 + 3456);
xsi_process_wait(t2, 10000LL);
*((char **)t1) = &&LAB7;
goto LAB1;
LAB7: xsi_set_current_line(74, ng0);
t2 = ((char*)((ng1)));
t3 = (t0 + 2248);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t3, t2, 0, 0, 1);
xsi_set_current_line(75, ng0);
t2 = ((char*)((ng1)));
t3 = (t0 + 2408);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t3, t2, 0, 0, 1);
xsi_set_current_line(77, ng0);
t2 = (t0 + 3456);
xsi_process_wait(t2, 5000LL);
*((char **)t1) = &&LAB8;
goto LAB1;
LAB8: xsi_set_current_line(78, ng0);
t2 = ((char*)((ng6)));
t3 = (t0 + 1928);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t3, t2, 0, 0, 5);
xsi_set_current_line(79, ng0);
t2 = ((char*)((ng7)));
t3 = (t0 + 2088);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t3, t2, 0, 0, 64);
xsi_set_current_line(80, ng0);
t2 = ((char*)((ng5)));
t3 = (t0 + 2248);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t3, t2, 0, 0, 1);
xsi_set_current_line(81, ng0);
t2 = (t0 + 3456);
xsi_process_wait(t2, 5000LL);
*((char **)t1) = &&LAB9;
goto LAB1;
LAB9: xsi_set_current_line(82, ng0);
t2 = ((char*)((ng5)));
t3 = (t0 + 2408);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t3, t2, 0, 0, 1);
xsi_set_current_line(83, ng0);
t2 = (t0 + 3456);
xsi_process_wait(t2, 10000LL);
*((char **)t1) = &&LAB10;
goto LAB1;
LAB10: xsi_set_current_line(84, ng0);
t2 = ((char*)((ng1)));
t3 = (t0 + 2248);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t3, t2, 0, 0, 1);
xsi_set_current_line(85, ng0);
t2 = ((char*)((ng1)));
t3 = (t0 + 2408);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t3, t2, 0, 0, 1);
xsi_set_current_line(87, ng0);
t2 = ((char*)((ng3)));
t3 = (t0 + 1608);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t3, t2, 0, 0, 5);
xsi_set_current_line(88, ng0);
t2 = ((char*)((ng6)));
t3 = (t0 + 1768);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t3, t2, 0, 0, 5);
xsi_set_current_line(90, ng0);
t2 = (t0 + 3456);
xsi_process_wait(t2, 5000LL);
*((char **)t1) = &&LAB11;
goto LAB1;
LAB11: xsi_set_current_line(91, ng0);
t2 = ((char*)((ng5)));
t3 = (t0 + 1928);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t3, t2, 0, 0, 5);
xsi_set_current_line(92, ng0);
t2 = ((char*)((ng5)));
t3 = (t0 + 2248);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t3, t2, 0, 0, 1);
xsi_set_current_line(93, ng0);
t2 = ((char*)((ng8)));
t3 = (t0 + 2728);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t3, t2, 0, 0, 11);
t4 = (t0 + 2568);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t4, t2, 11, 0, 2);
xsi_set_current_line(94, ng0);
t2 = (t0 + 3456);
xsi_process_wait(t2, 2000LL);
*((char **)t1) = &&LAB12;
goto LAB1;
LAB12: xsi_set_current_line(95, ng0);
t2 = (t0 + 1208U);
t3 = *((char **)t2);
t2 = (t0 + 2088);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t2, t3, 0, 0, 64);
xsi_set_current_line(96, ng0);
t2 = (t0 + 3456);
xsi_process_wait(t2, 3000LL);
*((char **)t1) = &&LAB13;
goto LAB1;
LAB13: xsi_set_current_line(97, ng0);
t2 = ((char*)((ng5)));
t3 = (t0 + 2408);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t3, t2, 0, 0, 1);
xsi_set_current_line(98, ng0);
t2 = (t0 + 3456);
xsi_process_wait(t2, 10000LL);
*((char **)t1) = &&LAB14;
goto LAB1;
LAB14: xsi_set_current_line(99, ng0);
t2 = ((char*)((ng1)));
t3 = (t0 + 2248);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t3, t2, 0, 0, 1);
xsi_set_current_line(100, ng0);
t2 = ((char*)((ng1)));
t3 = (t0 + 2408);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t3, t2, 0, 0, 1);
xsi_set_current_line(102, ng0);
t2 = (t0 + 3456);
xsi_process_wait(t2, 5000LL);
*((char **)t1) = &&LAB15;
goto LAB1;
LAB15: xsi_set_current_line(103, ng0);
t2 = ((char*)((ng9)));
t3 = (t0 + 1928);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t3, t2, 0, 0, 5);
xsi_set_current_line(104, ng0);
t2 = ((char*)((ng5)));
t3 = (t0 + 2248);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t3, t2, 0, 0, 1);
xsi_set_current_line(105, ng0);
t2 = ((char*)((ng10)));
t3 = (t0 + 2728);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t3, t2, 0, 0, 11);
t4 = (t0 + 2568);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t4, t2, 11, 0, 2);
xsi_set_current_line(106, ng0);
t2 = (t0 + 3456);
xsi_process_wait(t2, 2000LL);
*((char **)t1) = &&LAB16;
goto LAB1;
LAB16: xsi_set_current_line(107, ng0);
t2 = (t0 + 1208U);
t3 = *((char **)t2);
t2 = (t0 + 2088);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t2, t3, 0, 0, 64);
xsi_set_current_line(108, ng0);
t2 = (t0 + 3456);
xsi_process_wait(t2, 3000LL);
*((char **)t1) = &&LAB17;
goto LAB1;
LAB17: xsi_set_current_line(109, ng0);
t2 = ((char*)((ng5)));
t3 = (t0 + 2408);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t3, t2, 0, 0, 1);
xsi_set_current_line(110, ng0);
t2 = (t0 + 3456);
xsi_process_wait(t2, 10000LL);
*((char **)t1) = &&LAB18;
goto LAB1;
LAB18: xsi_set_current_line(111, ng0);
t2 = ((char*)((ng1)));
t3 = (t0 + 2248);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t3, t2, 0, 0, 1);
xsi_set_current_line(112, ng0);
t2 = ((char*)((ng1)));
t3 = (t0 + 2408);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t3, t2, 0, 0, 1);
xsi_set_current_line(114, ng0);
t2 = (t0 + 3456);
xsi_process_wait(t2, 5000LL);
*((char **)t1) = &&LAB19;
goto LAB1;
LAB19: xsi_set_current_line(115, ng0);
t2 = ((char*)((ng11)));
t3 = (t0 + 1928);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t3, t2, 0, 0, 5);
xsi_set_current_line(116, ng0);
t2 = ((char*)((ng5)));
t3 = (t0 + 2248);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t3, t2, 0, 0, 1);
xsi_set_current_line(117, ng0);
t2 = ((char*)((ng12)));
t3 = (t0 + 2728);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t3, t2, 0, 0, 11);
t4 = (t0 + 2568);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t4, t2, 11, 0, 2);
xsi_set_current_line(118, ng0);
t2 = (t0 + 3456);
xsi_process_wait(t2, 2000LL);
*((char **)t1) = &&LAB20;
goto LAB1;
LAB20: xsi_set_current_line(119, ng0);
t2 = (t0 + 1208U);
t3 = *((char **)t2);
t2 = (t0 + 2088);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t2, t3, 0, 0, 64);
xsi_set_current_line(120, ng0);
t2 = (t0 + 3456);
xsi_process_wait(t2, 3000LL);
*((char **)t1) = &&LAB21;
goto LAB1;
LAB21: xsi_set_current_line(121, ng0);
t2 = ((char*)((ng5)));
t3 = (t0 + 2408);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t3, t2, 0, 0, 1);
xsi_set_current_line(122, ng0);
t2 = (t0 + 3456);
xsi_process_wait(t2, 10000LL);
*((char **)t1) = &&LAB22;
goto LAB1;
LAB22: xsi_set_current_line(123, ng0);
t2 = ((char*)((ng1)));
t3 = (t0 + 2248);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t3, t2, 0, 0, 1);
xsi_set_current_line(124, ng0);
t2 = ((char*)((ng1)));
t3 = (t0 + 2408);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t3, t2, 0, 0, 1);
xsi_set_current_line(126, ng0);
t2 = (t0 + 3456);
xsi_process_wait(t2, 5000LL);
*((char **)t1) = &&LAB23;
goto LAB1;
LAB23: xsi_set_current_line(127, ng0);
t2 = ((char*)((ng13)));
t3 = (t0 + 1928);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t3, t2, 0, 0, 5);
xsi_set_current_line(128, ng0);
t2 = ((char*)((ng5)));
t3 = (t0 + 2248);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t3, t2, 0, 0, 1);
xsi_set_current_line(129, ng0);
t2 = ((char*)((ng14)));
t3 = (t0 + 2728);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t3, t2, 0, 0, 11);
t4 = (t0 + 2568);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t4, t2, 11, 0, 2);
xsi_set_current_line(130, ng0);
t2 = (t0 + 3456);
xsi_process_wait(t2, 2000LL);
*((char **)t1) = &&LAB24;
goto LAB1;
LAB24: xsi_set_current_line(131, ng0);
t2 = (t0 + 1208U);
t3 = *((char **)t2);
t2 = (t0 + 2088);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t2, t3, 0, 0, 64);
xsi_set_current_line(132, ng0);
t2 = (t0 + 3456);
xsi_process_wait(t2, 3000LL);
*((char **)t1) = &&LAB25;
goto LAB1;
LAB25: xsi_set_current_line(133, ng0);
t2 = ((char*)((ng5)));
t3 = (t0 + 2408);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t3, t2, 0, 0, 1);
xsi_set_current_line(134, ng0);
t2 = (t0 + 3456);
xsi_process_wait(t2, 10000LL);
*((char **)t1) = &&LAB26;
goto LAB1;
LAB26: xsi_set_current_line(135, ng0);
t2 = ((char*)((ng1)));
t3 = (t0 + 2248);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t3, t2, 0, 0, 1);
xsi_set_current_line(136, ng0);
t2 = ((char*)((ng1)));
t3 = (t0 + 2408);
xsi_vlogvar_assign_value(t3, t2, 0, 0, 1);
xsi_set_current_line(138, ng0);
xsi_vlog_stop(1);
goto LAB1;
}
extern void work_m_00000000000574388127_2952733908_init()
{
static char *pe[] = {(void *)Initial_55_0};
xsi_register_didat("work_m_00000000000574388127_2952733908", "isim/RFandALUwithRTypeSupport_tester_isim_beh.exe.sim/work/m_00000000000574388127_2952733908.didat");
xsi_register_executes(pe);
}
|
https://openalex.org/W1487131058_4 | Spanish-Science-Pile | Various open science | Según el comentario arriba expuesto, entendemos que lo que nos ofrece
el vacío no es sólo una función práctica de conservar y coleccionar sino que,
además, es también una fantasía sobre el espacio misterioso contenido por el
objeto. La caja es considerada un recipiente que satisface totalmente la
necesidad de conservar y el deseo de coleccionar de los hombres. Por este
hecho, depositamos dentro nuestros objetos valiosos y disfrutamos de la
seguridad y la intimidad que nos ofrece el vacío, mientras somos atraídos por
su característica misteriosa en relación con el espacio. En base de la actitud
de coleccionar objetos preciosos, razonablemente, el vacío de la caja también
se considera como el espacio para presentar.
Conservar, coleccionar y presentar son, por todo lo expuesto, una serie de
comportamientos de casualidad recíproca. El vacío adquiere la propiedad de
unir estos comportamientos con la condición necesaria del espacio, que nos
ofrece una función práctica, además de ser considerado como un elemento
espacial de la escultura.
Veamos algunos de esos ejemplos de obras de escultores del Siglo XX en
los que la caja ha sido el objeto seleccionado para construir su discurso
plástico.
46
Gaston Bachelard. íbidem.
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3.1.1 La caja como referente en la escultura
Conservar, coleccionar y presentar, son tres características espaciales
propias del vacío de una caja en las que un gran número de escultores
modernos se han apoyado para crear sus obras. Para ellos, el vacío es el lugar
donde depositar los objetos que exponen, mientras que estos objetos pueden
estar formados por un material visible o por un concepto o idea abstracta. De
esta manera, podemos encontrar en las obras de distintos artistas, tanto
occidentales como orientales, esta conciencia psicológica común, en relación
al espacio. Por ejemplo, Joseph Beuys utiliza la caja como el lugar para
presentar sus objetos metafísicos (fig.28), expresando así la idea de la
escultura social a la que se dedica. En cuanto a la artista femenina china Xiu
Zhen Yin, en la serie El paisaje portátil (fig.29), considera la caja como una
maleta, dentro de la cual se conservan objetos escultóricos que simbolizan su
experiencia o su propia memoria, como su parte más íntima y preciosa.
28. Joseph Beuys. Fettecke (Prozess)
[Rincón de grasa (Proceso)], 1968.
Técnica mixta.
29. Xiu Zhen Yin. El paisaje portátil:
Jiayuguan, 2010. Técnica mixta.
Sin embargo, el vacío de la caja es considerado como una presentación
de la función de conservar, coleccionar y presentar en la escultura, ya que los
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escultores que abordan este concepto no se centran en un aspecto específico,
sino que suelen emplear los tres juntos. Es decir, el vacío es considerado
como un elemento propicio del espacio para este tipo de obras, que se
relaciona directa o indirectamente con los objetos que contiene. Estos artistas
consideran que el vacío de una caja (recipiente) es un lugar, y lo que se
conserva en él puede ser cualquier objeto, aunque no esté compuesto por un
material concreto como, por ejemplo, la reflexión sobre los recursos naturales
o la memoria humana. Para los artistas, tal vez, el vacío es considerado, en
principio, como un espacio negativo en el que depositar los objetos. Sin
embargo, la relación entre el vacío y los objetos dentro de la caja es tan
inseparable como la relación entre el vacío y lo macizo. La caja limita un
espacio vacío para los objetos, mientras que el vacío limitado contiene estos
objetos, representando una relación espacialmente interactiva entre el vacío y
lo macizo. Esta manera, también sería como la de presentar un cuadro
enmarcado, focaliza la mirada de los espectadores hacia el interior de la caja,
además de provocarles curiosidad por el propio vacío y su contenido.
Las obras con forma de caja representan la
uniformidad psicológica del hombre frente al
espacio, que es una característica empleada
por bastantes artistas, como podemos observar
en la obra del grupo artístico Los Carpinteros
(fig.30). De este modo, nos despiertan la
curiosidad por conocer su interior, a la vez que
nos resultan familiares, teniendo en cuenta que
estos recipientes son como los órganos de una
casa, de los que estamos completamente
rodeados en nuestra intimidad personal.
30. Los Carpinteros. Edificio Cuchillo, 2003.
Contrachapado de cedro laminado, 179×70×105 cm.
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3.1.2 El vacío que conserva la esencia
3.1.2.1 La caja de líquidos: Hans Haacke
Un ejemplo sobre como el vacío puede ser utilizado para hacernos
reflexionar sobre el análisis del sistema artístico, una reflexión sobre el
patrocinio de las empresas y una crítica hacia la realidad política, lo tenemos
en las obras de Hans Haacke. Este artista explora la cultura y la política según
una visión múltiple y peculiar. Su obra pertenece al arte conceptual, por lo que
es fácil advertir que su mayor preocupación, reflejada en sus creaciones, es el
complejo tema de la sociedad. Además, Haacke se interesará también por el
tema del sistema y del proceso artístico, como podemos advertir en su obra
anterior en el caso de, por ejemplo, Condensation Cube (Cubo de
condensación) (fig.31).
31. Hans Haacke. Condensation Cube (Cubo de condensación), 1963. Técnica mixta,
Colección de Wulf Herzogenrath, Bremen.
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La obra Condensation Cube de Hans Haacke consiste en un cubo de
cristal con agua. Por la temperatura y la presión a la que está expuesta la sala,
el agua se evapora y se enfría gradualmente, formándose vapor en la
superficie interior del recipiente. Finalmente, se forman gotas de agua,
volviendo de nuevo al elemento líquido que contenía el recipiente. Haacke
rechazará el tornillo, el clip de acero inoxidable o cualquier otro tipo de pasta
para unir el recipiente, reivindicando una proporción exacta y una técnica
perfecta. Sin embargo, sobre el proceso efectuado en el recipiente, Haacke
adopta una actitud bastante libre. En este concepto de creación, según la
crítica de Haacke que Jack Burnham publica en Art in the land47, nos damos
cuenta de que la obra de Haacke está influenciada por la forma breve y exacta
del arte japonés. Pero, aunque Condensation Cube es una obra bajo un
control exacto, dentro del cubo de cristal el agua se transformará según una
forma poética, que para Haacke es como Haiku japonés48, reflejando así la
realidad del cosmos.
Según esta forma, Haacke quizás exprese, también, el ambiente físico y
biológico humano. A medida que la temperatura cambia fuera del recipiente, el
estado del vapor en la superficie se transforma ininterrumpidamente. Haacke
dice:
“En el proceso de coagulación continua, el recipiente de cristal
contiene en sí mismo innumerables cambios. Este estado es parecido al de
las complejas reacciones físicas que resultan en los seres al adaptarse a
diferentes cambios de ambiente. La imagen de la coagulación es
49
impredecible, me gusta esta libertad”.
La caja del cristal de Hans Haacke posee una ambigüedad indescriptible,
47
Jack Burnham. Hans Haacke-La escultura del viento y del agua. Incluido por Alan Sonfist
en Art in the land. Trad. Mei Rong Li. Editorial Yuanliu, Taipéi, 1996, p. 150.
48
Es el poema corto clásico de Japón, formado por diecisiete sílabas. Haiku es, así, un poema
que tiene una forma específica. Antes de la primera guerra mundial, los Haiku ya se
extendieron por el mundo occidental y bastantes países crearon una literatura en su propia
lengua según esta forma oriental. El representante de Haiku más importante es el Japonés
Matsuo Bashō (1644-1694).
49
La forma de la arquitectura paisajística de MVRDV-Villa VPRO. [Consulta: 30/04/2010].
http://forgemind.net/xoops/modules/news/print.php?storyid=174
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que procede de la afición a la energía de la organización natural, por lo que su
obra expresa el movimiento líquido vital. Este movimiento se efectúa en el
ambiente concreto que ofrece el artista, conservando en el recipiente la
esencia del cambio ininterrumpido de la naturaleza. Esta idea también la
podemos encontrar en otras obras suyas, como Double-Decker Rain (Lluvia
de dos pisos) (fig.32). Sin embargo, Haacke espera que, a excepción del
cálculo exacto científico, las demás partes de la obra deberían completarse
desde el punto de vista de los espectadores. Es decir, lo que nos ofrece el
artista es un espacio para imaginar. Como comenta Ricardo Pérez Bochons
sobre Condensation Cube, “cuyo concepto sólo se manifiesta en el espectador
mediante la conjunción de las siguientes actividades: ver, pensar e imaginar”50.
32. Hans Haacke. Double-Decker Rain (Lluvia de dos pisos), 1963. Técnica
mixta.
50
Ricardo Peréz Bochons. Tesis doctoral: El cubo, una constante en el arte: estudio
ontológico y taxonomía de su utilización en la escultura de la segunda mitad del siglo XX.
Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, 2002, p. 177.
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3.1.2.2 El recipiente que registra el tiempo: Pu Zhuang
Pu Zhung está considerado como uno de los artistas más representativos
que desarrollan un arte contemporáneo propio de Taiwán. Estudió en la
universidad de Taiwán y en los años sesenta se trasladó a España para
formase en el arte contemporáneo europeo. En 1983, ya de regreso a Taiwán,
comenzó a crear basándose en una forma simple y abstracta, presentando
nuevos conceptos y técnicas al público de Taiwán. La instalación escultórica
será la forma más utilizada por Pu Zhung. Para él, todas las cosas cotidianas
son materiales creativos. De este modo, su principal fuente de inspiración
residirá en el día a día, explorando así también las posibilidades entre el arte,
el material y el espacio. Sin embargo, Pu Zhung cree que los artistas tienen
que rechazar cualquier interferencia que provenga de los objetos figurativos,
con el fin de despertar el pensamiento abstracto-plástico de los espectadores.
Pu Zhung suele expresar su conciencia sobre el arte por medio de las
formas simples. Para él, la pureza del concepto y del material son dos
características indispensables. Esta estricta condición eleva la capacidad de la
obra de expresar por sí misma, provocando además que el material consiga
una forma nueva de ser presentado. La crítica de arte Zhi Mei Hong piensa
que lo que expresa la obra de Pu Zhung es el cambio de la naturaleza:
“La naturaleza contiene todos los objetos y fenómenos, pero sólo los
objetos y los fenómenos puros pueden expresan la naturaleza real. Todo lo
que vemos cambia y transcurre ininterrumpidamente. La parte más
preciosa del arte es que el arte que puede reflejar un aspecto de nuestra
vida, coger el sentimiento común del hombre y representar el cambio y la
revivificación de la naturaleza”.51
Podemos advertir claramente este concepto en la obra Desplazamiento
de la luz y del agua (fig.33), que Pu Zhung creó en 1992. En ella, se representa
un ambiente de un tono frío a través de la unión de materiales simples como
51
Zhi Mei Hong. La serie del arte contemporáneo de Taiwán: La instalación y el arte del
espacio. Ed. La Comisión de la Cultura del Consejo Ejecutivo, Taipéi, 2004, p. 108.
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recipientes de cristal, placas de metal oxidadas y piedras. La transparencia del
cristal y del agua delata la huella del cambio acaecida en la placa de metal y
en la piedra a medida que transcurre el tiempo. El recipiente de cristal es
sólido, a la vez, que capaz de conservar un material tan blando como el agua.
Ambos materiales tienen, además, la característica de la transparencia y,
aunque cada uno expresa una serie de aspectos propios, sin embargo, se
funden armoniosamente.
33. Pu Zhung. Desplazamiento de la luz y del agua, 1992. Técnica mixta, 25×26×60 cm.
Cada pieza.
Notamos que el agua se evapora en el recipiente, a la vez que el
desplazamiento de la luz y del agua registra la huella del tiempo transcurrido,
fugaz y etéreo. En esta obra, por lo tanto, el recipiente de cristal es como un
lugar para representar el proceso y el cambio por lo que, Desplazamiento de la
luz y del agua, refleja concretamente la estimación sobre el cambio del
material puro del artista. Nos damos cuenta de que, en este sentido, no
importa el punto de vista ni la manera de presentar esta obra, que posee
ciertas similitudes con la caja de Hans Haacke. El proceso del cambio del agua
dentro de la caja de ambos artistas es como un cálculo preciso pero, al mismo
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3.1 Conservar, coleccionar y presentar: El vacío de la caja
tiempo, contiene un elemento poético. La diferencia reside en que Pu Zhuang,
además, muestra la huella del tiempo a través del largo proceso que supone
herrumbrar las placas de metal, como un principio de la naturaleza por el que
todo se dirige a la aniquilación, presentando una filosofía del vacío
perteneciente al mundo budista.
Según la opinión de crítico de arte Rui Zhong Yao, lo que conserva estas
cajas es “una característica inacabablemente inquieta”52. Podríamos añadir,
también, que lo que el recipiente conserva es la esencia del hecho de que el
tiempo transcurre ininterrumpidamente siendo, además, el proceso coagulador
del líquido, que es el proceso abstracto generalmente conocido por los
hombres. A medida que el transcurso del tiempo se registra en el recipiente de
cristal, los materiales cambian silenciosa y lentamente.
Para Pu Zhung, la caja ofrece un lugar en el que conservar su idea,
además de poder representar en ella los cambios de la naturaleza. La obra de
Pu Zhung, en definitiva, se construye mediante un análisis mental,
acompañado de la personalidad poética del artista. La razón y la sensibilidad
existen simultáneamente, siendo esta la característica principal de las obras
de Pu Zhung desde 1984, que también hemos descubierto en Hans Haacke.
52
Rui Zhong Yao. La instalación del arte de Taiwán. Editorial Muma, Taipéi, 2002, p. 136.
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3.1.2.3 El recipiente que conserva la realidad: Hui Chiao Chen
Hui Chiao Chen es una artista taiwanesa que suele utilizar materiales
sugerentes en relación con la característica intrínseca de lo femenino, como el
hilo, el algodón, la aguja, la luz azul y el agua; o materiales industriales como
la placa de zinc o el acero inoxidable. A través de la unión de estos materiales,
que poseen características distintas, se produce un efecto visual nuevo que
parte de la oposición a modo oximorou (fig.34). Por su inclinación al mundo de
los sueños y de la astrología, Hui Chiao Chen adoptará, en los últimos años,
objetos populares para su creación artística. Ella considera, en este sentido,
que el cosmos y las estrellas son como símbolos de la forma artística y que,
por medio de las formas abstractas, su obra expresa una concepción sobre el
vacío infinito del universo.
34. Hui Chiao Chen.
Duerme, mi amor,
1998. Técnica mixta,
176×219×113 cm.
Nos damos cuenta que las obras de Hui Chiao Chen suelen estar
formadas por cajas sencillas, asociándose a las obras minimalistas. Para ella,
la caja es el recipiente que conserva y limita los materiales que fluyen
ininterrumpidamente, como la luz y el agua. En su obra, la caja es el ejecutor
razonable que existe para que las cosas que poseen la esencia corriente
puedan ser manejadas y manipuladas. La artista y crítica artística Ma Li Wu
piensa que la caja es la extensión del compartimento, citando la crítica que
hace Rosalind Krauss sobre el compartimento para describir la obra de Hui
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Chiao Chen. Dice así: “El compartimento limita las artes plásticas en una
esfera de la visión pura, rechazando la violación de la palabra”53, pudiendo ser
esto una interpretación apropiada para las obras de Hui Chiao Chen.
En el interior de mí, fuera de mí, en el espacio dentro del espacio (fig.35),
obra de Hui Chiao Chen creada en 1997, está formada por unos cubos
transparentes de cristal. Estos cubos se colocan en un espacio cubierto por
placas negras de zinc, revelando así un ambiente extremadamente frío. El
crítico de arte Rui Zhong Yao piensa que esta obra está influenciada por
misticismo y el subconsciente, expresando un ambiente parecido al del sueño,
siendo éste un elemento de vital importancia para las obras de Hui Chiao
Chen54.
35. Hui Chiao Chen. En el interior de mí, fuera de mí, en el espacio dentro del espacio,
1997. Técnica mixta, 1000×430×288 cm.
Estos cubos se llenan de agua; agua tan clara que los cubos parecen
grandes bloques de hielo. A primera vista, estos cubos provocan en los
53
Rosalind Krauss. Citado por Ma Li Wu. La persecución bonita de la escéptica. [Consulta:
30/04/2010]. http://www.itpark.com.tw/artist/critical_data/37/59/231
54
Rui Zhong Yao. La instalación del arte de Taiwán. Editorial Muma, Taipéi, 2002, p. 137.
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3.1 Conservar, coleccionar y presentar: El vacío de la caja
espectadores la ilusión de que están vacíos. Sin embargo, a través del tacto
real, se comprende que lo que conservan estas cajas no es un espacio vacío
negativo sino un material verdadero. Hui Chiao Chen cree que, al juzgar las
cosas sólo por la percepción que nos provoca, caemos en el error del
conocimiento. Pero, al tocar el agua los espectadores, ¿cómo definir la imagen
que reciben por los ojos? La percepción de la que dependemos para sentir los
fenómenos se convierte, a veces, en una barrera que impide que recibamos el
mensaje desde la esencia. ¿Qué es la realidad? ¿Qué es lo falso? Lo que
quiere expresar Hui Chiao Chen es una pureza razonable.
Aunque la función de la caja sea conservar, en la obra de Hui Chiao Chen,
de la misma manera que en la de Hans Haacke y Pu Zhuang, se utiliza como
contenedor de agua que simboliza la esencia de la vida. Sin embargo, quizás
podamos añadir que lo que realmente importa tanto a Haacke como a Pu
Zhuang no sea guardarla o mostrarla, sino el proceso mismo. Aunque la artista
taiwanesa omite los elementos cambiantes y nos presenta directamente el
resultado, como una condición totalmente establecida. El agua conservada por
el recipiente de cristal es, realmente, la realidad del material que la artista
quería expresar a través de esta obra. Es decir, una esencia que no cambiara
por el entendimiento erróneo de la percepción y que ha sido es vehículo de la
construcción en sendos discursos artísticos.
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3.1.3 El vacío como el lugar que conserva la memoria
3.1.3.1 El dolor silencioso de la memoria: Christian Boltanski
Christian Boltanski es un artista contemporáneo francés de ascendencia
judía, famoso por sus instalaciones escultóricas. Boltanski suele utilizar la
técnica de re-photographed para reproducir una foto nueva y ampliarla al
tamaño real de un hombre, revelando un efecto borroso que confiere a los
espectadores una sensación de extrañeza y lejanía.
Para Boltanski, la memoria es siempre el elemento más importante de
toda creación. El artista cree que lo que hace es “un tipo de búsqueda para la
parte muerta de sí mismo, una arqueología para explorar la parte más
profunda de su memoria”55. Evidentemente, este tema posee una relación
íntima con el origen judío de Boltanski.
36.
Christian
Boltanski.
Monumento, 1985. Fotografías,
marcos metales, bombillas,
alambre. Dimensiones varías.
A partir de 1985, Boltanski comenzó a crear la serie Monumento (fig.36),
que explica claramente su propia identidad, la segunda generación de
55
Judith Collins. Sculpture today. Editorial Phaidon Press Limited, London, 2007, p. 292.
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supervivientes judíos tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial. El espacio para
exponer las obras se plantea como si fuera un lugar para refrescar la memoria
de los muertos anónimos. La obra Monumento se expuso en varios lugares
durante los años ochenta o mejor nombrada serie ya que, para corresponder a
la dimensión y la iluminación de las diferentes salas, esta instalación
escultórica tuvo que adaptarse a diferentes dimensiones de altura y de
anchura. Sin embargo, no importa con qué dimensiones se expusiera esta
obra ya que, tanto las fotos de re-photographed, como las bombillas o las
cajas metálicas, son los elementos indispensables que se repiten y que no
podían faltar.
Las fotos de re-photographed de los niños están enmarcadas por marcos
metálicos de color negro o blanco y los alambres arrastran las líneas,
desordenándose sobre la superficie de las fotos. Las bombillas se colocan en
los alrededores, permitiendo que la luz ilumine la cara de los niños. Estas fotos
enmarcadas se depositan encima de cajas oxidadas, presentando las
bombillas como si fueran las velas de una ofrenda y revelando así la obra en
su totalidad como si fuera un altar de la memoria. ¿Nos preguntamos quién
son estos niños? Nadie puede contestar a esta pregunta. Boltanski dice:
“Entre estos niños me he encontrado a mí mismo; entre ellos quizás
estuviera la chica de la que me enamoré. A excepción de las caras de las
fotos no recuerdo nada. Se puede decir que ellos desaparecieron de mi
memoria, que ese período de tiempo ya murió”56.
Boltanski espera que los espectadores comparen esta obra con su propia
situación, recordando así el transcurso de su propia memoria. Quizás, estos
niños todavía vivan físicamente; sin embargo, para Boltanski, en las fotos
permanecen en un transcurso eterno.
Además, no es difícil que imaginemos que las cajas de metal situadas
56
Christian Boltanski. Citado por Ernst van Alphen en Art in Mind: How contemporary
Images Shape Thought. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2005, p 38.
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debajo de las fotos iluminadas puedan ser como los compartimentos para
conservar los archivos de los niños que aparecen en las fotos. Estos archivos
antiguos quizás fueran el expediente médico, el certificado de nacimiento o de
defunción, o cualquier documento que podría demostrar la identidad de estos
niños anónimos. Las cajas son, así, el recipiente para conservar la memoria,
que conservará no sólo la memoria de estos niños, sino la propia memoria del
artista. Aunque el cuerpo físico desaparezca, la memoria sobre ellos podrá ser
conservada entera y eternamente por la existencia de estas cajas.
37. Christian Boltanski. Los archivos de C.B.
1965-1988, 1989. Caja metal, fotografías,
lámparas, alambres, 270×693×35.5 cm.
38. Detalle de Los archivos de C.B. 1965-1988.
La misma idea la podemos encontrar en la obra Los archivos de C.B.
1965-1988 (fig.37), que se expuso en el Centre Georges Pompidou de París
en 1989. Esta obra es como un muro gigante formado por cajas oxidadas de
galletas. Cada caja lleva una etiqueta con números, colgándose una lámpara
encima de cada una de la primera fila superior. Esta forma de depositar posee
105
CAPÍTULO III – Una aproximación a la definición del vacío en la escultura contemporánea en Oriente vs
Occidente
3.1 Conservar, coleccionar y presentar: El vacío de la caja
una similitud extraordinaria con la de depositar la urna en el mundo oriental,
que expresa un potente sentimiento de antigüedad, en relación con el
ambiente de la muerte. Estas cajas son, en total, seiscientas cuarenta y seis.
Pero, si la contemplamos desde la lejanía, la obra es como una gigante masa
de metal oxidado. En estas cajas se conserva un total de mil doscientas fotos y
ochocientos archivos, que fueron coleccionados por el artista. Boltanski, fruto
de una actitud de fanatismo hacia todo tipo de archivos, documentos y
registros, intentará preservar la impresión del objeto y la memoria que dejan
los hombres, como una huella en el transcurso de la vida. Para él, a fin de
cuentas, el cuerpo desparece, pero la memoria existe para siempre aunque
únicamente se conserve una pequeña porción. En Los archivos de C.B.
1965-1988, quizás no se reconozca a ninguno de los propietarios de los
archivos que conservan las cajas. Sin embargo, para Boltanski no tiene
ninguna importancia. Estos archivos son, más bien, un símbolo de la memoria;
memoria de las personas que han sufrido el mismo dolor que él. Boltanski, de
este modo, conserva la memoria, así como también conserva (y presenta) una
demostración de que los anónimos existieron y existirán siempre en nuestro
recuerdo.
La obra de Boltanski visualiza el dramatismo de la memoria, para ello
utiliza objetos y fotos de lo cotidiano. Sin embargo, como lo que el crítico de
arte Yu Chen Cai cree, “estos objetos causan en los espectadores un potente
sentimiento, por medio de la forma de instalar (valiéndose de la luz y de la
sombra) la experiencia y la memoria propia de cada uno de ellos”57. Para
Boltanski, la caja es el lugar donde se conserva la memoria, no solo la de otros,
sino también donde el artista deposita la parte más intima la suya propia.
57
Yu Chen Cai. El falso y la realidad de la memoria y su presentación. A partir del “Álbum
familiar de D” de Christian Boltanski. En la revista Las personas que comentan el arte. El
instituto universitario del arte de la Universidad Nacional Central, Zhongli, N.9, Mayo, 2007, p.
107.
106
CAPÍTULO III – Una aproximación a la definición del vacío en la escultura contemporánea en Oriente vs
Occidente
3.1 Conservar, coleccionar y presentar: El vacío de la caja
3.1.3.2 El recuerdo de la historia: Duck Hyun Cho
En la mayoría de los países occidentales, el arte asiático contemporáneo
es mencionado escasamente por los críticos. El antropólogo James Cifford
cree que “el pasado tradicional de Asia tiene su parte ventajosa en la que el
arte es definido como la presentación cultural única de esta zona” 58.
Evidentemente, esta versión expresa una parte de la realidad, pero también
explica el dilema que acosa a los artistas contemporáneos asiáticos. La forma
y las corrientes del arte contemporáneo asiático están influidas, claramente,
por la cultura occidental. Sin embargo, por otra parte, la insistencia en la
tradición, la nación, la región y la religión, se convierten en una razón de los
artistas para recordar y respetar su propia tradición cultural, o también como
una manera para oponerse a la cultura occidental. Podemos decir que al
mezclar la forma y la técnica del arte moderno occidental y el concepto local
propiamente oriental, se produce la característica principal del arte
contemporáneo
asiático.
Sobre
esta
característica
se
preocupa,
concretamente, la obra de Duck Hyun Cho.
Duck Hyun Cho es uno de los artistas contemporáneos más importantes
de Corea. En el Siglo XX, la poderosa violación por parte de la cultura
occidental y el poder industrial desplazarán rápidamente la cultura tradicional
coreana, perdiendo los habitantes gradualmente la confianza y el orgullo de su
propia cultura. Para la generación de Duck Hyun Cho, aunque la contradicción
violenta de la política ya había acabado, todavía existía la huella de la época
pasada, que ocupó su infancia entera. Por esto mismo, notamos que al unir la
memoria antigua transcurrida (la cultura tradicional) con las corrientes actuales
(la influencia de la cultura occidental), se manifiesta el núcleo de la creación de
Duck Hyun Cho.
Duck Hyun Cho suele utilizar fotografías antiguas para crear sus trabajos,
58
James Cifford. Citado por Vishakha Desai en Contrariar el mundo: El presente y el pasado.
En la revista El arte moderno. El Museo Municipal de Taipéi, Taipéi, N 80, octubre, 1998, p. 4.
107
CAPÍTULO III – Una aproximación a la definición del vacío en la escultura contemporánea en Oriente vs
Occidente
3.1 Conservar, coleccionar y presentar: El vacío de la caja
notándose una evidente influencia, sobre todo, de Gerhard Richter y Christian
Boltanski. Lo que narra directamente al espectador la vetusta foto que utiliza
Duck Hyun Cho es el concepto en sí: la memoria; una memoria común de
todos los coreanos que el propio artista quería despertar. Por esto mismo,
muchas de estas fotos proceden de la época colonial japonesa, la Segunda
Guerra Mundial o la guerra civil de Corea; registrando el dolor común de los
coreanos y uniéndolo con el recuerdo de su propia familia y de sí mismo, razón
por la que algunas de las fotos que utiliza proceden de su familia.
39. Duck Hyun Cho. Una memoria del siglo
XX, 1996. Grafito, carboncillo sobre lienzo,
estructura de madera.
40. Detalle de Una memoria del siglo XX.
108
CAPÍTULO III – Una aproximación a la definición del vacío en la escultura contemporánea en Oriente vs
Occidente
3.1 Conservar, coleccionar y presentar: El vacío de la caja
A partir de 1993, Duck Hyun Cho empezó a crear la serie Una memoria
del siglo XX (fig.39). En ésta, amplia las fotos a tamaño real y utiliza el
carboncillo para dibujarlas sobre el lienzo con una técnica extraordinariamente
detallista. Estos dibujos se depositan en las cajas negras, profundas o poco
profundas, que posteriormente son iluminadas por una luz, plasmándose en la
obra una sensación como si de un altar o estructura arquitectónica se tratase.
Además, el artista deposita objetos reales, o deja que la tela o el ropaje del
personaje del dibujo que se extienda a las afueras del cuadro. Estos objetos se
salen, de este modo, del cuadro bidimensional y entran en un espacio
tridimensional, donde se encuentran con los espectadores. Lo falso y la
realidad se entrecruzan, y el artista relaciona la memoria pasada de la foto con
la actualidad que procede de los espectadores. Duck Hyun Cho conserva las
imágenes en las cajas, además de la memoria histórica de cada anónimo. Al
presentar estas imágenes a los espectadores, parece abrirse una antigua
maleta de la memoria.
Para Duck Hyun Cho, la caja es el recipiente para conservar la memoria y
la historia. Sin embargo, la memoria y la historia son cosas transcurridas
difíciles de imaginar, por lo que estas cajas llevan, inevitablemente, el olor de
la muerte. También podemos encontrar esta característica en la obra de
Christian Boltanski que, realmente, está considerado como un maestro del arte
contemporáneo occidental, y cuya manera especial para expresar la memoria
pasada influye profundamente en el estilo de Duck Hyun Cho. El vacío de la
caja de ambos artistas se presenta como si contuviera una profundidad
insondable; lo que conecta este vacío es la parte pasada misteriosa, que
constituye la parte esencial de sus obras. Según este punto de vista,
encontramos el trabajo común que desempeña la caja tanto en la escultura
occidental como en la oriental, siendo el recipiente que conserva la memoria.
Sin embargo, lo que expresa Boltanski es un luto cargado de sentimiento por
la triste memoria colectiva de los judíos, mientras que Duck Hyun Cho, a
través de una forma similar, se centra en representar la memoria como la
historia, de una manera más próxima a la objetividad.
109
CAPÍTULO III – Una aproximación a la definición del vacío en la escultura contemporánea en Oriente vs
Occidente
3.1 Conservar, coleccionar y presentar: El vacío de la caja
41. Duck Hyun Cho. Acumulación, 1995. Grafito, carboncillo sobre lienzo, 200 cajas de
madera de los paneles enterrados durante varios meses.
La obra Acumulación (fig.41) consiste en doscientas cajas pequeñas de
maderas. Antes de instalarlas, Duck Hyun Cho enterró estas cajas durante
varios meses para que tuvieran un aspecto antiguo, como el botín de un
arqueólogo. Ya instaladas, estas cajas se apilan hacía arriba formando un
triángulo a modo de pirámide, que se asocia con la serie de la obra
Monumento de Christian Boltanski. En algunas de estas cajas se depositan
dibujos de bebés, creados por el mismo artista. Se crea así una apariencia de
ataúdes enterrados, coexistiendo una sensación antagónica de vida y muerte,
explicando el hecho de que la vida se desaparece inevitablemente pero, a la
vez, circula ininterrumpidamente. Lo que conservan estas cajas es la memoria
que van a tener los bebes; la memoria que la vida que se acabó y regresó a la
tierra.
La historia y la memoria son los dos elementos más importantes de las
obras de Duck Hyun Cho. Para él, la historia significa más que la memoria, y lo
que puede expresar una foto decolorada no alcanza la importancia de la
memoria 59 . Al contemplar la obra de Duck Hyun Cho, no importa a que
59
Susan Candel. Photographic Memories. [Consulta: 03/03/2010].
110
CAPÍTULO III – Una aproximación a la definición del vacío en la escultura contemporánea en Oriente vs
Occidente
3.1 Conservar, coleccionar y presentar: El vacío de la caja
nacionalidad o cultura se pertenezca, ya que lo que se percibe sea, quizás, la
misma cosa. Es decir, que la memoria pertenece a nuestros antepasados,
siendo a la vez tan lejana y tan conocida.
http://www.choduckhyun.com/bbs/zboard.php?id=board&page=2&sn1=&divpage=1&sn=off&
ss=on&sc=on&select_arrange=headnum&desc=asc&no=7
111
CAPÍTULO III – Una aproximación a la definición del vacío en la escultura contemporánea en Oriente vs
Occidente
3.1 Conservar, coleccionar y presentar: El vacío de la caja
3.1.3.3 La memoria de la familia: Shun Zhu Chen
Shuen Zhu Chen, es uno de los representantes más conocidos en el
ámbito de la instalación fotográfica en Taiwán. Su obra se caracteriza por la
utilización de la fotografía y el espacio tridimensional para presentar la relación
entre la vida y la muerte, el ser y el no ser. Si bien en el arte contemporáneo el
registro fotográfico ya no cumple una función tan importante como lo hacía con
anterioridad, esta función de la fotografía todavía sobrepasa hoy a la de otras
manifestaciones. Para Shuen Zhu Chen, en el momento en que pulsa el
disparador, la memoria de ese mismo instante ya se ha plasmado en la foto.
Ese momento pasó y todas las fotos se convierten en el testimonio del tiempo
pasado y de la memoria muerta. La mayoría de las fotos que utiliza son de sus
familiares; algunas son retratos individuales o de grupo y otras sacadas en
momentos especiales. Estos retales de la memoria son la fuente de su
creación, además de ser un recuerdo de sus familiares y de otros tiempos
pasados.
La característica principal de la fotografía de Shun Zhu Chen, además de
añadir otros materiales, reside en el hecho de que la expone de forma
tridimensional, uniéndola así con el espacio y el ambiente. Como él mismo
dice:
“A veces, la fotografía no puede expresar exactamente lo que piensa el
artista y me gustaría introducir el objeto para que sea una parte de la obra.
Deposito el objeto junto con la fotografía o los pongo de forma entrecruzada,
para que resulte un estado contrario pero equilibrado”60.
A partir de 1992, Shun Zhu Chen empezó a crear la serie Caja negra de la
familia (fig.42). Aquí, une la fotografía y la escultura, que se convertirá en el
estilo predominante de sus obras posteriores. Las cajas que utiliza en sus
obras son el recipiente de su memoria, la memoria sobre su infancia y sus
60
Shun Zhu Chen. Citado en el catálogo de la fotografía Entre el falso y la realidad. Editorial
Galería APU, Taipéi, 1994.
112
CAPÍTULO III – Una aproximación a la definición del vacío en la escultura contemporánea en Oriente vs
Occidente
3.1 Conservar, coleccionar y presentar: El vacío de la caja
familiares. Lo que la caja ofrece a Shun Zhu Chen, de este modo, es intimidad
y seguridad, ya que las imágenes que conserva en la caja son aquellos objetos
preciosos que necesitan ser protegidos. El artista Ding Yan Mei cree que “el
espacio cerrado de la caja de Shun Zhu Chen, lleva la ilusión de la privacidad y
la posesión”61, que puede ser la explicación adecuada para la obra del artista
taiwanés.
La serie Caja negra de la
familia está formada por un total de
siete
obras,
donde
el
artista
reflexiona sobre el recuerdo de la
memoria transcurrida de la familia
y la cuestión sobre la existencia de
sí
mismo.
Shun
Zhu
Chen
adoptará la forma del collage,
42. Shun Zhu Chen. La sala de la exposición
Caja negra de la familia, 1993.
depositando
vetustas
y
pegando
fotografías
de
las
los
miembros familiares en cajas antiguas. Para él, la caja simboliza el lugar que
conserva la memoria empolvada, en la que el artista cuenta la historia de su
propia familia. Además la caja es como un pequeño ataúd, donde yace la vida
y la juventud de los familiares que ya nunca volverán.
En la obra El acuario de la familia, de esta misma serie, la tapa interior de
la caja lleva una foto del cielo en blanco negro, pero está limitado por el marco
de madera de color azul brillante. En cuanto a la fotografía antigua de la familia
del artista que se expone dentro de la caja, también se deposita encima de la
superficie del interior de la caja, que tiene el mismo color que el marco de la
tapa. Entre el color blanco y negro de la foto y el azul de la superficie de la caja
resulta un fuerte contraste que, sin embargo, se funde hábilmente,
revelándose así el recuerdo de la memoria transcurrida y la tristeza del tiempo
61
Ding Yan Mei. El aspecto de la nostalgia que no se arrepiente-El comentario sobre la obra
de Shun Zhu Chen. [Consulta: 03/05/2011].
http://www.itpark.com.tw/artist/critical_data/20/109/282
113
CAPÍTULO III – Una aproximación a la definición del vacío en la escultura contemporánea en Oriente vs
Occidente
3.1 Conservar, coleccionar y presentar: El vacío de la caja
pasado.
En cuanto a la obra El amor
del padre y el amor de la madre
(fig.43), de la misma serie, Shun
Zhu Chen deposita las fotos de
sus padres, en blanco y negro y
en color, tanto en el interior como
en la tapa de la caja. Añadido a
esto, el artista deposita también
un espejo en la superficie del
fondo de caja. Las fotos registran
la vida de los padres del artista,
desde que se conocen y se
enamoran hasta que forman una
familia propia. Lo que leen los
43. Shun Zhu Chen. El amor del padre y el
amor de la madre, 1993. Técnica mixta.
espectadores en la caja abierta
es la historia general de la mayoría de las familias de Taiwán durante los años
cincuenta y sesenta, y la obra se convierte en la propia historia del espectador
al verse reflejado en el fondo de la caja. Sin embargo, para Shun Zhu Chen,
cuando es él mismo el que contempla esta obra, ve como su rostro se refleja
en el espejo, encontrándose en el mismo espacio de la caja donde están las
fotos de sus padres. En comparación con otras personas, el artista puede
percibir, en mayor medida, el transcurso del tiempo y la tristeza indecible de la
alternancia generacional. Los padres, jóvenes en las fotografías, parecían
querer contarse algo mutuamente; algo que sólo podían expresar a través de
la mirada. El ambiente de la obra que crea el artista explica así la idea del
sentimiento sobre la memoria, que sólo puede ser entendido a través de la
percepción, sin depender de las palabras.
Las fotografías en blanco negro de la familia y la caja son, también, los
elementos básicos de la obra El aspecto del agua (fig.44), realizada después
114
CAPÍTULO III – Una aproximación a la definición del vacío en la escultura contemporánea en Oriente vs
Occidente
3.1 Conservar, coleccionar y presentar: El vacío de la caja
de la serie Caja negra de la familia, que ya hemos comentado. Dentro de cada
una de las veinticinco cajas de madera, depositadas ordenadamente, Shun
Zhu Chen pega una foto de gran formato del rostro de alguno de sus familiares.
Posteriormente, dentro de cada caja de madera, deposita una caja de cristal y
la llena de agua. Los rostros pasan a mostrar una imagen de visiones múltiples
por el reflejo del cristal y del agua, transmitiéndonos una sensación de
extrañeza e irrealidad. Además, nos damos cuenta de que lo que sitúa en la
posición más elevada de la estructura es una foto de un bebé varón,
pareciendo sugerir la idea del mundo oriental de tener en mayor estima lo
masculino que lo femenino. Pero, sobre todo, esta obra explica la esencia ética
de la cultura confucionista, que es buscar la perpetuación de la familia.
44. Shun Zhu Chen. El aspecto del agua, 1993. Fotografías, cajas de madera,
cristal y agua. Instalación
En resumen, lo que comenta El aspecto del agua no es el recuerdo de la
memoria, sino más bien el contexto de la ética familiar tradicional de china. En
cuanto al agua que conserva en las cajas, Ding Yan Mei cree que se relaciona
con la memoria sobre el mar, teniendo en cuenta que Shun Zhu Chen creció
115
CAPÍTULO III – Una aproximación a la definición del vacío en la escultura contemporánea en Oriente vs
Occidente
3.1 Conservar, coleccionar y presentar: El vacío de la caja
en la isla Penghu 62 . Esta memoria produce en el artista una sensación
enfrentada, ya que está formada por una serie de buenos recuerdos pero, al
mismo tiempo, le inquieta profundamente. Vemos que el agua en la caja cubre
hasta la boca y la nariz de las fotografías. El hecho de que el agua esté
contenida y encerrada en la caja simboliza el transcurso del tiempo, que se
detiene totalmente, generando así en los espectadores una fuerte sensación
de opresión y de asfixia. Por todo esto se explica que, para Shun Zhu Chen, la
memoria pasada y la ética familiar se convierten, a veces, en una pesada
carga.
Shun Zhu Chen convierte las fotografías de su familia en un material
importante para la creación, otorgándoles un significado mucho mayor que el
de la simple foto tradicional de la familia. La creación de Shun Zhu Chen se
basa en la conversación que surge entre cada una de estas fotos; lo que
persigue no sólo es mostrar la relación entre su familia y él mismo, sino la
cuestión de cómo enfrentarse al pasado transcurrido.
Como Boltanski, Shun Zhu Chen también considera el vacío de la caja
como el lugar donde se conserva la memoria y el pasado. Sin embargo, la
mayoría de las cajas que utiliza posen la característica de poderse abrir y
cerrar, como un joyero. Este hecho explica que lo que se conserva en la caja
es la cosa preciosa para el artista, es decir, la memoria pasada de su familia.
En comparación con la de Boltanski, esta memoria es más íntima, mientras
que aquello que existe en la caja de Shun Zhu Chen, es una tristeza
inexplicable. Sin embargo este sentimiento no es una ceremonia del luto, sino
más acerca a estimación de la memoria pasada. Así, depositar la foto dentro
de la caja no solamente es la forma que adopta para presentarla, sino que es
la mejor manera de proteger su preciada memoria. Como él mismo dirá:
“En el espacio preparado, al entrecruzar las fotografías y los objetos
62
Ding Yan Mei. El aspecto de la nostalgia que no se arrepiente-El comentario sobre la obra
de Shun Zhu Chen. [Consulta: 03/05/2011].
http://www.itpark.com.tw/artist/critical_data/20/109/282
116
CAPÍTULO III – Una aproximación a la definición del vacío en la escultura contemporánea en Oriente vs
Occidente
3.1 Conservar, coleccionar y presentar: El vacío de la caja
según una idea distinta que quería expresar, se muestran los aspectos
múltiples del pasado, la actualidad y el transcurso y la reproducción. Estos
63
aspectos son individuales, pero se complementan mutualmente”.
63
Shun Zhu Chen. Citado en La huella de las estaciones. Editorial Mao Teng Fa Mai S.A.
Taipéi, 2004, p.1.
|
github_open_source_100_1_239 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /* Copyright 2014 MITRE Corporation
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.mitre.provenance.simulate.attack;
/**
* Attack where the base graph is severed into two distinct graphs by removing a single edge.
* @author moxious
*/
public class SeverAttack extends BaseGraph {
public SeverAttack() throws Exception {
super();
attack();
}
private void attack() throws Exception {
addDefaultNodes();
addDefaultEdges();
sever(pdu.getId(), filter2.getId());
} // End attack
} // End SeverAttack
|
github_open_source_100_1_240 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | using Common.Utils;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace DAL.Interfaces
{
public interface IDoctorRepo
{
Result<IEnumerable<Doctor>> Get();
Result<Doctor> Get(int id);
Result RemoveLicence(int id);
Result Remove(int id);
Result Edit(Doctor doctor);
Result Add(Doctor doctor);
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_1_241 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | using Edelstein.Protocol.Utilities.Templates;
namespace Edelstein.Protocol.Gameplay.Game.Continents.Templates;
public interface IContiMoveTemplate : ITemplate
{
string Name { get; }
int StartShipMoveFieldID { get; }
int WaitFieldID { get; }
int MoveFieldID { get; }
int? CabinFieldID { get; }
int EndFieldID { get; }
int EndShipMoveFieldID { get; }
int Term { get; }
int Delay { get; }
bool Event { get; }
IContiMoveTemplateGenMob? GenMob { get; }
int Wait { get; }
int EventEnd { get; }
int Required { get; }
}
|
github_open_source_100_1_242 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #!/bin/bash
# today's date in cli
today=`date +%d-%b-%y`
echo $today
|
http://brucebase.wikidot.com/gig:1988-07-12-waldstadion-frankfurt-germany | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | 1988-07-12 Waldstadion, Frankfurt, West Germany
Scheduled: 19:00 Local Start Time ??:?? / End Time ??:??
Info & Setlist | Venue
"Tunnel Of Love" includes "The Tears Of A Clown" in the outro. "Adam Raised A Cain" includes "Hoochie Coochie Man" and "I'm A Man" in the outro. "Seeds" makes its final tour appearance. "Cover Me" includes "Gimme Shelter" in the outro. "You Can Look (But You Better Not Touch)" includes the sung "Don't You Touch That Thing" intro. "Dancing In The Dark" includes "Lookin' For A Love" in the outro and "Light Of Day" includes "Land Of 1000 Dances". "Born To Run" is solo acoustic. First ever performances in Germany of "Tunnel Of Love", "Boom Boom", "Adam Raised A Cain", "All That Heaven Will Allow", "Seeds", "Brilliant Disguise", "Spare Parts", "War", "Chimes Of Freedom", "Paradise By The "C"", "Who Do You Love?", "She's The One", "I'm A Coward", "Tougher Than The Rest", "Light Of Day", "Sweet Soul Music", and "Raise Your Hand".
Disclaimer | © 1996 - 2019 | Brucebase
Unless otherwise stated, the content of this page is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License.
|
https://vinfrastructure.it/2018/09/vmware-tools-version-in-vsphere-6-5-and-6-7/ | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | Reading Time: 5 minutes
VMware Tools are a set of utilities installed in the guest operating system that improve the control of the virtual machine making the administration easier, can increase the overall performance providing paravirtualized drivers and add also new features and capabilities (for example the snapshots with quiesciencing).
Usually VMware Tools are included with ESXi deployment, but starting with November 2nd, 2015 there are also a standalone version of VMware Tools that can be downloaded as a VMware Tools packages ZIP or TAR.GZ file (or also a VIB file). Downloads are available at this link.
But starting with vSphere 6.5, VMware Tools introduce some enhancements that improve the manageability experience:
• Signed ISO images – VMware Tools are distributed as ISO images to be mounted to individual virtual machines to install or upgrade. To increase the security, in ESXi 6.5 the ISO images are cryptographically verified each time they are read. Additional files with appropriate signatures have been included in the VMware Tools distributions to help this verification.
• Bifurcation of VMware Tools for Legacy and Current Guests – vSphere 6.5 delivers two versions of VMware Tools 10.1 and 10.0.12:
• version 10.1, available for OEM-supported guest OS only.
• version 10.0.12, offered as frozen VMware Tools that won’t receive further enhancements for guests no longer supported by their vendors.
• Bundling of Tools for Most Popular Guests Only – ESXi 6.5 includes VMware Tools for the most widely used guest OSs but VMware provides also tools for other guests (download at https://my.vmware.com/web/vmware).
For more information see also: What Every vSphere Admin Must Know About VMware Tools.
Although a guest OS can run without VMware Tools, the management of power controls and other features are not available until you install VMware Tools. Shutdown or restart options, for example, are not available without VMware Tools. An improved graphic interface, a better mouse control and the ability to copy and paste files are some of main benefits you notice at first sight after the installation.
VMware Tools bundled with ESXi
VMware ESXi includes VMware Tools for supported Windows and Linux guest operating systems,and starting with vSphere 6.5 there are a “current” version and a legacy version (for old OS) as described before.
To quickly determine the version of Tools (and the build number printed in the UI) that was included with an ESXi release or patch, use this link: https://packages.vmware.com/tools/versions
For example, for latest distribution:
VMware vSphere version VMware Tools version VMware Tools build
6.5 10.1.0 10252
6.5U1 10.1.7 10279
6.5U2 10.2.1 10305
6.5U3 10.3.10 10346
6.7 10.2.0 10304
6.7U1 10.3.2 10338
6.7U2 10.3.10 10341
6.7U3 10.3.10 10346
Note that signature verification for VMware Tools ISO images are enforced from ESXi 6.5. Signatures are present in VMware Tools version 10.1.0 and 10.0.12 which is bundled with ESXi 6.5.
VMware Tools version older than 10.1.0 or 10.0.12 do not have signatures. Using VMware Tools without signatures on ProductLocker will lead to VMware Tools version status being reported as guestToolsSupportedOld or guestToolsTooOld in vSphere APIs and UI.
For more information see the VMware KB 2147440 (Version status of older VMware Tools on ESXi 6.5)
Standalone VMware Tools
As announced during the VMworld session “INF5123 – Managing vSphere Deployments and Upgrades – Part 2”, VMware Tools 10.0.0 have been released, and (starting from 3rd September) are available in the MyVMware download page as a separated package. Separated and independent from VMware Fusion, Workstation and ESXi virtualization solutions!
For more information see: VMware Tools is now an independed package.
VMware has decided that there isn’t any specific reason that VMware Tools builds should be tied to vSphere releases/ESXi builds. In this new way, new key features/updates can be distribuite quickly as possible.
You can download the standalone version of VMware Tools as ZIP or TAR.GZ file or also MSI or VIB file packages.
Note that some version have been retired: Issues with VMware Tools Version 10.3.0 and vmxnet NIC
For Linux, there are three different distribution formats for VMware Tools:
• TAR Tools are provided by VMware and installed via script
• Operating System Specific Packages are binary packages created and hosted by VMware at packages.vmware.com
• Open VM Tools are binary packages compiled by individual Linux vendors and included in almost all current distributions.
VMware Tools OSP
VMware Tools Operating System Specific Packages (OSP) are a packaging and distribution mechanism for VMware Tools that uses the native package formats and standards, such as rpm and deb, of the supported guest operating systems.
Offering an alternative to standard VMware Tools installation mechanisms, OSPs leverage your operating system’s native update mechanisms to automatically download, install, and manage VMware Tools as appropriate for that operating system. With OSPs, you manage VMware Tools from within the guest in the same way you would other standard software.
To install Open VM Tools in a CentOS virtual machine, access the system console and run the following command:
# yum install open-vm-tools
Open VM Tools
Open VM Tools (OVT, also referred as open-vm-tools) is an open source implementation of VMware Tools specific for Linux that allows to bundle the tools into the guest OS avoiding the management of VMware Tools lifecycle. Open VM Tools are delivered with rpm packages or with yum or apt.
When Linux distributions offer Open VM Tools, VMware recommends using those instead of installing the TAR version that is included with ESXi, especially now that paravirtualized Linux drivers are present in the upstream kernel
There are open-vm-tools (or OSP) available for the following operating systems:
• Fedora 19 and later releases
• Debian 7.x and later releases
• openSUSE 11.x and later releases
• Recent Ubuntu releases (12.04 LTS, 13.10 and later)
• Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.0 and later releases
• CentOS 7.0 and later releases
• Oracle Linux 7.0 and later releases
• SUSE Linux Enterprise 11 SP4, 12 and later releases
Virtualization, Cloud and Storage Architect. Tech Field delegate. VMUG IT Co-Founder and board member. VMware VMTN Moderator and vExpert 2010-20 and vExpert Pro. Dell TechCenter Rockstar 2014-15. Microsoft MVP 2014-16. Veeam Vanguard 2015-19. Nutanix NTC 2014-20. Several certifications including: VCDX-DCV, VCP-DCV/DT/Cloud, VCAP-DCA/DCD/CIA/CID/DTA/DTD, MCSA, MCSE, MCITP, CCA, NPP..
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6112168_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | STATE ex rel. OKLAHOMA BAR ASSOCIATION v. ROLLER
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STATE ex rel. OKLAHOMA BAR ASSOCIATION v. ROLLER2022 OK 2Case Number: SCBD-6907Decided: 01/10/2022THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF OKLAHOMA
Cite as: 2022 OK 2, __ P.3d __
NOTICE: THIS OPINION HAS NOT BEEN RELEASED FOR PUBLICATION. UNTIL RELEASED, IT IS SUBJECT TO REVISION OR WITHDRAWAL.
STATE OF OKLAHOMA ex rel. OKLAHOMA BAR ASSOCIATION, Complainant,
v.
MICHELLE ANN ROLLER, Respondent.
ORDER APPROVING RESIGNATION
PENDING DISCIPLINARY PROCEEDINGS
¶1 Before this Court is (1) the affidavit of Respondent Michelle Ann Roller filed pursuant to Rule 8.1 of the Rules Governing Disciplinary Proceedings (RGDP), 5 O.S.2011, ch. 1, app. 1-A, requesting that this Court allow her to resign her membership in the Oklahoma Bar Association (OBA) and relinquish her right to practice law, (2) the OBA's Application for Order Approving Resignation Pending Disciplinary Proceedings, and (3) the OBA's Application to Assess Costs.
¶2 THE COURT FINDS AND HOLDS:
a. On September 25, 2013, the OBA admitted Roller to membership. On November 30, 2021, the OBA filed with this Court Roller's affidavit of resignation pending disciplinary proceedings. Roller executed her affidavit on November 3, 2021.
b. Roller's affidavit of resignation reflects that (a) she freely and voluntarily rendered her resignation; (b) she was not subject to coercion or duress; and, (c) she was fully aware of the consequences of submitting her resignation.
c. Roller is aware that on March 20, 2020, the OBA initiated a disciplinary proceeding against her pursuant to Rule 6, RGDP, in State of Oklahoma ex rel. Oklahoma Bar Association v. Michelle Ann Roller, SCBD No. 6907. Roller is also aware the OBA filed a six-count Amended Complaint on August 20, 2021. A summary of the six grievances is as follows:
1. The Roman matter involved incompetence and neglect of her client's case in preparing a Qualified Domestic Relations Order (QDRO). Roller's incompetence and neglect caused her client financial difficulty over the course of two years that it took for Roller to resolve the matter. The Professional Responsibility Commission voted to offer Roller a dismissal of the grievance against her with a letter of admonition, conditioned upon her successful completion of the attorney diversion program. Within four months of executing the attorney diversion program contract, the OBA received a new grievance against Roller. The Professional Responsibility Commission determined that Roller materially breached the terms of her contract and voted to file formal charges against her.
2. The Cabelka matter involved a conflict of interest in representing a prisoner (a known member of a prison gang) after having previously represented his common-law wife, a named co-defendant, in a criminal matter concerning the murder of a prison guard. Roller previously represented the prisoner in other criminal matters. Roller eventually withdrew from her representation of the wife and filed an entry of appearance on behalf of the prisoner. The wife never agreed for Roller to represent the prisoner, a co-defendant, and Roller never obtained permission from the wife to waive confidentiality or the conflict of interest. The wife agreed to cooperate with authorities and testify against her husband in the matter concerning the prison guard murder. Roller attempted to have the wife change her testimony and showed the wife a letter from the prisoner, which was threatening in nature.
3. The Ramos matter involved a custody and visitation case wherein the district court continued a hearing on a motion to enforce because Roller did not dress appropriately in courtroom attire, and the client had to miss a day of work due to Roller's unprofessional conduct. The district court had previously denied Roller access to the courtroom because she dressed inappropriately. Further, Roller's representation contract with Ramos stated that Roller deemed her fees earned upon receipt to assure her availability in the matter, which was not appropriate under the Oklahoma Rules of Professional Conduct (ORPC), 5 O.S. 2011, ch. 1, app. 3-A.
4. The Pena matter involved an uncontested divorce where Roller had previously represented the wife. The husband believed that Roller was to mediate the matter and file the divorce once the parties reached an agreement. Roller did not advise the parties about the conflict of interest nor obtained a waiver from the husband or wife. There was also no contract for representation signed by either the husband or wife. When the parties could not reach an agreement, the husband requested that Roller move forward with the divorce, and he paid half of the retainer quoted by Roller. However, Roller failed to perform any work on the matter, and the husband demanded a refund. Roller failed to refund the unearned fees, and she charged for work she never completed.
5. The Whitfield matter involved neglect and incompetence in handling a decree modification and child support arrearage. Roller never deposited the retainer paid by her client into her IOLTA account because her position was that she earned the money before her client paid it. However, Roller never provided the client an invoice for services rendered. Roller charged her client for over $10,000 in services but failed to collect any child support due to her client.
6. The Thomas matter involved a divorce and custody matter. Roller failed to provide regular billing statements to her client. Roller also failed to answer discovery on behalf of her client. Opposing counsel filed an application for attorney's fees, and Roller failed to file an answer or appear on behalf of her client on the application for fees. The district court granted the application in full (over $28,000) against the client. The Guardian ad Litem also filed a contempt citation for failure to pay the GAL fees. Roller failed to respond or appear on behalf of her client regarding the contempt citation. At trial, Roller presented her client while the client was under the influence of narcotics. Roller was also uncooperative with opposing counsel, and she failed to respond timely to pleadings, to appear timely in court, and to dress appropriately for meetings.
7. In multiple matters, Roller had issues with establishing appropriate, professional boundaries with these clients.
d. Roller is aware that these allegations would constitute violations of Rules 1.1, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8(b) and (f), 1.9, 1.15, 1.16(d), 3.2, 3.4(b), 3.5(d), 8.4(a), 8.4(c), (d) of the ORPC, and Rule 1.3 of the RGDP, as well as her oath as an attorney.
e. Roller is aware that two additional grievances were filed against her since the OBA filed the Amended Complaint. The Office of the General Counsel of the OBA was investigating the following grievances:
1. Judge Welch Grievance in matter DC-21-176 involved Roller's failure, since May 2021, to correct a proposed order with changes specified by the district court, and in turn, her failure to complete her client's adoption matter.
2. Judge Welch Grievance in matter DC-21-177 involved Roller's neglect on another adoption matter, wherein she failed to appear at a pretrial, to follow the district court's orders and file required pleadings, to file a notice of change of address, and to respond to the district court's inquiries regarding a scheduling conflict. Roller also failed to communicate with her client, which resulted in a delay in the administration of justice.
f. Roller is aware that these two additional grievance allegations would constitute violations of Rules 1.1, 1.3, 1.4, and 8.4(d) of the ORPC and Rule 1.3 of the RGDP.
g. Roller's affidavit of resignation further states:
1. Roller is aware that the OBA has the burden of proving the allegations against her, but she waives any and all rights to contest the allegations.
2. She is aware that approval of her resignation is discretionary with this Court.
3. She is familiar with and agrees to comply with Rule 9.1 of the RGDP, to comply with Rule 11 of the RGDP as a prerequisite to reinstatement, and to make no application for reinstatement prior to the expiration of five (5) years from the effective date of her resignation.
4. She acknowledges that the Client Security Fund may receive claims from her former clients and agrees to reimburse the fund for the principal amounts and statutory interest for claims which it approves and pays as a prerequisite to her reinstatement to the practice of law.
5. She acknowledges and agrees to cooperate with the Office of General Counsel in the task of identifying any active client cases wherein documents and files need to be returned or forwarded to new counsel, and in any client cases where Roller owes fees or refunds.
6. She acknowledges that the OBA has incurred costs in the investigation of this matter in the amount of $1,107.10, and she agrees that she is responsible to reimburse the same.
7. She has surrendered her OBA membership card to the Office of the General Counsel.
¶3 We determine the effective date of Roller's resignation to be the date Roller executed her affidavit of resignation, November 3, 2021.
¶4 This Court finds Roller's resignation pending disciplinary proceedings is in compliance with all the requirements set forth in Rule 8.1 of the RGDP and is accepted.
¶5 Roller's OBA number is 31698, and her official roster address, as shown by OBA records, is 3410 Drusilla Lane, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808.
¶6 IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that the OBA's Application for Order Approving Resignation is approved, and Roller's resignation is deemed effective on the date Roller executed her resignation, November 3, 2021.
¶7 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Roller's name be stricken from the Roll of Attorneys and that she make no application for reinstatement to membership in the OBA prior to the expiration of five (5) years from the effective date of her resignation. See RGDP Rules 8.2 and 11.1.
¶8 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Roller comply with Rule 9.1 of the RGDP and return all client files and refund unearned fees.
¶9 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that as a condition of reinstatement, Roller shall reimburse the Client Security Fund for any monies expended because of her malfeasance or nonfeasance. See RGDP Rule 11.1(b).
¶10 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the OBA's Application to Assess Costs is sustained. Roller shall pay costs in the amount of $1,107.10 within ninety (90) days of the date of this Order.
¶11 DONE BY ORDER OF THE SUPREME COURT IN CONFERENCE this 10th day of January, 2022.
/S/VICE CHIEF JUSTICE
ALL JUSTICES CONCUR.
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http://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2013/505864/abs/ | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
BioMed Research International
Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 505864, 17 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/505864
Research Article
Systems Approaches to Modeling Chronic Mucosal Inflammation
1Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
2Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
3Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, Department of Internal Medicine Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
4Institute for Translational Sciences, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
5Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
6Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
Received 12 June 2013; Revised 8 August 2013; Accepted 9 August 2013
Academic Editor: Tao Huang
Copyright © 2013 Mridul Kalita et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
The respiratory mucosa is a major coordinator of the inflammatory response in chronic airway diseases, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Signals produced by the chronic inflammatory process induce epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) that dramatically alters the epithelial cell phenotype. The effects of EMT on epigenetic reprogramming and the activation of transcriptional networks are known, its effects on the innate inflammatory response are underexplored. We used a multiplex gene expression profiling platform to investigate the perturbations of the innate pathways induced by TGFβ in a primary airway epithelial cell model of EMT. EMT had dramatic effects on the induction of the innate pathway and the coupling interval of the canonical and noncanonical NF-κB pathways. Simulation experiments demonstrate that rapid, coordinated cap-independent translation of TRAF-1 and NF-κB2 is required to reduce the noncanonical pathway coupling interval. Experiments using amantadine confirmed the prediction that TRAF-1 and NF-κB2/p100 production is mediated by an IRES-dependent mechanism. These data indicate that the epigenetic changes produced by EMT induce dynamic state changes of the innate signaling pathway. Further applications of systems approaches will provide understanding of this complex phenotype through deterministic modeling and multidimensional (genomic and proteomic) profiling..
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github_open_source_100_1_243 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from bokeh.core.json_encoder import serialize_json
from bokeh.core.properties import List, String
from bokeh.document import Document
from bokeh.layouts import row, column
from bokeh.models import CustomJS, HoverTool, Range1d, Slider, Button
from bokeh.models.widgets import CheckboxGroup, TextInput, Panel, Tabs
from bokeh.palettes import viridis
from bokeh.plotting import figure, ColumnDataSource
from bokeh.util.compiler import bundle_all_models
from bokeh.util.serialization import make_id
from matplotlib import cm
from matplotlib.colors import rgb2hex
import os
from skyportal.models import (
DBSession,
Obj,
Photometry,
Group,
Instrument,
Telescope,
PHOT_ZP,
)
import sncosmo
DETECT_THRESH = 5 # sigma
SPEC_LINES = {
'H': ([3970, 4102, 4341, 4861, 6563], '#ff0000'),
'He': ([3886, 4472, 5876, 6678, 7065], '#002157'),
'He II': ([3203, 4686], '#003b99'),
'C II': ([3919, 4267, 6580, 7234, 9234], '#570199'),
'C III': ([4650, 5696], '#a30198'),
'C IV': ([5801], '#ff0073'),
'O': ([7772, 7774, 7775, 8447, 9266], '#007236'),
'O II': ([3727], '#00a64d'),
'O III': ([4959, 5007], '#00bf59'),
'Na': ([5890, 5896, 8183, 8195], '#aba000'),
'Mg': ([2780, 2852, 3829, 3832, 3838, 4571, 5167, 5173, 5184], '#8c6239'),
'Mg II': ([2791, 2796, 2803, 4481], '#bf874e'),
'Si II': ([3856, 5041, 5056, 5670, 6347, 6371], '#5674b9'),
'S II': ([5433, 5454, 5606, 5640, 5647, 6715], '#a38409'),
'Ca II': ([3934, 3969, 7292, 7324, 8498, 8542, 8662], '#005050'),
'Fe II': ([5018, 5169], '#f26c4f'),
'Fe III': ([4397, 4421, 4432, 5129, 5158], '#f9917b'),
}
# TODO add groups
# Galaxy lines
#
# 'H': '4341, 4861, 6563;
# 'N II': '6548, 6583;
# 'O I': '6300;'
# 'O II': '3727;
# 'O III': '4959, 5007;
# 'Mg II': '2798;
# 'S II': '6717, 6731'
# 'H': '3970, 4102, 4341, 4861, 6563'
# 'Na': '5890, 5896, 8183, 8195'
# 'He': '3886, 4472, 5876, 6678, 7065'
# 'Mg': '2780, 2852, 3829, 3832, 3838, 4571, 5167, 5173, 5184'
# 'He II': '3203, 4686'
# 'Mg II': '2791, 2796, 2803, 4481'
# 'O': '7772, 7774, 7775, 8447, 9266'
# 'Si II': '3856, 5041, 5056, 5670 6347, 6371'
# 'O II': '3727'
# 'Ca II': '3934, 3969, 7292, 7324, 8498, 8542, 8662'
# 'O III': '4959, 5007'
# 'Fe II': '5018, 5169'
# 'S II': '5433, 5454, 5606, 5640, 5647, 6715'
# 'Fe III': '4397, 4421, 4432, 5129, 5158'
#
# Other
#
# 'Tel: 6867-6884, 7594-7621'
# 'Tel': '#b7b7b7',
# 'H: 4341, 4861, 6563;
# 'N II': 6548, 6583;
# 'O I': 6300;
# 'O II': 3727;
# 'O III': 4959, 5007;
# 'Mg II': 2798;
# 'S II': 6717, 6731'
class CheckboxWithLegendGroup(CheckboxGroup):
colors = List(String, help="List of legend colors")
__implementation__ = """
import {empty, input, label, div} from "core/dom"
import * as p from "core/properties"
import {CheckboxGroup, CheckboxGroupView} from "models/widgets/checkbox_group"
export class CheckboxWithLegendGroupView extends CheckboxGroupView
render: () ->
super()
empty(@el)
active = @model.active
colors = @model.colors
for text, i in @model.labels
inputEl = input({type: "checkbox", value: "#{i}"})
inputEl.addEventListener("change", () => @change_input())
if @model.disabled then inputEl.disabled = true
if i in active then inputEl.checked = true
attrs = {
style: "border-left: 12px solid #{colors[i]}; padding-left: 0.3em;"
}
labelEl = label(attrs, inputEl, text)
if @model.inline
labelEl.classList.add("bk-bs-checkbox-inline")
@el.appendChild(labelEl)
else
divEl = div({class: "bk-bs-checkbox"}, labelEl)
@el.appendChild(divEl)
return @
export class CheckboxWithLegendGroup extends CheckboxGroup
type: "CheckboxWithLegendGroup"
default_view: CheckboxWithLegendGroupView
@define {
colors: [ p.Array, [] ]
}
"""
# TODO replace with (script, div) method
def _plot_to_json(plot):
"""Convert plot to JSON objects necessary for rendering with `bokehJS`.
Parameters
----------
plot : bokeh.plotting.figure.Figure
Bokeh plot object to be rendered.
Returns
-------
(str, str)
Returns (docs_json, render_items) json for the desired plot.
"""
render_items = [{'docid': plot._id, 'elementid': make_id()}]
doc = Document()
doc.add_root(plot)
docs_json_inner = doc.to_json()
docs_json = {render_items[0]['docid']: docs_json_inner}
docs_json = serialize_json(docs_json)
render_items = serialize_json(render_items)
custom_model_js = bundle_all_models()
return docs_json, render_items, custom_model_js
tooltip_format = [
('mjd', '@mjd{0.000000}'),
('flux', '@flux'),
('filter', '@filter'),
('fluxerr', '@fluxerr'),
('mag', '@mag'),
('magerr', '@magerr'),
('lim_mag', '@lim_mag'),
('instrument', '@instrument'),
('stacked', '@stacked'),
]
cmap = cm.get_cmap('jet_r')
def get_color(bandpass_name, cmap_limits=(3000.0, 10000.0)):
if bandpass_name.startswith('ztf'):
return {'ztfg': 'green', 'ztfi': 'orange', 'ztfr': 'red'}[bandpass_name]
else:
bandpass = sncosmo.get_bandpass(bandpass_name)
wave = bandpass.wave_eff
rgb = cmap((cmap_limits[1] - wave) / (cmap_limits[1] - cmap_limits[0]))[:3]
bandcolor = rgb2hex(rgb)
return bandcolor
# TODO make async so that thread isn't blocked
def photometry_plot(obj_id, user, width=600, height=300):
"""Create scatter plot of photometry for object.
Parameters
----------
obj_id : str
ID of Obj to be plotted.
Returns
-------
(str, str)
Returns (docs_json, render_items) json for the desired plot.
"""
data = pd.read_sql(
DBSession()
.query(
Photometry,
Telescope.nickname.label("telescope"),
Instrument.name.label("instrument"),
)
.join(Instrument, Instrument.id == Photometry.instrument_id)
.join(Telescope, Telescope.id == Instrument.telescope_id)
.filter(Photometry.obj_id == obj_id)
.filter(
Photometry.groups.any(Group.id.in_([g.id for g in user.accessible_groups]))
)
.statement,
DBSession().bind,
)
if data.empty:
return None, None, None
data['color'] = [get_color(f) for f in data['filter']]
data['label'] = [
f'{i} {f}-band' for i, f in zip(data['instrument'], data['filter'])
]
data['zp'] = PHOT_ZP
data['magsys'] = 'ab'
data['alpha'] = 1.0
data['lim_mag'] = -2.5 * np.log10(data['fluxerr'] * DETECT_THRESH) + data['zp']
# Passing a dictionary to a bokeh datasource causes the frontend to die,
# deleting the dictionary column fixes that
del data['original_user_data']
# keep track of things that are only upper limits
data['hasflux'] = ~data['flux'].isna()
# calculate the magnitudes - a photometry point is considered "significant"
# or "detected" (and thus can be represented by a magnitude) if its snr
# is above DETECT_THRESH
obsind = data['hasflux'] & (
data['flux'].fillna(0.0) / data['fluxerr'] >= DETECT_THRESH
)
data.loc[~obsind, 'mag'] = None
data.loc[obsind, 'mag'] = -2.5 * np.log10(data[obsind]['flux']) + PHOT_ZP
# calculate the magnitude errors using standard error propagation formulae
# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propagation_of_uncertainty#Example_formulae
data.loc[~obsind, 'magerr'] = None
coeff = 2.5 / np.log(10)
magerrs = np.abs(coeff * data[obsind]['fluxerr'] / data[obsind]['flux'])
data.loc[obsind, 'magerr'] = magerrs
data['obs'] = obsind
data['stacked'] = False
split = data.groupby('label', sort=False)
finite = np.isfinite(data['flux'])
fdata = data[finite]
lower = np.min(fdata['flux']) * 0.95
upper = np.max(fdata['flux']) * 1.05
plot = figure(
plot_width=width,
plot_height=height,
active_drag='box_zoom',
tools='box_zoom,wheel_zoom,pan,reset,save',
y_range=(lower, upper),
)
imhover = HoverTool(tooltips=tooltip_format)
plot.add_tools(imhover)
model_dict = {}
for i, (label, sdf) in enumerate(split):
# for the flux plot, we only show things that have a flux value
df = sdf[sdf['hasflux']]
key = f'obs{i}'
model_dict[key] = plot.scatter(
x='mjd',
y='flux',
color='color',
marker='circle',
fill_color='color',
alpha='alpha',
source=ColumnDataSource(df),
)
imhover.renderers.append(model_dict[key])
key = f'bin{i}'
model_dict[key] = plot.scatter(
x='mjd',
y='flux',
color='color',
marker='circle',
fill_color='color',
source=ColumnDataSource(
data=dict(
mjd=[],
flux=[],
fluxerr=[],
filter=[],
color=[],
lim_mag=[],
mag=[],
magerr=[],
stacked=[],
instrument=[],
)
),
)
imhover.renderers.append(model_dict[key])
key = 'obserr' + str(i)
y_err_x = []
y_err_y = []
for d, ro in df.iterrows():
px = ro['mjd']
py = ro['flux']
err = ro['fluxerr']
y_err_x.append((px, px))
y_err_y.append((py - err, py + err))
model_dict[key] = plot.multi_line(
xs='xs',
ys='ys',
color='color',
alpha='alpha',
source=ColumnDataSource(
data=dict(
xs=y_err_x, ys=y_err_y, color=df['color'], alpha=[1.0] * len(df)
)
),
)
key = f'binerr{i}'
model_dict[key] = plot.multi_line(
xs='xs',
ys='ys',
color='color',
source=ColumnDataSource(data=dict(xs=[], ys=[], color=[])),
)
plot.xaxis.axis_label = 'MJD'
plot.yaxis.axis_label = 'Flux (μJy)'
plot.toolbar.logo = None
toggle = CheckboxWithLegendGroup(
labels=list(data.label.unique()),
active=list(range(len(data.label.unique()))),
colors=list(data.color.unique()),
)
# TODO replace `eval` with Namespaces
# https://github.com/bokeh/bokeh/pull/6340
toggle.callback = CustomJS(
args={'toggle': toggle, **model_dict},
code=open(
os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '../static/js/plotjs', 'togglef.js')
).read(),
)
slider = Slider(start=0.0, end=15.0, value=0.0, step=1.0, title='Binsize (days)')
callback = CustomJS(
args={'slider': slider, 'toggle': toggle, **model_dict},
code=open(
os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '../static/js/plotjs', 'stackf.js')
)
.read()
.replace('default_zp', str(PHOT_ZP))
.replace('detect_thresh', str(DETECT_THRESH)),
)
slider.js_on_change('value', callback)
# Mark the first and last detections
detection_dates = data[data['hasflux']]['mjd']
if len(detection_dates) > 0:
first = round(detection_dates.min(), 6)
last = round(detection_dates.max(), 6)
first_color = "#34b4eb"
last_color = "#8992f5"
midpoint = (upper + lower) / 2
line_top = 5 * upper - 4 * midpoint
line_bottom = 5 * lower - 4 * midpoint
first_x = np.full(5000, first)
last_x = np.full(5000, last)
y = np.linspace(line_bottom, line_top, num=5000)
first_r = plot.line(
x=first_x, y=y, line_alpha=0.5, line_color=first_color, line_width=2,
)
plot.add_tools(
HoverTool(tooltips=[("First detection", f'{first}')], renderers=[first_r],)
)
last_r = plot.line(
x=last_x, y=y, line_alpha=0.5, line_color=last_color, line_width=2
)
plot.add_tools(
HoverTool(tooltips=[("Last detection", f'{last}')], renderers=[last_r],)
)
layout = row(plot, toggle)
layout = column(slider, layout)
p1 = Panel(child=layout, title='Flux')
# now make the mag light curve
ymax = np.nanmax(data['mag']) + 0.1
ymin = np.nanmin(data['mag']) - 0.1
plot = figure(
plot_width=width,
plot_height=height,
active_drag='box_zoom',
tools='box_zoom,wheel_zoom,pan,reset,save',
y_range=(ymax, ymin),
toolbar_location='above',
)
# Mark the first and last detections again
if len(detection_dates) > 0:
midpoint = (ymax + ymin) / 2
line_top = 5 * ymax - 4 * midpoint
line_bottom = 5 * ymin - 4 * midpoint
y = np.linspace(line_bottom, line_top, num=5000)
first_r = plot.line(
x=first_x, y=y, line_alpha=0.5, line_color=first_color, line_width=2,
)
plot.add_tools(
HoverTool(tooltips=[("First detection", f'{first}')], renderers=[first_r],)
)
last_r = plot.line(
x=last_x, y=y, line_alpha=0.5, line_color=last_color, line_width=2
)
plot.add_tools(
HoverTool(
tooltips=[("Last detection", f'{last}')],
renderers=[last_r],
point_policy='follow_mouse',
)
)
imhover = HoverTool(tooltips=tooltip_format)
plot.add_tools(imhover)
model_dict = {}
for i, (label, df) in enumerate(split):
key = f'obs{i}'
model_dict[key] = plot.scatter(
x='mjd',
y='mag',
color='color',
marker='circle',
fill_color='color',
alpha='alpha',
source=ColumnDataSource(df[df['obs']]),
)
imhover.renderers.append(model_dict[key])
unobs_source = df[~df['obs']].copy()
unobs_source.loc[:, 'alpha'] = 0.8
key = f'unobs{i}'
model_dict[key] = plot.scatter(
x='mjd',
y='lim_mag',
color='color',
marker='inverted_triangle',
fill_color='white',
line_color='color',
alpha='alpha',
source=ColumnDataSource(unobs_source),
)
imhover.renderers.append(model_dict[key])
key = f'bin{i}'
model_dict[key] = plot.scatter(
x='mjd',
y='mag',
color='color',
marker='circle',
fill_color='color',
source=ColumnDataSource(
data=dict(
mjd=[],
flux=[],
fluxerr=[],
filter=[],
color=[],
lim_mag=[],
mag=[],
magerr=[],
instrument=[],
stacked=[],
)
),
)
imhover.renderers.append(model_dict[key])
key = 'obserr' + str(i)
y_err_x = []
y_err_y = []
for d, ro in df[df['obs']].iterrows():
px = ro['mjd']
py = ro['mag']
err = ro['magerr']
y_err_x.append((px, px))
y_err_y.append((py - err, py + err))
model_dict[key] = plot.multi_line(
xs='xs',
ys='ys',
color='color',
alpha='alpha',
source=ColumnDataSource(
data=dict(
xs=y_err_x,
ys=y_err_y,
color=df[df['obs']]['color'],
alpha=[1.0] * len(df[df['obs']]),
)
),
)
key = f'binerr{i}'
model_dict[key] = plot.multi_line(
xs='xs',
ys='ys',
color='color',
source=ColumnDataSource(data=dict(xs=[], ys=[], color=[])),
)
key = f'unobsbin{i}'
model_dict[key] = plot.scatter(
x='mjd',
y='lim_mag',
color='color',
marker='inverted_triangle',
fill_color='white',
line_color='color',
alpha=0.8,
source=ColumnDataSource(
data=dict(
mjd=[],
flux=[],
fluxerr=[],
filter=[],
color=[],
lim_mag=[],
mag=[],
magerr=[],
instrument=[],
stacked=[],
)
),
)
imhover.renderers.append(model_dict[key])
key = f'all{i}'
model_dict[key] = ColumnDataSource(df)
key = f'bold{i}'
model_dict[key] = ColumnDataSource(
df[
[
'mjd',
'flux',
'fluxerr',
'mag',
'magerr',
'filter',
'zp',
'magsys',
'lim_mag',
'stacked',
]
]
)
plot.xaxis.axis_label = 'MJD'
plot.yaxis.axis_label = 'AB mag'
plot.toolbar.logo = None
toggle = CheckboxWithLegendGroup(
labels=list(data.label.unique()),
active=list(range(len(data.label.unique()))),
colors=list(data.color.unique()),
)
# TODO replace `eval` with Namespaces
# https://github.com/bokeh/bokeh/pull/6340
toggle.callback = CustomJS(
args={'toggle': toggle, **model_dict},
code=open(
os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '../static/js/plotjs', 'togglem.js')
).read(),
)
slider = Slider(start=0.0, end=15.0, value=0.0, step=1.0, title='Binsize (days)')
button = Button(label="Export Bold Light Curve to CSV")
button.callback = CustomJS(
args={'slider': slider, 'toggle': toggle, **model_dict},
code=open(
os.path.join(
os.path.dirname(__file__), '../static/js/plotjs', "download.js"
)
)
.read()
.replace('objname', obj_id)
.replace('default_zp', str(PHOT_ZP)),
)
toplay = row(slider, button)
callback = CustomJS(
args={'slider': slider, 'toggle': toggle, **model_dict},
code=open(
os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '../static/js/plotjs', 'stackm.js')
)
.read()
.replace('default_zp', str(PHOT_ZP))
.replace('detect_thresh', str(DETECT_THRESH)),
)
slider.js_on_change('value', callback)
layout = row(plot, toggle)
layout = column(toplay, layout)
p2 = Panel(child=layout, title='Mag')
tabs = Tabs(tabs=[p2, p1])
return _plot_to_json(tabs)
# TODO make async so that thread isn't blocked
def spectroscopy_plot(obj_id, spec_id=None):
"""TODO normalization? should this be handled at data ingestion or plot-time?"""
obj = Obj.query.get(obj_id)
spectra = Obj.query.get(obj_id).spectra
if spec_id is not None:
spectra = [spec for spec in spectra if spec.id == int(spec_id)]
if len(spectra) == 0:
return None, None, None
color_map = dict(zip([s.id for s in spectra], viridis(len(spectra))))
data = pd.concat(
[
pd.DataFrame(
{
'wavelength': s.wavelengths,
'flux': s.fluxes,
'id': s.id,
'instrument': s.instrument.telescope.nickname,
}
)
for i, s in enumerate(spectra)
]
)
split = data.groupby('id')
hover = HoverTool(
tooltips=[('wavelength', '$x'), ('flux', '$y'), ('instrument', '@instrument')]
)
plot = figure(
plot_width=600,
plot_height=300,
sizing_mode='scale_both',
tools='box_zoom,wheel_zoom,pan,reset',
active_drag='box_zoom',
)
plot.add_tools(hover)
model_dict = {}
for i, (key, df) in enumerate(split):
model_dict['s' + str(i)] = plot.line(
x='wavelength', y='flux', color=color_map[key], source=ColumnDataSource(df)
)
plot.xaxis.axis_label = 'Wavelength (Å)'
plot.yaxis.axis_label = 'Flux'
plot.toolbar.logo = None
# TODO how to choose a good default?
plot.y_range = Range1d(0, 1.03 * data.flux.max())
toggle = CheckboxWithLegendGroup(
labels=[s.instrument.telescope.nickname for s in spectra],
active=list(range(len(spectra))),
width=100,
colors=[color_map[k] for k, df in split],
)
toggle.callback = CustomJS(
args={'toggle': toggle, **model_dict},
code="""
for (let i = 0; i < toggle.labels.length; i++) {
eval("s" + i).visible = (toggle.active.includes(i))
}
""",
)
elements = CheckboxWithLegendGroup(
labels=list(SPEC_LINES.keys()),
active=[],
width=80,
colors=[c for w, c in SPEC_LINES.values()],
)
z = TextInput(value=str(obj.redshift), title="z:")
v_exp = TextInput(value='0', title="v_exp:")
for i, (wavelengths, color) in enumerate(SPEC_LINES.values()):
el_data = pd.DataFrame({'wavelength': wavelengths})
el_data['x'] = el_data['wavelength'] * (1 + obj.redshift)
model_dict[f'el{i}'] = plot.segment(
x0='x',
x1='x',
# TODO change limits
y0=0,
y1=1e-13,
color=color,
source=ColumnDataSource(el_data),
)
model_dict[f'el{i}'].visible = False
# TODO callback policy: don't require submit for text changes?
elements.callback = CustomJS(
args={'elements': elements, 'z': z, 'v_exp': v_exp, **model_dict},
code="""
let c = 299792.458; // speed of light in km / s
for (let i = 0; i < elements.labels.length; i++) {
let el = eval("el" + i);
el.visible = (elements.active.includes(i))
el.data_source.data.x = el.data_source.data.wavelength.map(
x_i => (x_i * (1 + parseFloat(z.value)) /
(1 + parseFloat(v_exp.value) / c))
);
el.data_source.change.emit();
}
""",
)
z.callback = elements.callback
v_exp.callback = elements.callback
layout = row(plot, toggle, elements, column(z, v_exp))
return _plot_to_json(layout)
|
6144573_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Ivan Vyhovsky (en ukrainien : Іван Виговський) est né env. 1608 et mort en 1664 à Vilchovec en Ukraine. Il est désigné hetman des cosaques d'Ukraine de 1657 à 1659.
Biographie
Ivan Vyhovsky, fils d'Ostap Vyhovsky, gouverneur de la forteresse de Kiev est un aristocrate ukrainien orthodoxe ; intelligent et instruit, il est choisi en comme hetman par les cosaques qui rejettent la tentative d'instauration d'un pouvoir héréditaire par Iouri Khmelnytsky.
Ivan Vyhovsky ouvre rapidement des négociations avec le khanat de Crimée, la Suède et la Pologne pour établir l'indépendance de l'Ukraine au sein de l'Union de Pologne-Lituanie.
Le , un accord secret est conclu avec les envoyés de Jean II Casimir Vasa, roi de Pologne, dénommé « Union de Hadiatch » (). La république des Deux Nations devait se transformer en république tripartite de Pologne-Lituanie-Ruthénie. Les trois pays unis sous un roi commun élu librement, devraient faire cause commune en cas de guerre. Si la Moscovie parvenait à un accord avec la Pologne, elle serait admise dans l'union, dont le premier objectif secret était la conquête du Khanat de Crimée.
Les anciennes principautés de Kiev, Bratslav et Tchernihiv auraient leur propre Sénat exerçant le pouvoir législatif suprême. L'exécutif serait confié à un hetman choisi par le roi entre quatre candidats proposés par les Cosaques. Le servage serait aboli pour les Cosaques dont les officiers anoblis recevraient des terres. L'église orthodoxe et l'église catholique romaine seraient traitées à parité.
Il semble que le projet allait aboutir lorsque l'armée russe envoyée contre Vyhovsky est battue et l'invasion de la Moscovie rendue possible. Toutefois, Ivan Vyhovsky laisse passer l'occasion et les Cosaques ordinaires qui ne faisaient pas partie des enregistrés craignent d'être réduits au servage par les nobles polonais et les officiers anoblis. Un autre parti de Cosaques refuse donc l'accord et, sous la direction de Martyn Pouchkar, colonel commandant les régiments cosaques de Poltava, et de , se met sous la protection du tsar de Moscou. Ivan Vyhovsky est finalement contraint à abdiquer le . Les Cosaques choisissent pour le remplacer le faible Iouri Khmelnytsky.
Hommages
Un musée lui est dédié à Rouda, le « musée Ivan Vyhovsky », dépendant de la galerie nationale d'art de Lviv.
La blindée ukrainienne lui est dédiée.
Notes et références
Voir aussi
Bibliographie
Francis Dvornik Les Slaves, histoire, civilisation de l'Antiquité aux débuts de l'Époque contemporaine, Éditions du Seuil, Paris 1970, 855-856.
Subtelny Orest Ukraine: A History, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1988.
Articles connexes
Liste des hetmans Ukrainiens
Galerie nationale d'art de Lviv
Liens externes
Histoire de l'Ukraine
Cosaques d'Ukraine
Décès en 1664
Cosaque zaporogue
Personnalité ukrainienne du XVIIe siècle.
|
bub_gb_rtVxBYR-gNMC_6 | French-PD-diverse | Public Domain | » fait entendre qu’ils Ibuhaitoient une elpece de là s» tisfaélion ; ni l’un ni l’autre ne font point de mon » goût. — Mon lentiment leroit d’éluder par d’hon » -nêtes réponfes leurs demandes. Vous avez allez d’efi 3» prit pour cela ; car à coup lur, fi vous conlèntiez » à ces deux choies , ce font des gens qui ne par-; P donnent jamais , ils fe ferviront de votre Orailbn P funebre & de votre rétràélation pour vous décrui * ■Digitized by Gooÿçlc SUR LES AFFAIRES DES JESUITES , L17. 1. 1 1 7 » re , s’ils le peuvent. Si vous avez dît la vérité, ‘ » pourquoi vous retraéler ? Parmi eux , qui in uno » peccat ffadus eji omnium tous : Quiconque en of » ienlê un leul , c’eft comme s’il les attaquoit tous. « Et en effet, l’expérience apprend par des milliers •d'exemples , que tel eft l’efprit de la Société. Cet cfprit ne paroît que trop dans la conduite qu’elle tient avec le P. Norbert. Les Jéfuites de Paris l’accufenc de deux inCgnes fauflêtés à la Cour de France , dans le deflêin de venger les injures prétendues qu’il a faites aux Jéfuites des Indes ; l'une, d'avoir prononcé ■un Eloge funebre qui les a déshonorés ; l’autre , de •s’être emparé de la Supériorité du nouvel Etabliffe ' ment des Relîgieufes à leur préjudice. Que l’Oraifort funebre ait fait déshonneur aux Miffionnaires de la Société , il faut en convenir; mais qu’elle ait fcanda lifé , rien de plus faux. Que le P. Norbert (bit Su périeur des Religieufès au préjudice & à la douleur des Jéfuites , on n’a pas de peine à en convenir ; mais qu’il fe foit fait nommer à cette charge , la calomnie eft évidente. Le P. Norbert inftruit de la malice de les enne XLyi. mis , comprend qu’il ne peut trop fè munir contre leurs machinations. Dans cette vue il demande à la auejhpar Religieufe , avant fbn retour en Europe , de lui don *rif que ner une déclaration par écrit, félon faconfcience, de ce qui s’étoit palTé entr'elie & fès Sœurs au fujetde la Jlu S’upé nêmination-à la Supériorité fur ce nouvel Etablifte fu ment. Elle fit les deux fuivantes , quelle envoya au P. Norbert. Digitized by Google — ^ ii8 MEMOIRES HISTORIQUES Je protejîe , confeffe & certijîe , que la lettre que j* ai ^73P* cî-devanttranjcritedema main y & fignée pour MA E yêque de Saint-Thomé y a été de ma franche 6* libre vo lonté, pour demander , jointe à mes deux Compagnes ,le R. P. Norbert pour notre Supérieur & Confeffeur, lui connoijfant en confcience les talens , le mérite 6* la ver tu pour exercer ce Minijlere & occuper cette place, Signéy—S'.Marie-Thereje de SaintJoachim de la Gui~ tonnais. Aux Urfulines de Pondichéry, ce 8 Janv. 1739» Un mois après cette date, avant de s’embarquer elle renouvella la même proteflation dans des termes encore plus forts. Je protejle , confejje & eertifie, que la Lettre que je rranferivis ces rems pajfés pour M. VEvéque de Saint Thomé y je lai fignèe , comme mes Compagnes , de ma franche Ù libre volonté. Je jure en confcience 6»* en vé rité que le R. P. Norbert ne nous y a nullement en gagées y connoijfant par expérience fon bon cœur , vu les fervices ejfentiels qu'il nous rendoit, joints à fes talens, mérites convenables à gouverner notre Maijbn, fa douceur 6* vertu. C ejl une jujîice que je lui rendrai par toute la terre.— Signé, S Marie-Thereje de Saint Joachim de la Guitonnais , R. Vrf. Aux Urfulines de Pondichéry , ce 8 Févr. 1739. On ajoutera à des témoignages fi clairs Ôc fi formelle ment contraires aux aceufations portées àla Cour con tre le P. Norbert, quelques extraits de Lettres de la^ même Religieufe,qui neferviront pas peu à juftifie*fa *LaLtt conduite dans cette aSzlreiMonT.R. P. voila le mé ut eji du moire, lui écrit-elle, *jujle & équitable que je vous en Oc|i!izcxJ ty SUR LES AFFAIRES DES JESUITES, Liv. I. 1 19 yoîe des hardes que Von ma. données de la Fondation, Je fuis charmée en cela ^ comme en toutes autres cho ^739* Jes qui dépendent de moi , de vous prouver mon refpeêl , obé'ijpince , ejlime & reconnoijfance de toutes les bon 1738. tés quevous ave^ eues pour moi. Je puis vous ajjurer que jamais ma mémoire, & encore moins mon cœur, n’en perdra le fouvenir. Le Seigneur ejl Jcrutateur de nos délions i il le fera toujours : cejè ce qui me confole dans les mauvaifes idées que les créatures ont contre moi. J’efpere avecfafainte grâce de ne jamais donner prife fur la conduite que je tiendrai dans le Vaiffeau ; & vous aure'^ , Al. T. R. P. la confolation do l’apprendre, Sf de ne jamais vous repentir de Vavoir toléré , par la compajjion dont votre cœur ejl capable.—Je vous fupplie de me continuer votre charité ; je vous en conjure, les larmes aux yeux , &c. Le 21 Janvier 1739 elle lui donne une relation de ce qui s’eft palTé au fujet d’une intimation que le Procureur du Roi fie aux Religieulès de la part du Confeil.— // ny a plus moyen de vivre avec notre Su périeure , — depuis qu’elle ejt mécontente de notre digne éi refpeélable Gouverneur. Par ces raiforts elle foutient • que le Confeil ne peut les renvoyer fans avoir de répri mandes de France , vu que M. l’Evêque ne foutient rien que de jufle & de raifbnnable. Le jour que M. le Procureur du Roi vint , elle me prit â partie fur ce que favois applaudi à la façon dont il avoit parlé. Elle mi dit qu’il ne cherchoit qu’âlui tirer, de la part du Gou verneur & fon Confeil, le confentemeru fur leur renvoi. Digitized by Google lao MEMOIRES HISTORIQUES — mais qu'elle ne le donneroit pas , afin de w^ettre le Cort^ ^739’ fcil dans fon tort. Je lui répartis qu'ils étaient les maU très de la chofe , 65* non l’Evêque ; puifque les Mef^ fleurs de Paris par le Contrat envoyé ici, leur en laif-" foient entièrement la décifion , comme à une Cour fou-^ ver aine. Ne fçachant que m’ alléguer , elk me dit que ja me livrais au Bras Jéculier , ô’c. . Le P. Norbert reçut une autre Lettre de la mêma Religieufe, datée du 13 Février 1739., lê jour ou la veille de fon embarquement. Ne vous fie-^ pas à ces Dames, je vous en fupplieje fuis obligée de ‘vous k dire en amie. La Supérieure écrit à tout le genre humain^ elles ne peuvent comprendre les raifons qui vous les ont fait abandonner : ce font des dialogues fiabfurdes, aux^ quels je ne réponds que quelques mots qui leur font fen^ tir que fi on efi leur dupe , on s'en apperçoiu Adieu mon cher Pere, le Seigneur méfait mille fois plus de' grâces que je ne mérite pour la traverjée, &c. XLVIL D'un autre côté, la Supérieure écrivoit fréquem-* La Su^ ment au P. Norbert, Paflurant de là reconnoiflanco Rd?Uu charitables foins pour fa Communauté. jCundie Elle a fait l’éloge de fon zèle dans toutes les Let même té qu elle a adreffées à MelTeigneurs les Evêques moignage. ^ Je Saint^Thomé , & à plufieurs autres perfonnes en place, qui ont été rapportées ci-delTus. Nous ne finirions pas , fi nous voulions n’en orner tre aucune. La fuivante fera la derniere dont nous donnerons l’extrait; elle eft adrelTée au P. Norbert," du 16 Noyenfore 1739* M. T. R. P* Je n’ai pu vous répondre' Digiteod by SUR LES AFFAIRES DES JESUITES, Liv. I. 1 1 1 répondre fur le champ pour vous faire nos remercimens , & vous témoigner la jujle reconnoijfance que nous avons de vos foins & attentions à nous obliger , à prendre nos intérêts en tout ^ je vous prie trh-injlam ment que les difcours 6s’ mauvaifes façons du Public nt ralentijfent pas votre charité à notre égard. Nous avons, mes Compagnes moi , une affaire à vous communi quer de la derniere importance , 6* pour laquelle je vous prie , M. T. R. P. de nous faire l’honneur de ve nir aujourd’hui , à raifon de la vif te que nous devons avoir demain , dre. Signé , De Marque^ , R. Urf Supér. , , La défunion qui régnoic entre ces Dames , & qui n’éclatoic que trop au-dehors , ne pouvoit manquée de mal édifier le Public , & l’engager à tenir des dif* cours peu avantageux; ce qui caufoic beaucoup de chagrin au P. Norbert, qui voyoit d’ailleurs l’Ordi naire & les Jéfuites s’unir enfèmble pour traverler les bons deficins.Comme ce Milfionnaîre ne fetrouve julqu’à prélem calomnié que par ces Peres & le Pré lat leur confrère , il fe contente de faire Ibn apologie fur la conduite qu’il a tenue ?leur égard , làns s’ex pliquer davantage au fujet des Relrgieufes. Encore s’en lèroit-il abflemj, fi ces Peres leïuflent bornés à le noircir à h Cour par des Lettret fecretes; mais dès qu’ils l’ont fait par des Ecrits publics, pouvoitil le difpenfer de mettre en évidence leurs calomnies î Elles paroijent dans toutes les aceufations qu’ils por tent contpe lui : il en eft convaincu ; voilà le fujet ^ome IV, Q 1739 Digitized by Google I2I MEMOIRES HISTORIQUES T— ^ de Ùl confolation ; & rien ne lui eft plus facile que ^739 d’en convaincre le Public dans les Indes & en Euro pe, c’eft ce qui afflige le plus fes Accufaceurs. Qu’ils écoutent la Lettre Suivante à M. XLVIIL » La queftion , M, d’envoyer des Religieufès en Norhat * Colonie, a été fort agitée, conféquemment à repréfente r> ce que la Compagnie en parle dans fes Inftrudlions à la Corn^ à M. Dumas. Après avoir mûrement pefé les in ^tffnvlyer * convéniens qui pourroient naître de cet Etabiiflè des Filles n ment , je les ai fait connoître à M. notre Gouver "r^/f*** * ^ ^ plufieurs MM. du Confeil. J’ai été char » gé par eux d’en faire un petit mémoire pour ré » pondre à cet article en France. Je prends la liberté » de vous en pré venir, & je ne doute pas que vous ne * penfiez qu’effeélivement , toutes circonftances bien » examinées, il y auroft de cet EtablilTement un dan » ger plus grand que d’avantages à efpérer. J’en al » lègue plufieurs raifons , dont je vous rapporte ici >» les principales. « i®. Le pàlïâge d’Europe aux In des eft très-pénible & très-embarrafiant pour des Re ligieufès. 2^. Il y a une impoffibilité morale de ré duire dans ce Pays desFilles à la vie du Cloître. Vous n’ignorez pas qu’en ces Régions elles n’ont pas beau Digitized by^Gui^^' SUR LES AFFAIRES DES JESUITES, Liv.I. 12 j coup de goût pour cet état; fi pourtant il falloittou ==5 jours faire venir des Religieulès de France pour rem ^739* placer celles quî mourront, ce leroit une grande difficulté. Vous Içavez qu on a afifez de peine de faire venir de bons Miffionnaires. 3°. Dans un Pays aufii chaud , tenir des Filles toujours renfermées, eft une peine que nos Eurd|)éennes ne fiipporteront pas aifément ; les lailTér courir au-dehors , le danger ne lèroit pas petit. 4^. Un Cloître de Filles dans une Ville expofée aux guerres, ne peut caufer que des embarras. 5°. Une Fille obligée par vœux à la Clô ture, fi elle vient à donner du fcandale, quel cha grin dans un Pays de Gentils, où il ne feroit pas fa cile de l’empêcher? 6°. Il faudra un Prêtre pour gou verner cinq ou fix Filles qui feront ici dans un Cloî tre, où le choifira-t-on ? Ce fera un fujet de difpute : il faut des talens particuliers pour conduire des Reli gieulès ; tous les Miffionnaires ne les ont pas. Tous vous auront une obligation infinie d’avoir con tribué à un fomblable Etablifiement. Vous l’aviez très à cœur pendant que vous gouverniez en ce Pays. — Nous attendrons vos avis fiir cet article. Dans la même Lettre le P. Norbert touche celui de fon Oraifon fünebre en ces termes : ' Je, vous envoie l’Oraifon funebre que j’ai pronon cée trente jours après la mort de M. de Vildelou; , vous fçavez l’hiftoire de fa vie ; vous verrez qu’il ne m’étoit guères poflîble de ménager davantage les RR. PP. Jéfuites que je l’ai fait. Vous trouverez à la . fin de la Pièce le récit de leur procédé , &c. Le R. P. Thomas me marque qu’il vous prévient for ce fait. "Nous prenons toutes les précautions que la pru dence peut inlpirer ; mais on a beau les prendre lorf qu’on a à traiter avec les Peresde la Société.— Quoi . . Digitized SUR LES AFFAIRES DES JESUITES , Liv. I. 1 2 ; que lailTant l’affaire à votre zèle & à votre difcrétion, je n’aurois rien à appréhender, il convient néan moins que vous connoiffiez les fentimens de M. de Lolliere & de nos Peres. Nous fommes tous d’opi nion que vous pourriez fans danger faire imprimer rOraifon funèbre.— Vous garderez les Lettres adref fées au Pape. J’envoie le tout à Sa Sainteté par le moyen de M. de Montigni.— Les RR. PP. Jéfuites ne manqueront pas d’écrire en France, & en particu lier à M M. les Syndics & Direéleurs de la Compagnie des Indes. Je ne crois pas qu’ils puifïent obtenir à pré fent des Lettres de Cachet. Il n’eft pas nécelfaire de vous fournir des moyens pour me juftifier ; vous avez les pièces, & perfonne n’eft plus propre que vous pour les faire valoir. S’ils agitent cette affaire, elle ne peut tourner qu’à leur coniufion. J’ai un grand nombre d’E crits que je pourrois réduire en un ou plufieurs to mes : en les publiant on confondroit toute la Société. — M. Dumas m’a fait l’honneur de me préfenter au R. P. Thomas pour la Cure de Pondichéry , nous n’avons pas encore de réponfè. Nous ignorons s’il a quelqu’autre vue : quoi qu’il en foit , je ne doute au cunement que les Peres de la Société s’y oppofe ront autant qu’il leur fera poflîble. Il eft pour tant certain que j'agirai toujours à leur égard avec toute la modération poflible , & jamais je ne ferai paroître ni dans mes difcours ni dans mes Ecrits au cun trait de paffion. D’un côté on confond mieux lès ennemis , de l’autre on édifie davantage le Pr<> '126 MEMOIRES HISTORIQUES — chain. Tout mon deflèin , Dieu le connoîc , c’eft de *73 P* faire triompher la vérité fur le menfonge, & de ren dre juftice à l’innocence , & d’engager , s’il eft pofll ble , les coupables à fè reconnoître. Je vous recom mande enfin la Requête que nous envoyons à la Com pagnie pour lui demander des fecours pour nous ai der à bâtir notre Eglilè , &c. ^ Bêfonfes PaAons d’abord à la Réponfe que M. le Noir fît duDirec-A cette Lettre : elle eft de l’Orient en Bretagne le 6 NorTen' ^7^^* reçu, M. R. P. les Lettres que &■ au P. vous m’avez fait l’honneur de m’écrire les 14 Sept^ Thomas. U Oâ. , 22 & 26 JoTlV. I738, aVCC Ics pa • piers qui y étoient joints. Les oblervations que vous avez faites fur les difficultés de l’Etabliflement des Relîgieufes cloîtrées pour l’inftruélion de la Jeunefle, font venues .trop tard à la Compagnie pour qu’elle puilfe prendre le parti que vous propofèz d’envoyer des Filles non cloîtrées : elle a fait partir des Re ligi^ufes par les derniers Vaifleaux ; j’efpere quelles feront bien arrivées, & qu’avec vos foins &.ceux des RR. PP. de votre Co.mmunauté,, leur Etablilîemenc aura un heureux fuccès. — J’ai pris beaucoup de part à l’affliélion que vous a caufée la mort de M. de. Vifdelou , celle du R. P. Efprit , & des autres Reli gieux que vous avez perdus. Je connois parfaite ment la néceffité de vous en envoyer d’autres pour réparer ces pertes, St pour remplacer ceux que le grand âge & les infirmités, mettent hors d’état de continuer leurs travaux: : .ibae foioit pas convenu DigitizecLby CJoQgle SUR LES AFFAIRES DES JESUITES, Liv. I. 127 ble après qu’ils ont palTé leur jeuneffe , & ufé leur • fance au fervice des Colonies, de les expofer à reve *73P nir en France. ~ Je ne fçai quel parti la Cornpa gnie prendra lur la Requête que votre Communauté a prélentée, dont vous m’avez envoyé copie, &c. J ai porté à M. de Montigni le petit Volume de l’O raifon funebre , &c. Trois mois après cette date , M. le Noir adrelTa de Pans une Lettre au P. Thomas, à Madraft : celui ci l’ayant reçue l’envoya au P. Norbert en original elle contient l’article fuivant. J’ai eu l’honneur de vous écrire de l’Orient, où j’étois le. 6 Novembre der^ nier. Je fis réponfe en même tems au R. P. Nor bert au fujet de l’Orailbn funebre qu’il a pronon cée. Les Jéfuites en font extrêmement irrités. Ils en ont écrit à la Compagnie, & leurs Peres en ont parlé à une Puiflance. Je les ai entendus , ils n’ont j5as été écoutés favorablement. Ils pourroient fuivant leur louable coutume faire agir par des foutcrreins, en exagérant , afin de rendre vos Peres criminels. La Compagnie répond à leur Lettre d’une façon hon nête, mais qui les fatisfera peu , &c. ^ C’eft ici l’endroit où il convient de toucher l’ar ticle des Lettres du P. Thomas dont les Jéfuites fe font un fujet de triomphe dans leurs Libelles.IlsontJX; cru par-la que leur viéloire fur le P. Norbert feroic complette. Sa réputation, difoient-ils, une fois per Norln' due , les Ouvrages ne flétriront plus la nôtre Tel fift leur but dans les calomnies qu’ils impofent à tous ZL j" O Digitized by Google ji8 MEMOIRES HISTORIQUES ' üTL'-jsïi ceux qui les attaquent. D’un fi grand nombre d’hom ^739* mes illuftres en (cience & en vertu qui ont tenté de *toùttses redfefler les Jéfuites, pourroit-on en citer un lèul que calomnies calomnie ait épargné ? Pourquoi le P. Norbert juitesde' Icroit-il exempt de cette régie, (que M. le Noir ap bitent pelle une louable coutume cnez ces Peres) lui qui a contre lut dénoncer à toute l’Eglife leurs idolâtries Sc leurs p" fuperftitions ? Ce Mifiionnaire penfa bien qu’il ne feroit pas plus privilégié que tant d’autres : il s’at tendoit même qu’il feroit moins épargné qu’aucun de les Prédécefieurs , parce qu’il les dénonçoit plus hau tement que perfonne. Cette réflexion, non plus que les Lettres dont fe fervent les Jéfuites contre lui, ne l’em pêcheront jamais de remplir un devoir que la conf cience lui împofe. Il a condamné un fcandale pu blic aux Indes & à Rome , il le condamnera par tout jufqu’au dernier moment de là vie. Que ces Lettres (oient fuppofées ou exillantes , peu lui im porte dès qu’il eft en état de détruire les conféquen ces qu’en tirent les Jéfuites. H l’a fait à Rome fans difficulté, & il ne lui fera pas fort embarraflànt d’y réuflir ici. Le Pape & les Cardinaux jettant les yeux fur les Extraits des Lettres du P. Thomas, rappor tés dans les Libelles des Jéfuites , ne pouvoient erv • croire à des Impiimés fans appmbatioji , fans date , làns nom d’Auteur. Ces Peres s’en apperçurent bien tôt : ils s’adreflerent au Nonce de Paris pour 'le prier de certifier à Rome l’exiftance des Lettres; mais éclai sé qu’on elt à coute Cour fur ce qui lè paife parmi les SUR LES AFFAIRES DES JESUITES, Liv. I. 115» les Réguliers , on le douta qu’il y avoic-là quelque myftere. L’ufage en pareil cas eft de recourir aux informations du Procureur Général de l’Ordre. Nous foujfignés tertijîons â tous â qui befoin fera ^ que le R. F.Norberty Capucin MiffionnaireApojloliquef Supérieur nommé du nouvel Etablijjement des Reli-‘ gieufes Urfulines de Pondichéry dans les Indes Orien tales, ne retour TU en Europe que pour des raiforts qui ont été jugées jujles & légitimes : en outre nous décla rons que ledit R. P, a toujours donné en cette Ville des marques éturu digne conduite & du £un vrai M^onnaire Apojiolique. Donné en notre Hofpice de Pondichéry, ce id Février 1739. ( Signés) "Dominique Capucin , Mijfionnaire Apojiolique , Supé rieur .* F. Louis , Capucin, Mijfionnaire Apojiolique. F. J, Chryfojiôme de Cajlel SarraT^in , Mifionnairer .Qigüizcd lay SUR LES AFFAIRES DES JESUITES, Liv. T. Apojlolique : F. Maximin de Thionyille , Mijjionnaire " " i Apojlolique : F. Hippolyre de Villard , Prédicateur Ca~ ^739* pucin & Mifjionnaire Apojlolique : F. Olivier Ger baud, Tierceire: F. P terre Gerbaud ^ Tierceire. » Nous Pierre Benoît Dumas , Fcuyer , Chevalier » de l’Ordre de Saint-Michel ^ Gouverneur pour Sa, » Majeflé Tris-Chrétienne des Fille 6* Fort de Pondi » cheiy , Commandant Général de tous les Erahüjfe~, »mens François dans les Indes Orientales y Préjident> > des Confeils Supérieurs y établis certifions 6* attef » tons que foi doit être ajoutée aux (ignatures qui foilU » au bas du Cert'ficat ci-dejfus. En foi de quoi j'ai figné » la pré fente Légalifation , &fait contrefigner par notre * Sécrétaire , & à icelle appofé le Cachet de nos Armes; » Fait au Fort-Louis , à Pondichéry y le i6 Février J» 1739. » ( Signés) Dumas. Par mondit Sieur, B I A M O N D. Lettre du Supérieur des Capucins de Pondichéry ad R. P. Provincial dei Capucins de Touraine y â qui il fait l’éloge du P. Norbert. Mon Révérend Pere , vous ferez peut-être furpris du voyage que le R. P. Norbert entreprend pouc l'Europe, mais j'elpere que vous cellèrez de l’êtref quand vous aurez appris de lui-même les puUIàns motifs qui l’ont engagé à former’ cette réfolotion. Ceft un très-bon Millionnaire, & dont le zèle n'eft pas commun; il nous en a donné des preuves ad*^ mirables pendant le tems que nous avons eu le. bon# Rij' Digitized by Google 132 MEMOIRES HISTORIQUES ■ heur de le polTéder. Nous ne nous Ibmmes détermî ^73P* ^ cette affligeante féparatioir qu’avec un grand regret : mais ce qui nous confole , c’eft l'efpérance que rrous avons de le revoir avant long-tems. Je me perfuade que votre Révérence louera Ion pieux delr. ^ fein, & quelle fera bien-ailè de s’entretenir avec ce R. P. fur bien des particularités qu'ri n’eft pas poffl ble d’exprimer lur le papier. J’ai déjà eu l’honneur d’écrire à votre Révérence; je la prie de me croire, Scc^ ( Signé ) F. D o MI N I QU E , Capucin, MilîIonnair& Apoftolique , Supérieur. A Pondichéry ,le i6 Février 1739^. Lettre du même au IL P. Provincial de Savoy e , ou if continue à faire l’éloge du Pere Norbert. Mon Révérend Pere , perfuadé que vous êtes le digne Succelîèur du zèle Apoftolique des RR. PP^ Provinciaux de la Province de Savoye, je m’adreflê aujourd’hui à votre Révérencç pour la prier de con tinuer ce même zèle à nous envoyer des Ouvriers Evangéliques dans ces Miïîîons des Indes, fur lef quelles le Pere de Famille répand de jour en jour fes bénédi(5lions les plus abondantes. Nous avons reça julqu’à préfent cinq Sujets de votre Province ÿ fçavoic le R. P. Benigné & lè R. P. Grégoire , que le Sei gneur a appellés 'à lui depuis mon arrivée dans ce Pays , du zèle defquels on ne finira de long-tems de parler avec édification , mais que leur mort précieulè ne m’a permis d’admirer que très-peu de teras. Il: Digitizea r — i. SUR LES AFFAIRES DES JESUITES , Liv. I. 13 r nous refte les R R. P P, Severin , Hîppolyce & Ber ' nard , dignes leélateurs des vertus admirables des *739* deux défunts. Quand nous aurions a<5tuellement une douzaine & même une quinzaine dé bons Sujets', nous aurions de quoi leur fournir de l’occupation ; car à l'Heure même que >ai l’honneur de vous écrire , M. notre Gouverneur eft occupé à dépêcher plufieurs Vaifleaux pour un nouvel Etabliflêment qu’on a fait . ^ depuis fept à huit jours , & où il y a à efpérer qu’avanc long-tems il le préfentera une trèsabondante moif* Ibn ; outre' qu’il y en a trois autres deftituées de Mil Honnaires : je ne vous parle pas de Pondichéry, ni de MadraR , ni de Suratte ,• &e.— Le R. P. Norbert, de 1» Provinc^ de Lo^rraine , doit s’embarquer demain ou après dans urv VailTeau qui part pour la France , dan» le deflèin de nous amener des Millionnaires. Si nous étions allèz heureux pour qu’il s’en trouvât dans votre Province qui-euireYic le deCr de‘ venir , lejoindre à nos travaux, ils pourroncs’adreflef à ce R;P. , &c.^ (Signé) F. Dominique DE Valence,' 'Ap^olique Supérieur , â PûJtdichery U itîFiév. 1739» Aux Eminéntiflimes Préfet & Cardinaux dé là Sacrée’’ Congrégation de la Propagation dé la Foi , par lès ■ Peres Milîîonnaires Capùcins de Pondichery^a).' EMINENTISSIMES SEIGNEURS,. Il y a environ trente ans que les PP, Capucins de la Province ’ de Touraine , Mijfîormaires Apoflotiques ( a ) L’Origiiwl Latia fe trouve â la tête dei Mémoires du Fere Nor Mijfion Digitized by Google 134 MEMOTKES HISTORIQUES " à Pondichéry fur là Côte de Coromandel ,fe volent prî-^ yés de leur jujle efpérance & des fruits de leur , erz la Sacrée cc que les Peres de la Société fe maintiennent depuis ce Congrége. temps-là dans la Cure des Malabares de Pondichéry , Aorben çu’iZî Ont enlevée par fraude & violence aux Capucins , ejl chargé qui la poffédoieru comme l’ayant eux-mêmes établie Çf cultivée pendant plufeurs années , avant que les Jéfui- fime. , tes chajfés de Siam vinfferu fe retirer en cette Colonie Françoife. Les fufdits PP. Capucins dès long-temps ont .déféré cette Caufe au S. Siège, oà elle ejl toujours pendan te. Quelque diligence qu*ils aient faite, ib n’ont pu juf qu’ aujourd'hui réuffir à trouver quelqu un pour en folli citer la décif on. finale , par la rai fin fans doute qu'on craint la pui fiance de ceux dont on parle. Ib o^nt enfin expofer leur droit à vos Eminences , pour quelles dai gnent faire enfirte que cette Caufe foit une fois termi née , & que les Capucins rentrent dans la Miffion de leurs Prédéceffeurs , d’oïl les Jéfuîtes les ontchaffés^ Pour donc que nous ne foyons pas tout-à-fait firufirés de nos jufies defirs ,■& que nous puiffions exercer le minifier e Apûfiolique fans trouble , nous recourons à la facrée Con grégation ,fiuppliant trh-infiamment Vos Eminences qu’ayant égard à notre ancien droit S* à la jufiice de nos demandes , elles ordonnent que les Gentils au moins qui feroru convert'is à ht Foi par nos foins& baptifés par. bcrt de 1743 , & dans ceux de 1744 , à la page 414 du 2 yol. L, On y voit les Extraits d’une Lettre dont ce MifTionnaire étoit au(Q " chargé pour la^Définition Générale de fon Ordre à Rome ; elle étoit très-importance pour les MilTions. De Pondichéry, le 33 Janvier 1749* Olgttized by SUR LES AFFAIRES DES JESUITES, Liv. I. 135 notre minière , foient fournis â la jurifdiéHon des Ca '=-■ — » fucins , afin qu’ils puijfent conf errer ces nouveaux Fi-i deles dans le même ejprit qu’ils les ont élevés , & pour prouver invinciblement par leur exemple que le Décret de l’Eminentiffime Cardinal deTournon fur les RitsMa labares , n’ejl point impraticable , comme Vont tant de fois publié les Miffîonnaires Jéfuhes, D’ailleurs , il ejl certain que ce fera une voie ouverte pour la propagation de la Foi, 6* pour engager les Gentils âVembraJJer, voyant qu’ apres leur converfion ils ne feront point fou rnis à V autorité des défaites, qu’ils craignent beaucoup ÿ mais à celle des Capucins qu’ils fouhaitent avec empref fement. Si Vos Eminences fe rendent favorables aux humbles repréfentations que nous leur Jaifons , nous ne tejferons de prier le Tout-puiffant de les conferver. Don né à Pondichéry fous le Iceau de cette Million le 24 Janvier 1740 .* ( Signés ) F. Dominique de Valence, Miff. Apojl. Suoér.F. Chryjoflome deCaflel-Sarra-finy Cap. Mijf. Apofi.F. Hippolyte de la Province de Savoie, ■ '■Miff. Apojl. F. Louis d’Angers Mijf. Apojl. (a) Lieu» du Sceau. M. R, P. --Quant àla nomination a la Cure , je fou itttnder haite de toute mon ame que la chofe réuffijf&: M. Dumas Mjjion vous.préconife ai>ec jujlice , & en a écrit du P. Thomas. * Mais pourquoi ne répond-il pas à la demande d’un Gou au Pere werneur qu’on ne peut refuj’er fans fejaire tort? —-Dif-^^^^"‘ ' ( a) Pour lors il n’y avoir point d’autres Millionnaires Capucins yéurde^t Pondichéry que ceux qui ont ligné cette Supplique , excepté le P. Eu trope , qui ctoit privé de la vue. ^ Digitized bv-iioogle r^6 ’ MEM OIRES HISTORIQUES '^*"*^*^ puter à ce Général le droit de nomination à une Cure d^ ^739* Ja dépendance , il y auroit de l’abfurdité, â moins qu^ tcnt^ia‘ pour des jaijons d’intérêts 6/ de politique l’on nefajjo perte. id (j^emande au notre que fousfon bon plaijir. La volon 1738*/ ié des Grands ejl divifée en oui & en non. J’ignore fa façon de faire de M* le Gouverneur, & s’il réujjîra à votre avantage à ma fatisfaâlion. DéfieT^-vous , &c. ' ’M. R. P. Vous penfejujle lorjque vous dites que M, Dumas n’en fera au fujet de la Cure qu’à la volonté de 'N, R. P. Thomas î mais deviner quiql celui qui fait fa cour pour la Cinre de Pondichéry , c’eji où je ne puis voir. 'M. Dumas & tout ce qui compofe ce beau monde de Pon dichéry, vous demandent, & c*ejl en quoi ils font de bon goût. Mais le notre dira qiéil ejl en droit depréfenter un Sujet à votre Gouverneur.— Litiger en pareil cas, il fefervbroit de fon puiffant crédit pour faire embarquer le Pr^feniianf. A Madraft le 17 Février 1738,. On a voulu me faire fentir qu’aprh avoir laijfé régir le R. P. Dominique l'ejpace de deux à trois ans, c’eût été une injujlice criante de le dépqfer en votre faveur. Le Chef (tici confejfe que vous averç de l’ejprit & un talent rare pourla Chaire j mais il dit que cette place ejl peu de chofe : donc , ajoute-t-il , vous vous acquerreT^ plus de gloire & de crédit par vos prédications , que vous nefe ne:ç pas fi vous étierç réduit à fournir aux befoins d’une Maifon, A^draftie loMars 1738. Lettre DigitizedJpy.GüOgl SUR LES AFFAIRES DES JESUITES, Liv. I. 157 Lettre d'un Miflîonnaire Capucin au R. P. Archange 1735^; Orry, Capucin à Paris. De Madrajl le 16 Février 1739* M. R, P. La Préfente ejl en conformité de celle que fai eu V honneur de vous écrire vers la fin de étOêlobre Ï738. Je vous fais remettre ce que je vous avois promis^ par le R. P. Norbert , qui fefera un plalfîr inexprimable de vous le préfenter de ma part. Ce Religieux , qui ejl homme d’ efprit ô* fcientifique , retourne en Europe pour des affaires d’importance , lefquelles il aura t honneur de vous communiqué. Il faifoit l’ornement de cette Jilijfion, dont il foutenoitles intérêts avec ^èle. T ejpere que votre Révérence lui fera trh-favorable pour la réuf Jite de fes faims projets. Nous fommes ici tres-opprirnés par un Evêque Portugais Loyolifle, &c. Lettre du R. P. René , Cuftode , de préfènt à Angers, datée de Madraftle 3 Décembre 1735?* jiIr. P. La raijhn pourquoi je n’ai pas voulu fouf crire à la Supplique ycjl quelle ne préfente aucun fait cer tain. — S’il s’agiffoit de rendre témoignage de votre vie ^ de vos moeurs y félon la connoiffance que j’en ai par les deux différentes fois que vous ave^ demeuré avec nous â Madrafiyj’attefierois très~volontiés,fans être requis , que je n’ai rien connu en votre conduite qui ne foitétun très f âge Religieux. -^-Vous êtes déterminé à repaffer en Europe : attendez-vous à vous voir attaqué du côté de la Tome ly. S. « Digitized by Googl i}8 MEMOIRES HISTORIQUES — Puijpince Eccléjîajlique , fis* nimt^y-yous en défenfe ^735> et c6té-là. Lettre d’un autre Mîflîonnaire Capucin à Madraft , le at? Janvier 1740. ’ ■ M, R. P. Etant ajfùré par la vôtre que vous fere encore pour quelques jours à Pondichéry , je projne de votre délai pour vous témoigner que je Jens la perte que fait la Mijjion d'un Sujet aufji méritant que votreRévé rence, qui avoir la capacité , le mérite, & le T^èle if un véritable Mijfionnaire Apojîolique , foit pour relever les Chrétiens abattus fous le poids de leur négligence pour leur falut , & cela faute d'inf mêlions claires , perfuaf- ves & touchantes , telles quétoient celles que votre Ré vérence leur faijoit , foit pour encourager & fortifier ceux qui étant de bonnevolonté, nerefpirent qu' apres un pieux & charitable Direêleur. Ils V avaient ces pauvres dans votre Révérerue , foit pour arracher du fein de l’Idolâtrie des Ames qui ne vivent fous Vefclavi^e du Démon que parce qu'elles font privées de Mijfionnai tes fuffijamment capables. — Par votre retour , le flam beau évangélique leur ejl enlevé. — Je vous dis pour vo tre conjolation que vous n'ave^âcet égard rienâvous reprocher ayant fait ce dont les autres m pouvaient pas yenir a bout. Je ne ferois pas embarrajfé d’en venir à une narration effeâlive , Jî la nécefjité s’en préfentoit. Je vous donne un grand adieu ,puifquilfaut que nous nous féparions. — Que l’Ange du Seigneur , qui vous a con Dtgttized by (iot^Te ^739 SUR LES AFFAIRES DES JESUITES, Liv.I. 139 duh dans ces Pays , vous rende fain & fauf en Europe » &c. Certificat du Supérieur Général des Miflîonnaires Capucins aux Indes. De Madrafl, le la Janvier 1745 : ( ce Religieux eft àpréîènt à Angers. ) Jefouffïgné certifie à tous Supérieurs Eccléfiafliques , & autres à qui il appartiendra , ce qui fuit dans cet Acé rés àfavoir yque certaines perfonnes mal-intentionnées contre le R. P. Norbert , Procureur de nos Miffîons des Indes oà jeréfide, attaquent injufiement fa réputation 6* fes mœurs. Je té ai rien trouvé dans fa conduite qui ne convienne à un digne Religieux i des mœurs pures , des démarches édifiantes , des difcours pleins de fenti mens de piété & de fêle pour la gloire de Dieu. En foi de quoi je figne le préfent Aéle de mon propre mouve ment, pour défendre V innocence attaquée par des motifs depafjion. (Signé) F. René, Capucin Miff.Apofio lique, Cufiode. ' Le Pere Norbert s’ofFre de montrer aux Jéfuites les Originaux de toutes ces Pièces; ils fçavent aflèz fa réfidence. Qu’ils viennent donc, & qu’ils voient {iengagerU femblables témoignages s’acccH'dentavec le portrait qu’ils font de ce Millionnaire dans toutes les parties du re i M. monde. S’il étoit tel qu’ils le repréfentent, avec quel le juftice ne le plaindroit-on pas de fes Supérieurs , cTtr'elpar & de tous les Millionnaires qui le comblent de 11 ra lesjéfui res éloges ? Quel droit n’auroic-on pas de le récrier'" J p" contre M. Dumas , le Confeil Supérieur , les Religieu Norbeu' Sij. LIV. Motift qui ont pu Digitized by Google 140 MEMOIRES HISTORIQUES — lès , Sc tant d’autres qui non-feulement ont fbllicité ^739 l’élévation du P. Norbert , mais ont rendu de fa con duite & de Ion zèle les témoignages les plus honora bles ? Avoient-ils donc tous quelque intérêt d’ufer ici de connivence ? Que pouvoient-ils craindre ou elpé rer d’un Miffionnaire Capucin ? N’eft-ce donc pas un paradoxe que les Jéfuites avancent, lorfqu’ils dilent que le P. Norbert étoit aux Indes un brouillon , un au dacieux, un faulTaire, &cî Quelques Lettres du P.Tho mas , quand elles lèroient réelles , prévaudroient-el les jamais contre tant d’autres que l’on y oppofe? L’at teftation d’un Supérieur préfent confirmée par toute là Communauté , mérite plus de foi fans doute que quelques Lettres fécretes d’un Supérieur abfent! Qui auroitdonc pu, répliquent les Jéfuites , engager le P. Thomas à écrire d’un ftyle pareil au Gouverneur? Ces Peres par cette objeéUon ont cru que le P. Norbert prendroit IbnSupérieurà pactie,.& qu’il ne manqueroic pas de blefier là mémoire, en faifant Ibn apologie : mais loin delà , il s’ell; fait & fe fera toujours un de voir de louer un de fes Confrères qui a Ibutenu, avec tant de courage & de zèle , la pureté du culte. La Lettre de cachet que les Jéfuites ont procurée à ce R. P. Thomas, ne lervira jamais de preuves au P. Norbert pour le faire pafièr tel qu’ils le répréfen toienralorsà la Cour. Il a connu le mérite du P. Tho mas aux Indes , il en a fait l'éloge en Europe. Il eft vjai que quelque mérite qu’il eût , nous ne dirons pas pour cela qu’ilfût un Saint,, un Ange , comme, le» Digitized SUR LES AFFAIRES DES JESUITES , Li v. I. 141 Jéfuites s’annoncent (a) : nous dirons que le P. Tho mas n’étoit pas plus exempt de foiblefle , que lesMif^ *739* ‘ iîonnaires de fon Ordre. Il étoit de la nature des au tres hommes, &par conféquent fujet à des préven tions & à des préjugés dont les Supérieurs le laiHenc quelquefois préoccuper l’elprit. Il arrive même que plus on eft âevé, moins on s’en préferve. S. François d’Aflîflê parut être bien convaincu de cette vérité , que l’expérience a fait reconnoître dans tous les tems. Il ordonne à les Dilciples que ceuxd’entr’euxquHè ront Supérieurs , fe regardent comme les Ser viteurs des autres , & que s’ils fe trouvent contraints de corriger quelques-uns de leurs Freres, ils le fallenc toujours avec beaucoup de douceur & de charité. Pour les engager à conlèrver cetelprit, l’Ordre veut que les Supérieurs, après iix années au plus de gou vernement, deviennent eux-mêmes fimples Particu liers, & fournis à l’obéiflànce. Le P. Norbert follici té par plufieurs de fes Confrères , fit entendre au P. Thomas qu’il lèroii avantageux à laMiflîon d’oblerver cet Article aux Indes. Parler de SuccelTeur à ceux qui ont vieilli Ibus le fardeau delà Supériorité, fùrtout err ces Pays-là, n’éft pas un langage qui flate : les hom mes doués même d’une haute vertu Ibuvent ne l’en tendent pas avec plaifir. Peut-être aura-t-il occafion ( a ) Dans leur Livre intitule. Imago primi Seculi , leur Société, difent* ils, eft une Société d’Hommes, ou plutôt d’Anges,qui a étépréditepar Ifaie en ces termes ; Allex, Anges prompts Cr légers. Leurs Lettres édi fiantes confitmecc cette haute idée qu’ils donnent d’eux-mémcs. Digitized by Google 142 MEMOIRES HISTORIQUES ■ 3 né dans refprit du Pere Thomas des idées peu avan ^739* tageulesau P. Norbert : il en faut quelquefois moins. Un autre motif qui auroit pu y contribuer , eft que ce R. P. ayant réfoîu défaire Ibrtir des Indes par la force majeure un Millionnaire de lès Confrères , le P. Nor bert lui repréfenta que d’ufer de cette violence , étoic agir contre refprit du Corps; & quil croyoit même qu’un Cuftode aux Indes n’avoit point l’autorité de renvoyer en Europe des Millionnaires que les Supé rieurs Généraux & Préfets n’y avoient envoyés qu’a près un mûr examende leur capacité, &des preuves bien conftantes de leur fagellè : Qu’en fuppofant mê me que les Supérieurs majeurs eulTent accordé ce pouvoir à leurs Cullodes , leur intention ne feroit pas qu’ils employallènt l’autorité féculiére, à moins qu’ils ne pulTent agir autrement, &que le cas fût des plus' prelTans : ce qui n’étoit certainement point par rap port au Millionnaire dont il s’agilToit. Le P. Norbert fit ces reprélèntations pour ménager un Confrère qui recouroit à fa charité : il convenoit bien qu’il étoit à * propos qu’il s’en retournât , n^is il ne pouvoit ap prouver la maniéré avec laquelle on le renvoyoit, ni croire que l’autorité ( a ) du Cuftode allât juf*. ( a ) Du tems que le P. Norbert croit à Rome , en 1 74.3 , on forma un plan par des ordres fupérieurs pour le Gouvernement des Miflions. Un des principaux Articles ed que les Cudodes , non plus que les Préfets & autres Supérieurs de rélîdence dans les Millions , ne pour ront renvoyer en Europe aucun Miflionnaire de leur chef. Ils doivent avantenécrireàRome, ou àleurs Supérieurs généraux ou Provinciaux, & en attendre la réponfe, à moins de cas extraordinaires; mais alors «n devra faire intervenir le confencemenc unanime des Millionnaires ,de la Midion. Diglti?«t-by Gofl^lc SUR LES AFFAIRES DES JESUITES , Liv. I. 143 ques-là. De pareilles explications , & quelques au ■ très de cette nature qui ne regardent nullement les Jéfuites , ont pu indilpofèr le Pere Thomas , & le faire écrire avec quelque précipitation à M. Dumas contre le P. Norbert. Ce qui en eft une preuve afîèz convaincante , c’eft que les Lettres ne font toutes que de 3 à 4 mois de date. Mais encore une fois, qu'en conclure ? Que ce Supérieur , comme tant d’autres, s’eft laiflTé préoccuper l’efprit de faufles idées, qui l’ont engagé dans cette occafion à écrire de la forte à M. Dumas, làns prévoir qu’il feroit capable de faire un fi mauvais ulage de fes Lettres , que de les donner à des ennemis déclarés. Voilà la confequence qu’on peut en tirer ; elle ne làuroit être d’aucune utilité aux Jéfuites ni contre le P. Norbert, ni pour la juftifica «ion des Miflionnaires de la Société. Les Capucins pourroient au plus s’en fervir pour défapprouverleP. Thomas de les avoir écrites fans confoltation, làns examen, & M. Dumas de les avoir livrées aux enne mis les plus irréconciliables du P. Thomas. Convenir de ces deux chofos, n’eft pas accorder la viéfoire aux Jéfuites. Des hommes en place ne fe trompent-jls jamais T Toutes leurs démarches font-elles toujours ir réprochables ? Si les Jéfuites ont l’humilité de Sou tenir que leurs Millionnaires & leurs Supérieurs font incapables de s’égarer, les Capucins n’ont pas la vanité de penfer fi favorablement de ceux de leur Corps. Le P. Norbert n’imitera pas non plus les Peres de la^ Société, qui ne craignent pas de révéler tous les fe 1739 Digitized by Google % 144 MEMOIRES HISTORIQUES ■ crets , par le charitable motif de perdre les gens qui ^73P* oient condamner leurs erreurs & les Icandales dont ils inondent les Indes. Il pourroit oppofer aux Letres que M. Dumas leur a, dit-on , lâchement livrées , des Mémoires qu’jl a rapportés des Indes , qui prouvent que ce Moniteur n’a pas été lui-même exemt de gra ves acculàtions. Avant d’être élevé à la place de Gou verneur , ne fut-il pas rappellé en France ? Mais on fe contente de dire que la confiance qu’il avoit au P. Norbert, alloît C loin , qu’il lui montroit les Lettres qu’il écrivoit au P. Thomas fur la nomination à la Cure de Pondichéry, & les réponfes que celui-ci lui failbit. En un mot on ne craint pas d’être ici contre dit avec vérité , en avançant qu’après le P. Thomas il ne fit jamais autant d’honneur à aucun Millionnai re qu’il en a fait au P. Norbert. Il faut avouer que M. Dumas, qui avoit au P. Thomas des obligations particulières , ne lui refulbit rien de ce qu’il pouvoir demander. Nous aurions évité volontiers d’entrer dans ce détail, fi plufieurs Cardinaux, & quantité de perlbnnes en place , ne nous eullènt engagé à déve lopper un endroit fur lequel les Jéfuites avoient for mé des nuages, au travers defquels les yeux de bien du monde ne pou voient percer. Ce n’eft pas qu’on ne conçût à Rome , & ailleurs, le ridicule de ces Peres d’établir l’apologie de leurs Confrères des Indes Sc de la Chine fur un fait qui n’a de rapport qu’au gouver nement intérieur de l’Ordre des Capucins. Les Jéfuî ces auroient raifon de fe plaindre des Ouvrages du P. Norbert DigitizedJ)y GoQgle SUR LES AFFAIRES DES JESUITES, Liy. I. 145 Norbert , s’il le fût avîfé de révéler les dilcufllons des Supérieurs de la Société avec des Particuliers, ou les défauts qui fe commettent dans la dilcipline intérieu re de leurs Mailbns. Ils voient allez clairement qu’il ne traite que d’afl&ires publiques , & relatives aux in térêts de l’Eglife: encore s’il l’a fait, ne lèmbloit-il pas qu’il ne reliât plus d’autre moyen pour contrain dre leurs Miflîonnaires à abandonner enfin les Idolâ tries & les Superftitions , que le Saint Siège a condam nées depuis tant d’années î L’ufage qu’ont fait les Apologiftes de la Société LV, !du fameux Aéle donné à M. de Lolliere par le P. bert, eftune preuve de leur fourberie, plus marquée vaincus encore que tout ce que nous venons de voir. Le P. Patouillet, dans là Lettre à un Evêque, prétend que faux U?, ce Millionnaire ell convaincu du crime deFaulTaire. NorbeTt Rapportons d’abord les paroles du Jéfuite de Paris, & voyons s’il n’eft pas un impofteur public. Le P. faire. |
US-201414542143-A_2 | USPTO | Public Domain | A power supply or a cooling fan (not shown) can be disposed on the upper surface of the plate 30. In this case, a setting space for installing this equipment on the upper surface of the plate 30 can be secured by adjusting the number or the lengths of the fins 31 so that the height of the lighting apparatus can be reduced by installing that equipment in that space, and also a required space for setting up the lighting apparatus on a basic structure such as a ceiling can be minimized.
Referring to FIG. 22, the other sides of the fins 31 are connected to an inner surface of the side wall 10 having gaps along the inner surface in circumference direction.
The side wall 10 has a function of cooling the heat transferred from the plate 30 and the fins 31 by its surface contacting with the air, as well as a function of a housing, such as protecting and surrounding the apparatus.
The side wall 10 also can be made of metallic materials having a high conductivity, and the plate 30 and the fins 31 can be made of the same materials with the side wall 10 to secure the effect of heat transfer.
As disclosed in FIG. 20, the side wall 10 can be formed in a ring shape like a cylinder having the regular height. The shape of the side wall 10 is not so limited and the most appropriate form can be selected from various forms such as a quadrangle, a polygon, etc, depending on the installation condition and to enhance the functions, as described above.
The side wall 10 is formed to be extended in vertical direction so that its shape contributes to forming a heat path P, as described below. Furthermore, the inner and the outer surface of the side wall 10 are all exposed to the air flow so that the direct contact area to the air can be maximized and, therefore, help to enhance the effect of heat radiation.
Referring to FIG. 22, the heat path P is formed by the side wall 10 and the fins 31 having the gaps connected to the inner surface of the wall 10.
The inner surface of the wall 10 means a part which the other sides of the fins 31 are connected to, and the inner surface of the wall 10 means a surface of the wall 10 facing the center of the apparatus while the outer surface of the wall 10 means a surface of the wall 10 facing the outside of the apparatus.
Referring to FIG. 22, a plurality of the heat paths P are formed by the gaps of the fins 31, the inner surface of the wall 10 and the edge of the plate 30.
Referring to the optical semiconductor lighting apparatus according to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention disclosed in FIGS. 20 to 29, the apparatus is opened to the atmosphere when looking at the upper surface of the plate 30 so that the heat transferred can be radiated directly from the upper surface of the plate 30.
Meanwhile, the flow of air heated by the fins 31 and the plate 30 can be guided by the fins 31, and the air can be also guided by the heat path P in the vertical direction of the wall 10.
As a result, the heat generated from the module 20 can be effectively radiated. The number of the heat paths P can be selected by adjusting the number of the fins 31, and the number of the fins 31 can be decided by calculating the amount of the heat generated depending on the power output of the apparatus.
Referring to FIG. 23, the first heat sink module 40 mountable on the apparatus disclosed in FIG. 20 is disclosed. The first heat sink module 40 includes a bottom piece 41, a vertical piece 42, and an extended piece 43.
The lower surface of the bottom piece 41 is coupled to the upper surface of the plate 30 so that it can absorb the heat transferred from the plate 30 effectively by surface-to-surface contact.
The bottom piece 41 comprises a midmost part 41 a disposed at the center part on the upper surface of the plate 30 and a plurality of branch parts 41 b extended radially from the midmost part 41 a, and a containing part 41 c is formed between the two branch parts 41 b.
The second fins 31 b can be wedged in the containing part 41 c to stably mount the module 40 on the upper surface of the plate 30 (see FIGS. 24 to 27).
By aligning holes 41 d and 30 b, the bottom piece 41 can be coupled to the plate 30 by screws (see FIGS. 24 to 27). However, other coupling methods may also be used. For example, a method such as a press-fitting can be used without using any additional elements.
In case of press fitted, a piece of module 40 can be wedged between two first heat radiation fins 31 a, while the second heat radiation fins 31 b stably mounts the module 40 on the plate 30 (see FIG. 24).
The vertical piece 42 can be formed parallel to the fins 31, and it is formed to the bottom piece 41 so that it can radiate the heat transferred from the bottom piece 41.
The vertical piece 42 can provide a heat path Q1 to make the heat transferred from the bottom piece 41 radiate upward directly, and a heat path Q2 guiding the heated air flow along the fins 31 from the one side to the other side of the fins 31. The shape of the path Q2 can be formed similarly to a fan-shaped from the center of the plate 30.
The extended piece 43 is extended downwardly from the end portion of the vertical piece 42 in the radial direction. The extended piece 43 includes an outer piece 43 b close to the wall 10 and an inner piece 43 a able to be in contact with the edge of the plate 30.
Consequently, the inner piece 43 a can enhance the effect of the heat radiation since it can have the heat transferred from the vertical piece 42, and the heat radiation plate 30 directly, as well. Further, the air heated can be also guided by the extended piece 43 in the vertical direction of the wall 10. As a result, the heat generated from the module 20 can be effectively radiated. The designer will be able to select appropriate number of the vertical piece 42 and the extended piece 43 coupled to that by calculating the amount of the heat generated depending on the power output of the apparatus.
Referring to FIGS. 24 to 27, the optical semiconductor lighting apparatus includes the first heat sink modules 40 mounted thereon. As disclosed in those FIGS., the numbers of the module 40 can be decided considering the heat to be settled depending on the installation environment, the power output of the apparatus, etc.
As a result, the optimized number of the module 40 can be selected so that it is possible to prevent unnecessary cost of materials and proceed with installation for the apparatus effectively by weight lightening.
Referring to FIG. 28, the lower surface viewed from below is disclosed regarding the apparatus disclosed in FIG. 27
Referring to FIGS. 21 and 28, the light emitting module 20 is disposed on the lower surface of the plate 30, and the area of the module 20 can be smaller than that of the plate 30 so that the plate 30 can be formed to surround the edge of the module 20.
An optical member 60 can be disposed below the module 20 facing it and silicon molding or screw can be used for attaching the member to the lower surface of the outer part 30 c of the heat radiation plate 30 (see FIG. 28). As described above regarding various embodiments of the present invention, the optical member can adjust the light distribution area of light radiated from the light emitting module 20.
As is disclosed in FIG. 28, the outer part 30 c of the heat radiation plate 30 is connected to the side wall 10 through the fins 31 so that the heat from the module 20 is transferred effectively.
Further, if the extended piece 43 of the first heat sink module 40 is mounted on the plate 30, the effect of heat radiation will be enhanced because the inner piece 43 a of the extended piece 43 is in contact with the plate 30, as described above.
Referring to FIG. 29, a second heat sink module is disclosed as another exemplary embodiment of the heat sink module.
The second heat sink module 50 comprises the center piece 51 coupled to the upper surface of the plate 30 by surface-to-surface contact, and at least one heat radiation pieces group 52 having a plurality of heat radiation pieces 52 a extended radially from the center piece 51.
A plurality of the groups 52, like the branch parts 41 b of the first heat sink module 40, are formed to be extended radially from the center piece 51, and a containing part 53 is formed between the two groups 52.
Likewise, the second fins 31 b can be wedged in the containing part 53 to make the module 50 mounted on the upper surface of the plate 30 stably. The number of the heat radiation pieces 52 a can be increased so that the contact area with the air can be increased sufficiently enough to enhance the effect of heat radiation, and the second heat sink module 50 can be made as one unit using a method such as die-casting so that the unit cost of production can decrease by the use of mass-production.
As described above, the basic technical spirit of the present invention is to provide an optical semiconductor lighting apparatus that can reduce the total weight of the product, can further improve the heat dissipation efficiency by inducing natural convection, is simple in the product assembly and installation and is easy in maintenance, and can provide products with high reliability by increasing the arrangement efficiency of semiconductor optical devices per unit area.
According to the present invention, the following effects can be obtained.
First, the heat sink unit is disposed radially in the housing where the light emitting module is mounted. The first heat sinking path is formed along the direction in which the heat sink is formed, and the second heat sinking path is formed in the vertical direction of the housing along the edge of the light emitting module. By actively inducing the natural convection through the first and second heat sinking paths, the heat dissipation efficiency can be significantly increased and the heat generation problem can be solved.
The heat sink sheets extend from both edges of the bottom sheet radially disposed in the housing including the semiconductor optical device, and have a U-shape facing each other. Therefore, the total weight of the product can be reduced, and the manufacturing cost of the product and the amount of raw materials used can be significantly reduced.
That is, by making the unit heat sink element in a sheet form, it is possible to solve the problem of the conventional heat sink manufactured by die casing that it is difficult to make the heat sink in the sheet form. Therefore, the weight of the product can be reduced, and the bottom sheet can solve the difficulty in securing the heat transferring area due to the line contact of the conventional sheet-type heat sink.
The unit heat sink element including the bottom sheet and the heat sink sheet is fit into the housing, and the cover where the upper vent slot is formed is connected to the housing. Since it is easy to assemble the product, failure sites can be checked immediately, and the maintenance and management are simple. Therefore, products with high reliability can be provided to consumers.
By providing the apparatus as the concept of the light engine including the engine body, the arrangement efficiency of the semiconductor optical devices per unit area can be increased, and products with high reliability can be provided.
That is, by arranging the engine bodies as the concept of the light engine radially in the base casing defining a separate accommodation space, high power lighting can be implemented. Furthermore, the output power can be appropriately varied according to the installation and construction environment.
While the embodiments of the present invention have been described with reference to the specific embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the following claims.
What is claimed is:
1. An optical semiconductor lighting apparatus comprising: a light emitting module comprising at least one semiconductor optical device; a heat radiation plate having the light emitting module disposed at a lower surface thereof; heat radiation fins formed radially with gaps, each of the radiation fins having one side thereof coupled to the heat radiation plate; a side wall having the other side of each of the heat radiation fins with the gaps coupled to an inner surface thereof; and heat paths formed by the gaps in the heat radiation fins, the inner surface of the side wall, and an edge of the heat radiation plate.
2. The optical semiconductor lighting apparatus of claim 1, wherein the side wall is formed as a ring shape having a regular height.
3. The optical semiconductor lighting apparatus of claim 1, wherein the heat radiation plate comprises an outer part connected to the side wall through the heat radiation fins and surrounding an edge of the light emitting module.
4. The optical semiconductor lighting apparatus of claim 1, wherein: the heat radiation fins comprise first heat radiation fins each having one side thereof coupled to the center part of the heat radiation plate and the other side thereof coupled radially to the inner surface of the side wall; and at least one second heat radiation fin disposed between two of the first heat radiation fins and has one side thereof coupled to a part of the heat radiation plate that is radially spaced from the center point of an upper surface of the heat radiation plate, and the other side thereof is coupled to the inner surface of the side wall.
5. The optical semiconductor lighting apparatus of claim 4, further comprising at least one first heat sink module, wherein: the first heat sink module comprises a bottom piece coupled to the upper surface of the heat radiation plate; a vertical piece extended upwardly from the bottom piece; and a extended piece extended downwardly from the end portion of the vertical piece in a radial direction.
6. The optical semiconductor lighting apparatus of claim 5, wherein: the first heat sink module is disposed between two of the first heat radiation fins; the bottom piece has branch parts extended radially from a midmost part on the upper surface of the heat radiation plate; a containing part is formed between two of the branch parts; and one side of each of the second heat radiation fins is wedged in the containing part.
7. The optical semiconductor lighting apparatus of claim 4, further comprising at least one or more second heat sink modules, wherein: the second heat sink module comprises a center piece coupled to the upper surface of the heat radiation plate; and a heat radiation pieces group comprising a plurality of heat radiation pieces extended radially from the center piece.
8. The optical semiconductor lighting apparatus of claim 7, wherein: the second heat sink module is disposed between two of the first heat radiation fins; a containing part is formed between two of the heat radiation pieces groups; and one side of each of the second heat radiation fins is wedged in the containing part..
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6943504_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | BROWN, Senior District Judge,
dissenting:
I agree that the majority opinion fully and accurately sets out the factual background involved in this appeal. I also agree that in reconsidering our prior ruling in light of BMW of North America, Inc. v. Gore, 517 U.S. -, 116 S.Ct. 1589, 134 L.Ed.2d 809 (1996), as we have been directed to do by the Supreme Court upon remand, the majority opinion has thoroughly and correctly analyzed the “guidelines” that are to be found in that opinion. I must respectfully dissent, however, from the majority’s ultimate conclusion that $6,000,000 is the maximum constitutionally permissible punitive damage award under the facts and law which govern this case.
It seems to me that our difficulty in applying the precepts of the BMW case stems from the factual aspect of that ease which I find to be clearly distinguishable. It seems to me that the primary motivating factors in BMW were that there were no “aggravating factors” or particular reprehensible conduct by BMW present in the case, that the award *644was 500 times the amount of the customer’s actual harm, and that under Alabama law there was a lack of adequate “reasonable constraints” to guide the court and jury in determining the reasonableness of punitive awards.3
In the first instance, the award of punitive damages against OXY in our case did not in any way approach the 500 to 1 ratio which was so criticized in BMW.
Secondly, while the wrongful acts of BMW and OXY USA both resulted in economic injury to the complaining parties, the nature of the two wrongs is quite different. While BMW was found to be involved in what may be termed “deceptive trade practices” affecting the value of a new ear and resultant damage to consumers, OXY USA was engaged in intentional conduct which was “particularly egregious” conduct which was deliberate and repetitive and designed to destroy a vulnerable competitor. As the majority has noted, the trial court found that the jury “visibly reacted” to OXY’s corporate witness, and that “[t]he jury was. obviously moved by the repugnancy of the totality of OXY’s conduct.” 810 F.Supp. at 1530.
Finally, and perhaps of most importance to me is the fact that, unlike Alabama, the State of Oklahoma has established an elaborate system of checks upon the discretion of courts and juries in the imposition of punitive damage awards. See discussion, Capstick v. Allstate Ins. Co., 998 F.2d 810, at pp. 816 et seq. (10th Cir.1993).4
In our prior opinion, this panel determined that the original award of $30,000,000, when examined from the perspective of the facts surrounding OXY’s conduct and of what would be necessary to punish a very wealthy corporation and to deter similar conduct, was “not necessarily a shocking figure”; and we declined to disturb the jury’s award at that time.
In this opinion after remand, the majority has noted that plaintiffs produced evidence which would support a jury finding of approximately $1,000,000 in actual and potential loss, while OXY’s own evidence would support a higher figure of $2,000,000. Since the majority further noted that “in economic injury cases if the damages are significant and the injury not hard to detect, the ratio of punitive damages to the harm generally cannot exceed a ten to one ratio,” these damage figures alone would justify a punitive award of between $10 and $20 million. When the additional factor of the extent and nature of OXY’s income and net worth is added as a consideration, one begins to approach the original jury award of $30 million, and this judge can only conclude that an award of not less than $20 million would be permissible and required under the circumstances found in this record without violation to the concepts of due process.5
In any event, this case clearly illustrates the difficulties which arise when the ultimate decision of whether to impose punitive damages, and the amount of those damages is taken from the discretion of a jury impan-elled and instructed in accordance with the strict guidelines imposed by Oklahoma law.6
*645In my opinion, the BMW ease does not apply to the facts and circumstances of this case, and we should reaffirm the punitive award found appropriate by the Oklahoma jury. If BMW does apply, then to give some credence to the Oklahoma jury’s conclusions, we certainly should not reduce the punitive damage award below the $20 million figure disclosed by the evidence.
. This aspect of Alabama law was discussed at length in the concurring opinion of Justice Breyer (O'Connor and Souter joining), - U.S. at pp. -- et seq., 116 S.Ct. at pp. 1604 et seq., 134 L.Ed.2d at pp. 833 et seq.
. In Oklahoma, a plaintiff is entitled to recover punitive damages in excess of his actual damages if the trial court determines, prior to submission of the case, “that there is clear and convincing evidence that the defendant is guilty of conduct evincing a wanton or reckless disregard for the rights of another, oppression, fraud or malice, actual or presumed,” in which case the jury may award damages "for the sake of example, and by way of punishing the defendant, and the percentage limitation on such damages ... shall not apply.” 998 F.2d at 817.
. In our previous opinion in this case, we noted that OXY claimed that the $30 million punitive award was based upon passion and prejudice because in plaintiff's closing argument it was pointed out that OXY earned over $36 million a week. We there ruled that "... we cannot conclude on the record as a whole that the jury acted out of passion or prejudice.”
. It should be noted that in remanding the BMW case to the state court, the Supreme Court specifically noted that
“As in Haslip, we are not prepared to draw a bright line marking the limits of a constitutionally acceptable punitive damages award. Unlike that case, however, we are fully convinced that the grossly excessive award imposed in this case transcends the constitutional limit.
*645Whether the appropriate remedy requires a new trial or merely an independent determination by the Alabama Supreme Court of the award necessary to vindicate the economic interests of Alabama consumers is a matter that should be addressed by the state court in the first instance.” ( — U.S. at -, 116 S.Ct. at 1604, 134 L.Ed.2d at 833.).
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2021/52021IR4071/52021IR4071_FR.txt_1 | Eurlex | CC-By | C_2022097FR.01001001.xml
28.2.2022
FR
Journal officiel de l'Union européenne
C 97/10
Avis du Comité européen des régions — «Une meilleure réglementation: unir nos forces pour améliorer la législation»
(2022/C 97/03)
Rapporteur:
Piero Mauro ZANIN (IT/PPE), président et membre du conseil régional du Frioul-Vénétie Julienne
Texte de référence:
Communication de la Commission au Parlement européen, au Conseil, au Comité économique et social européen et au Comité des régions — Une meilleure réglementation: unir nos forces pour améliorer la législation
Bruxelles, le 29.4.2021
COM(2021) 219 final
RECOMMANDATIONS POLITIQUES
LE COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DES RÉGIONS
Soutien de la relance de l’UE au moyen d’une meilleure réglementation
1.
souligne que le système d’amélioration de la réglementation de l’Union européenne est considéré par l’OCDE comme l’une des approches réglementaires les plus avancées au monde, capable de produire une législation de qualité et «adaptée à l’avenir», et qu’il est à la hauteur des défis majeurs que rencontre l’Union européenne sur le front de la transformation environnementale, numérique et sociale;
2.
convient que la législation de l’UE devrait créer une valeur ajoutée, limiter les charges administratives au minimum et à un niveau proportionnel aux objectifs visés par la réglementation concernée, être claire et transparente et respecter les principes de subsidiarité et de proportionnalité;
3.
souligne qu’il est fondamental que le système d’amélioration de la réglementation intègre la dimension à plusieurs niveaux de la gouvernance dans l’Union européenne, étant donné que la législation européenne est mise en œuvre par les États membres, les régions et les collectivités locales: sans la participation des niveaux de gouvernement chargés de la mise en application des règles de l’Union, il ne saurait y avoir de législation de qualité adaptée à la poursuite des objectifs communs. À cet égard, le Comité recommande à la Commission européenne de donner la priorité à la collaboration avec les collectivités régionales et locales, en particulier celles dotées de pouvoirs législatifs, tout au long du cycle d’élaboration des politiques, sur la base d’une méthode de travail fondée sur une gouvernance à plusieurs niveaux;
4.
constate que les collectivités régionales et locales, démocratiquement élues, n’ont toujours qu’une influence limitée sur la définition de la législation de l’Union qu’elles sont tenues de mettre en œuvre. Il est dès lors nécessaire de leur reconnaître, ainsi qu’au CdR, qui est leur représentant institutionnel au niveau de l’Union, un rôle plus important dans le système de gouvernance européen;
5.
note qu’il est positif que la Commission renforce son rôle de gardienne des traités, qu’elle ait mis l’accent sur la mise en œuvre plus efficace de la législation de l’UE et que, pour ce faire, elle entende faire davantage d’efforts à cette fin et apporte son soutien aux États membres, aux régions et aux communes pour la mise en œuvre effective et correcte du droit européen. Un taux de mise en œuvre approprié et davantage d’efficacité dans celle-ci contribueront également à l’initiative pour l’amélioration de la réglementation;
6.
demande à la Commission d’étudier les moyens d’associer plus étroitement les parlements régionaux aux processus décisionnels de l’Union, en s’appuyant sur le mécanisme d’alerte précoce prévu par les traités, afin qu’ils puissent apporter une contribution positive au développement d’une subsidiarité active (1);
7.
estime qu’il est temps d’«unir nos forces pour améliorer la législation», selon une approche ascendante, en améliorant et en rapprochant entre eux les outils d’amélioration de la réglementation, dont bon nombre ont déjà été adoptés par les régions, pour faire en sorte qu’ils soient compatibles, et en partageant les meilleures pratiques ainsi que les données disponibles;
8.
se réjouit de l’intention affichée par la Commission d’associer davantage les citoyens à l’élaboration des politiques de l’Union au moyen de consultations, mais l’encourage à s’appuyer également, à cette fin, sur les collectivités territoriales ainsi que sur la capacité du CdR à saisir et à relayer les préoccupations des citoyens en jouant un rôle de médiateur;
9.
convient que les mesures prises au niveau politique doivent reposer sur des analyses approfondies et des données scientifiques, capables d’évaluer systématiquement l’impact qu’elles ont, notamment, sur l’économie, les questions sociales, l’égalité entre les sexes et l’environnement;
10.
souscrit à l’intention de la Commission d’intégrer les objectifs de développement durable (ODD) dans les processus décisionnels et l’élaboration des politiques de l’Union, notamment en améliorant l’analyse et la communication des propositions relatives au développement durable; fait observer que la mise en œuvre des ODD ne doit pas être compromise par des charges administratives et réglementaires et qu’elle doit accorder une attention égale aux différentes dimensions du développement durable que sont l’économie, les questions sociales, l’égalité entre les sexes et l’environnement; invite les États membres et les collectivités territoriales à agir dans ce même sens;
11.
convient que le principe consistant à «ne pas causer de préjudice important» devrait être appliqué dans tous les domaines, conformément à la stratégie à long terme de l’Union à l’horizon 2050 (2) et au programme à l’horizon 2030 (3); demande que les collectivités régionales et locales soient associées à la planification et à la gestion des ressources, en tant qu’elles jouent un rôle de premier plan dans la mise en œuvre des politiques sociales et en matière d’environnement, de climat et d’énergie; renvoie à l’avis qu’il a élaboré relativement à la loi européenne sur le climat (4) et recommande de tenir compte du coût de l’inaction, qui peut avoir à long terme des conséquences significatives et non immédiatement perceptibles;
12.
invite la Commission, les États membres et les collectivités régionales et locales à adopter des règles, compatibles entre elles, propres à éliminer les obstacles et les difficultés bureaucratiques qui, en ralentissant la reprise, nuisent au bien-être des citoyens; demande à la Commission qu’elle soutienne les régions, en particulier les régions transfrontalières et les régions moins développées, dans la promotion d’une législation commune, en s’appuyant sur les expériences de coopération déjà en place entre territoires frontaliers et vulnérables, telles que celles des groupements européens de coopération territoriale (GECT);
13.
invite les institutions de l’Union, les États membres et les collectivités régionales et locales à mettre respectivement en œuvre la partie des recommandations de la task-force «Subsidiarité, proportionnalité et “faire moins mais de manière plus efficace”» qui les concerne (5); demande qu’il soit procédé à une mise à jour de ces mêmes recommandations, à la lumière des enseignements tirés de la pandémie, ainsi que des objectifs de la transition écologique, numérique et sociale et de la construction d’économies et de sociétés plus équitables, plus résilientes et plus égalitaires dans le cadre du dispositif Next Generation EU;
14.
demande également une révision de l’accord interinstitutionnel «Mieux légiférer», ainsi que des lignes directrices et de la boîte à outils relatives à une meilleure réglementation, intégrant la dimension à plusieurs niveaux du processus législatif européen, comme suggéré par la task-force «Subsidiarité» (6); souligne l’importance de faire connaître les outils d’amélioration de la réglementation aux États membres et aux collectivités régionales et locales, en particulier celles qui disposent de pouvoirs législatifs, et de promouvoir leur utilisation; demande que l’aspect linguistique, l’uniformisation de la terminologie utilisée et l’exactitude des traductions fassent l’objet de tous les efforts, en tant qu’éléments essentiels à la poursuite des objectifs communs de l’amélioration de la réglementation à tous les niveaux de gouvernance;
Un effort commun
15.
convient qu’il ne saurait y avoir de législation de qualité sans tenir compte des réalisations de la législation antérieure; souligne que de nombreuses régions ont prévu des clauses d’évaluation dans leur propre législation afin de garantir la disponibilité de données sur les effets des réglementations; reconnaît que le partage des données probantes collectées dans un registre commun des contributions relève de la responsabilité de toutes les institutions, européennes, nationales, régionales et locales;
16.
convient qu’il est utile de créer un portail législatif commun et recommande de le faire connaître grâce à des initiatives de communication dans tous les États membres;
17.
estime que les sites web institutionnels des collectivités régionales et locales peuvent contribuer à une plus grande médiatisation des consultations publiques de la Commission, en diffusant des appels à contribution et, le cas échéant, en promouvant des réseaux stables de personnes de contact afin de recueillir les observations et les demandes des utilisateurs finaux, dont la contribution est essentielle à la poursuite des objectifs de croissance et de développement;
Meilleure communication avec les parties prenantes et le grand public
18.
accueille favorablement l’intention de la Commission européenne d’améliorer encore les consultations et de les rendre plus ciblées, plus claires et plus conviviales, notamment grâce à l’élaboration de questionnaires plus équilibrés, structurés, moins techniques, et faciles à comprendre; se félicite que les consultations publiques et les feuilles de route soient rassemblées en un seul «appel à contributions» sur le portail «Donnez votre avis»; insiste pour que les questionnaires soient traduits simultanément dans toutes les langues de l’Union afin de rendre possible la participation des parties prenantes partout et à tous les niveaux;
19.
suggère que, eu égard à la spécificité qui est la leur, les collectivités régionales et locales devraient être plus fréquemment soumises à des consultations ciblées; recommande à la Commission de consulter le CdR lors de l’élaboration de consultations ouvertes et de feuilles de route pour les propositions qui ont une incidence significative sur les niveaux infranationaux de gouvernement, et d’associer les collectivités locales et régionales, par l’intermédiaire du CdR, à une campagne d’information décentralisée et systématique sur les programmes de travail annuels de la Commission européenne;
20.
estime que la conférence sur l’avenir de l’Europe constitue une excellente occasion de dialoguer avec les citoyens; rappelle qu’il a émis un avis intitulé «Les collectivités locales et régionales en dialogue permanent avec les citoyens» et que la conférence sur l’avenir de l’Europe constitue l’occasion de repenser et de réformer le fonctionnement de l’Union européenne et la manière dont celle-ci est perçue par ses citoyens (7); réaffirme qu’il est nécessaire qu’il soit lui-même (le CdR) un acteur clé de la conférence sur l’avenir de l’Europe et que le rôle des collectivités locales et régionales, en particulier celles dotées de pouvoirs législatifs, dans le fonctionnement démocratique de l’UE doit être renforcé, au même titre que la dimension territoriale des politiques européennes;
21.
souligne qu’il importe de promouvoir la participation des citoyens à l’élaboration des politiques de l’Union; rappelle, à cet égard, sa proposition de mettre en place un réseau paneuropéen de dialogue, fondé sur la participation volontaire des citoyens (CitizEN), qui pourrait, après avoir été testé lors de la conférence sur l’avenir de l’Europe, déboucher sur la mise en place d’un mécanisme structurel visant à garantir que les citoyens soient correctement informés et associés et à encourager leur engagement politique à long terme;
Une transparence accrue
22.
recommande de rendre le processus législatif le plus transparent possible, en veillant à ce que, pour toute proposition législative, les citoyens aient pleinement accès aux données, contributions, études et évaluations disponibles;
23.
estime qu’il serait essentiel que le CdR ait accès à certains documents des réunions de trilogue, quand il a élaboré, où est en train d’élaborer, au titre de l’article 307 du TFUE un avis sur une proposition abordée dans ces réunions, afin de pouvoir évaluer dans quelle mesure les changements examinés présentent un intérêt sur le plan régional ou local et pourraient justifier l’élaboration d’un nouvel avis. Cet accès à la documentation permettrait au CdR de remplir son rôle d’organe consultatif et garantirait l’effet utile des dispositions des traités se rapportant à lui;
24.
invite la Commission à créer des liens entre les bases de données, les registres, les archives et les portails, y compris MIDAS, en les faisant connaître au public via des initiatives de communication et de formation, y compris par l’intermédiaire du CdR et des associations de collectivités territoriales;
25.
se félicite de l’intention de la Commission d’intensifier ses efforts pour améliorer la consultation publique et la gestion du retour d’information sur ces consultations. À ce stade, la manière dont la Commission évalue les réponses individuelles à une consultation n’est pas claire, alors qu’il s’agit d’une étape nécessaire pour garantir la transparence démocratique dans ce domaine. En tout état de cause, lorsqu’elle présente ses propositions législatives, la Commission devrait prendre tout particulièrement en considération les contributions transmises par les administrations publiques régionales dotées de compétences dans les domaines qui font l’objet de la consultation;
Nouveaux instruments permettant de simplifier encore et de réduire les charges
26.
convient qu’il est temps d’accorder une plus grande attention à l’incidence de la législation sur le plan des coûts financiers et des charges administratives supplémentaires pour les collectivités locales et régionales, les personnes, les familles et les entreprises, en particulier les micro, petites et moyennes entreprises, qui constituent l’épine dorsale du tissu économique européen;
27.
demande à la Commission européenne, lorsqu’elle applique l’approche «un ajout, un retrait», qui consiste à compenser les nouvelles charges résultant des propositions législatives par une réduction équivalente des charges imposées par la législation existante dans le même secteur, de garantir que les analyses d’impact initiales et les analyses d’impact incluent une évaluation des incidences différenciées en fonction des territoires que pourrait produire chaque initiative législative; souhaite que l’application de ce principe préserve les objectifs de la législation et les normes économiques, sociales et environnementales élevées de l’UE; espère en outre que les méthodes utilisées pour mesurer et réduire les charges s’inspireront d’une approche fondée sur des éléments probants en ce qui concerne la compensation des charges administratives et le coût de l’inaction, de manière à pouvoir devenir ultérieurement communes à l’ensemble des décideurs politiques à tous les niveaux, et qu’elles accompagneront les propositions législatives tout au long du processus d’adoption, jusqu’à leur mise en œuvre aux niveaux national, régional et local;
28.
insiste pour que toute nouvelle initiative législative de l’Union apporte une valeur ajoutée européenne, et estime en outre qu’il serait essentiel de veiller à ce que les mesures et obligations proposées soient simples et puissent être appliquées de manière efficace et efficiente afin d’atteindre les objectifs politiques convenus; plaide en faveur d’une transparence et d’une responsabilité accrues et d’une réduction des charges administratives pesant sur les entreprises, en particulier les petites et moyennes entreprises (PME); soutient que l’Union devrait se fixer pour objectif de réduire la charge réglementaire globale pesant sur les entreprises;
29.
souligne que, dans le sillage du «Small Business Act», certains États membres et certaines régions ont déjà mis en œuvre des méthodes d’évaluation des charges que la législation fait peser sur les entreprises; encourage l’échange de bonnes pratiques concernant les mesures compensatoires, les instruments, les méthodologies et les données collectées;
30.
estime qu’il est indispensable, afin de réduire les charges et de simplifier les processus, d’investir dans l’adoption de solutions numériques capables de moderniser les systèmes des administrations publiques en les adaptant à la vitesse et aux besoins des secteurs productifs;
31.
invite la Commission et les États membres à soutenir les entreprises — en particulier les micro, petites et moyennes entreprises — dans les investissements, y compris la formation, le perfectionnement et la reconversion, nécessaires pour satisfaire aux normes requises par la législation européenne dans leur secteur;
32.
reconnaît la nécessité d’un réexamen et d’une simplification de la réglementation, en vue de supprimer les obstacles à l’application de la législation, y compris au niveau transfrontière, et de rendre la législation plus efficace, plus transparente et plus compréhensible pour les utilisateurs finaux, qu’il s’agisse de citoyens ou d’entreprises; se félicite, par conséquent, des travaux menés dans le cadre de l’examen annuel de la charge 2020, qui, conformément à l’accord interinstitutionnel «Mieux légiférer» de 2016, rend compte des mesures prises pour réduire les charges et simplifier la législation;
33.
partage l’objectif qui était déjà celui du programme pour une réglementation affûtée et performante (REFIT), et est désormais renforcé par la mise en place de la plateforme «Prêts pour l’avenir»; se félicite d’avoir obtenu un rôle accru au sein de la plateforme, où il est représenté par trois membres dans le groupe des représentants des organes politiques, ce qui répond en partie aux préoccupations qui étaient les siennes quant à la gouvernance et à l’efficacité de la précédente plateforme REFIT, et d’y être associé avec son réseau RegHub (réseau de pôles régionaux pour l’évaluation de la mise en œuvre de la politique de l’UE); réaffirme son soutien à ladite plateforme «Prêts pour l’avenir» et son engagement à renforcer la coopération avec la Commission européenne; rappelle qu’il est bien placé pour recueillir systématiquement les contributions des collectivités locales et régionales, par l’intermédiaire de ses membres, de ses réseaux et d’autres initiatives ciblées, telles que RegHub (8);
34.
souligne la valeur ajoutée que le réseau RegHub, grâce aux consultations organisées avec les parties prenantes, apporte au développement d’une base de données européenne sur les effets de la mise en œuvre de la législation de l’Union; souligne que RegHub encourage également la mise en œuvre de la législation de l’Union en diffusant des informations et en créant un environnement propice à l’échange de bonnes pratiques ainsi qu’à l’évaluation des progrès et des résultats; fait observer que, pour garantir que le processus de simplification s’effectue dans la continuité et la cohérence, il pourrait être utile d’activer le réseau RegHub pour les directives et règlements qui ont déjà fait l’objet d’une consultation et d’une révision, afin d’en soutenir la mise en œuvre; invite la Commission à envisager d’apporter un soutien financier sur le long terme pour le développement et la consolidation de RegHub, en tant qu’il s’agit d’un instrument d’amélioration de la réglementation;
35.
estime qu’il est essentiel d’étendre autant que possible la participation des régions, des départements et des villes à RegHub et invite aussi les États membres à utiliser le réseau pour mettre en place des systèmes d’acquisition de données et d’informations provenant des territoires;
Amélioration de notre boîte à outils
36.
estime que parmi les enseignements tirés de la pandémie, il y a celui de la nécessité de saisir, dans la mesure du possible à l’avance, les premiers signes des phénomènes appelés à se produire, en garantissant ainsi une réaction rapide qui puisse au moins contenir leurs effets les plus dévastateurs; fait observer qu’il est important que les décideurs politiques disposent de données scientifiques complètes et actualisées pour élaborer des stratégies qui soient à la hauteur des défis posés; réaffirme la nécessité d’une coopération étroite et continue avec la communauté des scientifiques et des chercheurs;
37.
escompte que la méthodologie d’intégration de la prospective stratégique dans l’élaboration des politiques sera précisée dans la boîte à outils relative à une meilleure réglementation, en tenant compte de la perspective locale et régionale; rappelle que les collectivités locales et régionales et le CdR sont bien placés pour contribuer à la prospective stratégique;
38.
demande à la Commission de recueillir les contributions du CdR à la création du portail législatif commun, y compris les avis, les analyses d’impact territorial (AIT), les rapports du réseau RegHub, les études et la documentation sur les propositions législatives et leurs révisions; sollicite également la possibilité de participer aux améliorations techniques du portail «Donnez votre avis» afin de contribuer à une meilleure compréhension des spécificités locales et d’en faciliter l’accès pour les collectivités locales et régionales;
39.
espère que la Commission européenne rendra plus manifeste le caractère territorial des incidences des politiques lorsqu’elle révisera les lignes directrices pour une meilleure réglementation et actualisera la boîte à outils en ce qui concerne les instruments et les méthodologies utilisés pour cerner les incidences en général, et plus particulièrement dans le cadre des AIT, en faisant en sorte qu’ils soient suffisamment souples pour pouvoir être utilisés dans différents contextes et à tous les niveaux;
40.
rappelle que les notions d’évaluation de l’impact rural, d’évaluation de l’impact urbain et d’analyses d’impact transfrontalier, entre autres, font toutes partie du concept plus large d’évaluation de l’impact territorial et que multiplier les catégories distinctes ne doit pas aller à l’encontre de l’objectif d’élaboration de politiques fondées sur des données factuelles et locales;
41.
salue les efforts continus de la Commission européenne (et en particulier du Centre commun de recherche et de la DG Politique régionale et urbaine) et du programme de groupement européen de coopération territoriale (GECT) de l’Observatoire en réseau de l’aménagement du territoire européen (ORATE) visant à continuer à développer des outils méthodologiques d’évaluation des incidences territoriales; recommande que, même lorsqu’il n’est pas possible de procéder à une analyse d’impact territorial complète, ou qu’une telle analyse est jugée inutile, d’autres types d’analyses d’impact soient réalisées, au niveau territorial le plus petit autorisé par les données statistiques existantes;
42.
réaffirme que la «cécité territoriale» a des effets négatifs sur la qualité de l’élaboration des politiques. Le manque de données infranationales suffisantes dans de nombreux indices et tableaux de bord importants [tels que l’indice relatif à l’économie et à la société numériques (DESI), le tableau de bord social et les objectifs de développement durable (ODD)] et, en matière de prospective, l’absence ou la qualité insuffisante de l’analyse de la situation infranationale par les institutions européennes, peuvent avoir des effets négatifs et durables sur l’Union dans son ensemble, sur l’esprit de cohésion entre les territoires et sur la vie des citoyens. Les lignes directrices et la boîte à outils pour une meilleure réglementation devraient par conséquent donner des signaux clairs et fournir des instruments utiles pour faire en sorte que les AIT soient largement utilisées tout au long du cycle d’élaboration des politiques, en veillant à ce que les autres formes d’évaluations de l’impact (social, économique, environnemental ou autre) soient également réalisées au niveau infranational;
43.
recommande d’associer davantage les collectivités régionales et locales afin de mettre à la disposition des AIT des données et des informations difficiles d’accès au niveau européen; invite la Commission européenne à diffuser auprès des collectivités régionales et locales, par l’intermédiaire du CdR et de RegHub, les différents modèles de réalisation des AIT développés à partir de ceux de l’ORATE, ce qui favorisera une culture de l’évaluation et de l’élaboration de politiques fondées sur les données probantes et la connaissance du terrain, y compris dans les phases de transposition et de mise en œuvre, sur la base d’une méthode de travail reposant sur une gouvernance à plusieurs niveaux;
44.
fait valoir qu’il devrait être indispensable de justifier, le cas échéant, l’absence de réalisation d’une analyse d’impact pour une proposition législative donnée, en particulier dans le cas de propositions susceptibles d’avoir une incidence territoriale;
45.
approuve les recommandations de la task-force (9) visant à ce que la subsidiarité soit appliquée de manière active, car la prise de décisions au niveau le plus proche des citoyens contribue à accroître la visibilité des actions et la légitimité démocratique de l’Union; invite la Commission à tenir compte, lors de l’examen de la subsidiarité, des diverses formes de décentralisation qui existent dans l’Union, y compris sur le plan budgétaire, car ce contrôle doit se fonder sur la répartition des compétences entre les différents niveaux de gouvernance;
46.
invite les colégislateurs et les États membres à utiliser systématiquement la grille d’évaluation de la subsidiarité; encourage les assemblées régionales à faire de même, pour vérifier que les propositions législatives de l’Union respectent le principe de subsidiarité, au sens du protocole no 2 du TFUE;
47.
invite instamment la Commission et les États membres, en vue d’atteindre les objectifs de la transition écologique et numérique, à associer les collectivités locales et régionales à tous les stades du processus décisionnel, tant au niveau européen, pour ce qui est des consultations et évaluations ex ante et ex post, qu’au niveau national, pour l’élaboration des politiques et de la législation ainsi que pour la conception et la mise en œuvre des plans et programmes et des instruments politiques qui ont le plus d’impact sur les villes et les régions, l’objectif étant d’assurer la cohérence des actions; préconise, en conformité avec les recommandations de la task-force (10), d’actualiser les modalités de participation des régions à la mise en œuvre par les États membres des plans nationaux pour la reprise et la résilience (PNRR) et des objectifs du pacte vert, sur la base d’une méthode de travail fondée sur une gouvernance à plusieurs niveaux, visant une transition écologique, numérique et socialement équitable;
48.
se félicite des efforts déployés pour améliorer la qualité des évaluations au moyen d’audits indépendants et salue la création du comité d’examen de la réglementation (11), dont la nature permanente, la nouvelle composition et l’extension du mandat lèvent en partie les inquiétudes que le CdR avait exprimées quant à l’efficacité d’un tel organe; réitère son appel à prévoir l’inclusion d’un membre permanent nommé par le CdR dans ledit comité d’examen de la réglementation; invite la Commission européenne à mettre à disposition les projets d’évaluation et d’analyse d’impact soumis au comité d’examen de la réglementation afin qu’il soit possible de mieux évaluer les contributions du CdR au programme relatif à l’amélioration de la réglementation et de les orienter plus efficacement; invite le comité d’examen de la réglementation à envisager l’utilisation des rapports de RegHub sur la mise en œuvre en tant qu’outil d’examen des propositions législatives et souligne que le CdR est disposé à renforcer sa coopération avec lui;
Le rôle clé du contrôle de l’application
49.
s’engage à rassembler ses propres outils et méthodologies pour la recherche et l’analyse des données territoriales dans un ensemble unique d’instruments visant une meilleure réglementation, y compris les consultations RegHub, facilitant ainsi le lien avec la boîte à outils de la Commission et les instruments du service de recherche du Parlement européen; encourage la Commission et les États membres à étendre aux collectivités régionales et locales les mesures de soutien qu’ils prévoient en ce qui concerne la transposition des directives, la mise en œuvre des règlements et l’application correcte des règles de l’UE;
50.
recommande que les collectivités régionales et locales, conformément à ce qui a déjà été souligné par la task-force sur la subsidiarité (12), coopèrent à l’élaboration des plans nationaux de mise en œuvre, qui peuvent apporter une valeur ajoutée par rapport à ceux de la Commission européenne;
51.
convient avec la Commission de la nécessité de sensibiliser les États membres et les régions au phénomène de surréglementation et, si des règles nationales supplémentaires sont jugées indispensables lors de la mise en œuvre de la législation européenne, recommande de les identifier, au moyen d’actes de transposition ou de documents connexes, conformément aux dispositions de l’accord interinstitutionnel «Mieux légiférer» (13). Par ailleurs, il est recommandé de ne pas ajouter de nouvelles règles, notamment lors de la mise en œuvre de programmes en gestion partagée et dans le cadre des orientations nationales en matière de marchés publics, afin d’éviter la surréglementation.
Bruxelles, le 1er décembre 2021.
Le président du Comité européen des régions
Apostolos TZITZIKOSTAS
(1) Avis du CdR sur le thème «Améliorer la réglementation: faire le point et maintenir notre engagement», CdR 2579/2019.
(2) https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/2050_fr
(3) https://ec.europa.eu/international-partnerships/sustainable-development-goals_fr
(4) https://cor.europa.eu/FR/our-work/Pages/OpinionTimeline.aspx?opId=CDR-1361-2020
(5) Rapport de la task-force «Subsidiarité, proportionnalité et “faire moins mais de manière plus efficace”», https://ec.europa.eu/info/files/report-task-force-subsidiarity-proportionality-and-doing-less-more-efficiently_fr
(6) Recommandation 8.
(7) Avis du CdR sur le thème «Les collectivités locales et régionales en dialogue permanent avec les citoyens», https://cor.europa.eu/fr/our-work/Pages/OpinionTimeline.aspx?opId=CDR-4989-2019
(8) Réseau de pôles régionaux pour l’évaluation de la mise en œuvre de la politique de l’UE, https://cor.europa.eu/fr/our-work/Pages/network-of-regional-hubs.aspx
(9) Rapport de la task-force «Subsidiarité, proportionnalité et “faire moins mais de manière plus efficace”», https://ec.europa.eu/info/files/report-task-force-subsidiarity-proportionality-and-doing-less-more-efficiently_fr
(10) Recommandation 4.
(11) Avis intitulé «Programme de l’UE “Mieux légiférer”», https://cor.europa.eu/fr/our-work/Pages/OpinionTimeline.aspx?opId=CDR-4129-2015
(12) Recommandation 5 de la task-force «Subsidiarité, proportionnalité et “faire moins mais de manière plus efficace”».
(13) Voir point 43 de l’accord.
|
github_open_source_100_1_244 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /* ========================================================================== */
// AppFlow
/* ========================================================================== */
sections.push({
'category': 'Application Integration',
'service': 'AppFlow',
'resourcetypes': {
'Flows': {
'columns': [
[
{
field: 'state',
checkbox: true,
rowspan: 2,
align: 'center',
valign: 'middle'
},
{
title: 'Name',
field: 'name',
rowspan: 2,
align: 'center',
valign: 'middle',
sortable: true,
formatter: primaryFieldFormatter,
footerFormatter: textFormatter
},
{
title: 'Properties',
colspan: 4,
align: 'center'
}
],
[
{
field: 'description',
title: 'Description',
sortable: true,
editable: true,
footerFormatter: textFormatter,
align: 'center'
}
]
]
},
'Connector Profiles': {
'columns': [
[
{
field: 'state',
checkbox: true,
rowspan: 2,
align: 'center',
valign: 'middle'
},
{
title: 'Name',
field: 'name',
rowspan: 2,
align: 'center',
valign: 'middle',
sortable: true,
formatter: primaryFieldFormatter,
footerFormatter: textFormatter
},
{
title: 'Properties',
colspan: 4,
align: 'center'
}
],
[
{
field: 'connectortype',
title: 'Connector Type',
sortable: true,
editable: true,
footerFormatter: textFormatter,
align: 'center'
},
{
field: 'connectionmode',
title: 'Connection Mode',
sortable: true,
editable: true,
footerFormatter: textFormatter,
align: 'center'
}
]
]
}
}
});
async function updateDatatableApplicationIntegrationAppFlow() {
blockUI('#section-applicationintegration-appflow-flows-datatable');
blockUI('#section-applicationintegration-appflow-connectorprofiles-datatable');
await sdkcall("Appflow", "listFlows", {
// no params
}, false).then(async (data) => {
$('#section-applicationintegration-appflow-flows-datatable').deferredBootstrapTable('removeAll');
await Promise.all(data.flows.map(flow => {
return sdkcall("Appflow", "describeFlow", {
flowName: flow.flowName
}, true).then((data) => {
$('#section-applicationintegration-appflow-flows-datatable').deferredBootstrapTable('append', [{
f2id: data.flowArn,
f2type: 'appflow.flow',
f2data: data,
f2region: region,
name: data.flowName,
description: data.description
}]);
});
}));
}).catch(() => { });
await sdkcall("Appflow", "describeConnectorProfiles", {
// no params
}, false).then(async (data) => {
$('#section-applicationintegration-appflow-connectorprofiles-datatable').deferredBootstrapTable('removeAll');
data.connectorProfileDetails.forEach(connectorProfile => {
$('#section-applicationintegration-appflow-connectorprofiles-datatable').deferredBootstrapTable('append', [{
f2id: connectorProfile.connectorProfileArn,
f2type: 'appflow.connectorprofile',
f2data: connectorProfile,
f2region: region,
name: connectorProfile.connectorProfileName,
connectortype: connectorProfile.connectorType,
connectionmode: connectorProfile.connectionMode
}]);
});
}).catch(() => { });
unblockUI('#section-applicationintegration-appflow-flows-datatable');
unblockUI('#section-applicationintegration-appflow-connectorprofiles-datatable');
}
service_mapping_functions.push(function(reqParams, obj, tracked_resources){
if (obj.type == "appflow.flow") {
reqParams.cfn['FlowName'] = obj.data.flowName;
reqParams.cfn['Description'] = obj.data.description;
reqParams.cfn['KMSArn'] = obj.data.kmsArn;
if (obj.data.sourceFlowConfig) {
reqParams.cfn['SourceFlowConfig'] = {
'ConnectorType': obj.data.sourceFlowConfig.connectorType,
'ConnectorProfileName': obj.data.sourceFlowConfig.connectorProfileName,
'SourceConnectorProperties': {}
};
if (obj.data.sourceFlowConfig.sourceConnectorProperties.Amplitude) {
reqParams.cfn['SourceFlowConfig']['SourceConnectorProperties']['Amplitude'] = {
'Object': obj.data.sourceFlowConfig.sourceConnectorProperties.Amplitude.object
}
}
if (obj.data.sourceFlowConfig.sourceConnectorProperties.Datadog) {
reqParams.cfn['SourceFlowConfig']['SourceConnectorProperties']['Datadog'] = {
'Object': obj.data.sourceFlowConfig.sourceConnectorProperties.Datadog.object
}
}
if (obj.data.sourceFlowConfig.sourceConnectorProperties.Dynatrace) {
reqParams.cfn['SourceFlowConfig']['SourceConnectorProperties']['Dynatrace'] = {
'Object': obj.data.sourceFlowConfig.sourceConnectorProperties.Dynatrace.object
}
}
if (obj.data.sourceFlowConfig.sourceConnectorProperties.GoogleAnalytics) {
reqParams.cfn['SourceFlowConfig']['SourceConnectorProperties']['GoogleAnalytics'] = {
'Object': obj.data.sourceFlowConfig.sourceConnectorProperties.GoogleAnalytics.object
}
}
if (obj.data.sourceFlowConfig.sourceConnectorProperties.InforNexus) {
reqParams.cfn['SourceFlowConfig']['SourceConnectorProperties']['InforNexus'] = {
'Object': obj.data.sourceFlowConfig.sourceConnectorProperties.InforNexus.object
}
}
if (obj.data.sourceFlowConfig.sourceConnectorProperties.Marketo) {
reqParams.cfn['SourceFlowConfig']['SourceConnectorProperties']['Marketo'] = {
'Object': obj.data.sourceFlowConfig.sourceConnectorProperties.Marketo.object
}
}
if (obj.data.sourceFlowConfig.sourceConnectorProperties.Amplitude) {
reqParams.cfn['SourceFlowConfig']['SourceConnectorProperties']['Amplitude'] = {
'Object': obj.data.sourceFlowConfig.sourceConnectorProperties.Amplitude.object
}
}
if (obj.data.sourceFlowConfig.sourceConnectorProperties.S3) {
reqParams.cfn['SourceFlowConfig']['SourceConnectorProperties']['S3'] = {
'BucketName': obj.data.sourceFlowConfig.sourceConnectorProperties.S3.bucketName,
'BucketPrefix': obj.data.sourceFlowConfig.sourceConnectorProperties.S3.bucketPrefix
}
}
if (obj.data.sourceFlowConfig.sourceConnectorProperties.Salesforce) {
reqParams.cfn['SourceFlowConfig']['SourceConnectorProperties']['Salesforce'] = {
'Object': obj.data.sourceFlowConfig.sourceConnectorProperties.Salesforce.object,
'EnableDynamicFieldUpdate': obj.data.sourceFlowConfig.sourceConnectorProperties.Salesforce.enableDynamicFieldUpdate,
'IncludeDeletedRecords': obj.data.sourceFlowConfig.sourceConnectorProperties.Salesforce.includeDeletedRecords
}
}
if (obj.data.sourceFlowConfig.sourceConnectorProperties.ServiceNow) {
reqParams.cfn['SourceFlowConfig']['SourceConnectorProperties']['ServiceNow'] = {
'Object': obj.data.sourceFlowConfig.sourceConnectorProperties.ServiceNow.object
}
}
if (obj.data.sourceFlowConfig.sourceConnectorProperties.Singular) {
reqParams.cfn['SourceFlowConfig']['SourceConnectorProperties']['Singular'] = {
'Object': obj.data.sourceFlowConfig.sourceConnectorProperties.Singular.object
}
}
if (obj.data.sourceFlowConfig.sourceConnectorProperties.Slack) {
reqParams.cfn['SourceFlowConfig']['SourceConnectorProperties']['Slack'] = {
'Object': obj.data.sourceFlowConfig.sourceConnectorProperties.Slack.object
}
}
if (obj.data.sourceFlowConfig.sourceConnectorProperties.Trendmicro) {
reqParams.cfn['SourceFlowConfig']['SourceConnectorProperties']['Trendmicro'] = {
'Object': obj.data.sourceFlowConfig.sourceConnectorProperties.Trendmicro.object
}
}
if (obj.data.sourceFlowConfig.sourceConnectorProperties.Veeva) {
reqParams.cfn['SourceFlowConfig']['SourceConnectorProperties']['Veeva'] = {
'Object': obj.data.sourceFlowConfig.sourceConnectorProperties.Veeva.object
}
}
if (obj.data.sourceFlowConfig.sourceConnectorProperties.Zendesk) {
reqParams.cfn['SourceFlowConfig']['SourceConnectorProperties']['Zendesk'] = {
'Object': obj.data.sourceFlowConfig.sourceConnectorProperties.Zendesk.object
}
}
}
if (obj.data.destinationFlowConfigList) {
reqParams.cfn['DestinationFlowConfigList'] = [];
obj.data.destinationFlowConfigList.forEach(destinationFlowConfig => {
var flowConfig = {
'ConnectorProfileName': destinationFlowConfig.connectorProfileName,
'ConnectorType': destinationFlowConfig.connectorType,
'DestinationConnectorProperties': {}
};
if (destinationFlowConfig.destinationConnectorProperties.Redshift) {
var errorHandlingConfig = null;
if (destinationFlowConfig.destinationConnectorProperties.Redshift.errorHandlingConfig) {
errorHandlingConfig = {
'FailOnFirstError': destinationFlowConfig.destinationConnectorProperties.Redshift.errorHandlingConfig.failOnFirstDestinationError,
'BucketPrefix': destinationFlowConfig.destinationConnectorProperties.Redshift.errorHandlingConfig.bucketPrefix,
'BucketName': destinationFlowConfig.destinationConnectorProperties.Redshift.errorHandlingConfig.bucketName,
};
}
flowConfig['DestinationConnectorProperties']['Redshift'] = {
'Object': destinationFlowConfig.destinationConnectorProperties.Redshift.object,
'IntermediateBucketName': destinationFlowConfig.destinationConnectorProperties.Redshift.intermediateBucketName,
'BucketPrefix': destinationFlowConfig.destinationConnectorProperties.Redshift.bucketPrefix,
'ErrorHandlingConfig': errorHandlingConfig,
};
}
if (destinationFlowConfig.destinationConnectorProperties.S3) {
var s3OutputFormatConfig = null;
if (destinationFlowConfig.destinationConnectorProperties.S3.s3OutputFormatConfig) {
var prefixConfig = null;
if (destinationFlowConfig.destinationConnectorProperties.S3.s3OutputFormatConfig.prefixConfig) {
prefixConfig = {
'PrefixType': destinationFlowConfig.destinationConnectorProperties.S3.s3OutputFormatConfig.prefixConfig.prefixType,
'PrefixFormat': destinationFlowConfig.destinationConnectorProperties.S3.s3OutputFormatConfig.prefixConfig.prefixFormat
};
}
var aggregationConfig = null;
if (destinationFlowConfig.destinationConnectorProperties.S3.s3OutputFormatConfig.aggregationConfig) {
aggregationConfig = {
'AggregationType': destinationFlowConfig.destinationConnectorProperties.S3.s3OutputFormatConfig.aggregationConfig.aggregationType
};
}
s3OutputFormatConfig = {
'FileType': destinationFlowConfig.destinationConnectorProperties.S3.s3OutputFormatConfig.fileType,
'PrefixConfig': prefixConfig,
'AggregationConfig': aggregationConfig,
}
}
flowConfig['DestinationConnectorProperties']['S3'] = {
'BucketName': destinationFlowConfig.destinationConnectorProperties.S3.bucketName,
'BucketPrefix': destinationFlowConfig.destinationConnectorProperties.S3.bucketPrefix,
'S3OutputFormatConfig': s3OutputFormatConfig
};
}
if (destinationFlowConfig.destinationConnectorProperties.Salesforce) {
var errorHandlingConfig = null;
if (destinationFlowConfig.destinationConnectorProperties.Salesforce.errorHandlingConfig) {
errorHandlingConfig = {
'FailOnFirstError': destinationFlowConfig.destinationConnectorProperties.Salesforce.errorHandlingConfig.failOnFirstDestinationError,
'BucketPrefix': destinationFlowConfig.destinationConnectorProperties.Salesforce.errorHandlingConfig.bucketPrefix,
'BucketName': destinationFlowConfig.destinationConnectorProperties.Salesforce.errorHandlingConfig.bucketName,
};
}
flowConfig['DestinationConnectorProperties']['Salesforce'] = {
'Object': destinationFlowConfig.destinationConnectorProperties.Salesforce.object,
'ErrorHandlingConfig': errorHandlingConfig,
};
}
if (destinationFlowConfig.destinationConnectorProperties.Snowflake) {
var errorHandlingConfig = null;
if (destinationFlowConfig.destinationConnectorProperties.Snowflake.errorHandlingConfig) {
errorHandlingConfig = {
'FailOnFirstError': destinationFlowConfig.destinationConnectorProperties.Snowflake.errorHandlingConfig.failOnFirstDestinationError,
'BucketPrefix': destinationFlowConfig.destinationConnectorProperties.Snowflake.errorHandlingConfig.bucketPrefix,
'BucketName': destinationFlowConfig.destinationConnectorProperties.Snowflake.errorHandlingConfig.bucketName,
};
}
flowConfig['DestinationConnectorProperties']['Snowflake'] = {
'Object': destinationFlowConfig.destinationConnectorProperties.Snowflake.object,
'IntermediateBucketName': destinationFlowConfig.destinationConnectorProperties.Snowflake.intermediateBucketName,
'BucketPrefix': destinationFlowConfig.destinationConnectorProperties.Snowflake.bucketPrefix,
'ErrorHandlingConfig': errorHandlingConfig,
};
}
if (destinationFlowConfig.destinationConnectorProperties.EventBridge) {
var errorHandlingConfig = null;
if (destinationFlowConfig.destinationConnectorProperties.EventBridge.errorHandlingConfig) {
errorHandlingConfig = {
'FailOnFirstError': destinationFlowConfig.destinationConnectorProperties.EventBridge.errorHandlingConfig.failOnFirstDestinationError,
'BucketPrefix': destinationFlowConfig.destinationConnectorProperties.EventBridge.errorHandlingConfig.bucketPrefix,
'BucketName': destinationFlowConfig.destinationConnectorProperties.EventBridge.errorHandlingConfig.bucketName,
};
}
flowConfig['DestinationConnectorProperties']['EventBridge'] = {
'Object': destinationFlowConfig.destinationConnectorProperties.EventBridge.object,
'ErrorHandlingConfig': errorHandlingConfig,
};
}
reqParams.cfn['DestinationFlowConfigList'].push(flowConfig);
});
}
if (obj.data.triggerConfig) {
var triggerProperties = null;
if (obj.data.triggerConfig.triggerProperties && obj.data.triggerConfig.triggerType == 'Scheduled') {
triggerProperties = {
'DataPullMode': obj.data.triggerConfig.triggerProperties.Scheduled.dataPullMode,
'ScheduleEndTime': obj.data.triggerConfig.triggerProperties.Scheduled.scheduleEndTime,
'ScheduleExpression': obj.data.triggerConfig.triggerProperties.Scheduled.scheduleExpression,
'ScheduleStartTime': obj.data.triggerConfig.triggerProperties.Scheduled.scheduleStartTime,
'TimeZone': obj.data.triggerConfig.triggerProperties.Scheduled.timezone
};
}
reqParams.cfn['TriggerConfig'] = {
'TriggerType': obj.data.triggerConfig.triggerType,
'TriggerProperties': triggerProperties
};
}
if (obj.data.tasks) {
reqParams.cfn['Tasks'] = [];
obj.data.tasks.forEach(task => {
var taskProperties = null;
if (task.taskProperties) {
taskProperties = [];
Object.keys(task.taskProperties).forEach(k => {
taskProperties.push({
'Key': k,
'Value': task.taskProperties[k]
});
});
}
reqParams.cfn['Tasks'].push({
'SourceFields': task.sourceFields,
'ConnectorOperator': task.connectorOperator,
'DestinationField': task.destinationField,
'TaskType': task.taskType,
'TaskProperties': taskProperties
})
});
}
if (obj.data.Tags) {
reqParams.cfn['Tags'] = [];
Object.keys(obj.data.Tags).forEach(tagKey => {
if (!tagKey.startsWith("aws:")) {
reqParams.cfn['Tags'].push({
'Key': tagKey,
'Value': obj.data.Tags[tagKey]
});
}
});
}
tracked_resources.push({
'obj': obj,
'logicalId': getResourceName('appflow', obj.id, 'AWS::AppFlow::Flow'),
'region': obj.region,
'service': 'appflow',
'type': 'AWS::AppFlow::Flow',
'options': reqParams,
'returnValues': {
'Ref': obj.data.flowName,
'GetAtt': {
'FlowArn': obj.data.flowArn
}
}
});
} else if (obj.type == "appflow.connectorprofile") {
reqParams.cfn['ConnectorProfileName'] = obj.data.connectorProfileName;
reqParams.cfn['ConnectorType'] = obj.data.connectorType;
reqParams.cfn['ConnectionMode'] = obj.data.connectionMode;
reqParams.cfn['KMSArn'] = obj.data.credentialsArn;
if (obj.data.connectorProfileProperties) {
reqParams.cfn['ConnectorProfileConfig'] = {
'ConnectorProfileCredentials': {},
'ConnectorProfileProperties': {}
};
if (obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.Amplitude && Object.keys(obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.Amplitude).length) {
reqParams.cfn['ConnectorProfileConfig']['ConnectorProfileCredentials']['Amplitude'] = {
'ApiKey': 'REPLACEME',
'SecretKey': 'REPLACEME'
};
}
if (obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.Datadog && Object.keys(obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.Datadog).length) {
reqParams.cfn['ConnectorProfileConfig']['ConnectorProfileCredentials']['Datadog'] = {
'ApiKey': 'REPLACEME',
'ApplicationKey': 'REPLACEME'
};
reqParams.cfn['ConnectorProfileConfig']['ConnectorProfileProperties']['Datadog'] = {
'InstanceUrl': obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.Datadog.instanceUrl
};
}
if (obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.Dynatrace && Object.keys(obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.Dynatrace).length) {
reqParams.cfn['ConnectorProfileConfig']['ConnectorProfileCredentials']['Dynatrace'] = {
'ApiToken': 'REPLACEME'
};
reqParams.cfn['ConnectorProfileConfig']['ConnectorProfileProperties']['Dynatrace'] = {
'InstanceUrl': obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.Dynatrace.instanceUrl
};
}
if (obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.GoogleAnalytics && Object.keys(obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.GoogleAnalytics).length) {
reqParams.cfn['ConnectorProfileConfig']['ConnectorProfileCredentials']['GoogleAnalytics'] = {
'AccessToken': 'REPLACEME',
'ClientId': 'REPLACEME',
'ClientSecret': 'REPLACEME',
'ConnectorOAuthRequest': 'REPLACEME',
'RefreshToken': 'REPLACEME'
};
}
if (obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.InforNexus && Object.keys(obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.InforNexus).length) {
reqParams.cfn['ConnectorProfileConfig']['ConnectorProfileCredentials']['InforNexus'] = {
'AccessKeyId': 'REPLACEME',
'Datakey': 'REPLACEME',
'SecretAccessKey': 'REPLACEME',
'UserId': 'REPLACEME'
};
reqParams.cfn['ConnectorProfileConfig']['ConnectorProfileProperties']['InforNexus'] = {
'InstanceUrl': obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.InforNexus.instanceUrl
};
}
if (obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.Marketo && Object.keys(obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.Marketo).length) {
reqParams.cfn['ConnectorProfileConfig']['ConnectorProfileCredentials']['Marketo'] = {
'AccessToken': 'REPLACEME',
'ClientId': 'REPLACEME',
'ClientSecret': 'REPLACEME',
'ConnectorOAuthRequest': 'REPLACEME'
};
reqParams.cfn['ConnectorProfileConfig']['ConnectorProfileProperties']['Marketo'] = {
'InstanceUrl': obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.Marketo.instanceUrl
};
}
if (obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.Redshift && Object.keys(obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.Redshift).length) {
reqParams.cfn['ConnectorProfileConfig']['ConnectorProfileCredentials']['Redshift'] = {
'Username': 'REPLACEME',
'Password': 'REPLACEME'
};
reqParams.cfn['ConnectorProfileConfig']['ConnectorProfileProperties']['Redshift'] = {
'BucketName': obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.Redshift.bucketName,
'BucketPrefix': obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.Redshift.bucketPrefix,
'DatabaseUrl': obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.Redshift.databaseUrl,
'RoleArn': obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.Redshift.roleArn
};
}
if (obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.Salesforce && Object.keys(obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.Salesforce).length) {
reqParams.cfn['ConnectorProfileConfig']['ConnectorProfileCredentials']['Salesforce'] = {
'AccessToken': 'REPLACEME',
'ConnectorOAuthRequest': 'REPLACEME',
'RefreshToken': 'REPLACEME'
};
reqParams.cfn['ConnectorProfileConfig']['ConnectorProfileProperties']['Salesforce'] = {
'InstanceUrl': obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.Salesforce.instanceUrl,
'isSandboxEnvironment': obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.Salesforce.isSandboxEnvironment
};
}
if (obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.ServiceNow && Object.keys(obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.ServiceNow).length) {
reqParams.cfn['ConnectorProfileConfig']['ConnectorProfileCredentials']['ServiceNow'] = {
'Username': 'REPLACEME',
'Password': 'REPLACEME'
};
reqParams.cfn['ConnectorProfileConfig']['ConnectorProfileProperties']['ServiceNow'] = {
'InstanceUrl': obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.ServiceNow.instanceUrl
};
}
if (obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.Singular && Object.keys(obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.Singular).length) {
reqParams.cfn['ConnectorProfileConfig']['ConnectorProfileCredentials']['Singular'] = {
'ApiKey': 'REPLACEME'
};
}
if (obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.Slack && Object.keys(obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.Slack).length) {
reqParams.cfn['ConnectorProfileConfig']['ConnectorProfileCredentials']['Slack'] = {
'AccessToken': 'REPLACEME',
'ClientId': 'REPLACEME',
'ClientSecret': 'REPLACEME',
'ConnectorOAuthRequest': 'REPLACEME'
};
reqParams.cfn['ConnectorProfileConfig']['ConnectorProfileProperties']['Slack'] = {
'InstanceUrl': obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.Slack.instanceUrl
};
}
if (obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.Snowflake && Object.keys(obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.Snowflake).length) {
reqParams.cfn['ConnectorProfileConfig']['ConnectorProfileCredentials']['Snowflake'] = {
'Username': 'REPLACEME',
'Password': 'REPLACEME'
};
reqParams.cfn['ConnectorProfileConfig']['ConnectorProfileProperties']['Snowflake'] = {
'AccountName': obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.Snowflake.accountName,
'BucketName': obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.Snowflake.bucketName,
'BucketPrefix': obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.Snowflake.bucketPrefix,
'PrivateLinkServiceName': obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.Snowflake.privateLinkServiceName,
'Region': obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.Snowflake.region,
'Stage': obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.Snowflake.stage,
'Warehouse': obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.Snowflake.warehouse
};
}
if (obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.Trendmicro && Object.keys(obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.Trendmicro).length) {
reqParams.cfn['ConnectorProfileConfig']['ConnectorProfileCredentials']['Trendmicro'] = {
'ApiSecretKey': 'REPLACEME'
};
}
if (obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.Veeva && Object.keys(obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.Veeva).length) {
reqParams.cfn['ConnectorProfileConfig']['ConnectorProfileCredentials']['Veeva'] = {
'Username': 'REPLACEME',
'Password': 'REPLACEME'
};
reqParams.cfn['ConnectorProfileConfig']['ConnectorProfileProperties']['Veeva'] = {
'InstanceUrl': obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.Veeva.instanceUrl
};
}
if (obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.Zendesk && Object.keys(obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.Zendesk).length) {
reqParams.cfn['ConnectorProfileConfig']['ConnectorProfileCredentials']['Zendesk'] = {
'AccessToken': 'REPLACEME',
'ClientId': 'REPLACEME',
'ClientSecret': 'REPLACEME',
'ConnectorOAuthRequest': 'REPLACEME'
};
reqParams.cfn['ConnectorProfileConfig']['ConnectorProfileProperties']['Zendesk'] = {
'InstanceUrl': obj.data.connectorProfileProperties.Zendesk.instanceUrl
};
}
}
tracked_resources.push({
'obj': obj,
'logicalId': getResourceName('appflow', obj.id, 'AWS::AppFlow::ConnectorProfile'),
'region': obj.region,
'service': 'appflow',
'type': 'AWS::AppFlow::ConnectorProfile',
'options': reqParams,
'returnValues': {
'Ref': obj.data.connectorProfileName,
'GetAtt': {
'ConnectorProfileArn': obj.data.connectorProfileArn
}
}
});
} else {
return false;
}
return true;
});
|
github_open_source_100_1_245 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /*******************************************************************************
* Copyright 2019-2021 Intel Corporation
* Copyright 2021 FUJITSU LIMITED
* Copyright 2021 Arm Ltd. and affiliates
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*******************************************************************************/
#include "cpu/cpu_engine.hpp"
#include "cpu/ref_eltwise.hpp"
#if DNNL_X64
#include "cpu/x64/jit_uni_eltwise.hpp"
#include "cpu/x64/jit_uni_eltwise_int.hpp"
using namespace dnnl::impl::cpu::x64;
#elif DNNL_AARCH64
#include "cpu/aarch64/jit_uni_eltwise.hpp"
#include "cpu/aarch64/jit_uni_eltwise_int.hpp"
#if DNNL_AARCH64_USE_ACL
#include "cpu/aarch64/acl_eltwise.hpp"
#endif // DNNL_AARCH64_USE_ACL
using namespace dnnl::impl::cpu::aarch64;
#endif
namespace dnnl {
namespace impl {
namespace cpu {
namespace {
using namespace dnnl::impl::data_type;
// clang-format off
const impl_list_item_t impl_list[] = {
#ifdef ENABLE_UNUSED_PRIM
REG_ELTWISE_P_FWD(CPU_INSTANCE_X64(jit_uni_eltwise_fwd_t, avx512_common, f32))
REG_ELTWISE_P_BWD(CPU_INSTANCE_X64(jit_uni_eltwise_bwd_t, avx512_common, f32))
REG_ELTWISE_P_FWD(CPU_INSTANCE_X64(jit_uni_eltwise_fwd_t, avx512_core, bf16))
REG_ELTWISE_P_BWD(CPU_INSTANCE_X64(jit_uni_eltwise_bwd_t, avx512_core, bf16))
REG_ELTWISE_P_FWD(CPU_INSTANCE_X64(jit_uni_eltwise_fwd_t, avx2, f32))
REG_ELTWISE_P_BWD(CPU_INSTANCE_X64(jit_uni_eltwise_bwd_t, avx2, f32))
REG_ELTWISE_P_FWD(CPU_INSTANCE_X64(jit_uni_eltwise_fwd_t, avx, f32))
REG_ELTWISE_P_BWD(CPU_INSTANCE_X64(jit_uni_eltwise_bwd_t, avx, f32))
REG_ELTWISE_P_FWD(CPU_INSTANCE_X64(jit_uni_eltwise_fwd_t, sse41, f32))
REG_ELTWISE_P_BWD(CPU_INSTANCE_X64(jit_uni_eltwise_bwd_t, sse41, f32))
REG_ELTWISE_P_FWD(CPU_INSTANCE_X64(jit_uni_eltwise_int_fwd_t, avx512_common, s32))
REG_ELTWISE_P_FWD(CPU_INSTANCE_X64(jit_uni_eltwise_int_fwd_t, avx512_common, s8))
REG_ELTWISE_P_FWD(CPU_INSTANCE_X64(jit_uni_eltwise_int_fwd_t, avx512_common, u8))
REG_ELTWISE_P_FWD(CPU_INSTANCE_X64(jit_uni_eltwise_int_fwd_t, avx2, s32))
REG_ELTWISE_P_FWD(CPU_INSTANCE_X64(jit_uni_eltwise_int_fwd_t, avx2, s8))
REG_ELTWISE_P_FWD(CPU_INSTANCE_X64(jit_uni_eltwise_int_fwd_t, avx2, u8))
REG_ELTWISE_P_FWD(CPU_INSTANCE_X64(jit_uni_eltwise_int_fwd_t, sse41, s32))
REG_ELTWISE_P_FWD(CPU_INSTANCE_X64(jit_uni_eltwise_int_fwd_t, sse41, s8))
REG_ELTWISE_P_FWD(CPU_INSTANCE_X64(jit_uni_eltwise_int_fwd_t, sse41, u8))
CPU_INSTANCE_AARCH64(jit_uni_eltwise_fwd_t, sve_512, f32)
CPU_INSTANCE_AARCH64(jit_uni_eltwise_bwd_t, sve_512, f32)
CPU_INSTANCE_AARCH64(jit_uni_eltwise_int_fwd_t, sve_512, s32)
CPU_INSTANCE_AARCH64(jit_uni_eltwise_int_fwd_t, sve_512, s8)
CPU_INSTANCE_AARCH64(jit_uni_eltwise_int_fwd_t, sve_512, u8)
CPU_INSTANCE_AARCH64_ACL(acl_eltwise_fwd_t, f32)
CPU_INSTANCE_AARCH64_ACL(acl_eltwise_fwd_t, s8)
REG_ELTWISE_P_FWD(CPU_INSTANCE(ref_eltwise_fwd_t, f32))
REG_ELTWISE_P_BWD(CPU_INSTANCE(ref_eltwise_bwd_t, f32))
REG_ELTWISE_P_FWD(CPU_INSTANCE(ref_eltwise_fwd_t, bf16))
REG_ELTWISE_P_BWD(CPU_INSTANCE(ref_eltwise_bwd_t, bf16))
REG_ELTWISE_P_FWD(CPU_INSTANCE(ref_eltwise_fwd_t, s32))
REG_ELTWISE_P_FWD(CPU_INSTANCE(ref_eltwise_fwd_t, s8))
REG_ELTWISE_P_FWD(CPU_INSTANCE(ref_eltwise_fwd_t, u8))
#endif
/* eol */
nullptr,
};
// clang-format on
} // namespace
const impl_list_item_t *get_eltwise_impl_list(const eltwise_desc_t *desc) {
UNUSED(desc);
return impl_list;
}
} // namespace cpu
} // namespace impl
} // namespace dnnl
|
https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.431865 | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | Not logged in
PANGAEA.
Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science
WOCE Sea Level, WSL (2006): Daily sea level from coastal tide gauge station Seldovia in 2001 (Research quality database). Sea Level Center, University of Hawaii, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.431865
Always quote above citation when using data! You can download the citation in several formats below.
RIS CitationBibTeX CitationShow MapGoogle Earth
Related to:
WOCE (2002): World Ocean Circulation Experiment, Global Data, Version 3.0. WOCE International Project Office, WOCE Report, Southampton, UK; published by U.S. National Oceanographic Data Center, Silver Spring, 180/02, DVD-ROM
Coverage:
Latitude: 59.440000 * Longitude: -151.720000
Date/Time Start: 2001-01-01T12:00:00 * Date/Time End: 2001-12-31T12:00:00
Event(s):
Seldovia * Latitude: 59.440000 * Longitude: -151.720000 * Date/Time Start: 1979-01-01T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 2001-12-31T00:00:00 * Campaign: SeaLevel * Device: Tide gauge station (TGS)
Parameter(s):
#NameShort NameUnitPrincipal InvestigatorMethodComment
1DATE/TIMEDate/TimeGeocode
2Sea levelSea levelm NN
Size:
365 data points
Download Data
Download dataset as tab-delimited text (use the following character encoding: )
View dataset as HTML.
|
http://transformerslive.blogspot.com/2008/06/no-2-please.html | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | Friday, June 20, 2008
No "2" Please
I just recieved a pleasant note from Paramount asking for the "2" to be removed from the title of the sequel to Transformers. Names and contact info removed to protect the innocent:
Hi There!
I handle the online publicity for Paramount / Dreamworks and I am working on the new Transformers film. Would you mind correcting your information on the site as the title of the film is Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (please take out the 2). Thank you so much! We appreciate your help.
So there you go, the title isn't "Transformers 2: Revenge of the Fallen" but "Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen" In bold because why not bold it. I guess this goes along with the streak lately in Hollywood to avoid adding a number to sequels (Incredible Hulk, Dark Knight, and many others).
Also this works with what "Peter_Porker" found as a new domain registered by Hasbro that will probably be used to help promote the film and toyline.
Domain Name: TRANSFORMERSREVENGEOFTHEFALLEN.COM
Registrar: NETWORK SOLUTIONS, LLC.
Whois Server: whois.networksolutions.com
Referral URL: http://www.networksolutions.com
Name Server: DNS1.HASBRO.COM
Name Server: DNS2.HASBRO.COM
Name Server: DNS3.HASBRO.COM
Status: clientTransferProhibited
Updated Date: 28-mar-2008
Creation Date: 28-mar-2008
Expiration Date: 28-mar-2011
Out of pure laziness, I will probably continue to use shorthand of TF2 or Transformers 2 or whatever else pops in my mind.
Update: Should remark that the address is legit and a quick google search confirmed that use by Paramount and Hasbro.
Update 2: A member of the TF2 writing triumvirate, Roberto Orci, posted on TFW2005 "No, it's true. No 2 in the title.".
|
github_open_source_100_1_246 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | extern crate peg;
peg::parser!{
pub grammar foo_parser() for str {
use crate::types::Foo;
pub rule foo() -> Foo
= "foo" { Foo }
}
}
mod types {
#[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
pub struct Foo;
}
fn main() {
assert_eq!(foo_parser::foo("foo"), Ok(crate::types::Foo));
}
|
https://globalvoices.org/-/world/western-europe/spain/?m=200901 | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | Close
Support Global Voices
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· January, 2009
Stories about Spain from January, 2009
Europe: Entropa
Belatedly, links to some posts on Entropa: Margarete of The Foreigner's Guide to Living in Slovakia believes “it should be taken down”; Kosmopolito thinks that “the debate around the project...
Spain: Global Voices Lingua Partner Nominated for Web Award
Many of the Global Voices Lingua sites have been partnering with other media websites to exchange RSS headlines as a way to reach more readers in more languages. Recently, Global...
Global: Protesters in Full Force Against Gaza War
Millions of people around the world took to the streets in protest against the Israeli attack on Gaza over the previous few days. Here's a selection of videos posted on...
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|
github_open_source_100_1_247 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | """
A device that allows us to implement operation on a single qudit. The backend is a remote simulator.
"""
import json
import requests
import numpy as np
from .django_device import DjangoDevice
# observables
from .single_qudit_ops import LZ, LZ2, ZObs
# operations
from .single_qudit_ops import RLX, RLZ, RLZ2, Load
# classes
from .single_qudit_ops import SingleQuditObservable, SingleQuditOperation
# operations for local devices
class SingleQuditDevice(DjangoDevice):
"""
The single qudit device class, which is remotely calling the simulator.
"""
## Define operation map for the experiment
_operation_map = {"RLX": RLX, "RLZ": RLZ, "RLZ2": RLZ2, "Load": Load}
name = "Single Qudit Quantum Simulator Simulator plugin"
pennylane_requires = ">=0.16.0"
version = "0.0.1"
author = "Fred Jendrzejewski"
short_name = "synqs.sqs"
_observable_map = {"LZ": LZ, "ZObs": ZObs, "LZ2": LZ2}
def __init__(
self,
shots=1,
username=None,
url="http://qsimsim.synqs.org/api/singlequdit/",
password=None,
job_id=None,
blocking=True,
):
"""
The initial part.
"""
super().__init__(
url=url,
wires=1,
shots=shots,
username=username,
password=password,
blocking=blocking,
job_id=job_id,
)
self.qdim = 2
def apply(self, operation, wires, par):
"""
Apply the gates.
"""
# check with different operations
operation_class = self._operation_map[operation]
if issubclass(operation_class, SingleQuditOperation):
l_obj, qdim = operation_class.qudit_operator(par)
# qdim is only non zero if the load gate is implied.
# so only in this case we will change it.
if qdim:
self.qdim = qdim
self.job_payload["experiment_0"]["instructions"].append(l_obj)
else:
raise NotImplementedError()
def expval(self, observable, wires, par):
"""
Retrieve the requested observable expectation value.
"""
try:
if self.job_id is None:
self.sample(observable, wires, par)
if self.check_job_status() != "DONE":
return "Job_not_done"
shots = self.sample(observable, wires, par)
return shots.mean()
except ValueError as exc:
raise NotImplementedError() from exc
def var(self, observable, wires, par):
"""
Retrieve the requested observable variance.
"""
try:
if self.job_id is None:
self.sample(observable, wires, par)
if self.check_job_status() != "DONE":
return "Job_not_done"
shots = self.sample(observable, wires, par)
return shots.var()
except ValueError as exc:
raise NotImplementedError() from exc
def sample(self, observable, wires, par):
"""
Retrieve the requested observable expectation value.
"""
observable_class = self._observable_map[observable]
if issubclass(observable_class, SingleQuditObservable):
# submit the job
if self.job_id is None:
m_obj = ("measure", [0], [])
url = self.url_prefix + "post_job/"
self.job_payload["experiment_0"]["instructions"].append(m_obj)
job_response = requests.post(
url,
data={
"json": json.dumps(self.job_payload),
"username": self.username,
"password": self.password,
},
)
self.job_id = (job_response.json())["job_id"]
if self.blocking is True:
self.wait_till_done()
else:
return self.job_id
if self.blocking is True:
self.wait_till_done()
elif self.check_job_status() != "DONE":
return self.job_id
# obtain the job result
result_payload = {"job_id": self.job_id}
url = self.url_prefix + "get_job_result/"
result_response = requests.get(
url,
params={
"json": json.dumps(result_payload),
"username": self.username,
"password": self.password,
},
)
results_dict = json.loads(result_response.text)
shots = results_dict["results"][0]["data"]["memory"]
shots = np.array([int(shot) for shot in shots])
# and give back the appropiate observable.
shots = observable_class.qudit_operator(shots, self.qdim)
return shots
raise NotImplementedError()
def reset(self):
self.qdim = 2
self.job_id = None
self.job_payload = None
|
US-27404508-A_3 | USPTO | Public Domain | Step D
N-[2-((3S)-3-[4-hydroxy-4-(4-pyrimidin-2-ylphenyl)cyclohexyl]aminopyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide bis(trifluoroacetate) (salt). To a 1-neck round-bottom flask charged with methylene chloride (1 mL) was added 4-hydroxy-4-(4-pyrimidin-2-ylphenyl)cyclohexanone (50.0 mg, 0.186 mmol), N-2-[(3S)-3-aminopyrrolidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide hydrochloride (65.5 mg, 0.186 mmol), and triethylamine (85.7 uL, 0.615 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 30 minutes, and to it was added sodium triacetoxyborohydride (62.4 mg, 0.28 mmol) in portion. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight and concentrated. The residue was chromatographed on SiO2, eluting with acetone/methanol (100% to 90%/10%) to give two fractions, which were further purified on prep-LCMS separately to afford F1 (24.2 mg) and F2 (25.9 mg) as white powder in a total of 34% yield. LCMS: 568.2 (M+H, 100%) for both isomers.
The following Examples 36-37 were prepared in a similar manner.
Example 36
N-[2-((3S)-3-{[4-Hydroxy-4-(5-phenylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl]amino}pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide. MS (M+H)⁺ 567.
Example 37
N-{2-[(3S)-3-({4-Hydroxy-4-[5-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)pyridine-2-yl]cyclohexyl}amino)pyrrolidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide. MS (M+H)⁺ 574.
Example 38 Step A
8-(5-Pyrimidin-2-ylpyridin-2-yl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-ol
A solution of 8-(5-bromopyridin-2-yl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-ol (168.5 g, 0.5363 mol) in THF (2000 mL) was degassed with nitrogen for 30 minutes. A 2.0 M solution of isopropylmagnesium chloride in THF (563 mL) was added dropwise over 70 mins at room temperature to the above solution. The reaction mixture (light brownish color) was stirred for 180 minutes at 25° C.
Into another flask was charged with THF (500 mL) that was degassed with nitrogen for 10 min. To it were added Nickel acetylacetonate (6.9 g, 0.027 mol) and 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)-ethane (11 g, 0.027 mol) under nitrogen flush, and 10 minutes later 2-iodopyrimidine (113 g, 0.536 mol). After being stirred for 30 minutes at 25° C., the resulting light green suspension was transferred to the above solution. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight and the reaction was found to be complete by HPLC. LC-MS: found (M+H) 314.20 for desired product. The reaction mixture was directly used for next reaction.
Step B
4-Hydroxy-4-(5-pyrimidin-2-ylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexanone
About half of the THF in the reaction mixture from step A was removed by evaporation under reduced pressure. To the remaining reaction mixture was added a 4.00 M solution of HCl in water (900 mL). After being stirred for 1 hour, the mixture was diluted with 1000 mL water and neutralized with solid Na₂CO₃ to pH 8˜9. Large amount of yellow solid precipitated out. The solid was filtered off and washed with ethyl acetate containing 1% aqueous NH₄OH (about 2000 mL) until no desired product was detected by TLC. The filtrate was partitioned and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (1200 mL×3). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated to half of the volume. The solid precipitating out was filtered and dissolved in dichloromethane (600 mL). The resulting solution was heated to reflux for 30 minutes and filtered. The filtrate was cooled in an ice bath. The solid precipitating out was collected by filtration to give 30 g of pure product. The mother liquids from the two crystallizations were combined and evaporated. The residue was taken into acetonitrile (500 mL). The resulting solution was heated to reflux until all solid was dissolved. Once insolubles were filtered off, the filtrate was allowed to stand at room temperature and solid was precipitated out. The solid was filtered and suspended in dichloromethane (700 mL). After being heated to reflux, the solution was filtered, evaporated to half of the volume, and cooled in an ice bath. The light brownish solid precipitating out was collected by filtration to give the second batch of solid (58 g). MS (M+H) 270.2.
Step C
N-[2-((3S)-3-{[4-Hydroxy-4-(5-pyrimidin-2-ylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl]amino}pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide
To a solution of N-{2-[(3S)-3-aminopyrrolidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide hydrochloride (22.10 g, 47.1 mmol) and 4-hydroxy-4-(5-pyrimidin-2-ylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexanone (12.7 g, 47.1 mmol) in isobutyl alcohol (80.0 mL) was added triethylamine (19.7 mL, 141 mmol). The reaction mixture was cooled in an ice bath and stirred for 30 minutes. To it was added sodium triacetoxyborohydride (11.0 g, 51.8 mmol) in portion. After being stirred at room temperature for 4 hours, the solvent was removed by evaporation under reduced pressure. Saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ solution was added and the solution was extracted with ethyl acetate (150×3). The combined extracts were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated. The residue was columned on silica gel, eluting with ethyl acetate (1% NH₄OH aqueous solution)/methanol (95/5 to 80/20). The appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated to give the title compound as a white powder (17.77 g). MS (M+H) 569.
The following examples were prepared in a similar manner.
Example 39
N-(2-{(3S)-3-[1(4-{5-[3-(Aminocarbonyl)phenyl]pyridin-2-yl}-4-hydroxycyclohexyl)-amino]pyrrolidin-1-yl}-2-oxoethyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide. MS (M+H)⁺ 610.
Example 40
N-(2-{(3S)-3-[(4-{5-[2-(Aminocarbonyl)phenyl]pyridin-2-yl}-4-hydroxycyclohexyl)amino]pyrrolidin-1-yl}-2-oxoethyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide. MS (M+H)⁺ 610.
Example 41
N-{2-[(3S)-3-({4-[5-(3-Acetylphenyl)pyridin-2-yl]-4-hydroxycyclohexyl}amino)-pyrrolidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide. MS (M+H)⁺ 609.
Example 42
3-[6-(1-Hydroxy-4-{[(3S)-1-({[3-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl]amino}acetyl)-pyrrolidin-3-yl]amino}cyclohexyl)pyridin-3-yl]benzoic acid. MS (M+H)⁺ 611.
Example 43
N-(2-{(3S)-3-[(4-Hydroxy-4-{5-[3-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl]pyridin-2-yl}cyclohexyl)amino]pyrrolidin-1-yl}-2-oxoethyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide. MS (M+H)⁺ 597.
Example 44
N-[2-((3S)-3-{[4-Hydroxy-4-(5-pyrimidin-5-ylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl]amino}-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide. MS (M+H)⁺ 569.
Example 45
N-[2-((3S)-3-{[4-(3,3′-Bipyridin-6-yl)-4-hydroxycyclohexyl]amino}pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide. MS (M+H)⁺ 568.
Example 46
N-[2-((3S)-3-{[4-(3,4′-Bipyridin-6-yl)-4-hydroxycyclohexyl]amino}pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide. MS (M+H)⁺ 568.
Example 47
N-[2-((3S)-3-{[4-Hydroxy-4-(5-pyrazin-2-ylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl]amino}pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide. MS (M+H)⁺ 569.
Example 48
N-[2-((3S)-3-{[4-Hydroxy-4-(4-isoxazol-4-ylphenyl)cyclohexyl]amino}pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide. MS (M+H)⁺ 557.
Example 49
N-{2-[(3S)-3-({4-Hydroxy-4-[4-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)phenyl]cyclohexyl}amino)pyrrolidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide. MS (M+H)⁺ 556.
Example 50
4′-(1-Hydroxy-4-{[(3S)-1-({[3-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl]amino}acetyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]amino}cyclohexyl)biphenyl-2-carboxamide. MS (M+H)⁺ 609.
Example 51
N-[2-((3S)-3-{[4-(2′-Formylbiphenyl-4-yl)-4-hydroxycyclohexyl]amino}-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide. MS (M+H)⁺ 594.
Example 52
N-{2-[(3S)-3-({4-Hydroxy-4-[2′-(hydroxymethyl)biphenyl-4-yl]cyclohexyl}amino)-pyrrolidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide. MS (M+H)⁺ 596.
Example 53
N-{2-[(3S)-3-({4-[5-(3,5-Dimethylisoxazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl]-4-hydroxycyclohexyl}-amino)pyrrolidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide. MS (M+H)⁺ 586.
Example 54
N-{2-[(3S)-3-({4-Hydroxy-4-[5-(1,3-oxazol-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl]cyclohexyl}amino)pyrrolidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide. MS (M+H)⁺ 574.
Example 55 Step A
3-(Trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde oxime. To a flask containing 3-trifluorobenzaldehyde (1.74 g, 10 mmol) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (0.76 g, 11 mmol) in methanol (25 mL) was added TEA (0.65 g, 11 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 3 h, neutralized to pH 6.0, and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×20 mL). The organic extracts were combined, washed with saline solution (20 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, concentrated in vacuo to give the oxime (1.9 g) as a colorless oil. LCMS: (M+H)⁺ 190.2.
Step B
3-(Trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde oxime. To a dried flask containing 3-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde oxime (1.89 g, 10 mmol) in methylene chloride (100 mL) was added N-chlorosuccinimide (1.40 g, 10.5 mmol) slowly at 0° C. The reaction mixture was warmed to 45° C. for 2 h, poured over ice, diluted with H₂O (20 mL), and extracted with EtOAc (100 mL). The organic phase was washed with H₂O (2×25 mL) and saline solution (25 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, concentrated in vacuo to give the oxime (2 g, 90%). LCMS: (M+H)⁺ 224.4.
Step C
Methyl 3-[3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4,5-dihydroisoxazole-5-carboxylate. To a flask containing N-hydroxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzenecarboximidoyl chloride (2.0 g, 8.9 mmol) and methyl acrylate (0.7 g, 8 mmol) in methylene chloride (100 mL) at 0° C. under an inert atmosphere was added TEA (0.90 g, 8.8 mmol). The reaction mixture was slowly warmed to ambient temperature, stirred for 20 h, quenched with water (30 mL), and extracted with methylene chloride (2×50 mL). The organic extracts were combined, washed with saline solution (50 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, concentrated in vacuo, and chromatographed on silica gel, eluting with methylene chloride/methanol (100/1 to 95/5). The appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound (2.3 g, 100%): LCMS: (M+H)⁺ 274.2. ¹H NMR: (CDCl₃) δ 8.03 (s, 1H), 7.92 (d, 1H), 7.71 (d, 1H), 7.59 (dd, 1H), 5.28 (dd, 1H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 3.71 (dd, 2H).
Step D
3-[3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4,5-dihydroisoxazole-5-carboxylic Acid. To a solution of methyl 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4,5-dihydroisoxazole-5-carboxylate (2.3 g, 8.4 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added a 2 M solution of sodium hydroxide in water (10 mL) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was slowly warmed to ambient temperature, stirred for 2 h, neutralized with 2 N HCl to pH 7, and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×50 mL). The organic extracts were combined, washed with saline solution (50 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was chromatographed on silica gel, eluting with methylene chloride/methanol (95/5 to 80/20). The appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound (2.18 g, 100%) as a white crystalline solid. LCMS: (M−H)⁻ 258.2.
Step E
tert-Butyl [(3S)-1-(3-[3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4,5-dihydroisoxazol-5-ylcarbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]carbamate. To a solution of 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4,5-dihydroisoxazole-5-carboxylic acid (259 mg, 1 mmol) and tert-butyl (3S)-pyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate (186 mg, 1 mmol) in DMF (0.5 mL) and methylene chloride (5 mL) at 0° C. was added triethylamine (120 mg, 1.2 mmol) and benzotriazol-1-yloxytris(dimethylamino)-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (442 mg, 1 mmol). The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature over 1 h and stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo, and the residue was chromatographed on silica gel, eluting with 1% NH₄OH in ethyl acetate to give the desired coupling intermediate (410 mg) as a white solid. LCMS: (M+H)⁺ 428.4.
Step F
(3S)-1-(3-[3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4,5-dihydroisoxazol-5-ylcarbonyl)-pyrrolidin-3-amine hydrochloride To a solution of the intermediate of step E in methylene chloride (5 mL) was added 4 M HCl in dioxane (5 mL). After stirred at room temperature for 2 h, the resulting solution was concentrated in vacuo to give the HCl salt (350 mg) of the amine as a white solid. LCMS: (M+H)⁺ 364.4.
Step G
1-Pyridin-2-yl-4-[(3S)-1-(3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4,5-dihydroisoxazol-5-ylcarbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]aminocyclohexanol. To a solution of (3S)-1-(3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4,5-dihydroisoxazol-5-ylcarbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-amine hydrochloride (178 mg, 0.489 mmol) and 4-hydroxy-4-pyridin-2-yl-cyclohexanone (95.1 mg, 0.498 mmol) in methylene chloride (6 mL) was added triethylamine (50.3 mg, 0.498 mmol) and then NaBH(OAc)₃ (120 mg, 0.54 mmol). After being stirred at room temperature for 2 h, the reaction mixture was neutralized with 1 N NaOH to pH 7, and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×25 mL). The organic extracts were combined, washed with saline solution (20 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, concentrated in vacuo, and chromatographed on silica gel, eluting with 1% NH₄OH in ethyl acetate/methanol (95/5 to 80/20). The appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated in vacuo to give two fractions of the desired compounds: peak 1 (100 mg) and peak 2 (85 mg). Both fractions were further purified by HPLC on a C18 column, eluting with 1% NH₄OH in water/acetonitrile, to give peak 1 (68 mg) and peak 2 (65 mg) as white solids. Both compounds have LCMS: (M+H)⁺ 503.3. Peak 1 shows two peaks in a 1 to 1 ratio in a chiral analytical column. Peak 2 shows two peaks in a 1 to 10 ratio in a chiral analytical column.
The following Examples 56-58 were prepared in a fashion similar to Example 55.
Example 56
1-(5-Pyrimidin-2-ylpyridin-2-yl)-4-{[(3S)-1-({3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4,5-dihydroisoxazol-5-yl}carbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]amino}cyclohexanol. MS (M+H)⁺ 581.
Example 57
1-{5-[(Dimethylamino)methyl]pyridin-2-yl}-4-{[(3S)-1-({3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4,5-dihydroisoxazol-5-yl}carbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]amino}cyclohexanol. MS (M+H)⁺ 560.
Example 58
1-[5-(1,3-Oxazol-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl]-4-{[(3S)-1-({3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4,5-dihydroisoxazol-5-yl}carbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]amino}cyclohexanol. MS (M+H) 570.3.
Example 59 Step A
Methyl (2S,4R)—N-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-4-hydroxy-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylate. L-trans-4-Hydroxyproline methyl ester hydrochloride (25.00 g, 138.0 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (300 mL) and triethylamine (58.0 mL, 413 mmol). The solution was cooled to 0° C. and then di-tert-butyldicarbonate (33.00 g, 151.0 mmol) was added in small portions. After stirring at room temperature overnight, the mixture was concentrated to a thick white sludge. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate and the organic layer was washed successively with NH₄Cl/H₂O, NaHCO₃/H₂O and brine. The organic extracts were dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated to give 33.0 g (99%) of desired product as a colorless oil.
LC/MS (M+Na)⁺ m/z=267.9. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 4.50 (m, 1H), 4.40 (m, 1H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.43-3.68 (m, 2H), 2.30 (m, 1H), 1.95-2.15 (m, 2H), 1.42 and 1.45 (s, 9H).
Step B
1-tert-Butyl 2-Methyl (2S,4R)-4-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}pyrrolidine-1,2-dicarboxylate. Methyl (2S,4R)—N-tert-butoxycarbonyl-4-hydroxy-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylate (22.1 g, 82.6 mmol) was dissolved in dry DMF (100 mL) under nitrogen. Imidazole (16.8 g, 248 mmol) was added and the mixture cooled to 0° C. tert-Butyldimethylsilyl chloride (13.1 g, 86.7 mmol) was added in small portions and then the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. After stirring overnight, the mixture was diluted with 300 mL ethyl acetate and washed with water three times (500 mL, 200 mL, 200 mL). The organic extracts were washed one final time with brine and then dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to give 29.5 g (99%) of desired product as a colorless oil. LC/MS (M-Boc+H)⁺ m/z=260.2. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 4.30-4.47 (m, 2H), 3.73 and 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.60 (m, 1H), 3.28-3.45 (m, 1H), 2.18 (m, 1H), 2.03 (m, 1H), 1.42 and 1.47 (s, 9H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.06 (s, 6H).
Step C
tert-Butyl (2S,4R)-4-{[tert-Butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}-2-(hydroxymethyl)-pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate. 1-tert-Butyl 2-methyl (2S,4R)-4-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]-oxy}pyrrolidine-1,2-dicarboxylate (5.00 g, 13.91 mmol) was dissolved in dry THF (50 mL) under nitrogen and cooled to −78° C. Diisobutylaluminum hydride solution (31.0 mL, 31.0 mmol, 1.0 M in toluene) was added dropwise over 30 minutes. After stirring for ten minutes, the mixture was slowly warmed to room temperature at which point TLC indicated complete conversion. The mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (200 mL) and saturated aqueous sodium potassium tartrate (200 mL). The mixture was stirred vigorously for 30 minutes until two phases were apparent. The aqueous layer was then extracted twice with ethyl acetate and washed with brine. The organic layer was dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to give 4.91 g of the crude alcohol as a pale yellow oil. LC/MS (M-Boc+H)⁺ m/z=232.2. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 4.88 (d, 1H), 4.27 (bs, 1H), 4.14 (m, 1H), 3.69 (t, 1H), 3.54 (m, 1H), 3.42 (d, 1H), 3.34 (dd, 1H), 1.96 (m, 1H), 1.58 (m, 1H), 1.47 (s, 9H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.06 (s, 6H).
Step D
tert-Butyl (2S,4R)-4-{[tert-Butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}-2-({[(4-methylphenyl)-sulfonyl]-oxy}methyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate. tert-Butyl (2S,4R)-4-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}-2-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (4.91 g, 14.8 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (70 mL) under nitrogen. Triethylamine (5.8 mL, 41.7 mmol) was added followed by p-toluenesulfonyl chloride (3.18 g, 16.7 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. TLC revealed about half conversion. Pyridine (3.4 mL, 41 mmol) was added to the mixture which turned dark orange after 20 minutes. After two more days, the mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and the organic layer was washed successively with NaHCO₃/H₂O, NH₄Cl/H₂O, water, and brine. The organic extract was dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to a red oil which was chromatographed on silica gel (10% to 20% ethyl acetate/hexane). Pure fractions were combined to give the tosylate as a yellow oil, 6.32 g (93%, 2 steps). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 7.77 (d, 2H), 7.34 (t, 2H), 4.30 (m, 2H), 4.10 (m, 2H), 3.30 (m, 2H), 2.45 (s, 3H), 1.97 (m, 2H), 1.41 and 1.37 (s, 9H), 0.85 (s, 9H), 0.06 (s, 6H).
Step E
tert-Butyl (2R,4R)-4-{[tert-Butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}-2-methylpyrrolidine-1-carboxylate. tert-Butyl (2S,4R)-4-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}-2-({[(4-methylphenyl)-sulfonyl]-oxy}methyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (6.32 g, 13.01 mmol) was dissolved in THF (50 mL) under nitrogen and cooled to 0° C. Lithium triethylborohydride solution (Super Hydride, 14.3 mL, 1.0 M in THF) was added dropwise and the mixture was then slowly warmed to room temperature. After 2 hours, TLC revealed half conversion. More lithium triethylborohydride solution (12.0 mL) was added and the solution stirred at room temperature overnight. Diluted with NaHCO₃/H₂O and extracted twice with ethyl acetate. Washed organic layer with NH₄Cl/H₂O and brine. Dried organic extracts over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to give a colorless oil. Chromatographed on silica gel eluting with 10% ethyl acetate/hexane. Pure fractions were combined to give the desired product as a colorless oil, 3.74 g (91%). LC/MS (M+Na)⁺ m/z=338.2. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 4.34 (m, 1H), 3.95 (m, 1H), 3.35 (m, 2H), 1.98 (m, 1H), 1.65 (m, 1H), 1.47 (s, 9H), 1.20 (bs, 3H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.06 (s, 6H).
Step F
(3R,5R)-5-Methylpyrrolidin-3-ol hydrochloride. tert-Butyl (2R,4R)-4-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}-2-methylpyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (3.74 g, 11.85 mmol) was dissolved in dry THF (20 mL) under nitrogen. Hydrogen chloride solution (40 mL, 4.0 M solution in 1,4-dioxane) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for four hours. The solution was concentrated on the rotovap to an oil which was azeotroped with toluene and pumped under vacuum to provide the hydrochloride salt as an off white solid, 80 g (100%) which was used for the next step without further purification. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 4.54 (m, 1H), 3.95 (m, 1H), 3.44 (dd, 1H), 3.18 (d, 1H), 2.19 (dd, 1H), 1.76 (m, 1H), 1.44 (d, 3H).
Step G
N-{2-[(2R,4R)-4-Hydroxy-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}-3-(trifluoro-methyl)benzamide. (3R,5R)-5-Methylpyrrolidin-3-ol hydrochloride (1.80 g, 13 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (50 mL) and diisopropylethylamine (2.1 mL, 12.0 mmol) under nitrogen. (3-Trifluoromethyl-benzoylamino)-acetic acid (2.93 g, 11.85 mmol) was added followed by EDC (3.41 g, 17.8 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for four hours. The mixture was diluted with NH₄Cl/H₂O and extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined extracts were washed with NaHCO₃/H₂O and brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to give a dark orange oil. Chromatography on silica gel eluting with ethyl acetate to 5% methanol/ethyl acetate gave the coupled product as a pale orange solid, 3.19 g (81%, 2 steps). LC/MS (M+H)⁺ m/z=331.1. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, major rotamer) δ 8.12 (s, 1H), 8.01 (d, 1H), 7.76 (d, 1H), 7.57 (t, 1H), 7.50 (m, 1H), 4.56 (m, 1H), 4.34 (m, 1H), 4.23 (m, 1H), 4.11 (m, 1H), 3.61 (dd, 1H), 3.51 (d, 1H), 2.71 (d, 1H), 2.17 (m, 1H), 1.81 (m, 1H), 1.32 (d, 3H).
Step H
(3R,5R)-5-Methyl-1-({[3-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl]amino}acetyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl methanesulfonate. To a solution of N-{2-[(2R,4R)-4-hydroxy-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (1.50 g, 4.54 mmol) in dichloromethane (30 mL) and pyridine (1.83 mL, 22.7 mmol) under nitrogen at 0° C. was added methanesulfonyl chloride (0.42 mL, 5.45 mmol) dropwise. After being stirred at 0° C. for two hours, the reaction was allowed to slowly warm to room temperature and stirred overnight. The mixture was diluted with NaHCO₃/H₂O and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with NH₄Cl/H₂O and brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to give the mesylate as a brown oil, 1.87 g (100%). LC/MS (M+H)⁺ m/z=409.0. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, major rotamer) δ 8.12 (s, 1H), 8.01 (d, 1H), 7.78 (d, 1H), 7.59 (t, 1H), 7.29 (bs, 1H), 5.33 (m, 1H), 4.37 (m, 1H), 4.18 (m, 2H), 3.86 (d, 1H), 3.76 (dd, 1H), 3.08 (s, 3H), 2.51 (m, 1H), 1.94 (m, 1H), 1.38 (d, 3H).
Step I
N-{2-[(2R,4S)-4-Azido-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide. To a solution of the crude mesylate (1.87 g) in dry DMF (20 mL) was added sodium azide (1.50 g, 22.7 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 60-65° C. for five hours, then 50° C. for twenty hours. Ethyl acetate was added. The organic layer was separated, washed twice with water and then with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to an orange oil. Chromatography on silica gel eluting with 80% ethyl acetate/hexane gave the azide as a yellow oil, 1.33 g (82%). LC/MS (M+H)⁺ m/z=356.1. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, major rotamer) δ 8.12 (s, 1H), 8.00 (t, 1H), 7.77 (d, 1H), 7.58 (t, 1H), 7.37 (bs, 1H), 4.35 (m, 2H), 4.17 (m, 2H), 3.73 (dd, 1H), 3.50 (d, 1H), 2.39 (m, 1H), 1.87 (d, 1H), 1.43 (d, 3H).
Step J
N-{2-[(2R,4S)-4-Amino-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide. N-{2-[(2R,4S)-4-Azido-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (1.33 g, 3.74 mmol) was dissolved in ethanol (50 mL) and then 10% Pd—C (130 mg) was added to the solution. The flask was purged with hydrogen and then stirred under an atmosphere of hydrogen using a balloon for four hours at which point, TLC indicated complete consumption of starting material. The reaction was then flushed with nitrogen and filtered through Celite on a glass frit and washed with methanol. The filtrate was concentrated to give the desired amine as a dark brown oil, 1.21 g (98%). LC/MS (M+H)⁺ m/z=330.1. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 8.12 (s, 1H), 8.02 (d, 1H), 7.77 (d, 1H), 7.58 (t, 1H), 7.37 (bs, 1H), 4.16 (m, 3H), 3.72 (m, 1H), 3.61 (m, 1H), 3.15 (m, 1H), 2.44 (m, 1H), 1.70-1.20 (m, 3H), 1.43 (d, 3H); ¹⁹F NMR (CDCl₃) δ −63.12 (s).
Step K
N-(2-{(2R,4S)-4-[(4-Hydroxy-4-pyridin-2-ylcyclohexyl)amino]-2-methyl-pyrrolidin-1-yl}-2-oxoethyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide. N-{2-[(2R,4S)-4-Amino-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (200 mg, 0.607 mmol) and 4-hydroxy-4-pyridin-2-yl-cyclohexanone (116 mg, 0.607 mmol) were dissolved in 2-propanol (10 mL). After stirring for 30 minutes, sodium triacetoxyborohydride (257 mg, 1.21 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. TLC indicated complete conversion to desired products in about a 1:1 ratio of two isomers. The reaction mixture was chromatographed on silica gel eluting with dichloromethane to 10% methanol/dichloromethane/0.5% ammonium hydroxide to give 229 mg (75%) as a mixture of isomers. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, mixture of isomers) δ 8.53 (m, 1H), 8.13 (bs, 1H), 8.02 (d, 1H), 7.75 (m, 2H), 7.58 (t, 1H), 7.40 (m, 2H), 7.22 (m, 1H), 4.05-4.38 (m, 3H), 3.80 (m, 1H), 3.56 (m, 1H), 3.42 (m, 1H), 3.19 (m, 1H), 3.04 (m, 1H), 2.65 (m, 1H), 2.47 (m, 1H), 2.16 (m, 2H), 1.40-2.00 (m, 7H), 1.43 (d, 3H). LCMS (M+H)⁺: Higher Rf isomer m/z 505.2; Lower Rf isomer m/z=505.2.
Example 60 Step A
tert-Butyl (2S,4R)-4-{[tert-Butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}-2-(methoxymethyl)-pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate. Iodomethane (0.85 mL, 13.6 mmol) was added to a solution of tert-butyl (2S,4R)-4-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}-2-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (1.50 g, 4.52 mmol) in dry DMF (15 mL) under nitrogen. Sodium hydride (0.22 g, 5.42 mmol, 60% dispersion in mineral oil) was added in portions and the mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. The mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was separated, washed twice with water and then brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to give 1.51 g (96%) of methyl ether as a yellow oil. LC/MS (M-Boc+H)⁺ m/z=246.2. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 4.38 (m, 1H), 4.05 (m, 1H), 3.50 (m, 2H), 3.25-3.45 (m, 2H), 3.34 (s, 3H), 1.87-2.06 (m, 2H), 1.47 (s, 9H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.06 (s, 6H).
Step B
N-{2-[(2S,4S)-4-[(4-Hydroxy-4-pyridin-2-ylcyclohexyl)amino]-2-(methoxymethyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide. The title compound was prepared from the intermediate of step A following the procedures described for Example 59. Higher Rf isomer: LCMS m/z=535.2 (M+H); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 8.53 (d, 1H), 8.12 (s, 1H), 8.03 (d, 1H), 7.77 (m, 1H), 7.72 (m, 1H), 7.58 (t, 1H), 7.47 (m, 1H), 7.34 (m, 1H), 7.21 (m, 1H), 4.90 (m, 1H), 4.12-4.47 (m, 4H), 3.89 (dd, 1H), 3.79 (dd, 1H), 3.54 (m, 2H), 3.38 (s, 3H), 3.03 (m, 1H), 2.40 (m, 1H), 2.18 (m, 3H), 1.90 (m, 1H), 1.75 (m, 1H), 1.60 (m, 2H), 1.50 (m, 2H); ¹⁹F NMR (CDCl₃) δ −63.11 (s). Lower Rf isomer: LCMS (M+H)⁺ m/z=535.2; ¹HNMR (CDCl₃) δ 8.53 (d, 1H), 8.12 (s, 1H), 8.02 (d, 1H), 7.78 (m, 1H), 7.72 (m, 1H), 7.58 (t, 1H), 7.42 (m, 1H), 7.34 (m, 1H), 7.21 (m, 1H), 4.12-4.48 (m, 4H), 3.83 (m, 2H), 3.68 (m, 1H), 3.56 (m, 1H), 3.38 (s, 3H), 2.72 (m, 1H), 2.38 (m, 1H), 1.60-2.20 (m, 10H); ¹⁹F NMR (CDCl₃) δ −63.12 (s).
Example 61
N-(2-{(2S,4S)-2-(Ethoxymethyl)-4-[(4-hydroxy-4-pyridin-2-ylcyclohexyl)-amino]pyrrolidin-1-yl}-2-oxoethyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide. The title compound was prepared following the procedures described for Example 60. Higher Rf isomer: LCMS (M+H)⁺ m/z=549.1; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 8.51 (m, 1H), 8.10 (m, 1H), 7.99 (m, 1H), 7.70 (m, 2H), 7.32-7.60 (m, 3H), 7.18 (m, 1H), 4.03-4.47 (m, 3H), 3.22-3.91 (m, 5H), 3.04 (m, 1H), 1.70-2.47 (m, 7H), 1.51 (m, 4H), 1.21 (m, 4H).
Lower Rf isomer: LCMS (M+H)⁺ m/z=549.1; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 8.52 (m, 1H), 8.11 (m, 1H), 8.00 (m, 1H), 7.73 (m, 2H), 7.55 (m, 1H), 7.39 (m, 2H), 7.20 (m, 1H), 4.11-4.48 (m, 3H), 3.46-3.88 (m, 5H), 3.21 (m, 1H), 2.63 (m, 1H), 2.38 (m, 1H), 1.55-1.98 (m, 10H), 1.20 (m, 3H).
Example 62 Step A
tert-Butyl (2S,4R)-4-{[tert-Butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}-2-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate. To a solution of 1-tert-butyl 2-methyl (2S,4R)-4-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}pyrrolidine-1,2-dicarboxylate (1.00 g, 2.78 mmol) in dry THF (20 mL) at 0° C. was dropwise added methylmagnesium bromide solution (2.0 mL, 6.0 mmol, 3.0 M in ether) over 5 minutes. After stirring for four hours, the mixture was warmed to room temperature and quenched with NH₄Cl/H₂O and extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The organic extracts were dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to give 1.00 g (100%) of the title compound as a white solid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 5.85 (s, 1H), 4.25 (s, 1H), 4.08 (t, 1H), 3.67 (d, 1H), 3.18 (d, 1H), 1.94 (m, 1H), 1.60 (m, 1H), 1.45 (s, 9H), 1.15 (s, 3H), 1.05 (s, 3H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.06 (s, 6H).
Step B
N-(2-{(2S,4S)-2-(1-Hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-4-[(trans-4-hydroxy-4-pyridin-2-ylcyclohexyl)amino]pyrrolidin-1-yl}-2-oxoethyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide. The title compound was prepared from the alcohol of step A following the procedures described for Example 59. Higher Rf isomer: LCMS (M+H)⁺ m/z=549.3; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 8.53 (m, 1H), 8.13 (s, 1H), 8.01 (d, 1H), 7.78 (d, 1H), 7.74 (t, 1H), 7.59 (t, 1H), 7.48 (d, 1H), 7.32 (m, 1H), 7.22 (m, 1H), 4.19-4.40 (m, 3H), 3.98 (dd, 1H), 3.49 (m, 2H), 3.29 (m, 1H), 3.08 (m, 1H), 2.10-2.45 (m, 8H), 1.71 (m, 2H), 1.24 (s, 3H), 1.21 (s, 3H); ¹⁹F NMR (CDCl₃)
−63.12 (s). Lower Rf isomer: LCMS (M+H)⁺ m/z=549.3; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 8.52 (d, 1H), 8.12 (s, 1H), 8.01 (d, 1H), 7.77 (d, 1H), 7.73 (m, 1H), 7.59 (t, 1H), 7.40 (d, 1H), 7.37 (m, 1H), 7.22 (m, 1H), 5.14 (bs, 1H), 4.39 (m, 1H), 4.33 (m, 1H), 4.20 (m, 1H), 3.97 (m, 1H), 3.72 (m, 1H), 3.40 (m, 1H), 2.74 (m, 1H), 1.70-2.35 (m, 12H), 1.24 (s, 3H), 1.21 (s, 3H); ¹⁹F NMR (CDCl₃)
−63.12 (s).
Example 63
N-(2-{(2S,4S)-2-[1-Hydroxyethyl]-4-[(4-hydroxy-4-pyridin-2-ylcyclohexyl)-amino]pyrrolidin-1-yl}-2-oxoethyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide. The title compound was prepared in a manner similar to that for Example 62. MS (M+H)⁺ 535.
Example 64
N-{2-[(2S,4S)-4-[(4-Hydroxy-4-pyridin-2-ylcyclohexyl)amino]-2-(1-methoxy-1-methylethyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide. The title compound was prepared starting from tert-butyl (2S,4R)-4-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}-2-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate following the procedures described for Example 60. Higher Rf isomer: LC/MS (M+H)⁺ m/z=563.3; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃)
8.55 (m, 1H), 8.14 (m, 1H), 8.04 (m, 1H), 7.74 (m, 2H), 7.38-7.63 (m, 3H), 7.22 (m, 1H), 5.42-5.80 (bs, 1H), 4.84 (bs, 1H), 4.15-4.43 (m, 3H), 3.96 (m, 1H), 3.42 (m, 1H), 3.22 (m, 4H), 3.02 (m, 11-1), 1.89-2.34 (m, 6H), 1.46-1.67 (m, 4H), 1.22 (m, 6H). Lower Rf isomer: LC/MS (M+H)⁺ m/z=563.3; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 8.53 (m, 1H), 8.15 (m, 1H), 8.03 (m, 1H), 7.74 (m, 2H), 7.35-7.61 (m, 3H), 7.22 (m, 1H), 3.87-4.43 (m, 4H), 3.50 (m, 1H), 3.21 (m, 4H), 2.64 (m, 1H), 2.27 (m, 1H), 1.67-1.98 (m, 9H), 1.22 (m, 6H).
Example 65
N-(2-{(2S,4S)-4-[(4-Hydroxy-4-pyridin-2-ylcyclohexyl)amino]-2-[(1S)-1-methoxyethyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl}-2-oxoethyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide. The title compound was prepared in a fashion similar to that for Example 64. MS (M+H)⁺ 549.
Example 66 Part A
1-tert-Butyl 2-Methyl (4R)-4-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}-2-methylpyrrolidine-1,2-dicarboxylate. To a solution of 1-tert-butyl 2-methyl (2S,4R)-4-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}pyrrolidine-1,2-dicarboxylate (5.11 g, 14.2 mmol) in dry THF (60 mL) at −78° C. was dropwise added lithium bistrimethylsilylamide (17.0 mL, 17.0 mmol, 1.0 M in THF). After being stirred for 30 minutes, iodomethane (1.77 mL, 28.4 mmol) was then added. The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for one hour, warmed to 0° C. for one hour and finally quenched with NaHCO₃/H₂O. The resulting mixture was extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined extracts were dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was chromatographed on silica gel eluting with hexane to 5% ethyl acetate/hexane to provide 2.66 g (50%) of a mixture of product isomers as a colorless oil. LC/MS (M-Boc+H)⁺ m/z=274.1. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 4.38 (m, 1H), 3.71 (m, 4H), 3.36 (m, 1H), 1.84-2.35 (m, 2H), 1.61 (m, 3H), 1.44 (m, 9H), 0.88 (m, 9H), 0.07 (m, 6H).
Step B
N-(2-{(4S)-4-[(4-Hydroxy-4-pyridin-2-ylcyclohexyl)amino]-2,2-dimethyl-pyrrolidin-1-yl}-2-oxoethyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide. The title compound was prepared from 1-tert-butyl 2-methyl (4R)-4-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}-2-methylpyrrolidine-1,2-dicarboxylate following the procedures described for Example 59. Higher Rf isomer: LC/MS (M+H)⁺ m/z=519.2; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, bis-trifluoroacetate salt)
8.51 (m, 1H), 8.18 (m, 2H), 7.63-7.90 (m, 4H), 7.27 (m, 1H), 4.15 (dd, 2H), 3.98 (m, 1H), 3.55 (m, 1H), 3.28 (m, 2H), 2.92 (m, 1H), 2.38 (m, 2H), 1.96-2.20 (m, 3H), 1.50-1.79 (m, 7H), 1.42 (s, 3H). Lower Rf isomer: LC/MS (M+H)⁺ m/z=519.2; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, bis-trifluoroacetate salt)
8.49 (m, 1H), 8.21 (m, 1H), 8.14 (m, 1H), 7.65-7.90 (m, 4H), 7.25 (m, 1H), 4.10 (m, 3H), 3.72 (m, 1H), 3.28 (m, 2H), 2.73 (m, 1H), 2.10 (m, 3H), 1.82 (m, 2H), 1.73 (m, 4H), 1.58 (s, 3H), 1.45 (s, 3H).
Example 67 Step A
1-Benzyl 2-Methyl (2S,4R)-4-hydroxypyrrolidine-1,2-dicarboxylate. L-trans-4-Hydroxyproline methyl ester hydrochloride (9.70 g, 54.0 mmol) was dissolved in dry THF (180 mL) and triethylamine (7.53 mL, 54.0 mmol). N-(Benzyloxycarbonyloxy)succinimide (13.5 g, 54.0 mmol) dissolved in THF (70 mL) was slowly added to the solution. After stirring at room temperature overnight, the mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and the organic layer was washed successively with water and brine. The organic extracts were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was chromatographed on silica gel (30% to 70% ethyl acetate/hexane) to provide 12.8 g (85%) of desired product as a colorless oil. LC/MS (M+H)⁺ m/z=280.0; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 7.33 (m, 5H), 5.00-5.25 (m, 21-1), 4.52 (m, 2H), 3.69 (m, 2H), 3.56 and 3.78 (s, 3H), 2.05-2.40 (m, 2H).
Step B
1-Benzyl 2-Methyl (2S,4R)-4-(benzyloxy)pyrrolidine-1,2-dicarboxylate. 1-Benzyl 2-methyl (2S,4R)-4-hydroxypyrrolidine-1,2-dicarboxylate (6.60 g, 23.6 mmol) was dissolved in dry THF (100 mL) and cooled to 0° C. under nitrogen. Sodium hydride (1.04 g, 26.0 mmol, 60% dispersion in mineral oil) was added in portions and the mixture was stirred for 15 minutes. Tetra-n-butylammonium iodide (0.40 g, 1.0 mmol) and benzyl bromide (3.15 mL, 26.0 mmol) were added and the mixture stirred for one hour at 0° C. and then one hour at room temperature. The mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water and then brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was chromatographed on silica gel (20% to 50% ethyl acetate/hexane) to give 4.21 g (48%) of benzyl ether. LC/MS (M+H)⁺ m/z=370.2; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃)
7.34 (m, 10H), 5.13 (m, 2H), 4.51 (m, 3H), 4.20 (m, 1H), 3.68 (m, 2H), 3.54 and 3.78 (s, 3H), 2.45 (m, 1H), 2.11 (m, 1H).
Step C
Benzyl (2S,4R)-4-(Benzyloxy)-2-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate. 1-Benzyl 2-methyl (2S,4R)-4-(benzyloxy)pyrrolidine-1,2-dicarboxylate (4.21 g, 11.4 mmol) was dissolved in dry THF (20 mL) under nitrogen and cooled to 0° C. Methylmagnesium bromide solution (8.4 mL, 25 mmol, 3.0 M in ether) was added dropwise. After stirring for twelve hours at 0° C., the mixture was warmed to room temperature and quenched with NH₄Cl/H₂O and extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The organic extracts were washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was chromatographed on silica gel (20% to 30% ethyl acetate/hexane) to give 2.47 g (59%) of the alcohol as a viscous oil. LC/MS (M+H)⁺ m/z=370.1; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃)
7.33 (m, 10H), 5.55 (bs, 1H), 5.20 (s, 2H), 4.50 (s, 2H), 4.19 (m, 1H), 4.05 (m, 2H), 3.31 (m, 1H), 2.27 (m, 1H), 1.73 (m, 1H), 1.21 (s, 3H), 1.13 (s, 3H).
Step D
Benzyl (2S,4R)-4-(Benzyloxy)-2-isopropenylpyrrolidine-1-carboxylate. Benzyl (2S,4R)-4-(benzyloxy)-2-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (2.22 g, 6.01 mmol) was dissolved in toluene (40 mL) and triethylamine (10.0 mL, 72 mmol) under nitrogen. The mixture was cooled to −50° C. and thionyl chloride (0.44 mL, 6.0 mmol) was added dropwise. After stirring for three hours at −30° C., the mixture was quenched by addition of water. The resulting mixture was extracted twice with ethyl acetate and the organic extracts were washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was chromatographed on silica gel (10% to 20% ethyl acetate/hexane) to give 1.10 g (52%) of the olefin as a pale yellow oil. LC/MS (M+H)⁺ m/z=352.2; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃)
7.35 (m, 10H), 5.16 (m, 2H), 4.84 (m, 2H), 4.52 (m, 3H), 4.16 (m, 1H), 3.87 (m, 1H), 3.58 (m, 1H), 2.29 (m, 1H), 1.94 (m, 1H), 1.69 (m, 3H).
Step E
(2S,4R)-4-(Benzyloxy)-2-isopropylpyrrolidine. Benzyl (2S,4R)-4-(benzyloxy)-2-isopropenylpyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (1.00 g, 2.84 mmol) was dissolved in ethanol (40 mL) and then 5% Pd—C (100 mg) was added to the solution. The flask was purged with hydrogen and then shaken on a Parr under 53 psi atmosphere of hydrogen for 17 hours. The reaction was then flushed with nitrogen and filtered through Celite on a glass frit and washed with methanol. The filtrate was concentrated and chromatographed on silica gel (1% triethylamine/10% methanol/89% ethyl acetate) to furnish the amine as a pale yellow oil, 0.53 g (85%). LC/MS (M+H)⁺ m/z=220.2; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃)
7.33 (m, 5H), 4.49 (m, 2H), 4.12 (m, 1H), 3.19 (dd, 1H), 3.00 (m, 2H), 2.05 (m, 1H), 1.96 (bs, 1H), 1.49 (m, 2H), 1.00 (d, 3H), 0.91 (d, 3H).
Step F
N-{2-[(2S,4R)-4-Benzyloxy-2-isopropylpyrrolidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide. (2S,4R)-4-(Benzyloxy)-2-isopropylpyrrolidine (0.410 g, 1.90 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (30 mL) under nitrogen. (3-Trifluoromethyl-benzoylamino)-acetic acid (0.462 g, 1.90 mmol) was added followed by EDC (0.394 g, 2.06 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature-overnight. LC/MS revealed the reaction was not yet complete. More (3-Trifluoromethyl-benzoylamino)-acetic acid (0.12 g, 0.48 mmoles) and more EDC (0.30 g, 1.6 mmoles) were added and stirring continued for 3 hours at room temperature, then at reflux for 1.5 hours. The mixture was chromatographed on silica gel eluting with 30% ethyl acetate/hexane to provide 0.66 g (79%) of the coupled product as a colorless oil. LC/MS (M+H)⁺ m/z=449.2; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 8.03 (m, 1H), 7.76 (m, 1H), 7.58 (m, 2H), 7.34 (m, 5H), 4.52 (m, 2H), 4.03-4.34 (m, 4H), 3.65 (m, 1H), 3.48 (m, 1H), 2.54 (m, 1H), 2.12 (m, 1H), 1.92 (m, 1H), 0.92 (d, 3H), 0.77 (d, 3H).
Step G
N-{2-[(2S,4R)-4-Hydroxy-2-isopropylpyrrolidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide. N-{2-[(2S,4R)-4-Benzyloxy-2-isopropylpyrrolidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (0.630 g, 1.40 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (60 mL) and then palladium hydroxide (90 mg) was added to the solution. The flask was purged with hydrogen and then stirred under an atmosphere of hydrogen using a balloon. After three hours, TLC indicated complete consumption of starting material. The reaction was then flushed with nitrogen and filtered through Celite on a glass frit and washed with methanol. The filtrate was concentrated to give the desired alcohol as a white solid, 0.52 g (100%).
LC/MS (M+H)⁺ m/z=359.2; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 8.11 (m, 2H), 7.53-7.82 (m, 3H), 4.04-4.52 (m, 4H), 3.63 (m, 1H), 3.43 (m, 1H), 2.50 (m, 1H), 1.86-2.25 (m, 2H), 0.89 (d, 3H), 0.78 (d, 3H).
Step H
N-(2-{(2S,4S)-4-[(4-Hydroxy-4-pyridin-2-ylcyclohexyl)amino]-2-isopropyl-pyrrolidin-1-yl}-2-oxoethyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide. The title compound was prepared from the above intermediate following the procedures described for Example 59. Higher Rf isomer: LC/MS (M+H)⁺ m/z=533.3; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, bis-trifluoroacetate salt)
8.66 (m, 1H), 8.20 (m, 3H), 7.94 (m, 2H), 7.74 (m, 1H), 7.59 (m, 1H), 4.36 (m, 2H), 4.06-4.27 (m, 2H), 4.00 (m, 1H), 3.63 (m, 1H), 3.46 (m, 1H), 2.63 (m, 1H), 2.50 (m, 1H), 2.34 (m, 4H), 1.76-2.05 (m, 5H), 0.96 (d, 3H), 0.93 (d, 3H); Lower Rf isomer: LC/MS (M+H)⁺ m/z=533.2; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, bis-trifluoroacetate salt) δ 8.66 (m, 1H), 8.24 (m, 3H), 7.96 (m, 2H), 7.72 (m, 2H), 4.00-4.42 (m, 5H), 3.45 (m, 2H), 2.65 (m, 1H), 2.49 (m, 1H), 2.22 (m, 4H), 1.95 (m, 5H), 0.96 (d, 3H), 0.91 (d, 3H).
The following Examples 68-71 were prepared in a manner similar to Example 67.
Example 68
N-{2-[(2S,4S)-4-({4-Hydroxy-4-[5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-2-yl]cyclohexyl}-amino)-2-(methoxymethyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide. MS (M+H)⁺ 579.
Example 69
N-{2-[(2S,4S)-4-[(4-{5-[(Dimethylamino)methyl]pyridin-2-yl}-4-hydroxy-cyclohexyl)amino]-2-(methoxymethyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide. MS (M+H)⁺ 592.
Example 70
N-{2-[(2S,4S)-4-[(4-Hydroxy-4-pyridin-2-ylcyclohexyl)amino]-2-(isopropoxy-methyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide. MS (M+H)⁺ 563.
Example 71
N-{2-[(2S,4S)-4-{[4-Hydroxy-4-(5-pyrimidin-2-ylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl]amino}-2-(methoxymethyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide. MS (M+H) 613.3.
Example 72
N-(2-{(3S)-3-[[4-Hydroxy-4-(5-pyrazin-2-ylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl](methyl)amino]pyrrolidin-1-yl}-2-oxoethyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide. N-[2-((3S)-3-{[4-Hydroxy-4-(5-pyrazin-2-ylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl]amino}pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (29.0 mg, 0.051 mmol) and 37% aqueous formaldehyde (21 uL, 0.26 mmol) were dissolved in THF (1.0 mL). The mixture was evaporated to dryness. Then the residue was taken up in THF (1 mL) and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (24 mg, 0.11 mmol) was added. After being stirred at room temperature overnight, the mixture was purified by HPLC to provide the title compound (5.9 mg). MS (M+H) 583.3.
Example 73
N-(2-{(3S)-3-[{4-Hydroxy-4-[5-(1,3-oxazol-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl]cyclohexyl}(methyl)amino]pyrrolidin-1-yl}-2-oxoethyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide. N-{2-[(3S)-3-({4-Hydroxy-4-[5-(1,3-oxazol-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl]cyclohexyl}amino)pyrrolidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (45 mg, 0.081 mmol) and 37% aqueous formaldehyde (30 mg, 1.0 mmol) were dissolved in methylene chloride (5.6 mL). The mixture was evaporated to dryness. Then the residue was taken up in THF (1 mL) and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (38 mg, 0.18 mmol) was added. After being stirred at room temperature overnight, the mixture was purified by HPLC to provide the title compound (27 mg). MS (M+H) 572.3.
Example 74 Step A
Methyl 1-[3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperidine-4-carboxylate. Methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate (2.0 g, 14 mmol), 1-bromo-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (1.5 g, 6.8 mmol), and potassium tert-butoxide (0.76 g, 6.8 mmol) in a mixed solvent of toluene (20 mL) and DMF (4 mL) was added [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II), complex with dichloromethane (1:1) (0.3 g, 0.4 mmol) under nitrogen. The mixture was heated at 130° C. in an oil bath overnight. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was filtered through celite and diluted with EtOAc. The resulting solution was washed with saturated NaHCO₃. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc twice. The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO₄), concentrated and flash chromatographed with EtOAc/hexanes (20% to 40%) to give 0.90 g of product. MS (M+H) 288.2.
Step B
1-[3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperidine-4-carboxylic Acid. Methyl 1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperidine-4-carboxylate (0.9 g, 3 mmol) was treated with the mixture of 2 M of sodium hydroxide in water (10 mL), THF (10 mL) and methanol (10 mL) at 50° C. for 1 h. After being neutralized with concentrated HCl (pH=3), the solution was concentrated. The resulting residue was azeotropically treated with benzene for 3 times to give the title compound which was used for the next reaction without purification. MS (M+H) 274.1.
Step C
tert-Butyl [(3S)-1-({1-[3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperidin-4-yl}carbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]carbamate. tert-Butyl (3S)-pyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate (0.65 g, 3.5 mmol), 1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperidine-4-carboxylic acid (0.80 g, 2.9 mmol), triethylamine (0.82 mL, 5.8 mmol) and benzotriazol-1-yloxytris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (1.4 g, 3.2 mmol) were mixed in dry methylene chloride (10 mL). After being stirred overnight, the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc and washed with saturated NaHCO₃. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc three times. The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO₄), concentrated and flash chromatographed (20% EtOAc/hexanes to 40% EtOAc/hexanes) to give 0.975 g of the desired product. MS (M+H) 442.1.
Step D
(3S)-1-({1-[3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperidin-4-yl}carbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-amine bis(trifluoroacetate). tert-Butyl [(3S)-1-({1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperidin-4-yl}carbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]carbamate (0.975 g, 2.21 mmol) was treated with trifluoroacetic acid (5 mL) and methylene chloride (5 mL) for 1 h at room temperature. The solution was concentrated to give 1.75 g of product which was used for the next step without purification.
Step E
1-Pyridin-2-yl-4-{[(3S)-1-({1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperidin-4-yl}carbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]amino}cyclohexanol. (3S)-1-({1-[3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperidin-4-yl}carbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-amine bis(trifluoroacetate) (110 mg, 0.20 mmol), 4-hydroxy-4-pyridin-2-yl-cyclohexanone (45 mg, 0.24 mmol), triethylamine (0.082 mL, 0.59 mmol), and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (83 mg, 0.39 mmol) were mixed in methylene chloride (6 mL). After being stirred overnight, the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc and washed with saturated Na₂CO₃. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc three times. The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO₄), concentrated and purified by silica gel column (EtOAc to 1% Et₃N/EtOAc to 5% Et₃N/EtOAc) to provide the title compound. LCMS (M+H)=517.2.
Example 75
1-(5-pyrimidin-2-ylpyridin-2-yl)-4-{[(3S)-1-({1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperidin-4-yl}carbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]amino}cyclohexanol. The title compound was prepared in a manner analogous to that described for Example 74. MS (M+H) 595.2.
Example 76
1-(5-Pyrimidin-2-ylpyridin-2-yl)-4-{[(3S)-1-({1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pyrrolidin-3-yl}carbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]amino}cyclohexanol. The title compound was prepared in a manner analogous to that described for Example 74. MS (M+H) 581.2.
Example 77
1-(5-Pyrimidin-2-ylpyridin-2-yl)-4-{[(3S)-1-({1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]azetidin-3-yl}carbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]amino}cyclohexanol. The title compound was prepared in a manner analogous to that described for Example 74. MS (M+H) 567.2.
Example 78 Step A
1-[(Benzyloxy)carbonyl]piperidine-4-carboxylic acid. Triethylamine (8.1 mL, 58 mmol) was added to a solution of piperidine-4-carboxylic acid (5 g, 40 mmol) and benzyl chloroformate (7.9 g, 46 mmol) in dichloromethane (100 mL) in an ice-water bath. After being stirred overnight, the solution was washed with concentrated HCl and brine, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. Chromatography on silica gel gave the title compound (10 g) as an oil. MS (M+H) 264.2.
Step B
Benzyl 4-({(3S)-3-[(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)amino]pyrrolidin-1-yl}carbonyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate. A mixture of 1-[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]piperidine-4-carboxylic acid (5 g, 20 mmol), tert-butyl (3S)-pyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate (3.9 g, 21 mmol), benzotriazol-1-yloxytris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (9.2 g, 21 mmol), and triethylamine (3.8 g, 38 mmol) in dichloromethane (100 mL) was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction solution was washed with water, dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated. The residue was chromatographed on silica gel to give 7.5 g of product. MS (M+H) 432.2.
Step C
tert-Butyl [(3S)-1-(Piperidin-4-ylcarbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]carbamate. A mixture of benzyl 4-({(3S)-3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]pyrrolidin-1-yl}carbonyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (7.5 g, 17 mmol) and palladium on carbon (800 mg, 8 mmol) in methanol (100 mL) was shaken under hydrogen at 50 psi overnight. The mixture was filtered through celite and the filtrate was concentrated to give 5.1 g of product as a white solid. MS (M+H) 298.2.
Step D
tert-Butyl [(3S)-1-({1-[6-(Trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperidin-4-yl}carbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]carbamate. A solution of 2-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine (1.8 g, 9.9 mmol), tert-butyl [(3S)-1-(piperidin-4-ylcarbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]carbamate (2.97 g, 10.0 mmol) and triethylamine (4.1 mL, 30 mmol) in DMF (50 mL) was heated at 100° C. for 4 hrs. After cooling down, ethyl acetate was added. The resulting solution was washed with brine several times, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. The residue was chromatographed on silica gel to give the title compound (1.3 g) as a yellow solid. MS (M+H) 443.2.
Step E
(3S)-1-({-[6-(Trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperidin-4-yl}carbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-amine. tert-Butyl [(3S)-1-({1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperidin-4-yl}carbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]carbamate (1.3 g, 2.9 mmol) was dissolved in a 4 M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (10 mL). After being stirred at room temperature for 1 hr, the solution was concentrated to give the desired product as HCl salt (0.6 g). MS (M+H) 343.1.
Step F
1-(5-Pyrimidin-2-ylpyridin-2-yl)-4-{[(3S)-1-({1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperidin-4-yl}carbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]amino}cyclohexanol. A solution of (3S)-1-({1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperidin-4-yl}carbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-amine (40 mg, 0.1 mmol), 4-hydroxy-4-(5-pyrimidin-2-ylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexanone (47 mg, 0.18 mmol), sodium triacetoxyborohydride (50 mg, 0.23 mmol), and triethylamine (35 mg, 0.35 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 mL) was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was passed through a silica gel pad. The filtrate was concentrated and purified by HPLC to give the cis- and trans-isomers. MS (M+H) 596.2 for both isomers.
The following examples were prepared in a manner analogous to that for Example 78.
Example 79
1-Pyridin-2-yl-4-{[(3S)-1-({1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperidin-4-yl}carbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]amino}cyclohexanol. MS (M+H) 518.2.
Example 80
1-(6-Pyrimidin-2-ylpyridin-3-yl)-4-{[(3S)-1-({1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-4-yl]piperidin-4-yl}carbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]amino}cyclohexanol. MS (M+H) 597.3.
Example 81
1-Pyridin-2-yl-4-{[(3S)-1-({1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-4-yl]piperidin-4-yl}carbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]amino}cyclohexanol. MS (M+H) 51.9.2.
Example 82
1-Pyridin-2-yl-4-{[(3S)-1-({1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperidin-4-yl}carbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]amino}cyclohexanol. MS (M+H) 518.2.
Example 83
1-(5-Pyrimidin-2-ylpyridin-2-yl)-4-{[(3S)-1-({1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperidin-4-yl}carbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]amino}cyclohexanol. MS (M+H) 596.2.
Example 84
1-[5-(1,3-Oxazol-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl]-4-{[(3S)-1-({1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperidin-4-yl}carbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]amino}cyclohexanol. MS (M+H) 584.2.
Example 85
1-(5-Pyrazin-2-ylpyridin-2-yl)-4-{[(3S)-1-({1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperidin-4-yl}carbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]amino}cyclohexanol. MS (M+H) 596.2.
Example 86
1-(5-Methylpyridin-2-yl)-4-{[(3S)-1-({1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperidin-4-yl}carbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]amino}cyclohexanol. MS (M+H) 532.2.
Example 87
1-(3,3′-Bipyridin-6-yl)-4-{[(3S)-1-({1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperidin-4-yl}carbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]amino}cyclohexanol. MS (M+H) 595.3.
Example 88
1-(3,4′-Bipyridin-6-yl)-4-{[(3S)-1-({1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperidin-4-yl}carbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]amino}cyclohexanol. MS (M+H) 595.3.
Example 89
1-(5-Methoxypyridin-2-yl)-4-{[(3S)-1-({1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperidin-4-yl}carbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]amino}cyclohexanol. MS (M+H) 548.2.
Example 90
1-[5-(Methoxymethyl)pyridin-2-yl]-4-{[(3S)-1-({1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperidin-4-yl}carbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]amino}cyclohexanol. MS (M+H) 562.2.
Example 91
6-(1-Hydroxy-4-{[(3S)-1-({1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperidin-4-yl}carbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]amino}cyclohexyl)nicotinamide. MS (M+H) 561.3.
Example 92
6-(1-Hydroxy-4-{[(3S)-1-({1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperidin-4-yl}carbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]amino}cyclohexyl)-N-methylnicotinamide. MS (M+H) 575.3.
Example 93
1-(5-Pyrimidin-2-ylpyridin-2-yl)-4-{[(3S)-1-({1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl]piperidin-4-yl}carbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]amino}cyclohexanol. MS (M+H) 597.4.
Example 94
1-(5-Pyrimidin-2-ylpyridin-2-yl)-4-{[(3S)-1-({1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]pyrrolidin-3-yl}carbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]amino}cyclohexanol. MS (M+H) 582.2.
Example 95
1-(5-Pyrimidin-2-ylpyridin-2-yl)-4-{[(3S)-1-({1-[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]pyrrolidin-3-yl}carbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]amino}cyclohexanol. MS (M+H) 582.3.
Example 96
1-(5-Pyrimidin-2-ylpyridin-2-yl)-4-{[(3S)-1-({1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl]pyrrolidin-3-yl}carbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]amino}cyclohexanol. MS (M+H) 583.3.
Example 97
1-(5-Pyrimidin-2-ylpyridin-2-yl)-4-{[(3S)-1-({(3R)-1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperidin-3-yl}carbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]amino}cyclohexanol. MS (M+H) 596.4.
Example 98
1-(5-Pyrimidin-2-ylpyridin-2-yl)-4-{[(3S)-1-({(3S)-1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperidin-3-yl}carbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]amino}cyclohexanol. MS (M+H) 596.4.
Example 99
1-(5-Pyrimidin-2-ylpyridin-2-yl)-4-{[(3S)-1-({1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]azetidin-3-yl}carbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]amino}cyclohexanol. MS (M+H) 568.1.
Example 100 Step A
Ethyl 1-[4-(Trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]-1H-imidazole-4-carboxylate. To a solution of methyl 1H-imidazole-4-carboxylate (417 mg, 3.3 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was added sodium hydride (130 mg, 3.3 mmol). After being stir for 1 h at room temperature, 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine (500 mg, 2.8 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at 80° C. overnight. After being cooled to room temperature, ethyl acetate was added. The solution was washed with brine several times, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated. Chromatography on silica gel eluting with EtOAc/hexanes (1:1) afforded the title compound (120 mg). MS (M+H) 272.1.
Step B
1-[4-(Trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]-1H-imidazole-4-carboxylic Acid. To a solution of methyl 1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]-1H-imidazole-4-carboxylate (120 mg, 0.44 mmol) in methanol (2.5 mL) was added a 5 M solution of sodium hydroxide in water (2.5 mL) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. After removal of methanol under vacuum, the resulting solution was acidified with concentrated HCl (pH=5) and concentrated. The residue was taken up in acetone and insolubles were filtered off. The filtrate was evaporated to give the title compound (120 mg). MS (M+H) 258.2.
Step C
tert-Butyl [(3S)-1-({1-[4-(Trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]-1H-imidazol-4-yl}carbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]carbamate. To a solution of 1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]-1H-imidazole-4-carboxylic acid (120 mg, 0.47 mmol) and tert-butyl (3S)-pyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate (87 mg, 0.47 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) was added benzotriazol-1-yloxytris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (210 mg, 0.47 mmol) followed by triethylamine (0.20 mL, 1.4 mmol). The reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight and purified by HPLC to give the title compound. MS (M+H) 426.3.
Step D
1-({(3S)-1-[4-(Trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]-1H-imidazol-4-yl}carbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-amine. To a solution of tert-butyl [(3S)-1-({1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]-1H-imidazol-4-yl}carbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]carbamate (120 mg, 0.28 mmol) in methanol (2 mL) was added a 4.0 M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (3.0 mL). After being stirred for 0.5 h, the solution was concentrated under vacuum to give the title compound. MS (M+H) 326.2.
Step E
1-(6-Pyrimidin-2-ylpyridin-3-yl)-4-{[(3S)-1-({1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]-1H-imidazol-4-yl}carbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]amino}cyclohexanol. To a solution of (3S)-1-({1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]-1H-imidazol-4-yl}carbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-amine (50 mg, 0.15 mmol) and 4-hydroxy-4-(6-pyrimidin-2-ylpyridin-3-yl)cyclohexanone (41 mg, 0.15 mmol) in methylene chloride (3 mL) was added sodium triacetoxyborohydride (36 mg, 0.17 mmol) followed by triethylamine (0.086 mL, 0.61 mmol). After being stirred at room temperature for 2 h, EtOAc (50 mL) was added. The solution was washed with NaHCO₃ solution and water, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated. Purification by HPLC provided two isomers. MS (M+H) 579.3 for both isomers.
Example 101 Step A
2-Methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine 1-Oxide. To a solution of 2-methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine (3.9 g, 24 mmol) in methylene chloride (50 mL) was added m-chloroperbenzoic acid (7.0 g, 31 mmol). After being stirred at room temperature overnight, the solution was washed with 50 mL of 1 N NaOH. The water phase was back-extracted with methylene chloride. The combined organic phases were dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under vacuum to give the title compound. MS (M+H) 178.1.
Step B
[4-(Trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]methyl Acetate. 2-Methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine 1-oxide (4.0 g, 22 mmol) was added to acetic anhydride (12 mL) at 120° C. The mixture was refluxed for 1 h. To it was carefully added 10 mL of ethanol. Reflux was continued for 10 min. The mixture was poured into ice, neutralized with NaHCO₃, and extracted with Et₂O. The organic layer was dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated. Chromatography on silica gel (5:2 hexanes/EtOAc) provided the product (3.4 g) as a brown oil. MS (M+H) 220.1.
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http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/a2fb2aa6-c85d-4223-9880-403cc5c1daa2_7309 | Eurovoc | CC-By | En casos de urgencia, incluidos los relativos a mercancías perecederas o estacionales, el panel arbitral hará todo lo posible por emitir su laudo en un plazo de sesenta días a partir de la fecha de su constitución. En ningún caso debe tardar más de setenta y cinco días a partir de la fecha de su constitución. Si considera que el asunto es urgente, el panel arbitral podrá emitir un laudo preliminar en el plazo de diez días a partir de la fecha de su constitución. Subsección BCumplimientoArtículo 14. 8Cumplimiento del laudo del panel arbitralCada Parte adoptará las medidas necesarias para cumplir de buena fe el laudo del panel arbitral, y las Partes procurarán llegar a un acuerdo sobre el plazo de cumplimiento del laudo. Artículo 14. 9Plazo razonable de cumplimiento1. En un plazo máximo de treinta días a partir de la transmisión del laudo del panel arbitral a las Partes, la Parte demandada notificará a la Parte demandante y al Comité de Comercio el plazo que necesitará para darle cumplimiento. 2. En caso de desacuerdo entre las Partes sobre el plazo razonable de cumplimiento del laudo del panel arbitral, la Parte demandante, en el plazo de veinte días a partir de la notificación realizada con arreglo al apartado 1 por la Parte demandada, solicitará por escrito al panel arbitral inicial que determine la duración de dicho plazo razonable. Dicha solicitud se notificará a la otra Parte y al Comité de Comercio. El panel arbitral transmitirá su laudo a las Partes y al Comité de Comercio en el plazo de veinte días a partir de la fecha de presentación de la solicitud. 3. Si algún miembro del panel arbitral inicial no estuviera disponible, se aplicarán los procedimientos fijados en el artículo 14. 5. El plazo para emitir el laudo será de treinta y cinco días a partir de la fecha de presentación de la solicitud mencionada en el apartado 2. 4. La Parte demandada informará a la Parte demandante y al Comité de Comercio por escrito de sus avances para dar cumplimiento al laudo del panel arbitral al menos un mes antes de que expire el plazo razonable. 5. El plazo razonable podrá ampliarse por mutuo acuerdo de las Partes. Artículo 14. 10Reconsideración de las medidas adoptadas para cumplir el laudo del panel arbitral1. Antes del final del plazo razonable, la Parte demandada notificará a la Parte demandante y al Comité de Comercio las medidas que haya adoptado para dar cumplimiento al laudo del panel arbitral. 2. En caso de desacuerdo entre las Partes sobre la existencia de una medida o sobre la compatibilidad con las disposiciones contempladas en el artículo 14. 2 de cualquier medida notificada en virtud del apartado 1, la Parte demandante podrá solicitar por escrito al panel arbitral inicial que se pronuncie sobre la cuestión. Dicha solicitud indicará la medida específica en cuestión y expondrá los motivos por los que considera que dicha medida incumple las disposiciones contempladas en el artículo 14. 2. El panel arbitral emitirá su laudo en el plazo de cuarenta y cinco días a partir de la fecha de presentación de la solicitud. 3. Si algún miembro del panel arbitral inicial ya no estuviera disponible, se aplicarán los procedimientos fijados en el artículo 14. 5. El plazo para emitir el laudo será de sesenta días a partir de la fecha de presentación de la solicitud mencionada en el apartado 2. Artículo 14. 11Soluciones temporales en caso de incumplimiento1. Si la Parte demandada no notifica las medidas adoptadas para cumplir el laudo del panel arbitral antes del final del plazo razonable, o si el panel arbitral establece que no se ha adoptado ninguna medida de cumplimiento o que la medida notificada con arreglo al artículo 14. 10, apartado 1, no es compatible con las obligaciones de dicha Parte con arreglo a las disposiciones contempladas en el artículo 14. 2, la Parte demandada presentará una oferta de compensación temporal, si así lo solicita la Parte demandante. 2. Si no se alcanza ningún acuerdo sobre compensación en el plazo de treinta días a partir del final del plazo razonable o de la emisión del laudo del panel arbitral con arreglo al artículo 14. 10 en el sentido de que no se ha adoptado ninguna medida de cumplimiento o que la medida notificada con arreglo al artículo 14. 10, apartado 1, no es compatible con las disposiciones contempladas en el artículo 14. 2, la Parte demandante tendrá derecho, tras notificar a la Parte demandada y al Comité de Comercio, a suspender las obligaciones derivadas de cualquier disposición contemplada en el artículo 14. 2 a un nivel equivalente a la anulación o al menoscabo causado por la infracción. La notificación especificará el nivel de obligaciones que la Parte demandante tiene intención de suspender. La Parte demandante podrá proceder a la suspensión diez días después de la fecha de la notificación, a menos que la Parte demandada haya solicitado el arbitraje conforme al apartado 4. 3. Al suspender las obligaciones, la Parte demandante podrá escoger entre aumentar sus tipos arancelarios al nivel aplicado a otros miembros de la OMC sobre un volumen de comercio que debe determinarse de forma que el volumen del comercio multiplicado por el aumento de los tipos arancelarios iguale el valor de la anulación o el menoscabo causado por la infracción. 4. Si la Parte demandada considera que el nivel de suspensión no es equivalente a la anulación o al menoscabo causado por la infracción, podrá solicitar por escrito al panel arbitral inicial que se pronuncie sobre la cuestión. Dicha solicitud se notificará simultáneamente a la Parte demandante y al Comité de Comercio antes del final del período de diez días mencionado en el apartado 2. El panel arbitral inicial transmitirá su laudo relativo al nivel de la suspensión de las obligaciones a las Partes y al Comité de Comercio en los treinta días siguientes a la fecha de presentación de la solicitud. Las obligaciones no se suspenderán hasta que el panel arbitral inicial haya emitido su laudo, y toda suspensión será coherente con el laudo del panel arbitral. 5. Si algún miembro del panel arbitral inicial no estuviera disponible, se aplicarán los procedimientos fijados en el artículo 14. 5. El plazo para emitir el laudo será de cuarenta y cinco días a partir de la fecha de la presentación de la solicitud mencionada en el apartado 4. 6. La suspensión de las obligaciones tendrá carácter temporal y sólo se aplicará hasta que la medida considerada infractora de las disposiciones contempladas en el artículo 14. 2 se retire o modifique con objeto de que se ajuste a las disposiciones establecidas con arreglo al artículo 14. 12 o hasta que las Partes lleguen a un acuerdo para solucionar la diferencia. Artículo 14. 12Reconsideración de las medidas de cumplimiento adoptadas tras la suspensión de las obligaciones1. La Parte demandada notificará a la Parte demandante y al Comité de Comercio toda medida que adopte para cumplir el laudo del panel arbitral y su solicitud de finalización de la suspensión de las obligaciones aplicada por la Parte demandante. 2. Si las Partes no alcanzan un acuerdo sobre la compatibilidad de la medida notificada con las disposiciones contempladas en el artículo 14. 2 en el plazo de treinta días a partir de la fecha de la notificación, la Parte demandante solicitará por escrito al panel arbitral inicial que decida sobre la cuestión. Dicha solicitud se notificará a la Parte demandada y al Comité de Comercio. El panel arbitral transmitirá su laudo a las Partes y al Comité de Comercio en el plazo de cuarenta y cinco días a partir de la fecha de presentación de la solicitud. Si el panel arbitral determina que las medidas de cumplimiento no se ajustan a las disposiciones contempladas en el artículo 14. 2, dejará de aplicarse la suspensión de las obligaciones. 3. Si algún miembro del panel arbitral inicial no estuviera disponible, se aplicarán los procedimientos fijados en el artículo 14. 5. El plazo para emitir el laudo será de sesenta días a partir de la fecha de la presentación de la solicitud mencionada en el apartado 2. Subsección CDisposiciones comunesArtículo 14. 13Solución consensuadaLas Partes podrán llegar a una solución consensuada de una diferencia con arreglo al presente capítulo en cualquier momento. Notificarán cualquier solución de este tipo al Comité de Comercio. Cuando se notifique la solución consensuada, se dará por concluido el procedimiento. Artículo 14. 14Reglamento interno1. Los procedimientos de solución de diferencias en virtud del presente capítulo se regirán por el anexo 14-B. 2. Las audiencias de los paneles arbitrales estarán abiertas al público con arreglo al anexo 14-B. Artículo 14. 15Información y asesoría técnicaA petición de una Parte o por propia iniciativa, el panel arbitral podrá obtener información de cualquier fuente, incluso de las Partes implicadas en la diferencia, que considere adecuada para el procedimiento del panel arbitral. El panel arbitral también tiene derecho a solicitar el dictamen pertinente de expertos, si lo considera conveniente. Toda información obtenida de este modo deberá revelarse a ambas Partes, que podrán formular observaciones. Las personas físicas o jurídicas interesadas de las Partes podrán presentar observaciones amicus curiae al panel arbitral de conformidad con el anexo 14-B. Artículo 14. 16Normas de interpretaciónLos paneles arbitrales interpretarán las disposiciones contempladas en el artículo 14. 2 de conformidad con las normas habituales de interpretación del derecho público internacional, incluidas las codificadas en la Convención de Viena sobre el Derecho de los Tratados. En los casos en que una obligación en virtud del presente Acuerdo sea idéntica a una obligación en virtud del Acuerdo de la OMC, el panel arbitral adoptará una interpretación coherente con cualquier interpretación pertinente establecida en resoluciones del Órgano de Solución de Diferencias de la OMC (denominado en lo sucesivo OSD). Los laudos del panel arbitral no podrán ampliar ni recortar los derechos ni las obligaciones que figuran en las disposiciones contempladas en el artículo 14. 2. Artículo 14. 17Decisiones y laudos del panel arbitral1. El panel arbitral hará todo lo posible para adoptar todas las decisiones por consenso. No obstante, cuando no se pueda llegar a una decisión por consenso, la decisión sobre la cuestión examinada se tomará por mayoría de votos. Los votos particulares de los árbitros no se harán públicos en ningún caso. 2. Los laudos del panel arbitral serán vinculantes para las Partes y no podrán crear derechos ni obligaciones para las personas físicas o jurídicas. El laudo establecerá las constataciones de hecho, la aplicabilidad de las disposiciones pertinentes del presente Acuerdo y la fundamentación de sus constataciones y conclusiones. Salvo que decida lo contrario, el Comité de Comercio hará públicos en su totalidad los laudos del panel arbitral. SECCIÓN DDisposiciones generalesArtículo 14. 18Lista de árbitros1. A más tardar seis meses después de la entrada en vigor del presente Acuerdo, el Comité de Comercio establecerá una lista de quince personas dispuestas a desempeñar la función de árbitro y capaces de hacerlo. Cada Parte propondrá a cinco personas para desempeñar la función de árbitro. Las Partes también seleccionarán cinco personas, que no tengan la nacionalidad de ninguna de las Partes, que actuarán como Presidentes del panel arbitral. El Comité de Comercio garantizará que la lista se mantenga siempre a este nivel. 2. Los árbitros tendrán conocimientos especializados o experiencia en Derecho y comercio internacional. Serán independientes, actuarán a título personal, no aceptarán instrucciones de ninguna organización ni de ningún Gobierno sobre cuestiones relacionadas con la diferencia ni estarán afiliados al Gobierno de ninguna de las Partes, y cumplirán lo dispuesto en el anexo 14-C. Artículo 14. 19Relación con las obligaciones derivadas de la OMC1. El recurso a las disposiciones sobre solución de diferencias del presente capítulo será sin perjuicio de cualquier acción en el marco de la OMC, incluidas las acciones de solución de diferencias. 2. Sin embargo, si una Parte incoa un procedimiento de solución de diferencias conforme al presente capítulo o al Acuerdo de la OMC en relación con una medida concreta, no podrá incoar ningún procedimiento de solución de diferencias con respecto a la misma medida en el otro foro hasta que el primer procedimiento haya concluido. Además, una Parte no solicitará la compensación de una obligación que sea idéntica en virtud del presente Acuerdo y en virtud del Acuerdo de la OMC en ambos foros. En tal caso, una vez que se haya incoado un procedimiento de solución de diferencias, la Parte no presentará al otro foro una solicitud de compensación de la obligación idéntica en virtud del otro Acuerdo, a menos que el foro seleccionado, por razones procesales o jurisdiccionales, no se pronuncie sobre la solicitud de compensación. 3. A efectos del apartado 2:a)un procedimiento de solución de diferencias conforme al Acuerdo de la OMC se considerará incoado cuando una Parte haya solicitado la constitución de un panel de conformidad con el artículo 6 del Entendimiento relativo a las Normas y Procedimientos por los que se rige la Solución de Diferencias de la OMC incluido en el anexo 2 del Acuerdo de la OMC (denominado en lo sucesivo ESD) y se considerará finalizado cuando el OSD adopte el informe del panel o el informe del Órgano de Apelación, según proceda, con arreglo al artículo 16 y el artículo 17. 14, del ESD, yb)un procedimiento de solución de diferencias conforme al presente capítulo se considerará incoado cuando una Parte solicite la constitución de un panel arbitral de conformidad con el artículo 14. 4, apartado 1, y se considerará finalizado cuando el panel arbitral transmita su laudo a las Partes y al Comité de Comercio con arreglo al artículo 14. 7. 4. Ninguna disposición del presente Acuerdo impedirá a una Parte aplicar la suspensión de obligaciones autorizada por el OSD. No podrá invocarse ninguna disposición del Acuerdo de la OMC para impedir a las Partes suspender las obligaciones en virtud del presente capítulo. Artículo 14. 20Plazos1. Todos los plazos fijados en el presente capítulo, incluidos los plazos para que los paneles arbitrales emitan sus laudos, se contarán en días naturales, y el primer día será el día siguiente al acto o hecho al que hacen referencia. 2. Los plazos contemplados en el presente capítulo podrán ser ampliados de mutuo acuerdo entre las Partes. CAPÍTULO QUINCEDISPOSICIONES INSTITUCIONALES, GENERALES Y FINALESArtículo 15. 1Comité de Comercio1. Las Partes crean un Comité de ComercioSegún lo establecido en el Protocolo relativo a la Cooperación Cultural, el Comité de Comercio no tendrá jurisdicción sobre el Protocolo y el Comité de Cooperación Cultural ejercerá, en lo que respecta a dicho Protocolo, todas las funciones del Comité de Comercio que sean pertinentes para aplicar el citado Protocolo. , formado por representantes de la Parte UE y por representantes de Corea. 2. El Comité de Comercio se reunirá una vez al año en Bruselas o Seúl alternativamente o a petición de cualquier Parte. El Comité de Comercio será copresidido por el Ministro de Comercio de Corea y el Miembro de la Comisión Europea responsable de Comercio, o las personas que hayan designado. El Comité de Comercio acordará su calendario de reuniones y fijará su orden del día. 3. El Comité de Comercio:a)garantizará que el presente Acuerdo funcione correctamente;b)supervisará y facilita la ejecución y aplicación del presente Acuerdo y fomentará sus objetivos generales;c)supervisará el trabajo de todos los comités especializados, grupos de trabajo y otros órganos creados en virtud del presente Acuerdo;d)analizará las formas de reforzar las relaciones comerciales entre las Partes;e)sin perjuicio de los derechos conferidos en el capítulo catorce (Solución de diferencias) y el anexo 14-A (Mecanismo de mediación para medidas no arancelarias), buscará maneras y métodos apropiados para prevenir los problemas que puedan surgir en los ámbitos amparados por el presente Acuerdo o resolver las diferencias que puedan surgir sobre la interpretación o aplicación del presente Acuerdo;f)estudiará la evolución del comercio entre las Partes, yg)examinará cualquier otra cuestión de interés relativa a un ámbito amparado por el presente Acuerdo. 4. El Comité de Comercio podrá:a)decidir crear y delegar responsabilidades a comités especializados, a grupos de trabajo o a otros órganos;b)comunicarse con todas las partes interesadas, incluidos el sector privado y las organizaciones de la sociedad civil;c)considerar introducir modificaciones en el presente Acuerdo o modificar sus disposiciones en los casos específicamente previstos en el mismo;d)adoptar interpretaciones de las disposiciones del presente Acuerdo;e)hacer recomendaciones o adoptar decisiones según lo previsto en el presente Acuerdo;f)adoptar su reglamento interno, yg)tomar las medidas apropiadas en el ejercicio de sus funciones que las Partes pueden acordar. 5. El Comité de Comercio informara al Comité Mixto sobre sus actividades y las de sus comités especializados, grupos de trabajo y otros órganos en cada reunión ordinaria del Comité Mixto. 6. Sin perjuicio de los derechos conferidos en el capítulo catorce (Solución de diferencias) y el anexo 14-A (Mecanismo de mediación para medidas no arancelarias), cada Parte podrá remitir al Comité de Comercio cualquier cuestión sobre la interpretación o aplicación del presente Acuerdo. 7. Cuando una Parte comunique al Comité de Comercio, o a los comités especializados, grupos de trabajo u otros órganos información considerada confidencial en virtud de su legislación y de su reglamentación, la otra Parte la tratará como confidencial. 8. Reconociendo la importancia de la transparencia y de la apertura, las Partes afirman sus prácticas respectivas consistentes en tomar en consideración la opinión pública para tener en cuenta una amplia gama de perspectivas en la aplicación del presente Acuerdo. Artículo 15. 2Comités especializados1. Se crean los siguientes comités especializados adscritos al Comité de Comercio:a)el Comité de Comercio de Mercancías, de conformidad con el artículo 2. 16 (Comité de Comercio de Mercancías);b)el Comité de Medidas Sanitarias y Fitosanitarias, de conformidad con el artículo 5. 10 (Comité de Medidas Sanitarias y Fitosanitarias);c)el Comité Aduanero, de conformidad con el artículo 6. 16 (Comité Aduanero); en cuestiones amparadas exclusivamente por el Acuerdo Aduanero, el Comité Aduanero actúa como Comité Conjunto de Cooperación Aduanera, establecido en virtud de dicho Acuerdo;d)el Comité de Comercio de Servicios, Establecimiento y Comercio Electrónico, de conformidad con el artículo 7. 3 (Comité de Comercio de Servicios, Establecimiento y Comercio Electrónico);e)el Comité de Comercio y Desarrollo Sostenible, de conformidad con el artículo 13. 12 (Comité de Comercio y Desarrollo Sostenible), yf)el Comité sobre Zonas de Perfeccionamiento Pasivo en la Península de Corea, de conformidad con el anexo IV del Protocolo relativo a la Definición de Productos Originarios y los Métodos de Cooperación Administrativa. El mandato y las funciones de los comités especializados creados se definen en los capítulos y protocolos pertinentes del presente Acuerdo. 2. El Comité de Comercio podrá decidir crear otros comités especializados para que le ayuden a ejecutar sus funciones. El Comité de Comercio determinará la composición, las funciones y el funcionamiento de los comités especializados creados en virtud del presente artículo. 3. Salvo disposición en contrario en el presente Acuerdo, los comités especializados se reunirán normalmente una vez al año, a un nivel apropiado, alternativamente en Bruselas o Seúl, o a petición de cualquiera de las Partes o del Comité de Comercio, y serán copresididos por representantes de Corea y de la Unión Europea. Los comités especializados acordarán su calendario de reuniones y fijarán su orden del día. 4. Los comités especializados comunicarán al Comité de Comercio su calendario y el orden del día de sus reuniones con una antelación suficiente. Informarán al Comité de Comercio sobre sus actividades en cada reunión ordinaria del Comité de Comercio. La creación o existencia de un comité especializado no impedirá a ninguna de las Partes plantear una cuestión directamente al Comité de Comercio. 5. El Comité de Comercio podrá decidir modificar o llevar a cabo las funciones asignadas a un comité especializado o disolver cualquier comité especializado. Artículo 15. 3Grupos de trabajo1. Se crean los siguientes grupos de trabajo adscritos al Comité de Comercio:a)el Grupo de Trabajo de Vehículos de Motor y Componentes, de conformidad con el punto 9. 2 (Grupo de Trabajo de Vehículos de Motor y Componentes) del anexo 2-C (Grupo de Trabajo de Vehículos de Motor y Componentes);b)el Grupo de Trabajo de Productos Farmacéuticos y Sanitarios, de conformidad con el punto 5. 3 (Cooperación reglamentaria) del anexo 2-D (Productos Farmacéuticos y Sanitarios);c)el Grupo de Trabajo de Sustancias Químicas, de conformidad con el punto 4 del anexo 2-E (Sustancias químicas);d)el Grupo de Trabajo sobre Cooperación en Recursos Comerciales, de conformidad con el artículo 3. 16, apartado 1 (Grupo de Trabajo sobre Cooperación en Recursos Comerciales);e)el Grupo de Trabajo sobre el ARM, de conformidad con el artículo 7. 21, apartado 6 (Reconocimiento mutuo);f)el Grupo de Trabajo de Contratación Pública, de conformidad con el artículo 9. 3 (Grupo de Trabajo de Contratación Pública), yg)el Grupo de Trabajo de Indicaciones Geográficas, de conformidad con el artículo 10. 25 (Grupo de Trabajo de Indicaciones Geográficas). 2. El Comité de Comercio podrá decidir crear otros grupos de trabajo para una tarea o cuestión específica. El Comité de Comercio determinará la composición, las funciones y el funcionamiento de los grupos de trabajo. Todas las reuniones ordinarias o ad hoc entre las Partes sobre cuestiones amparadas por el presente Acuerdo se considerarán grupos de trabajo a tenor del presente artículo. 3. Salvo disposición en contrario del presente Acuerdo, los grupos de trabajo se reunirán al nivel apropiado cuando las circunstancias lo exijan, o a petición de una de las Partes o del Comité de Comercio. Serán copresididos por representantes de Corea y de la Unión Europea. Los grupos de trabajo acordarán su calendario de reuniones y fijarán su orden del día. 4. Los grupos de trabajo comunicarán al Comité de Comercio su calendario y el orden del día de sus reuniones con una antelación suficiente. Informarán al Comité de Comercio sobre sus actividades en cada reunión ordinaria del Comité de Comercio. La creación o existencia de un grupo de trabajo no impedirá a ninguna de las Partes plantear una cuestión directamente al Comité de Comercio. 5. El Comité de Comercio podrá decidir modificar o llevar a cabo las funciones asignadas a un grupo de trabajo o disolver cualquier grupo de trabajo. Artículo 15. 4Adopción de decisiones1. Para alcanzar los objetivos del presente Acuerdo, el Comité de Comercio tendrá la facultad de adoptar decisiones sobre todas las cuestiones en los casos previstos por el presente Acuerdo. 2. Las decisiones adoptadas serán vinculantes para las Partes, que adoptarán las medidas necesarias para aplicarlas. El Comité de Comercio podrá también formular las recomendaciones que considere oportunas. 3. El Comité de Comercio elaborará sus decisiones y recomendaciones mediante acuerdo entre las Partes. Artículo 15. 5Modificaciones1. Las Partes podrán acordar por escrito modificar el presente Acuerdo. Las modificaciones entrarán en vigor después de que las Partes intercambien por escrito notificaciones que certifiquen que han finalizado sus respectivos procedimientos y requisitos jurídicos aplicables, o en la fecha en que acuerden las Partes. 2. No obstante lo dispuesto en el apartado 1, el Comité de Comercio podrá decidir modificar los anexos, los apéndices, los protocolos y las notas del presente Acuerdo. Las Partes podrán adoptar la decisión con arreglo a sus respectivos procedimientos y requisitos jurídicos aplicables. Artículo 15. 6Puntos de contacto1. Para facilitar la comunicación y garantizar la aplicación efectiva del presente Acuerdo, las Partes designarán coordinadores al entrar en vigor el presente Acuerdo. La designación de coordinadores se hará sin perjuicio de la designación específica de las autoridades competentes con arreglo a los capítulos específicos del presente Acuerdo. 2. A petición de cualquiera de las dos Partes, el coordinador de la otra Parte indicará el servicio o funcionario responsable de cualquier cuestión relativa a la aplicación del presente Acuerdo y proporcionará el apoyo necesario para facilitar la comunicación con la Parte solicitante. 3. En la medida de lo posible con arreglo a su legislación, cada Parte, a través de sus coordinadores, proporcionará información a petición de la otra Parte y responderá con celeridad a cualquier pregunta de la otra Parte en relación con una medida vigente o propuesta que pueda afectar al comercio entre las Partes. Artículo 15. 7Fiscalidad1. El presente Acuerdo solamente se aplicará a las medidas fiscales en la medida en que dicha aplicación sea necesaria para dar efecto a las disposiciones del presente Acuerdo. 2. Ninguna disposición del presente Acuerdo afectará a los derechos y a las obligaciones de cualquiera de las Partes en virtud de cualquier convenio fiscal entre Corea y los Estados miembros respectivos de la Unión Europea. En caso de incompatibilidad entre el presente Acuerdo y un convenio de esa naturaleza, prevalecerán las disposiciones de dicho convenio respecto de la incompatibilidad. En el caso de un convenio fiscal entre Corea y los Estados miembros respectivos de la Unión Europea, las autoridades competentes en virtud de dicho convenio serán las únicas responsables para determinar conjuntamente si existen incoherencias entre el presente Acuerdo y dicho convenio. 3. Ninguna disposición del presente Acuerdo se interpretará de modo que impida a las Partes, en la aplicación de las disposiciones pertinentes de su legislación fiscal, hacer una distinción entre contribuyentes que no se encuentran en la misma situación, en particular por lo que se refiere a su lugar de residencia o al lugar donde está invertido su capital. 4. Ninguna disposición del presente Acuerdo se interpretará de modo que impida la adopción o el cumplimiento de cualquier medida destinada a prevenir la evasión fiscal en virtud de las disposiciones fiscales de acuerdos para evitar la doble imposición u otros acuerdos fiscales, o cualquier legislación fiscal nacional. Artículo 15. 8Excepciones en la balanza de pagos1. Si una Parte experimenta problemas graves en su balanza de pagos y dificultades financieras externas, o corre el riesgo de experimentarlos, podrá adoptar o mantener medidas restrictivas respecto al comercio de mercancías o servicios, y al establecimiento. 2. Las Partes procurarán evitar la aplicación de las medidas restrictivas a las que se refiere el apartado 1. Las medidas restrictivas adoptadas o mantenidas en virtud del presente artículo deberán ser no discriminatorias y de duración limitada, y no excederán de lo necesario para remediar la situación de la balanza de pagos y la situación financiera externa. Deberán ser conformes a las condiciones fijadas en el Acuerdo de la OMC y los artículos del Acuerdo del Fondo Monetario Internacional, según proceda. 3. Si cualquier Parte mantiene o ha adoptado medidas restrictivas, o las ha modificado, las notificará con celeridad a la otra Parte y presentará, tan pronto como sea posible, un calendario para su eliminación. 4. Si se adoptan o mantienen restricciones, se celebrarán consultas con celeridad en el Comité de Comercio. En dichas consultas se evaluará la situación de la balanza de pagos de la Parte afectada, así como las restricciones adoptadas o mantenidas en virtud del presente artículo, teniendo en cuenta, entre otros, factores como:a)la naturaleza y el alcance de las dificultades financieras exteriores y de balanza de pagos;b)el entorno económico y comercial exterior, o bienc)otras posibles medidas correctoras de las que pueda hacerse uso. En las consultas se examinará la conformidad de cualquier medida restrictiva con los apartados 3 y 4. Se aceptarán todas las constataciones estadísticas o de otro orden que presente el Fondo Monetario Internacional (denominado en lo sucesivo FMI) sobre cuestiones cambiarias, de reservas monetarias y de balanza de pagos, y las conclusiones se basarán en la evaluación hecha por el FMI de la situación financiera exterior y de balanza de pagos de la Parte afectada. Artículo 15. 9Excepciones relativas a la seguridadNinguna disposición del presente Acuerdo se interpretará en el sentido de:a)exigir a cualquier Parte que proporcione información cuya difusión considere contraria a sus intereses esenciales de seguridad;b)impedir a cualquier Parte que adopte medidas que estime necesarias para la protección de sus intereses esenciales de seguridad:i)relacionadas con la fabricación o el comercio de armas, municiones y material de guerra, o relativas a actividades económicas destinadas directa o indirectamente a aprovisionar un establecimiento militar,ii)relativas a las materias fisionables y fusionables o a aquellas de las que estas se derivan, oiii)adoptadas en tiempo de guerra u otras emergencias en las relaciones internacionales, oc)impedir a cualquier Parte que adopte medidas para cumplir sus obligaciones internacionales a fin de mantener la paz y la seguridad internacional. Artículo 15. 10Entrada en vigor1. El presente Acuerdo será aprobado por las Partes de conformidad con sus respectivos procedimientos. 2. El presente Acuerdo entrará en vigor sesenta días después de la fecha en que las Partes intercambien por escrito notificaciones que certifiquen que han finalizado sus procedimientos y requisitos jurídicos aplicables respectivos, o en la fecha en que acuerden las Partes. 3. No obstante lo dispuesto en los apartados 2 y 5, las Partes aplicarán el Protocolo relativo a la Cooperación Cultural a partir del primer día del tercer mes siguiente a la fecha en que Corea haya depositado su instrumento de ratificación de la Convención de la Unesco sobre la Protección y Promoción de la Diversidad de las Expresiones Culturales, adoptada en París el 20 de octubre de 2005 (denominada en lo sucesivo Convención de la Unesco) en la Secretaría de la Unesco en París, a menos que Corea haya depositado su instrumento de ratificación de la Convención de la Unesco antes del intercambio de notificaciones mencionado en los apartados 2 o 5. 4. Las notificaciones se enviarán al Secretario General del Consejo de la Unión Europea, y al Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y Comercio de Corea, o a su sucesor. 5. a)El presente Acuerdo se aplicará provisionalmente a partir del primer día del mes siguiente a la fecha en la que la Parte UE y Corea se hayan notificado mutuamente el cumplimiento de sus procedimientos pertinentes respectivos. b)Si determinadas disposiciones del presente Acuerdo no pudieran aplicarse provisionalmente, la Parte que no pueda llevar a cabo dicha aplicación provisional notificará a la otra Parte las disposiciones que no pueda aplicar provisionalmente. No obstante lo dispuesto en la letra a), si la otra Parte ha finalizado los procedimientos necesarios y no se opone a la aplicación provisional en los diez días siguientes a la notificación de que determinadas disposiciones no pueden aplicarse provisionalmente, las disposiciones del presente Acuerdo que no hayan sido notificadas se aplicarán provisionalmente el primer día del mes siguiente a la notificación. c)Una Parte podrá poner fin a la aplicación provisional mediante notificación escrita a la otra Parte. Dicha finalización surtirá efecto el primer día del mes siguiente al de su notificación. d)Si el presente Acuerdo o algunas de sus disposiciones se aplican provisionalmente, se entenderá por entrada en vigor del presente Acuerdo la fecha de aplicación provisional. Artículo 15. 11Duración1. El presente Acuerdo tendrá duración indefinida. 2. Cualquier Parte podrá comunicar por escrito a la otra Parte su intención de denunciar el presente Acuerdo. 3. La denuncia surtirá efecto seis meses después de la notificación con arreglo al apartado 2. Artículo 15. 12Cumplimiento de las obligaciones1. Las Partes adoptarán todas las medidas generales o específicas necesarias para cumplir sus obligaciones en virtud del presente Acuerdo. Velarán por que se alcancen los objetivos fijados en el presente Acuerdo. 2. Cualquiera de las Partes podrá tomar inmediatamente medidas apropiadas de conformidad con el Derecho Internacional en caso de denuncia del presente Acuerdo no sancionada por las normas generales de Derecho Internacional. Artículo 15. 13Anexos, apéndices, protocolos y notasLos anexos, apéndices, protocolos y notas del presente Protocolo formarán parte integrante del mismo. Artículo 15. 14Relaciones con otros acuerdos1. Salvo disposición en contrario, los acuerdos previos entre los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea y/o la Comunidad Europea y/o la Unión Europea y Corea no quedan sustituidos ni derogados por el presente Acuerdo. 2. El presente Acuerdo es parte integrante de las relaciones bilaterales globales que se rigen por el Acuerdo Marco. Constituye un Acuerdo específico que da efecto a las disposiciones comerciales con arreglo a lo dispuesto en el Acuerdo Marco. 3. El Protocolo relativo a la Asistencia Administrativa Mutua en Materia de Aduanas sustituye al Acuerdo Aduanero en lo que respecta a las disposiciones sobre asistencia administrativa mutua. 4. Las Partes están de acuerdo en que ninguna disposición del presente Acuerdo les obliga a actuar de manera contraria a sus obligaciones en virtud del Acuerdo de la OMC. Artículo 15. 15Aplicación territorial1. El presente Acuerdo se aplicará, por una parte, a los territorios en los que sea aplicable el Tratado de la Unión Europea y el Tratado de Funcionamiento de la Unión Europea en las condiciones previstas por dichos Tratados y, por otra, al territorio de Corea. Las referencias del presente Acuerdo al territorio se entenderán en este sentido, salvo que se disponga explícitamente otra cosa. 2. En cuanto a las disposiciones referentes al trato arancelario de las mercancías, el presente Acuerdo también se aplicará a las áreas del territorio aduanero de la UE no amparadas por el apartado 1. Artículo 15. 16Textos auténticosEl presente Acuerdo se redacta en doble ejemplar en lenguas alemana, búlgara, checa, danesa, eslovaca, eslovena, española, estonia, finesa, francesa, griega, húngara, inglesa, italiana, letona, lituana, maltesa, neerlandesa, polaca, portuguesa, rumana, sueca y coreana, siendo cada uno de estos textos igualmente auténtico. Съставено в Брюксел на шести октомври две хиляди и десета година. Hecho en Bruselas, el seis de octubre de dos mil diez. V Bruselu dne šestého října dva tisíce deset. Udfærdiget i Bruxelles den sjette oktober to tusind og ti. Geschehen zu Brüssel am sechsten Oktober zweitausendzehn. Kahe tuhande kümnenda aasta oktoobrikuu kuuendal päeval Brüsselis. Έγινε στις Βρυξέλλες, στις έξι Οκτωβρίου δύο χιλιάδες δέκα. Done at Brussels on the sixth day of October in the year two thousand and ten. Fait à Bruxelles, le six octobre deux mille dix. Fatto a Bruxelles, addì sei ottobre duemiladieci. Briselē, divi tūkstoši desmitā gada sestajā oktobrī. Priimta du tūkstančiai dešimtų metų spalio šeštą dieną Briuselyje. Kelt Brüsszelben, a kétezer-tizedik év október hatodik napján. Magħmul fi Brussell, fis-sitt jum ta' Ottubru tas-sena elfejn u għaxra. Gedaan te Brussel, de zesde oktober tweeduizend tien. Sporządzono w Brukseli dnia szóstego października roku dwa tysiące dziesiątego. Feito em Bruxelas, em seis de Outubro de dois mil e dez. Întocmit la Bruxelles, la șase octombrie două mii zece. V Bruseli dňa šiesteho októbra dvetisícdesať. V Bruslju, dne šestega oktobra leta dva tisoč deset. Tehty Brysselissä kuudentena päivänä lokakuuta vuonna kaksituhattakymmenen. Som skedde i Bryssel den sjätte oktober tjugohundratio. Voor het Koninkrijk BelgiëPour le Royaume de BelgiqueFür das Königreich BelgienDeze handtekening verbindt eveneens de Vlaamse Gemeenschap, de Franse Gemeenschap, de Duitstalige Gemeenschap, het Vlaamse Gewest, het Waalse Gewest en het Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest. Cette signature engage également la Communauté française, la Communauté flamande, la Communauté germanophone, la Région wallonne, la Région flamande et la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale. Diese Unterschrift bindet zugleich die Deutschsprachige Gemeinschaft, die Flämische Gemeinschaft, die Französische Gemeinschaft, die Wallonische Region, die Flämische Region und die Region Brüssel-Hauptstadt. За Релублика ЪьлгарияZa Českou republikuPå Kongeriget Danmarks vegneFür die Bundesrepublik DeutschlandEesti Vabariigi nimelThar cheann Na hÉireannFor IrelandΓια την Ελληνική ΔημοκρατίαPor el Reino de EspañaPour la République françaisePer la Repubblica italianaΓια την Κυπριακή ΔημοκρατίαLatvijas Republikas vārdā –Lietuvos Respublikos varduPour le Grand-Duché de LuxembourgA Magyar Köztársaság részérőlGћal MaltaVoor het Koninkrijk der NederlandenFür die Republik ÖsterreichW imieniu Rzeczypospolitej PolskiejPela República PortuguesaPentru RomâniaZa Republiko SlovenijoZa Slovenskú republikuSuomen tasavallan puolestaFör Republiken FinlandFör Konungariket SverigeFor the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandЗа Европейския сьюзPor la Unión EuropeaZa Evropskou uniiFor Den Europæiske UnionFür die Europäische UnionEuroopa Liidu nimelΓια την Ευρωπαϊκή ΈνωσηFor the European UnionPour l'Union européennePer l'Unione europeaEiropas Savienības vārdā –Europos Sajungos varduAz Európai Unió részérőlGħall-Unjoni EwropeaVoor de Europese UnieW imieniu Unii EuropejskiejPela União EuropeiaPentru Uniunea EuropeanăZa Európske úniuZa Evropsko unijoEuroopan unionin puolestaFör Europeiska unionen ALEMANIA Nombre que debe protegerse Transcripción al alfabeto coreano Mittelrhein L1272011ES110120100916ES0001. 00014152Declaraciones de la Comisión1. Declaración sobre las normas de origenLa Comisión confirma el carácter excepcional de las excepciones aplicables a determinados productos textiles y al surimi contempladas en el Protocolo de origen. La Comisión confirma asimismo su adhesión a las normas de origen preferenciales generales de la UE como base para otras negociaciones de acuerdos de libre comercio, al igual que la importancia de seguir exigiendo en sus normas de origen un nivel adecuado de transformación y procesamiento en el país de origen de los productos que se han de beneficiar del trato preferencial. La Comisión se propone favorecer en las negociaciones actuales y futuras de acuerdos de libre comercio la prohibición de la devolución de derechos. Antes de cualquier modificación de esta política en un acuerdo de libre comercio determinado, tendrá que procederse a un debate con los Estados miembros. 2. Declaración sobre los precios de entradaLa Comisión confirma el carácter excepcional de las disposiciones del Acuerdo de Libre Comercio por las que se eliminan los precios de entrada aplicables a determinadas frutas y hortalizas, que se acordaron con Corea en vista de las circunstancias excepcionales de dichas negociaciones y que no constituyen un precedente para otras negociaciones bilaterales o multilaterales. 3. Declaración sobre el Protocolo relativo a la Cooperación CulturalLa Comisión recuerda su estrecha adhesión a los principios y las disposiciones de la Convención de la UNESCO sobre la protección y promoción de la diversidad de las expresiones culturales, de 2005. El Protocolo relativo a la Cooperación Cultural, anejo al Acuerdo de Libre Comercio con Corea, cuyas disposiciones en materia de coproducción audiovisual estarán en vigor durante un período inicialmente limitado a tres años, se sitúa directamente al amparo de dicha Convención, y se entiende sin perjuicio de la política de la Unión Europea según la cual las negociaciones comerciales en el ámbito de los servicios culturales y audiovisuales no deben perjudicar a la diversidad cultural y lingüística de la Unión. El Protocolo ha sido concebido y negociado teniendo en cuenta las especificidades de Corea en materia de política cultural, en particular en lo referente a su apoyo al sector audiovisual. Por consiguiente, no constituye un precedente para futuras negociaciones con otros socios. La Comisión reafirma su compromiso de promover la ratificación y aplicación de la Convención de la UNESCO y de establecer una estrategia global de la Unión Europea en materia de política cultural exterior, de acuerdo con las conclusiones del Consejo de 20 de noviembre de 2008. 4. Declaración sobre la aplicación del Acuerdo de Libre ComercioLa Comisión se compromete a activar los procedimientos relativos a las limitaciones aplicables a la devolución de derechos, las salvaguardias y la solución de diferencias siempre que se cumplan las condiciones establecidas en las disposiciones correspondientes. A fin de garantizar un estrecho seguimiento de los compromisos de Corea y de la cooperación en relación con la aplicación del Acuerdo de Libre Comercio entre la Comisión y las partes interesadas, se aplicarán las medidas siguientes:La Comisión compartirá regularmente con las empresas de la UE, los Estados miembros y la Comisión INTA estadísticas sobre las importaciones coreanas en sectores sensibles, así como las estadísticas de importaciones y exportaciones pertinentes para acogerse a la cláusula de salvaguardia y a la cláusula especial sobre devolución de derechos. Las estadísticas correspondientes a automóviles, electrónica de consumo y productos textiles se pondrán en común cada dos meses a partir de la fecha de aplicación provisional del presente Acuerdo. A fin de facilitar las contribuciones a la preparación de las reuniones relativas al Acuerdo de Libre Comercio, la Comisión distribuirá a comienzos de año entre las partes interesadas, los Estados miembros y la Comisión INTA una programación indicativa de las reuniones relacionadas con el Acuerdo de Libre Comercio. La Comisión estudiará con atención cualquier información fundada que faciliten las empresas de la UE sobre obstáculos al acceso al mercado. Debatirá dicha información con las empresas y las mantendrá informadas del curso dado a las reclamaciones que tengan que ver con el acceso al mercado. Para ello, se hará uso de los diferentes foros ya establecidos con arreglo a la estrategia de acceso al mercado tanto en Bruselas como en Seúl. A fin de garantizar la aplicación adecuada del capítulo sobre Comercio y Desarrollo Sostenible, se creará un grupo nacional consultivo en el que estarán representados por igual las empresas, los sindicatos y las organizaciones no gubernamentales. También estará representado adecuadamente el Comité Económico y Social. Las modalidades de funcionamiento específicas del grupo serán acordadas con las partes interesadas. 5. Declaración sobre las disposiciones especiales en materia de cooperación administrativaLa Comisión confirma el carácter excepcional de la fórmula transaccional del artículo 2. 17, Disposiciones especiales sobre cooperación administrativa, que no constituyen un precedente para otras negociaciones bilaterales o multilaterales. La Comisión se propone favorecer, en las negociaciones de acuerdos de libre comercio en curso y futuras, las disposiciones antifraude dirigidas a hacer respetar la aplicación correcta de las preferencias arancelarias por el país socio, contemplando la posibilidad de suspender las preferencias comerciales en caso de no cooperación y de fraude o irregularidad. L1272011ES110120101006ES0001. 0002618075Acuerdo de libre comercioentre la Unión Europea y sus Estados miembros, por una parte, y la República de Corea, por otraEL REINO DE BÉLGICA,LA REPÚBLICA DE BULGARIA,LA REPÚBLICA CHECA,EL REINO DE DINAMARCA,LA REPÚBLICA FEDERAL DE ALEMANIA,LA REPÚBLICA DE ESTONIA,IRLANDA,LA REPÚBLICA HELÉNICA,EL REINO DE ESPAÑA,LA REPÚBLICA FRANCESA,LA REPÚBLICA ITALIANA,LA REPÚBLICA DE CHIPRE,LA REPÚBLICA DE LETONIA,LA REPÚBLICA DE LITUANIA,EL GRAN DUCADO DE LUXEMBURGO,LA REPÚBLICA DE HUNGRÍA,MALTA,EL REINO DE LOS PAÍSES BAJOS,LA REPÚBLICA DE AUSTRIA,LA REPÚBLICA DE POLONIA,LA REPÚBLICA PORTUGUESA,RUMANÍA,LA REPÚBLICA DE ESLOVENIA,LA REPÚBLICA ESLOVACA,LA REPÚBLICA DE FINLANDIA,EL REINO DE SUECIA,EL REINO UNIDO DE GRAN BRETAÑA E IRLANDA DEL NORTE,Partes contratantes del Tratado de la Unión Europea y del Tratado de Funcionamiento de la Unión Europea, en lo sucesivo denominadas los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea,yLA UNIÓN EUROPEA,por una parte, yLA REPÚBLICA DE COREA, en lo sucesivo denominada Corea,por otra:RECONOCIENDO su duradera y sólida asociación, basada en los principios y valores comunes reflejados en el Acuerdo Marco;DESEANDO seguir reforzando su estrecha relación económica como parte coherente de sus relaciones generales, y convencidas de que el presente Acuerdo creará un nuevo clima para el desarrollo del comercio y la inversión entre las Partes;CONVENCIDAS de que el presente Acuerdo creará un mercado ampliado y seguro para mercancías y servicios, así como un entorno estable y previsible para la inversión, que reforzarán la competitividad de sus empresas en los mercados mundiales;REAFIRMANDO su adhesión a la Carta de las Naciones Unidas, firmada en San Francisco el 26 de junio de 1945 y a la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos, adoptada por la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas el 10 de diciembre de 1948;REAFIRMANDO su compromiso con el desarrollo sostenible y convencidas de que el comercio internacional contribuye al desarrollo sostenible en sus dimensiones económicas, sociales y medioambientales, lo cual incluye el desarrollo económico, la reducción de pobreza, el pleno empleo productivo y el trabajo digno para todos, así como la protección y la conservación del medio ambiente y los recursos naturales;RECONOCIENDO el derecho de las Partes a tomar las medidas necesarias para lograr los objetivos legítimos de la política pública con arreglo al nivel de protección que estimen apropiado, a condición de que tales medidas no supongan una forma de discriminación injustificable o una restricción encubierta del comercio internacional, tal y como se refleja en el presente Acuerdo;RESUELTAS a promover la transparencia respecto a todas las partes interesadas pertinentes, incluidos el sector privado y las organizaciones de la sociedad civil;DESEANDO mejorar las condiciones de vida, promover el crecimiento y la estabilidad de la economía, crear nuevas posibilidades de empleo y aumentar el bienestar general mediante la liberalización y la ampliación del comercio y la inversión mutuos;INTENTANDO establecer normas claras y ventajosas para ambas Partes, que rijan su actividad comercial y sus inversiones y reduzcan o eliminen los obstáculos para el comercio y la inversión mutuos;RESUELTAS a contribuir a un desarrollo y una expansión armoniosos del comercio mundial, eliminando los obstáculos para el comercio a través del presente Acuerdo, así como a evitar que se creen nuevos obstáculos para el comercio o a la inversión entre sus territorios que pudieran menoscabar el presente Acuerdo;DESEANDO reforzar el desarrollo y la aplicación efectiva de las legislaciones y las políticas laborales y medioambientales, promover los derechos fundamentales de los trabajadores y el desarrollo sostenible, así como aplicar el presente Acuerdo de forma coherente con dichos objetivos, yBASÁNDOSE en sus derechos y obligaciones respectivos en virtud del Acuerdo de Marrakech por el que se establece la Organización Mundial del Comercio, de 15 de abril de 1994 (denominado en lo sucesivo el Acuerdo de la OMC), y los demás acuerdos y compromisos multilaterales, regionales y bilaterales en los que son parte;HAN CONVENIDO EN LO SIGUIENTE:CAPÍTULO UNOOBJETIVOS Y DEFINICIONES GENERALESArtículo 1. 1Objetivos1. Las Partes establecen una zona de libre comercio por lo que se refiere a las mercancías, los servicios y el establecimiento, así como las normas asociadas conforme a lo dispuesto en el presente Acuerdo. 2. Los objetivos del presente Acuerdo son:a)liberalizar y facilitar el comercio de mercancías entre las Partes, de conformidad con el artículo XXIV del Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles Aduaneros y Comercio de 1994 (denominado en lo sucesivo GATT de 1994);b)liberalizar el comercio de servicios y la inversión entre las Partes, de conformidad con el artículo V del Acuerdo General sobre el Comercio de Servicios (denominado en lo sucesivo AGCS);c)promover la competencia en sus economías, en particular por lo que se refiere a las relaciones económicas entre las Partes;d)seguir liberalizando, con carácter recíproco, los mercados de contratación pública de las Partes;e)proteger adecuada y eficazmente los derechos de propiedad intelectual;f)contribuir, eliminando los obstáculos para el comercio y desarrollando un entorno propicio para el crecimiento de los flujos de inversión, a la expansión y el desarrollo armoniosos del comercio mundial;g)comprometerse, reconociendo que el desarrollo sostenible es un objetivo global, en el desarrollo del comercio internacional, de tal manera que se contribuya al objetivo del desarrollo sostenible y se vele por que este objetivo quede integrado y reflejado en todos los niveles de la relación comercial de las Partes, yh)promover la inversión directa extranjera sin mermar o rebajar las normas medioambientales, laborales o de salud y seguridad en el trabajo al aplicar y hacer cumplir las legislaciones medioambientales y laborales de las Partes. Artículo 1. 2Definiciones generalesEn el presente Acuerdo, se entenderá por:las Partes, por un lado, la Unión Europea o sus Estados miembros o la Unión Europea y sus Estados miembros en el marco de sus respectivos ámbitos de competencia derivados del Tratado de la Unión Europea y del Tratado de Funcionamiento de la Unión Europea (denominada en lo sucesivo Parte UE), y por otro, Corea;el Acuerdo Marco, el Acuerdo Marco de Comercio y Cooperación entre la Comunidad Europea y sus Estados miembros, por una parte, y la República de Corea, por otra, firmado en Luxemburgo el 28 de octubre de 1996, o cualquier acuerdo que lo actualice, lo modifique o lo sustituya, yel Acuerdo Aduanero, el Acuerdo de Cooperación y Asistencia Administrativa Mutua en materia Aduanera entre la Comunidad Europea y la República de Corea, firmado en Bruselas el 10 de abril de 1997. CAPÍTULO DOSTRATO NACIONAL Y ACCESO DE LAS MERCANCÍAS AL MERCADOSECCIÓN ADisposiciones comunesArtículo 2. 1ObjetivoLas Partes liberalizarán progresiva y recíprocamente su comercio de mercancías a lo largo de un período transitorio que comenzará en la fecha de entrada en vigor del presente Acuerdo, de conformidad con el mismo y con el artículo XXIV del GATT de 1994. Artículo 2. 2Ámbito de aplicación y alcanceEl presente capítulo se aplicará al comercio de mercancíasA los efectos del presente Acuerdo, se entenderá por mercancías los productos en la acepción del GATT de 1994, a no ser que en el presente Acuerdo se disponga otra cosa. entre las Partes. Artículo 2. 3Derechos de aduanaA los efectos del presente capítulo, un derecho de aduana incluye cualquier derecho o gravamen de cualquier tipo aplicado en relación con la importación de una mercancía, incluida cualquier forma de sobretasa o gravamen adicional que se imponga sobre tal importaciónLas Partes entienden que esta definición no prejuzga el trato que las Partes, conforme al Acuerdo de la OMC, puedan conceder a las actividades comerciales llevadas con arreglo al principio de nación más favorecida. o que esté relacionada con esta. Un derecho de aduana no incluye:a)los gravámenes equivalentes a un impuesto interno establecidos de conformidad con el artículo 2. 8 respecto a la mercancía similar interna o respecto a un artículo a partir del cual la mercancía interna haya sido fabricada o producida total o parcialmente;b)los derechos establecidos en aplicación del Derecho de una Parte de conformidad con el capítulo tres (Soluciones comerciales);c)las tasas u otros gravámenes establecidos en aplicación del Derecho de una Parte de conformidad con el artículo 2. 10, od)los derechos establecidos en aplicación del Derecho de una Parte de conformidad con el artículo 5 del Acuerdo de la OMC sobre la Agricultura, que figura en el anexo 1A del Acuerdo de la OMC (denominado en lo sucesivo Acuerdo sobre la Agricultura). Artículo 2. 4Clasificación de mercancíasLa clasificación de las mercancías intercambiadas entre las Partes será la que figura en la nomenclatura arancelaria respectiva de cada Parte, interpretada de conformidad con el Sistema Armonizado del Convenio Internacional del Sistema Armonizado de Designación y Codificación de Mercancías, celebrado en Bruselas el 14 de junio de 1983 (denominado en lo sucesivo SA). SECCIÓN BEliminación de los derechos de aduanaArtículo 2. 5Eliminación de los derechos de aduana1. A no ser que en el presente Acuerdo se disponga otra cosa, cada Parte eliminará sus derechos de aduana sobre mercancías originarias de la otra Parte de conformidad con su Lista del anexo 2-A. 2. Para cada mercancía, el tipo básico de derechos de aduana, al que deberán aplicarse las reducciones sucesivas conforme al apartado 1, será el especificado en las Listas que figuran en el anexo 2-A. 3. Si, en algún momento, una Parte reduce el tipo de derecho de aduana que aplica a las naciones más favorecidas (denominado en lo sucesivo NMF) después de que el presente Acuerdo haya entrado en vigor, se aplicará dicho tipo de derecho a los intercambios comerciales contemplados en el presente Acuerdo, siempre y cuando sea inferior al tipo de derecho de aduana calculado con arreglo a su Lista del anexo 2-A. 4. Una vez que hayan transcurrido tres años desde la entrada en vigor del presente Acuerdo, a petición de cualquiera de las Partes, estas se consultarán para estudiar si aceleran o amplían el alcance de la eliminación de los derechos de aduana aplicados a sus importaciones recíprocas. Toda decisión que adopten las Partes en el Comité de Comercio, a raíz de tales consultas, sobre la aceleración o la ampliación del alcance de la eliminación de un derecho de aduana aplicado a una mercancía sustituirá a cualquier tipo de derecho o categoría de escalonamiento que se haya determinado de conformidad con sus Listas del anexo 2-A respecto a dicha mercancía. Artículo 2. 6Statu QuoA no ser que en el presente Acuerdo se disponga otra cosa, incluidas las indicaciones explícitas de las Listas respectivas de cada Parte que figuran en el anexo 2-A, ninguna de las dos Partes podrá aumentar ningún derecho de aduana existente ni adoptar ninguno nuevo respecto a una mercancía originaria de la otra Parte. No obstante, cada Parte tiene la facultad de aumentar un derecho de aduana hasta el nivel establecido en su Lista del anexo 2-A después de una reducción unilateral. Artículo 2. 7Administración y aplicación de los contingentes arancelarios1. Cada Parte administrará y aplicará los contingentes arancelarios (denominados en lo sucesivo CA) expuestos en el apéndice 2-A-1 de su Lista del anexo 2-A, conforme al artículo XIII del GATT de 1994, con sus notas interpretativas y el Acuerdo sobre Procedimientos para el Trámite de Licencias de Importación, que figura en el anexo 1A del Acuerdo de la OMC. 2. Cada Parte se asegurará de que:a)sus procedimientos para administrar sus CA son transparentes, están a disposición del público, son oportunos y no discriminatorios, aptos para las condiciones del mercado, suponen una carga mínima para el comercio y reflejan las preferencias de los usuarios finales;b)cualquier persona de una Parte que cumpla los requisitos jurídicos y administrativos de la Parte importadora pueda solicitar que dicha Parte asigne un CA, así como ser tenida en cuenta para tal asignación; a no ser que las Partes acuerden otra cosa mediante una decisión del Comité de Comercio de Mercancías, cualquier transformador, minorista, restaurante, hotel, distribuidor o institución de servicios alimentarios, o cualquier otra persona tendrá derecho a solicitar que se le asigne un CA, así como a ser considerado para tal asignación; las tasas cobradas por los servicios relacionados con una solicitud de asignación de un CA se limitarán al coste real de los servicios prestados;c)a excepción de lo que se especifica en el apéndice 2-A-1 de su Lista del anexo 2-A, no asigne ninguna proporción de un CA a un grupo de productores, no condicione el acceso a la asignación de CA a la adquisición de productos internos y no limite el acceso de los transformadores a una asignación de CA, yd)asigne CA en cantidades de envío comercialmente viables y, en la medida de lo posible, en los importes que pidan los importadores; a no ser que se estipule lo contrario en las disposiciones para cada CA y en la línea arancelaria aplicable del apéndice 2-A-1 de la Lista del anexo 2-A correspondiente a una Parte, cada asignación de CA será válida para cualquier artículo o mezcla de artículos sujetos a un CA concreto, independientemente de la especificación o el grado de la mezcla, y no estará condicionada al uso final o al tamaño del paquete o mezcla previstos para tal artículo o mezcla. 3. Cada Parte determinará qué entidades son responsables de la administración de sus CA. 4. Cada Parte hará todo lo posible por administrar sus CA de manera que los importadores puedan utilizar todas las cantidades de un CA. 5. Ninguna de las dos Partes podrá condicionar la solicitud o la utilización de las asignaciones de CA a la reexportación de una mercancía. 6. Previa petición por escrito de cualquiera de las Partes, estas se consultarán sobre la administración, por una Parte, de sus CA. 7. A no ser que se disponga otra cosa, en el apéndice 2-A-1 de su Lista del anexo 2-A, cada Parte pondrá a disposición de sus solicitantes toda la cantidad de CA establecida en dicho apéndice a partir de la fecha de entrada en vigor del presente Acuerdo durante el primer año y, cada año sucesivo, en el aniversario de la entrada en vigor del mismo. A lo largo de cada año, la autoridad administradora de la Parte importadora publicará, a su debido tiempo y en el sitio de internet que haya puesto para ello a disposición del público, los índices de utilización y las cantidades restantes disponibles para cada CA. SECCIÓN CMedidas no arancelariasArtículo 2. 8Trato nacionalCada Parte concederá trato nacional a las mercancías de la otra Parte de conformidad con el artículo III del GATT de 1994, incluidas sus notas interpretativas. A tal fin, el artículo III del GATT de 1994 y sus notas interpretativas se incorporan e integran, mutatis mutandis, en el presente Acuerdo. Artículo 2. 9Restricciones a la importación y la exportaciónNinguna de las dos Partes podrá adoptar o mantener ninguna prohibición o restricción, con excepción de los derechos, los impuestos u otros gravámenes sobre la importación de cualquier mercancía de la otra Parte o sobre la exportación o la venta para la exportación de cualquier mercancía destinada al territorio de la otra Parte, de conformidad con el artículo XI del GATT de 1994 y sus notas interpretativas. A tal fin, el artículo XI del GATT de 1994 y sus notas interpretativas se incorporan e integran, mutatis mutandis, en el presente Acuerdo. Artículo 2. 10Tasas y demás gravámenes sobre las importacionesCada Parte velará por que el importe de todas las tasas y gravámenes de cualquier tipo [con excepción de los derechos de aduana y los artículos excluidos de la definición de derecho de aduana de conformidad con el artículo 2. 3, letras a), b) y d)], aplicados a la importación o relacionados con la misma, se limite al coste aproximado de los servicios prestados, no se calcule sobre una base ad valorem y no represente una protección indirecta para las mercancías internas ni una tributación sobre las importaciones a efectos fiscales. Artículo 2. 11Derechos, impuestos u otras tasas y gravámenes sobre las exportacionesNinguna de las dos Partes podrá mantener o establecer ningún derecho, impuesto u otras tasas o gravámenes en relación con la exportación de mercancías a la otra Parte, ni ningún impuesto, tasa o gravamen interno sobre las mercancías exportadas a la otra Parte que sean superiores a los establecidos sobre las mercancías similares destinadas a la venta en el mercado interior. Artículo 2. 12Valoración en aduanaEl Acuerdo sobre la aplicación del artículo VII del GATT de 1994, que figura en el anexo 1A del Acuerdo de la OMC (denominado en lo sucesivo Acuerdo sobre Valoración en Aduana) se incorpora e integra, mutatis mutandis, en el presente Acuerdo. Las salvedades y las opciones establecidas en el artículo 20 y en el anexo III, puntos 2 a 4, del Acuerdo sobre valoración en aduana no serán aplicables. Artículo 2. 13Empresas comerciales del Estado1. Las Partes afirman sus derechos y obligaciones vigentes en virtud del artículo XVII del GATT de 1994, sus notas interpretativas y el entendimiento relativo a la interpretación del artículo XVII del GATT de 1994, que figura en el anexo 1A del Acuerdo de la OMC, que se incorporan e integran, mutatis mutandis, en el presente Acuerdo. 2. En caso de que una Parte pida a la otra información sobre casos individuales de empresas comerciales del Estado, su modo de funcionamiento y la incidencia de sus operaciones en el comercio bilateral, la Parte requerida tendrá en cuenta la necesidad de garantizar la máxima transparencia posible sin perjuicio de lo dispuesto en el artículo XVII. 4, letra d), del GATT de 1994 sobre la información confidencial. Artículo 2. 14Eliminación de medidas sectoriales no arancelarias1. Las Partes aplicarán sus compromisos sobre las medidas sectoriales no arancelarias aplicadas a las mercancías de conformidad con los compromisos expuestos en los anexos 2-B a 2-E. 2. Tres años después de la entrada en vigor del presente Acuerdo y, previa solicitud de cualquiera de las dos Partes, estas se consultarán sobre la posible ampliación del alcance de sus compromisos relativos a las medidas sectoriales no arancelarias aplicadas a las mercancías. SECCIÓN DExcepciones específicas relativas a las mercancíasArtículo 2. 15Excepciones generales1. Las Partes afirman que sus derechos y obligaciones vigentes en virtud del artículo XX del GATT de 1994 y sus notas interpretativas, que se incorporan e integran en el presente Acuerdo, se aplicarán, mutatis mutandis, al comercio de mercancías que abarca el presente Acuerdo. 2. Las Partes entienden que, antes de adoptar cualquiera de las medidas establecidas en las letras i) y j) del artículo XX del GATT de 1994, la Parte que tenga intención de adoptarlas facilitará a la otra Parte toda la información pertinente, a fin de encontrar una solución aceptable para ambas. Las Partes podrán acordar cualquier medio que sea necesario para superar las dificultades. Si en un plazo de treinta días a partir de la comunicación de dicha información no se llega a ningún acuerdo, en virtud del presente artículo la Parte podrá aplicar medidas a la mercancía de que se trate. Cuando concurran circunstancias excepcionales y críticas que exijan una reacción inmediata que haga imposible la información o el examen previos, la Parte que tenga la intención de adoptar medidas, podrá aplicar sin dilación las medidas cautelares necesarias para hacer frente a la situación e informará inmediatamente de ello a la otra Parte. SECCIÓN Edisposiciones institucionalesArtículo 2. 16Comité de comercio de mercancías1. El Comité de Comercio de Mercancías, creado de conformidad con el artículo 15. 2, apartado 1 (Comités especializados), se reunirá, a instancias de una Parte o del Comité de Comercio, para estudiar cualquier cuestión que surja en virtud del presente capítulo y contará con representantes de las Partes. 2. Entre las funciones del Comité se encontrarán:a)promover el comercio de mercancías entre las Partes, incluso a través de consultas sobre la aceleración y la ampliación del alcance de la eliminación de aranceles y la ampliación del alcance de los compromisos relativos a las medidas no arancelarias en virtud del presente Acuerdo, así como otras cuestiones, según proceda, yb)abordar las medidas arancelarias y no arancelarias aplicadas al comercio de mercancías entre las Partes y, si procede, remitir tales cuestiones al Comité de Comercio para que las tenga en cuenta,siempre y cuando dichas tareas no hayan sido confiadas a los grupos de trabajo pertinentes creados de conformidad con el artículo 15. 3, apartado 1 (Grupos de trabajo). Artículo 2. 17Disposiciones especiales sobre cooperación administrativa1. Las Partes acuerdan que la cooperación administrativa es esencial para la aplicación y el control del trato arancelario preferencial otorgado en virtud del presente capítulo y destacan su compromiso en la lucha contra las irregularidades y el fraude en asuntos aduaneros y asuntos conexos. 2. En caso de que una Parte, sobre la base de información objetiva, haya constatado que se ha producido una falta de cooperación administrativa, así como irregularidades o fraude, previa solicitud de dicha Parte el Comité Aduanero se reunirá en un plazo de veinte días a partir de la solicitud para resolver la situación con la máxima urgencia. Se considerará que las consultas llevadas a cabo en el marco del Comité Aduanero desempeñan la misma función que la consulta de conformidad en virtud del artículo 14. 3 (Consultas). CAPÍTULO TRESSOLUCIONES COMERCIALESSECCIÓN AMedidas bilaterales de salvaguardiaArtículo 3. 1Aplicación de una medida bilateral de salvaguardia1. Si, como consecuencia de la reducción o la eliminación de un derecho de aduana de conformidad con el presente Acuerdo, las importaciones de mercancías originarias de una Parte en el territorio de la otra Parte aumentan de tal manera, en términos absolutos o en términos relativos respecto a la producción interna, y en condiciones tales que causen o amenacen con causar un perjuicio grave a una industria interna que produce mercancías similares o directamente competidoras, la Parte importadora podrá adoptar las medidas establecidas en el apartado 2 conforme a las condiciones y los procedimientos fijados en la presente sección. 2. La Parte importadora podrá adoptar cualquier medida bilateral de salvaguardia que:a)deje de reducir el tipo del derecho de aduana aplicable a la mercancía en cuestión establecido de conformidad con el presente Acuerdo, ob)aumente el tipo del derecho de aduana aplicable a la mercancía hasta un nivel que no exceda del que resulte menos elevado de los dos siguientes:i)el tipo de nación más favorecida (NMF) del derecho de aduana aplicado efectivamente a la mercancía en el momento en que se adopta la medida, oii)el tipo básico del derecho de aduana especificado en las listas que figuran en el anexo 2-A (Eliminación de los derechos de aduana) de conformidad con el artículo 2. 5, apartado 2 (Eliminación de los derechos de aduana). Artículo 3. 2Condiciones y limitaciones1. Una Parte notificará por escrito a la otra el inicio de una investigación, tal como se describe en el apartado 2, y le consultará con la máxima antelación posible sobre la aplicación de una medida bilateral de salvaguardia, con objeto de revisar la información que surja de la investigación y de intercambiar opiniones sobre la medida. 2. Una Parte aplicará una medida bilateral de salvaguardia solo a raíz de una investigación realizada por sus autoridades competentes de conformidad con los artículos 3 y 4, apartado 2, letra c), del Acuerdo sobre Salvaguardias que figura en el anexo 1A del Acuerdo de la OMC (denominado en lo sucesivo Acuerdo sobre Salvaguardias) y, con este fin, los artículos 3 y 4, apartado 2, letra c), del Acuerdo sobre Salvaguardias se incorporan e integran, mutatis mutandis, en el presente Acuerdo. 3. En la investigación descrita en el apartado 2, la Parte cumplirá los requisitos del artículo 4. 2, letra a), del Acuerdo sobre Salvaguardias y, con este fin, el artículo 4. 2, letra a), del Acuerdo sobre salvaguardias se incorpora e integra, mutatis mutandis, en el presente Acuerdo. 4. Cada Parte velará por que sus autoridades competentes finalicen todas las investigaciones de este tipo en el plazo de un año a partir de su fecha de inicio. 5. Ninguna de las dos Partes podrá aplicar una medida bilateral de salvaguardia:a)excepto cuando resulte necesaria para evitar o remediar un perjuicio grave y facilitar la adaptación y solo durante el tiempo necesario para ello;b)durante un período superior a dos años, si bien este puede ampliarse hasta dos años más en caso de que las autoridades competentes de la Parte importadora determinen, conforme a los procedimientos especificados en el presente artículo, que la medida sigue siendo necesaria para evitar o remediar el perjuicio grave y facilitar la adaptación y que existen pruebas de que la industria se está adaptando, a condición de que el período total de aplicación de una medida de salvaguardia, contando el período de aplicación inicial y toda ampliación del mismo, no sea superior a cuatro años, oc)una vez que haya expirado el período transitorio, a no ser que la otra Parte haya dado su consentimiento. 6. Cuando una Parte concluya una medida bilateral de salvaguardia, el tipo de derecho de aduana será el tipo que, según la Lista del anexo 2-A (Eliminación de derechos de aduana), habría sido efectivo a no ser por la medida. Artículo 3. 3Medidas provisionalesEn circunstancias críticas en las que un retraso causaría un perjuicio difícil de reparar, una Parte podrá aplicar provisionalmente una medida bilateral de salvaguardia, tras haber determinado previamente que existen pruebas claras de que las importaciones de una mercancía originaria de la otra Parte han aumentado como resultado de la reducción o la eliminación de un derecho de aduana con arreglo al presente Acuerdo y de que tales importaciones causan o amenazan con causar un perjuicio grave para la industria interna. Ninguna medida provisional durará más de doscientos días y, en ese tiempo, la Parte cumplirá los requisitos del artículo 3. 2, apartados 2 y 3. La Parte reembolsará inmediatamente cualquier aumento arancelario si a raíz de la investigación descrita en el artículo 3. 2, apartado 2, no se constata que se cumplen los requisitos del artículo 3. 1. La duración de cualquier medida provisional se contará como parte del período que se prescribe en el artículo 3. 2, apartado 5, letra b). Artículo 3. 4Compensación1. |
6342098_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Nákří är en ort i Tjeckien. Den ligger i regionen Södra Böhmen, i den centrala delen av landet, km söder om huvudstaden Prag. Nákří ligger meter över havet och antalet invånare är.
Terrängen runt Nákří är platt. Den högsta punkten i närheten är meter över havet, km nordost om Nákří. Runt Nákří är det ganska tätbefolkat, med invånare per kvadratkilometer. Närmaste större samhälle är České Budějovice, km sydost om Nákří. Trakten runt Nákří består till största delen av jordbruksmark.
Trakten ingår i den hemiboreala klimatzonen. Årsmedeltemperaturen i trakten är °C. Den varmaste månaden är juli, då medeltemperaturen är °C, och den kallaste är januari, med °C. Genomsnittlig årsnederbörd är millimeter. Den regnigaste månaden är juni, med i genomsnitt mm nederbörd, och den torraste är mars, med mm nederbörd.
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