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little beats blog Knowing how baby's language skills develop can help you facilitate growth, communication, and mitigate language barriers that can cause frustration or tantrums. Practicing verbal sounds: A verbal sound is any vowel or consonant sound that will eventually turn into part of a word. In the first 4 months, babies mostly breathe through their noses, allowing them to suck at the breast or bottle easily, and you usually only hear open vowel sounds like “ooohhhs” and “aaaahhhhs.” This cooing starts to change to babbling after 6 months, when babies gain better control of their oral breathing and the muscles around their mouth. Babbling consists of the same consonant sound being made over and over again, and can use intonation just like adult conversations. The first four consonant sounds that all babies make, regardless of the language spoken in the home, are B (baba), D (dada), M (mama) and P (papa) because they are the easiest for little ones to make with the front of their mouth. These are the only sounds that we expect babies to make in the first year, so enjoy all of the “mamamama’s” that you are getting now, and we will focus on more fun sounds later on. Practicing non-verbal sounds: While sounds like “babababa” will eventually turn into words like “bubble” and “ball,” sounds like tongue clicks, coughs, screeches or raspberries don’t usually turn into labels. However, these non-verbal sounds are just as important for babies to practice in the first year. Just as they are working on their consonant sounds, babies are learning everything about their mouth and their own voice. Infants love to practice their pitch and volume, how air pushes out of their cheeks, the sounds that they can make with their tongue and the way their throat vibrates when they pretend to cough. Encouraging these silly sounds the same way that you encourage their other sounds will continue to build the muscles in and around your baby’s mouth. So don’t worry if your 7 month old smiles and screeches at the top of his lungs, and just remember that he is supposed to practicing with his voice, even in a fancy restaurant. Before your baby girl will ever be able to say “dog,” she needs to know what a dog actually is and be able to identify one. This aspect of language is receptive language, or understanding. The first words that infants usually learn are their own name, the names of people in their home and the word ‘no.’ By their first birthday, most babies have a vocabulary of 100 words or more that they understand. Keeping your language simple in the first year and using short phrases will make it easier for baby to understand what you are trying to say. A 9 month old will start to wave when you say “buh-bye,” or start to clap when she hears “Pat-a-cake.” These verbal cues that babies learn are the very first directions that they learn to follow and indicate that they are ready to learn signs. So ask your little one where her Daddy is and see where she looks, or open a book with simple pictures and ask her to point to the ball. Kim Bennett, MSed CEIS

Absorbed Glass Mat (AGM) technology batteries are a type of Valve Regulated Lead Acid (VRLA) battery that use a material manufactured from very fine glass fibers. The AGM material acts as a separator between the positive and negative plates and as a sponge to hold the sulphuric acid electrolyte. The plates are compressed for superior electrical performance to conventional flooded technology. Instead of the conventional polyethylene separator, the plates of AGM batteries are enveloped with a glass mat that absorbs the electrolyte and maintains direct contact with the plate’s active material. This greatly enhances both discharge and recharge efficiency, resulting in high performance engine starting and high cycle capabilities. The physical bond between the battery components and the container makes AGM spill-proof and the most resilient battery to vibrations and tilting at high inclinations. People who have recreational vehicles (RVs) and boats are familiar with deep cycle batteries. These batteries are also common in golf carts and large solar power systems (the sun produces power during the day and the batteries store some of the power for use at night). If you have read the article How Emergency Power Systems Work, then you also know that an alternative to gasoline-powered generators is an inverter powered by one or more deep cycle batteries. Both car batteries and deep cycle batteries are lead-acid batteries that use exactly the same chemistry for their operation (see How Batteries Work for more information). The difference is in the way that the batteries optimize their design: A deep cycle battery is designed to provide a steady amount of current over a long period of time. A deep cycle battery can provide a surge when needed, but nothing like the surge a car battery can. A deep cycle battery is also designed to be deeply discharged over and over again (something that would ruin a car battery very quickly). To accomplish this, a deep cycle battery uses thicker plates. A car battery typically has two ratings: ● CCA (Cold Cranking Amps) - The number of amps that the battery can produce at 32 degrees F (0 degrees C) for 30 seconds AGM can be used for Start-Stop cars with regenerative braking and coasting, and as a high-endurance starter battery for utility and emergency light vehicles. Other applications include off-road, motorbikes and marine/leisure.

Spectrum Math, Grade 8 Carson-Dellosa Publishing, LLC, May 11, 1999 - Juvenile Nonfiction - 171 pages Test with success using the Spectrum Math workbook! This book helps students in grade 8 apply essential math skills to everyday life. The lessons focus on ratio and proportion, fractions, percents, calculating interest, perimeter, volume, and statistics, and the activities help extend problem-solving and analytical abilities. The book features easy-to-understand directions, is aligned to national and state standards, and also includes a complete answer key. --Today, more than ever, students need to be equipped with the essential skills they need for school achievement and for success on proficiency tests. The Spectrum series has been designed to prepare students with these skills and to enhance student achievement. Developed by experts in the field of education, each title in the Spectrum workbook series offers grade-appropriate instruction and reinforcement in an effective sequence for learning success. Perfect for use at home or in school, and a favorite of parents, homeschoolers, and teachers worldwide, Spectrum is the learning partner students need for complete achievement.

Wolverines may have been given a cultural boost by Hugh Jackman, but the animal remains elusive and difficult to spot in the wild. That's why rare new footage captured by motion sensitive cameras at B.C.'s Glacier National Park has left researchers anxious to gather more documentation. Parks Canada set up their cameras earlier this year to try and detect the presence and behaviour of the small, stocky, bear-like creatures in relation to the nearby Trans-Canada Highway and railway lines. Study sites, including baited trees with barbed wire, were also put together to see if researchers could collect hair samples that would help in determining genetic patterns. It was at one of these sites that the images were recorded. In the video, a wolverine ambles into the frame after noticing a rope that has come loose from a feed bait station. The wolverine engages in what appears to be a game of furry tetherball with the rope before losing interest and moving away. A second clip shows the animal tangling with the same rope at night. The footage has thrilled park biologist Kelsey Furk. "Few people ever see a wolverine in the wild and here we have recorded images of a wolverine doing something unique at one of the research stations," she said on the Parks Canada website. The site's success has researchers debating whether to extend the study into the following year. Considered the largest land-dwelling species of the weasel family, wolverines are known for their disproportionate strength and ferocity and their ability to take down much larger prey. Though their numbers have dwindled since the 19th century due to trapping, range reduction and environmental changes, substantial populations still roam freely in forests along the northern ridges of Canada, the U.S., Nordic Europe, and western Russia. But while they may look fun and playful in the video, Furk said in the improbable likelihood you meet one, do not attempt to challenge it to a tetherball match. "This is a rare glimpse of an animal that most have never seen and we wanted to share this with Canadians, but it is important to note that wolverine are wild animals and should not be approached."

The purpose of screening is early diagnosis and treatment. Screening tests are administered to people without current symptoms, but who may be at high risk for certain diseases or conditions. During regular check ups, your doctor will ask lifestyle questions, including those about alcohol use. Brief questionnaires may also be used to help identify unhealthy alcoholic habits. An honest conversation with the doctor is important for all aspects of health. - Reviewer: Adrian Preda, MD - Review Date: 03/2016 - - Update Date: 04/10/2015 -

Belle Meade Plantation, located in Nashville, Tennessee, is an historic Greek Revival Antebellum Mansion whose grounds now function as a museum. The plantation is located on a 30 acre site 6 miles west of Nashville. On the front of the mansion is a wide veranda supported by 6 massive square columns made of solid limestone quarried from the property. In 1807 John Harding bought 250 acres and founded the Belle Meade Plantation. He sold blacksmith services, farm products, and lumber. He also established the stud farm business. expanding the plantation to 1200 acres. In 1839 John Harding turned the business over to his son General William G. Harding. He was a college educated General in the state militia. Under his management, he became one of Tennessee's wealthiest men and larger landowners. In 1853, General William Giles Harding built the Belle Meade Mansion during a time of great prosperity. Starting from a 250 acre farm that his father owned and growing into a 5,400-acre plantation that was world renowned as a thoroughbred horse nursery and stud farm. Some of the best racehorses in the south were produced here including Iroquois, the first American-bred horse to win the English Derby. During the Civil War, the plantation became the headquarters of Confederate General James R. Chalmers. In 1864, during the Battle of Nashville, Union and Confederate forces fought in the front yard. Bullets riddled the mansion's massive stone columns and are still visible today. The picture above is the stable and carriage house of the plantation, where a carriage for every occasion was kept. After the Civil War buyers from all over the world would come to this first-class breeding establishment for the annual yearling sale. During this time the plantation was managed by Hardin's sons-in-law. After their deaths, financial stress forced the property to be auctioned off in 1904 ending the oldest and largest thoroughbred farm in the country. Above is the dairy that supplied the plantation with fresh milk, cream, and cheese. The dairy wasn't very large because it was just for the needs of the plantation. Above is a one of the slave cabins on the Belle Meade Plantation. They had two rooms and housed one family per room. Above is the plantation greenhouse it was needed to get an early start on the gardens. Life required that you grow everything that you need to live. Only staples that couldn't be grown or made were bought. Even though they had slaves, the plantation owners still worked long days. Below is a YouTube video about Belle Meade Plantation There is a visitor's center on the site with a gift shop, restaurant and restrooms. This is where you need to pick up your tickets. The parking is free. Located at: 5025 Harding Pike Nashville TN, 37205 Monday - Saturday 9:00 am-5:00 pm, Sunday - 11:00 am-5:00 pm Last tour starts daily at 4:00 PM For additional information call: 615-356-0501

- Flower namePrunus mume 'Ohginagashi' - Scientific namePrunus mume 'Kokyononishiki' - Alias梅, Prunus mume, コキョウノニシキ - Place of originJapan(Horticultural Varieties) - Place of floweringGarden, Bonsai, Potted flower - Flowering seasonJanuary What is Prunus mume 'Ohginagashi' Prunus mume 'Ohginagashi'(scientific name: Prunus mume 'Ohginagashi') is a variety of plum with red buds and light red petals when in bloom. Early flowering, sepals reddish purple, thick trunk but thin branches. Common name: Prunus mume 'Ohginagashi'i, scientific name: Prunus mume 'Ohginagashi', flower color: light red, single petal, diameter: 2 to 2.5 cm, medium bloom, flowering season: early to late January.

These could well be the most challenging times ever to be growing up and making sense of the world. Without wishing to be alarmist, we know that before the global pandemic came along, many young people were finding it tough to navigate through the poorly regulated world of the internet including social media, increasing family disfunction and pressures of high personal and academic expectations. * Yes – children are (generally) adaptable and resilient. But what about those who need some extra support to get through their struggles at the moment? Those whose learning is affected by their lack of emotional wellbeing? Those who are spiralling downwards? No one wants this; coaching is one of the best ways to help young people find their ways forwards and start to thrive! Most schools and colleges are brilliant at providing a range of support for their students. Coaching is a highly effective intervention; more commonly used with adults, but also extremely successful in giving young people a high level of ownership and control over aspects of their lives they find challenging. For many young people, finding effective strategies and empowerment through coaching has reversed the downward spiral into poor mental health and placed them back on track for learning and loving life! * Challenges facing young people, YMCA

Infantile seborrheic dermatitis, commonly known as cradle cap, is a form of dandruff that affects the scalp of babies. It looks like thick, greasy white or yellowish crust or flaky scales on the scalp. It may even develop on the ears, nose, eyelids and groins. Despite its unsightly appearance, cradle cap is a harmless condition. It tends to clear naturally within six to twelve months. However, sometimes, it may last for a longer time. Hormonal changes that stimulate excess sebum secretion are believed to be responsible for this condition. In some cases, yeast overgrowth may cause cradle cap. Natural remedies are best suited for treating the condition. 6 Best Natural Cures For Cradle Cap Applying a small amount of coconut oil to the scalp and other affected areas of the skin daily is the most effective natural remedy for cradle cap. It helps to soften the scales that can be easily removed by brushing with a soft brush. Moreover, coconut oil is a natural antifungal agent. It contains caprylic acid that helps in suppressing abnormal growth of yeast on the skin. You can leave the oil overnight on the scalp and then use baby shampoo for rinsing the scalp the next morning. In addition to removing the loosened crusts from the scalp, shampooing the scalp prevents the excess oil from accumulating on the scalp. The crusty patches on the scalp can also be softened with petroleum jelly. Apply petroleum jelly on the patches and leave it for a few minutes. Gently brush the scalp to loosen the scales, which can then be easily washed off with a mild shampoo. Calendula officinalis, commonly known as calendula or pot marigold, is widely used in traditional medicines for treating dermatitis and other skin conditions. Washing the scalp with infusion prepared by steeping 5 to 10 grams of calendula petals in 8 ounces of water for 10 to 15 minutes can help in alleviating the condition. Calendula contains flavonoids that help in reducing irritation, inflammation and infections of the skin. In a study in Sweden, researchers found that applying borage oil to the flaky crusts on the scalp twice daily helps to clear cradle cap within two weeks. Scientists speculate that gamma linolenic acid present in borage oil helps to correct deficiency in the enzyme system of babies that tend to trigger cradle cap. Regular application of borage oil is recommended for babies susceptible to cradle cap until they are seven months old. Cocoa butter is a natural skin softener. When applied to the flaky crusts on the scalp it helps in softening the scales that will easily fall off when brushed. The fatty acids present in cocoa butter helps in reducing skin irritation. Shea butter is an excellent source of vitamin A, which is essential for healthy development of the skin cells. By nourishing the scalp, shea butter helps to ameliorate the symptoms of cradle cap. Moreover, the fatty acids in shea butter help in softening and loosening the crusty patches on the scalp, which will then easily fall off from the scalp. Caution: Please use Home Remedies after Proper Research and Guidance. You accept that you are following any advice at your own risk and will properly research or consult healthcare professional.

Last week brought another lesson that the most significant of all presidential powers--the making of war not excepted--is the power to nominate justices to the Supreme Court. A chief executive’s most ambitious domestic policies may be ignored or reversed by future presidents and Congresses; a new administration can end a war. By contrast, three justices appointed more than 20 years ago cast votes last week that would have struck down the current president’s key domestic achievement. Barring illness or injury to one of these justices, Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush will be powerfully influencing public policy for at least another decade. And this fall will likely bring a different kind of lesson: If history is any guide, this most powerful of presidential prerogatives will be one of the least significant issues in deciding the presidential race. [Related: How the court took its fight to the media] Supreme Court decisions can certainly roil the political waters. Franklin Roosevelt and his supporters were infuriated during his first term by a string of Court decisions--many by 5-4 or 6-3 votes--that eviscerated the power of Washington and state governments to regulate economic activity. When the Warren Court outlawed school segregation in 1954, a generation of Southern politicians made “massive resistance” a key to their electoral fortunes; and the Warren Court’s rulings for criminal defendants helped fuel a political “law and order” backlash. But, surprising as it may seem, these controversial decisions never turned the Supreme Court itself into a major election issue. Angry as FDR was at the Supreme Court’s decisions, he got a lesson in the public’s respect for the institution when he said at a 1935 press conference that “we have been relegated to a horse and buggy definition of interstate commerce.” The press reaction so sharp that, as New Deal historian William Leuchtenberg wrote, “The president never mentioned the court during his re-election.” It was only after Roosevelt’s landslide victory in 1936 that he unveiled his plan to “pack” the Supreme Court with as many as six additional justices. (The plan died in a hail of bipartisan Congressional opposition, but later appointments and a change of mind by another Justice Roberts turned the Court into a New Deal ally). In 1968, rapidly rising crime rates, along with an outbreak of violence in inner cities and on college campuses, made “law and order” a significant theme in the campaigns of Richard Nixon and third-party candidate George Wallace. But Nixon’s comments on the Supreme Court itself were muted. In his acceptance speech, he said, “Let us always respect, as I do, our courts and those who serve on them, but let us also recognize that some of our courts in their decisions have gone too far in weakening the peace force as opposed to the criminal forces in this country.” Nixon’s big applause line came when he pledged “we’re going to have a new Attorney General of the United States!”--suggesting that Ramsey Clark was a more tempting target than Earl Warren. You have go back a century, to the 1912 Presidential campaign, to find an election where the Supreme Court was at the center of the debate. For years, progressive governors like California’s Hiram Johnson and Wisconsin’s Robert LaFollette had championed the ballot initiative and the recall of elected officials. Now, with federal courts invalidating state laws aimed at regulating wages and hours, the Progressive Party demanded “such restriction of the power of the courts as shall leave to the people the ultimate authority to determine fundamental questions of social welfare and public policy.” And the Progressive Party candidate, former President Theodore Roosevelt, backed the idea not only of recalling judges, but of “recalling” specific court decisions under some circumstances. To President (and future Chief Justice) William Howard Taft, this notion was “radically erroneous and destructive ... a form of muckraking of the courts.” The federal bench, he argued, was a bulwark of protection against the radical, socialistic tendencies at work in the states. Not incidentally, the winner of the 1912 election, New Jersey Gov. Woodrow Wilson, avoided the issue of judicial recall, focusing instead on the substance of social legislation. Wilson may have recognized, as FDR and Nixon did after him, that a frontal assault on the Supreme Court raises the specter of a president who would seek to tip the balance of power among the three branches of government. A recent and relatively temperate dose of presidential criticism--Obama’s slap at the “Citizens United” decision during his 2010 State of the Union address--received a wary response from the news media. It is, of course, possible--maybe even probable-- that a Supreme Court decision striking down the Affordable Care Act would have written a new chapter in this history. Coming little more than four months before an election, a major decision sharply split along explicitly partisan lines would have put the case squarely into the political arena. With polls showing more Americans regarding the Court as politically motivated in its judgment, that would be the last thing anyone with a protective instinct for the Court would have wanted: someone, say, like a Chief Justice of the United States, whose vote could save the Court from that fate.

What is organic? In order for a food to be labeled organic it needs to be grown and processed without using any genetic engineering procedures, or without any synthetic/artificial fertilizers (must use real fertilizers). Organic foods are grown without the use of all “-cides”, meaning no pesticides, herbicides, or fungicides. Also, the food must be grown or processed without antibiotics, preservatives, chemicals, or use of radiation. In short, the food was produced and processed in the most natural way and delivered to consumers in the purest form without any chemical tainting. To be certified organic a product must bare the USDA certification of 100% organic. This seal means the farm has been evaluated and tested by a set standard of practice and is certified after passing. - Food is in its most natural, pure form - No harmful pesticides, herbicides, or fungicides are used - With the USDA 100% organic seal you know you are consuming a safe, healthy product - Fruits and vegetables grown organically are supposedly more nutrient dense, have a higher antioxidant content (research suggests it, but more research is needed) - In terms of buying organic meat, eggs and dairy you will be receiving a hormone-free, free-range product. Reducing the amount of foreign substances you put into your body can have positive health benefits. Think about it, do you really want to be consuming a bunch of chemicals? - Organic farming practices are considered a more “green”, eco-friendly way of farming. Having healthier soils and the surrounding animal life is supposedly better on the actual farmer! - Cost. Organic foods tend to be more expensive. On average, it’s been estimated that consumers spend 50% more on organic products and 100% more on meat and dairy organic options. - Food Safety. Some organic foods do contain pesticides (they may be able to contain trace amounts and still be approved as 100% organic). May 18th, 2009

The findings are simple: this is a reference to the html DOM element that is the source of the event. $(this) is a jQuery wrapper around that element that enables usage of jQuery methods. jQuery calls the callback using apply() to bind this. Calling jQuery a second time (which is a mistake) on the result of $(this) returns an new jQuery object based on the same selector as the first one. Let’s a have a look at how jQuery handles those cases internally.

Note: The Quickstart section has been updated with a new, more focused Quickstart article, which replaces all the previous Quickstart articles. We hope you'll find this more useful, and a quicker learning experience than the older set of articles. If you are a Web developer and you have a website or web application that you would like to make into an installable open web app, there is technically very little that you need to do. This article runs through minimum requirements, along with the ideas to take on board about open web apps, and how they differ from standard web sites. The minimum requirements are few: - Create an app manifest. - Serve the app manifest in a file with a file extension of .webapp. Set the - Publish the app, either on your own site or in an app store (or both). Publishing it yourself requires adding some code to your site to manage installing and updating the app in users' browsers. Philosophically, the idea of an installable Open Web app is much more than simply adding a manifest to your site. Web standards technologies can be viewed as a full-blown application platform that happens to use a browser engine for rendering user interfaces and interpreting code, and happens to use Web protocols for communicating with a server. Mozilla offers "Web runtime" executables for various platforms so that apps can run in their own window, without a browser window frame. To "appify" a website, there are many application-specific questions to consider: - Should my app work when not connected to the Web? - How does my app use data, and how does it need to be stored? - Can my app's performance benefit from advanced platform features like Web Workers or WebSockets? - And many more If you want to take full advantage of the capabilities of installable apps, there is plenty that you can do. For example: - Use responsive Web design to look good and work well on all devices. - Charge money for apps. - Provide a way to identify users. - Enable offline caching so the app can be used when the device is not on the Internet. - Store data locally using either IndexedDB or localStorage. - Launch the app natively (with an icon on the desktop or the home screen). - Use device APIs to interact with hardware, such as geolocation and orientation. - Give users a way to give you feedback. Mozilla's user research shows that users want to give feedback to app developers, and want to know that there is a human receiving it. They want to make suggestions and get help with problems. They may stop using an app if they have a problem and there is no way to get help with it. Here are some Web technologies that may be useful in writing installable apps. Notice that there is nothing on this list that is unique to Open Web apps!

Jacques Descloitres, MODIS Rapid Response Team, NASA/GSFC On April 17 and 18, 2004, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the Aqua satellite detected several bright green hydrogen sulfide eruptions along the coast of Namibia. The eruptions, which are deadly to fish, occur when bacteria release hydrogen sulfide gas as they break down dead plants and animals that have sunk to the sea floor. As the gas rises to the surface, it interacts with oxygen to form solid white sulfur, which tints the water the bright green color seen here. Hydrogen sulfide eruptions happen frequently off the shore of Namibia because of patterns in the ocean currents called upwelling. In this region, cold water pushes nutrients from the ocean floor to the surface, where ocean life thrives. In particular, large colonies of microscopic ocean plants, phytoplankton, grow in the nutrient rich water, forming the dark green swirls seen in this image. As the plants use all of the nutrients, they die and sink to the sea floor where bacteria consume them. The bacteria release toxic hydrogen sulfide gas into the soil. Eventually, the toxic gas erupts from the soil. In addition to the bright waters seen by satellites, the event is marked by massive fish die-offs and a strong smell that resembles rotten eggs. To date, hydrogen sulfide eruptions have only been observed off the shore of Namibia. Note: Often times, due to the size, browsers have a difficult time opening and displaying images. If you experiece an error when clicking on an image link, please try directly downloading the image (using a right click, save as method) to view it locally.

MAT210 Lesson 18: Splines I For some functions, a single polynomial is not a good fit, especially if there are different shapes in different regions. An alternative approach is to use piecewise polynomial interpolation , also known a splines. This introduction is part 1 of 2. Cubic splines are more commonly applied and will be covered in part 2. For now, read these 2008 MACM 316 lecture notes on cubic splines by John Stockie and Stephen Rauch from the Department of Mathematics at Simon Fraser University.

We have just finished our first week of excavation at El Kurru in northern Sudan. This site has been known to be an important center of ancient Kush since the excavations of the American archaeologist George Reisner in 1919. Reisner found a sequence of elite burials that began with traditional mounds and which changed through time until they had become pyramids—the first royal pyramids of Kush. The most powerful kings buried here were those that had conquered Egypt by 715 BC and ruled as the Egypt as its 25th Dynasty. They are sometimes called the “Black Pharaohs”. This dynasty of Kush was driven out of Egypt in 653 BC by the Assyrian army, which had fought its way into Egypt from its heartland in what is now northern Iraq. Yet they continued to rule a broad area of Nubia (now southern Egypt and northern Sudan) for about 1,000 years. Our project in El Kurru is an international collaboration with three interrelated parts. Our Sudanese co-director, Prof. Abbas Sidahmed Mohammed-Ali, is working on a cultural heritage project with the archaeology faculty of the University of Dongola in Karima to clean and protect the remains of the pyramids excavated by Reisner and to present them more effectively to visitors. Our British co-Director based at the Copenhagen University, Prof. Rachael Dann, is beginning a project to explore the area around the cemetery looking for non-royal burials (and perhaps even royal burials) and other features that Reisner may have missed. My team is focused on excavating the ancient settlement around the cemetery. In his field notebook, Reisner mentioned that he had found five elements of a settlement: two temples, two segments of fortification wall, and one large well, which he thought must have belonged to a palace. He didn’t excavate or record these very thoroughly, and he never published them. It was not until 1999 when some of Reisner’s observations were published by Dr. Tim Kendall, then at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston. We had a small first season last year, also supported by National Geographic, in which we succeeded in re-locating four of the five elements of the ancient settlement (see my blog about that season). This year, we will be focusing on what we think is a “mortuary temple”—a temple devoted to the cult of a dead king. It was amazing to re-discover it last season because it contains 26 stone columns preserved over 8 feet high, and it had been entirely buried in the sand. It is an extremely unusual temple because it has a network of underground rooms, carved out of the rock, with columns underground to support the roof. We have no idea yet whether these rooms will turn out to be part of the ritual practices, or perhaps a storeroom for the temple, or a place for priests to live. But perhaps most exciting of all, we have decided to excavate the largest pyramid on the site, which we think was associated with the temple, and which Reisner was unable to excavate because of structural flaws. Stay tuned over the next 6 weeks as we work hard to understand these structures (and more!).

Tyramine is a natural substance formed from the breakdown of protein as food ages. It is found in aged, fermented, or spoiled foods. Generally speaking, the longer a high-protein food ages, the greater the potential tyramine content. Aged cheeses, spoiled meats, some aged and cured meats, Marmite yeast extract, sauerkraut, fermented soybean products (such as soy sauce and miso), broad (fava) bean pods, and draft (tap) beer have the highest levels of tyramine. Why do people follow this diet? A tyramine-free diet is prescribed for people who are sensitive to tyramine, such as migraine sufferers, or those taking prescription monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) antidepressants, such as phenelzine (Nardil®). Under normal circumstances, tyramine and dopamine are metabolized to their harmless metabolites by the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO). Drugs that inhibit MAO also inhibit the metabolism of tyramine and dopamine, leading to elevated levels of these substances in the bloodstream. What are the symptoms? Excessive levels of tyramine can cause headache, palpitations, nausea, vomiting, and hypertensive crisis (dangerously high blood pressure). What do I need to avoid? To avoid tyramine, ask about ingredients and freshness at restaurants and others’ homes, and read food labels. The following list is not complete, but contains the most likely food sources of significant (six or more milligrams) tyramine content. Consult with a healthcare professional before making any major changes to your diet. Older lists of foods containing tyramine have been re-evaluated by researchers who question the accuracy of initial reports of tyramine content in food or reactions to food by people taking MAOIs. Many foods have a low tyramine content when fresh, but their tyramine levels rise if they are allowed to age or spoil. Other foods may only contain tyramine in certain batches, but not others. If you consume a food from the following list and do not experience a reaction, do not assume that food will always be safe. Items listed below that are marked with an asterisk (*) usually contain high to very high amounts of tyramine, and most authorities agree they should be avoided. The remaining items listed may only rarely contain significant amounts of tyramine when consumed in typical portions, and may be hazardous only when either spoiled or when eaten in large amounts. Dairy products to avoid: Aged cheeses*: Blue, Boursault, Boursin, Brick (natural), Brie, Camembert, Cheddar, Colby, Emmenthaler, Gruyere, Parmesan, Provolone, Romano, Roquefort, Stilton, and Swiss Note: Dairy products not marked with an asterisk (*) should be safe when eaten fresh in moderate amounts. Alcoholic beverages to avoid: Bottled or canned beer and ale (including non-alcoholic varieties) Red or white wine Draft (tap) beer and ale* Note: Some experts believe wine and domestic bottled or canned beers are safe when consumed in moderation. Consult your doctor if you are taking MAOI drugs or have migraine headaches and wish to consume wine or domestic beer. Meat and fish to avoid: Commercial gravies or meat extracts Fermented (hard) sausages*: Bologna, cacciatore, pepperoni, salami, summer sausage, Genoa salami, etc. Fish (unrefrigerated, fermented) Liver (beef or chicken) Meat prepared with meat tenderizer Potentially spoiled meat, poultry, or fish Salted, dried fish, such as herring, cod, or camlin Note: Meat and fish products not marked with an asterisk (*) should be safe when eaten fresh in moderate amounts. Fruits and vegetables to avoid: Avocados (especially overripe) Bananas (contain dopamine, pulp is okay) Fava beans (contain dopamine)* Tofu (if more than a few days old) Miscellaneous foods to avoid: Bouillon and other soup cubes Breads or crackers containing cheese Protein-containing foods that have been stored improperly, or that may be spoiled* Soups containing items that must be avoided* Yeast concentrates or products made with them (baker’s and brewer’s yeast is okay)* Yeast extracts*: Marmite, Vegemite, etc. Two cases of a possible interaction between aspartame (NutraSweet®) and phenelzine, an MAOI drug, have been reported. An analysis of pizzas from large commercial chain outlets found no significant tyramine levels in any of the pizzas tested, including those with double pepperoni and double cheese. The authors of this study concluded that pizzas from large chain commercial outlets are safe for consumption with MAOIs. However, they recommended caution when ordering from smaller outlets or with gourmet pizzas that may use aged cheeses. The same study found marked variability in the tyramine content of soy products, including significant amounts of tyramine in tofu when stored for a week, and high tyramine content of one of the soy sauces. The authors recommend avoiding all soybean products. Although St. John’s wort contains chemicals that bind MAOI in test tubes, the action of St. John’s wort is not thought to be due to MAOI activity. However, because St. John’s wort may have serotonin reuptake inhibiting action (similar to the action of drugs such as fluoxetine [Prozac®]), it is best to avoid using of St. John’s wort with MAOI drugs. Ephedra (Ephedra sinica), ginseng (species not specified), and Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) are also known to interact with phenelzine and should be avoided by anyone taking an MAOI drug. The following foods range from very low to low in tyramine and can be consumed in moderation. Note: These foods are not all tyramine-free. The quantity you eat will affect the amount of tyramine you consume. Beverages, breads, and fats (all, except those specifically to be avoided) Cottage cheese, ricotta, cream cheese, soft farmer’s cheese, mozzarella cheese, processed cheese slices, sour cream, yogurt, and milk Meat, poultry, fish, and shellfish (fresh or frozen) Vegetables and fruits (most, except those specifically to be avoided) Oranges: limit to one small orange per day (1 mg of tyramine) Tomatoes: limit to 1/2 cup [100 grams] per day Information provided by Health Notes Eric R. Braverman, M.D. Dr. Braverman is a Summa Cum Laude and Phi Beta Kappa graduate of Brandeis University and NYU Medical School, did brain research at Harvard Medical School, and trained at an affiliate of Yale Medical School. He is acknowledged worldwide as an expert in brain-based diagnosis and treatment, and he lectures to and trains doctors in anti-aging medicine.

Copernicus is a joint initiative of the European Union (EU), the European Space Agency (ESA), the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), and their member states. Based on existing and emerging earth observation technologies, its purpose is to establish operational geoinformation services for monitoring the environment and for civil security. These services are tailored to meet the requirements of users and focus on the fields of environment, climate protection, sustainable development, humanitarian aid, and security issues. Copernicus has four interlinked components: Supported by national and international initiatives, ground segment components are also provided (“collaborative ground segment”) to give direct and customized access to data from the Sentinel satellites. In addition to the core geoinformation services specified by the European Commission, Sentinel data can be used by science and business, and new services can be developed and marketed (“Downstream Services”). Participation of the Earth Observation Center (EOC) in Copernicus The Earth Observation Center EOC is crucially involved in defining, establishing and operating all the Copernicus components. It contributes to Copernicus its expertise and systems at national and European levels relating to ground segments, information technology and geoinformation applications. Satellite-supported Earth Observation Systems Copernicus will operate five series of Sentinel missions: The Sentinel missions concept envisions continuous and uninterrupted operation of a constellation of two satellites in each series (a, b, c, d). This assures data continuity and better coverage with earth observation data far into the next few decades. In addition to the dedicated Copernicus satellite fleet (Sentinels), national earth observation systems will augment Europe‘s earth observation capabilities. The processing, data management, archiving and access systems developed and operated at EOC for national missions assure that data from TerraSAR-X, TanDEM-X, EnMAP, as well as Indian and US satellite data received in Germany (In partnership with EuroMap and EUSI), are also available for Copernicus services. Toward this end, DFD supports the InfoTerra, EuroMap and EUSI companies in supplying the data through electronic interfaces developed together with ESA (HMA; Heterogenous Mission Accessibility“). These data are made available through ESA for Copernicus services and other users via Portals. Ground-based and Aerial Observation Systems With its aerial measurement campaigns, EOC gives international partners, and thus also the Copernicus programme, possibilities to validate and calibrate satellite sensors and geoinformation products. The environmental research station (UFS) on the Zugspitze mountain, which is part of an international network of atmosphere measurement stations, and the DEMMIN calibration field in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania constitute an EOC contribution to the Copernicus ground-based measurement network. Ground Segment, Information and Data Management Antenna systems for satellite data reception, processors to generate products and information from these data, as well as archiving and data management systems are components of a ground segment developed at EOC and operated as “Processing and Archiving Centers” (PAC). EOC has operated such PACs not only for national earth observation missions, but also for ESA’s ERS and ENVISAT missions. On the basis of an ESA invitation to tender a bid to participate in establishing the Copernicus ground segment, EOC was selected to operate a PAC for global Sentinel-1 mission data and global Sentinel-3 Ocean Land Colour Instrument (OLCI) mission data. In addition, ESA put EOC in charge of establishing the entire payload ground segment for the Sentinel-5 Precursor mission. EOC facilities are accordingly a significant component of Copernicus’ operational ground segment. In addition to the core ground segment, countries participating in the Copernicus programmme can also receive data from the Sentinel satellites using their national ground stations. These data, as well as the data in the PAC archives, can then be used for regional, national, scientific, official and commercial applications. This ground segment augmenting the core ground segment is designated a “collaborative ground segment”. In the context of this collaborative ground segment, DFD plans to employ its national receiving station in Neustrelitz and its international ground stations near the geographic poles (O’Higgins in the Antactic and Inuvik in northern Canada) to receive and use Sentinel satellite data in partnership with the countries hosting these stations. The technical challenge associated with direct reception of Sentinel satellite data is linked to the requirement for near-real-time services, such as for maritime security. Through its two institutes, the German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD) and the Remote Sensing Technology Institute (IMF), the Earth Observation Center (EOC) was and is significantly involved in almost all of ESA’s Copernicus service elements. EOC also contributed to the precursor and demonstration services in the context of the European Commission’s Seventh Framework Programme, supplemented by EOC participation in national research and demonstration projects relating to Copernicus. On the basis of these projects and in consultation with European users, six core Copernicus services have been identified: Of this broad range of geoinformation services, the four areas of “emergency mapping”, “civil security”, “land monitoring” and “atmosphere” are at the center of EOC interest. In these areas, EOC engaged / engages in the relevant consortia of the Seventh Framework Program, respectively in Horizon2020, in some cases playing a leading role. In the current initial phase of Copernicus core services, EOC particularly contributes to industrial consortia its expertise in the geometric processing and validation of optical data relating to the land services.

Sri Lankan NATIONAL PARKS ALL ANIMAL LOVERS SHOULD VISIT In addition to its rich history, ancient cultures and sunny beach life, the island of Sri Lanka has been identified as one of the world’s 34 biodiversity hotspots, possessing the highest biodiversity per unit area of land in Asia. The country benefits from two distinct monsoons that affect different parts of the island throughout the year, a wide range of altitudes, and a number of national parks and conservation areas that have allowed Sri Lanka’s wildlife to flourish. The exponential growth of the world’s population has led to the destruction of important ecosystems, and national parks are now more important than ever to preserve the homes of the animals that live there. According to Sri Lanka’s Department of Wildlife Conservation, there are 26 declared national parks in the country. Here are three of the best national parks for an animal lover to visit. Yala National Park Yala is arguably Sri Lanka’s most famous wildlife park, and it is the second largest national park in Sri Lanka behind Wilpattu National Park. Located in the southeast corner of the country, around six hours outside of Colombo, Yala’s park consists of five blocks, few of which are open to visitors. The park is known for its range of ecosystems that collides with the island’s coastline, and is home to more than 200 species of birds, and more than 40 different kinds of mammals. Yala has one of the highest population densities of leopards anywhere in the world, and is also one of the best places to spot Sri Lanka’s famous elephants. Visitors may also be able to spot sloth bears, sambar deer, water buffalo, wild boars, mongooses, monkeys and jackals. Yala can generally be visited all year round, but aim for between May and August to spot leopards, elephants and wild boar; deer, crocodiles and birds are more likely to be visible between October and December. Minneriya National Park Located 180 kilometers outside of Colombo in Sri Lanka’s North Central Province, Minneriya National Park is perhaps best known for the gathering: an amazing congregation of more than 300 elephants near Minneriya Lake, that takes place between the months of September and October. The gathering is the largest meeting place of elephants in Asia, and is one of the most awe-inspiring sights to behold for any elephant lover. Minneriya is also home to two of Sri Lanka’s endemic monkey species: the purple-faced langur and the toque macaque. Mammals such as the sambar deer and axis deer may also be spotted, as well as the more elusive leopards and sloth bears that live there. There are also more than 170 species of birds that flit in and out of the park. Bundala National Park Bundala National Park is home to 197 different species of birds, 48 types of reptiles, 32 species of mammals and 15 species of vertebrates. It also hosts more than 50 different varieties of butterflies. Located 245 kilometres from Colombo in Sri Lanka’s Southern Province, the park was the first wetland to be declared a Ramsar Site in Sri Lanka in 1991, meaning that it was designated as a wetland site of international importance. It was subsequently named a UNESCO biosphere reserve, the fourth biosphere reserve in Sri Lanka, in 2005. One of the biggest attractions of Bundala is its massive population of greater flamingos, which visit the park in large flocks of more than 1000 birds. The park is a birdwatcher’s haven, and is home to around 100 species of water birds, half of them being migratory. Other birds that can be seen here include waterfowl, cormorants, grey herons, and rarer species such as the black-necked stork and the Eurasian coot. The park is also a breeding ground for five species of endangered sea-turtles that migrate to Sri Lanka’s shores.

This category is dedicated to Aristotle (382-322BC), the Greek philosopher born in Stagyra, Macedonia. A student of Plato's Academy, he left when a rival was named head and became tutor to Alexander the Great. He later founded his own Athenian school, the Lyceum, but ended his life in exile in the wake of Alexander's death and resurgent anti-Macedonian feeling. Aristotle was a materialist, standing in contrast to his mentor Plato, an idealist; that is, he theorized that substance is the nexus of both form and matter. He was the first philosopher to observe the use of definition, induction, and deduction in the formation of knowledge, and to attempt to correlate all human knowledge into a comprehensive system of ideas. The invention of the syllogism is attributed to him. His contributions to philosophy are too numerous and far-reaching to adequately outline in this space; he impacted the academic study of logic, politics, rhetoric, linguistics, and literature, among other fields. The rediscovery of Aristotle's works in large measure propelled the Italian Renaissance, but also served to undermine the advance of modern science. This subcategory includes links to e-texts, both in HTML and in text format, of the works of the Greek philosopher Aristotle. Aristotle's principle writings include: The Organon (including, among others, The Categories, Topics, and On Sophistical Refutations) On the Heavens On Generation and Corruption History of Animals On the Parts of Animals On the Movement of Animals On the Soul Constitution of Athens

Guide-Book: South-East England HAUNTS OF THE EAST SUSSEX GANGS The smuggling beaches of east Sussex were largely controlled by highly-organized gangs: the Hawkhurst Gang was the most notorious. These "smuggling companies" were frequently based in coastal hamlets, but were as likely to conduct their business operations from an inland centre on the route to the main market in London. The core of gang members would thus not have been seamen, and farmed out the channel crossing to others — often local fishermen — or to French ships. As landsmen, the gang's talents lay in raising capital and arranging distribution. Much of the contraband entering the country across the sand and shingle coasts of Romney Marsh was shipped on packhorses to London, soon passing through the sleepy hamlet of Hawkhurst ten miles or so inland. In the 1730s this collection of scattered farms and houses was the headquarters of the most notorious gang in the history of English smuggling. The Hawkhurst gang probably don't hold any special records: other gangs were longer-lived; a few could probably muster as many tub-carriers and batsmen on the beach; and it's likely that individuals in other smuggling gangs were equally violent. However, the Hawkhurst gang had the questionable benefit of especially good (or bad) public relations. The account of the trial of two of the gang members for the torture and murder of two men in 1748 makes grisly reading, and almost certainly played a major part in turning the tide of public opinion against the smugglers. The Hawkhurst gang formed as a separate entity in the mid-1730s. An isolated reference to the gang appeared in 1735, and within five years the company had been consolidated into the powerful fighting force that was to dominate Kentish smuggling for the next decade. In 1740 the gang ambushed a group of customs officers at Robertsbridge, and recovered a cargo of contraband tea that had been seized in a barn at Etchingham. The gang soon escalated their operations, and perhaps because of the sheer scale of the landings, they cooperated with other local smugglers. However, these joint ventures were somewhat unequal partnerships, and it was always clear who was in command. When the Hawkhurst and Wingham gangs joined forces in 1746 to unload 11½ tons(!) of tea, an uneasy alliance evidently turned to open warfare. The Wingham men tried to leave the landing site at Sandwich Bay prematurely, and were set upon by their collaborators. After a sword-fight in which seven of the Wingham men were injured, the Hawkhurst gang left the scene taking with them 40 horses belonging to the other gang. In Hawkhurst village various prominent members owned property in the area that was extensively used — or even purpose-built — for smuggling activity. Highgate House used to be a hiding place for contraband; Hawkhurst Place was said to have had a tunnel linking it to Island Pond; and Tudor Hall was supposedly linked by another tunnel to the Home Farm on the Tonges Estate. Tubs Lake and Smuggley were staging posts for contraband coming up from the coast. However, the most imposing monument to the profits to be made from smuggling was probably the mansion built by the gang's financier Arthur Gray at Seacox Heath (the smugglers were known locally as 'Seacocks' but the name of the heath is very much older). The mansion, nicknamed 'Gray's Folly', incorporated various hiding holes for smuggled goods and even a bonded store. Unfortunately the grand mansion has been demolished but Seacox Heath still remains. It is widely stated that Oak and Ivy Inn was the headquarters of the Hawkhurst gang, but the deeds of the pub do not bear this out: it was not licensed as an inn or alehouse before the mid 19th century. By the late 1840s, the Hawkhurst gang had developed unprecedented power, and boasted that it could assemble 500 men in the space of a couple of hours. In the absence of any effective policing, this disreputable group soon became a law unto themselves, taking without payment whatever they wished from the local farmers and merchants, and answering tolerance and patience with aggression and insult. Their activities did not go entirely unresisted, though. The most spectacular instance of rebellion by the much-abused Men of Kent came in 1747, with a showdown at Goudhurst (see below). The gang suffered a humiliating defeat at the hands of the citizens of Goudhurst, but the battle proved to be only a temporary setback, and Hawkhurst men continued to operate in the area albeit with a lower profile. The final break-up came at the end of the 1740s, with the execution of the gang’s leaders, Arthur Gray (1748) and Thomas Kingsmill (1749). You can read the account of Gray's trial by clicking here, and that of Kingsmill here. 4m NW of Cranbrook TQ7237 (map 188). The Star and Eagle still sits cheek-by-jowl with the church at the top of the village. Spyways is a short distance down the hill on the same side of the road — a stout oak door up a few steps reminds the visitor that the house once served as the village jail. The battle took place at the top of the village, along the road leading in from Hawkhurst. Since Goudhurst is so picturesque, it attracts crowds on summer weekends. Park outside the village if possible. By 1747 the Hawkhurst gang had extended their sphere of influence to include this pleasant village, where the gang used 'Spyways' on the main street, and the Star and Eagle Inn near the church. The unfortunate citizens of Goudhurst were, it seems, able to do little but comply when the Hawkhurst gang demanded horses, help or just money. Eventually, though, the villagers rebelled, and organized a vigilante group to defend themselves from their unpopular neighbours. In April they formed the Goudhurst Band of Militia, an armed self-defense group led by a recently-discharged soldier. Despite attempts to conceal these plans, news of the Goudhurst group reached Hawkhurst, and the leader of the gang vowed to sack the village of Goudhurst and murder all the inhabitants. With extraordinary arrogance, the gang leader Thomas Kingsmill even made an appointment — April 20th. When the Hawkhurst men appeared, stripped to the waist and armed to the teeth, Goudhurst was ready. GPR James gives a dramatized account of the battle in his novel The Smuggler. He describes how the villagers united, and prepared to defend themselves with ancient (and inaccurate) fowling pieces. On the day of the battle the women and children were sent to the next village, while the men gathered on the porch of the church, and cast bullets in the churchyard. The battle was short-lived: it's clear that the smugglers expected little resistance from the village, and turned tail when they suffered a few casualties. This village was the scene of a bloody battle involving members of the Hawkhurst gang. One of the gang (nicknamed 'Trip') discovered that 15cwt of tea which had been seized earlier was on its way back to Hastings under guard, and rode around the neighbourhood drumming up support for a rescue attempt. About 30 smugglers assembled, fortifying themselves with a drink and an oath before ambushing the wagon-load of tea on the steep hill at Robertsbridge. In the battle for the tea a customs officer was shot dead, and the party of dragoons taken captive — one of them was seriously injured. The choice of Robertsbridge as a point of ambush was a shrewd one, since the hill there was notorious, and the town equally well-known for its smuggling inhabitants, as Horace Walpole wryly observed: ...we got up, or down, I forget which, a famous precipice called Silverhill, and about ten at night arrived at a wretched village called Robertsbridge...But alas! there was only one bed to be had; all the rest were inhabited by smugglers, whom the people of the house called mountebanks ... We did not take at all to this society, but, armed with links and lanthorns, set out again on this impracticable journey. At two O'clock in the morning we got hither to a still worse inn, and that crammed with excise officers, one of whom had just shot a smuggler. TQ5826 8m S of Tunbridge Wells (map 199). Take the A267 into Mayfield from Tunbridge Wells; on entering the village the road veers sharp right into the High Street, but instead turn left down Fletching street to find the locations described below. The village of Mayfield was the base for a powerful company that flourished for a few years in the early part of the 18th century. The group was led by Gabriel Tomkins (who later turned from poacher to gamekeeper). They landed contraband along the length of the Sussex coastline, and into Kent. Favourite haunts included Lydd, Fairlight, Hastings, Eastbourne, Seaford and Goring. Tomkins was suspected of the murder of a Riding officer in 1717, and his fellow gang members were scarcely less desperate. When two of their number were captured at Dungeness and imprisoned at Lydd, the Mayfield smugglers charged up the stairs firing their pistols and released the pair. Tomkins himself was wounded in this affray. Such extreme measures weren't always needed. Faced with opposition on the beaches where they landed goods, the Mayfield gang preferred simply to restrain the customs men, rather than beating them senseless. Gabriel Tomkins' half brother was at one point wanted for tieing up a customs officer on Seaford beach during a run, and on another occasion the gang did the same to a preventive on Goring beach, throwing him into a ditch for good measure. The gang were slippery customers, and narrowly evaded conviction several times. Sensibly they'd resist arrest when possible, but even if detained the group had an handful of aces up their sleeves. Frequently they won the sympathy of the local magistrate, who dismissed the case and sometimes even ordered the imprisonment or flogging of the arresting officer. And behind bars the Mayfield men found ways of securing their freedom — they often bribed the gaolers, or were rescued from the prison cells by their contemporaries. Gabriel Tomkins was first brought to justice in 1721, when he was captured at Nutley after a chase from Burwash. Though he bribed his gaoler and escaped he was caught again and stood trial in London. On conviction he was sentenced to transportation, but provided the authorities with so much useful information that they freed him — only to re-arrest him three years later, and again in 1729. This time, he gave evidence to an inquiry into corruption in the customs service, and clearly made a great impression on his captors. Far for being punished for his claims to have smuggled 11 tons of tea and coffee in a year, Tomkins was rewarded with the post of riding officer, and within 6 years had risen to a high rank in the customs service. However, old habits die hard, and Tomkins slipped quietly out of his job in 1741 to resume activities on the wrong side of the law. In 1746 he robbed the Chester Mail, and the following year helped the Hawkhurst gang in a robbery at Selbourne. It was the mail robbery that proved to be his undoing — Tomkins' long and chequered career ended on the gallows in 1750. There are still a few reminders of smuggling days in Mayfield, though none that can definitely be connected with the gang. A little way down Fletching Street on the left there is a curious tall house built like a layer cake — masonry at the bottom, then half-timber and brick, then clapper-board, and tiles on up to the roof. This building was cleverly equipped with two cellars in order to fool the excisemen. Stop at the Carpenter's Arms and walk down the side road facing the pub. Smugglers' Lane, an overgrown footpath leading downhill on the left just before a white clapper-board house, was a regular trade route for taking goods inland. The Groombridge gang rose to prominence in the 1730s, landing contraband at Lydd, Fairlight, Bulverhythe and Pevensey. Like other gangs, this team reveled in nicknames; Flushing Jack, Bulverhythe Tom, Towzer, Old Joll, Toll, The Miller, Yorkshire George, and Nasty Face all humped kegs and bales off the beaches or stood guard. These names weren't just familiarities — they hid the identities of the people involved. Official records first feature the Groombridge men in 1733. 30 of them were ferrying tea inland from Romney Marsh via Iden in a convoy of 50 horses when three preventive men, two dragoons and a foot soldier made the mistake of challenging the convoy at Stonecrouch. For their interest the customs men were disarmed, and their guns made useless; they were then marched at gun-point for four hours to Groombridge, and on to Lamberhurst, where their weapons were returned to them after they had promised not to renew the pursuit. By 1737 the gang were said to be terrorizing the area, and the military were sent to Groombridge to restore order. In the same year an informer who signed himself simply 'Goring' provided a detailed insight into the gang's activities, referring directly to an armed clash at Bulverhythe : This is the seventh time Morten's people have workt this winter, and have not lost anything but one half-hundred [weight] of tea they gave to a Dragoon and one officer they met with the first [run] of this winter. In 1740 the Groombridge gang were implicated in the attack at Robertsbridge on the customs men carrying seized tea to Hastings, and they continued to operate up to the end of the decade, when an informer provided information that led to the round up and subsequent trial of the majority of the gang's leading lights. Hooe is at TQ6809 4m NE of Hailsham. Boreham Street (TQ6611) is on the A271 Bexhill Road The Smuggler's Wheel restaurant is in the middle of the village on the main road. Herstmonceux church is close to the castle and observatory, about 1½ miles south of the A271 on Chapel Row (map 199) The informer who painted such a detailed picture of the Groombridge company's efforts also pointed the finger at a smuggling company from Hooe, nearer the coast, and though we know little about this group, it's clear that the two gangs cooperated in landing goods on the Sussex coast. In Hooe village the Red Lion Inn was the gang's headquarters. The lime trees that still stand outside signify — like the ship fresco in Snargate church — that this was a safe haven for smugglers. Numerous places close to Hooe are known to have been used for concealing contraband, so perhaps the the gang was among those who used the ghostly reputation of Herstmonceux churchyard to deter visitors while they stored goods in the table-tombs there. At Boreham Street, closer still to Hooe village, you can still see a shaft and winch that smugglers used to lower goods down into a cellar. The house is now a restaurant that takes its name from the winch wheel, and in the restaurant garden there are the remains of a tunnel leading away from cellar. Two centuries of erosion have changed the shape of the Sussex coast, creating cliffs where once there was Britain's most famous cart gap. Crowlink, as it was called, provided easy access to the sea, and the east Sussex gangs from Alfriston, Jevington and farther inland took full advantage of the spot to haul contraband from their beached ships. The gap gave its name to the illicit gin that entered England here: 'Genuine Crowlink' was a guarantee of a good drink. During a period when illegally imported goods could be legally sold over the bar, some landlords even chalked this slogan on the gin barrels. Market Cross House (now Ye Olde Smugglers Inn) in the centre of Alfriston was the headquarters of one of the lesser East Sussex gangs. Though the house was standing well before the 18th century, it lent itself admirably to the gang's purposes, since it had at one time 21 rooms, six staircases and 48 doors: the maze of passageways and doors made escape easier in the event of an unwelcome caller, and tunnels reputedly led away from the house to nearby buildings and off to Wilmington. The leader of the gang, Stanton Collins, seems to have used the house to great advantage, since the gang were singularly successful at eluding the customs authorities... 'For years they defied the law, and although many outrages committed at the time were attributed to them, they plied their trade with so much caution that no real evidence could be brought against them. No doubt this was in a measure owing to the connivance of the inhabitants [of Alfriston]...' One of the 'outrages' referred to was the death of a patrolling customs man at Cuckmere Haven. Fearing that his attentions would interfere with their landing, the gang moved the lumps of white chalk that the officer used as way-markers for his moonlight sorties along the cliff-edge. Instead of leading him safely along the coast path, the stones lured the poor man over the parapet. Hearing his cries as he tumbled from the precipice, the gang emerged from hiding, only to find the man desperately hanging by his fingertips. Deaf to pleas for mercy, one of the gang cynically trod on their adversary's finger-tips, sending him tumbling to the rocks below. The break-up of the gang came only when their leader was transported for seven years for stealing sheep. TQ5601, about 5 miles NE of Eastbourne on the B2105 (map 199) . Thorpe cottage is almost opposite the pub in the centre of Jevington; it is now renamed King's Farthing. The Rectory is a little way south of the Eight Bells. Filching Manor (TQ569030) is a beautiful and ancient building about 1¼ miles north of the village. Birling Gap, where the Jevington smugglers landed their goods, has suffered from coastal erosion, and the beach is now approached down a flight of stairs. The gap is at a bend in the minor road leading from Eastdean to Beachy Head (TV554960). There is a large car-park and a cafe. The Jevington smugglers used Crowlink, and additionally landed goods at Birling Gap. They were led by James Petit or Jevington Jig who, like Gabriel Tomkins of Mayfield, tried his hand at many occupations. His regular trade was as innkeeper at Jevington, but smuggling came a close second, and he also turned to horse stealing and various other petty crimes. Again like Tomkins, Jevington Jig turned his coat at various stages in his career: he acted as an informer (for which treachery he nearly paid with his life when chased by a mob at Lewes) and cooperated with customs officers in 1792 in the seizure of a haul of tobacco. Jevington Jig probably regarded collaboration as a last resort: he was certainly nothing if not resourceful in avoiding this undesirable option. On one occasion he disguised himself in women's clothing and rushed in theatrical hysterics from his inn when it was encircled by the authorities. Only his heavy boots, which showed beneath the petticoats, gave the game away. The Jevington gang left their mark on the buildings in the village: there was once a tunnel linking the Eight Bells to Thorpe Cottage, and to the nearby church; tombs in the churchyard were reputedly once used to store contraband. Filching Manor has a subterranean passage leading away from its cellars, and a concealed cupboard in what is now the drawing room. Jevington Rectory also had large cellars that formed a convenient storage spot. A lantern-carry bodyguard Author's additions and amplifications in square brackets Piper, 1970 Padgen, 1948 My thanks to Mr Foulkes-Halbard of Filching Manor for permitting me to photograph his splendid house.

Shop. Donate. Volunteer. More than 20 years ago, two mothers met regularly with their developmental pediatrician to find ways to help their children with autism. That was the beginning of Southwest Autism Research and Resource Center (SARRC). The center’s programs, services and research help autistic individuals of all ages develop skills to help them engage in the community and live independent lives. On a yearly average, SARRC supports 1,000 children, teens and adults gain skills and confidence. For their adult clients, SARRC’s Beneficial Beans social enterprise program was formed and began a community garden. The Beneficial Beans Garden serves as an internship site where clients participate in a 12-week pre- employment program within the urban garden, learning valuable skills as they prepare to enter the workforce. Beneficial Beans offers The Community Supportive Architectural Program, CSAP, where the public can support the program by enrolling to receive a weekly bag of seasonal produce from the community garden. An online store also offers its signature coffee beans, mugs, T-shirts, planters, water bottles and eggs, and 100 percent of the money is put back into SARRC. April is National Autism Awareness Month, and, on April 26, the organization will celebrate its 20th Annual Community Breakfast. For more information, visit ShopBeneficialBeans.org.

The way to build a strong math foundation Deeply personalized, adaptive, standards-aligned Grade 3 lessons Multiplication Area Models DreamBox uses area models to help develop multiplicative thinking. In a series of activities, a given rectangle is covered using smaller rectangles. As grid lines are removed, students work with open arrays. As rectangles are moved, students are exploring the big ideas in multiplication: distributive, associative, and commutative properties. Placing Fractions on the Number Line An understanding of fractions as real numbers with value and magnitude is fundamental to understanding the nature of fractions as well as how to perform fraction operations. This lesson engages students in actively placing fractions in their correct location on the number line. A number line representation ensures students understand how to compare and order fractions apart from any specific part-whole context. Instead of using a particular context—such as dividing an object into three equal parts—students use landmark fractions and numbers to place fractions on a number line, from 0 to 1 and from 0 to 2. Grade 3 Teacher Tools & Sample Lesson Plans Ready to use in Grade 3 classrooms with any type of interactive white board, DreamBox Teacher Tools are virtual manipulatives designed to help teach the concepts students need to learn—and to reinforce Common Core standards. Based on cognitive research that shows how children really learn, DreamBox’s engaging, high-quality virtual manipulatives help motivate and guide learners at every level to persist, progress, and achieve math proficiency. Making math meaningful These Teacher Tools help bring math to life for all students in large- or small-group instructional settings. Any teacher can use these online math tools—TenFrames, MathRacks, and other innovative tools—with your interactive white board or projector to make math lessons clear for your whole class. Supporting professional development When teachers access DreamBox Teacher Tools, they’ll also find tutorials about using the manipulatives and ideas for incorporating the tools into classroom lessons. And we provide resources that support the professional development of teachers as they learn to include the virtual manipulatives in their lesson plans. See Grade 3 sample lesson plans - Ordering Fractions on the Number Line - Using Landmark Numbers to Add on the Open Number Line - Decomposing Fractions Using Time or Money

Angling for Insight: Examining the Recreational Fishing Community's Knowledge, Perceptions, Practices, and Preferences to Inform Rockfish Recovery Planning in Puget Sound, Washington Sawchuk, Jennifer Heibult MetadataShow full item record An ever-growing body of literature highlights the importance of understanding user groups and stakeholders in conjunction with biological information to manage and recover threatened or endangered species. Stakeholder support is especially important to manage less charismatic or "little known" species. A representative survey of boat-based anglers (n = 443) was developed to this end with respect to rockfish (Sebastes spp.) in Puget Sound, Washington. Survey results discuss anglers' relative knowledge of rockfish life history, regulations, and species familiarity; perceptions about threats to rockfish; fishing practices; and preferences for recovery measures. Findings indicated that support for rockfish recovery was associated with anglers who historically fished for rockfish, yet few anglers took specific fishing trips to target them. Preferences for rockfish recovery measures among anglers varied. Multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that knowledge of rockfish life history was a significant explanatory variable for only some recovery preferences, namely for marine protected areas. Additionally, perceptions of rockfish threat type were the most important explanatory variables for recovery preferences - more important than rockfish knowledge, fishing experience, group association, or other demographic variables. Findings can inform managers' planning as they seek methods to: 1) encourage rockfish conservation through targeted education, 2) obtain more accurate records of self-reported released catch, 3) bridge gaps between scientific evidence and commonly-held beliefs, and 4) increase the efficacy of future management actions. - Marine affairs

Sleep apnea is a disorder that causes interruptions of breathing during sleep ("apnea" is a medical term meaning "without breath.") Two studies presented at a medical conference in San Francisco in May 2012 documented a link between sleep apnea and cancer. One investigation, from Spain, followed about 5,200 patients for seven years and found that those with the most severe form of sleep apnea had a 65 percent greater risk of developing cancer. None of the patients had cancer at the start of the study. The other study, from Wisconsin, included 1,500 government workers who had sleep apnea and found that those with the most severe breathing abnormalities died of cancer at five times the rate of people who had no night-time breathing problems. Neither study identified the types of cancer that occurred in the patients studied. The researchers adjusted for the possibilities that the cancers were linked to other risk factors such as smoking, age, weight, physical activity and drinking alcohol. Sleep apnea is known to increase the risks of high blood pressure, heart attack, and stroke. Symptoms include heavy snoring, periods of not breathing, and waking frequently during the night. The disorder is most common among men, affecting four percent of middle-aged men and about two percent of middle-aged women, although it can occur at any age. Some 28 million Americans are known to have some form of sleep apnea. The breathing problems occur when soft tissue in the back of the throat relaxes or sags during sleep, blocking the airway. In some cases, excess tissue in obese individuals narrows the airway. Airway obstruction can lead to as many as 20 to 60 interruptions of breathing per hour; more than 30 breathing interruptions per hour is considered severe. The studies linking sleep apnea to cancer found that the greater the extent of oxygen deprivation during sleep, the greater the chance that those affected would be diagnosed with cancer during the study period. The Wisconsin study found that the rate of death of patients with moderate sleep apnea was twice that of people without the breathing disorder. Those with severe sleep apnea died at a rate that was nearly five times that of people who don’t have the disorder. Animal studies have suggested that oxygen deprivation fosters cancer progression. When mice with malignant tumors are put in low-oxygen environments that simulate sleep apnea effects, their cancers grow more quickly. There’s also the possibility that depriving mice of oxygen triggers the development of more blood vessels (to compensate for the lack of oxygen delivered to tissues) and that this may spur tumor growth. Neither of the studies looked at whether treatment for sleep apnea reduces the cancer risk. However, the Wisconsin researchers reported that the cancer link became stronger when they controlled the results to eliminate patients who were being treated with CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) to keep their airways open during sleep. More research is needed to confirm these findings and learn more about the link between cancer and sleep apnea. Andrew Weil, M.D.

Apple operations chief Jeff Williams says that ResearchKit — the suite of medical research tools for the iPhone that Apple launched in March— has already helped researchers make a lot of interesting discoveries. Apple originally partnered with five different companies and research centers to create apps that study Parkinson's, diabetes, asthma, breast cancer, and heart disease. With the assurance that Apple itself will never see their data, iPhone owners can use the apps, letting researchers collect huge amounts of data "at a fraction of the cost." William's said on stage at Re/code's Code Conference on Wednesday that data from the Parkinson's app in particular has already surfaced some valuable insight for researchers. The Parkinson's app, called Parkinson mPower (which stands for Mobile Parkinson Observatory for Worldwide, Evidenced-based Research), was developed by the non-profit research organization Sage Bionetworks in partnership with two University of Rochester physicians, Dorsey and Karl Kieburtz, and Aston University mathematics professor Max Little. For example, comparing the tests of people who have Parkinson's and who use the app to the results of people who decided to join the app as part of the control group, Williams says that researchers made a startling observation: Amongst the people who signed up as part of the control group, some of them exhibited symptoms similar to those who have Parkinson's. This could mean several things, including — potentially — that some of the people in the "control" group may have the disease as well. Since ResearchKit isn't a legal diagnostic tool yet, these results are still very preliminary. Plus, the study was only observational, meaning the researchers have no direct control over the experiment (they can't assign some people to develop Parkinson's and others to not develop it) and simply observe the way participants use the app. Another valuable data point comes from looking at how people's medication affects their test results. After someone with Parkinson's takes their medicine, for example, that person should ideally have an easier time completing the app's tests, which include recording their voice and tapping their phone's screen as fast as they can. Subtle voice changes in tremor and volume as well as changes in dexterity have been shown to be a good way to measure the severity of Parkinson's symptoms, according to the University of Rochester Medical Center. For many of the app's recent users who reported taking their medicine regularly, however, their test results did not appear to improve significantly, said Williams. That's incredibly useful data for patients and doctors who want to see what effect — if any — their medication is having. "If we only got these two learnings out of this app, it would already be worth it," Williams says. In addition to its data on Parkison's, said Williams, another app called the asthma app is helping researchers at Mount Sinai pinpoint different triggers for asthma. In Texas, for example, heat came up as one of the main possible triggers for asthma in people who use the app. In New York, on the other hand, the most popular trigger amongst users appeared to be anger. Getting that information only took researchers weeks and months instead of years, like it usually would, Williams said.

Have you noticed how the work of God is many times done in inopportune times, and at inconvenient hours? Jesus came in the midst of the political turmoil caused by a Roman occupation. Due to the emperor's edict, his birth took place in the home town of his clan, rather than in his mother's cozy bed in their Nazareth home. The young couple most likely joined a caravan making the 80 mile trip south for the census, and their plodding journey lasted nearly a week. Upon their arrival, they were unable to have a quiet corner in the town's hostel because of the flood of tax payers inundating the City of David. Instead of a comfortable room, Mary and Joseph lodged in the stable with the other patrons' donkeys. Instead of a professional midwife, Joseph was most likely the one who delivered Mary's first-born. Following the baby's initial cries and his parents' joyful amazement at the perfection of his tiny fingers and toes, little Jesus was rocked to sleep by his young mother, and both snoozed in an animal trough heaped with hay until the angels' jubilant midnight concert resulted in the arrival of a group of ragtag shepherds who knelt before the Christ Child in expectant adoration. "Joy to the world; the Lord has come!" Arab Spring, the "fiscal cliff", and everything is now Made in China, yet ever since Saint Nicholas began dropping coins in poor children's shoes, Christmas has been celebrated by children and parents in many parts of the world. Nicholas was a Greek orphan from a wealthy Christian family--raised by his uncle--and grew up in modern-day Turkey. He is the patron saint of children, as well as sailors and merchants, and it was through the latter that his story spread eastward into Europe where he became known as Sinterklaas in the Netherlands. His modern English name "Santa Claus" is derived from the Dutch. Paintings of Nicholas often show him in a bishop's red cloak, sporting white hair and a beard. (He was also an early crusader against human trafficking, having paid the dowry for three young ladies from an impoverished family in order to prevent their sale into prostitution.) The house at the North Pole, elves, sleigh, and flying reindeer evolved from Clement Clark Moore's poem, published in the Troy, New York, Sentinel on December 23, 1823. We all know it as, "The Night before Christmas." The celebration of Christmas traveled to Africa--the continent that had sheltered Jesus from Herod the mad king--in the late 1400s. Our Ghanaian language tutor told us the original meaning for Christmas, or Bronya is, "The white man has a good thing going." Christmas Day in Africa finds believers in church, dressed in their finest. Children usually have some new toys--plastic sunglasses or whistles--and candy. They liked to come to our gate and say, "Please give me bonbons." One Christmas in our rookie first term we wanted to do something special, so Bill purchased a giant bag of candy and went for a walk to pass out the delicacies--one piece at a time--to the children who were our neighbors. A few minutes later Sonia looked out the window of our home in the village of Santrokofi Benua to see him briskly moving toward our gate, pursued by what seemed to be over 100 children and a good number of adults. Every few steps, he would reach into the bag, grab a handful of candy and toss it over the crowd. The mob would relax its hold on Bill as some collected the treats, but others kept coming until the next handful was tossed. Fortunately the candy and the road concluded at the same time. He reached the gate with the candy distributed, although not in the orderly fashion he had in mind at the beginning of his expedition! We also remember our missionary colleagues Ralph and Rosemary Hollandsworth and their hospitality when we shared Christmas together in their home in Saltpond, Ghana. When these two were pastoring a small church in Colorado before coming to Africa, they made ends meet by selling home-made candy, a skill they exercised on the field to our delight. Then there was the first Christmas in Chad when Gwen and Beth came home from boarding high school in 1999. There was nothing to buy in the N'Djamena grand marché to give as gifts. They decided Dad should not be left with an empty stocking on Christmas morning so they took an old pen from his desk drawer and borrowed a lump of charcoal from our watchman Nathan, wrapped them and put them in his stocking. Guess he was naughty and not nice that year! In one of Sonia's English classes in Moundou, Chad, Zamassing, a student who had viewed the Jesus film in his neighborhood, raised his hand to ask when movies were invented. She told him that they had been developed about a century ago. A puzzled frown began to form between his eyebrows. At first his next question seemed unrelated. "How long ago did Jesus live on earth?" he asked. Sonia explained that he was born over 2,000 years ago. "Then how did they make the Jesus film?" he asked in amazement. Zamassing believed he had watched the real Jesus in the movie. May it be true that we would see the real Jesus through the glitter and glitz of this holiday season! Assemblies of God missionaries to the people of the DR Congo

The origin of Christmas gift giving is actually a relic of an old pagan custom called the winter solstice a holiday that was first celebrated in ancient Rome. People exchanged gifts during the holiday called Saturnalia. Saturnalia was a holiday observed between Dec. 17 to Dec. 23 and later extended to Dec. 25 (depending on which calendar you go by). This holiday was to honor the false god of Saturn, and was renowned and famous for wild parties, gift giving and sacrificing humans on Dec. 25 after subjecting them to cruel tortures and forcing them to do illicit sex acts in the days leading up to their deaths when they were murdered as a sacrifice to the false god of Saturn. The first recorded date of December 25th being celebrated as Christmas was in 336 during the time of Roman Emperor Constantine's reign (the first Christian Roman Emperor). Pope Julius I officially declared that December 25th would be the date that people would celebrate Jesus Christ's birth. Gifts were Given After People Were Sacrificed At the Temple of Saturn "The holiday Saturnalia was celebrated with a sacrifice at the Temple of Saturn, in the Roman Forum, and a public banquet, followed by private gift-giving, continual partying, and a carnival atmosphere that overturned Roman social norms: gambling was permitted, and masters provided table service for their slaves.The poet Catullus called it "the best of days". It was the Roman equivalent to the earlier Greek holiday of Kronia, which was celebrated during the Attic month of Hekatombaion in late midsummer (1). No where in the bible is there an example of a birthday for Jesus or for any followers of Christ. However, Gifts were brought to Christ by the Wise men because they knew He was a King, the Son of God and not as a birthday celebration. It was commonplace during this period, for gifts to be brought to newborn kings. Christmas is not mentioned or celebrated in the Holy Bible. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica Blog, Christmas was not celebrated by original Christians but was celebrated in the 3rd century as the Winter Solstice following a Roman festival called Saturnalia where people exchanged gifts. Christmas was also celebrated as a birthday for a popular false god of light and loyalty called Mithra (2) Can Christ Be Glorified Through A Holiday Steeped in Pagan Rituals? David C. Pack states, "Why do people think that Christmas is wonderful? It certainly felt wonderful to me. I trusted what my parents told me. I had no reason to doubt them. They were merely teaching me what their parents had taught them. I never questioned the true origin of Christmas! Every aspect of Christmas has pagan origins. There is no way that Christ could be glorified by pagan rituals even though man has attached His Holy name to this pagan holiday-it is still in fact based on pagan rituals. Most never reflect on why they believe what they believe or do what they do. We live in a world filled with customs, but few ever seek to understand their origin. We generally accept them without question. Most people basically do what everyone else does—because it is easy and natural! Let’s carefully examine the roots of Christmas. Let’s look at why people follow the customs associated with it. Why is it kept on December 25th? Did the early New Testament Church keep it? This booklet is filled with facts from history that, when placed together, paint a complete picture. Let’s avoid all assumptions and only accept what can be proven!"

Harvard/Argonne team clears up a decades-old mystery about the reverse Hall effect in high-temperature superconductors. Phase transitions occur when a substance changes from a solid, liquid or gaseous state to a different state — like ice melting or vapor condensing. During these phase transitions, there is a point at which the system can display properties of both states of matter simultaneously. A similar effect occurs when normal metals transition into superconductors — characteristics fluctuate and properties expected to belong to one state carry into the other. Scientists at Harvard have developed a bismuth-based, two-dimensional superconductor that is only one nanometer thick. By studying fluctuations in this ultra-thin material as it transitions into superconductivity, the scientists gained insight into the processes that drive superconductivity more generally. Because they can carry electric currents with near-zero resistance, as they are improved, superconducting materials will have applications in virtually any technology that uses electricity. The Harvard scientists used the new technology to experimentally confirm a 23-year-old theory of superconductors developed by scientist Valerii Vinokur from the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Argonne National Laboratory. “Sometimes you discover something new and exotic, but sometimes you just confirm that you do, after all, understand the behavior of the every-day thing that is right in front of you.” — Valerii Vinokur, Argonne Distinguished Fellow, Materials Science division. One phenomenon of interest to scientists is the complete reversal of the well-studied Hall effect when materials transition into superconductors. When a normal, non-superconducting material carries an applied current and is subjected to a magnetic field, a voltage is induced across the material. This normal Hall effect has the voltage pointing in a specific direction depending on the orientation of the field and current. Interestingly, when materials become superconductors, the sign of the Hall voltage reverses. The “positive” end of the material becomes the “negative.” This is a well-known phenomenon. But while the Hall effect has long been a major tool that scientists use to study the types of electronic properties that make a material a good superconductor, the cause of this reverse Hall effect has remained mysterious to scientists for decades, especially in regard to high-temperature superconductors for which the effect is stronger. In 1996, theorist Vinokur, an Argonne Distinguished Fellow, and his colleagues presented a comprehensive description of this effect (and more) in high-temperature superconductors. The theory took into account all of the driving forces involved, and it included so many variables that testing it experimentally seemed unrealistic — until now. “We believed we had really solved these problems,” said Vinokur, “but the formulas felt useless at the time, because they included many parameters that were difficult to compare with experiments using the technology that existed then.” Scientists knew that the reverse Hall effect results from magnetic vortices that crop up in the superconducting material placed in the magnetic field. Vortices are points of singularity in the liquid of superconducting electrons — Cooper pairs — around which Cooper pairs flow, creating circulating superconducting micro-currents that bring novel features in the physics of the Hall effect in the material. Normally, distribution of electrons in the material causes the Hall voltage, but in superconductors, vortices move under the applied current, which creates electronic pressure differences that are mathematically similar to those that keep an airplane in flight. These pressure differences change the course of the applied current like the wings of an airplane change the course of the air passing by, uplifting the plane. The vortex motion redistributes electrons differently, changing the direction of the Hall voltage to the opposite of the usual purely electronic Hall voltage. The 1996 theory quantitatively described the effects of these vortices, which had only been qualitatively understood. Now, with a novel material that took Harvard scientists five years to develop, the theory was tested and confirmed. The bismuth-based thin material is virtually only one atomic layer thick, making it essentially two-dimensional. It is one of the only of its kind, a thin-film high-temperature superconductor; production of the material alone is a technological breakthrough in superconductor science. “By reducing the dimensions from three to two, the fluctuations of the properties in the material become much more apparent and easier to study,” said Philip Kim, a lead scientist in the Harvard group. “We created an extreme form of the material that allowed us to quantitatively address the 1996 theory.” One prediction of the theory was that the anomalous reverse Hall effect could exist outside of the temperatures at which the material is a superconductor. This study offered a quantitative description of the effect that perfectly matched the theoretical predictions. “Before we were sure of the role vortices play in the reverse Hall effect, we couldn’t use it reliably as a measuring tool,” said Vinokur. “Now that we know we were correct, we can use the theory to study other fluctuations in the transition phase, ultimately leading to better understanding of superconductors.” Although the material in this study is two-dimensional, the scientists believe that the theory applies to all superconductors. Future research will include deeper study of the materials — the behavior of the vortices even has application in mathematical research. Vortices are examples of topological objects, or objects with unique geometrical properties. They are currently a popular topic in mathematics because of the ways they form and deform and how they change the properties of a material. The 1996 theories used topology to describe the behavior of the vortices, and topological properties of matter could carry a lot of new physics. “Sometimes you discover something new and exotic,” said Vinokur about the research, “but sometimes you just confirm that you do, after all, understand the behavior of the every-day thing that is right in front of you.” A paper describing the results of the study, titled “Sign reversing Hall effect in atomically thin high-temperature superconductors,” was published on June 21 in Physical Review Letters. The work was funded by DOE’s Office of Basic Energy Science, Center for Emergent Superconductivity (an Energy Frontier Research Center), and multiple Strategic Partnership Project sponsors. Comment this news or article

This tutorial covers the use of the Max hi object, an interface with HID devices connected to your computer. We will see how to discover, select and process data from these common devices. The HID (Human Interface Device) protocol allows a physical controller to connect to a computer without device-specific drivers. The computer is able to query the device for information about itself, and can present this interface to the user. HID-compliant controllers include joysticks, gamepads, some mice and graphics tablets, touchscreens, and a wide variety of other interfaces designed to communicate with the computer for real-time control. While HID devices are typically designed for use by the gaming community, they are often used by Max performers, since they tend to be inexpensive and flexible; the most common HID device is a game-style joystick, which can provide an extraordinary number of interface tools in a small, portable package. Take a look at the tutorial. This entire patch is based around the hi object – Max’s interface with HID devices. This object provides all of the information we need to interface with joysticks, drawing pads and other controllers. In order to see the devices that are available to the hi object, click on the message box. The hi object will respond by listing all of your available HID devices (as well as some information on them) in the Max Window. The list begins with version information and a count of all the available HID devices. You will probably be surprised to see that your computer already has a number of devices available. Each of these devices is listed by name, followed by a notation of the number of elements for that device. Elements are the individual control parameters available from the device; for example, a simple game controller might include four joystick elements (two joysticks with two axes each), six or more button elements and other assorted controls. There are often more elements than physical controls – these might be for device feedback, or for communication with the connected computer. We will want to have the hi object focus on a single device (in our tests, we used a Logitech Dual Action game controller). You can send a message to the object with the name of the HID device, but it is easier to let the hi object propagate a umenu with the available devices, and use that to select a controller. This is what the message does – when you click on that message box, the right outlet of the hi object outputs the messages necessary to load a umenu with the names of the devices. Taking the second output of the umenu and sending it back to the hi object will allow you to select a device. When you select a menu option, you will notice that the Max Windows says “hi : focusing on your device name”. object is similar to other system interfaces – rather than producing a stream of messages, it waits to be polled (by sending it a message), then outputs any changed values. In the second section of the tutorial patch, you can see that we’ve set up a metro with a ms interval to poll the hi object. If you’ve selected a device, you should now be able to move your controller and see the results displayed in the number boxes below the hi object. The output is a pair of numbers: the first number is the index, while the second number contains the last received from that element. Another option for polling the hi object is to use its built-in timer; to do this, you send it a message with an argument for the polling interval. This is a convenient way to set up the hi object with as few additional objects as necessary. Turn off the metro , then click on the message – you will see that the values are still output, based on the object’s ability to self-poll. While the hi object is running, let’s use the output to determine the elements that are available with the device you are using. The patch has a comment box that lists some common elements available with a game controller: in this case, a two-stick control with a four-button game pad. Identifying the available elements is the first step to making a useful Max program for your HID device. Operate the controls on your HID controller, and watch the element/value pair. Each move you make, whether a continuous control or a button push, should produce output. If you are having problems seeing all of the element/value pairs, you could connect a print object to the out of the hi object to view all of the output. If your HID device does not match the parameters listed in the tutorial patch, you will need to determine which controllers are available and useful to you. Once you have a list of controllers that work for your HID device, you can use them to control the rest of your application. In our tutorial patcher, the route object is the perfect tool: it routes messages by the first item in a list (in this case, the element index), and conveniently strips it off for us as well. In this case, we use two elements (hi object has turned complex game controller movements into a simple stream of numbers, we can use it for any processing that Max can perform. and , the joystick controller) to conduct the drawing, two elements ( and , the top and bottom gamepad buttons) for sizing the drawn circle, and two more elements ( and , the left and right gamepad buttons) for clearing and randomizing the color. If you look at the contents of the subpatchers, you will find that the programming is very similar to what we’ve used in previous drawing patches. Since the The HID protocol allows a standardized interface between a computer and relatively inexpensive hardware. The hi object give a Max programmer the ability to use these devices for controlling and manipulating their performance patches. Since there are useful HID devices for almost any task, hi provides an easy interface into physical control of your system. Human Interface (gaming) device input

The search for sub-planetary scale features in other solar systems continues, with encouraging news from the Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler project. A moon around a distant exoplanet is a prize catch, but as we’ve also seen recently, scientists are weighing the possibilities in detecting exoplanetary ring systems (see Searching for Exoplanet Rings). Confirming either would be a major observational step, but exomoons carry the cachet of astrobiology. After all, a large moon around a gas giant in the habitable zone might well be a living world. David Kipping (Harvard University) and colleagues at HEK have released a new study that tackles the question of how detectable exomoons really are. Published online today by the Astrophysical Journal, the paper examines 41 Kepler Objects of Interest, bringing the total number of KOIs surveyed by HEK thus far up to 57. The paper demonstrates that the process is beginning to move out of the realm of computer simulations and assumption-laden theory to actual data from Kepler. The paper’s goal is to determine how small a moon could be detected in each case given the kind of signatures that flag an exomoon’s presence. Image: After surveying nearly 60 exoplanets for moons, the HEK team have derived empirical limits for each world, demonstrating an ability to detect even the smallest moons capable of sustaining an Earth-like atmosphere (“Mini-Earths”) for 1 in 4 cases studied. Whilst a confirmed discovery remains elusive, the painstaking survey of 60 planets spanning several years reveals what is possible with current technology. Credit: The Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler (HEK) Project. An examination of an exoplanet that does not turn up an exomoon thus leads to a statement of how massive a moon has been excluded by the current data, which means the team is learning much about the sensitivity of its methods. From the paper: … based on empirical sensitivity limits, we show for the first time that the HEK project is sensitive to even the smallest moons capable of being Earthlike for 1 in 4 cases (after accounting for false-positives). In terms of planet-mass ratios, we find even that the Earth-Moon mass-ratio is detectable for 1 in 8 of cases, posing a challenge but not an insurmountable barrier. Mass ratios of ∼ 10−4, such as that of the Galilean satellites, have never been achieved. However, if Galilean-like satellites reside around lower-mass planets than Jupiter, of order ∼ 20 M⊕, then we do find sensitivity, as demonstrated by the limit of 1.7 Ganymede masses achieved for Kepler-10c. This is encouraging news, for the team can now make statements about the actual mass of a detectable exomoon. In 1 of 3 planets surveyed, an exomoon with Earth’s mass is detectable. Kipping believes that we can move down to the smallest moon thought capable of supporting an Earth-like atmosphere and still detect it in 1 of 4 of the cases studied. No exomoons have yet been detected but we are learning just what our capabilities are. Says Kipping: “Here we report on our null results and the first estimate of empirical sensitivities. Ultimately, we would like to actually discover a clear signal and are pursuing some interesting candidates we hope will pan out. Either way though, I like to recall what the Nobel Prize winning American physicist Richard Feynman said about science: ‘Nature is there and she’s going to come out the way she is, and therefore when we go to investigate it we shouldn’t pre-decide what it is we’re trying to do except to find out more about it’.” Image: The Moon has about 1% the mass of the Earth posing a challenge for the HEK team, since such configurations are detectable for 1 in 8 planets surveyed. The much larger Pluto-Charon mass-ratio of 11.6% is much more detectable. Credit: Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler Project. No exomoons turn up in the 41 KOIs surveyed in the study, with four, KOI-0092.01, KOI-0458.01, KOI-0722.01 and KOI-1808.01, showing up as false positives for an exomoon. Stellar activity is a likely cause, as the paper comments: When dealing with a handful of transits, quasi-periodic distortions to the transit profile, such as those due to spots… can be well fitted by the flexible exomoon model. However, since an exomoon is not the underlying cause, this model lacks any predictive power and thus should fail F2a [a follow-up test described in the paper]. We therefore suggest that stellar activity is likely responsible for these four instances. KOI-1808.01, in fact, passes the basic criteria for an exomoon detection, but the paper explains that the observed transit signal is distorted by the effects of star spots. Transit timing variations observed at KOI-0072.01 (Kepler-10c) seem to point to an additional planet in the system rather than an exomoon. Thirteen of the KOIs produce some kind of spurious detection, assigned by the paper to effects like perturbations from unseen bodies, stellar activity or instrumental artifacts. Through the range of KOIs the project has studied thus far (57), 46 null detections are found from which upper limits on an exomoon’s mass can be derived. The paper reminds us that “…exomoons live in the regime where correlated noise is present and one must employ methods to guard against it when seeking such signals.” The declared purpose of the Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler project is to ‘determine the occurrence rate of large moons around viable planet hosts,’ a task with implications for the abundance of life in the universe, for if habitable moons are common, there could be more of them than habitable planets, and conceivably more than one orbiting a single planet. An additional benefit of studying exomoons is that they can teach us about solar systems formation by showing us planet/moon systems in a variety of configurations. The paper is Kipping et al., “The Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler (HEK): V. A Survey of 41 Planetary Candidates for Exomoons,” submitted to the Astrophysical Journal (preprint).

What is function as a service? Function as a service (FaaS) is a serverless way to execute modular pieces of code on the edge. FaaS lets developers write and update a piece of code on the fly, which can then be executed in response to an event, such as a user clicking on an element in a web application. This makes it easy to scale code and is a cost-efficient way to implement microservices. What are microservices? If a web application were a work of visual art, using microservice architecture would be like making the art out of a collection of mosaic tiles. The artist can easily add, replace, and repair one tile at a time. Monolithic architecture would be like painting the entire work on a single piece of canvas. This approach of building an application out of a set of modular components is known as microservice architecture. Dividing an application into microservices is appealing to developers because it means they can create and modify small pieces of code which can be easily implemented into their codebases. This is in contrast to monolithic architecture, in which all the code is interwoven into one large system. With large monolithic systems, even a minor changes to the application requires a hefty deploy process. FaaS eliminates this deploy complexity. Using serverless code like FaaS, web developers can focus on writing application code, while the serverless provider takes care of server allocation and backend services. What are the advantages of using FaaS? Improved developer velocity With FaaS, developers can spend more time writing application logic and less time worrying about servers and deploys. This typically means a much faster development turnaround. Since FaaS code is inherently scalable, developers don’t have to worry about creating contingencies for high traffic or heavy use. The serverless provider will handle all of the scaling concerns. Unlike traditional cloud providers, serverless FaaS providers do not charge their clients for idle computation time. Because of this, clients only pay for as much computation time as they use, and do not need to waste money over-provisioning cloud resources. What are the drawbacks of FaaS? Less system control Having a third party manage part of the infrastructure makes it tough to understand the whole system and adds debugging challenges. More complexity required for testing It can be very difficult to incorporate FaaS code into a local testing environment, making thorough testing of an application a more intensive task. How to get started with FaaS Developers must create a relationship with a serverless provider in order to enable FaaS functionality for a web application. Since FaaS integration means some application code will be delivered from the edge, availability and geographical distribution of edge servers is an important consideration. A user in Italy accessing a site that relies on FaaS edge code served from an overloaded data center in Brazil will encounter the kind of delay that leads to high bounce rates. Cloudflare Workers is a FaaS solution that takes advantage of Cloudflare’s global network of over 180 edge servers, making it a popular choice.

- Audio Media Print can lay claim to being the first mass medium. 20% of Americans don't (or can't) read. The average American reads .8 books a year. It is traditionally been suggested that it first made an impact with the invention of Gutenberg's system of movable type in 1452. However, the earliest example of a printed book is the Diamond Sutra printed using movable clay type in China in 868CE. Though this is the earliest available example, it is thought this system was already well established when the Diamond Sutra was published. Gutenberg's innovation, made apparently without knowledge of the Chinese system, was to cast individual letter forms from metal. Ratings are used to get statistics on popularity of programming. The ratings system used for TV is Nielsen, and the system for radio is Arbitron. The press is called the "Fourth Estate." In the US, it is protected by the First Amendment. Print press is unrestricted, but TV and radio isn't. Radio stations and network broadcasters must have licenses. Cable networks aren't required to have licenses, so they can do whatever they want. "On the Media" is an NPR show about media analysis. Audio and transcripts can be found at |http://www.wnyc.org/onthemedia/.

Scheme Programming/A taste of Scheme Like almost every single programming language out there, we might as well start out with the tried-and-true 'Hello, World!' Program. In Scheme, this is spectacularly easy: (display "Hello, World!") This is a full-fledged Scheme program, this is also a list with two elements, the first being the symbol display, the second being the string "Hello, World!". Remember, Scheme programs are lists, they are in effect a way in data to describe the structure of a computer program. Though this is a typical first program, it is not a very idiomatic one for Scheme. Scheme is functional, we try to reduce side-effects remember? This is an expression all right, it evaluates to a value we call #<void>, this isn't cheating, it's a value that can be used in another expression, but most interpreters don't display it unlike other values. We could have also done: This would have our interpreter simply return the source code, it may look similar, the only difference is the quotation marks, but it is in fact very different. The string "Hello, World!" is considered a self-evaluating datum, it evaluates to itself if we throw it onto the interpreter. Most interpreters simply display the value of the last expression evaluated too, unless it's #<void>. Thus, two completely unrelated things have happened. The first example had a termination value of #<void> and had the effect of printing the text Hello, World! on the terminal; the second example had no printing effect at all, the terminal simply showed the termination value of the program, which was the string "Hello, World!". This is very important in Scheme, as said, Scheme programs are in effect just large expressions, and expressions can contain smaller ones. In effect, we've already seen it, for the first program contains the second as a sub-expression in it. Let's try another example. Commonly, we're introduced to functional programming by defining the factorial function, so let's not do that, and define a function which approaches a derivative (): (define (derivative f dx) (lambda (x) (/ (- (f (+ x dx)) (f x)) dx))) This is a fully fledged Scheme program which again evaluate to #<void>, don't try to understand how it works yet, it's rather complex for the uninitiated. However one thing should be obvious if you remembered your calculus lessons. Scheme uses prefix notation, (2 + 3) though a list is not a valid Scheme expression, the first element of the list must be so-called procedure, Scheme does not differentiate between 'operators' and any other procedure. This function already packages three important parts of Scheme together: it shows that in Scheme, functions can take other functions as arguments and return a function depending on those functions; and Scheme has lexical scope, i.e., where the function is called in code isn't relevant; only where it's defined. What we have here is a closure, but we'll get to that later on. This is a valid Scheme program, and it does nothing at all. It just defines the function derivative, and then exits and returns #<void>, we had no use for it at all. It also performed a side-effect before exiting, it bound that function to the symbol derivative. However, the program (define (derivative f dx) (lambda (x) (/ (- (f (+ x dx)) (f x)) dx))) ((derivative cube 0.0000001) 3) Provided we have a cube function which cubes its argument evaluates to 27.000000848431682, which is pretty close to (* 3 (expt 3 2)), isn't it? Technically it evaluates to two values, #<void> and 27.000000848431682. But for this reason, the interpreter does not display #<void>, else it would be really annoying as customary there are a lot of function definitions in Scheme source. So, what happened here? Well, we had the expression (derivative cube 0.0000001), this of course evaluates to the function that approaches the derivative of the cube function. 3 is a number, numbers like strings evaluate to themselves. So, the 'outer expression' then evaluates to the result of the derivative of the cube applied to 3. This is how Scheme is different from most languages, and even most dialects of Lisp. If we have an expression (f x y ... z) then all members of that list are first evaluated in an unspecified order, and if the head evaluates to a function, it is then called with the rest of the elements as arguments. This is why so many types of data evaluate to themselves, and this is why symbols do not. Most languages have variables, Scheme has symbols, and symbols are types of data which evaluate to what they are bound to. + is not the function that adds numbers, it's a symbol that evaluates to that function. So, hopefully, after this introduction, we've seen some of the things that make the semantics of Scheme different to what's common in many programming languages. (We have also learned that making quines in Scheme is spectacularly easy.)

Learn basic concept of c , c++ and python programming in regularcodes.com Delete last node from given linked list Suppose following data are inserting in linked list. input : 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 . After delete node Output : 10 20 30 40 50 60 70. View insertion at beginning. After delete linked list. Use two pointers temp and helper_ptr.temp pointer are point to first node of linked list. while loop are working if temp pointer and temp pointer next node are not NULL. inside while loop assign helper_ptr value is temp and temp pointer are move next memory block. until this process are temp-> next not NULL. After this remove last node temp pointer. Note that not given all step of execution process here.View How to insert linked list element and so on. C program to find and detect loop of given linked list. - Single linked list delete middle element - Single linked list check identical linked lists - Swap alternate nodes of single linked list - Move the first node at end of given linked list - Move first node a middle of given linked list - Move middle node at beginning of given linked list - Delete even key node of given linked list - Delete all odd key nodes from given linked list - Remove duplicates from sorted linked list

Over Presidents Day weekend, what more appropriately should be a celebration of George Washington’s birthday, The New York Times published the results of a survey of “politics experts” who ranked American presidents from greatest to worst. The poll relied on “170 members of the American Political Science Association’s Presidents and Executive Politics section.” Their list puts President Donald Trump, who has been in office for only about a year, in dead last place. Barack Obama sits at eighth place, with Abraham Lincoln atop the standings. Trump took over the last slot from James Buchanan, who preceded Lincoln in office and made many egregious missteps before the Civil War. Among the other oddities on this list is William Henry Harrison at third to last. Harrison spent only about a month in office because he contracted pneumonia and died after delivering his record-long inaugural address in the rain. It is strange to list him as a “bad” president when he really had no record at all. Other leaders have mysteriously shifted in rank since the survey last was conducted in 2014. Andrew Jackson dropped six slots to 15th place and Ulysses S. Grant rose from 28th to 21st place. What changed? Trump’s rating carries on the recent trend of historians and political scientists, a fairly liberal demographic, assessing any Republican currently in the White House as the “worst in history.” So the news that Trump did poorly in a poll of presidential “experts” is hardly shocking. But it is revealing, and shows a distinct lack of historical perspective from people who should know better. Or, at least, one would think they’d know better, but some survey responses may cast doubt on that too. When asked which presidents should be the next to be placed on Mount Rushmore, five of these so-called politics experts listed Lincoln, Washington, and Theodore Roosevelt, whose visages are all already carved into Mount Rushmore. 3% of the *presidential scholars* in this survey said Washington, Lincoln or TR should be the next presidents on Mount Rushmore (despite them already being on Mount Rushmore) pic.twitter.com/jwF1yRKiG6 — Aaron Blake (@AaronBlake) February 20, 2018 Apart from this shocking cluelessness, it would be fair to call into question any serious assessment of a presidency during its first few years. Even immediately after a president leaves office it’s difficult to assess if he succeeded or failed. As Richard Lim, host of a podcast on American presidents, noted in The Daily Signal, judging a president’s accomplishments of lack thereof in the heat of the moment is, for the most part, folly. “Almost everyone has strong opinions on Trump that, in some way, bias our evaluations of him,” Lim wrote. “History offers a cautionary tale—especially to the scoffers in Washington—that our initial assessments of presidents could be wrong and that future generations could see them very differently.” As Lim explained, assessments of presidents often have swung wildly over the years. At one time, Dwight Eisenhower was dismissed as an unintelligent, “do nothing” president, but further examination of his abilities behind the scenes and a cooling of partisan ardor raised his standing considerably. Even Bush, who so frequently found himself in the very bottom rung of surveys, has steadily climbed in the rankings. Apart from this inability to fairly judge recent presidents, it may be right to question anyone’s capacity to objectively rank them. Yet, such lists have almost become a cottage industry. Historian Arthur Schlesinger Sr. first released a poll on presidents in 1948, and at least it more fairly excluded those who had died early on in their term of office, like the aforementioned Harrison and James Garfield. Since then, the wave of similar surveys more likely reflected the politics of those casting their votes than the abilities of our presidents. As historian Alvin Felzenberg wrote in his book assessing presidents, “The Leaders We Deserved”: “[T]he popularization of Schlesinger-style surveys … freed journalists, political commentators, museum curators, and students of all ages from having to offer evidence in support of their opinions.” Felzenberg concluded that these surveys are simply clouded by the bias of the rankers, regardless of their qualifications. Average Americans often diverge greatly from the putative experts in presidential surveys, and who is to say they are wrong? The truth is, we shouldn’t put much stock in such surveys that rank the presidents. While there is no doubt that some men have filled the office more ably than others, our evaluation of their time in office is highly dependent on the traits that we personally respect, admire, or find valuable.

The Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW) is seeking public comments on draft recovery plans for the western gray squirrel and the fisher. The Washington Fish and Wildlife Commission listed the western gray squirrel as a state threatened species in Washington in 1993 and the fisher as a state endangered species in 1998. The draft recovery plans for both species are now available for review on WDFW's website at: http://wdfw.wa.gov/conservation/gray_squirrel/ and http://wdfw.wa.gov/conservation/fisher/ Printed copies of the plans can be requested by calling the WDFW Wildlife Program at 360-902-2515 or by sending an email request to email@example.com. The department will take public comments on the draft plans from May 15 through Aug. 15. Comments may be submitted by email to firstname.lastname@example.org or by regular mail to: Endangered Species Section Manager Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife 600 Capital Way North Olympia, WA 98501-1091 Western gray squirrels are native to Washington, although they are often confused with eastern gray squirrels which were introduced here and are increasingly common in the state's urban areas. Westerns are larger and have white-tipped tails. The current population of western gray squirrels in Washington, estimated at 1,200 animals, is confined to the Puget Sound, Klickitat and Okanogan regions. Major threats to the species include small population size, loss and degradation of habitat, disease, and vehicle traffic. The draft plan for the western gray squirrel outlines strategies to protect and restore populations and habitat. The fisher is a large, stocky member of the weasel family that was once widely distributed throughout the Cascades, Olympic Peninsula and parts of southwestern and northeastern Washington. Over-trapping eliminated the fisher population, said Harriet Allen, WDFW endangered species section manager. A re-introduction effort would be necessary to re-establish the species here, she added. "A feasibility study identified the Olympic National Park as having the most suitable habitat to initially support reintroduction of fishers into Washington state," said Allen. "The draft recovery plan details the actions needed to reintroduce and maintain fisher populations in the park and other subsequent locations in the Cascades." Federal lands, specifically national parks and forests, would be the main focus for fisher recovery in Washington since they contain substantial areas of mature forest and are likely to maintain favorable fisher habitat into the future. Achieving recovery of western gray squirrels and fishers will require cooperation and partnerships among state, federal and local agencies, tribes, timber industries, non-governmental organizations and private citizens, Allen noted. "These draft plans help pull together our efforts around common strategies," she added.

Join the Dave Sutliff-Atias for City Council campaign to swap clothes you don’t use for some new-to-you threads! Have clothes or shoes you don’t wear anymore? Don’t throw them away, swap them for clothes you can use. Bring clean clothes, shoes, sheets, etc. that can’t be used anymore, we’ll recycle the textiles! Have clothes you just want to get rid of? Give us a call, text or e-mail and we’ll come get them for the clothes swap. Let’s keep this stuff out of the landfill! [Due to the overwhelming success of our previous events, we have to limit this to City of Rochester residents only. Thank you for your understanding.] Contributing kids’ clothes and shoes is a great way for the community to make sure our children are taken care of. Give us what you have and we’ll make sure it gets into the hands of those who can use it. “The average American throws away about 65 pounds of clothing per year, and along with other textiles that get tossed, like sheets and bedding, the total comes out to 14.3 million tons of textile waste per year. That’s almost 6 percent of all municipal waste. While some of those textiles get recovered, most of it remains in the landfill, posing a variety of problems.” ”Growing cotton, the most-used fabric in fashion, requires water & agricultural chemicals. While cotton is grown on just 2.4% of the world’s cropland, it accounts for 24% and 11% of global sales of insecticides and pesticides, respectively, according to the World Wildlife Fund.” 630 N Goodman St Rochester, NY 14609 Google map and directions

In this chapter, we are going to learn Network Address Translation (NAT) as configured on Cisco routers in common network scenarios. First time NAT users find NAT concepts difficult to grasp and NAT configuration difficult to create and understand. But the fact of the matter is that the basic concpets of NAT are pretty simple as we will see below. After developing an intimate understanding of basic NAT concepts early in the chapter, we will learn how to configure and troubleshoot NAT using the Cisco command line interface (CLI). Toward the end of the chapter, we will also see how NAT can be configured the easy way using Cisco Configuration Professional (Cisco CP). Chapter 10 – Network Address Translation (NAT)freeccna

Habitat: Africa, especially Somalia. Cultivation: Whitesloaneas are not so difficult to grow. However, any mistake can be fatal and you’ll need to be careful, especially to rot. When rot sets in, in fact, it’s difficult to save your plant. Curiosity: Whitesloanea have an unusual smell, similar to manure. Some have assumed that the center of the flower is actually meant to mimic an anal cavity to attract natural pollinators such as flies. Whitesloanea is a small genus of succulent plants in the family Apocynaceae, including only two species: Whitesloanea crassa and W. migiurtina. Whitesloanea crassa is the most popular in the world of ornamental gardening between the two: it is a small, rare plant from northern Somalia. Whitesloanea is native to northern Somalia. It grows in severely arid areas, in a semi-desertic habitat, where it can be found between the rocks, popping out from little crevices, almost camouflaging among the pebbles and the stones, so that it can be difficult to notice it. After the discovery of the currently most popular species among the two, W. crassa (which was found for the first time by Drake-Brockman in 1914), other botanists visited the area in which it was discovered, without managing to find it. In 1957, a forest officer collected a few individuals of W. crassa from another area. Since then, Whitesloanea crassa has not been seen again, although further research has also been done recently by other botanists. It may be exctincted in nature, due to pastures (they are spineless, thus they represent an easy prey for herbivores) and desertification. Whitesloaneas are dwarf succulent with an erect habit. Most of the times, they have only one, erect succulent stem 3-14 centimeters tall and 5 centimeters wide. In its natural environment is rather stocky, in cultivation, instead, it is more slender. The stem is grey or brownish-greenish grey, to enhance the camouflaging capacity among the rocks in its natural environment. It is markedly four-angled, with a lumpy, leathery, slightly waxy surface which resembles the body of a reptile or a dinosaur. The plant produces a colourless latex and is always glabrous and spineless. Its roots are fibrous. Inflorescences sprout at the base of the stem, at ground level, from short, fleshy petioles up to 2 centimeters tall. Every petiole has different buds and bracteas (the bracteas are special kinds of leaves developing usually at the base of flowers or inflorescences), from which usually 2-3 flowers sprout and open two at once. Flowers are bell-shaped, with the triangular petals fused in a funnel-shaped, slightly elongated base. They are flashy, purple but with an intricate white pattern that gives the impression of a patchwork, and produce a smell of manure to attract pollinators which, in its natural environment, are mainly flies. The surface of the petals is slightly wrinckled. Fruits of Whitesloanea are follicles. A follicle, in botany, is a dry unilocular fruit formed from one carpel, containing two or more seeds. In Whitesloaneas, follicles are spindle-shaped. VARIETY AND TYPES As already mentioned above, there are only two species of Whitesloanea: - W. crassa - W. migiurtina Check our online shop to find them! TIPS FOR GROWING Whitesloaneas are not so difficult to grow. However, any mistake can be fatal and you’ll need to be careful, especially to rot. When rot sets in, in fact, it’s difficult to save your plant. - Whitesloanea needs intense brightness and a good ventilation. It is preferable not to place it in full sun in summer, to avoid unsightly stains on the skin. - It prefers mild or high temperatures, but when they drop below 10 ° C it is necessary to place it indoors or to shelter it from frosts and cold air drafts. - Regular watering is recommended in summer. Always remember to wait for the soil to dry completely before each watering. In winter, water sparingly and rarely, as Whitesloanea is highly subsceptible to rot. - A strongly draining substrate is optimal: we suggest to add fine gravel or sand to peat or specific soil for succulents. - It does not need frequent fertilization, it will be ok to dilute fertilizer with watering once a year. Propagation is usually carried out through seeds or grafting.

Foods to avoid or limit during pregnancy Raw meat, fish and eggs can contain harmful germs that can give you food poisoning, like salmonella infection. Cooking them fully kills the germs, which helps keep you and your baby from getting sick. Many dairy products, like milk, eggs and cheese, are pasteurized. This means they’re heated to kill any bad germs. Look for the word “pasteurized” on labels. If the product label doesn’t say “pasteurized,” pick a different product. Unpasteurized dairy products can give you food poisoning, like listeriosis. Listeriosis is caused by germs in foods and can cause flu-like symptoms for you or hurt your baby. Some foods contain chemicals, like caffeine or mercury. You can pass these harmful chemicals to your baby during pregnancy. Talk to your health care provider if you have any signs or symptoms of food poisoning or if you are worried you may have eaten a food with bacteria like listeriosis. What foods should you limit during pregnancy? Not every food is safe to eat during pregnancy. Some foods may be harmful to you or your baby because of the way they’re cooked or because of germs or chemicals they contain. These foods are OK to eat during pregnancy in limited amounts: - Fish that have small amounts of mercury. Mercury is a metal that can harm your baby. Fish get mercury from the water they swim in and from eating other fish that have mercury in them. By eating fish that contain mercury, you can pass the metal to your baby during pregnancy. This can cause brain damage and affect your baby’s hearing and vision. During pregnancy, eat 8 to 12 ounces a week of fish that doesn’t have a lot of mercury, including shrimp, salmon, pollock, catfish and canned light tuna. It’s also OK to eat 6 ounces a week of albacore (white) tuna. If you eat fish, cook it so that the inside temperature is 145 degrees and see if it separates into flakes. Shrimp, lobster and scallops should be milky white. Clams, mussels and oysters should cook until shells open. - Food and drinks that have caffeine. Limit the caffeine you get each day to less than 200 milligrams. This is about the amount in 1½ 8-ounce cups of coffee or one 12-ounce cup of coffee. Caffeine amounts in coffee vary a lot and depend on things, like the brand you drink, how it's made and the size of the cup. Not all coffee cups are the same size, even though you think of them as a cup. Check to see how many ounces your cup has, especially if you’re buying a cup of coffee or tea. Instead of drinking regular coffee, try coffee that's decaffeinated (has a small amount of caffeine). Caffeine also is found in tea, energy drinks, chocolate, soda and some over-the-counter medicine. Read labels on food, drinks and medicine to know how much caffeine you're getting. What foods are completely off limits during pregnancy? Don’t eat these foods during pregnancy. They can be really harmful to you and your baby. Certain meats and fish - Raw or undercooked meat, including beef, poultry and pork. This includes hotdogs and deli meat (like ham or bologna). If you eat hotdogs or deli meat, cook them until they are steaming hot or just avoid completely. - Raw fish, especially shellfish. Don’t eat sushi unless the fish is cooked. Also avoid ceviche, sashimi, and raw oysters. - Fish that can be high in mercury, like shark, swordfish, king mackerel and tilefish. Always check with your local health department before you eat any fish you catch yourself. - Refrigerated pates, meat spreads or smoked seafood. If it is cooked into a dish like casserole it is OK. Pates that are shelf-stable (they can be stored unrefrigerated) are also OK. Certain dairy products - Raw or lightly cooked eggs or foods made with them. This includes cake batter and raw cookie dough. - Soft-scrambled eggs - Products made with uncooked eggs like certain Caesar salad dressings, eggnog or certain sauces like hollandaise. Shelf-stable commercially made Caesar salad dressing is OK to eat because it doesn’t contain uncooked eggs. - Unpasteurized juice or milk or any foods made with them - Unpasteurized soft cheeses, such as brie, feta, Camembert, Roquefort, queso blanco, queso fresco and Panela - Raw sprouts of any kind including mung beans, clover, radish and especially alfalfa sprouts - Unwashed raw fruits or vegetables. Wash all your fruits and vegetables before eating them. - Store-made salads like chicken, egg or tuna salads - Herbal products, like pills and teas. Herbal products are made from herbs, which are plants used in cooking or medicine. We don’t know enough about herbal products to know if they’re safe to use during pregnancy. So it’s best not to use them while you’re pregnant. - Nonfood items, like clay, starch, paraffin or coffee grounds. Tell your provider if you crave anything like this that’s not food. - Alcohol. There is no known safe amount of alcohol to drink while you’re pregnant. Last reviewed March 2020

Solutions focused research Improving mental health Our world-leading research in mental health aims to understand the determinants of mental health with a view to improving the health and wellbeing of all and reducing health inequalities. Prof Katie Robb (Mental Health and Wellbeing) School of Health and Wellbeing research theme Related University of Glasgow beacon It is estimated that more than 1 billion people globally are affected by mental health or substance misuse problems. While worldwide mortality rates from other causes of death have declined, premature mortality among those with mental health problems from suicide and comorbidities, has remained high. Inequalities are stark, with those from more socially disadvantaged backgrounds being most affected. One of the major challenges to prevention is the treatment gap, where there is a huge disparity between the number of people who need care and those who receive it. We need coordinated action to develop novel, scalable, accessible and effective interventions to tackle the global burden of mental health problems. Our research is organised around five specialist groups: - The University of Glasgow Centre for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities aims to reduce the health and social inequalities experienced by people with developmental disabilities; - The Suicidal Behaviour Research Laboratory has a worldwide reputation for conducting ground-breaking theoretically grounded basic science and interventions-based research in suicide prevention; - The Psychosis Research Group has a distinguished track record in the development of complex psychosocial interventions for those living with psychosis. - The Adverse Childhood Experiences Centre conducts world-leading aetiological and intervention research on the psychiatric and developmental problems of maltreated children; - Our globally renowned Neuropsychological Rehabilitation Research Group focuses on the application of new technology in cognitive rehabilitation and the treatment of mood disorder in the context of brain injury. Our research has developed and evaluated a range of new psychosocial interventions for common and complex mental health problems, with trials of complex, face-to-face as well as digitally delivered interventions in adult mental health and suicidal behaviour, disability and in parent-infant mental health. These trials are underpinned by a programme of work aimed at the specification, measurement and validation of psychological, interpersonal and biological mechanisms of change. Further details can be found in our publications below. Our research has made significant impact locally, nationally and globally on the delivery of mental health care. Our work on psychosis, brain injury, children, people in distress, suicide prevention and supporting people with developmental disabilities has influenced policy and clinical practice nationally and internationally. - Prof Jonathan Evans (Mental Health and Wellbeing) - Prof Andrew Gumley (Mental Health and Wellbeing) - Prof Andrew Jahoda (Mental Health and Wellbeing) - Prof Craig Melville (Mental Health and Wellbeing) - Prof Helen Minnis (Mental Health and Wellbeing) - Prof Rory O’Connor (Mental Health and Wellbeing) Glasgow University Centre for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities - Harris, L., Hankey, C., Jones, N., Murray, H., Pert, C., Tobin, J., Boyle, S., Shearer, R. and Melville, C.A. (2019) Process evaluation of a cluster-randomised controlled trial of multi-component weight management programme in adults with intellectual disabilities and obesity. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 63(1), pp. 49-63. - Harris, L., Hankey, C., Jones, N., Pert, C., Murray, H., Tobin, J., Boyle, S. and Melville, C. (2017) A cluster randomised control trial of a multi-component weight management programme for adults with intellectual disabilities and obesity. British Journal of Nutrition, 118(3), pp. 229-240. - Jahoda, A., Hastings, R., Hatton, C., Cooper, S. A., Dagnan, D., Zhang, R., ... & Scott, K. (2017). Comparison of behavioural activation with guided self-help for treatment of depression in adults with intellectual disabilities: a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Psychiatry, 4(12), 909-919. - Jahoda, A., Hastings, R., Hatton, C., Cooper, S. A., McMeekin, N., Dagnan, D., ... & McConnachie, A. (2018). Behavioural activation versus guided self-help for depression in adults with learning disabilities: the BeatIt RCT. Health Technology Assessment, 22(53). Suicidal Behaviour Research Lab - O’Connor, R.C., Ferguson, E., Scott, F., Smyth, R., McDaid, D., Park, A., Beautrais, A., & Armitage, C.J. (2017). A randomised controlled trial of a brief psychological intervention to reduce repetition of self-harm in patients admitted to hospital following a suicide attempt. Lancet Psychiatry, Jun;4(6):451-460. - O’Connor, R.C., Lundy, J-M., Stewart, C., Smillie, S., McClelland, H., Syrett, S., Gavigan, M., McConnachie, A., Smith, M., Smith, D.J., Brown, G., Stanley B., & Simpson, S.A. (2019). Study Protocol for the SAFETEL randomised controlled feasibility trial of a Safety Planning Intervention with Follow-up Telephone Contact to Reduce Suicidal Behaviour. BMJ Open. 9 (2). Psychosis Research Group - Freeman, D. et al. (2017) The effects of improving sleep on mental health (OASIS): a randomised controlled trial with mediation analysis. Lancet Psychiatry, 4(10), pp. 749-758 - Garety, P. et al. (2021) Optimising AVATAR therapy for people who hear distressing voices: study protocol for the AVATAR2 multi-centre randomised controlled trial. Trials, 22(1), 366. - Gumley, A. et al. (2020) Early signs monitoring to prevent relapse in psychosis and promote well-being, engagement, and recovery: protocol for a feasibility cluster randomized controlled trial harnessing mobile phone technology blended with peer support. JMIR Research Protocols, 9(1), e15058. - Gumley, A. et al. (2017) A parallel group randomised open blinded evaluation of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for depression after psychosis: pilot trial outcomes (ADAPT). Schizophrenia Research, 183, pp. 143-150. Adverse Childhood Experience Centre - Crawford, K. et al. (2022) The Best Services Trial (BeST?): a cluster randomised controlled trial comparing the clinical and cost-effectiveness of New Orleans Intervention Model with Services as Usual (SAU) for infants and young children entering care. Trials, 23, 122 - Kainth, G., Turner, F., Crawford, K., Watson, N. , Dundas, R. and Minnis, H. (2022) Process evaluation protocol for the (BeST?) Services trial. Developmental Child Welfare, 4(1), pp. 56-72. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation Research Group - Baylan, S. et al. (2020) Measuring the Effects of Listening for Leisure on Outcome after stroke (MELLO): a pilot randomised controlled trial of mindful music listening. International Journal of Stroke, 15(2), pp. 149-158. - Gracey, F., Fish, J. E. , Greenfield, E., Bateman, A., Malley, D., Hardy, G., Ingham, J., Evans, J. J. and Manly, T. (2017) A randomized controlled trial of assisted intention monitoring for the rehabilitation of executive impairments following acquired brain injury. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 31(4), pp. 323-333. - Cullen, B., Pownall, J., Cummings, J., Baylan, S., Broomfield, N.,Haig, C., Kersel, D., Murray, H., and Evans, J. J. (2016) Positive psychotherapy in ABI rehab (PoPsTAR): a pilot randomised controlled trial. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation.

Local people have been urged to consider their alcohol intake during extreme cold spells this winter to minimise the risk of falling on ice or hypothermia. This is one of ten tips issued by the Western Health and Social Care Trust to help minimise the risk of local people falling ill or getting injured during the winter. Dr Maura O’Neill, Western Trust Head of Health Improvement said: “Prevention is always better than cure and there are things we can all do to ensure our community keeps well during extreme weather conditions.” The tips include keeping your home warm by drawing curtains at dusk, keeping doors closed to block out draughts, and using a hot water bottle or electric blanket (but not both at the same time) to keep warm while you’re in bed. Other advice includes wearing several thin layers of clothes to trap warm air and shoes with a good grip to go outside; eating regular hot meals and hot drinks for heat and energy; keeping active; being careful for often invisible black ice on roads and pavements; planning journeys and checking forecasts; keeping contact numbers handy; unplugging heaters and blankets to minimise the risk of fires. Local people have also been urged to check on friends, relatives and neighbours who may be more vulnerable in cold weather. Babies, older people and those who are ill are also more susceptible to hypothermia. The Trust has advised that if someone you know has been exposed to the cold and they are distressed, confused, have slow, shallow breathing or they’re unconscious, they may have severe hypothermia. In this case, dial 999 immediately to request an ambulance, and try to prevent further heat loss until it gets there.

AP Biology For Dummies The fact that you're even considering taking the AP Biology exam means you're smart, hard-working, and ambitious. The test doesn't have to be stressful if you remember some key facts about atoms, molecules, biochemistry, cells and cell cycles, and plants and animals. Atoms, Molecules, and Biochemistry to Know for the AP Biology Exam You'll find taking the AP Biology test much less stressful if you know some key concepts that will be on the exam. Here are some important concepts to remember about atoms, molecules, and biochemistry: Water is highly polar. Water's properties give it a large heat capacity and high surface tension and cause it to drive the formation of phospholipid membranes. Proteins are built from amino acids. Nucleic acids are built from nucleotides. Polysaccharides are built from monosaccharide sugars. Enzymes are biological catalysts. They speed up chemical reactions without altering the reactants or products and without being consumed in the reactions. pH = –log[H+] DNA acts as a template for RNA during transcription. RNA acts as a template for protein during translation. Cells and Cell Cycles to Study for the AP Biology Exam As you're studying for the AP Biology exam, keep these facts about cells and cell cycles close at hand and review them often. You never know, you may end up memorizing them all, which will help you ace the test! Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles, are single-celled, and usually have cell walls. Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles, can be single- or multicellular, and have cell walls only in special cases like plants and fungi. Cell membranes are selectively permeable. Transport across membranes can be passive (diffusion) or active (requires an input of energy). Chloroplasts perform photosynthesis: Light (energy) + 6 H2O + 6 CO2 → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Mitochondria perform cellular respiration: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 H2O + 6 CO2 + energy Aerobic respiration yields 36 ATPs per molecule of glucose. Anaerobic respiration yields 2 ATPs per molecule of glucose. Interphase consists of G1, S, and G2 phases (growth 1, synthesis, and growth 2). M phase consists of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase) and cytokinesis. Mitosis results in the division of a parent cell into two genetically identical daughter cells. Meiosis consists of meiosis I and meiosis II. Crossing over occurs during prophase I. Independent assortment occurs during metaphase I. During meiosis I, cells move from diploid to haploid states. Meiosis results in the division of a single parent cell into four haploid cells that will become gametes. Plant and Animal Facts to Remember for the AP Biology Exam The following list contains some of the more challenging info on plants and animals that you might encounter on the AP Biology Exam. Study this list as long as you need to — if you remember this information during the test, you'll do just fine. Vascular plants have roots, shoots and stems, each of which arises from dermal, vascular, and ground tissues. Apical meristems elongate root and stem tips. Lateral meristems thicken existing roots and stems. Xylem conducts water and dissolved nutrients from roots upward. Phloem conducts dissolved sugars from sugar sources to sugar sinks. Phototropism is growth toward light. Gravitropism is upward growth. Thigmotropism is growth in response to contact. Photoperiodism is growth is response to periodic changes in light. Gymnosperm plants are either male or female. Angiosperm plants produce flowers that contain both male and female reproductive parts. Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between circulatory systems and respiratory systems. These dissolved gases diffuse down concentration gradients between cells and capillaries, and between capillaries and alveoli. Nerves conduct electrical signals to allow for rapid communication between specific sites. Hormones move through body fluids to allow for slower, more distributed communication. Skeletal muscles contract to create movement about skeletal joints. Cardiac muscle contracts to force blood through vessels. Smooth muscle contracts slowly and for longer periods. Skeletal and cardiac muscles are striated because they contain sarcomeres. Mechanical digestion occurs by chewing and by churning of the stomach. Chemical digestion occurs via enzymes, stomach acid, and bile, especially in the duodenum. The small intestine absorbs many digested nutrients though vili. The large intestine absorbs water. Nonspecific immunity initially fights off infection and buys time for the onset of specific immunity. Specific immunity includes humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Humoral immunity involves the production of antibodies and is organized by B-lymphocytes. Cell-mediated immunity is carried out by T-lymphocytes. Zygotes develop into blastulas, which develop into gastrulas. Gastrulas give rise to endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm layers. Further development is spurred by induction.

Part I Vocabulary and Structure (40 points) Section A (每题 1 分，共 30 分) Direction: There are 30 incomplete statements in this section. You are required to complete each statement by choosing the appropriate answer from the 4 choices marked A, B, C, and D. 1. I was ill that day. Mr. Smith took my class________. A. instead of C. in place of 2. No matter how tired you are, it would be_______to read this science fiction novel. 3._____________is well-known to all, too much stress can cause disease. 4. The project to clear up the polluted river________by the end of next year. A. will have been completed B. is being completed C. Will have completed D. has been completed 5. It is required that all would-be employees__________citizens of this country. D. will be 6. The guide spoke so quickly that I could hardly_________what he said. 7. When__________a picture taken, you should try to smile. C. to have 8. My transistor radio is out of work. It_____________. A. need to be repaired B. needs to repair C. need repairing D. needs repairing 9. Only when he had done it________that he had made a mistake. A. he then realized B. he realized C. did he realize D. before he realize 10. The English teacher asked the students to_________their English texts aloud. A. set aside B. set up C. set about D. set off 11. They__________because no one answers the door.第 13 页 共 95 页 A. must have left B. can have left C. should have left D. may have left 12. Mr. Martin is too busy to spare any time__________Sunday afternoon. A. except for B. except on D. only in 13. It proved that this kind of medicine had no___________on the patient. 14.They always give the free meal__________to comes first. 15. There is a_________of a thousand pounds offered for the capture of the murder. 16. I was___________which country to visit in the coming summer vacation. 17. The book is_________more difficult than the one I recommended to you. 18. Because of the heavy rain, the game was put__________until next Sunday. 19. In Britain the__________on a letter is now twelve pence. 20. The engine_________smoke and steam. A. gives up B. gives in C. gives away D. gives off 21. Either the boy or his twin brother must have eaten 22. Swimming is a more strenuous daily exercise than_________. A. to walk 23. In winter a snake is stiff with cold but still______. 24. They want to talk to the lawyer who is________this case. A. incharge of B. talking with C. responsible of D. charge with 25. I’m not the one who pushed you,__________? A. am I B. was I C. did I D. do I 26. This is the book_______I was telling you just now. A. about that B. in that C. in which D. about which 27. Scientists say it may be ten years___________the medicine was put to use. 28. The stronger the coffee is,_________. A. the more I like B. the better I like it C. I like it better D. I like it more 29. Supposing you_________write, what would you do? C. may not D. are unable 30. No one________that to his face. A. dares say B. dares says C. dare says D. dare say Section B (每小题 1 分，共 10 分) Direction: There are 10 incomplete statements here. You should fill in the blanks with the proper form of the words given in the brackets. 31. When I found Mary,she (play)__________table tennis with her friend John. 32. The (manage)________of a company is a very important part of its commercial success. 33. This is the (good)________photo I have ever taken. 34. He said "Good morning" in a most (friend)_______way. 35. I don’t remember ever (speak)________ill behind you back. 36. She said that it was her first (appear)_______on the stage. 37. There was indeed no reason for his (excite)________over the matter. 38. It’s very (thought)_______and very kind of you to offer me a job in you company. 39. The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than (increase)__________wages. 40. The doctor received an (urge)_________call from the parents of an injured child. Part II Reading Comprehension (40 points) Direction: After reading each passage, you will find 5 questions or unfinished statements. For each question or statement, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet. Task 1 (每题 2 分，共 10 分) Too many people want others to be their friends, but they don't give friendship back.That is why some friendships don't last long. To have a friend, you must learn to be one. You must learn to treat your friend the way you want your friend to treat you.Learning to be a good friend means learning three rules: be honest; be generous; be understanding. Honesty is where a good friendship starts. Friends must be able to trust one another. If you do not tell the truth, people usually find out. If a friend finds out that you haven't been honest, you may lose your friend’s trust. Good friends always rely on one another to speak and act honestly. Generosity means sharing and sharing makes a friendship grow. You do not have to you're your lunch money or your clothes.Naturally you will want to share your ideas and feelings. These can be very valuable to a friend. They tell your friend what is important to you. By sharing them, you help your friend know better. Sooner or later everyone needs understanding and help with each other. Something may go wrong at school.Talking about the problem can make it easier to solve. Turning to a friend can be a first step in solving the problem. So to be a friend you must listen and understand.You must try to put yourself in your friend’s place so that you can understand the problem better. No two friendships are exactly alike. But all true friendships have three things in common. If you plan to keep your friends, you must practice honesty, generosity and understanding. 41. Some friendships don't last long because______. A. there are too many people who want to make friends B. some people receive friendship but don't give friendship back C. those who give others friendship receive friendship from others D. they don't know friendship is something serious 42. According to the passage, honesty is_______. A. something countable B. the base of friendship C. as important as money D. more important than anything else 43. Which of the following isn't mentioned in the passage? A. Always tell your friends the truth. B. Sharing your mind with your friends is of great value. C. Discussing your problems with your friends often helps to solve the problem. D. A friend who gives you his lunch money is a true friend. 44. In the third paragraph,the underlined word“they”refers to(指)______. A. generosity and friendship B. generosity and sharing C. your ideas and feelings D. your clothes 45. The best title of this passage is________. A. Honesty Is the Best Policy B. A Friend in Need Is a Friend indeed C. How to Be Friends D. Three Important Points in Life Task 2 (每题 2 分，共 10 分) There are cockroaches (蟑螂)everywhere on Earth except the places that are covered with ice. Scientists have discovered about 3,500 different species of cockroach. There is just one human species!Cockroaches can be anything in size from about five mm to nine cm. Although five mm is very small, nine cm is as long as a large rat. It is very difficult to catch most cockroaches. They “see” with the hairs on their bodies. These hairs can feel the smallest movement in the air, so the cockroaches know immediately something moves, and run to safety. Of all the species of cockroach, fortunately only three live among humans and are a serious problem. They are the German, the Oriental, and the American. One egg case of the German cockroach can produce as many as seven million cockroaches in 12 months! Our main problem with cockroaches is that not only do they look ugly to us, but they also carry diseases. They are particularly dangerous in hospitals as they eat all kinds of hospital waste or get it on their bodies. They can then carry this waste, which may contain dangerous bacteria, on to food which is then eaten by people in the hospital. Most of the bacteria that cause food poisoning have been found in the stomachs of cockroaches, so it is important that cockroaches should be kept out of restaurants and other places where food is prepared. Many people work and try to destroy cockroaches, but as soon as they find one way of doing it, the cockroaches “learn” how to deal with it. Electricity does not always kill them and they can avoid most poisons or “learn” how to deal with others. At one time, scientists thought that radiation would kill them, but they have been on Earth for about 300 million years, and it does not harm them as much as it does us. It seems probable that when there are no longer human beings living on the Earth, cockroaches will still be here. 46. Cockroaches do not live_________. A. in homes B. in hospitals C. in the coldest part of the world D. with humans 47. Cockroaches can sense someone is near_______. A. by touching them with their hairs B. by hearing them C. by running away D. by feeling their movement 48. Cockroaches can hurt humans with________. A. their claws B. Their teeth C. the bacteria they carry D. the radiation they give off 49. Paragraph 6 says that________. A. cockroaches do not die B. cockroaches can not be killed C. radiation kills cockroaches D. it is difficult to kill cockroaches 50. The passage is mainly about______. A. how and where cockroaches live B. how to get rid of cockroaches C. how important cockroaches are to us D. when cockroaches were first discovered Task 3 (每题 2 分，共 10 分) City traffic jam-one of the least wanted effects of the motor vehicle-is something with which we're all familiar and for which most of us have an answer. But which solution is best? Some people suggest for better roads, others for cars to be banned (禁止) from city centers and yet others say better public transport would attract drivers from their lonely and boring journeys. But the important questions what natural power creates a big city center.We are, after all, in an age of electronic communication;our big shopping areas have moved out of city centers, and our living areas moved out of them long ago. Yet some force causes offices and service industries related to them to gather in London or New York or Tokyo. This suggests that far from the problems of a crowded environment forcing companies and people to move out, there is a critical( 重 大 的 ) size beyond which more companies are attracted to move in. Nobody seems to know why, yet the answer is important to the way traffic jam is dealt with. 51. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as the cause of the traffic problem? A. The poor public transport. B. The over-concentration of shopping centers. C. The great number of cars in the city centers. D. The bad road conditions. 52. According to the passage, offices and their associated service industries move to big cities because of________. A. the convenience of communication B. the gathering of companies C. some unknown force D. the convenience of shopping 53. The word "This" (Line 2, Para. 4) refers to________. A. some force B. traffic jam C. the -force that causes offices to move in or out D. the fact that companies gather in big cities 54. This passage is most likely taken from_______. A. a novel B. a TV play C. an instruction D. a news report 55. The topic of this passage would probably be___________. A. Best Answer to Traffic Problem B. The Banning of Cars in the City Center C. The Formation of City Center D. Searching for Ways to Solve Traffic Problem Task 4 (每题 2 分，共 10 分) Direction: Read the following passage, and then decide whether the statements (No. 56 to No. 60) are true (T) or false (F) Once every ten years, the consumer electronics industry — the industry which gives people the means to enjoy live and recorded entertainment in their homes has come up with a major new product. First, there was color TV in the 1960s. Next came hi-fi(1970s) and more recently, in the 1980s, the video cassette recorder(VCR). When the industry introduced color TV in the 1960s, it did so just in time. In most big markets, sales of black and write TV had been in decline for several years. Color TV soon became popular and in the next five years its market share rose from 10% to just over 40%. In the 1970s its share of the market fell dramatically and by the mid-1980s, color TV accounted for less than 20% of the industry's total sales. Hi-fi came on the market around the same time as color television,but its initial share of the market was larger. In 1965 it was already 30% and ten years later it was over 50%. Sales then fell steadily until the mid-1980s and the introduction of the compact disc. Although they were twice as expensive as records, they soon caught on and as a result, hi-fi’s market share rose again. The VCR was the success story of the 1980s. Like television, it was neither a replacement nor an improvement, but a brand-new idea. And it created a new demand among consumers. In 1975, the VCR's share of the market was just 5%. Ten years later it was over40%. Since then, it has declined steadily and is unlikely to rise again. So the question is what next? What will be the VCR of the next decade? ( ) 56. Once every ten years the electronics industry comes up with a major new product. ( ) 57. The share of color TV rises steadily up to now. ( ) 58. The VCR was a replacement of hi-fi. ( ) 59. The VCR’s share of the market has declined steadily since 1985. ( ) 60. It can be inferred that a new product will be introduced into the market over the next ten years. Part III Cloze (15 points) Direction: In this section, there are 10 blanks in the following. For each bland there are two choices marked A and B. You should choose the right answer that best fits into the passage. You've probably had the experience of having someone fall in love with you when you didn’t return the feeling. In such a 61 it's hard to know what to do. You want to 62 your admirer.Yet you don’t want to be so obvious in your efforts that you make an enemy of him or her. A friend of mine had this problem and 63 it in the most tactful way I've 64 seen. In stead of telling the young man that she found it tiresome to have him around so much, she 65 herself to introducing him to every girl she knew 66 she had a 67 with him, she arranged for them to drop in at the home of one of her girlfriends. A few weeks was all it 68 for him to click (一见如故)with one of these girls, and then everyone was happy. The new girl and the young man got along just fine and both of them were grateful to my friend for having brought them together. My friend was rid of a problem and she till had the young man as a friend, which was just what she wanted him to be. Of course this solution may not work for you. You may have your own ways of dealing with the problem. But whatever you decide to do,keep one thing 69 mind---the boy in question has feeling every bit as sensitive as your own. So try to find a way of discouraging him without 70 him. 61. A. case 62. A. encourage 63. A. treated 64. A. ever 65. A. dedicated 66. A. whenever 67. A. date 68. A. spent 69. A. on 70. A. hurting Part IV Translation(30 points) Section A(每题 3 分，共 15 分) Direction: Translate the following sentences into Chinese. 71. After working all day, he fell asleep as soon as he lay down. 72. That day she made history as she became the first woman ever to win three gold medals in the same Olympic Games. 73. As the world becomes smaller, there will soon be no way to avoid English. 74. Lately, however, Americans are waking up to the advantages of healthy eating. 75. Successful people achieve their dreams because they don’t give up. Section B (每题 3 分，共 15 分) Direction: Translate the following sentences into English. 76. 她经常给她的高中老师写信，把自己的情况告诉他。(write，tell about) 77. 他的自尊心太强了，绝不接受你的同情。(too proud to，sympathy) 79. 我们只有一个星期时间准备考试了。( get ready) 80. 他们己经做到了他们许诺要做的一切。( promise) Part V Writing (25 points) Direction: Write a composition about Living On or Off Campus with the information given below (At least 100 words). 参考单词： beside， make full use of， last but not least， get along with ,Living On or Off Campus

The number and scale of humanitarian crises erupting in recent months is quite extraordinary — conflicts in Central African Republic, Gaza, Iraq, Syria, South Sudan and Ukraine and the outbreak of Ebola in West Africa. For the first time since World War II, the number of refugees, asylum seekers, and internally displaced people worldwide exceeds 50 million people. The majority of these displaced persons are women and children — categories with unique health care requirements. A significant number of these displaced women are pregnant or lactating. Pregnant women unfortunate enough to give birth while fleeing their homes have little chance of a medically assisted, or even a clean, delivery of their baby. All will require antenatal, delivery and postnatal care and related emergency obstetric support, but few will get it. Many will give birth in filthy conditions on the sides of roads, in public and amid violence. The majority of these crisis zones already had a high rate of maternal mortality, but this soars at times of upheaval. In Syria, almost 200,000 pregnant women are in need of urgent care. In Iraq, the U.N. Population Fund gives the number of pregnant women and girls at 60,000. UNFPA predicts that more than 120,000 pregnant women in the Ebola-affected countries of Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone could die of complications of pregnancy and childbirth over the next year — if the required obstetric care is not urgently provided. As UNFPA Executive Director Babatunde Osotimehin said recently, “Ebola is not only killing those infected, but also those affected.” ‘Simply not a priority’ The capacity of medical facilities to care for pregnant women is greatly reduced at times of crisis. Facilities are regularly damaged and destroyed during military conflicts: in Syria more than 60 percent of hospitals have been destroyed. Those that remain operational are overwhelmed with treating the injured, while the treatment of pregnant women is simply not a priority. It is important to remember that these hospitals and clinics will take months and years to rebuild. It is estimated that 60 percent of the total Ebola fatalities in West Africa have been women. In Liberia, it is reported that 75 percent of victims are women. The reason is down to gender roles in patriarchal societies. In these countries, women tend to be the carers for the sick and are also usually responsible for preparing bodies for funerals. In selflessly caring for and bathing their family members, women are exposed to Ebola. Another problem in many of today’s conflicts is rampant sexual violence. In crisis zones, there is insufficient medical and psychological care for the victims of such violence. Because family planning supplies and services are difficult to access at this time, sexual violence also results in unwanted pregnancies and the spread of sexually transmitted infections. Read more #HealthyMeans articles: In South Sudan, both sides of the conflict are perpetrating rape, gang rape, abduction, sexual slavery and forced marriage. About 74 percent of the victims of these acts are under 18 years of age, with one reported victim only 2 years old. “In my 30 years of experience, I’ve never witnessed anything like what I saw,” commented U.N. Envoy Zainab Hawa Bangura, following her recent visit to the country. And in Iraq there are widespread reports of women and girls exposed to sexual violence and sold into sexual slavery by the armed group known as Islamic State group. A call for EU action During his confirmation hearing, the new European Commissioner for Humanitarian Aid and Crisis Management Christos Stylianides highlighted the plight of women and girls in humanitarian crises. It is vital that he and the new High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Federica Mogherini, pay particular attention to the situation of women and their access to healthcare in responding to the current crises. While the EU has been sluggish in facing up to the Ebola crisis, it is encouraging that the European Council has now decided to increase EU financial help towards tackling the disease to 1 billion euros ($1.24 billion) and has appointed Commissioner Stylianides to head up the EU’s response. However, it is unfortunate that EU leaders did not address the gender-biased nature of the disease in their recent Council Conclusions — our Ebola response absolutely needs to address this feature of the crisis. A clear emphasis must be put on preventative measures to combat the disease, which should include the availability of sexual and reproductive health services and supplies. At the beginning of the AIDS epidemic we concentrated on the treatment of victims and did not put an equal importance on prevention. This was a major mistake from which we are still attempting to recover. The Ebola outbreak highlights how weak health systems of poor countries can crumble under strain. This underscores the need for new European Commissioner for International Cooperation and Development Neven Mimica to direct EU development policy towards helping developing countries to build well functioning and durable health infrastructures that seek to ensure access for all. Without such systems, these countries will be condemned to a never-ending cycle of health crises. Healthy Means is an online conversation hosted by Devex in partnership with Concern Worldwide, Gavi, GlaxoSmithKline, International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers & Associations, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Johnson & Johnson and the United Nations Population Fund to showcase new ideas and ways we can work together to expand health care and live better lives.

Cigarette smoking is a preventable cause of death in the United States. If you have thought about quitting but haven’t been able to, here are some reasons why you should and some ways to do it. Quitting smoking now can decrease your risk of getting smoking-related illnesses like: - Heart disease - Several types of cancer, including: - Chronic lung diseases: - Macular degeneration - Thyroid conditions - Hearing loss - Erectile dysfunction Quitting smoking also has health benefits for your whole family! Exposing family members to second-hand smoke can increase their risk of many conditions and even premature death. By being a smoker, you may also increase the chances that your children will become smokers. Once you’ve decided to quit smoking, set your “target quit date” a few weeks away. In the time leading up to your quit day, try some of these ideas offered by the Tobacco Control Research Branch of the National Cancer Institute to help you successfully quit smoking. For the best results, work with your doctor. Together, you can test your lung function and compare the results to those of a nonsmoking person. The results can be given to you as your “lung age.” Finding out your “lung age” right after having the test done may help you to stop smoking. Your doctor can also discuss with you all of your options and refer you to smoking-cessation support groups. You may wish to use nicotine replacement (gum, patches, inhaler) or one of the prescription medications that have been shown to increase quit rates and prolong abstinence from smoking. But whatever you and your doctor decide on these matters, it will still be you who decides when an how to quit. Here are some techniques: - Switch to a brand you find distasteful. - Change to a brand that is low in tar and nicotine a couple of weeks before your target quit date. This will help change your smoking behavior. However, do not smoke more cigarettes, inhale them more often or more deeply, or place your fingertips over the holes in the filters. All of these actions will increase your nicotine intake, and the idea is to get your body used to functioning without nicotine. - Smoke only half of each cigarette. - Each day, postpone the lighting of your first cigarette by one hour. - Decide you'll only smoke during odd or even hours of the day. - Decide beforehand how many cigarettes you'll smoke during the day. For each additional cigarette, give a dollar to your favorite charity. - Change your eating habits to help you cut down. For example, drink milk, which many people consider incompatible with smoking. End meals or snacks with something that won't lead to a cigarette. - Reach for a glass of juice instead of a cigarette for a "pick-me-up." - Remember: Cutting down can help you quit, but it's not a substitute for quitting. If you're down to about seven cigarettes a day, it's time to set your target quit date, and get ready to stick to it. - Smoke only those cigarettes you really want. Catch yourself before you light up a cigarette out of pure habit. - Don't empty your ashtrays. This will remind you of how many cigarettes you've smoked each day, and the sight and the smell of stale cigarettes butts will be very unpleasant. - Make yourself aware of each cigarette by using the opposite hand or putting cigarettes in an unfamiliar location or a different pocket to break the automatic reach. - If you light up many times during the day without even thinking about it, try to look in a mirror each time you put a match to your cigarette. You may decide you don't need it. - Stop buying cigarettes by the carton. Wait until one pack is empty before you buy another. - Stop carrying cigarettes with you at home or at work. Make them difficult to get to. - Smoke only under circumstances that aren't especially pleasurable for you. If you like to smoke with others, smoke alone. Turn your chair to an empty corner and focus only on the cigarette you are smoking and all its many negative effects. - Collect all your cigarette butts in one large glass container as a visual reminder of the filth made by smoking. - Practice going without cigarettes. - Don't think of never smoking again. Think of quitting in terms of one day at a time . - Tell yourself you won't smoke today, and then don't. - Clean your clothes to rid them of the cigarette smell, which can linger a long time. - Throw away all your cigarettes and matches. Hide your lighters and ashtrays. - Visit the dentist and have your teeth cleaned to get rid of tobacco stains. Notice how nice they look and resolve to keep them that way. - Make a list of things you'd like to buy for yourself or someone else. Estimate the cost in terms of packs of cigarettes, and put the money aside to buy these presents. - Keep very busy on the big day. Go to the movies, exercise, take long walks, or go bike riding. - Remind your family and friends that this is your quit date, and ask them to help you over the rough spots of the first couple of days and weeks. - Buy yourself a treat or do something special to celebrate. Telephone, web-, and computer-based programs can offer you the support that you need to quit and to stay smoke-free. You can find many programs online, like the American Lung Association's Freedom from Smoking . - Develop a clean, fresh, nonsmoking environment around yourself—at work and at home. Buy yourself flowers—you may be surprised how much you can enjoy their scent now. - The first few days after you quit, spend as much free time as possible in places where smoking isn't allowed, such as libraries, museums, theaters, department stores, and churches. - Drink large quantities of water and fruit juice (but avoid sodas that contain caffeine). - Try to avoid alcohol, coffee, and other beverages that you associate with cigarette smoking. - Strike up conversation instead of a match for a cigarette. - If you miss the sensation of having a cigarette in your hand, play with something else—a pencil, a paper clip, a marble. - If you miss having something in your mouth, try toothpicks or a fake cigarette.

Take a Stand Against Bullying – Become an Upstander Bullying Bystanders Become Upstanders Many of us have been bystanders in difficult situations where we are uncertain of what action to take to help improve the outcome of a certain scenario. And while it is common to feel this way, there are steps you can take to create change. Especially when it comes to bullying. What is a bystander? Bystanders in bullying and cyberbullying situations are kids and teens who witness bullying and cyberbullying in action but do and say nothing to change or stop it. If you stand by and watch, videotape or make the bullying incident go viral you are sending the message to the bully that what they are doing is acceptable. And it is NOT. That also means you are a part of the problem and not the solution! Fear of retaliation or exclusion may be preventing you from taking steps to help an outsider, but there are small things you can do to support the victim and show the bully their behavior is not acceptable. As an upstander you can support the bully victim by: - Not laughing - Not encouraging the bully in any way - Not participating - Not making a video and posting it online - Telling an adult It can be scary to confront a bully, but it’s time to stand up and take action. Help the bully victim in any way you can – reaching out in friendship, inviting them to join you if they’re being isolated, or including them in your activities. How to Prevent Bullying Remember that there are strength in numbers! Every school and community has more kids who care than kids who bully. Becoming an upstander and actively speaking out against bullying takes courage, assertiveness, compassion and leadership. To be an upstander, you must take action to: Tell the bully to stop Get others to stand up to the bully with you Help the victim Shift the focus and redirect the bully away from the victim It takes courage to tell a friend who is bullying to stop, but you are ultimately doing them a huge favor by helping them stop hurtful behavior. Your friend, and others, may not realized they are bullying someone. By taking small steps like saying “that’s bullying”, “stop it now”, you can really open others eyes to the problem. Be a leader in your social group and speak up – teaching others to recognize bullying and take steps to help STOMP Out Bullying! Become a Teen Ambassador for STOMP Out Bullying If you are an Upstander against bullying, have excellent grades, public speaking experience and are a leader in your school or community you could be a Teen Ambassador. Learn more about how to apply here.

2. WE HAVE FOUND THE MESSIAH (John 1:43-51) BACKGROUND: Look where Bethany (1:28), Bethsaida (1:44) and Nazareth (1:46) are situated on the map. The Old Testament does not refer to Nazareth with messianic prophecies except that the word “branch” is very similar to the word “Nazarene” in Hebrew (Is.11:1, 53:2, Jer.23:5, 33:15). The leader should read the story of Jacob’s ladder beforehand, because the last question refers to it Why did Philip want to tell his friend immediately about Jesus, whom he only just had met Recall the time you first came to know Jesus. Did you want to tell others what you had found? Explain why you felt this What made Nathanael doubt the words of Philip? Why did Nathanael nevertheless go to see Jesus? What did Jesus mean by the words with which he greeted Nathanael (verse 47)? How do you think Nathanael felt upon hearing Jesus’ greeting? How would you feel if Jesus said to you today: “Here is a true Christian, in whom there is nothing Nathanael was really surprised to hear that Jesus knew what had happened under the fig tree. Think of various possibilities for what Nathanael had been thinking or praying Recall what you thought when you were alone recently. How do you feel upon realizing that Jesus also was there and could read your thoughts like an open What can it mean for a human being that somebody else sees their real The word of Jesus in verse 47 are an indirect quotation from Psalms 32:1-2 (the leader may read these two verses). How, according to these verses, can someone become so upright that there is nothing false in their On what ground does Nathaniel all of a sudden call Jesus the Son of God and the King of Israel The leader may summarize Gen.28:10-22 here. What does Jesus mean by verses 50 to 51? Think of various What does Jacob’s ladder have in common with the cross of Jesus?

Submitted to: Book Chapter Publication Type: Book / Chapter Publication Acceptance Date: 3/24/1998 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A Interpretive Summary: Technical Abstract: Although we have made striking advances in understanding the molecular and biochemical components regulating symbiotic N2 fixation, this has yet to be translated into applied improvements. In fact, over the last 40 years the importance of legume symbiotic N2 fixation to agriculture has been overlooked, if not forgotten. This is astounding since biological N2 fixation is the single-most important factor impacting the development of more sustainable farming systems. Approximately 90 million metric tons of N are fixed by legume nitrogenase yearly. The doubling of the Earth's population expected early in the new millennium necessitates that we reaffirm the significance of legume N2 fixation in cropping systems. Moreover, we must redefine the economic and social benefits of N2 fixing crops in sustainable agriculture. This will require accurate documentation of reduced fertilizer N expenses, improved water quality and soil health, and reduced pesticide inputs accruing due to the use of N2 fixing species in agriculture. Nontraditional and novel roles for legumes in cropping systems such as biofuels, bioremediants, and sources of industrial and pharmaceuticals will contribute to their enhanced use in sustainable systems. Both traditional and biotechnological approaches will be required to increase yield and maintain high rates of N2 fixation in legume crops.

Signs of mental health problems in a child Many early signs and symptoms of mental health conditions in children are related to inadequate ways of coping with their emotions. So a concerned parent may see one or more of these symptoms recurrently: - Confusion about emotions - Sudden mood swings - Intense emotions - Lack of concentration - Obsessive behaviour - Changes in body weight - Social problems These are just a few of the symptoms of early mental health problems, each child experiences them differently and there may be a combination of other external signs, such as lack of self-care, loss of appetite, lack of engagement in social activities or learning. A child’s social and emotional development At a young age mental health problems are interlinked with a child’s social and emotional development. This is to do with the way we socially and emotionally develop: the first of the five stages is a person’s “Sense of I”. Your “Sense of I” is based on the self-value we learned as babies, the way we learned that our needs would be met and we were entertained taught us that we are a person that deserves these basics. This develops over time to form our sense of self-identity and is fundamental to our ability to handle life, our emotions and the people around us. Children progress through their social and emotional development at a different rate than their body; it is not unheard of for a child to be physically 7 or 8, but socially at the stage seen with 2 or 3 year olds. As a child approaches the age of 7or 8 (middle childhood), their external monologue that has accompanied their play and actions disappears as it internalises. This then develops into a dialogue that becomes their conscious. For emotionally immature or unprepared children this can be perceived as voices in their head. When we as adults feel threatened or insecure, it is because something has worried our “Sense of I”. For example we may have witnessed an act of violence, we could have been burgled; but even things like a stressful day, being challenged or an argument with a relative or close friend, can threaten our internal self. For most of us, we know that by spending time relaxing, having fun or on ourselves that we are okay and we re-establish our sense of security and trust in ourselves. Causes of low level mental health problems in children For children, some early onset symptoms of mental health conditions are related to a mistrust or wounded “Sense of I”. An example of this is some anxiety disorders, where an inaccurate perception of a threat leads to a behavioural or emotional change. Over time if this inaccurate perception of a threat to their “Sense of I” is not addressed, then the responses can develop into mental health conditions, such as obsessive compulsive disorders, agoraphobia, school-based anxiety or a general anxiety disorder. Depression is another mental health condition seen in children. Whilst there are a number of different forms of depression, there are two main factors to consider. The first is to do with the chemical levels in the brain, known as clinical depression; this is normally treated through drugs to restore the balance of neurotransmitters, interventions like therapy will increase the person’s coping skills and decrease the likelihood of relapse. The second is related to the amount of stress or hormones a person is experiencing and is often treated through therapy or counselling, again in a bid to understand the predisposition and help the individual cope with it. Depression is perfectly normal and is experienced at one time or another by many people without it developing into a longer term mental health concern. It is only when the situation or events in a person’s life are combined with either of these two factors that it then develops into a depressive condition. Eating disorders are another mental health condition experienced by children. They are normally linked to an obsession or a perception of having an ‘incorrect’ body weight (note the link to the “Sense of I” again). Whilst anorexia is noticeable because of the loss of body weight as the child becomes more obsessed about their body weight and restricts their diet, bulimics may very well maintain their normal body weight as they alternate between binge eating and excreting the food by vomiting or use of laxatives. Although seen rarely, about a third of adults who experience psychosis (hallucinations) experienced them prior to their 19th birthday. Psychosis can be thought of as an altered perception of the world as the person suffering from it experiences hallucinations and delusions, whilst at the same time losing their self-care, neglecting themselves and loosing motivation for real world life. Psychosis can be caused by schizophrenia (a chronic mental health condition), bipolar disorder, stress, anxiety or depression. Finally trauma can cause mental health conditions in children. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is linked to an event that a person has witnessed, been involved in or experienced where there was a threat to the life of them or others. Complex Developmental Disorder is a condition linked to exposure to sustained or multiple traumatic experiences during childhood which lead to an over-active stress response system all of the time. When should a child be seen by a mental health professional Many low-level mental health conditions in children can be supported through helping the child to cope with their emotions and express their thoughts. At a basic level, this does not necessarily require a professional input, just adults who can listen, not judge, be empathetic and give the child the space (without being interrupted) to work through their thoughts. For these children the priority is about feeling heard and understanding how to recognise the emotions they are experiencing. When a child’s life is being affected on a daily basis by their thoughts, feelings or altered perceptions then it is appropriate to consult a physician. In the event that they are endangering themselves or the lives of others and there is an immediate threat, then emergency services should be called unless a specialist plan has been put in place. What is the lowest age they should be seen? It is often not until the age of 7 or 8 that mental health difficulties start to be identified as separate from social or emotional developmental difficulties. Before this point a child very often hasn’t learnt the reflective capabilities to engage fully in conversations about their experience. It is possible for younger children as young as 4 or 5 to access therapeutic interventions that allow them to act out or respond to the emotions they are experiencing, such as play therapy. Who are the different clinician’s a child might see for help with mental health There are a number of different professionals who may support a child with mental health problems or the causes of a child’s social and emotional difficulties. Many of these are accessed through your family doctor or they may be able to recommend a professional. As many teachers have daily contact with children, they play a crucial part in providing a consistent experience that provides security for children experiencing difficulties. School staff also play an important listening role in helping the child’s experience feel validated. Often the first port of call for concerned parents. Whilst not necessarily trained in supporting children’s mental health conditions, they will know how to access local services. A professional who is able to identify and advice on the support required to help a child engage in learning. A professional doctor who is trained to diagnose and support the psychological health of patients. A psychologist trained to assess and provide interventions for criminal behaviour. A doctor who is trained to assess and provide advice on conditions that relate to the growth of a child, such as biological conditions affecting the brain. Counsellor (school or otherwise) A person trained to listen and give advice on coping with psychological problems, they help people to talk about their feelings. A professional trained to help heal the causes of the emotional experience or psychological problems someone is experiencing. There are a number of different forms this can take: Social workers will often support children suffering with mental health problems or their families to help organise their environment, social, economic or family to reduce the contributing factors relating to the difficulties. OT (Occupational Therapist) Some emotional and social difficulties in children are caused by an inaccurate perception of the senses it experiences, known as Sensory Processing Disorder. This is diagnosed and interventions provided by specialised Occupational Therapists.

Reading Clinic Services Children referred to the Reading Clinic receive a thorough educational assessment that includes: • Consultation with clinicians • Reading, writing and academic testing • Attitude and motivation surveys • Cognitive assessments • Case study with summaries and instructional recommendations Complete assessment requires approximately 15 hours of student participation over several days. Instruction in Reading and Writing All instruction in reading and writing complies with Pennsylvania Department of Education standards. Reading instruction is designed to: • develop the joy of reading • provide guided reading lessons • help children use critical thinking skills • incorporate activities involving the arts • stimulate the imagination • integrate computer-assisted instruction Writing instruction is designed to improve: • spelling and grammar • sentence and paragraph writing • note taking • persuasive and informational writing (PSSA format) For some children, an individualized instructional program will be developed that includes small group tutoring sessions with experienced teachers. The sessions are designed to build confidence while improving strengths and correcting weaknesses in language arts. The Reading Clinic holds regularly scheduled workshops for parents who wish to learn how they can provide literacy support for their children. Workshop leaders teach parents the importance of family support and how to be active participants in their child's literacy development and model behaviors at home that develop lifetime habits of literacy. Parents will receive tutoring progress reports at the end of each semester.

On this page ... Did you know?* - Job prospects are expected to be very good, especially for workers with restoration skills. - Most entrants learn informally on the job, but apprenticeship programs provide the most thorough training. - The work is usually outdoors and involves lifting heavy materials and working on scaffolds. - About 24 percent were self-employed. *Statistics retrieved from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Bricklaying masonry shall consist of the laying of brick made from any materials, in, under or upon any structure or form of work where brick are used, whether in the ground or over its surface, or beneath water, in commercial buildings, rolling mills, iron works, blast or smelter furnaces, lime or brick kilns; in mines for fortifications, and in all underground work; such as, sewers telegraph, electric and telephone conduits, including the installation of substitutes for brick; such as, all carbon materials, Karbate, Impervite, radiation block or mixtures and all acid-chidrine resistant materials. All terra cotta and porcelain materials, except where the foregoing materials are manufactured to substitute for tile. All cutting of joints, pointing, cleaning, and cutting of brick walls, fireproofing, blockarching, terra cotta cutting and setting, the laying and cutting of all tile, plaster, mineral-wool, cork blocks, and glass masonry joints of the same when such sewers or conduits are of any vitreous material, burnt clay or cement, or any substitute materials used for the above purpose, the cutting, rubbing and grinding of all kinds of brick and the setting of all cut stone trimmings on brick buildings, and the removal, preparation and erection of plastic, castables or any refractory materials is bricklayers work. Cleaning, grouting, pointing, insulating and other work necessary to achieve and complete the work under the foregoing category shall be the work of the bricklayer. All waterproofing and black mastic waterproofing, air and vapor barriers, silicone and/or substitutes sandwiched between masonry units in the interior of the wall, including artificial masonry. - Care and use of tools and equipment including trowels, hammers, levels, rulers, saws, welding, equipment, transits, lasers, scaffolding, ladders, etc. - Demolition and repair, including: toothing-out and replacement of all types of units, in all functions both structural and decorative, cleaning all units, new and old using water, acidic cleaners and water or sand blast, tuck pointing of all units new and old, including grinding out and replacement of joints; rehabilitation, rubbing and patching. - Waterproofing; above and below grade, installing flashing, sealing, caulking; control and expansion joints, perimeters of openings, cleaning, preparing, priming applying sealants and tooling joints, installing backer road. - Laying up plain brick work, straight wall work, veneer, load bearing brick work, decorative or pattern bonds, including building arches, piers, columns, corners, quoins. - Miscellaneous work including: - Stonework; both natural and precast, including cutting and setting bonding, anchoring, welding and finishing joint; also rigging. - Firebrick, including fireplaces and chimney planning and layout including safety measures and building codes. Also smoke stack, foundry ovens, power plant chimneys. - Fireproofing; including laying up party walls, fire walls, plugging wall penetrations. - Specialties; including: glass block, glazed tile, artificial stone, Styrofoam, partition tile. - Planning and laying paving units in floor and stair construction. - Sawing of all units; cleaning, point-waterproofing and caulking. The outdoor work requires prolonged standing, kneeling, climbing, stopping, squatting, bending and lifting heavy materials weighing 60-65 pounds. The physical activity is a very serious consideration since this is a daily requirement until retirement. Bricklayers must be able to tolerate loud noise, work in confined spaces, at heights, in all weather and high exposed areas, tolerate repetitive reaching, and handling motion. - 3 year training program - 4,680 hours on-the-job training - 400 hours paid related instruction - Apprentice must satisfactorily compete Red Cross First Aid and OSHA Safety Training Courses - Apprentice must in his/her final year satisfactorily complete the Tranistion-To-Trainer Course - Applicants must be at least 18 years of age or 16 and 17 years of age with parental/guardian consent - High school diploma or equivalent - Meet required norms on aptitude test (if required) - Physically able to perform trade - Valid driver's license or reliable transportation - Active Listening- Understanding verbal direction, giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at inappropriate times in order to complete tasks. - Coordination- Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions. - Time Management- Managing one's own time and the time of others. - Attention to Detail- Job requires paying attention to detail, thorough in completing work tasks, and taking pride in craftsmanship. - Analytical Thinking- Job requires analyzing information and using logic to address work-related issues and problems. Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and solve problems. - Achievement/Effort- Job requires establishing and maintaining personally challenging achievement goals and exerting effort toward mastering tasks. - Independence- Job requires developing one's own ways of doing things, guiding oneself with little or no supervision, and depending on oneself to get things done. - Visualization- The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when its parts are moved or rearranged. Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors or other problems or defects. The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. - Dependability- Job requires being reliable, responsible, and dependable, and fulfilling obligations. Job requires persistence in the face of obstacles. - Getting Information- Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sources. The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through spoken words and sentences. - Initiative- Job requires a willingness to take on responsibilities and challenges. - Problem Identification- Information Ordering. The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according to a specific rule or set of rules (e.g., patterns of numbers, letters, words, pictures, mathematical operations). - Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work- Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your work. - Performing General Physical Activities- Performing physical activities that require considerable use of your arms and legs and moving your whole body, such as climbing, lifting, balancing, walking, stooping, and handling of materials. - Building and Construction- Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or repair of houses, buildings, or other structures. - Mathematics- Knowledge of arithmetic including: measuring, counting, basic addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, calculate ratios, percentages, and dimensions with and without the aid of a calculator, algebra, geometry, algebra and their applications. - Design- Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of precision technical plans, blueprints, drawings, and models. - Ability to read- signs, blueprints/diagrams, technical manuals and specifications in order to construct buildings and other masonry structures, and ability to communicate orally and in writing. |Committee Name||Contact This Committee:||OR Contact Your BAS Representative:| |Madison Area Bricklaying JAC|| 1602 S Park St Madison, WI 53715 Phone: (608) 259-1151 Fax: (608) 259-1154 |Milwaukee Area Bricklaying JAC|| 17125 W Cleveland Ave P.O. Box 510741 New Berlin, WI 53151-0741 Phone: (262) 827-1504 Fax: (262) 827-4210 |Northwestern WI Area Masonry JAC|| 2233 Birch Street Eau Claire, WI 54703 Phone: (715) 835-5164 Fax: (715) 835-7788 |Tri-County Area Trowel Trades JAC|| 3030 39th Av Kenosha, WI 53144 Phone: (262) 654-1680 The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics maintains information on all occupations. For more information on the Bricklaying trade in the United States, visit: Sources: Bureau of Apprenticeship Standards Position Descriptions, Apprenticeship in Wisconsin Handbook

A team led by Arum Han, associate professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Texas A&M University, recently had their paper on microfluidic systems for algal biofuel development published in the journal Lab on a Chip as a cover article. Microalgae, photosynthetic microorganisms present in most water, have been envisioned as future sources of renewable biofuel. Compared to current oil-producing feedstocks such as corn and soybean, microalgae are especially more attractive thanks to their significantly higher oil content. Microalgae also can be grown in wide ranges of water, and thus do not have to compete against food production requiring arable land. However, significant improvements are still required to make algal biofuel commercially viable, such as developing better microalgal strains showing higher growth and higher oil production. Han’s team is developing microfluidic lab-on-a-chip systems that can be used as high-throughput screening tools to quickly evaluate the growth and oil production characteristics of numerous algal strains under various growth conditions. Their paper describes how the team demonstrated the development of 10s or 100s of pico-liter sized photobioreactors on a business card sized chip. The developed microsystem utilizes microfluidic technologies to individually control light conditions (intensity and day-night cycle) for each of the 10s or 100s of photobioreactors, and was used to understand how microalgae grow and produce oil under different environment. The article also was featured as a Lab on a Chip HOT article. Using these microsystems, Han and his collaborators in Biochemistry and Biophysics at Texas A&M, Dr. Tim Devarenne, and in the Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research at Cornell University, Dr. David Stern, are working together to transfer the valuable hydrocarbon synthesis pathway of the slow-growing alga, Botryococcus braunii, to faster-growing algae with commercial potential through metabolic engineering. This multidisciplinary team is currently funded under a two million dollar award from the National Science Foundation’s (NSF) Emerging Frontiers in Research and Innovation (EFRI) office. With the new microsystem technology, the team is expected to significantly shorten the development time, where testing that previously required up to a year in a standard laboratory environment can be achieved in a week. Han, director of the NanoBio Systems Lab and an expert in microfluidic lab-on-a-chip technologies, joined the electrical and computer engineering department in 2005. He received his bachelor’s degree from the Seoul National University in Korea, his master’s degree from the University of Cincinnati and his Ph.D. degree from the Georgia Institute of Technology, all in electrical engineering. Han’s research is at the interface of micro/nano technology and life sciences, with interest in solving grand challenge problems in the broad area of health and energy through the use of micro/nano systems technology and multidisciplinary team effort. Honors include being a Eugene Webb Faculty Fellow of the College of Engineering (2014), TEES fellow (2012), and receiving an outstanding professor award from the electrical and computer engineering department (2012). The paper can be found at http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2014/LC/C3LC51396C#!divAbstract. Lab on a Chip is a prestigious journal that publishes cutting-edge research at micro- and nano-scale in multidisciplinary areas of engineering and life sciences.

Table of Contents Here at AAA Screen and Window, we’re experts in all things windows, including the common issue of window condensation. Condensation occurs naturally when warm, moist air interacts with a cooler surface to form water droplets. This is particularly noticeable during colder months, when it often forms on windows, both inside and out. While a bit of condensation can suggest a healthy humidity level in your home, excessive amounts can lead to issues. Too much condensation can cause mold and mildew to form, damaging your property and impacting your health. Is Condensation On The Outside of the Window Normal? It is normal to have condensation on the outside of a window. In fact, it’s actually a sign that your windows are working correctly. When condensation forms on the outside of your window, it’s usually due to the outside surface of your window being a cooler temperature than the dew point temperature of the air outside. This is most likely to happen on clear nights when heat radiates away from the surface of the window, cooling it down. When warm air comes into contact with this cool surface, it cools down and can’t hold onto all its moisture. This extra moisture then condenses on the surface of the window. So, condensation outside your window is not something to be worried about. In fact, it’s a sign that your windows are energy efficient and doing a great job at keeping heat inside your home. Causes of Inside Window Condensation There may be an issue if you notice excess amounts of condensation on the inside of your window. Condensation on the inside of windows is typically due to a combination of factors: high indoor humidity levels, temperature differences between inside and outside, poor ventilation, and outdated or ineffective windows. High Indoor Humidity Everyday activities in your home, like cooking, showering, and even breathing, can increase indoor humidity levels. When this warm, moist air meets the cool surface of your windows, it condenses into water droplets. Over time, these can accumulate to become a visible layer of condensation. Another key contributor to window condensation is the difference in temperature between the inside and outside of your home. When the warm air inside your home contacts the cold glass of your window, it cools down. As it cools, the air can’t hold as much moisture, released onto the window as condensation. Homes with poor ventilation can often suffer from increased condensation. This is because the moist air produced by everyday activities has nowhere to go, causing it to become trapped inside. Bathrooms and kitchens are particularly prone to this, as they generate a lot of moisture. Outdated or Ineffective Windows Old, single-pane windows, or those that have been poorly installed, can significantly contribute to condensation. This is because they lack the insulation to prevent the warm air inside from reaching the cold window glass. When the warm air cools on the glass, it releases its moisture, causing condensation. AAA Screen and Window can install new, energy-efficient windows to help with this issue. How To Prevent Inside Window Condensation Preventing inside window condensation often involves addressing the issues we’ve outlined above. Controlling Indoor Humidity Controlling indoor humidity levels is one of the first steps to preventing window condensation. Try using a dehumidifier to reduce the amount of moisture in the air, particularly in rooms that generate a lot of humidity, like bathrooms and kitchens. Improving the ventilation in your home can also help to reduce condensation. This might involve using extractor fans in bathrooms and kitchens, opening windows when possible, or installing ventilation systems. Keeping the House Warm Maintaining a consistent indoor temperature can help to prevent condensation. This is because warm air can hold more moisture, reducing the likelihood of condensation forming. Window Materials and Designs The design and materials of your windows can also play a part in preventing condensation. Double-pane windows have more insulation than single-pane windows and are more effective at preventing condensation. Contact AAA Screen and Window For Replacement Windows AAA Screen and Window can help you to prevent window condensation by replacing outdated or ineffective windows with new, energy-efficient ones. We offer a range of window materials and designs, including custom vinyl replacement windows that are stylish and excellent at preventing condensation. With our extensive expertise and experience, we can help you choose the right windows for your home and needs. We understand that every home is unique, and we want you to know that we take the time to understand your specific needs and challenges before recommending a solution. While window condensation is a common issue, it’s not something you need to live with. You can reduce condensation by understanding the causes and taking steps to control indoor humidity, improve ventilation, and maintain a consistent indoor temperature. Replacing outdated or ineffective windows with energy-efficient ones can also make a big difference. FAQ About Window Condensation You can prevent window condensation by controlling indoor humidity levels, improving ventilation, maintaining a balanced indoor and outdoor temperature, and using energy-efficient windows. High indoor humidity levels, temperature differences between indoors and outdoors, poor ventilation, and outdated or ineffective windows can all contribute to excessive window condensation. Some condensation is normal, especially during cold weather. However, regular and excessive condensation might indicate a larger issue such as high humidity or poor ventilation. If you’re noticing condensation on your windows regularly or in large amounts, it may be cause for concern as it could lead to mold, mildew, or damage to your windows and home. There’s no one-size-fits-all answer as it depends on various factors like the outdoor temperature and humidity levels. However, maintaining a consistent indoor temperature can help reduce condensation. Fixing excessive condensation may involve several steps such as controlling humidity levels, improving ventilation, and possibly replacing outdated or ineffective windows with energy-efficient ones. Condensation often comes and goes with changes in temperature and humidity. However, if you’re experiencing regular, excessive condensation, it may indicate an underlying issue that needs addressing. While condensation on windows can be a sign of high indoor humidity, it can also be caused by other factors such as temperature differences between indoors and outdoors, poor ventilation, and outdated windows.

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is a surgery for obesity . It changes the stomach and small intestine to cause weight loss by: - Restricting food intake—creates a small pouch to serve as the stomach, so you cannot eat as much - Making the body unable to absorb as many calories from the food—bypasses the first part of the small intestine, where many of the calories from food are usually absorbed Reasons for Procedure The surgery treats severe obesity. A calculation called body mass index ( BMI ) is used to determine how overweight or obese you are. A normal BMI is 18.5-25. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is a weight loss option for people with: - BMI greater than 40 - BMI 35-39.9 and a life-threatening condition or severe physical limitations that affect employment, movement, and family life The success of gastric bypass surgery depends on your commitment to lifelong health habits. If lifestyle changes are made and maintained, the benefits of bariatric surgery include: - Long-term weight reduction - Improvement in many obesity-related conditions - Improved movement and stamina - Enhanced mood, self-esteem, and quality of life If you are planning to have Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, your doctor will review a list of possible complications, which may include: - Blood clots - Hernia formation - Bowel obstruction - Breakdown of the staples, allowing leakage of stomach juices into the abdomen - Diarrhea, abdominal cramping, and vomiting - Dumping syndrome—This occurs after eating sweets, when food moves too quickly through the small intestine causing sweating, fatigue, lightheadedness, cramping, and diarrhea - Complications of general anesthesia Before your procedure, talk to your doctor about ways to manage factors that may increase your risk of complications, such as: What to Expect Prior to Procedure Before the procedure, you will likely have the following: - Thorough physical exam and review of medical history - Ongoing consultations with a registered dietitian - Mental health evaluation and counseling Leading up to your procedure: - Talk to your doctor about your medications, herbs, and dietary supplements. You may be asked to stop taking some medications up to 1 week before the procedure. - Do not start taking any new medications, herbs, or supplements without talking to your doctor. - Arrange for a ride to and from the hospital. - Arrange for help at home as you recover. - You may be asked to take antibiotics before coming to the hospital. - You may be asked to take laxatives and/or do an enema to clear your intestines. - The night before your surgery, eat a light meal. Do not eat or drink anything after midnight unless told otherwise by your doctor. - Shower or bathe the morning of your surgery. General anesthesia will be used. You will be asleep. Description of Procedure To prepare you for surgery, an IV will be placed in your arm. You will receive fluids and medications through this line during the procedure. A breathing tube will be placed through your mouth and into your throat. This will help you breathe during surgery. You will also have a catheter placed in your bladder to drain urine. An 8-10 inch incision will be made to open the abdomen. Surgical staples will be used to create a small pouch at the top of your stomach. This pouch, which can hold about 1 cup of food, will be your new, smaller stomach. A normal stomach can hold 4-6 cups of food. Next, the small intestine will be cut and attached to the new pouch. With the intestinal bypass, food will now move from the new stomach pouch to the middle section of the small intestine. It will skip the lower stomach and the upper section of the small intestine. Finally, the upper section of the small intestine will be attached to the middle section of the small intestine. This will allow fluid that the lower stomach makes to move down the upper section of the small intestine and into the middle section. When the bypass is completed, the incisions will be closed with staples or stitches. You will be taken to the recovery area for monitoring. You will also be given pain medication. How Long Will It Take? About 2 hours How Much Will It Hurt? Anesthesia will prevent pain during surgery. Pain and discomfort after the procedure can be managed with medications. Average Hospital Stay The usual length of stay is 2-5 days. Your doctor may choose to keep you longer if complications arise. While you are recovering at the hospital, you may receive the following care: - Pain medication will be given as needed. - On the day of surgery—You will not be given food or drinks. On the day after surgery—You will have an to check for leaks from the stomach pouch. For this test, you will drink a special liquid while x-rays are taken. - If the upper GI x-ray is normal, you will be given 30 milliliters (mL) of liquids every 20 minutes. - If leaks are found, you will receive nutrition through an IV until the leaks are fixed. - On the second day after surgery—You will take 1-2 tablespoons of pureed food or 1-2 ounces of liquids every 20 minutes. While in the hospital, you may be asked to do the following: - Use an incentive spirometer to help you take deep breaths. This helps prevent lung problems. - Wear elastic surgical stockings or boots to promote blood flow in your legs. - Get up and walk daily. During your stay, the hospital staff will take steps to reduce your chance of infection, such as: - Washing their hands - Wearing gloves or masks - Keeping your incisions covered There are also steps you can take to reduce your chance of infection, such as: - Washing your hands often and reminding visitors and healthcare providers to do the same - Reminding your healthcare providers to wear gloves or masks - Not allowing others to touch your incision You will need to practice lifelong healthy eating and exercising habits. Keep in mind after your surgery: - Do not lift anything heavy until your doctor tells you it is safe. This may be up 2 weeks or more. - You may have emotional changes after this surgery. Your doctor may refer you to a therapist. - Be sure to follow your doctor’s instructions. Your new stomach is the size of a small egg. It is slow to empty, causing you to feel full quickly. Therefore, you need to eat very small amounts and eat very slowly: - You will begin with 4-6 meals per day. A meal is two ounces of food. - For the first 4-6 weeks after surgery, all food must be pureed. - When you move to solid foods, they must be chewed well. - When making food choices, you will need to consume enough protein. - Avoid sweets and fatty foods. - Eating too much or too quickly can cause vomiting or intense pain under your breastbone. Most people quickly learn how much food they can eat. Call Your Doctor Call your doctor if any of the these occur: - Signs of infection, including fever and chills - Redness, swelling, increasing pain, excessive bleeding, or discharge from the incision site - Persistent cough , shortness of breath, or chest pain - Worsening abdominal pain - Blood in the stool - Pain, burning, urgency or frequency of urination, or persistent bleeding in the urine - Persistent nausea and/or vomiting - Pain and/or swelling in your feet, calves, or legs; sudden shortness of breath or chest pain - New or worsening symptoms If you think you have an emergency, call for emergency medical services right away. - Reviewer: Michael Woods, MD - Review Date: 12/2014 - - Update Date: 12/20/2014 -

PETA says no to testing Doing the same thing again and again and expecting different results is the classic definition of insanity. It is therefore quite disheartening to hear the clamor by some environmental organizations for more and more animal testing at the EPA as the answer to our current chemical In more than a decade, the EPA has not banned a single toxic industrial chemical using its authority under the Toxic Substances Control Act. This, despite killing hundreds of thousands of animals in crude and cruel toxicity tests. Chemicals such as benzene and trichloroethylene are tested and re-tested ad infinitum - the bureaucratic alternative to taking action on chemicals we already know are dangerous, reducing emissions and preventing exposures. The chemical industry goes along with these endless animal tests as they serve to delay regulation, and the test results are always subject to interpretation and challenge in the courts. If chemicals - such as atrazine or phthalates - are shown to cause cancer or other harmful effects during animal testing, industry representatives claim the results aren't applicable to humans and successfully challenge any attempt to regulate them. Yet company officials happily display the results of EPA-required animal tests that suggest their chemicals are not harmful. Non-animal tests are often faster, cheaper, and their results are less subject to manipulation, yet they are under-funded and ignored. It is not surprising that industry prefers the ambiguous results of animal tests, but it is astounding that the federal agency in charge of protecting the public health follows suit, aided and abetted by some environmental organizations. Environmental Defense (ED), for example, fought (unsuccessfully, it turned out) our attempt to incorporate the non-animal genetic toxicity test into the EPA's high production volume (HPV) chemical-testing program, in which more than 500,000 animals are slated to die. (Astoundingly, ED even opposed asking companies to open their files and provide already existing health and safety data on the HPV chemicals so as to reduce the number of substances that would be re-tested on animals!) The EPA's addiction to animal testing is so strong that even when evidence from human epidemiological studies implicates a chemical, the results are ignored. For years, population studies showed that arsenic in drinking water causes cancer in humans. Yet the EPA dragged its feet for more than 20 years while thousands of animals were killed in tests that attempted to reproduce the effects already documented in humans. Sadly, several environmental organizations have lobbied for other EPA animal-testing programs, and oppose efforts to reduce that agency's reliance on animal tests. They have actively resisted our efforts to ensure that animal tests meet the same scientific scrutiny that all non-animal tests must undergo prior to their use. The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) is almost single-handedly responsible for the development of the largest animal-testing program in history - the EPA's endocrine disruptor screening program (EDSP) - which will kill 1.2 million animals for every 1,000 chemicals tested (with upwards of 80,000 chemicals being tested) even though scientists have denounced the animal tests. The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) described proper validation efforts for animal tests as "time-consuming procedural and substantive roadblocks" when it intervened against us in a lawsuit PETA filed to force the EPA to incorporate non-animal tests into the EDSP. NRDC and WWF refuse to recognize that results from animal tests that have not been properly "validated" for their reliability and relevance to humans are useless as a basis upon which to regulate hazards. Representatives of ED, WWF, and NRDC are clearly unconcerned with the suffering of dogs, rabbits, and mice poisoned in laboratories. But WWF and NRDC - organizations that purport to protect wildlife - endorse plans by the EPA to develop a new series of chemical-poisoning tests using wildlife! They ignore EPA's admission that it will never be able to establish the relevance of these tests to other wildlife species. If these tests go forward, they will mean painful deaths for tens of millions of wild animals in laboratory settings. While animals are choking on chemicals in EPA-mandated tests, the EPA is choking on its own inertia and inaction. The campaign against the EPA's massive do-nothing animal-testing programs is as much an environmental issue as one of animal rights. There is simply no excuse for poisoning animals for data that will not protect the public or the environment. In the interests of ethics, good science, and the protection of our children, environmental groups must stop demanding more animal tests. Jessica Sandler, a former OSHA health and safety official, is the federal agency liaison for People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. For more information, visit www.MeanGreenies.com and www.StopAnimalTests.com

Idris I, in full Sīdī Muḥammad Idrīs al-Mahdī al-Sanūsī (born March 13, 1890, Jarabub, Cyrenaica, Libya—died May 25, 1983, Cairo, Egypt), the first king of Libya when that country gained its independence in 1951. In 1902 Idris succeeded his father as head of the Sanūsiyyah, an Islamic tariqa, or brotherhood, centred in Cyrenaica. Because he was a minor, active leadership first passed to his cousin, Aḥmad al-Sharīf. Ruling in his own right after 1916, Idris’s first problem was to deal with the Italians, who in 1911 had invaded Libya in an effort to create a North African empire but were unable to extend their authority much beyond the coast. By the peace of Arcoma (1917), Idris secured a cease-fire and, in effect, confirmation of his own authority in inland Cyrenaica. A further agreement in 1919 established a Cyrenaician parliament and a financial grant to Idris and his followers. When Idris proved unable and unwilling to disarm his tribal supporters as Italy demanded, however, the Italians invaded the Tripolitanian hinterland in the spring of 1922. Tripolitanian tribesmen offered to submit to Idris’s authority in the hope of securing greater unity and more effective resistance. Idris saw resistance as futile, however, and he went into exile in Egypt, where he remained until British forces occupied Libya in 1942 during World War II (1939–45). Idris continued to direct his followers from Egypt, not returning to Libya permanently until 1947, when he would head an official government. His main support came from conservative tribesmen, who thought in terms of a Sanūsī government ruling over Cyrenaica, but younger and more urbanized elements looked to a union of the Libyan provinces. The issue was finally determined by the United Nations in November 1949, when the General Assembly resolved that the future of Cyrenaica, Fezzan, and Tripolitania should be decided upon by representatives of the three areas meeting in a national assembly. This assembly established a constitutional monarchy and offered the throne to Idris. Libya declared its independence in December 1951. Under Idris the throne had a preponderance of influence over the parliament and absolute control over the army. The government was an oligarchy of wealthy townsmen and powerful tribal leaders who divided the important administrative positions among themselves and supported the king. This situation, along with the external support of Western powers and the internal military support of his loyal tribesmen, enabled Idris to control the affairs of the central government. Many of the younger army officers and members of the growing urban middle class, however, resented Idris’s socially conservative policies and his aloofness from the growing currents of Arab nationalism. In September 1969, while Idris was at a Turkish spa for medical treatment, the army, led by Col. Muammar al-Qaddafi, overthrew the government. Idris went first to Greece and then was given political asylum in Egypt. In 1974 he was tried in absentia on charges of corruption and found guilty. He remained in exile in Cairo until his death.

The Supreme Court says human genes can’t be patented. But patents are allowed on synthetically-produced genetic material. The case involved Myriad Genetics, which holds patents on two genes that can determine whether a women has an increased chance of breast or ovarian cancer. For companies that rely on patenting human genes to make products — like genetic tests for cancer — the court’s decision is disastrous. “This is a major decision that’s kind of a tsunami that’s going to move through the biotech industry,” says Art Caplan, the director of ethics at NYU’s medical center. Caplan says the tsunami will destroy companies that don’t innovate, that don’t pivot quickly and start making products with genes they’ve changed to make synthetic materials, which can be patented. Juan Enriquez heads Excel Venture management, a biotech venture capital firm. He says lots of companies are already doing this, using synthetic material to make everything from food to biofuels. He says, “You can design cells so they begin producing specific fuels or specific chemicals.” And now that human genes can’t be patented, researchers will have more access to them. It’ll be cheaper for patients to have their genetic codes mapped out. Edward Abrahams heads the Personalized Medicine Coalition and says your doctor could look at your genetic code to decide how much medicine, and which medicine, to give you. He explains, “If you have a certain genetic profile, whether Drug A or B or C is going to work for you.” Abrahams says the Supreme Court case did create winners and losers. But consumers should come out on the winning side. With lots of new biotech products just over the horizon. There’s a lot happening in the world. Through it all, Marketplace is here for you. You rely on Marketplace to break down the world’s events and tell you how it affects you in a fact-based, approachable way. We rely on your financial support to keep making that possible. Your donation today powers the independent journalism that you rely on. For just $5/month, you can help sustain Marketplace so we can keep reporting on the things that matter to you.

Air pollution is an increasing issue for people around the globe, especially those living in large cities. While the drive to swap to cleaner, greener technologies and alternatives grows, there is still a need to offer air purification in many technology areas. The issues of air purity affect not only the outdoor environment, but also indoors. The building, its decoration and the local levels of Radon gas can all impact the air quality inside buildings. A 2015 paper by Xiong et al worked on combining absorption with photocatalysis. The concept was to increase the concentration of pollutants around a photocatalyst by absorbing them onto an adjacent surface. The photocatalytic oxidation process would then regenerate the absorbent, preventing the surface from becoming saturated and a “one use only” technology. Their research focussed on the development of a graphene aerogel combined with titanium dioxide. Titanium dioxide is well known for its photocatalytic activity while graphene aerogels are of great interest due to their exceptionally high surface area. The group added the titanium oxide to a graphene oxide dispersion and then went on to functionalise the graphene oxide by reacting it with ethylenediamine before converting it into an aerogel. The group found that the shape of the aerogel was easily directed by the shape of the vessel it was formed in, offering great flexibility for creating air purification cartridges. At the time of publication, while the group had confirmed that the desired material could be made, further work was still needed to understand the purification capability of the TiO2/graphene aerogel. If you would be interested in using graphene oxide in your research, please get in touch. Procedia Engineering, 2015, 121, 957 – 960

Amphioctopus marginatus, also known as the coconut octopus and veined octopus, is a medium-sized cephalopod belonging to the genus Amphioctopus. It is found in tropical waters of the western Pacific Ocean. It commonly preys upon shrimp, crabs, and clams, and displays unusual behavior including bipedal walking and tool use (gathering coconut shells and seashells and using these for shelter). Size and description The main body of the octopus is typically 8 centimeters (3 in) long and including the arms, approximately 15 centimeters (6 in) long. The octopus displays a typical color pattern with dark ramified lines similar to veins, usually with a yellow siphon. The arms are usually dark in color, with contrasting white suckers. In many color displays, a lighter trapezoidal area can be seen immediately below the eye. Behavior and habitat The coconut octopus is found on sandy bottoms in bays or lagoons. It frequently buries itself in the sand with only its eyes uncovered. In March 2005, researchers at the University of California, Berkeley, published an article in Science in which A. marginatus was reported to show bipedal locomotion. It is one of only two octopus species known to display such behavior, the other species being Abdopus aculeatus. According to the article, this behavior was discovered in an area off Sulawesi, Indonesia, where the sandy bottom was littered with coconut shells. The bipedal motion appears to mimic a floating coconut. Researchers from the Melbourne Museum in Australia claimed the coconut octopus uses tools for concealment and defense by gathering available debris to create a defensive fortress. This behavior was observed in individuals in Bali and North Sulawesi in Indonesia. The researchers filmed the octopus collecting coconut half-shells discarded by humans from the sea floor. They were then carried up to 20 meters (66 ft) and arranged around the body of the octopus to form a spherical hiding place similar to a clam-shell. - Sanders, Robert: Octopuses occasionally stroll around on two arms, UC Berkeley biologists report, University of California, Berkeley, March 24, 2005. - Christine L. Huffard, Farnis Boneka, Robert J. Full: Underwater Bipedal Locomotion by Octopuses in Disguise, Science, March 25, 2005. - Finn, Julian K.; Tregenza, Tom; Norman, Mark D. (2009), "Defensive tool use in a coconut-carrying octopus", Curr. Biol., 19 (23): R1069–R1070, doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.10.052, PMID 20064403. - Gelineau, Kristen (2009-12-15). "Aussie scientists find coconut-carrying octopus". The Associated Press. Archived from the original on December 18, 2009. Retrieved 2009-12-15. - Harmon, Katherine (2009-12-14). "A tool-wielding octopus? This invertebrate builds armor from coconut halves". Scientific American. - Henderson, Mark (2009-12-15). "Indonesia's veined octopus 'stilt walks' to collect coconut shells". Times Online. Archived from the original on August 15, 2011. |Wikimedia Commons has media related to Amphioctopus marginatus.| - "CephBase: Amphioctopus marginatus". Archived from the original on 2005. - Octopus uses coconuts - Video via EducatedEarth - Octopus marginatus at National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)

Pronunciation: fos'fo-glis'er-at ki'nas Definition: An enzyme catalyzing the formation of 3-phospho-d-glyceroyl phosphate and ADP from 3-phospho-d-glycerate and ATP; this enzyme is a part of the glycolytic pathway; a deficiency of phosphoglycerate kinase (an X-linked disorder) results in impaired glycolysis in most cells. Disclaimer: This site is designed to offer information for general educational purposes only. The health information furnished on this site and the interactive responses are not intended to be professional advice and are not intended to replace personal consultation with a qualified physician, pharmacist, or other healthcare professional. You must always seek the advice of a professional for questions related to a disease, disease symptoms, and appropriate therapeutic treatments. Search Stedman's Medical Dictionary Examples: glitazone, GI cocktail, etc. © Copyright 2017 Wolters Kluwer. All Rights Reserved. Review Date: Sep 19, 2016.

Dragons are creatures with nearly unlimited life spans. They can survive for long periods of time, and no one has found a dragon that has died of old age. Adolescence is usually marked by the growth of a hatchling’s wings, although not all breeds of dragons grow wings and some breeds have other traits that indicate the beginning of maturation. Once they hit adolescence, hatchlings change quickly, maturing to their full forms in only 2 years. Dragons don’t communicate with each other verbally, but they will growl to scare off predators and frighten prey. Young dragons will emit an extremely high-pitched squeal when they are frightened. To communicate, they use telepathy with each other and to speak to other creatures. Copper Dragons are masters of stealth, slipping silently and swiftly through the forests and jungles where they live. Often hunting in groups, their prey rarely know they are being stalked until the dragon’s at their throat. In the air they are agile and skilled. Copper Dragons prize family groups, spending large amounts of time teaching their young skills. So great is their love of life and family that they will sometimes adopt orphaned dragons of other breeds to raise.

[Journal:] IZA World of Labor [ISSN:] 2054-9571 [Year:] 2015 [Issue:] 143 At the national level, it has long been observed that a country’s average education level is negatively associated with its total fertility rate. At the household level, it has also been well documented that children’s education is negatively associated with the number of children in the family. Do these observations imply a causal relationship between the number of children and the average education level (the quantity–quality trade-off)? A clear answer to this question will help both policymakers and researchers evaluate the total benefit of family planning policies, both policies to lower fertility and policies to boost it.

Science-based effort to understand the decline in midwestern monarch populations. The Soybean Entomology Lab is a diverse group of field entomologists, and combines research and extension programs from Drs. O'Neal and Hodgson. Together, they conduct studies to understand more about landscape ecology and IPM. Job board managed by Iowa State University NREM Student Services. Theses and dissertations from graduates of the Department of Entomology The Plant and Insect Diagnostic Clinic provides diagnosis of plant problems (plant diseases, insect damage, and assessment of herbicide damage) and the identification of insects and weeds from the field, garden, and home. The PIDC is a joint effort between Iowa State University Extension Plant Pathology, Entomology, Horticulture, and Agronomy. An online resource devoted to North American insects, spiders and their kin, offering identification, images, and information. Downloadable PDFs of publications on entomological subjects from the Entomology section of the Iowa State Digital Repository. Pests and pest complexes in soybean and their management. The Insect Zoo is an educational outreach endeavor of the Department of Entomology. Resources for schools wanting to improve their integrated pest management. Includes contact information, lesson plans, articles, and other informative resources. Provides information about the environmental impact of pesticides. Includes information about training, worker protection standards and an application that aids in pesticide record keeping. Information about the emerald ash borer. Website includes resources, events, references, and management information. Information about the European corn borer, including identification, management, and examples of crop damage. Listing of podcasts about soybean aphids, including population estimates and management methods. Website also contains resources about soybean aphids, including news releases, outside resources about soybean aphids, a soybean aphid seasonal activity timeline, and instructions for identification. Listing of reports regarding the usage of insecticides on corn rootworm and other corn pests. Published annually. A newsletter that offers information and resources about gardening, pest population trends and management, and tree maintenance. Published bi-weekly. News and updates about crop management research, focused on pest management and crop diseases.

We all know that cats are intelligent creatures, but did you know that they understand some words? While they may not be able to hold a conversation with you, research has shown that cats do have an understanding of certain words and phrases. So the next time your cat gives you a dirty look, chances are they might just be trying to tell you something! What words do cats know? Cats have a surprising repertoire of verbal skills! Although it’s impossible to know which exact words they recognize, cats can understand certain types of cues from their owners. Cats often respond to their names, as well as phrases such as “no”, “dinner time” and “outside.” More advanced cats may even be able to comprehend commands such as “off the furniture” or those related to their usual daily routines. What’s more, cats are even known to invent “words” of their own – their mews and meows can carry a variety of meanings, communicating things like happiness, hunger, sadness, and displeasure. All in all, cats are much smarter than we sometimes give them credit for! Do cats understand the word no? It is a common myth that cats understand the word ‘no’, but research has shown that this is not true. While cats can usually recognize their name and simple commands like “sit”, they don’t have the same cognitive abilities to recognize words as humans do. However, cats are extremely astute and observant, so they can pick up on subtle changes in their environment that indicate when something is wrong or right, allowing them to learn swiftly and make associations quickly. This means that while cats may not understand a verbal command such as “no” specifically, they will observe their owner’s body language or attitude and recognize when you are unhappy with their behavior or reward them for desired actions. How do I tell my cat I love him? Showing your cat that you love him is one of the most important things you can do. A great way to do this is through bonding exercises, like cuddling and petting, which demonstrate physical affection. Make sure to set aside dedicated time every day for this special one-on-one bonding: cats need plenty of individual attention! Additionally, providing your feline friend with plenty of playtime and toys he’ll enjoy playing with is a surefire way to get him feeling loved. And lastly, don’t forget about the little ways to show your cat that you love him—just a gentle touch or quiet purr should do the trick! Do cats understand human crying? Human cries of joy, sadness, frustration, or despair are typically met with blank stares from cats – leading us to wonder if our feline friends understand what we’re going through. While a cat may not be able to grasp the cultural context of human emotions, research has found that cats do respond to the sound and inflection of crying in an incredibly sophisticated way. Cats have been shown to recognize their owner’s crying and will often move closer to them while maintaining an alert posture as if they are trying to comfort and protect. Furthermore, studies have shown that particular vocal tones induce an emotional response in cats, suggesting that felines possess an innate ability to understand our expressions of emotion. While the exact level of understanding remains a mystery, the evidence suggests that cats can at least tell when we’re hurting; whether or not they can empathize is another story altogether. What do cats think when we speak? It has long been wondered what cats think when we speak. Many believe that cats simply ignore us when we chatter away, however, it is so much more complex than that. They are listening to the sound of our voice and even interpret the tones, selecting from a range of responses based on different inflections in speech. This is why cats tend to be so vocal themselves – they have developed empathy for the expressions we use when speaking to them. Even though they can not understand the words, they learn to interpret certain tones as cues for rewards or punishments. It is hard to know definitively what cats think when we talk as their thoughts remain somewhat of a mystery; however, it is believed that they recognize the comfort and safety associated with our voices and feel responded to in some way. Final Thoughts: What words do cats understand? As it turns out, cats can understand a wide variety of words and phrases. Not only can they recognize the names we give them, but they also respond to reading cues, like when you say “no” or “stop”. It’s important to remember that cats have unique personalities, so not all cats will respond to commands in the same way. If you want to foster an even better relationship with your pet though, it is beneficial to continue expanding on their vocabulary by introducing new words and expressions. Training with positive reinforcement is always recommended and when done correctly, communication between you and your cat can be enriched and strengthened. Cats may stay relatively quiet, but they understand what we say more than we might think!

If you listened to the Watergate mess, the phrase “expletive deleted” holds a certain connotation. When President Nixon finally released the tapes from his secretly recording all conversations in the Oval Office, we were shocked at the language he used. As a testimony to the more delicate ears of the 70s, the language he used was not allowed to be broadcast so whenever he swore, “expletive deleted” took the place of his cursing. Well, we should also delete our expletives in everyday writing. Yes, @#$%^&, I’m talking to you! At this point, you might be saying, “But I don’t swear when I write!” Expletives, in terms of English grammar rules, are phrases like “there is,” “here are,” “there are,” and so on. They weaken your writing. First, of course, they’re passive statements. What is stronger, saying “There is a monster in the corner” or a “A monster lurked in the corner”? Second, putting your writing in expletive form further separates the action from the narrator, as if he or she were looking at himself instead of describing how he or she felt. Writers aren’t the only ones who do this; people do it when talking, too. I like watching the TV show “I Shouldn’t Be Alive.” Often in that show people seem to think that they have to use more formal language and it comes off sounding stilted. I can’t count the number of times that this happens: people have been stuck in the ocean, on a desert or on a mountain for days without food or water, and they’re finally rescued. So the camera goes to the person in current time as he or she (and it’s usually a “he”) describes how he felt at the moment of rescue. The most common statement is something like this: “There were tears.” How about “I cried”? “I bawled”? See how much more powerful and accurate that is? “There were tears” sounds like a clinician or scientist documenting a subject of an experiment. On a related soapbox of mine, this is why I like the King James version of the Bible for John 11:35: “Jesus wept,” commonly referred to as the shortest verse in the Bible. (It wasn’t the shortest verse in the original language, but that’s another discussion for a different day.) So when you’re writing, keep it tight. Look for forms of the verb “to be,” and see if you can use a stronger verb. And swear off expletives. For a comparison of versions of John 11:35, “Jesus wept,” see biblegateway.com or wikipedia. Notice how many of the authors of newer versions of the Bible felt that they had to add qualifiers and modifiers to that; notice how they really add nothing but extra words that take away from the power of the emotion.

Our Economics Tuition Singapore programme aims to strengthen your conceptual understanding of economic concepts and skills application for essays and case study questions. Our lessons are tailored to ensure that students can easily grasp the concept and help them apply what they have learnt to the GCE O Levels and A Levels Economics Examination effectively. Our tutors will assist in the understanding for each of the topics in economics by providing topical re-teaching to students with our own comprehensive economics notes that are easy to understand. Students will learn more about economics definitions, factors identification and impact analysis. Economics Focus will allocate the time during lessons for class practice such as Essay and CSQ practices. We believe in the importance of applying what you have learnt in order to better understand the teaching points. Polish your JC Economics Essay Writing skills by attending our skills development workshops. Students will learn answering techniques, such as outline planning, perspective setting and paragraph development by exposing students with sample essays. This is followed by a thorough explanation from our principal tutor to answer any queries from students. Our tutors will develop Economics Case Study Skills by teaching students essential techniques, such as information extraction, trend analysis, country comparison and policy evaluation. For Diagram illustration, our tutors will be explaining the important diagrams that are usually needed during O Levels and A Levels examination. Students will also be taught how to use diagrams effectively in order to minimize the time spent drawing and explaining the diagram.

Fiber (computer science) Like threads, fibers share address space. However, fibers use co-operative multitasking while threads use pre-emptive multitasking. Threads often depend on the kernel's thread scheduler to preempt a busy thread and resume another thread; fibers yield themselves to run another fiber while executing. Fibers and coroutines Fibers describe essentially the same concept as coroutines. The distinction, if there is any, is that coroutines are a language-level construct, a form of control flow, while fibers are a systems-level construct, viewed as threads that happen not to run in parallel. Priority is contentious; fibers may be viewed as an implementation of coroutines, or as a substrate on which to implement coroutines. Advantages and disadvantages Because fibers multitask cooperatively, thread safety is less of an issue than with preemptively scheduled threads, and synchronization constructs including spinlocks and atomic operations are unnecessary when writing fibered code, as they are implicitly synchronized. However, many libraries yield a fiber implicitly as a method of conducting non-blocking I/O; as such, some caution and documentation reading is advised. A disadvantage is that fibers cannot utilize multiprocessor machines without also using preemptive threads; however, an M:N threading model with no more preemptive threads than CPU cores can be more efficient than either pure fibers or pure preemptive threading. In modern server programs fibers are used to soft block themselves to allow their single-threaded parent programs to continue working. In this design, fibers are used mostly for i/o access which does not need cpu processing. This allows the main program to continue with what it is doing. Fibers yield control to the single-threaded main program, and when the i/o operation is completed fibers continue where they left off. Operating system support Less support from the operating system is needed for fibers than for threads. They can be implemented in modern Unix systems using the library functions getcontext, setcontext and swapcontext in ucontext.h, as in GNU Portable Threads. On Microsoft Windows, fibers are created using the ConvertThreadToFiber and CreateFiber calls; a fiber that is currently suspended may be resumed in any thread. Fiber-local storage, analogous to thread-local storage, may be used to create unique copies of variables. Symbian OS used a similar concept to fibers in its Active Scheduler. An active object contained one fiber to be executed by the Active Scheduler when one of several outstanding asynchronous calls completed. Several Active objects could be waiting to execute (based on priority) and each one had to restrict its own execution time. - A Fiber Class - Implementing Coroutines for .NET by Wrapping the Unmanaged Fiber API, Ajai Shankar, MSDN Magazine - Fibers, MSDN Library

Last week Senate confirmation hearings began for Loretta Lynch. She's President Obama’s nominee to replace outgoing Attorney General Eric Holder. In light of the hearings, Pitt Law Professor David Harris talks about the role and responsibilities of the office of the Attorney General. Harris first explains that the Attorney General is the top lawyer for the US government. Their role is to advise all of the departments of the executive branch, including the office of the President. He or she is also the administrator and chief of the US Justice Department. Harris says while the AG serves as a lawyer for the office of the President, it's not the same as representing the President. He offers Bill Clinton and Richard Nixon as examples. "There has to be, there should be a separation between the white house and the political interests of the president," says Harris, which is why Janet Reno did not represent Bill Clinton in his impeachment hearing. Harris says the office of the Attorney General has existed pretty much from the start of the nation in 1789, and the Justice Department was created in 1870. Read more at the Department of Justice website.

Key: "S:" = Show Synset (semantic) relations, "W:" = Show Word (lexical) relations Display options for sense: (gloss) "an example sentence" - S: (n) bugle (a brass instrument without valves; used for military calls and fanfares) - S: (n) bugle, bugleweed (any of various low-growing annual or perennial evergreen herbs native to Eurasia; used for ground cover) - S: (n) bugle (a tubular glass or plastic bead sewn onto clothing for decoration) - S: (v) bugle (play on a bugle)

What is Reconciliation? What is Confession? What is Penance? Approximately 40,000 people have had their confessions heard during the last four annual Day of Confessions at Catholic churches across southwestern Ontario. Why the Focus on Confession? People use Facebook, YouTube, Twitter and blogs to tell their family, friends and even complete strangers details about their personal lives. Yet they seem reluctant to talk to God about what they did. This is the fourth year of the Diocese of London’s initiative to encourage Catholics to come back to Confession this Lent. What is Lent? Lent is the 40-day penitential period before Easter and is a time when Catholics place an extra focus on God’s mercy and forgiveness. Article: Why do catholics go to confession? Examinations of Conscience Other Resources for Parishes and Schools Confession Flyers: Instructions for adding Confession times The easiest way to add Confession times is to print out the flyer and write them by hand. If you want to print Confession times on the flyer from your printer, follow these steps: 1. Print out a copy of the flyer 2. Reinsert the flyer in your printer so you can print on it 3. In a blank Word document, create a text box with times in the same area as the blank space on the poster 4. Print the document on the already printed flyer

This image of the northern portion of the Nile River was captured by the Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer's (MISR's) nadir camera on January 30, 2001. The Nile is the longest river in the world, extending for about 6700 kilometers from its headwaters in the highlands of eastern Africa. At the apex of the fertile Nile River Delta is the Egyptian capital city of Cairo. To the west are the Great Pyramids of Giza. North of here the Nile branches into two distributaries, the Rosetta to the west and the Damietta to the east. Also visible in this image is the Suez Canal, a shipping waterway connecting Port Said on the Mediterranean Sea with the Gulf of Suez. The Gulf is an arm of the Red Sea, and is located on the righthand side of the picture. Image credit: NASA/GSFC/JPL, MISR Team.

HIV/AIDS in Benin The number of adults and children living with HIV/AIDS in Benin in 2003 was estimated by the Joint United Nations Programme for HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) to range between 38,000 and 120,000, with nearly equal numbers of males and females. A recent study conducted by the National AIDS Control Program estimated the number of people living with HIV/AIDS to be 71,950. In 2003, an estimated 6,140 adults and children died of AIDS. Benin has a well-functioning system of antenatal HIV surveillance; in 2002, the median HIV prevalence at 36 antenatal clinics was 1.9%. Another study in 2002 showed an overall prevalence of 2.3% among adults in Cotonou, Benin's largest city. Heterosexual intercourse and mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) are the primary modes of HIV transmission in Benin. HIV prevalence is relatively low compared with rates in most other countries in sub-Saharan Africa, but the virus is spreading steadily among young adults and vulnerable populations. In a 2002 study, an HIV prevalence of 44.7% was found among sex workers in four urban areas. In 2002, another study showed that HIV among sex workers in Cotonou, while still very high, had declined from nearly 60% in 1996 to 50% in 1999 and to 39% in 2002. At the end of 2003, approximately 5,700 children aged 14 or younger were living with HIV/AIDS, mainly as a result of MTCT of HIV. At the end of 2003, nearly 34,000 children under age 17 had lost one or both parents to AIDS, and only 1,000 of these had received assistance such as food aid, health care, protection services, or psychosocial support. Although knowledge of HIV and modes of transmission and prevention is widespread in Benin, prevention communication efforts have not led to a corresponding shift in behavior. The rising incidence of HIV is due primarily to poverty, migration, unsafe sexual practices, misperceptions regarding risk, and the low status of women, 80% of whom are illiterate. Benin is a very poor country. More than a third of the population lives in poverty. Adult illiteracy, especially among women, and under-five child mortality are both high. Population growth is making it difficult for Benin to achieve sustainable social and economic development. The president and other political leaders have publicly supported the fight against HIV/AIDS. National funding for HIV/AIDS activities, derived from the federal budget and debt-relief funds, totalled approximately $3.2 million in 2003. With the current plan for the period 2001–2005, Benin is nearing the end of its fourth intermediate national strategy to control HIV/AIDS. The plan calls for promoting greater awareness of HIV/AIDS through a variety of public information, education, and communication efforts. Prevention, care, support, and treatment efforts are aimed at youth, women, migrants, sex workers, and persons living with HIV/AIDS. Benin receives multinational support for HIV/AIDS activities from the United States; the five-country, World Bank-led HIV/AIDS Abidjan-Lagos Transport Corridor project; the World Health Organization (WHO) 3x5 Initiative; and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM). Still, Benin faces a financial gap of approximately $32 million to fully implement its national strategic plan.

In the late 1980s, the University of Maryland Baltimore County launched a major initiative to find out why more students were not succeeding in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics—known collectively as the STEM disciplines— despite the university’s long-standing commitment to those fields. A review of student data revealed that the performance of African American students in particular was substantially below that of white and Asian students. So we convened focus groups made up of students, faculty, and staff to learn more about student underperformance, and we followed up with meetings among department chairs and faculty to consider strategies for supporting students better. We recommended several measures: encouraging group study; strengthening tutorial centers; having faculty give students feedback early in the semester; raising admission standards; helping students appreciate how much time and effort are required to be successful; and enhancing the firstyear experience by, for example, improving orientation and explaining how to succeed as students. Within a broader context, we set out to create a cohort of African American students in science and engineering who would become leaders and role models for the nation. This bold vision took shape in 1988 following discussions between campus leaders and Baltimore philanthropist Robert Meyerhoff, who had an interest in supporting African American men in STEM fields. The Meyerhoff Scholarship Program represents the merger of the university’s and Mr. Meyerhoff’s goals. (See Related Articles for details about how the program operates.) In its first year, the program focused on black men. In the second year, with funding from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, women were recruited to the program. Today, it includes students from all racial and ethnic backgrounds. About two-thirds of the students are from underrepresented groups; most are African Americans. Over the past two decades, it has produced a pipeline of hundreds of graduates pursuing and earning graduate and professional science and engineering degrees. Benefits for All Early on, when we examined undergraduate performance generally and minority STEM performance in particular, including retention and graduation rates, we discovered that white students in the sciences had many of the same problems experienced by minority students. We realized then that we would help both groups through the strategies we developed for supporting minority students. Articulating this became especially important when the success of black students led to some backlash among those bothered by the attention given to minority students and concerned about fairness and opportunities. Indeed, through looking—with specificity—at the circumstances of different groups, we found that focusing on one group does not preclude giving special attention to other groups. For example, we learned the importance of expanding our focus beyond black men and other men of color to women, and from undergraduates to graduate students and tenured and tenure-track faculty in STEM disciplines. We learned to discourage people from pitting one group against another. We stressed not only the unique challenges each group faces, but also the potential of each group to contribute to the institution and, more broadly, to the public good (and the costs of failing to give each group the opportunity to do so). We have written books and numerous articles about our experience. In them, we suggest ways for parents to raise academically successful African American men and women. We explain that we started with the men because their performance has tended to be at the bottom of the academic ladder and they have been especially underrepresented in higher education, particularly in STEM fields. Because the program was designed initially for black men, we became accustomed to thinking about ensuring their representation in the pool of candidates for the Meyerhoff Program to advising them before the interview process (for example, encouraging them to show enthusiasm in interviews as a way to demonstrate their intelligence and excitement about the work). We encouraged campus colleagues to consider these issues by talking with them about the special challenges institutions face when they recruit young black men. Transforming the culture of a university requires understanding its values, assumptions, and beliefs. Before the inception of the Meyerhoff Program twenty years ago, few of our underrepresented minority students, particularly African Americans, earned high grades in science. Faculty, staff, and the students themselves assumed that the underrepresented students lacked the necessary preparation (and, of course, some did). Most thought that any minority student who could earn a C in organic chemistry was really smart, because that was the best they had seen achieved—and often the black students who earned Cs would go on to medical school. In fact, the only African American UMBC graduate who had earned a PhD in science (in genetics at Johns Hopkins University) initially earned a D in his undergraduate genetics course in the early 1980s, even though he had a strong science background. Fortunately, he loved science so much that he retook the genetics course and did much better the second time. Learning about his background underscored for us the importance of encouraging students to work in groups and to retake classes in which they initially perform poorly. Over the past two decades, as a result of listening to the voices of students who succeeded as well as those who failed, we developed a variety of strategies. In addition to group work and repetition of classes, these strategies include pushing students to connect with faculty members and asking faculty to lead discussions about class performance on exams. Improving the performance of minority students in STEM fields and increasing the number of underrepresented faculty require not only listening but also asking the right questions and staying focused on institutional mission and values. Responding to these priorities, colleges and universities can use rigorous assessment and evaluation techniques to understand what is happening on their campuses in terms of climate and outcomes. They can evaluate academic performance among students and the success of faculty and staff. Doing so involves more than determining whether faculty earn promotion and tenure or whether students are retained and graduate. It also means finding out how faculty and students perceive the campus environment and whether they see themselves as important parts of the community, both respected and supported. On our campus, institutional changes resulting from such inquiries and the success of the undergraduate Meyerhoff students led to the development of graduate-level initiatives focused on diversity in STEM PhD programs. Our colleagues have written extensively about lessons learned at the graduate level, including the importance of campus leadership and mentoring systems and of monitoring graduate students’ progress, financial support, recognition, and rewards. At the core of the theory that supported UMBC’s successful institutional change is the development of a setting, or climate, that empowers students and sets the stage for them to excel academically. Indeed, the change on our campus—which aimed to expand access to programs and foster academic achievement— was part of a larger transformative process that the Association of American Colleges and Universities has termed “inclusive excellence.” Such a process focuses not only on underrepresented students, but on all students, faculty, and administrators, and it looks at how they affect the culture of an institution its mission, values, traditions, and norms. In the early days of UMBC’s transformation, the most important step we took was to identify inclusive excellence as a university priority by reaffirming our determination to help students from diverse backgrounds not only to survive but also to excel. The theory behind our transformation included other elements as well, central among them behavior change. Everything from the relationships within the institution’s bureaucracy to informal collegial interaction was affected. We suggest that those framing plans for institutional change on other campuses ask certain questions at the outset of the process: Is inclusive excellence a priority of the institution, and is it reflected in stated goals, strategies, and values? Is the institution helping to develop and support coalitions across the campus in ways that encourage open and honest communication? Is the institution addressing any history of inequity that may exist and articulating new values that embrace inclusive excellence? If the changes are to be effective and sustained, institutional leaders must be involved, and the campus must assess and monitor any steps taken quantitatively and qualitatively. Doing so means evaluating student access, diversity, and learning and successfully recruiting and supporting faculty and administrators from diverse backgrounds. For faculty and administrators, several questions need to be asked: Are we helping them to network? Have we identified strong mentors and highlighted effective mentoring practices? Have we identified what they need to do to succeed in their positions? Institutions must also use valid and reliable measures—such as focus groups, questionnaires, and conversations among people—to help assess the progress of institutional transformation and inclusive excellence. Access means more than simply admitting students or recruiting faculty and staff of color. Success demands creating an environment that supports underrepresented groups in reaching their academic goals and ensures substantive interaction among people of different backgrounds. To accomplish this goal, institutions should look carefully at the campus climate and make changes when appropriate. The characteristics of the environment will affect the extent to which minorities feel supported and protected, and the approach taken in making organizational changes may have a long-term impact on the campus. Bringing about substantive change requires approaches ranging from data-driven assessment of student achievement to ongoing conversations within the university community about such issues as race, gender, and socioeconomic background. We also learned the importance of using a strengths-based (rather than a deficits-based) approach to discussing the status and role of minority groups on campus, including the value they bring to our institution. The involvement of influential faculty members and administrators was critical as we developed strategies for evaluating the first-year academic performance of students in science and rethinking our approach to academic advising. The Meyerhoff Program has generally benefited students in science, thanks in part to its creation of an empowering setting. Research on the “Meyerhoff model” and on the transformation on our campus reveals several important characteristics of such a setting: a group-based belief system that is growth-inspiring, strengths-based, and focused beyond the self; engaging, high-quality activities that involve active learning and build bridges with key external constituencies; a strong support system, caring relationships, and a sense of community; a highly accessible and multifunctional structure for making opportunity available; leadership that is inspirational, talented, shared, and committed. The program focuses on encouraging students to excel in science; to commit to increasing the number of minority PhDs in STEM fields; to expect to be the best and work accordingly; to engage in community service, including working with inner-city children; to appreciate financial, academic, and personal support; to associate with like-minded students, faculty, and staff; to work in groups; and to tutor and be tutored. In developing any strategy for institutional transformation, one also needs to consider the role of senior leaders, develop an institutional vision to gain buy-in from the most important constituents (especially faculty), and find the resources necessary to make changes. The fundamental question about inclusive excellence is whether it is an institutional priority. If it is a priority, how is that priority demonstrated? What groups on campus support the notion, and how much influence do they have? Do opportunities exist to communicate about building this kind of excellence and encouraging leaders to talk about the meaning of the terms “excellence” and “inclusiveness” with increasing specificity? With all this said, the most important strategy is for faculty engaged in scientific research to develop strong relationships with minority students. The following story bears this out. Several years ago, one of our students, a talented African American woman graduate of the Meyerhoff Program, wrote to her UMBC mentors to discuss her future as she was completing her PhD in biochemistry at one of the nation’s leading research universities. She had performed superbly in the program, but she was seriously considering leaving science. After several conversations with her mentors, she wrote the following note: Before talking with you, I had all but completely given up on the idea of going into bench science. Though I wanted to use it as a tool, I didn’t particularly want to engage in it any longer. I have found this road to be a particularly lonely one, and I couldn’t see myself walking it anymore. This last week has reawakened my spirit, however. I suppose that my soul was hungry for support, and your collective advice and encouragement have really fed me. Each day that passes allows me to reincorporate science into my future. I can’t thank you enough. At the heart of institutional transformation are a campus’s culture and the relationships among and within the various groups on campus. To the extent that this culture and these relationships are empowering, institutions will succeed in helping students, faculty, and staff from all backgrounds to excel. Freeman A. Hrabowski, III, is president of the University of Maryland Baltimore County; his e-mail address is firstname.lastname@example.org. Kenneth I. Maton is professor of psychology at UMBC; his e-mail address is email@example.com.

The Year’s Free Wages That Resulted in the Novel “To Kill a Mockingbird” The book, which was Lee’s first and only published novel until recently, was heralded as an “instant classic” when it was published in 1960, and it is a staple in high school classrooms today. But it might not exist at all if it hadn’t been for a kind benefactor who helped to support Harper Lee while she wrote the story. Lee knew that she wanted to be a writer after developing an interest in English literature in high school. After graduation, she attended Huntingdon College in Montgomery, Alabama, where she focused on writing. However, a transfer to the University of Alabama saw a switch to a law degree—no doubt in an attempt to do something that was potentially more lucrative—before turning her sights back on writing again. She wrote for the school paper before she dropped out of college entirely, opting instead to move to New York to pursue a career in writing. The problem is, you can’t produce a best-selling novel overnight, and you have to eat somehow. Lee ended up taking a job as an airline ticket agent, where she worked for several years. She was struggling with something all budding authors find difficult to balance: having the time and energy to write and the money to support herself while doing so. Luckily for Lee, she had befriended Michael and Joy Brown. Michael was a popular composer and lyricist who worked on Broadway, and was quite well off financially. For Christmas in 1956, the couple gave Lee a generous present: a year’s worth of wages. With the money came a note saying, “You have one year off from your job to write whatever you please. Merry Christmas.” Who could say no to that? Lee quit her day job with the airline shortly thereafter, and was free to write what she wanted, producing the story that would become To Kill a Mockingbird. But that wasn’t the end of the Browns’ generosity. They were also able to put her in touch with a literary agent, Maurice Crain, who would later help Lee get her bestselling novel published. Reportedly, the first draft read like several short stories stitched together rather than a seamlessly written novel. Lee worked with editor Tay Hohoff to rework the initial manuscript, and two and a half years of rewrites followed. She was warned that the book probably wouldn’t sell more than few thousand copies. However, Lee’s hard work had paid off more than anyone could have expected. Perhaps published at just the right time—dealing with racial issues just as the civil rights movement was kicking off in earnest—the book’s popularity skyrocketed shortly after publication in 1960. It was picked up by the Book-of-the-Month Club and the Literary Guild, featured in Reader’s Digest, and won a variety of literary awards, including the prestigious Pulitzer Prize. By 1962, it had been made into an award-winning movie. Needless to say, Lee was doing quite well. Over 30 million copies of the book have now been sold, and it has been translated into 40 different languages. In 2009, it was reported that Lee was still earning $9,249 every day in royalties from To Kill a Mockingbird. At the moment, it’s estimated that Lee’s estate is worth over $45 million, and it’s estimated she’ll be earning $3-$4 million every year until she dies—and likely as long as the copyright lasts after her death, too. No word on if she paid back the Browns who gave her the year’s wages that enabled her to see such success. As to why she wasn’t interested in continuing to write and publish books after such a stunning debut, she had this to say, Two reasons: one, I wouldn’t go through the pressure and publicity I went through with To Kill a Mockingbird for any amount of money. Second, I have said what I wanted to say and I will not say it again. - Why Old Newspaper and Book Pages Turn Yellow - The “War of the Worlds” Mass Panic That Never Really Happened - Who was the Real Mother Goose? - Dr. Seuss and the Bet That Resulted in One of His Greatest Works - The Novel ‘Gadsby’ has 50,110 Words, Yet None of them Contain the Letter “E” - Much of To Kill a Mockingbird is based on Lee’s childhood in Monroeville, Alabama. She was a bit of a tomboy like Scout, and her father was a lawyer. - Lee’s best friend growing up was the one and only Truman Capote of In Cold Blood fame, who lived next door to her growing up. The pair remained friends into adulthood, and Lee even helped Capote with In Cold Blood, interviewing people and keeping notes. When the book was published, it was partially dedicated to her, but she was upset that Capote did not mention all of the work she had done on the book for him. - There are rumours that Capote actually wrote To Kill a Mockingbird, or at least heavily edited it. Sorry to take away fuel from the conspiracy theorists, but there is no real evidence of this. While Capote probably was one of the first people to read the manuscript, he did not write it. In a letter to his aunt in 1959, Capote wrote that he had read and liked Lee’s book, and thought that she was a great talent. Nowhere does it mention that he had any hand in writing or editing it, and he never came forward to claim it when fame and fortune befell his friend either. That’s all not to mention the differences between the literary voices of the two authors, which is quite apparent! - It was a shock to Lee that she gained fame so quickly for her book. She never liked being in the spotlight, and while she allowed people to interview her in the lead-up to the movie’s release, she did not enjoy being in the public eye. She largely retreated from public view in the 1970s and 1980s. |Share the Knowledge!|

Dustbin of History: The Pearl Harbor Spy The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, remains one of the most infamous events in U.S. history. Yet the spy who played a key role in the sneak attack is a forgotten man, unknown even to many World War II buffs. On March 27, 1941, a 27-year-old junior diplomat named Tadashi Morimura arrived in Honolulu to take his post as vice-consul at the Japanese consulate. But that was just a cover—“Morimura” was really Takeo Yoshikawa, a Japanese Imperial Navy Intelligence officer. His real mission: to collect information about the American military installations in and around Pearl Harbor. Relations between the United States and Japan had been strained throughout the 1930s and were now deteriorating rapidly. In 1940, after years of Japanese aggression in China and Southeast Asia, Washington froze Japanese assets in the U.S., cut off exports of oil and war material, and moved the headquarters of the U.S. Navy’s Pacific Fleet from southern California to Pearl Harbor, bringing it 2,400 miles closer to Japan. The fleet was in Pearl Harbor to stay. But if Japan wanted its funds unfrozen and the crippling economic embargo lifted, the United States insisted that all Japanese troops had to leave China and Southeast Asia. This was a demand that Japan was unwilling to meet. Instead, it began preparing for war, and by early 1941, the eyes of Japan’s military planners had turned to Pearl Harbor. THE AMERICAN DESK Yoshikawa had become a spy in a roundabout way. He’d been a promising naval academy graduate, but his career hopes were dashed in 1936 when, just two years after graduation, stomach problems (reportedly brought on by heavy drinking) forced him out of the Japanese Navy. The following year he landed a desk job with Naval Intelligence, where he was put to work learning all that he could about the U.S. Navy. From 1937 until 1940, Yoshikawa pored over books, magazines, newspapers, brochures, reports filed by Japanese diplomats and military intelligence officers from all over the world, and anything else he could find that would give him information about the U.S. Navy. “By 1940 I was the Naval General Staff’s acknowledged American expert,” he recounted in a 1960 article in the journal Naval Institute Proceedings. “I knew by then every U.S. man-of-war and aircraft by name, hull number, configuration, and technical characteristics. I knew, too, a great deal of general information about the U.S. naval bases at Manila, Guam, and Pearl Harbor.” In August 1940, Yoshikawa was ordered to begin preparing for a spy mission in Pearl Harbor. And he was probably surprised by what his superiors told him next: He wasn’t going to receive any training in the art of espionage—none at all. He wasn’t going to receive any support from Japan’s Hawaiian spy network, either, because there wasn’t one. He would be the only Japanese spy in Hawaii, posing as one Tadashi Morimura, a low-level diplomat assigned to the consulate in Honolulu, and only the consul general would know his true identity and mission. The job paid $150 a month (about $2500 today), plus $600 every six months for expenses. In March 1941, Yoshikawa arrived in Honolulu. A MAN WITH(OUT) A PLAN Now what? Yoshikawa had received very little guidance on how to go about his job, but his worries ended when the consul general, Nagao Kita, took him to dinner at the Shuncho-ro, a Japanese restaurant on a hill overlooking Pearl Harbor. From a private dining room on the second floor of the restaurant, Yoshikawa could see both the Navy base and the nearby Army Air Corps base at Hickam Field laid out below. The Shuncho-ro was the perfect location for studying the flow of ships and aircraft in and out of the harbor, and it even had telescopes. It also happened to be owned by a woman who came from the same prefecture in Japan as Yoshikawa, and she happily made the private dining room (and telescope) available to the up-and-coming young diplomat whenever he requested it. Yoshikawa quickly discovered that he could accomplish much of his spying without attracting attention, and without even breaking any laws. After all, Pearl Harbor was no isolated military installation; it was part of Honolulu, the Hawaiian Islands’ capital city and largest commercial port. Civilians, foreigners, and sightseeing tourists were everywhere. Even if the military had tried to shield Pearl Harbor’s operations from prying eyes, it would have been virtually impossible. Yoshikawa collected a lot of useful information from his observations at the Shuncho-ro, and also by hiking the hillsides that overlooked Pearl Harbor. He could even rent planes at a nearby airport whenever he wanted to take aerial photographs of the ships at anchor. He blended in easily with the large Asian-American population, and he was careful to vary his routine, never visiting any one place too frequently, and never staying any longer than necessary. Sometimes he posed as a laborer; other times he put on a loud Hawaiian shirt and masqueraded as a tourist. When he felt conspicuous traveling alone on, say, a visit to a military air show or a plane or boat ride around the harbor, he’d take one of the geisha girls who worked at the Shuncho-ro or one of the female consular staff on a “date,” always being careful not to reveal his true identity or mission to his companion. An experienced long-distance swimmer, Yoshikawa also made many swims around the harbor to study its defenses. By breathing through a reed, he could swim underwater when he needed to avoid detection. NICE TO MEET YOU After a long day of spying on land or in the water, Yoshikawa passed many an evening picking up hitchhiking U.S. soldiers or buying drinks for servicemen in bars, prying as much information out of them as he could without arousing suspicion. (Soldiers who were tight-lipped around male foreigners often happily spilled the beans to the geishas at the Shuncho-ro, so Yoshikawa made sure to question them, too.) After the restaurants and bars closed, he would pose as a drunken bum and scour the dumpsters outside of military installations for any documents he could get his hands on. Yoshikawa rarely took photographs, and he never drew diagrams or wrote anything down while making his rounds. He never carried a notepad: Instead, he relied on his exceptional memory to record every detail—locations and numbers of ships and aircraft, the timing of their arrivals and departures, the depths of water in different parts of the harbor, everything—so that if he was stopped or questioned, there would be no evidence on him that suggested he was a spy. He never even carried binoculars for fear they would call too much attention to him or arouse suspicion. PACKING A PUNCH If Japan had planned its attack on Pearl Harbor without the data Yoshikawa gathered, it’s quite possible that it would have been merely a glancing blow, one that damaged the Pacific Fleet but did not knock it out of commission. But the information Yoshikawa provided was devastating: - When he reported that air patrols rarely watched the waters north of Oahu (where the seas were thought to be too treacherous for an enemy to mount an attack), the Japanese military planners decided to attack from that direction. - When he told them the water in the harbor wasn’t deep enough for ordinary torpedoes, they devised a torpedo with special fins that would work in shallow water. - When Yoshikawa told them that the ships along “Battleship Row” were moored in pairs to protect the inboard ships from torpedo attacks, the planners decided to attack those ships with armor-piercing bombs dropped from dive-bombers. - When he reported that ships commonly left the harbor for maneuvers on Monday and returned to port at the end of the week, the planners set their attack for the weekend. - When they asked Yoshikawa which day of the weekend the most ships were likely to be in the harbor, he replied simply: “Sunday.” BEFORE THE STORM On the evening of Saturday, December 6, 1941, Yoshikawa sent what would turn out to be the last of his coded messages to Tokyo: VESSELS MOORED IN HARBOR: NINE BATTLESHIPS; THREE CLASS-B CRUISERS; THREE SEAPLANE TENDERS; SEVENTEEN DESTROYERS. ENTERING HARBOR ARE FOUR CLASS-B CRUISERS; THREE DESTROYERS. ALL AIRCRAFT CARRIERS AND HEAVY CRUISERS HAVE DEPARTED HARBOR….NO INDICATION OF ANY CHANGES IN U.S. FLEET. “ENTERPRISE” AND “LEXINGTON” HAVE SAILED FROM PEARL HARBOR….IT APPEARS THAT NO AIR RECONNAISSANCE IS BEING CONDUCTED BY THE FLEET AIR ARM. Though Yoshikawa provided much of the intelligence used to plan the attack on Pearl Harbor, he did not know when—or even if—it would occur. (“To entrust knowledge of such a vital decision to an expendable espionage agent would have been foolish,” he later explained.) He learned the attack was under way the same way that Hawaiians did: by hearing the first bombs go off as he was eating breakfast, at 7:55 a.m. on the morning of the 7th. Yoshikawa had been feeding the war planners in Japan a steady stream of information for eight months, and his efforts had paid off. The Japanese military accomplished its objective with brutal effectiveness: The naval strike force, which included nine destroyers, 23 submarines, two battleships and six aircraft carriers bristling with more than 400 fighters, bombers, dive-bombers and torpedo planes, had managed to sail more than 4,000 miles across the Pacific undetected and then strike at the home base of the U.S. Pacific Fleet while its ships were still at anchor and the Army Air Corps planes were still on the ground. Twenty American warships were sunk or badly damaged in the two-hour attack, including the eight battleships along Battleship Row, the main target of the raid. More than 180 U.S. aircraft were destroyed and another 159 damaged. The destruction of the airfield on Ford Island, in the very heart of Pearl Harbor, was so complete that only a single aircraft managed to make it into the air. More than 2,400 American servicemen lost their lives, including 1,177 on the battleship Arizona, and another 1,178 were wounded. It was the greatest military disaster in United States history. The Japanese losses were miniscule in comparison: 29 planes and 5 midget submarines lost, 64 men killed, and one submariner taken prisoner—the first Japanese P.O.W. of the war—when his submarine ran aground on Oahu. The FBI raided the Japanese consulate within hours, but by then Yoshikawa had burned his code books and any other materials that would have identified him as a spy. He was taken into custody with the rest of the consular staff, and in August of 1942 they were all returned to Japan as part of a swap with American diplomats being held in Japan. Yoshikawa worked in Naval Intelligence for the rest of the war. When Japan surrendered in August 1945, he hid in the countryside, posing as a Buddhist monk, fearful of what might happen to him if the American occupation forces learned of his role in the Pearl Harbor attack. After the occupation ended in 1952, he returned to his family. In 1955 he opened a candy business. By that time Yoshikawa’s role in the war had become widely known, thanks to an Imperial Navy officer who identified him by name in a 1953 interview with the newspaper Ehime Shimbun. If Yoshikawa thought the exposure would bring him fame, fortune, or the gratitude of his countrymen, he was wrong on all counts. Japan had paid a terrible price for starting the war with the United States: On top of the estimated 1.6 million Japanese soldiers who died in the war, an additional 400,000 civilians were killed, including more than 100,000 who died when atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Few people wanted anything to do with the man who helped bring such death and destruction to Japan. “They even blamed me for the atomic bomb,” Yoshikawa told Australia’s Daily Mail in 1991, in one of his rare interviews with the Western press. The candy business failed, and Yoshikawa, now a pariah in his own land, had trouble even finding a job. He ended up living off of the income his wife earned selling insurance. He never received any official recognition for his contribution to the war effort, not a medal or even a thank-you note, and when he petitioned the postwar government for a pension, they turned him down. By the end of his life he had returned to the same vice that supposedly landed him in the spying business in the first place: alcohol. “I drink to forget,” he told a reporter. “I have so many thoughts now, so many years after the war. Why has history cheated me?” He died penniless in a nursing home in 1993. Yoshikawa was the only Japanese spy in Honolulu before the outbreak of war; only the consul general knew his true identity and purpose, and with the exception of the geishas, his driver, and others who assisted him without fully realizing what he was up to, he worked alone. And yet it was the Roosevelt administration’s fear that other Japanese spies might be out there, both in the Hawaiian Islands and on the West Coast of the United States, that prompted the federal government to round up 114,000 Japanese Americans and incarcerate them in internment camps for the duration of the war. Many were given only 48 hours to put their affairs in order and as a consequence lost everything they owned. Not a single internee was ever charged with espionage, and no one understood better than Yoshikawa that they were innocent. He knew because he had tried to recruit Japanese Americans, sounding them out about their loyalties without revealing his purpose, and had failed. “They had done nothing. It was a cruel joke,” he admitted to the Daily Mail. “You see, I couldn’t trust them in Hawaii to help me. They were loyal to the United States.” This article is reprinted with permission from Uncle John’s Heavy Duty Bathroom Reader. The big brains at the Bathroom Readers’ Institute have come up with 544 all-new pages full of incredible facts, hilarious articles, and a whole bunch of other ways to, er, pass the time. With topics ranging from history and science to pop culture, wordplay, and modern mythology, Heavy Duty is sure to amaze and entertain the loyal legions of throne sitters. Since 1987, the Bathroom Readers’ Institute has led the movement to stand up for those who sit down and read in the bathroom (and everywhere else for that matter). With more than 15 million books in print, the Uncle John’s Bathroom Reader series is the longest-running, most popular series of its kind in the world. If you like Today I Found Out, I guarantee you’ll love the Bathroom Reader Institute’s books, so check them out! |Share the Knowledge!|

The MGZ - Medical Genetics Center offers a test to analyze over 600 genes in parallel, variants in which are the cause of clearly defined, severe recessive diseases manifesting in childhood. The genes included for analysis have been chosen and evaluated by experts inter alia according to the recommendations of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG). Criteria were e.g., high penetrance, sufficient published data regarding clinical sensitivity / specificity, functional studies, pathogenic mutations found in more than one family, etc.1. This screening is suitable for both carrier testing of couples planning to have children and for the diagnostic testing of children suspected of having a recessive childhood illness. Screening for recessive diseases is recommended in cases where other specific diagnoses have been ruled out based on the clinical phenotype, a patient’s siblings are affected by recessive diseases, or the parents are consanguineous. Severe Recessive Childhood Diseases Gene Panel Autosomal recessive diseases manifest regardless of gender and only when both parental gene copies are abnormal. X-linked recessive diseases manifest in males when a genetic abnormality in the X chromosome cannot be compensated for by a gene copy on a second X chromosome (as in females). Although the incidence of each individual recessive disease is low ("Orphan Diseases") the overall large number of individual diseases (estimated to be over 1,000) means they make up a significant portion of inherited childhood diseases. There are diagnostic consequences for many diseases, making quick and early diagnosis highly important. The analysis of the Severe Recessive Childhood Diseases Gene Panel may be a reasonable diagnostic measure when some specific diagnoses have been ruled out based on the clinical phenotype or when family history (affected siblings, consanguinity) suggests a recessive disease. It is assumed that each person in the general population is a heterozygous carrier of 2 to 3 recessive mutations known to cause severe childhood diseases when present in a homozygous our compound heterozygous state. For at-risk patients (consanguineous couples, individuals with unidentified recessive genetic diseases in the family), preconception carrier screening for severe recessive diseases can, in combination with genetic counseling, make valuable contributions to family planning. Click here to view our clinician information brochure on Carrier Screening. |Test Name||Test Code| |Carrier Screening Couple - (Offline Ordering Only)||164.03| Click here for price and test ordering information. - Next-generation sequencing (NGS) Accepted Sample Types - 2-4 mL EDTA blood - 3-10 µg DNA - 3-6 weeks Test Performance/Technical Information The MGZ's Carrier Screening gene panel is of the quality Type B, according to the rating scheme recommended by the current EuroGentest guidelines for diagnostic next-generation sequencing. The analysis may be used to confirm a diagnosis, but does not exclude the possibility of a genetic disease. For technical reasons, the detection of larger deletions and/or duplications, structural rearrangements, repeat expansions, pathogenic variants in homopolymer regions, in paralogs/pseudogenes and in untested regulatory regions is not possible. Price Inquiries & Test Ordering To request price information: - Request a cost statement by using our convenient contact form. For detailed test ordering information: - Please refer to the How to Order section of our website. Questions? Contact us. 1 Bell et al., Sci Transl Med. 2011

Warming to devastate glaciers, icesheet: report Global warming may wipe out three-quarters of Europe's alpine glaciers by 2100 and hike sea levels by four metres by 3000 through melting the West Antarctic icesheet, two studies published at the weekend said. The research places the spotlight on two of the least understood aspects of climate change: how, when and where warming will affect glaciers on which many millions depend for their water and the problems faced by generations in the far distant future. The glacier study predicts mountain glaciers and icecaps will shrink by 15 to 27 per cent in volume terms on average by 2100. "Ice loss on such a scale may have substantial impacts on regional hydrology and water availability," it warns. Some regions will be far worse hit than others because of the altitude of their glaciers, the nature of the terrain and their susceptibility to localised warming. New Zealand could lose 72 per cent of its glaciers and Europe's Alps 75 per cent. At the other end of the scale, glacial loss in Greenland is predicted at around 8 per cent and at some 10 per cent in high-mountain Asia. Meltwater will drive up world sea levels by an average of 12 centimetres by 2100, the study says. This figure - which does not include expansion by the oceans as they warm - largely tallies with an estimate in the Fourth Assessment Report by the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2007. Geophysicists Valentina Radic and Regine Hock of the University of Alaska base these calculations on a computer model derived from records for more than 300 glaciers between 1961 and 2004. The model factors in the middle-of-the-road "A1B" scenario for greenhouse-gas emissions, by which Earth's mean surface temperature would rise by 2.8 degrees Celsius during this century. The tool was then applied to 19 regions that contain all the world's glaciers and icecaps. But it does not include the icesheets of Antarctica and Greenland, where 99 per cent of Earth's fresh water is locked up. If either of these icesheets were to melt significantly, sea levels could rise by an order of metres, drowning coastal cities. That scenario emerges in the second study, which focuses on the inertial effect of greenhouse gases. Carbon molecules emitted by fossil fuels and deforestation linger for many centuries in the atmosphere before breaking apart. Even if all these emissions were stopped by 2100, the warming machine would continue to function for centuries to come, says the investigation. It largely bases its forecast on the "A2" emissions scenario, which sees greater carbon pollution by 2100, stoking Earth's temperature by an average 3.4 C (6.1 F) by century's end. Warming of the middle depths of the Southern Ocean could unleash the "widespread collapse" of the West Antarctic icesheet by the year 3000, it says. "The inertia in intermediate and deep ocean currents driving into the southern Atlantic means those oceans are only now beginning to warm as a result of CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions from the last century," said Shawn Marshall, a professor the University of Calgary in Canada. "The simulation showed that warming will continue, rather than stop or reverse, on the thousand-year timescale." The two studies are published online by the journal Nature Geoscience.

The results of the Winograd Schema Challenge, presented last week at an academic conference in New York, revealed much more work needs to be done to make computers truly intelligent. The challenge asks computers to make sense of sentences that are ambiguous but simple for humans to parse. The participating programs were a little better than random at choosing the correct meaning of sentences. Proposed in 2014 as an improvement on the Turing Test, Winograd Schema sentences were first highlighted as a way to gauge machine comprehension by Hector Levesque, an artificial intelligence researcher at the University of Toronto. With the Turing Test, it is often easy for a program to fool a person using simple tricks and evasions. Most of the entrants in the challenge tried to use some combination of hand-coded grammar understanding and a knowledge base of facts. One of the two first-place entries used deep learning to train a computer to recognize the relationship between different events. Nuance researcher Charlie Ortiz says common-sense reasoning will be required to hold even simple conversations with computers. New York University researcher Gary Marcus says common-sense reasoning will grow in importance as devices such as smart appliances or wearable gadgets become more common. From Technology Review View Full Article Abstracts Copyright © 2016 Information Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA No entries found

What does complementary health approaches mean? When people talk about “complementary treatment” or "alternative therapies", they are talking about kinds of treatment that are different from the medicines or surgery usually prescribed by doctors and other mainstream health professionals. Some people even define alternative medicine as treatments that aren't taught in traditional medical schools or hospitals. This is quickly changing as more information is learned about these approaches and how they can be used. Some of these treatments are now used by ‘traditional’ health care providers and may be covered by health insurance plans. Let’s first talk about what the terms mean. - Complementary approaches or treatments mean that treatments are used together with conventional medicine. - Alternative approaches or treatments are used instead of conventional medicine. - Most treatments used today are given together. In some cultures and situations, people may use non-traditional instead of traditional treatments, but this isn’t as common as it used to be in the United States. - One of the major differences between treatments considered complementary/non-traditional and traditional medicine or health care is what we know about them and how they are studied. - Traditional therapies are studied using a scientific approach to answer questions such as: why they work, how well they work, who they work for, what side effects may occur, and how the benefits compare to the risks. Results of testing are published in scientific journals. Most treatments need to receive approval by the Food and Drug Administration or a relevant federal advisory group before they can be marketed and used by the general public. - Many complementary and alternative therapies have not been studied using a strong scientific approach. We may not know very much about how well it works and for whom and how the benefits may compare to any risks of the treatment. While some of these may be very helpful, we just don’t have the data about their usefulness in the same way that we have for traditional treatments. Most of these therapies do not go through a review by the FDA or a federal advisory group before they are sold and used. The list of alternative therapies changes over time as new approaches emerge. Others are proven safe and effective and become part of conventional health care. In epilepsy, for instance, the ketogenic diet began as an alternative therapy but has been scientifically tested and is now considered a conventional therapy for some people with epilepsy. What types of complementary or alternative therapies are being used? There are many different types of therapies that fall into this area. One way to group the various treatments is to use the definitions from the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH): - Natural Products: herbs, vitamins, minerals, and probiotics, often called dietary supplements. - Mind and body practices: Examples may include acupunture, chiropractic and osteopathic manipulation, meditation, relaxation techniques, massage therapy, movement therapies, tai chi, yoga, qi gong, healing touch, and hypotherapy. What is integrative medicine? Some people who are interested in complementary and alternative therapies, including many doctors, want to emphasize that these therapies can be a valuable addition to conventional medical care. They use the term "integrative medicine" to emphasize that both types of treatment are combined (integrated) in the patient's care. Practitioners of integrative medicine generally emphasize therapies that have been the most thoroughly tested. Where can I find out more? A good resource to learn about this area is NCCIH (nccih.nih.gov) with links to other resources on this topic too. This agency is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and has information for researchers, health care professionals, and the general public.

The countdown has begun for “Red Tails,” the aviation movie we’ve all been waiting for! Here’s a sneak peek about this historic fighter squadron from our sister magazine, Flight Journal. In September 1939, while Europe was erupting for the second time in two generations, America slowly prepared for war. That month, the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama applied to the Civil Aeronautics Administration to participate in the Civilian Pilot Training Program (CPT). Thereby, black males tentatively became eligible for government flight training—a revolutionary development in American aviation. In early 1940, CAA representatives arrived to supervise admissions tests. The Institute’s high academic standards were validated when every applicant passed the CPT entry test, reportedly an unmatched record in the South. That fall, the budding Tuskegee airmen were heartened when President Franklin Roosevelt confirmed that Negroes would be trained as Army pilots. Tuskegee’s first preflight class convened in July 1941: 12 cadets under Capt. Benjamin O. Davis, Jr., a West Pointer like his father, while white officers performed administrative functions. Of the original dozen cadets, five completed the course and proceeded to flight training. In March 1941, the Army established the 99th Pursuit Squadron at Chanute Field, Illinois. Commanded by a white officer, Capt. Harold Maddux, it was staffed with black enlisted personnel. Meanwhile, in 1942, Moton Field was completed to provide primary flight training to Tuskegee applicants. Graduates then moved to nearby Tuskegee Army Air Field for basic and advanced phase. By the time of the Pearl Harbor attack in December 1941, the 99th was based at Maxwell Field, Alabama, and the 100th Squadron also stood up. Suddenly faced with a huge need for more of everything, the United States expanded its armed forces almost overnight. Far more than pilots were needed, and in April 1942, the Curtiss-Wright company began preparing to train black P-40 mechanics, with another facility established later in Lincoln, Nebraska. All the while, pilot training continued at Tuskegee with five classes graduated by August. That month, now Lt. Col. Davis assumed command of the 99th with 33 pilots on the roster. With more pilots, losses were inevitable. In September, Lt. F.A. Mcinnis fatally crashed on a local flight, the first of some 150 Tuskegee Airmen who died during the war. Additional personnel permitted a larger organization, and in October 1942, the 332nd Fighter Group was established at Tuskegee with the 100th, 301st and 302nd Squadrons. At year’s end, nine classes had graduated, providing a continuing source of pilots for the growing unit. -Read the entire article in the February issue of Flight Journal

Speakers give speeches to share their thoughts and experiences with an audience. Often they try to persuade listeners to change their ideas. Below is part of a speech in which Sojourner Truth answered a man who thought that women needed the help and protection of men, but not equal rights with men. “That man over there says that women need to be helped into carriages, and lifted over ditches, and to have the best place everywhere. Nobody ever helps me into carriages, or over mud–puddles, or gives me any best place! And ain't I a woman? Look at me! Look at my arm! I have ploughed and planted, and gathered into barns, and no man could head me! And ain't I a woman? I could work as much and eat as much as a man—when I could get it … And ain't I a woman?…” Excerpted from Sojourner Truth's “Ain't I a Woman?” speech in Akron, Ohio, December 1851.

[vc_row][vc_column width=”1/1″][vc_text_separator title=”16th Century” title_align=”separator_align_left” align=”align_center” color=”grey”][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/1″][vc_column_text]1500 – Ute Indians inhabit mountain areas of southern Rocky Mountains making these Native Americans the oldest continuous residents of Colorado. 1541 – Coronado, famed Spanish explorer, may have crossed the southeastern corner of present Colorado on his return march to Mexico after vain hunt for the golden Seven Cities of Cibola.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][vc_text_separator title=”17th Century” title_align=”separator_align_left” align=”align_center” color=”grey”][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/1″][vc_column_text]1682 – Explorer La Salle appropriates for France all of the area now known as Colorado east of the Rocky Mountains.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][vc_text_separator title=”18th Century” title_align=”separator_align_left” align=”align_center” color=”grey”][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/1″][vc_column_text]1765 – Juan Maria Rivera leads Spanish expedition into San Juan and Sangre de Cristo Mountains in search of gold and silver. 1776 – Friars Escalante and Dominguez seeking route from Santa Fe to California missions, traverse what is now western Colorado as far north as the White River in Rio Blanco County.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][vc_text_separator title=”19th Century” title_align=”separator_align_left” align=”align_center” color=”grey”][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/1″][vc_column_text]1803 – Through the Louisiana Purchase, signed by President Thomas Jefferson, the United States acquires a vast area which included what is now most of eastern Colorado. While the United States lays claim to this vast territory, Native Americans have resided here for hundreds of years. 1806 – Lieutenant Zebulon M. Pike and small party of US soldiers sent to explore southwestern boundary of Louisiana Purchase; discovers peak that bears his name, but fails in effort to climb it; reaches headwaters of Arkansas River near Leadville. 1807 – Pike crosses Sangre de Cristo Mountains to Conejos River in San Luis Valley and builds Pike’s Stockade; placed under nominal arrest by Spanish authorities and taken to Santa Fe; later, he and his men are released. 1820 – Numerous Native American tribes live in the Colorado area. The Utes live in the mountains, the Cheyenne and Arapahoe reside on the plains from the Arkansas to the Platte rivers, and the Kiowas and Comanches live south of the Arkansas River. The Pawnee tribe hunts buffalo along the Republican River and the Sioux sometimes hunt in the outskirts of the Cheyenne and Arapahoe lands. – Major Stephen H. Long is sent by President Monroe to explore southwestern boundary of the Louisiana Purchase. Long’s party came up the South Platte River. Long’s Peak named for him. Dr. Edwin James, historian of Long’s expedition, leads first recorded ascent of Pike’s Peak. James Peak, west of Denver, named for him. 1825 – Opening of era of fur-traders, trappers and Mountain Men – Bent brothers, Ceran St.Vrain, Louis Vasquez, Kit Carson, Jim Baker, James Bridger, Thomas Fitzpatrick, “Uncle Dick” Wooten, and Jim Beckworth – who established posts in Arkansas and South Platte Valleys. 1832 – Bent’s Fort, one of the most important trading posts in the West, is built by the Bents and St. Vrain near present city of La Junta. 1836 – Texas becomes independent republic and claims narrow strip of mountain territory extending northward through Colorado to 42nd parallel. Early 1840’s – Mexico granted lands to the wealthy, south of the Arkansas Valley and in the San Luis Valley hoping to secure claims against Texas or America. 1842 – Lieutenant John C. Fremont undertakes first of his five exploration trips into Rocky Mountains. His last expedition, in 1853, took him through the San Luis Valley and into the Gunnison River country. 1846 – General Stephen W. Kearney leads Army of the West along Santa Fe Trail through southeastern Colorado en route to conquest of New Mexico during Mexican War. 1848 – By Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexico cedes to United States most of that part of Colorado not acquired by Louisiana Purchase. 1850 – Federal Government purchases Texas’ claims in Colorado, and present boundaries of Colorado established. 1851 – First permanent non-Indian settlement in Colorado is founded at Conejos in San Luis Valley; irrigation is begun; Fort Massachusetts established in San Luis Valley to protect settlers from Indians who believe that the non-Indians are encroaching on their land. 1853 – Captain John W. Gunnison leads exploring party across southern and western Colorado. Gunnison named for him. Fremont’s last expedition, seeking feasible railroad route through mountains, follows Gunnison’s route. 1854 – Treaties with Native American groups prove unsatisfactory which results in conflict as the Utes kill fifteen inhabitants of Fort Pueblo on Christmas Day. 1858 – Green Russell’s discovery of small placer gold deposits near confluence of South Platte River and Cherry Creek, precipitates gold rush from the East and “Pikes Peak or Bust” slogan. Montana City, St. Charles, Auraria, and Denver City are founded on present site of Denver. November 6, two hundred men meet here to organize County of Arapahoe, Kansas Territory. Pueblo founded as Fountain City. 1859 – Gold is found by George A. Jackson along Chicago Creek on present site of Idaho Springs. March 9, first stagecoach with mail for Cherry Creek settlements leaves Leavenworth, Kansas. April 23, first newspaper in the region, the Rocky Mountain News, is published by William N. Byers. May 6, John Gregory makes famous gold-lode strike on North Clear Creek, stimulating rush of prospectors, who establish camps of Black Hawk, Central City and Nevadaville. October 3, O.J. Goldrick opens first school, at Auraria. Jefferson Territory is organized without sanction of Congress to govern gold camps; officers are elected. Prospectors spread through mountains and establish camps at Boulder, Colorado City, Gold Hill, Hamilton, Tarryall, and Pueblo. 1860 – Rich placer discoveries cause stampede of miners to California Gulch on present site of Leadville. First schoolhouse is built at Boulder. Region continues to be administered variously by Jefferson Territory officials, and Miners’ and People’s Courts. 1861 – Congress establishes Colorado Territory with boundaries of present state; President Lincoln appoints William Gilpin as first Territorial governor. July, Supreme Court is organized and Congressional delegates chosen. September, first assembly meets, creates 17 counties, authorizes university, and selects Colorado City as Territorial capitol. Manufacture of mining machinery begins. The population of the Colorado Territory is 25,371. 1862 – Colorado troops aid in defeating Confederate General Henry H. Sibley’s Army at La Glorieta Pass, New Mexico. Second Territorial Legislature meets for a few days at Colorado City, adjourns to Denver, and selects Golden as the new capitol. First tax-supported schools are established. First oil well drilled near Florence. 1863 – Telegraph line links Denver with East; ten words to New York cost $9.10. Plains Indians attempt to drive white intruders from their hunting lands on the Eastern slopes. 1864 – Tension between non-Indians and the Native American tribes escalates. The massacre (Sand Creek Massacre) of Native American men, women and children in a Cheyenne and Arapahoe Indian encampment by soldiers and settlers stirs Native Americans to fresh violence and overland trails are often closed. Fort Sedgwick is established near Julesburg. Camp Collins established to protect travelers on Overland Trail. Later became Fort Collins. Colorado Seminary (now University of Denver) is chartered; Sisters of Loretto open academy. 1865 – Indian attacks along trails reach highest intensity; food is scarce for settlers and prices high; potatoes bring $15 a bushel and flour costs $40 per 100 pounds. Fort Morgan established for protection against Indians. 1867 – Denver established as permanent seat of government by territorial legislature meeting in Golden. Golden Transcript established by George West. 1868 – Nathaniel Hill erects first smelter in Colorado, at Blackhawk, inaugurating era of hard-rock mining. Cheyenne Indians disastrously defeated at Beecher Island near present site of Wray. The Pueblo Chieftain established by Dr. M. Beshoar at Pueblo. 1869 – The final military engagement between whites and plains Indians in the eastern part of the territory took place at Summit Springs. 1870 – Denver and Pacific Railroad is constructed to connect Denver with Union Pacific at Cheyenne, Wyoming; the Kansas Pacific enters Colorado from Missouri River. Union Colony is established by Horace Greeley and Nathan C. Meeker at Greeley, and first irrigation canal surveyed there. The Greeley Tribune established. Population of Colorado territory 39,864. 1871 – Colorado Springs is founded by General William J. Palmer. Denver and Rio Grande Railroad is built southward from Denver by Palmer. Colorado School of Mines established at Golden. 1872 – Blackhawk and Central City are connected with Denver by railroad; Denver and Rio Grande reaches Pueblo. Agricultural settlements established throughout South Platte Valley. Out West, later the Colorado Springs Gazette, was established. This year signals an end to the major use of the “Mountain Branch” of the Santa Fe Trail. 1874 – Colorado College is founded at Colorado Springs; territorial legislature appropriates $15,00 for University of Colorado at Boulder, on condition that equal sum is raised by that city. W.H. Jackson, famous photographer of the Hayden Geological Survey, notes ruins of ancient cliff dwellings along the canyon on Mancos River. 1875 – Lead carbonate ores, rich in silver, are found near present site of Leadville. Constitutional Convention of 38 members holds first meeting. 1876 – Colorado is admitted to Union as 38th State; John L. Routt is elected first governor. Greeley’s first industry, the tanning of buffalo hides, turns out 12 robes a day. 1877 – University of Colorado opens classes at Boulder, with two teachers and 44 students. State Board of Agriculture is created to develop Agricultural College at Fort Collins. 1878 – Leadville is incorporated; rich silver strikes on Iron, Carbonate, and Fryer hills soon make is one of the world’s greatest mining camps. Central City opera house opens. First telephones are installed in Denver. 1879 – Colorado College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts offers instruction at Fort Collins. Nathan C. Meeker, Indian Agent on White River (near Meeker) and several employees are slain in Ute uprising. Major Thornburg and half of his command of 160 soldiers killed in effort to give protection to Meeker. Utes defeated. 1880 – Denver & Rio Grande lays tracks through Royal Gorge and on to Leadville. Great Ute Chief, Ouray, dies. Dry land farming undertaken extensively in eastern Colorado. Population of Colorado, 194,327. 1881 – Ute tribes are removed onto reservations. Grand Junction is founded. Small quantities of carnotite are found in western Colorado along with gold; later, this mineral is found to contain radium. Tabor Opera House opens in Denver, built by H.A.W. Tabor, famous Leadville capitalist. 1882 – Steel is milled in Pueblo from Colorado ores. Company later becomes Colorado Fuel and Iron Company. 1883 – Narrow gauge line of Denver & Rio Grange is completed from Gunnison to Grand Junction. First electric lights are installed in Denver. 1886 – The Steamboat Pilot established at Steamboat Springs. Charles H.Leckenby becomes owner and publisher, 1893. Denver Union Stockyards are established, later becoming largest receiving market for sheep in the nation. Town of Lamar is founded. The last public hanging in Denver occurred when Andrew Green was executed for the murder of streetcar driver, Joseph Whitnah. 1888 – Band of Utes from Utah under Colorow make last Indian raid into Colorado; they are defeated and returned to the reservation. Union Colony at Greeley completes 900,000 acre irrigation project. Cliff Palace ruins, in what is now Mesa Verde National Park, discovered by two cowboys. 1890 – Passage of Sherman Silver Purchase Act raises price of silver to more than $1.00 an ounce. New rich silver strikes are made along Rio Grande and Creede is founded. July 4, cornerstone of State Capitol at Denver is laid. October 3, first building of the State Normal School (now University of Northern Colorado) at Greeley is occupied. Population of state, 413,249. Boulder Daily Camera established by L.C. Paddock. 1891 – Robert Womack’s discoveries open great gold field of Cripple Creek. First national forest reserve in Colorado is set aside – White River Forest in Meeker area. Pike’s Peak cog railroad begins operation. 1892 – The Denver Post established. H. C. Brown opens Brown Palace Hotel in Denver. 1893 – National panic brings great distress to Colorado. Repeal of Sherman Act strikes silver mining a paralyzing blow and adds to already acute unemployment problems. Grand Junction Sentinel established. 1894 – State Capitol is completed at a cost of $2,500,000. Colorado is second state in the nation to extend suffrage to women, following the precedent set by Wyoming. 1899 – First beet sugar refinery is built at Grand Junction. [/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][vc_text_separator title=”20th Century” title_align=”separator_align_left” align=”align_center” color=”grey”][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/1″][vc_column_text] 1900 – Gold production reaches peak of more than $20,000,000 annually at Cripple Creek, the second richest gold camp in the world. Population of State, 539,700. 1902 – Constitutional amendment permits towns of 2,000 to adopt “Home Rule”; Denver becomes home rule city. Beet sugar refinery built at Fort Collins. David H. Moffat and associates begin construction of Moffat Railroad over the Continental Divide. Completed to Steamboat Springs in 1980 and to Craig in 1913. 1903 – With Ben B. Lindsey as Judge, Denver Juvenile Court opens – the first such court in the United States. – Mine, mill and smelter workers strike in many camps for higher wages and better working conditions; at Cripple Creek, strike results in much property damage and loss of life; all strike objectives in gold field are lost. Uncompahgre irrigation project, first federal government reclamation project in Colorado, is authorized. 1905 – Colorado has 3 governors in one day in a political squabble. First, Alva Adams, then James H. Peabody, and finally Jesse F. McDonald. Construction of the six mile Gunnison water tunnel started by Bureau of Reclamation. 1906 – United States Mint, Denver, issues first coins. March 12, National Western Stock Show is born with chartering of Western Stock Show Association following successful showing of about 60 head of cattle and horses and a few sheep and hogs in makeshift tent at Stockyards. July 29, Mesa Verde national Park is created by Congress. 1908 – July 7, Denver municipal Auditorium, seating 12,500, is completed in time for the Democratic National Convention, when William Jennings Bryan was nominated the third time for President. August 1, Colorado Day is first celebrated, marking thirty-second anniversary of State’s admittance to Union. Dome of the State Capitol is plated with gold leaf at a cost of $14,680. 1909 – Colorado attains first rank among states in irrigation area with 2,790,000 acres under irrigation. Gunnison water tunnel completed by Reclamation Service and opened, on September 23, by President William Howard Taft at the tunnel site. Western State Teachers College opens at Gunnison. 1910 – Population of State, 799,024. Number of farms, 46,170. Colorado voters adopt a constitutional amendment giving to the people the right of the initiative and referendum. May 8, first long distance phone call made from Denver to New York City. First airplane flight in Denver. 1911 – Colorado National Monument west of Grand Junction, created by Presidential order. 1913 – State Tax Commission created by Legislature. Assessed value of Colorado property for tax purposes set at $1,306,536,692. The “Big Snow of 1913” covers Colorado to a depth of 3 – 5 feet; transportation paralyzed for weeks. State begins licensing autos for the first time. 1914 – Strike of coal miners in southern Colorado fields is climaxed by “Battle of Ludlow” near Trinidad; several men, women and children killed during hostilities between miners and the State militia. August: WWI begins. 1915 – Worker’s compensation measures are passsed: State Industrial Commission is created. Rocky Mountain National Park created by Congress. Toll road for auto travel to top of Pikes Peak built by Spencer Penrose. Construction of Broadmoor Hotel at Colorado Springs started. 1916 – Colorado adopts prohibition. Emily Griffith Opportunity School is opened in Denver. Mining of tungsten causes flurry in Boulder-Nederland area. 1917 – April 6: Congress declares war on Germany and many Coloradans volunteer for service. Colorado reaches maximum mineral production, more then $80,000,000. William F. “Buffalo Bill” Cody, Famous Indian scout, dies and is buried on Lookout Mountain, west of Denver. 1918 – Agricultural production increased sharply to aid war needs. Dry lands plowed up to produce wheat. Colorado citizens purchase Liberty Bonds by the millions of dollars to help finance war. More than 125,000 Colorado men register for the draft for army service. Fitzsimmons General Hospital established near Denver. Coal production of state reaches new high of 12,500,000 tons. Impetus of war stirs development of mining of molybdenum at Climax, near Leadville – the nation’s greatest source of the metal. Denver Tourist Bureau establishes free auto camp ground for tourists at Overland Park, Denver. Other cities follow suit during the next few years. Federal Reserve branch bank established in Denver. Colorado voters approve constitutional amendment providing Civil Service for state employees. November, 11, 1918, Germany surrenders. 1919 – Post-war inflation brings higher prices to farmers and producers; prices of farm land high; wages high; boom times everywhere. Colorado enacts tax of one cent per gallon on gasoline, for building of roads. Monte Vista stages first Ski-Hi Stampede. 1920 – Population of State, 939,629. Employees of Denver Tramway company go on strike. Aroused by editorials in The Denver Post, strikers raid Post building and do much damage to property. 1921 – General Assembly creates State Highway Department with seven man Advisory Board. Colorado begins building concrete highways on main traveled routes. Pueblo suffers disastrous flood in June; scores drowned and property damage amounts to $20,000,000. Post war deflation sets in and decline in prices brings trouble in the rural areas. During the next several years, numerous banks serving farming areas close, price and farm lands decline sharply from levels reached in World War I, and farmers clamor for farm relief. 1922 – Coloradans vote $6,000,000 in bonds for highway construction. Moffat Tunnel Improvement District is created by General Assembly for construction of 6.4 mile bore under Continental Divide to provide better rail connections between Eastern and Western Slopes of the State. First commerical radio license in Colorado is issued, to station KLZ. Daring daylight hold-up of Federal Reserve bank truck is staged as it leaves US Mint in Denver and $200,000 stolen. Robbery never solved. 1923 – Oil discovered in Wellington field north of Fort Collins; flurry of oil stock promotion follows. 1924 – April 26, Colorado is second state to ratify child labor amendment to federal Constitution. Celebration held in Greeley marking completion of concrete pavement between Denver and Greeley – first two major cities in State to be connected by paved highways. Ku Klux Klan secures domination of Republican party in Colorado and elects a pro-Klan Governor and US Senator. 1925 – Adams State Teachers College at Alamosa and junior colleges at Grand Junction and Trinidad are opened. 1931 – Population reaches over one million. 1941 – Denver recruiting offices swamped by over 2,000 enlistments during the month of December as United States enters World War II. 1941-1945 – During World War II agriculture industry has greatest production in Colorado history. Growth of military installations in Colorado mushroom. 1942 – Federal government established Amache, a camp for Japanese-Americans who were interned and relocated from their homes on the West Coast. 1945-1950 – Federal government presence in Colorado grows, military installations and scientific institutions continue to develop while many veterans relocate to Colorado. These changes cause a steady increase in population. 1958 – Air Force Academy is built near Colorado Springs and first class graduates in June, 1959. 1950’s and 1960’s -Numerous water storage and diversion projects are constructed in response to increased agricultural and municipal water demands. Tourist and ski industries blossom. Population continues to increase. 1960 – Colorado gets the Denver Broncos professional football team which eventually wins two Super Bowls. 1962-1965 – Disposition of poisonous wastes into a deep well at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal results in earthquakes and hundreds of tremors around the Denver area. 1967 – Denver Rockets become Colorado’s professional American Basketball Association team. In 1974 they are renamed the Denver Nuggets. 1973 – Eisenhower Tunnel is built beneath the Continental Divide sixty miles west of Denver, making it easier to reach the ski slopes of western Colorado. 1974 – Desegregation of schools in Denver begins as busing attempts to achieve racial balance. 1970’s and 1980’s -Tremendous growth of Denver suburbs occurs. 1970’s – The population swells, traffic problems grow, and the “brown cloud” develops over much of the Front Range. Coloradans become concerned over the consequences of pollution and overselling Colorado and reject hosting the 1976 Winter Olympics as a result. July 31, 1976 – A cloudburst on the Big Thompson River results in a massive flood in Larimer County, killing more than 145 people. 1980 – Coal mining production in Colorado on the Western Slopes hits all time high as United States becomes more dependent on energy resources at home rather than overseas. 1982 – The state economic structure is shaken when the oil shale giant Exxon announces the closure of its oil shale development fields in Rio Blanco, Mesa and Garfield counties. Thousands are laid off and the economic stability of the western slope of the state is severely impacted. 1980’s and 1990’s Major growth of technological industries occurs in Colorado. 1992 – The voters of Colorado pass a citizens’ initiative to limit the growth of state and local governments with the passage of the TABOR (Taxpayer Bill of Rights) amendment to the state constitution. 1993 – Colorado Rockies become first regional major league baseball team. 1995 – Quebec Nordiques National Hockey League team moves to Colorado to become the Colorado Avalanche. 1998 – Colorado voters elect the first Republican Governor (Bill Owens) to the statehouse in twenty-four years. Source: Colorado Legislative Council

Ever wondered how the drag coefficient changes when you drive an SUV backwards? 📢 Imagine you are the project manager for the exterior design of the new Mercedes EQC electric SUV. Your job is to balance what designers want (an aesthetic car) with what engineers want (an aerodynamic car). For months you have been running a variety of wind tunnel test programmes. You've experimented with aerodynamic tricks such as active grille shutters, specialised wheel hubs and smoother underfloors. All with the aim of optimising that vital Cd value. By the end of the programme, the Mercedes EQC drag coefficient is 0.27 - bring out the champagne! However, the marketing department want to complete one last run, with two dogs in the vehicle. Well, they need marketing material and if this engages audiences then why not. The real joke: reverse aerodynamics But then the real prankster of the team decides to take it a step further. He wants to run the car backwards too. Not entirely sure what that will achieve, but again – why not? It’s been a long day. As the dogs begin enjoying themselves, the Cd value appears on the screen. It is only 7% higher than the original Cd value of 0.27. To add insult to injury, the prankster removes the rear spoiler and rear wind deflectors. The Cd value this time is exactly the same as when the car drives forwards. Time to put the champagne away. Of course, (apart from the dogs) this is a hypothetical story. However, Vincent Keromnes of A2MAC1 did complete these tests virtually using the AirShaper platform. Using a high quality 3D scan of the Mercedes EQC, Vincent ran a series of AirShaper simulations with the car in reverse. Matching the original Mercedes EQC Drag Coefficient Interestingly, the result was a minor 7% increase in drag coefficient. Vincent then wanted to see how close he could get the drag coefficient in reverse to the original Cd value. He removed the rear spoiler and the rear wind deflectors as these were significantly affecting aerodynamic performance. He then repeated the simulations and astonishingly, achieved the same drag coefficient. The real message: traditional SUV shapes simply aren't aerodynamic This may have started as an amusing story, but the underlying message is extremely important. The long nose and bulky rear end of modern SUV’s is the exact opposite of the typical aerodynamically efficient teardrop shape. A good example of this is the Lightyear Solar One. Despite the Mercedes EQC being electric and therefore benefitting from the packaging opportunities of batteries and electric motors. Its shape remains bulky and far from aerodynamic. The question is why? Of course, the long nose houses the crash structure and the appeal of SUV’s is that they are spacious and comfortable. But the simple fact is that SUV's are not aerodynamic. It seems that to ease the transition from internal combustion vehicles to electric vehicles, manufacturers are developing cars that look exactly the same as their predecessors. So they are missing out on potential opportunities to improve aerodynamic efficiency. Yet, if the aerodynamic performance of a vehicle is improved, it requires less energy to travel the same distance. If manufacturers want us to take their claims of developing greener vehicles seriously, they need to step away from these traditional SUV shapes. Instead, they need to deliver vehicles which maximise efficiency, to minimise the amount of energy these vehicles consume. That's the definition of a true environmentally friendly vehicle. Run Your Own Simulation

Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park |Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park| Pāhoehoe Lava and ʻAʻā flows |Location||Hawaii County, Hawaii, USA| |Area||323,431 acres (130,888 ha)| |Established||August 1, 1916| |Visitors||1,693,005 (in 2014)| |Governing body||National Park Service| |Website||Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park| |Official name||Hawaii Volcanoes National Park| |Designated||1987 (11th session)| |State Party||United States| |Region||Europe and North America| Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park, established in 1916, is a United States National Park located in the U.S. State of Hawaii on the island of Hawaii. It encompasses two active volcanoes: Kīlauea, one of the world's most active volcanoes, and Mauna Loa, the world's most massive subaerial volcano. The park gives scientists insight into the birth of the Hawaiian Islands and ongoing studies into the processes of volcanism. For visitors, the park offers dramatic volcanic landscapes as well as glimpses of rare flora and fauna. In recognition of its outstanding natural values, Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park was designated as an International Biosphere Reserve in 1980 and a World Heritage Site in 1987. In 2012 the Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park was honored on the 14th quarter of the America the Beautiful Quarters series. The park includes 323,431 acres (505.36 sq mi; 1,308.88 km2) of land. Over half of the park is designated the Hawaii Volcanoes Wilderness area and provides unusual hiking and camping opportunities. The park encompasses diverse environments that range from sea level to the summit of the Earth's most massive active volcano, Mauna Loa at 13,677 feet (4,169 m). Climates range from lush tropical rain forests, to the arid and barren Kaʻū Desert. The main entrance to the park is from the Hawaii Belt Road. The Chain of Craters Road, as the name implies, leads past several craters from historic eruptions to the coast. It used to continue to another entrance to the park near the town of Kalapana, but that portion is now covered by a lava flow. Kīlauea and its Halemaʻumaʻu caldera were traditionally considered the sacred home of the volcano goddess Pele, and Hawaiians visited the crater to offer gifts to the goddess. In 1790, a party of warriors (along with women and children who were in the area) were caught in an unusually violent eruption. Many were killed and others left footprints in the lava that can still be seen today. A spectacle, sublime and even appalling, presented itself before us. 'We stopped and trembled.' Astonishment and awe for some moments rendered us mute, and, like statues, we stood fixed to the spot, with our eyes riveted on the abyss below. The volcano became a tourist attraction in the 1840s, and local businessmen such as Benjamin Pitman and George Lycurgus ran a series of hotels at the rim. Volcano House is the only hotel or restaurant located within the borders of the national park. Lorrin A. Thurston, grandson of the American missionary Asa Thurston, was one of the driving forces behind the establishment of the park after investing in the hotel from 1891 to 1904. William R. Castle first proposed the idea in 1903. Thurston, who then owned the Honolulu Advertiser newspaper, printed editorials in favor of the park idea. In 1907, the territory of Hawaii paid for fifty members of Congress and their wives to visit Haleakala and Kīlauea. It included a dinner cooked over lava steam vents. In 1908 Thurston entertained Secretary of the Interior James Rudolph Garfield, and in 1909 another congressional delegation. Governor Walter F. Frear proposed a draft bill in 1911 to create "Kilauea National Park" for $50,000. Thurston and local landowner William Herbert Shipman proposed boundaries, but ran into some opposition from ranchers. Thurston printed endorsements from John Muir, Henry Cabot Lodge, and former President Theodore Roosevelt. After several attempts, the legislation introduced by delegate Jonah Kūhiō Kalaniana'ole finally passed to create the park. House Resolution 9525 was signed by Woodrow Wilson on August 1, 1916. It was the 11th National Park in the United States, and the first in a Territory. Within a few weeks, the National Park Service Organic Act would create the National Park Service to run the system. Originally called "Hawaii National Park", it was split from the Haleakalā National Park on September 22, 1960. An easily accessible lava tube was named for the Thurston family. An undeveloped stretch of the Thurston Lava Tube extends an additional 1,100 ft (340 m) beyond the developed area and dead-ends into the hillside, but it is closed to the general public. In 2004, an additional 115,788 acres (468.58 km2) of Kahuku Ranch were added to the park, making it 56% larger. This was an area west of the town of Waiʻōhinu and east of Ocean View, the largest land acquisition in Hawaii's history. The land was bought for US$21.9 million from the Samuel Mills Damon Estate, with financing from the Nature Conservancy. Several of the National Register of Historic Places listings on the island of Hawaii are located within the park: - 1790 Footprints - Ainahou Ranch - Ainapo Trail - Kilauea Crater - Puna-Ka'u Historic District - Volcano House - Whitney Seismograph Vault No. 29 - Wilkes Campsite Visitor center and museums - The main visitor center, located just within the park entrance at , includes displays and information about the features of the park. - The nearby Volcano Art Center, located in the original 1877 Volcano House hotel, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and now houses historical displays and an art gallery. - The Thomas A. Jaggar Museum, located a few miles west on Crater Rim Drive, features more exhibits and a close view of the Kīlauea's active vent Halemaʻumaʻu. The museum is named after scientist Thomas Jaggar, the first director of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, which adjoins the museum. The observatory itself is operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and is not open to the public. Bookstores are located in the main visitor center and the Jaggar Museum. - The Kilauea Military Camp provides accommodations for U.S. military personnel. Painting of Pele About 1929, D. Howard Hitchcock made an oil painting of Pele, the Hawaiian goddess of fire, lightning, wind, and volcanoes. In 1966, the artist's son, Harvey, donated the painting to the Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park, where it was displayed in the visitors' center from 1966 to 2005. The painting was criticized for portraying the Hawaiian goddess as a Caucasian. In 2003, the Volcano Art Center announced a competition for a "more modern and culturally authentic rendering" of the goddess. An anonymous judging panel of Native Hawaiian elders selected a painting by Arthur Johnsen of Pahoa, Hawaii from 140 entries. In Johnsen's painting, the goddess has distinctly Polynesian features. She is holding a digging stick (ʻōʻō) in her left hand and the egg that gave birth to her younger sister Hiʻiaka in her right hand. In 2005, the Hitchcock was replaced with Johnsen's painting. On March 19, 2008, there was a small explosion in Halemaʻumaʻu crater, the first explosive event since 1924 and the first eruption in the Kīlauea caldera since September 1982. Debris from the explosion was scattered over an area of 74 acres (300,000 m2). A small amount of ash was also reported at a nearby community. The explosion covered part of Crater Rim Drive and damaged Halemaʻumaʻu Overlook. The explosion did not release any lava, which suggests to scientists that it was driven by hydrothermal or gas sources. This explosion event followed the opening of a major sulfur dioxide gas vent, greatly increasing levels emitted from the Halemaʻumaʻu crater. The dangerous increase of sulfur dioxide gas has prompted closures of Crater Rim Drive between the Jaggar Museum south/southeast to Chain of Craters Road, Crater Rim Trail from Kīlauea Military Camp south/southeast to Chain of Craters Road, and all trails leading to Halemaʻumaʻu crater, including those from Byron Ledge, ʻIliahi (Sandalwood) Trail, and Kaʻū Desert Trail. - "Listing of acreage as of December 31, 2011". Land Resource Division, National Park Service. Retrieved 2012-03-07. - "NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report". National Park Service. Retrieved 2015-06-28. - "Hawai'i's Only World Heritage Site". Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park web site. National Park Service. Retrieved 2009-12-02. - "2008 Business Plan" (PDF). Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. National Park Service. Retrieved 2009-12-02. - "Kilauea Status Page". HVO. USGS. - Nakamura, Jadelyn (2003). "Keonehelelei – the falling sands" (PDF). Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Archaeological Inventory of the Footprints Area. - "Early Kilauea Explorations". Hawaii Nature Notes number 2. National Park Service. November 1953. Retrieved 2000-12-01. Check date values in: - "The Volcano House". Hawaii Nature Notes number 2. National Park Service. November 1953. Retrieved 2000-12-01. Check date values in: - "The Park Idea". Hawaii Nature Notes number 2. National Park Service. November 1953. Retrieved 2000-12-01. Check date values in: - "The Final Thrust". Hawaii Nature Notes number 2. National Park Service. November 1953. Retrieved 2000-12-01. Check date values in: - "The National Park Service Organic Act". statutes of the 64th United States Congress. National Park Service. August 25, 1916. Retrieved 2000-12-01. Check date values in: - "Hawai'i Natural History Association". official web site. Retrieved 2009-12-02. - "Kilauea Military Camp at Kilauea Volcano, a Joint Services Recreation Center". official web site. Retrieved 2009-12-02. - "Friends of Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park". official web site. Retrieved 2009-12-02. - Rod Thompson (July 13, 2003). "Rendering Pele: Artists gather paints and canvas in effort to be chosen as Pele's portrait maker". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved 2010-01-08. - Thompson, Rod (August 15, 2003). "Winning Vision of Pele, an Unusual Take". Honolulu Star Bulletin. p. A3. - "Explosive eruption in Halemaʻumaʻu Crater, Kilauea Volcano". HVO. USGS. Archived from the original on 2008-03-23. - "Closed Areas". Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park web site. National Park Service. Retrieved 2009-12-02. Find more about Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park at Wikipedia's sister projects |Media from Commons| |Travel guide from Wikivoyage| - "Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2011-08-21. - Official Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park website - Volcano Gallery: Hawaii Volcanoes National Park - Local Info Photo Gallery, Volcano Live Cam, Eruption Update and General Park Information. - Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) No. HI-47, "Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Roads, Volcano, Hawaii County, HI", 6 photos, 20 measured drawings, 116 data pages, 1 photo caption page - HAER No. HI-76, "Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Water Collection System, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Volcano, Hawaii County, HI", 51 photos, 40 measured drawings, 43 data pages, 5 photo caption pages - HAER No. HI-48, "Crater Rim Drive, Volcano, Hawaii County, HI", 17 photos, 1 color transparency, 3 data pages, 3 photo caption pages - HAER No. HI-48, "Chain of Craters Road, Volcano, Hawaii County, HI", 7 photos, 1 color transparency, 3 data pages, 2 photo caption pages - HAER No. HI-50, "Mauna Loa Road, Volcano, Hawaii County, HI", 13 photos, 1 color transparency, 3 data pages, 2 photo caption pages - HAER No. HI-51, "Hilina Pali Road, Volcano, Hawaii County, HI", 8 photos, 1 color transparency, 3 data pages, 2 photo caption pages - Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) No. HI-523, "Namakani Paio Campground, Highway 11, Volcano, Hawaii County, HI", 6 photos, 4 data pages, 1 photo caption page

Birthplaces, hideouts, outposts, places of residence of great freedom fighters, before and after Revolution, such as Theodoros Kolokotronis (1770-1843), Dimitris Papatsoris (1770-1835), Giannakis Gritzalis (1791-1834), Mitropetrovas (1745-1838). Special emphasis is given to the villages of Soulima (Soulimochoria), the land of Dredes, who were Arvanites, famous for their bravery and hardened way of life. Historic monasteries that played an important role during the Revolution. Villages, fortresses, tambourines, battlefields, monuments connected with the military operations of Ibrahim Pasha’s Ottoman Egyptian expeditionary force, during his stay in the Peloponnese (February 1825 – October 1828): Ibrahim’s occupation of Sfaliktria (April 26, 1825) and of Niokastro (May 6, 1825); the battles at Schinolakka (March 16-17, 1825), Kremmidia (April 7, 1825) and Maniaki (May 20, 1825); the Battle of Navarino (October 27, 1827).

Pulmonology & Respiratory Diseases The respiratory system is made up of the organs in the body that help you to breathe. The goal of breathing is to deliver oxygen and to take away carbon dioxide from the body. The respiratory system includes the lungs, trachea, bronchi, and diaphragm, which is the dome-shaped muscle at the bottom of the lungs. Damage to the respiratory system occurs due to multiple factors like infection, pollution, allergy, or smoking. A Pulmonology Specialist in UAE is a doctor who specializes in the respiratory framework. From the windpipe to the lungs, if your grievance includes the lungs or any piece of the respiratory framework, a Pulmonology Specialist in UAE is the physician you need to take care of the issue. The Department of Pulmonary Medicine at HMS Al Garhoud Hospital is equipped to deal with all types of breathing problems (acute and chronic) such as: • Bronchial Asthma • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (chronic bronchitis/emphysema) • Pneumonia (infections) • Interstitial lung disease • Occupation related to respiratory diseases • Sleep apnea syndrome • Diagnosis and staging of lung cancer • Pulmonary Infection • Chronic cough • Lung Cancer

IN THIS ARTICLE With tinnitus, you hear a noise that no one around you hears. This noise is usually a buzzing or ringing type sound, but it may be a clicking or rushing sound that goes along with your heartbeat. The sound is sometimes accompanied by hearing loss and dizziness in a syndrome known as Meniere's disease. Medically Reviewed by a Doctor on 6/12/2014 Must Read Articles Related to Tinnitus Patient Comments & Reviews The eMedicineHealth doctors ask about Tinnitus: Tinnitus - Effective Treatments What kinds of treatments have been effective for your tinnitus? Tinnitus - Causes What was the cause of your tinnitus? Tinnitus - Experience Please describe your experience with tinnitus. Tinnitus - Medical Treatment What medical treatments have been effective for tinnitus?

If an enzyme name is shown in bold, there is experimental evidence for this enzymatic activity. |Superclasses:||Biosynthesis → Secondary Metabolites Biosynthesis → Phenylpropanoid Derivatives Biosynthesis → Flavonoids Biosynthesis → Flavonols Biosynthesis| Some taxa known to possess this pathway include : Arabidopsis thaliana col Expected Taxonomic Range: Brassicaceae Flavonole such as quercetin and its glycosidic derivatives (this pathway) and kaempferol/kaempferol glycoside (compare kaempferol glycoside biosynthesis (Arabidopsis)) are the major flavonoids found in Arabidopsis thaliana [Veit99] [Kerhoas06]. Metabolic mutants of Arabidopsis were found to express a different profile of flavonols emphasizing the value of metabolic profiling for the exploration of the underlying pathways [Graham98]. The occurrence of the two main flavonols kaempferol and quercetin is predominant in different tissues. Quercetin appears to be the main flavonoid in seeds and kaempferol is more prominent in flowers of Arabidopsis [Pelletier97, Shirley95]. Beside the glycosylated monomeric flavonols, dimers and oligomers of flavonols have been identified in Arabidopsis which again accumulate in a spatially and temporally controlled manner that is dependent of seed development and maturation of seeds [Routaboul06]. The biological function of flavonoids including flavonols such as UV-protection, defense and resistance against biological and non-biological agents and interacting with plant hormones [WinkelShirley02] has been investigated in depth. However, flavonols also have a significant impact on human health as that they are an important component of the daily diet. Flavonols are involved in the prevention of cancer and cardiovascular diseases that have attracted researchers to reveal the causal molecular principles [Graf05, Kanadaswami]. About This Pathway Glycosylation is one of the most widespread modifications of plant secondary metabolites that can alter properties and functions of the modified compound. 120 putative UDP-glucose: glycosyltransferases alone have been predicted from the genome of Arabidopsis but for only a few their molecular function has been verified experimentally [Gachon05]. The metabolic steps that generate glycosides of quercetin are catalyzed by enzymes that express broader substrate specificity and usually accept kaempferol and/or isorhamnetin to a comparable degree. In general, flavonols are preferred over flavones and flavanones [Willits04] [Jones03] matching the flavonoid composition found in Arabidopsis. The glycosyltransferases acting in Arabidopsis thaliana have been demonstrated to preferentially transport sugars to the 3-OH and 7-OH position of the C and the A-ring of the flavonol, respectively. The enzymes catalyzing the 3-O and 7-O--glucosylation have been purified from Arabidopsis [Kim06c] [Kim06b] [Willits04]. Quercetin and kaempferol-3-rhamnoside are the most abundant flavonols reported and the corresponding enzymes have been purified and characterized via a functional genomic approach just recently [Jones03]. The quercetin biosynthesis as displayed reflects the currently known enzymatic steps and the results of metabolic profiling [Kerhoas06, Routaboul06] but some of the enzymes catalyzing the formation of e.g. quercetin-3,5-diglucoside remain to be characterized.The identification of the flavonol 7-O-rhamnosyltransferase responsible for the formation of major kaempferol and quercetin glycosides in Arabidopsis has been achieved by utilizing transcriptome expression analysis. The molecular function of the flavonol 7-O-rhamnosyltransferase (UGT89C1) was confirmed through T-DNA mutants knocked out for the UGT89C1 in which rhamnosylated flavonols could not be found in the metabolic profile. In addition, the recombinant expressed GST-fusion protein demonstrated the very specific 7-rhamnosylation for flavonol mono- and diglucosides [YonekuraSakakib07]. The enzymes catalyzing the steps leading to the generation of the precursor compounds quercetin 3-O-sophoroside and quercetin-3-gentiobioside have not yet been identified and remain to be shown. Superpathways: superpathway of flavones and derivatives biosynthesis Unification Links: AraCyc:PWY-5321 Jones03: Jones P, Messner B, Nakajima J, Schaffner AR, Saito K (2003). "UGT73C6 and UGT78D1, glycosyltransferases involved in flavonol glycoside biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana." J Biol Chem 278(45);43910-8. PMID: 12900416 Kerhoas06: Kerhoas L, Aouak D, Cingoz A, Routaboul JM, Lepiniec L, Einhorn J, Birlirakis N (2006). "Structural characterization of the major flavonoid glycosides from Arabidopsis thaliana seeds." J Agric Food Chem 54(18);6603-12. PMID: 16939316 Kim06b: Kim JH, Kim BG, Park Y, Ko JH, Lim CE, Lim J, Lim Y, Ahn JH (2006). "Characterization of flavonoid 7-O-glucosyltransferase from Arabidopsis thaliana." Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 70(6);1471-7. PMID: 16794327 Kim06c: Kim JH, Kim BG, Ko JH, Lee Y, Hur H-G, Lim Y, Ahn J-H (2006). "Molecular cloning, expression, and characterization of a flavonoid glycosyltransferase from Arabidopsis thaliana." Plant Science, 170(4), 897-903. Pelletier97: Pelletier MK, Murrell JR, Shirley BW (1997). "Characterization of flavonol synthase and leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase genes in Arabidopsis. Further evidence for differential regulation of "early" and "late" genes." Plant Physiol 1997;113(4);1437-45. PMID: 9112784 Routaboul06: Routaboul JM, Kerhoas L, Debeaujon I, Pourcel L, Caboche M, Einhorn J, Lepiniec L (2006). "Flavonoid diversity and biosynthesis in seed of Arabidopsis thaliana." Planta 224(1);96-107. PMID: 16395586 Shirley95: Shirley BW, Kubasek WL, Storz G, Bruggemann E, Koornneef M, Ausubel FM, Goodman HM (1995). "Analysis of Arabidopsis mutants deficient in flavonoid biosynthesis." Plant J 8(5);659-71. PMID: 8528278 Willits04: Willits MG, Giovanni M, Prata RT, Kramer CM, De Luca V, Steffens JC, Graser G (2004). "Bio-fermentation of modified flavonoids: an example of in vivo diversification of secondary metabolites." Phytochemistry 65(1);31-41. PMID: 14697269 YonekuraSakakib07: Yonekura-Sakakibara K, Tohge T, Niida R, Saito K (2007). "Identification of a flavonol 7-O-rhamnosyltransferase gene determining flavonoid pattern in Arabidopsis by transcriptome coexpression analysis and reverse genetics." J Biol Chem 282(20);14932-41. PMID: 17314094 FukuchiMitzutan11: Fukuchi-Mitzutani M, Akagi M, Ishiguro K, Katsmoto Y, Fukui Y, Togami J (2011). "Biochemical and molecular characterization of anthocyanidin/flavonol 3-glucosylation pathways in Rosa x hybrida." Plant Biotechnology 28: 239-244. Jourdan82: Jourdan PS, Mansell RL (1982). "Isolation and partial characterization of three glucosyl transferases involved in the biosynthesis of flavonol triglucosides in Pisum sativum L." Arch Biochem Biophys 213(2);434-43. PMID: 6462109 Kramer03: Kramer CM, Prata RT, Willits MG, De Luca V, Steffens JC, Graser G (2003). "Cloning and regiospecificity studies of two flavonoid glucosyltransferases from Allium cepa." Phytochemistry 64(6);1069-76. PMID: 14568073 Lim02: Lim EK, Doucet CJ, Li Y, Elias L, Worrall D, Spencer SP, Ross J, Bowles DJ (2002). "The activity of Arabidopsis glycosyltransferases toward salicylic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, and other benzoates." J Biol Chem 277(1);586-92. PMID: 11641410 Lim04: Lim EK, Ashford DA, Hou B, Jackson RG, Bowles DJ (2004). "Arabidopsis glycosyltransferases as biocatalysts in fermentation for regioselective synthesis of diverse quercetin glucosides." Biotechnol Bioeng 87(5);623-31. PMID: 15352060 Lim05: Lim, E.-K., Doucet, C.J., Hou, B., Jackson, R.G., Abrams, S.R., Bowles, D.J. (2005). "Resolution of (+)-abscisic acid using an Arabidopsis glycosyltransferase." Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 16:143-147. Masada09: Masada S, Terasaka K, Oguchi Y, Okazaki S, Mizushima T, Mizukami H (2009). "Functional and structural characterization of a flavonoid glucoside 1,6-glucosyltransferase from Catharanthus roseus." Plant Cell Physiol 50(8);1401-15. PMID: 19561332 Oguchi07: Oguchi Y, Masada S, Kondo T, Terasaka K, Mizukami H (2007). "Purification and characterization of UDP-glucose : curcumin glucoside 1,6-glucosyltransferase from Catharanthus roseus cell suspension cultures." Plant Cell Physiol 48(11);1635-43. PMID: 17940060 Owens: Owens DK, McIntosh CA "Identification, recombinant expression, and biochemical characterization of a flavonol 3-O-glucosyltransferase clone from Citrus paradisi." Phytochemistry 70(11-12);1382-91. PMID: 19733370 Schlangen09: Schlangen K, Miosic S, Castro A, Freudmann K, Luczkiewicz M, Vitzthum F, Schwab W, Gamsjager S, Musso M, Halbwirth H (2009). "Formation of UV-honey guides in Rudbeckia hirta." Phytochemistry 70(7);889-98. PMID: 19477473 Suzuki05: Suzuki T, Kim S-J, Yamauchi H, Takigawa A, Honda Y, Mukasa Y (2005). "Characterization of a flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase and its activity during cotyledon growth in buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum)." Plant Science 169: 943-948. Trapero12: Trapero A, Ahrazem O, Rubio-Moraga A, Jimeno ML, Gomez MD, Gomez-Gomez L (2012). "Characterization of a glucosyltransferase enzyme involved in the formation of kaempferol and quercetin sophorosides in Crocus sativus." Plant Physiol 159(4);1335-54. PMID: 22649274 Tsushida96: Tsushida, T., Suzuki M. (1996). "Content of flavonol glucosides and some properties of enzymes metabolizing the glucosides in onion. Flavonoid in fruits and vegetables, part II." Jpn Food Sci Technol 43:642-649. ©2016 SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025-3493

You need no previous experience of medieval literature to do well in this course - just bring your curiosity and enthusiasm! We will be reading a wide variety of medieval prose and poetry from the later Middle Ages: tales from Chaucer, Arthurian romances, female saints' lives, travel narratives both real and imagined, political treatises, devotional poetry, plays, and chronicles. The goal of the course is to expose you to the wonderful diversity of 13th to 15th-century literature; thanks to Middle English Boot Camp, you will all become masters of Middle English as well. As we read, we will be asking questions about reading ,writing, and authorship relevant to literature of all periods. How do written technologies, such as manuscripts, shape the way we imagine the world, our past, and ourselves? What might it mean to write in a culture with multiple literary languages (French, Latin, and English), each of which comes with its own social "baggage"? How can a writer claim to have a public voice, if it takes several days to carry a message from the center to the periphery? When can an author be said to innovate in a culture that deeply values tradition and has staked everything on a sacred past? Assignments will include a midterm exam, a final paper, and several short exercises, including a manuscript exercise in Van Pelt's Rare Books and Manuscript Library.

- Power outages can pose safety challenges for medication and food - Those using breathing machines should have a backup power source - It's possible to make meals without power or refrigeration, experts say Winter weather walloped much of the United States this week, dumping feet of snow in some areas as temperatures were forecast to plunge into negative numbers. If you are among the 100 million estimated to be affected, it's a good idea to prepare for a power outage. Here are some tips to stay healthy when the lights go out: A condition called hypothermia happens when a person's core body temperature goes below 95 degrees F. A rapid loss of body heat, usually because of being in cold water, is called acute hypothermia. Cold outdoor weather poses risks of subacute hypothermia, when the body can't cope with the cold. And chronic hypothermia happens from ongoing exposure to indoor temperatures below 50 degrees F, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. If your home has no heat, you can prevent hypothermia by using blankets, wearing layers of clothing and a hat, and moving around, as body temperature goes up with physical activity. Everyone should also be getting adequate food and liquids. A person with hypothermia may become less awake and aware as his or her body temperature drops. Give the person warm beverages, but not alcohol or cigarettes. Don't try to warm a person with severe hypothermia using direct heat or hot water, as they will need to be carefully rewarmed and monitored. The CDC also discourages rubbing or massaging the skin. Drink safe water Water purification systems may suffer malfunctions because of power outages. You should not brush your teeth, wash or prepare food, wash your hands or make ice or baby formula using contaminated water. Keeping bottled water around is one solution, as long as you know that it came from a safe source. The best way to make sure that your water is safe from bacteria and parasites is to boil it; one minute of boiling will kill most of these organisms, says the CDC. You can also disinfect water yourself by filtering it through a clean cloth, paper towel, or coffee filter, or allowing it to settle. Then, draw off the clear water and disinfect using a household chemical aid such as these: Unscented liquid household chlorine (5-6%) bleach can be used as follows: 1/8 of a teaspoon can be added for every gallon of clear water, or 1/4 teaspoon of bleach for each gallon of cloudy water. Stir well and let stand for at least 30 minutes before you use it. Disinfected water should be stored in clean containers that have tight covers. Iodine and chlorine dioxide tablets can also be used as disinfectants -- just follow the manufacturer's instructions. Managing your medications The elderly and chronically ill need to take note of their medications when the power goes out. Insulin and some liquid medications may require cooling, says Dr. David Seaburg, president of the American College of Emergency Physicians. In warm weather, lunch bags containing a cool pack are a good option for those products. For those facing evacuation, it's important to have a record -- either a piece of paper or a computer accessible file -- with the names and dosage information of your prescription drugs. Ideally, it should be prepared in advance. For diabetics, a supply of snacks is essential, along with insulin and any other medications, says Dr. David Ross, a Colorado Springs, Colorado, emergency physician who assisted victims of a wildfire last summer. Ross also suggests that people have an emergency one-month supply of prescription medications, so they will not be caught short-handed. And Seaburg adds, "If you have a chronic illness or take prescription medications and you are evacuated or choose to go to a community center, make someone aware that you have a medical condition, so they will know what to check for if your behavior seems a little unusual." Another consideration during a loss of power is for patients with chronic breathing problems. People who require continuous positive airway pressure, or CPAP, devices for sleep apnea or other sleep issues will need an alternative source of power. There are options available for most machines, including CPAP battery packs, DC power options, marine battery adapters and travel-specific CPAP machines to provide power in the event of an electrical outage. Keeping food at a healthy temperature may be a challenge during a power loss. Refrigerators keep dairy products, meat, fish, poultry and eggs at a healthy temperature if they are 40 degrees Fahrenheit or below, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture. If your power goes out, your refrigerator will stay at the proper temperature for about four hours if it's unopened. Placing ice bags or dry ice will help to maintain healthy cooling. A full freezer will remain cool for about 48 hours, or for about 24 hours if half full. It's a good idea to have digital thermometers on hand to check the temperature. Once the thermometer goes above the recommended temperature, avoid eating any dairy products, meat, fish, poultry or eggs. Throw away items that have been compromised. The USDA suggests keeping a supply of canned and packaged foods that do not require refrigeration. Coolers are a good solution if your power will be on within 24 hours. And knowing where to purchase ice and dry ice is a good way to plan for an emergency. The Mayo Clinic suggests stocking up on condiments, particularly those that are vinegar-based and have a long shelf life, such as ketchup, mustard and soy sauce. Keep canned protein such as chicken, salmon, beans and peanut butter on hand, the clinic recommends, and keep boxes of powdered milk or shelf-stable milk cartons handy. Also, don't forget a manual can opener. Eating out of a can doesn't have to be boring, says Ron Stone, assistant director of nutrition at the Mayo Clinic in Florida. "There are many options to mix and match from your pantry, and with advance planning and a little creativity, you can provide healthy and delicious meals for your family," Stone says. Clinic interns have created sample three-day meal plans (PDF) to feed a family of four without the use of power or refrigeration, including desserts and energy bars. The American Red Cross recommends that you turn off or disconnect any electrical devices that were in use when you lost power. This includes stoves and other kitchen appliances. That's because surges or spikes in power can harm your equipment when the power comes back on. You can leave one light plugged in, though, so that you know immediately when the electricity works again. It's a good idea to keep candles around, as well as a flashlight on every floor of your home. A battery-operated radio is also handy. Are you in the blizzard's path? Send your time-lapse videos and photographs to CNN iReport, but stay safe.

Our political moment has necessitated a reexamination of the history of racialized violence and political resistance in the United States. “Birmingham, Alabama, 1963: Dawoud Bey/Black Star” at the Museum of Contemporary Photography creates a powerful visual starting point for this reflection. Curated by Dr. Gaëlle Morel, who originally staged the show at the Ryerson Image Centre in Toronto, the exhibition places two projects by Dawoud Bey in conversation with selections from the Black Star archive that is housed at the Ryerson. The exhibition is sparse, which makes room for close examination of the images and creates a sense of reverence in the space. The first of Bey’s projects is the 2012 photo series “Birmingham, Alabama, 1963.” It is a series of portrait diptychs. Each diptych is made up of photos of African Americans, a young person and an older person. The subjects are stand-ins for the children who died in the 1963 bombing of Birmingham, Alabama’s 16th Street Baptist Church and in the uprising that followed. The younger person pictured is the age of the murdered adolescents and their elder companions are the age the victims would be today if they had been allowed to live. The portraits are in Bey’s particular style, the poses and direct views are familiar and deeply affective. The pairs are placed in similar positions and resemble each other in their features and expressions. One gets the impression of a present and future self. This potential brings home what was lost in the deaths of those young people that autumn in Birmingham. These photos line the walls of the two main galleries on the first floor. On both sides of the wall separating the two spaces are the archival materials from the Black Star Collection. These include framed photographs of the 16th Street Baptist Church at the time of the bombing, protest following the terrorist act and civil rights demonstrations from May 3 of that year. The photos of the May protest include some of the best-known images from the civil rights struggle, those of police setting dogs on people and torturing them with high-velocity water hoses. Alongside these are wall-mounted vitrines displaying photo essays in popular magazines that used these images to make the general public aware of the struggles of those fighting for their rights and those determined to oppress them. In the small side gallery on the first floor, the museum exhibits Bey’s eleven-minute single-channel video, “9.15.63.” Made in 2013, the video deals with the same themes as the photo series and is also presented as a diptych. On one side of the screen, the camera slowly roams over the details of the places that make up day-to-day life: beauty shops, elementary school classrooms, diners, barbershops. Locations that were segregated in Alabama in 1963, locations that were highly contested sites of struggle during the civil rights movement. On the other half of the screen a clear blue sky, leafy trees and the tips of houses drift by. The view is like what a child might see while looking at the sky from the back seat of a car. As the video comes to a close, the sign for the 16th Street Church is seen. An exhibit of work by two Chicago photographers, Carlos Javier Ortiz and David Schalliol, occupies the museum’s top two floors. Work by artists in “Chicago Stories” consider the impact of systemic racism on African-American communities on Chicago’s South Side. Schalliol focuses on community displacement while Ortiz looks at the people who make up these communities, which formed through the Great Migration, and their struggles, including gun violence. These two projects make powerfl counterpoint to the historic nature of the first-floor exhibit. (Alisa Swindell) “Birmingham, Alabama, 1963: Dawoud Bey/Black Star” and “Chicago Stories,” through July 7 at the Museum of Contemporary Photography, 600 South Michigan.

|Part of a series on| In cosmology, recombination refers to the epoch at which charged electrons and protons first became bound to form electrically neutral hydrogen atoms.[nb 1] Recombination occurred about 378,000 years after the Big Bang (at a redshift of z = ). 1100 Immediately after the Big Bang, the universe was a hot, dense plasma of photons, electrons, and protons. The plasma was effectively opaque to electromagnetic radiation due to Thomson scattering by free electrons, as the mean free path each photon could travel before encountering an electron was very short. As the universe expanded, it also cooled. Eventually, the universe cooled to the point that the formation of neutral hydrogen was energetically favored, and the fraction of free electrons and protons as compared to neutral hydrogen decreased to a few parts in 10,000. Shortly after, photons decoupled from matter in the universe, which leads to recombination sometimes being called photon decoupling, but recombination and photon decoupling are distinct events. Once photons decoupled from matter, they traveled freely through the universe without interacting with matter and constitute what is observed today as cosmic microwave background radiation (in that sense, the cosmic background radiation is infrared black-body radiation emitted when the universe was at a temperature of some 4000 K, redshifted by a factor of to the 1100microwave spectrum). The recombination history of hydrogen The cosmic ionization history is generally described in terms of the free electron fraction xe as a function of redshift. It is the ratio of the abundance of free electrons to the total abundance of hydrogen (both neutral and ionized). Denoting by ne the number density of free electrons, nH that of atomic hydrogen and np that of ionized hydrogen (i.e. protons), xe is defined as Since hydrogen only recombines once helium is fully neutral, charge neutrality implies ne = np, i.e. xe is also the fraction of ionized hydrogen. Rough estimate from equilibrium theory It is possible to find a rough estimate of the redshift of the recombination epoch assuming the recombination reaction is fast enough that it proceeds near thermal equilibrium. The relative abundance of free electrons, protons and neutral hydrogen is then given by the Saha equation: where me is the mass of the electron, kB is Boltzmann's constant, T is the temperature, ħ is the reduced Planck's constant, and EI = 13.6 eV is the ionization energy of hydrogen. Charge neutrality requires ne = np, and the Saha equation can be rewritten in terms of the free electron fraction xe: All quantities in the right-hand side are known functions of redshift: the temperature is given by T = 2.728 (1 + z) K., and the total density of hydrogen (neutral and ionized) is given by np + nH = 1.6 (1+z)3 m−3. Solving this equation for a 50 percent ionization fraction yields a recombination temperature of roughly K, corresponding to redshift z = 4000 . 1500 The effective three-level atom In 1968, physicists Jim Peebles in the US and Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich and collaborators in the USSR independently computed the non-equilibrium recombination history of hydrogen. The basic elements of the model are the following. - Direct recombinations to the ground state of hydrogen are very inefficient: each such event leads to a photon with energy greater than 13.6 eV, which almost immediately re-ionizes a neighboring hydrogen atom. - Electrons therefore only efficiently recombine to the excited states of hydrogen, from which they cascade very quickly down to the first excited state, with principal quantum number n = 2. - From the first excited state, electrons can reach the ground state n =1 through two pathways: - Decay from the 2p state by emitting a Lyman-α photon. This photon will almost always be reabsorbed by another hydrogen atom in its ground state. However, cosmological redshifting systematically decreases the photon frequency, and there is a small chance that it escapes reabsorption if it gets redshifted far enough from the Lyman-α line resonant frequency before encountering another hydrogen atom. - Decay from the 2s state by emitting two photons. This two-photon decay process is very slow, with a rate of 8.22 s−1. It is however competitive with the slow rate of Lyman-α escape in producing ground-state hydrogen. - Atoms in the first excited state may also be re-ionized by the ambient CMB photons before they reach the ground state. When this is the case, it is as if the recombination to the excited state did not happen in the first place. To account for this possibility, Peebles defines the factor C as the probability that an atom in the first excited state reaches the ground state through either of the two pathways described above before being photoionized. This model is usually described as an "effective three-level atom" as it requires keeping track of hydrogen under three forms: in its ground state, in its first excited state (assuming all the higher excited states are in Boltzmann equilibrium with it), and ionized. Accounting for these processes, the recombination history is then described by the differential equation where αB is the "case B" recombination coefficient to the excited states of hydrogen, βB is the corresponding photoionization rate and E21 = 10.2 eV is the energy of the first excited state. Note that the second term in the right-hand side of the above equation can be obtained by a detailed balance argument. The equilibrium result given in the previous section would be recovered by setting the left-hand side to zero, i.e. assuming that the net rates of recombination and photoionization are large in comparison to the Hubble expansion rate, which sets the overall evolution timescale for the temperature and density. However, C αB np is comparable to the Hubble expansion rate, and even gets significantly lower at low redshifts, leading to an evolution of the free electron fraction much slower than what one would obtain from the Saha equilibrium calculation. With modern values of cosmological parameters, one finds that the universe is 90% neutral at z ≈ 1070. The simple effective three-level atom model described above accounts for the most important physical processes. However it does rely on approximations which lead to errors on the predicted recombination history at the level of 10% or so. Due to the importance of recombination for the precise prediction of cosmic microwave background anisotropies, several research groups have revisited the details of this picture over the last two decades. The refinements to the theory can be divided into two categories: - Accounting for the non-equilibrium populations of the highly excited states of hydrogen. This effectively amounts to modifying the recombination coefficient αB. - Accurately computing the rate of Lyman-α escape and the effect of these photons on the 2s-1s transition. This requires solving a time-dependent radiative transfer equation. In addition, one needs to account for higher-order Lyman transitions. These refinements effectively amount to a modification of Peebles' C factor. Primordial helium recombination Helium nuclei are produced during Big Bang nucleosynthesis, and make up about 24% of the total mass of baryonic matter. The ionization energy of helium is larger than that of hydrogen and it therefore recombines earlier. Because neutral helium carries two electrons, its recombination proceeds in two steps. The first recombination, proceeds near Saha equilibrium and takes place around redshift z≈ 6000. The second recombination, , is slower than what would be predicted from Saha equilibrium and takes place around redshift z≈ 2000. The details of helium recombination are less critical than those of hydrogen recombination for the prediction of cosmic microwave background anisotropies, since the universe is still very optically thick after helium has recombined and before hydrogen has started its recombination. Primordial light barrier Prior to recombination, photons were not able to freely travel through the universe, as they constantly scattered off the free electrons and protons. This scattering causes a loss of information, and "there is therefore a photon barrier at a redshift" near that of recombination that prevents us from using photons directly to learn about the universe at larger redshifts. Once recombination had occurred, however, the mean free path of photons greatly increased due to the lower number of free electrons. Shortly after recombination, the photon mean free path became larger than the Hubble length, and photons traveled freely without interacting with matter. For this reason, recombination is closely associated with the last scattering surface, which is the name for the last time at which the photons in the cosmic microwave background interacted with matter. However, these two events are distinct, and in a universe with different values for the baryon-to-photon ratio and matter density, recombination and photon decoupling need not have occurred at the same epoch. - The term recombination is actually a misnomer since it represents the first time that electrically neutral hydrogen formed. - Ryden (2003), p. 157. - Longair (2006), p. 32. - Peebles, P. J. E., "Recombination of the Primeval Plasma", Astrophysical Journal, vol. 153, p.1, 1968 - Zeldovich, Y. B.; Kurt, V. G.; Syunyaev, R. A., "Recombination of Hydrogen in the Hot Model of the Universe", Zhurnal Eksperimental'noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, V.55, N.1, P. 278-286, 1968 - Nussbaumer, H. and Schmutz, W., "The hydrogenic 2s-1s two-photon emission", Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 138, no. 2, Sept. 1984, p. 495 - Hu, W.; Scott, D.; Sugiyama, N.; White, M., "Effect of physical assumptions on the calculation of microwave background anisotropies", Physical Review D, Volume 52, Issue 10, 15 November 1995, p.5498 - Cosmorec: http://www.cita.utoronto.ca/~jchluba/Science_Jens/Recombination/CosmoRec.html - Hyrec: http://www.sns.ias.edu/~yacine/hyrec/hyrec.html - Switzer, E. R. & Hirata, C. M., "Primordial helium recombination. III. Thomson scattering, isotope shifts, and cumulative results", Physical Review D, Volume 77, Issue 8, p. 083008, 2008 - Switzer, E. R. & Hirata, C. M., "Primordial helium recombination. I. Feedback, line transfer, and continuum opacity", Physical Review D, Volume 77, Issue 8, p. 083006, 2008 - Longair (2006), p. 280. - Padmanabhan (1993), p. 115. - Longair (2006), p. 281. - Peebles, P. J. E. (1968). "Recombination of the Primeval Plasma". Astrophysical Journal. 153: 1. Bibcode:1968ApJ...153....1P. doi:10.1086/149628. - Zeldovich, Y. B.; Kurt, V. G.; Syunyaev, R. A. (1968). "Recombination of Hydrogen in the Hot Model of the Universe". Zhurnal Eksperimental'noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki. 55: 278. Bibcode:1968ZhETF..55..278Z. - Longair, Malcolm (2006). Galaxy Formation. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-73477-2. - Padmanabhan, Thanu (1993). Structure formation in the universe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-42486-0. - Ryden, Barbara (2003). Introduction to Cosmology. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-8053-8912-1.

Johnston, knowing Sherman's strength and his tactics, preferred to delay Sherman rather than to confront him with a headlong assault that surely would result with heavy casualties. Hood, up to the time of his transfer to the West, was influenced by the teachings of Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson. He did not believe in delay tactics. He did not believe in entrenchments. His school of thought was, you can win if you attack continuously, no matter what the cost may be. During The Atlanta Campaign, he continuously wrote Braxton Bragg and Jefferson Davis without Johnston knowing, complaining about Johnston's tactics. Yet several times during the campaign, Hood procrastinated in obeying Johnston's orders to attack. In fact, his behavior at times was close to being insubordinate. Johnston on the other hand, believed in entrenching, delaying, and only attacking when the advantage was definitely his. He believed that real estate could be lost and retaken later, but that when a soldier dies, he cannot be brought back to life to fight again. Lee's campaign in Virginia started around the same time that the Atlanta Campaign started. Lee in a three month campaign, lost no less than forty thousand men, while during the same period of time, Johnston lost about ten thousand killed and wounded, while inflicting twice that number of casualties on the enemy. Kolbs Farm The farmhouse built by Peter Valentine Kolb in 1836 reflects a wealthy lifestyle unusual in North Georgia at the time. Although modest compared to todays houses, the log cabin is about twice the normal size for the area at that time. However, the most extravagant feature of the farmhouse are the double chimneys on either end, rare in any house of the day. When Johnston arrived at Kennesaw Mountain, he set up a strong defensive position, one that was stronger than any he had since leaving Dalton. On June 18th, he set up his headquarters in a little cottage called "Fair Oaks" about a mile north of Marietta. Wheeler's reports indicated that three corps of Union troops were maneuvering to turn their left, while General James Birdseye McPherson maintained a position to their front. Knowing that as a result of the continuous days of rain and the roads being nothing more than a quagmire of mud, a flanking movement would be extremely difficult if not impossible. However, the danger was present and Johnston moved Hood's troops on the 20th of June from their position on the extreme right of their battle line, marching them out of view of the Union troops to the left flank of his line. In the previous four weeks, Johnston had pulled Hood's corps from the line with the purpose of using them as a main attack force, but in this move, it was to strengthen his left flank. He then had Wheeler's men occupy the position on the right that Hood vacated. Johnston, in his wisdom, seemed to be reading Sherman's mind. Sherman thought that Johnston's weak point was his left flank, as long as Johnston acted on the defensive. However, Sherman also thought that if he weakened part of his line for the purpose of obtaining additional troops to attack the Union lines would be wise on Johnston's part, and presumed that was Johnston's object. Also, Sherman was concerned about the ability to receive supplies and to protect the railroad and the depots, thus he had McPherson's Army of the Tennessee strengthen his left flank, all the way across Noonday Creek whereas his right flank extended across Nose's Creek. For nineteen days, the area received rain, yet Sherman was determined to press on with his operations. Early in the morning of the 22nd of June, Sherman rode the extent of his lines. He ordered Thomas to advance his extreme right corps, Hooker's 20th Corps, and instructed Schofield to keep his 23rd Corps as a strong right flank in support of Hooker's deployed line. Following Johnston's instructions, on the 20th of June, Hood had Stevenson's Division march east to the extreme left of the army and was to be held in reserve; about three miles from Marietta. They camped near the Powder Springs Road and for two days, although they could hear the cannonading and fighting to the northwest, they were able to enjoy two days rest, despite the rain. Hood also had Hindman's Division march and were placed to Stevenson's right. On the 22nd of June, Hood received word that the Union forces were driving back Confederate cavalry and decided to attack. Hood assumed that Sherman's forces would be the strongest on his center and left flank, and that only part of Schofield's corps would be on his right. Without informing Johnston of his plans; without knowing the enemy's strength or position, blinded by eagerness and once again following the school of thought of Lee and Jackson, ordered his troops forward. His plan, it is assumed, was to turn Sherman's weak right flank, and circle behind Sherman, thus having Johnston's other two corps on Sherman's front, and he, with his corps at the rear, trapping Sherman. Thomas Carmichael Hindman Around noon, Stevenson started moving troops down Powder Springs Road, halting at Mount Zion Church. The rain had stopped, the sun came out brightly and Stevenson, upon the orders from Hood, sent forth his skirmishers. Shortly after 2:30 in the afternoon, these skirmishers came upon two Union regiments advancing. Heavy firing from these skirmishers forced the enemy back. This was reported to Hood who thought that these Union units were the spearhead of an assault. Stevenson had Brown's and Cummings Brigades form a frontal line with Reynold's and Pettus' Brigades behind them. Constructing hastily breast-works of logs and rails, Stevenson's troops waited for the enemy to come upon them. Within a short time, Hood sent word to Stevenson and Hindman to advance and drive the enemy down the road towards Manning's Mill. In launching this attack, Hood did so without conducting any prior reconnaissance and was not aware what exactly was in front of him. In reality, Schofield's Army of the Ohio and Hooker's XXth Corps, and it was not their exposed flank but their entrenched front that lay across his line of advance. If Hood had the information sent to the headquarters of Jackson's Calvary Division by Brigadier General Ross of Ross's Cavalry Brigade at 3:30 P.M., he might have not been so hasty in advancing to attack. He stated in his communiqué, "My impression is that there is a considerable force of infantry advancing in my front, but I have not yet felt them, and have no means of judging except from the statements of the colonel commanding force from Humes' division, who was driven from Cheney's before I came out. Two regiments Federal cavalry have moved past my position on the road from Cheney's to Powder Springs. I gave notice of their move to General Armstrong, and have just received a courier informing me that he is moving to meet them. If he attacks vigorously on that road we shall compel the force at Cheney's to develop itself. Their skirmish line is slowly and cautiously advancing upon my position." In a later communiqué, Ross informed Jackson's headquarters the following, "You (made a) mistake when you suppose(d) the force here to be cavalry; it is infantry. Three regiments of cavalry passed toward the bridge on the Powder Springs road, but did not halt here." Even with all this information, Stevenson ordered Brown's Brigade commanded by Colonel Edward Cook of the 32nd Tennessee and supported by Reynold's Brigade commanded by Colonel R. C. Trigg to move southeast from Powder Springs Road towards Kolb's Farm. At the same time, Cumming's Georgia Brigade commanded by Colonel E. P. Watkins of the 56th Georgia. (Cumming's Brigade consisted of four Georgia regiments, the 34th, 36th, 39th, and the 56th), supported by Pettus' Brigade with Colonel C. M. Shelly commanding, moved southeast from the south side of the Powder Springs Road towards Kolb's Farm. (Kulp's Farm in Union Dispatches) Upon reaching the farm house area they came head to head with two Union regiments, the 14th Kentucky of Hascall's Brigade of Schofield's Army of the Ohio and the 123rd New York of Williams 1st Division of Hooker's XXth Corps. Heavy fighting ensued, both by musketry and Federal cannonading. Cumming's and Pettus' Brigades were repulsed from the massive firepower of the Federals. Hood ordered them to re-form and attack again. They were again repulsed with heavy losses, but he rallied them and ordered them forward yet again, with the same result. The ground that these two brigades had moved over and fought on, was in reality a quagmire of mud from the rain it had received the two previous weeks. Footing was difficult; movement of trains and batteries, a near impossibility in their march to the farmhouse. The two left brigades, Brown's and Reynold's, were a little luckier. They fought primarily against the 123rd New York a little north of Powder Springs Road. Here they had dense undergrowth and footing was a little better. They were successful in driving the enemy in confusion and disorder through the woods. Darkness finally ended what became known as the Battle of Kolb's Farm with Brown's and Reynold's Brigades laying in a swampy ravine, and Cumming's and Pettus's Brigades holding the road to the left. Hood claimed a victory in driving back the Union troops to their reserve line and was on the verge of routing Hooker's whole corps, and was only stopped by darkness and the arrival of Federal reinforcements. The fact is, the Confederate forces only opposed and drove back two Union regiments to their main line. Confederate losses were in excess of 1000 men, with Stevenson's Division alone losing 870 men. The Federals suffered losses of only 350. In the words of Lieutenant General Joseph E. Johnston about Hood and the Battle of Kolb's Farm, "Hood had his moment of glory and reclaimed his reputation as an aggressive commander, but at a cost the Confederacy could ill afford." by Wayne C. Bengston The Civil War in Georgia Beginning with the Great Locomotive Chase and the battle of Chickamauga, to the Atlanta Campaign and the March to the Sea

Throughout high school, everyone stresses your grade point average (GPA) as a large part of your college admissions process. While this is absolutely true, many students and parents do not realize not all grades are created equal. Colleges and universities look at your grade point average differently than your high school. In this post, I want to demystify some of the myths (if you even knew there were any!) about a student’s GPA and how colleges use them. Words to know for this post: Unweighted– this simply means the student does not get any extra points for more rigorous courses like honors, dual enrollment, Advanced Placement, and so forth. An A in PE would be the same as AP Human Geography. Weighted– this GPA takes into account a student’s rigor. More points are awarded for more rigorous courses. The more rigor, the more points. Student class rankings are often determined off of this. Academic Core- These include all courses taken in English, Social Studies, Mathematics, Sciences, and Foreign Language. Academic Electives- This is sort of a grey area in college admissions. These are courses that students elected to take but are more academic; examples would be Psychology, Human Geography, Speech. Typically these courses are included in the recalculation. Electives- Electives are the courses that do not fall in the core. These include classes like physical education, computer, business, arts, study hall, and so forth.

When preparing the balance sheet, the negative balance in the cash account should appear as a current liability (Checks Written in Excess of Cash Balance) instead of reporting the negative cash as an current asset. A negative cash balance in the general ledger (on the balance sheet) does not mean that the company's bank account is overdrawn. For example, if a company writes checks for $100,000 and mails them at the end of the day to suppliers in another state, those checks might not clear the bank account for four days. The general ledger account might show a negative $40,000 but the bank's checking account might be reporting a positive balance of $60,000. If the company deposits more than $40,000 tomorrow morning, the bank balance will not show an overdraft because the bank balance will be large enough to pay the $100,000 of checks when they clear the company's checking account in a few days. Studies show that exam questions are a great way to learn and retain important information. Gain access to our 1,700 accounting exam questions (and answers) when you upgrade to PRO.

From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia "[A Romance is a] fictitious narrative in prose or verse; the interest of which turns upon marvellous and uncommon incidents; [...] being thus opposed to the kindred term Novel, [which is] “a fictitious narrative, differing from the Romance, because the events are accommodated to the ordinary train of human events, and the modern state of society.”--"Essay on Romance" (c. 1815) by Walter Scott - An event or occurrence - A relatively minor event that is incidental to, or related to others - An event that may cause or causes an interruption or a crisis Recorded since 1412, from Latin incidens, the present active participle of incidō (“to happen, befall”), itself from in- (“on”) + -cidō, the combining form of cadō (“to fall”).

|This article relies largely or entirely upon a single source. (April 2010)| In Web development, "tag soup" refers to syntactically or structurally incorrect HTML written for a web page. Because web browsers have historically treated HTML syntax or structural errors leniently, there has been little pressure for web developers to follow published standards, and therefore there is a need for all browser implementations to provide mechanisms to cope with the appearance of "tag soup", accepting and correcting for invalid syntax and structure where possible. An HTML parser (part of a web browser) that is capable of interpreting HTML-like markup even if it contains invalid syntax or structure may be called a tag soup parser. All major web browsers currently have a tag soup parser for interpreting malformed HTML. "Tag soup" encompasses many common authoring mistakes, such as malformed HTML tags, improperly nested HTML elements, and unescaped character entities (especially ampersands (&) and less-than signs (<)). I have used this term in my instruction for years to characterize the jumble of angle brackets acting like tags in HTML in pages that are accepted by browsers. Improper minimization, overlapping constructs ... stuff that looks like SGML markup but the creator didn't know or respect SGML rules for the HTML vocabulary. In effect a soupy collection of text and markup. [...] I've never seen the term defined anywhere.— G. Ken Holman, Re: [xml-dev] What is Tag Soup?, XML development mailing list, 11 Oct 2002. The Markup Validation Service is a resource for web page authors to avoid creating tag soup. "Tag soup" is a term used to denigrate various practices in web authoring. Some of these (roughly ordered from most severe to least severe) include: - Malformed markup where tags are improperly nested or incorrectly closed. For example, the following: <p>This is a malformed fragment of <em>HTML.</p></em> - Invalid structure where elements are improperly nested according to the DTD for the document. Examples of this include nesting a "ul" element directly inside another "ul" element for any of the HTML 4.01 or XHTML DTDs. - Use of proprietary or undefined elements and attributes instead of those defined in W3C recommendations. Causes and implications Malformed markup is arguably the most severe problem in web authoring. However, thanks to better education and information and perhaps with some help from XHTML, the issue of malformed markup is becoming less common. Browsers, when faced with malformed markup, must guess the intended meaning of the author. They must infer closing tags where they expect them and then infer opening tags to match other closing-tags. The interpretation can vary markedly from one browser to the next. Ian Hickson wrote a detailed article investigating the differences between how browsers handle tag soup. While many graphical web editors produce well-formed markup, an author writing code manually with a text-editor and then testing only in one browser can easily miss such errors. The presentation can therefore vary drastically from one browser to another as each tries to “correct” the authorʼs intent in different ways and then applies styling to those “corrections”. Invalid document structure Invalid document structure here means only the use of attributes and elements where they do not belong. For example, placing a "cite" attribute on a "cite" element is invalid since the HTML and XHTML DTDs do not ascribe any meaning to that attribute on that element. Similarly, including a "p" element within the content of an "em" element is also invalid. With the move toward separating malformed markup from invalid markup, the problems with invalid markup have increasingly been seen as less severe. Some have begun to advocate looser content models that allow greater flexibility in authoring HTML documents (whether in HTML or XHTML). However, use of invalid markup can blur the author's intended meaning, though not as severely as malformed markup. Many graphic web editors still produce invalid markup. Moreover, many professional web designers and authors pay little attention to issues of validity. It is common to see invalid markup in many of the sites throughout the World Wide Web. Use of proprietary/discontinued elements In the early age of the web (much of the 1990s), the design of the official HTML specification became increasingly strained, compared to the desire of designers for flexibility in creating visually vibrant designs. In response to this pressure, browser makers unilaterally added new proprietary features to HTML that fell outside the standards at the time. This meant there were proprietary elements in HTML that worked in some browsers, but not in others. To some extent, this problem was slowed by the introduction of new standards by the W3C, such as CSS, introduced in 1998, which helped to provide greater flexibility in the presentation and layout of web pages without the need for large numbers of additional HTML elements and attributes. In later standards, many elements have either been combined into a single semantic construct (such as object elements replacing proprietary applet, and embed elements) or have been deprecated (such as the "s", "strike" and "u" elements, although these have been reintroduced in HTML5). Nevertheless, browser developers have continued to introduce new elements to HTML when they have perceived a need. Some browsers include tabindex attributes on any element. WebKit developers aligned with Apple introduced the "canvas" element that behaves much like the "object" or "embed" element. Mozilla then introduced their own "canvas" element, which behaves even more like the "object" element. Evolving specifications to solve tag soup While some of the issues of tag soup are due to shortcomings of browsers and sometimes due to a lack of information for web authors, some of the proliferation of tag soup was due to missing links in the web standards themselves. The W3C has spearheaded several efforts to address the shortcomings of web standards. As more browsers support newer revisions of standards, the pressure on web developers to use non-standard code to solve problems diminishes. Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) provide a mechanism to specify the presentation of elements in a document without altering the markup structure of the document. Before CSS was commonplace, web developers may have resorted to some structurally invalid markup to achieve certain presentational goals – for example, including block level elements within inline elements to obtain a particular effect, or using sometimes large numbers of <font> and other display-specific HTML tags. CSS uses style rules to accomplish these tasks while leaving the markup cleaner and simpler. XML and XHTML XML allows parsers to separate the process of interpreting the document syntax and its structure. In HTML and SGML, a parser needed to know certain rules about elements during parsing, such as what elements could be contained within other elements and which elements implicitly close the previous element. This is because in HTML and SGML, closing tags and even opening tags were optional on some elements. By requiring all elements to have explicit opening and closing tags, XML parsers can parse the document and produce a document tree without any knowledge of the document type. This allows parsers to be universal and very light-weight, and to be separated from the process of validating or interpreting the document. The XML specification clearly defines that a conforming user agent (such as a web browser) must not accept a document, and not continue parsing it, if any syntactical error is encountered. Thus, a browser interpreting a web page as XHTML will refuse to display the page if it encounters a formation error. This can help ensure that when authors test XHTML code against a conforming browser they will immediately be informed of malformation problems: perhaps the most severe problem facing web browsers. When code is malformed, the intent of the author is ambiguous. Without the directives of XML, HTML browsers must use complex algorithms to infer the author's intended meaning in a wide range of cases where invalid syntax is encountered. XML and XHTML introduce the concept of namespaces. With namespaces, authors or communities of authors can define new elements and attributes with new semantics, and intermix those within their XHTML documents. Namespaces ensure that element names from the various namespaces will not be conflated. For example, a "table" element could be defined in a new namespace with new semantics different from the HTML "table" element and the browser will be able to differentiate between the two. In providing namespaces, XHTML combined with CSS allow authoring communities to easily extend the semantic vocabulary of documents. This accommodates the use of proprietary elements so long as those elements can be presented to the intended audience through complete style sheet definitions (including aural/speech and tactile styles). XHTML documents may be served on the web using the internet media type text/html Current Microsoft Internet Explorer versions (6, 7 and 8) do not display XHTML documents served as application/xhtml+xml. IE9 beta releases appear to be compliant. See also the discussion of this issue in the XHTML article. HTML5 aims to be the most complete solution to the problem of tag soup thus far while remaining as backwards- and forwards-compatible as possible. By contrast to XHTML, which departs from backwards compatibility and takes the approach that parsers should become less tolerant of badly formed markup, HTML5 acknowledges that badly formed HTML code already exists in large quantities and will probably continue to be used, and takes the view that the specification should be expanded to ensure maximum compatibility with such code. Thus, the HTML 5 specification has altered its definition of HTML syntax both to accommodate common syntax in use today, and to explicitly describe exactly how "badly formed code" should be treated by the parser. The handling of badly formed code now has a place in the specification itself, hopefully reducing the need for future HTML parsers to implement additional, out-of-specification measures for dealing with code that it does not recognize. Tools to fix tag soup - HTML Tidy is a software tool available for many platforms which can correct invalid syntax, and most invalid document structure, converting HTML-like code to HTML or XHTML. - Aggiorno is a Visual Studio add-in that focuses on making websites standards-compliant - Tagsoup is a Java library that parses HTML, cleans it up, and delivers a stream of SAX events representing well-formed and valid XHTML - Beautiful Soup is a Python DOM-like parser for soupy HTML/XML - "XHTML 1.0 The Extensible HyperText Markup Language (Second Edition) A Reformulation of HTML 4 in XML 1.0, Appendic C. HTML Compatibility Guidelines". W3C Recommendation. 1 August 2002 [26 January 2000]. Retrieved 2008-09-13. XHTML Documents which follow the guidelines set forth in Appendix C, "HTML Compatibility Guidelines" may be labeled with the Internet Media Type "text/html" [RFC2854], as they are compatible with most HTML browsers. Those documents, and any other document conforming to this specification, may also be labeled with the Internet Media Type "application/xhtml+xml" as defined in [RFC3236]. For further information on using media types with XHTML, see the informative note [XHTMLMIME].

How Canada Can Be a Global Leader on the Sustainable Development Goals By Julia Sánchez, Scott Vaughan, October 5, 2016 All eyes were on the United Nations two weeks ago as Prime Minister Justin Trudeau made his inaugural speech to the General Assembly. The speech was forward-looking, laying out a hopeful and ambitious case for building inclusive and diverse societies, and recognizing that Canadians are unavoidably affected by and linked to “what happens beyond our borders.” The federal government now needs a framework and an action plan to implement its vision for Canada and the world. Fortunately, a global framework such as this already exists: the Sustainable Development Goals. Last week marked the first anniversary of when world leaders at the UN adopted Transforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, an agenda that lays out 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for all countries—including Canada—to end global poverty and other pressing challenges. Agenda 2030 represents a comprehensive and integrated approach to sustainable development. It looks to tackle many of the issues the prime minister identified in his speech: education and infrastructure, building a fair and inclusive economy, tackling inequality and climate change, and addressing the rights and needs of women and Canada’s Indigenous peoples, among others. Many other countries have recognized that the SDGs represent a clear opportunity for generating greater coherence in government policy around issues of society, economy, and environment, and they are using the framework to shape their future policies. At the UN High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development last July, 22 countries voluntarily reported on progress towards implementing the SDGs. Colombia has established a multistakeholder high-level commission to implement the 2030 Agenda, which reports to the president and works with civil society, the private sector, and local government on implementation. China and Norway have assigned the 17 goals to specific departments and established a mechanism to coordinate efforts. In Switzerland, the cabinet has developed a multi-sector, multistakeholder, cross-ministerial strategy to implement the goals. Germany has gone one step further, revising its National Sustainability Strategy to integrate all 17 SDGs, requiring all line ministries to align with and report against this overarching strategy to the German chancellery. Finland’s whole-of-society approach is similarly led by a National Commission on Sustainable Development housed in the prime minister’s office. In Canada, however, we have yet to see high-level leadership on this issue. Though there have been welcome references to the SDGs in speeches by the prime minister and in documents for consultations on the Federal Sustainable Development Strategy and the International Assistance Review, there have yet to be clear, concrete, and bold steps to advance the SDGs within Canada. The SDGs provide a compelling framework in which to shape Canada’s ambitious domestic and international agenda, including creating genuine partnerships with Indigenous communities, more actively engaging the provinces and municipalities, advancing social justice and gender equality, and ramping up low carbon pathways. So what can Canada do to improve its policy alignment in this area, and seize the opportunity to use the SDGs to advance its policy objectives on the domestic and global stage? First, this fall Prime Minister Trudeau should establish an interministerial committee on the SDGs reporting directly to him. This can help better integrate the government’s social, economic, and environmental policies into a coherent approach to sustainable development both at home and abroad. The outcome of the International Assistance Review and the new sustainable development strategy, to be released in October, can be starting points for discussions, moving well beyond just issues of aid and environment to an approach that is fully inclusive of society and economy. Second, Canada should establish a multistakeholder national roundtable or commission to engage Canadians around solutions to sustainable development and foster a whole-of-society approach to implementing the SDGs. This must actively engage with the three levels of government, Indigenous authorities, civil society, the private sector, and Canadians on implementing the SDGs both in Canada and overseas. Third, Canada should volunteer to appear before the next meeting of the High-Level Political Forum in 2017 and present a voluntary national review that will indicate how it is implementing Agenda 2030. Finally, to commemorate Canada’s 150th anniversary, the prime minister should announce an SDG action plan that matches the ambition of his vision and forges a new global path for Canada—one that is led by a whole-of-Canada approach to “transforming our world.” The prime minister, including in his role as youth minister, has set a new course in building a more inclusive and sustainable Canada for current and future generations. Substantively embracing and implementing the SDGs will be a significant and lasting contribution to Canada’s own sustainable development, as well as helping to build a better world. This article was originally posted on The Hill Times website on October 5, 2016, and is reprinted here with permission.