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In the beginning there was the Audubon Society The creation of the Audubon Society by George Bird Grinnell in 1886 marked the beginning of the nation's conservation ethic. As editor of Forest and Stream, Grinnell appealed to his readership to unite for bird preservation and protection. Within a year 39,000 individuals joined the Audubon Society, which Grinnell named after the distinguished naturalist and painter John James Audubon. With the magazine staff unable to manage the overwhelming response, the society folded in less than three years. In 1896, Bostonian socialite Mrs. Augustus Hemenway took up the mission and formed the Massachusetts Audubon Society. Hemenway was outraged by the slaughter of entire flocks of birds for their plumage, many in the recesses of the Everglades and South Florida. Florida had become the primary hunting grounds for plume hunters, where the change from abundant birdlife to scarcity and sometimes extirpation was occurring with incredible speed. This time the Audubon idea endured, and by the turn of the century, more than 15 state Audubon Societies had been formed and were already working collaboratively to protect birds, wildlife and their habitats. The First Decade: The end of the reign of the plume hunters From the beginning, Audubon made major strides in bird protection, from legislation outlawing plume hunting in the state, education programs that reached thousands of children and adults, to on-the-ground wardens who protected important rookeries. Florida Audubon's early success came from its partnerships with leaders of other state Audubon Societies, the American Ornithologists' Union, and the Florida Federation of Women's Clubs. On March 2, the first meeting of the Florida Audubon Society is held in Maitland at the L.F. Dommerich estate. The list of early Ôofficers' included: N.Y. Governor and later U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, Florida Governor W.D. Bloxham, American Museum of Natural History's Frank Chapman, Rollins College President G.M. Ward, Stetson University President J.F. Forbes, and the editors of the state's largest newspapers. A little later, the list grew to include President Grover Cleveland, Florida Governor W.S. Jennings, ornithologist Theodore S. Palmer, and Maria R. Audubon. Working together, the state Audubon Societies successfully push for the passage of the Lacey Act, prohibiting the interstate trade of wildlife killed in violation of state laws. A regular winter visitor to Florida, Frank Chapman, ornithologist and curator of the American Museum of Natural History, organizes the first Christmas Bird Count. The holiday tradition has grown into the largest volunteer wildlife census in the world and today, in Florida, more than 2,000 people participate in over 60 Christmas Bird Counts each year during a three-week period around Christmas. William Dutcher, chairman of the American Ornithologists' Union (AOU) Committee on Bird Protection, acts on behalf of the state Audubon Societies and is the glue that holds together the various elements of the conservation movement. Dutcher travels to Florida in 1901 and assists Florida Audubon in persuading the legislature to pass the Audubon Model Law, outlawing plume hunting in the state. Dutcher administers the AOU's Thayer Fund to hire wardens to protect birds, and hires lighthouse keepers in Key West and the Dry Tortugas. Later that same year, FAS executive committee member Mrs. Kingsmill Marrs travels to New York to meet with Dutcher and other Audubon leaders to discuss the formalization of a National Association of Audubon Societies. The National Committee of Audubon Societies is formed in November, in Washington, DC. Dutcher hires Guy Bradley as warden in South Florida, upon the recommendation of FAS' Kirk Munroe and Mrs. Kingsmill Marrs. On March 14, with the encouragement of Frank Chapman and FAS, President Theodore Roosevelt establishes Pelican Island in the Indian River Lagoon as the first Federal Bird Reservation, giving birth to the National Wildlife Refuge system. Audubon hires Paul Kroegel as the first warden of Pelican Island. By the end of his presidency, Roosevelt names nine more bird reservations in Florida "The Audubon Society, which has done far more than any other single agency in creating and fostering an enlightened public sentiment for the preservation of our useful and attractive birds, is [an organization] consisting of men and women who in these matters look further ahead than their fellows, and who have the precious gift of sympathetic imagination, so that they are able to see, and wish to preserve for their children's children, the beauty and wonder of nature." - Theodore Roosevelt By 1904, Florida Audubon's educational efforts are in full gear, with 14 educational leaflets produced and about 6,000 leaflets and pamphlets distributed. The following year, the Orange County Board of Education sets aside one-half hour per week for bird study. FAS uses bird outlines and large charts purchased from Massachusetts Audubon for the program. In January, the National Association of Audubon Societies for the Protection of Wild Birds and Animals [later to become National Audubon Society] is incorporated. William Dutcher is named president, John E. Thayer first vice president, Theodore S. Palmer second vice president, Frank Chapman treasurer, and T. Gilbert Pearson secretary. NAS assumes full responsibility of the warden program. Dutcher and Mrs. Marrs work closely to retain the Florida wardens, including Guy Bradley. Bird-Lore [later to become Audubon Magazine] becomes the official magazine of NAS and includes Florida Audubon's annual reports, written each year by Kingsmill Marrs. On July 8, Guy Bradley is killed in the line of duty near Flamingo. Audubon warden Columbus G. MacLeod is killed in the line of duty at Charlotte Harbor. The murder sparks the nation's conscience and Audubon intensifies its nationwide campaign against the wearing of feathers. The 1910s and 1920s: Gaining Ground, Losing Ground Audubon lost some ground in the 1910s, when the Audubon Warden program suffered from a lack of funding and wardens were withdrawn from Florida. In "The Florida Audubon Society: 1900-1935," Lucy Worthington Blackman recounts: "The Alligator Bay rookery [in southwest Everglades], the largest egret rookery in Florida, was shot out and burned that year by hunters, simply for lack of $750 for wardens to protect it - burned so that the remnants of the colony would abandon the place ... Three Audubon wardens had carried the eight hundred egrets in the colony safely through the 1915 nesting season. The next year they were abandoned to their fate."' But Audubon still made major strides in conservation during this era through the establishment of sanctuaries, passage of important legislation like the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, and after years of battle, the establishment of the State Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission. William Dutcher suffers a disabling stroke. T. Gilbert Pearson who grew up in the backwoods of Archer, Florida, succeeds him as chief executive officer and leads the Society for the next twenty-four years. Pearson works tirelessly to push for legislation to protect wildlife. In 1911, FAS member Oscar Baynard encourages NAS to purchase Bird Island in Orange Lake in Alachua County. Baynard is named as warden. FAS' L.F. Dommerich retires his presidency due to poor health. After his death in July, Dommerich's family donates $5,000 to National Audubon to protect birds in Florida. Pathologist Dr. Herbert R. Mills, St. Petersburg leader Katherine B. Tippetts, and botanist Professor Henry Nehrling are named to the executive committee. After an intense campaign with an estimated 200,000 letters and telegrams written to Congress, the Migratory Bird Treaty Act is passed into law. National Audubon and Florida Audubon jointly hire Katherine Stuart to lecture at schools and Junior Audubon Clubs in 25 towns throughout Florida. By 1914, 30,000 leaflets had been distributed and Audubon in Florida boasted more than 3,500 members and 162 Junior Audubon Clubs. National Audubon acquires Micanopy Rookery and, four years later, San Sebastian Rookery, adding them to the sanctuary program. The last Passenger Pigeon dies in captivity in Cincinnati. Alligator Bay Rookery in southwest Everglades is wiped out in the absence of Audubon wardens. Audubon celebrates the creation of National Park Service. The last Carolina Parakeet dies in captivity in Cincinnati. Florida Audubon begins publishing the Florida Audubon Bulletin, predecessor of the Florida Naturalist magazine. Katherine Tippetts, a strong leader with St. Petersburg Audubon, becomes president of FAS. She had already convinced Pinellas County to create 11 municipal bird sanctuaries, and within three years of her presidency, helps to establish 30 more municipal sanctuaries, including the designation of all of Volusia County as a bird sanctuary for a 2-year period. The Legislature makes bird study compulsory in schools. NAS and FAS arrange for credit courses to be taught at colleges and universities. After years of efforts, Audubon succeeds in getting the legislature to pass two acts, one creating a Department of Game and Fresh Water Fish, and the other establishing a State Game Commissioner. Florida Audubon Bulletin is transformed into the Florida Naturalist magazine. R.J. Longstreet becomes it first editor and remains editor for more than two decades. Longstreet also serves as president of Florida Audubon from 1930 to 1936. The 1930s and 1940s: New vitality in the Everglades and Audubon Warden program Despite the Depression, National Audubon found new vitality in the leadership of John Baker. Like every NAS president before him, Baker spent time working directly in Florida to protect birds in the state. The Audubon warden program was strengthened under Baker's leadership, with a flurry of activity in the Everglades and south Florida. Long-time FAS activist, Dr. Herbert Mills hires warden Fred W. Shultz to protect Green Key in the Tampa Bay area. Almost immediately, his territory is expanded to include several other islands in Hillsborough Bay. Today, Audubon's Florida Coastal Islands Sanctuaries program protects some 50,000 breeding pairs of birds from Tarpon Springs to Sarasota, as well as five islands near West Palm Beach. John Baker becomes executive director (and later president) of NAS and succeeds in building Audubon membership in the midst of the Depression. His first day on the job, Baker hires the great teacher and illustrator of birds, Roger Tory Peterson. Baker goes on to build a team of educators, artists and scientists, including Allan D. Cruickshank, a photographer and popular lecturer who teaches with slides and an amazing assortment of bird calls. Soon, Peterson and Cruickshank team up to create some of the most successful natural history programs in the nation. Later, Cruickshank retires with his wife, Helen, to Rockledge where the naturalist team continues to be active in monitoring and photographing Florida birds and publishing several books on the natural and human history of Florida. Alexander Sprunt, Jr. becomes Director of Audubon's Southern Sanctuaries and supervisor of wardens in the southeast. After the Great Labor Day Hurricane of 1935, Sprunt conducts the first aerial survey of the Great White Herons. Aldo Leopold, who revolutionized game management, is named to the National board. Marvin Chandler becomes the first in a series of family members to serve as Audubon wardens to patrol Kissimmee Prairie and Lake Okeechobee. NAS acquires Lake Okeechobee Sanctuary in 1938, and the Ordway-Whittell Kissimmee Prairie Sanctuary in 1980. NAS' Director of Audubon Sanctuaries, Robert Porter Allen establishes a research station in Tavernier, in the Florida Keys, commencing a full time study of the life history of Roseate Spoonbills. By the 1950s, Audubon expands the focus of the Tavernier Science Center to include all aspects of the Florida Bay and Florida Keys environment, ranging from corals, seagrasses and mangroves, to game fishes, crocodiles and Bald Eagles. Today, the Roseate Spoonbill studies that Allen began 65 years ago continue in Tavernier. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Bald Eagle Protection Act into law. Audubon works with U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Ira Gabrielson to salvage the Whooping Crane from the jaws of extinction. Today, a non-migratory population of Whooping Cranes is being reintroduced in Florida by Gabrielson's grandson, Dr. Steve Nesbitt, who works for the state Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. Marjory Stoneman Douglas publishes The Everglades: River of Grass and teaches the world to love a swamp. That same year, Audubon's long efforts in the Everglades pay off when Everglades National Park is established. The 1950s and 1960s: The Dawn of Ecology, War on Pesticides By the 1950s technological advances presented Audubon with new and more complex threats to wildlife than the market hunting of the early days. Audubon expanded its scientific research programs and became heavily involved in the effort to ban the use of pesticides that were suspected of causing population failures in eagles, ospreys, brown pelicans, and other "end-of-chain" consumers. After a nationwide grassroots campaign, NAS' John Baker secures acquisition of Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary, the last great stand of ancient bald cypress left in Florida. Today, Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary has become the model for Audubon Centers in Florida, with its new Blair Center, interpretive programs, and boardwalk that meanders through the cypress swamp. Bald Eagles in Florida hit their low point with 251 nests. After the release of Rachel Carson's book "Silent Spring," Audubon launches campaign to ban toxic pesticides. Alexander "Sandy" Sprunt IV becomes Research Director at Tavernier. He conducts a continent-wide study of Bald Eagle reproduction and pesticide effects. Today, Florida boasts the largest population of Bald Eagles in the continental United States with over 1,000 nesting pairs. Audubon continues its commitment to the Bald Eagle by serving on the Southeast Bald Eagle Recovery Team to establish protection for the eagle once it is removed from the endangered species list, and by rehabilitating and releasing injured eagles at Audubon's Center for Birds of Prey in Maitland. Audubon celebrates legislative successes including the Water Conservation Act, the Wilderness Act, and the state's Outdoor Recreational Lands program. Alligator products are boycotted, leading to listing and protection until populations recover. With the support of Florida Audubon, long-time board member, Marjory Harris Carr, establishes the Florida Defenders of the Environment to halt construction of the Cross-Florida Barge Canal. The 1970s and 1980s: Nature in the Balance Population growth and industry were having an increasing affect on wildlife, wetlands, rivers and streams. Audubon worked to develop major new federal policies and laws for endangered species, clean air and water, and wild and scenic rivers. The focus in Florida was on land acquisition programs, protecting wetlands and managing the state's explosive growth. The first EarthDay is held on April 22. Congress passes the Clean Water Act. Audubon blocks a proposed jetport in Big Cypress. By executive order, President Richard Nixon puts a halt to the Cross-Florida Barge Canal. Today, Audubon and Florida Defenders of the Environment continue the fight to remove the Rodman Dam and let the Ocklawaha River run free. After a long battle with Audubon in the forefront, DDT and DDE are banned from use in the U.S. The Legislature enacts Land and Water Management Act and Water Resources Act. These laws become the basis for Water Management Districts, and land use protection, including designation of the Florida Keys, Big Cypress and Green Swamp as Areas of Critical Concern. The first environmental ballot vote for land acquisition is passed in Florida, creating the Environmentally Endangered Lands Program. Audubon helps to establish the Florida Ornithological Society. Audubon plays role in setting strict regulations for oil drilling in Big Cypress. Congress passes Endangered Species Act. Audubon pushes the state to pass oil and gas rules and regulations. Congress establishes Big Cypress National Preserve. Audubon's Peter C.H. Pritchard calls a meeting of experts to discuss a recovery plan for the Florida Panther. Soon after, the Florida Panther Recovery Team is formed. Audubon's campaign to protect the West Indian manatee succeeds in passing the Manatee Protection Act. The Legislature passes the Conservation and Recreation Lands program [CARL]. Establishment of Audubon's Center for Birds of Prey. Since opening, more than 3,000 raptors have been treated and released, including hundreds of Bald Eagles. Save Our Rivers and Save Our Coasts programs are approved by the Legislature. Congress passes the Wetlands Protection Act. Growth Management Act approved by Legislature. Florida Audubon publishes "citizens handbook" to guide environmentalists in using the new process. Lake Apopka Restoration Act is passed by Legislature. Audubon encourages the purchase of North Key Largo lands and begins restoration projects in the Florida Keys with support from Environmental Protection Agency's Florida Keys Environmental Trust Fund. Surface Water Improvement and Management Act [SWIM] is approved by the Legislature. Audubon supports the expansion of Big Cypress National Preserve by 115,000 acres through an Arizona land exchange. Attempts to save the Dusky Seaside Sparrow by Audubon's Dr. Herbert W. Kale II, Santa Fe Community College Teaching Zoo, Walt Disney World Discovery Island Zoological Park fail, when the last Dusky dies in captivity. Legislature passes the Wekiva River Protection Act. The Last Decade of the Century: Conservation alive and well During the last decade of the 20th century, our 100-year commitment to the Everglades paid off when Floridians passed two constitutional amendments, and both the Congress and Legislature committed funds to restore the River of Grass. In addition, Audubon played a strategic role in placing the Conservation Amendment on the ballot in 1998, and led the campaign to see it ratified by an overwhelming majority of voters, showing that Floridians - across the board - care about the environment. And, on November 6, 1999, Florida Audubon and National Audubon unified their work in the state, to become one booming voice for conservation for the new century. Preservation 2000, a model land acquisition program, is approved by the Legislature with Audubon support. Upon the suggestion of Audubon, Disney purchases Walker Ranch as mitigation, giving birth to the "Disney Wilderness Preserve." Audubon establishes Everglades Conservation Office in Miami to ensure the restoration and conservation of the Greater Everglades Forever Act approved by Florida Legislature. The 49-member Governor's Commission for a Sustainable South Florida (GCSSF) is established by Governor Lawton Chiles. In their Initial Report, the GCSSF finds South Florida's future unsustainable, both ecologically and economically. The GCSSF develops broad-based conceptual plan for Everglades Restoration. Congress approves the Water Resources Development Act, which calls for full restoration of the Everglades based on the GCSSF's conceptual plan. The Act calls for the development of a comprehensive restoration plan (the Restudy) as an intergovernmental partnership. Congress approves the farm bill for $200 million for Everglades restoration and Vice President Al Gore announces Clinton Administration's $1.2 billion Everglades Restoration Plan. 1996Voters approve two of the three "Save Our Everglades" amendments, calling for a "Polluter Must Pay" requirement concerning Everglades pollution. Audubon serves on Constitutional Revision Commission, which places "Conservation Amendment" on the ballot. Audubon leads campaign to see Amendment 5 ratified by over 70% of voters. Florida Audubon and National Audubon unify their efforts in Florida, becoming a stronger, more effective Audubon of Florida. At the turn of the century, Audubon of Florida boasts 40,000 members in 45 community based chapters throughout the state.

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Sa tús bhí an Audubon Society Mar thoradh ar Chumann Audubon a chruthú ag George Bird Grinnell i 1886 tháinig tús le heiticeacht chaomhnaithe na tíre. Mar eagarthóir ar Foraois agus Sliocht, rinne Grinnell achomharc ar a léitheoirí a bheith aontaithe chun éan a chaomhnú agus a chosaint. Laistigh de bhliain chuaigh 39,000 duine isteach sa Chumann Audubon, a thug Grinnell ainm dó tar éis an nádúr-eolaí agus an péinteoir John James Audubon. Agus na foireann iris ag éirí neamhchumasach an fhreagra mór, d'fhág an tsochaí i níos lú ná trí bliana. Sa bhliain 1896, ghlac an t-ealaíontóir Boston Mrs. Augustus Hemenway an misean agus bhunaigh sí Cumann Audubon Massachusetts. Bhí Hemenway ag déanamh géarchéime ar mharú sluaite éan ar fad as a n-uimhreacha, go leor acu i n-aislingí na Everglades agus i ndeisceart Florida. Bhí Florida tar éis a bheith ar na príomh-chásanna le haghaidh sealgairí plum, áit a raibh an t-athrú ó na éanlaith iomadúil go dtí an easpa agus uaireanta an díothú ag tarlú le luas dochreidte. An uair seo d'fhan smaoineamh Audubon, agus faoi thús na haoise, bhí níos mó ná 15 Sochaí Audubon stáit cruthaithe agus bhí siad ag obair i gcomhar cheana féin chun éan, fiadhúlra agus a gnáthóga a chosaint. An Chéad Deich mbliana: Deireadh réimeas na sealgairí pluma Ón tús, rinne Audubon dul chun cinn mór i gcosaint éan, ó reachtaíocht a chuir cosc ar an fiach a dhíol san stát, cláir oideachais a shroich na mílte páiste agus fásta, go gardaí ar an talamh a d'fhág cosaint ar chúrsaí tábhachtacha. Tháinig rath luath Florida Audubon as a chomhpháirtíochtaí le ceannairí de Chumann Audubon stáit eile, Aontas na nAoirí Meiriceánach, agus Chónaidhm Chlubanna Mná Florida. Ar an 2 Márta, tionóltar an chéad chruinniú de chuid Chumann Audubon Florida i Maitland ag eastát L.F. Dommerich. Áirítear ar an liosta de na hoifigigh luath: N.Y. Gobharnóir agus Uachtarán na Stát Aontaithe ina dhiaidh sin Theodore Roosevelt, Gobharnóir Florida W.D. Bloxham, Frank Chapman ó Músaem Stair Dúlra na Meiriceánach, Uachtarán Coláiste Rollins G.M. Ward, Uachtarán Ollscoil Stetson J.F. Forbes, agus na heagarthóirí na nuachtáin is mó an stáit. Níos déanaí, d'fhás an liosta go raibh an tUachtarán Grover Cleveland, Gobharnóir Florida W.S. Jennings, eolaí Theodore S. Palmer, agus Maria R. Audubon. Ag obair le chéile, éiríonn leis na Cumann Audubon stáit brú a chur ar an Acht Lacey a rith, ag toirmeasc ar thrádáil idirstáit na n-ainmhithe fiáine a maraíodh ag sárú dlíthe stáit. Ós rud é go bhfuil sé ina chuairteoir rialta san iarnród i Florida, eagraíonn Frank Chapman, eolaí agus cúirteoir Músaem Stair Dúlra Mheiriceá, an chéad Chontae Eolaí Nollag. Tá an traidisiún saoire tar éis fás go dtí an daonáireamh fiadhúlra deonacha is mó ar domhan agus inniu, i Florida, bíonn níos mó ná 2,000 duine rannpháirteach i níos mó ná 60 Comhaireamh Éan Nollag gach bliain le linn tréimhse trí seachtaine timpeall na Nollag. Gníomhaíonn William Dutcher, cathaoirleach Choiste um Chosaint Éin an Aonair (AOU) de chuid Aontas na n-Eoin Eolaithe Mheiriceá thar ceann na Sochaithe Audubon stáit agus is é an greamaire a choinníonn le chéile na heilimintí éagsúla den ghluaiseacht caomhnaithe. Téann Dutcher go Florida i 1901 agus cabhraíonn sé le Florida Audubon chun an reachtas a chur ina luí chun an Dlí Múnla Audubon a rith, ag cur fionnachtain plumaigh ar neamhdhleathach sa stát. Déanann Dutcher Ciste Thayer an AOU a riar chun gardaí a fhostú chun éan a chosaint, agus déanann sé coimeádtóirí solais a fhostú i Key West agus i Dry Tortugas. Níos déanaí sa bhliain chéanna sin, thaistealaíonn ball den choiste feidhmiúcháin FAS, Mrs. Kingsmill Marrs, go Nua-Eabhrac chun bualadh le Dutcher agus le ceannairí eile Audubon chun comhaontú a dhéanamh maidir le Comhlachas Náisiúnta Cumann Audubon a fhoirmiú. Bunaíodh Coiste Náisiúnta na gCumann Audubon i mí na Samhna, i Washington, DC. Ghlac Dutcher Guy Bradley mar choimisinéir i ndeisceart Florida, ar mholadh ó Kirk Munroe agus Mrs. Kingsmill Marrs. Ar an 14 Márta, le spreagadh Frank Chapman agus FAS, bhunaigh an tUachtarán Theodore Roosevelt Oileán Pelican i Lagún Abhainn Indiach mar an chéad Chúlchiste Eolaí Feidearálach, ag tabhairt breith do chóras Tearmann Náisiúnta Fiadhúlra. Ghlac Audubon Paul Kroegel mar an chéad choimisinéir ar Oileán Pelican. Faoi dheireadh a uachtaránacht, ainmníonn Roosevelt naoi gcúlchiste éan eile i Florida "Is [eagraíocht] é an Audubon Society, a rinne i bhfad níos mó ná aon ghníomhaireacht aonair eile chun mothúchán poiblí soilsithe a chruthú agus a chothú chun ár n-éan úsáideach agus tarraingteach a chaomhnú, a chuimsíonn fir agus mná a bhfuil níos mó acu ar na nithe seo ná a gcomhghleacaithe, agus a bhfuil bronntanas luachmhar samhlaíochta comhbhá, ionas go mbeidh siad in ann áilleacht agus iontais an dúlra a fheiceáil, agus a bheith ag iarraidh a chaomhnú do leanaí a gcuid leanaí". - Theodore Roosevelt Faoi 1904, bhí iarrachtaí oideachais Florida Audubon ag an trealamh, le 14 bhileog oideachais a tháirgtear agus thart ar 6,000 bileog agus leabharlann a dháileadh. An bhliain ina dhiaidh sin, cuireann Bord Oideachais Chontae Orange leathuair an chloig ar leataobh in aghaidh na seachtaine chun staidéar a dhéanamh ar éanlaith. Úsáideann FAS forlíontaí éan agus cairteacha móra a cheannaíodh ó Massachusetts Audubon don chlár. I mí Eanáir, tá an Cumann Náisiúnta de Chumann Audubon le haghaidh Chosaint Eunlaigh agus Ainmhithe Fiáine [a thiocfaidh chun bheith ina Chumann Náisiúnta Audubon] corpraithe. Ainmnítear William Dutcher mar uachtarán, John E. Thayer mar chéad leas-uachtarán, Theodore S. Palmer mar dara leas-uachtarán, Frank Chapman mar chisteoir, agus T. Gilbert Pearson mar rúnaí. Glacann NAS freagracht iomlán as an gclár príosúnach. Dutcher agus Mrs Marrs obair go dlúth chun coinneáil na wardens Florida, lena n-áirítear Guy Bradley. Is é Bird-Lore [a tháinig chun bheith ina Audubon Magazine ina dhiaidh sin] iris oifigiúil NAS agus áirítear leis tuarascálacha bliantúla Florida Audubon, a scríobhann Kingsmill Marrs gach bliain. Ar an 8 Iúil, maraíodh Guy Bradley i ngníomh in aice le Flamingo. Maraítear gardaí Audubon Columbus G. MacLeod i ngníomh dualgas ag Charlotte Harbor. Spreag an dúnmharú coinsiasa na náisiúin agus déanann Audubon a fheachtas ar fud na tíre i gcoinne na féitheacha a chaitheamh. Na 1910idí agus na 1920idí: Tír a Fháil, Tír a Chailleadh Chaill Audubon roinnt talún sna 1910idí, nuair a d'fhulaing clár Audubon Warden easpa maoinithe agus a tharraing wardens siar ó Florida. I "The Florida Audubon Society: 1900-1935", deir Lucy Worthington Blackman: "D'imigh sealgairí amach agus dóiteadh an bhliain sin an t-eagla Alligator Bay [in iarthuaisceart Everglades], an t-eagla is mó i Florida, ach amháin mar gheall ar easpa $750 do choimisinéirí chun é a chosaint - dóiteadh é ionas go dtógfadh iarmhéid an choilíneachta an áit ... Bhí trí choimisinéir Audubon tar éis na ocht gcéad coilíneach sa choilíneacht a iompar go sábháilte i rith shéasúr na n-eagla 1915. An bhliain ina dhiaidh sin bhí siad a thréigean chun a n-ádh. " Ach rinne Audubon fós dul chun cinn mór i gcosanta le linn na tréimhse seo trí na hionchomharthaí a bhunú, reachtaíocht thábhachtach a rith mar an Acht um Chonradh Éan imirceacha, agus tar éis blianta cath, bunaíodh an Coimisiún Seice agus Éisc Uisce Uisce Uisce Stáit. Faigheann William Dutcher stróc míchompordach. T. Gilbert Pearson a d'fhás suas i gcosach Archer, Florida, a leanann air mar phríomh-oifigeach feidhmiúcháin agus a threoraíonn an tSochaí ar feadh na mblianta agus ceithre bliana déag. Oibríonn Pearson gan staonadh chun reachtaíocht a chur i bhfeidhm chun an fholáine a chosaint. Sa bhliain 1911, spreag Oscar Baynard, ball de FAS, NAS chun Oileán na nAonáin a cheannach i Loch Orange i gContae Alachua. Ainmnítear Baynard mar phríosúnach. Tá L.F. Dommerich de chuid FAS ag dul ar scor as a uachtaránacht de bharr drochshláinte. Tar éis a bháis i mí Iúil, tugann teaghlach Dommerich $ 5,000 do Audubon Náisiúnta chun éin a chosaint i Florida. Ainmnítear an paiteolaí Dr. Herbert R. Mills, ceannaire St. Petersburg Katherine B. Tippetts, agus an próifessor luibheolaí Henry Nehrling don choiste feidhmiúcháin. Tar éis feachtas dian le tuairim is 200,000 litir agus teilifís a scríobh chuig an gComhdháil, déantar an tAcht um Chonradh na nEanlaigh Imirce a rith ina dhlí. Ghlac Audubon Náisiúnta agus Florida Audubon Katherine Stuart go comhpháirteach chun léacht a thabhairt i scoileanna agus Clubanna Audubon Óige i 25 bhaile ar fud Florida. Faoi 1914, bhí 30,000 bhileog dáileadh agus bhí Audubon i Florida ag bródú níos mó ná 3,500 ball agus 162 Clubanna Óige Audubon. Faigheann National Audubon Micanopy Rookery agus, ceithre bliana ina dhiaidh sin, San Sebastian Rookery, ag cur iad leis an gclár tearmann. Faigheann an Pigeon Taistealaithe deireanach bás i ngábháil i Cincinnati. Tá Alligator Bay Rookery i ndeisceart Everglades imithe as an saol in éagmais na n-uaireadóirí Audubon. Ceiliúrann Audubon cruthaitheacht Sheirbhís Páirc Náisiúnta. An Carolina Parakeet deireanach bás i bpríosún i Cincinnati. Tosaíonn Florida Audubon ag foilsiú an Florida Audubon Bulletin, réamhtheachtaí iris Florida Naturalist. Tagann Katherine Tippetts, ceannaire láidir le St. Petersburg Audubon, ina uachtarán ar FAS. Bhí sí tar éis a chur ina luí ar Chontae Pinellas 11 ionad coiscthe éan a chruthú, agus laistigh de thrí bliana dá uachtaránacht, cabhraíonn sí le 30 ionad coiscthe eile a bhunú, lena n-áirítear ainmniúchán Chontae Volusia ar fad mar ionad coiscthe éan ar feadh tréimhse 2 bliana. Déanann an t-eaglais staidéar ar éan éigeantach i scoileanna. Déanann NAS agus FAS cúrsaí creidmheasa a chur ar fáil do choláistí agus do ollscoileanna. Tar éis blianta d'iarrachtaí, éiríonn le Audubon an reachtóir a fháil chun dhá ghníomh a rith, ceann a chruthaíonn Roinn na nGael agus iasc Uisce Uisce, agus an ceann eile a bhunaíonn Coimisinéir Gael Stáit. Déantar Florida Audubon Bulletin a athrú go dtí iris Florida Naturalist. R.J. Longstreet a bheith ar an chéad eagarthóir agus a fhan eagarthóir ar feadh níos mó ná dhá scór bliain. D'fhóin Longstreet freisin mar uachtarán ar Florida Audubon ó 1930 go 1936. Na 1930idí agus na 1940idí: Beo nua i gclár Everglades agus Audubon Warden In ainneoin an Depressions, fuair Audubon Náisiúnta beogacht nua i gceannas John Baker. Cosúil le gach uachtarán NAS roimhe, chaith Baker am ag obair go díreach i Florida chun éan a chosaint sa stát. Neartaíodh clár na gcosantóirí Audubon faoi cheannaireacht Baker, le flurry gníomhaíochta sna Everglades agus i ndeisceart Florida. Gníomhaí FAS le fada an lá, fostaíonn an Dr. Herbert Mills an garda Fred W. Shultz chun Green Key a chosaint i gceantar Tampa Bay. Go díreach, leathnaítear a chríoch go gcuimsíonn sé roinnt oileáin eile i mBá Hillsborough. Sa lá atá inniu ann, cosnaíonn clár Sanctuaries Oileáin Chósta Florida Audubon thart ar 50,000 péire breeding éan ó Tarpon Springs go Sarasota, chomh maith le cúig oileán in aice le West Palm Beach. Tagann John Baker ina stiúrthóir feidhmiúcháin (agus ina dhiaidh sin ina uachtarán) ar NAS agus éiríonn leis ballraíocht Audubon a thógáil i lár an Chomaoin. Ar a chéad lá ar an obair, cuireann Baker an múinteoir agus an léargaitheoir éan iontach, Roger Tory Peterson, ar fhostaíocht. Lean Baker ar aghaidh ag tógáil foireann oideachasóirí, ealaíontóirí agus eolaithe, lena n-áirítear Allan D. Cruickshank, grianghrafadóir agus léachtóir tóir a mhúineann le sleamhnáin agus assortment iontach de ghlaonna éan. Go luath, oibríonn Peterson agus Cruickshank le chéile chun cuid de na cláir stair nádúrtha is rathúla sa náisiún a chruthú. Níos déanaí, scoir Cruickshank lena bhean chéile, Helen, go Rockledge áit a bhfuil an fhoireann nádúrtha gníomhach i gcónaí i bhfianaise agus i ngrianghrafadóireacht éan Florida agus i bhfoilsiú roinnt leabhair ar stair nádúrtha agus daonna Florida. Tagann Alexander Sprunt, Jr. mar Stiúrthóir ar Ionaid Naofa Theas Audubon agus mar mhaoirseoir ar choimeádtóirí sa oirdheisceart. Tar éis na Hurricane Lá Mór an Lucht Oibre de 1935, déanann Sprunt an chéad suirbhé aeir ar na Great White Herons. Ainmnítear Aldo Leopold, a rinne réabhlóid i mbainistíocht an chluiche, ar an mbord Náisiúnta. Marvin Chandler a bheith ar an gcéad cheann i sraith de bhaill teaghlaigh a bheith ag feidhmiú mar Wardens Audubon chun patróil Kissimmee Prairie agus Lake Okeechobee. Fuair NAS Sanctuar Lake Okeechobee i 1938, agus Sanctuar Ordway-Whittell Kissimmee Prairie i 1980. Bunaíonn Stiúrthóir Naomhsháinta Audubon, Robert Porter Allen, stáisiún taighde i Tavernier, i Florida Keys, ag tosú staidéar lánaimseartha ar stair shaol na Roseate Spoonbills. Faoi na 1950idí, leathnaíonn Audubon fócas an Ionaid Eolaíochta Tavernier chun gach gné de thimpeallacht Bhaile Florida agus Florida Keys a áireamh, ó chorráin, seagrases agus mangroves, go iasc cluiche, crocodileanna agus Eagles Bald. Sa lá atá inniu ann, leanann na staidéir Roseate Spoonbill a thosaigh Allen 65 bliain ó shin i Tavernier. Síníonn an tUachtarán Franklin D. Roosevelt an tAcht um Chosaint Ealainn Bald i ndlí. Oibríonn Audubon le Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá. Ira Gabrielson de chuid na Seirbhíse Iascaigh agus Fiadhúlra chun an Crann Whooping a shábháil ó na geansaí díothaithe. Sa lá atá inniu ann, tá daonra neamh-imirceach de Whooping Cranes á thabhairt isteach arís i Florida ag neantóg Gabrielson, an Dr. Steve Nesbitt, a oibríonn don Choimisiún Caomhnaithe Iascaigh agus Fiadhúlra Stáit. Foilsíonn Marjory Stoneman Douglas The Everglades: River of Grass agus múineann sé an domhan grá a thabhairt do bhalla. An bhliain chéanna sin, tá an t-iarrachtaí fada atá déanta ag Audubon sna Everglades ag íoc as nuair a bunaítear Páirc Náisiúnta Everglades. Na 1950idí agus na 1960idí: Dawn of Ecology, War on Pesticides Faoi na 1950idí, chuir dul chun cinn teicneolaíoch bagairtí nua agus níos casta ar Audubon do bheatha fiáine ná an tógadh margaidh sna laethanta tosaigh. D'fhás Audubon a chláir taighde eolaíochta agus ghlac sé páirt go mór san iarracht úsáid lotnaidicídí a thoirmeasc a raibh amhras orthu go raibh siad ag cur le teipí ar phobal i gclúdach, ospreys, pelicans donn, agus tomhaltóirí eile "deireadh na slabhra". Tar éis feachtas tíre, tá John Baker de chuid NAS tar éis a fháil ar Chúlchiste Swamp Corkscrew, an t-aon fhothchas mór de chipríosán sean-balbh atá fágtha i Florida. Sa lá atá inniu ann, tá Sanctuar Crócaire Swamp an tsamhail do Ionaid Audubon i Florida, lena Lárionad nua Blair, cláir léirmhínithe, agus bóthar bord a théann tríd an swamp cypress. Bhuail Eagles Bald i Florida a gcuid pointí íseal le 251 nead. Tar éis leabhar "Silent Spring" de Rachel Carson a scaoileadh, seolann Audubon feachtas chun lotnaidicídí tocsaineacha a thoirmeasc. Is é Alexander "Sandy" Sprunt IV an Stiúrthóir Taighde ag Tavernier. Déanann sé staidéar ar fud na mór-roinne ar atáirgeadh an Eagla Bald agus ar éifeachtaí lotnaidicídí. Sa lá atá inniu ann, tá an daonra is mó de Eagles Bald i dTuaisceart na Stát Aontaithe ag Florida le breis agus 1,000 péire neadaíochta. Leanann Audubon a tiomantas don Eagla Bald trí sheirbheáil ar an Eithne Athshlánúcháin Eagla Bald Oirdheisceart chun cosaint a bhunú don eagla nuair a bhaintear é as liosta na speiceas atá i mbaol, agus trí eaglanna gortaithe a athshlánú agus a scaoileadh ar fáil ag Ionad Audubon do Einmneacha Preach i Maitland. Ceiliúrann Audubon rath reachtaíochta lena n-áirítear an tAcht um Chosaint Uisce, an tAcht Fiáin, agus clár Talún Recreational lasmuigh an stáit. Déantar táirgí alligator a bhaicéadú, rud a fhágann go gcuirtear iad ar liostaí agus go gcosnófar iad go dtí go dtarlóidh an daonra. Le tacaíocht Florida Audubon, bhunaigh ball fada den bhord, Marjory Harris Carr, Cosantóirí Comhshaoil Florida chun tógáil an Chainéal Barge Cross-Florida a stopadh. Na 1970idí agus na 1980idí: An Dúlra sa Chothromaíocht Bhí tionchar ag fás daonra agus tionscail ar fhéinbheathaíocht, ar fháschríocha, ar aibhneacha agus ar sruthanna. D'oibrigh Audubon chun polasaithe agus dlíthe cónaidhme nua móra a fhorbairt d'earraí atá i mbaol, d'aer agus d'uisce glan, agus do na haibhneacha fiáine agus radharc. Bhí an fócas i Florida ar chláir éalaithe talún, ar fhás plódaithe an stáit a bhainistiú agus ar fhás plódaithe an stáit a chosaint. Tionóltar an chéad Lá Domhanda ar an 22 Aibreán. Ritheann an Comhdháil an tAcht Uisce Glan. Cuireann Audubon bac ar phlean aerfort i Big Cypress. Trí ordú feidhmiúcháin, cuireann an tUachtarán Richard Nixon stop leis an gCanail Barge Cross-Florida. Sa lá atá inniu ann, leanann Audubon agus Florida Defenders of the Environment an troid chun Dam Rodman a bhaint agus ligean do Abhainn Ocklawaha rith saor. Tar éis cath fada le Audubon ar an mbarr, tá cosc ar DDT agus DDE a úsáid sna Stáit Aontaithe. Déanann an reachtóir an tAcht um Bainistíocht Talún agus Uisce agus an tAcht um Acmhainní Uisce a fhorghníomhú. Is iad na dlíthe seo an bunús do Cheantair Bainistíochta Uisce, agus cosaint úsáide talún, lena n-áirítear ainmniú na Florida Keys, Big Cypress agus Green Swamp mar Limistéir imní chriticiúil. Rinneadh an chéad vóta ballóide comhshaoil maidir le hacmhainn talún a rith i Florida, ag cruthú an Clár Talún i mbaol Comhshaoil. Cabhraíonn Audubon le Cumann Ornithology Florida a bhunú. Tá ról ag Audubon i rialacháin daingean a leagan síos maidir le tochailt ola i Big Cypress. Ritheann an Comhdháil an tAcht um Speicis i mbaol. Cuireann Audubon brú ar an stát rialacha agus rialacháin ola agus gáis a rith. Bunaíonn an Comhdháil Cúlchiste Náisiúnta Big Cypress. Audubon's Peter C.H. Glaonn Pritchard cruinniú saineolaithe chun plean téarnaimh a phlé do Florida Panther. Go gairid ina dhiaidh sin, bunaíodh Foireann Athshlánúcháin Florida Panther. Tá feachtas Audubon chun an Manatee an Iarthair Indiach a chosaint ag éirí amach an tAcht um Chosaint Manatee a rith. Glacann an reachtas an clár um Thailte Coimirce agus Saoire [CARL]. Bunú Ionad Audubon d'Einmneacha Réadaigh. Ó osclaíodh é, tá níos mó ná 3,000 raptor cóireáilte agus scaoilte, lena n-áirítear na céadta Eagles Bald. Tá cláir Save Our Rivers agus Save Our Coasts formheasta ag an mBille. Glacann an Comhdháil an tAcht um Chosaint na n-Uisceach. An tAcht um Bainistíocht Fáis a cheadaigh an reachtas. Foilsíonn Florida Audubon "leabhar lámhleabhar saoránach" chun lucht comhshaoil a threorú maidir leis an bpróiseas nua a úsáid. Tá Acht Athchóiriú Loch Apopka á rith ag an mBille. Spreagann Audubon ceannach talún North Key Largo agus tosaíonn sé le tionscadail athchóirithe i Florida Keys le tacaíocht ó Chiste Iontaobhais Comhshaoil Florida Keys na Gníomhaireachta um Chaomhnú Comhshaoil. Tá an tAcht um Fheabhsú agus Bainistíocht Uisce Uirbeach [SWIM] formheasta ag an mBille. Tacaíonn Audubon le leathnú Chosaint Náisiúnta Big Cypress de 115,000 acra trí mhalartú talún Arizona. Ní éiríonn le hiarrachtaí an Sparrow Seaside Dusky a shábháil ag Dr. Herbert W. Kale II, Ollscoil Santa Fe Community College Teaching Zoo, Walt Disney World Discovery Island Zoological Park, nuair a bháisíonn an Dusky deireanach i ngábháil. Ritheann an reachtas reachtaíochta an tAcht um Chosaint Abhainn Wekiva. An Deich mbliana Deireanach den Séú haois: Coimirce beo agus go maith Le linn an deich mbliana deireanach den 20ú haois, d'íoc ár tiomantas 100 bliain do na Everglades nuair a rith Floridians dhá leasú bunreachtúil, agus an Comhdháil agus an reachtas araon tiomanta cistí a chur ar ais ar an Abhainn na Grása. Ina theannta sin, bhí ról straitéiseach ag Audubon i ndáil le leasú na Coimirce a chur ar an vóta i 1998, agus thug sé an feachtas chun go rachaidh tromlach mór na vótálaithe i ngleic leis, ag léiriú go bhfuil cúram ag Floridians - ar fud an bhord - faoin timpeallacht. Agus, ar 6 Samhain, 1999, Florida Audubon agus Audubon Náisiúnta a n-obair a aontacht sa stát, a bheith ina guth bouming amháin le haghaidh caomhnú don chéad bliain nua. Cheadaíonn an t-Aonad Reachtaíochta, le tacaíocht Audubon, Clár um Chaomhnú 2000, samhail de chlár um fháil talún. Ar mholadh Audubon, cheannaíonn Disney Ranch Walker mar mhaolú, ag tabhairt breith ar an "Conservaíocht Fiáin Disney". Bunaíonn Audubon Oifig Caomhnaithe Everglades i Miami chun a chinntiú go n-aisghabhálfar agus go gcosnófar an Greater Glacann reachtaíocht Florida an tAcht Everglades Forever. Bunaíonn an Gobharnóir Lawton Chiles an Coimisiún 49-chomhalta don Florida Theas Inbhuanaithe (GCSSF). Ina Tuarascáil Thúsúil, aimsíonn an GCSSF go bhfuil todhchaí Florida Theas neamh-inbhuanaithe, go éiceolaíoch agus go heacnamaíoch araon. Forbraíonn an GCSSF plean coincheapach leathanbhunaithe le haghaidh Athchóiriú Everglades. Cheadaíonn an Comhdháil an tAcht um Fhorbairt Acmhainní Uisce, a éilíonn athchóiriú iomlán na Everglades bunaithe ar phlean coincheapa an GCSSF. Iarrann an tAcht ar phlean cuimsitheach athchóirithe (an t-Studú) a fhorbairt mar chomhpháirtíocht idir-rialtasach. Cheadaíonn an Comhdháil an bille feirme ar $ 200 milliún le haghaidh athchóiriú Everglades agus fógraíonn an Leas-Uachtarán Al Gore Plean Athchóiriú Everglades $ 1.2 billiún Riarachán Clinton. 1996Fuarthas dhá cheann de na trí leasú "Save Our Everglades" ag vótálaithe, ag iarraidh go mbeadh ceanglas "Polluter Must Pay" maidir le truailliú Everglades. Tá Audubon ag feidhmiú ar Choimisiún Athbhreithnithe Bunreachtúil, a chuireann "Leasú Caomhnaithe" ar an vóta. Tá Audubon i gceannas ar an bhfeachtas chun go rachaidh níos mó ná 70% de na vótálaithe i ngleic le Leasú 5. Florida Audubon agus National Audubon a n-iarrachtaí a aontú i Florida, ag éirí níos láidre, níos éifeachtaí Audubon Florida. Ag tús na haoise, bhí 40,000 ball ag Audubon of Florida i 45 chaibidil bunaithe ar phobal ar fud an stáit.

A federal district court judge in West Virginia actually understands the Clean Water Act. The judge provided production agriculture with a huge victory on October 23, 2013. The court in Alt v EPA provides a history of the CWA agricultural stormwater exemption. It starts in 1973 when the EPA Administrator issued regulations which exempted agricultural discharges from needing a permit. Exempted discharges in 1973 included "…all silvacultural point sources; all confined animal feeding operations below a certain size; all irrigation return flows from areas less than 3,000 contiguous acres or 3,000 noncontiguous acres that use the same drainage system; all non-feedlot, non-irrigation agricultural point sources; and separate storm sewers…" Environmentalists challenged this EPA interpretation and overturned it. In 1987, Congress amended the CWA saying that a "point source" includes any discernible, confined and discrete conveyance including any pipe, ditch, channel, tunnel or conduit, but added, "This term does not include agricultural stormwater discharges and return flows from irrigated agriculture." Congress did not define agricultural stormwater. The West Virginia court ripped EPA, saying "It appears to be a central assumption of the EPA's position that the agricultural stormwater discharge exemption had no meaning whatsoever from the time the exemption was added to the statute in 1987…This is an assumption that this Court simply cannot accept." EPA claimed the Alt operation was a CAFO and had discharged pollutants coming from ventilation fans which ejected dust, manure, litter, dander and some feathers onto the ground in the farmyard around the confinement houses. Because EPA found that these alleged pollutants might get into man-made ditches via rainfall, the Alt operation was subject to civil penalties of $37,500 per day. To scare the farmer even more, EPA added the threatening assertion that criminal action could be initiated and the producer, Lois Alt, "may be subject to a monetary fine and/imprisonment…" The court dismissed EPA's arguments summarily by saying Congress intended that no permits would be required for agricultural stormwater runoff. "In other words, a discharge of liquid manure would not be exempt just because it happened to be raining at the time, but a discharge of such manure caused by precipitation would be exempt." READ MORE ON THIS CASE: Playing Chicken with EPA Another key issue EPA tried to raise was that the farmyard area of the Alt poultry operation, such as the grass areas between and around the poultry houses, is part of the CAFO. EPA argued the farmyard area is a production area and any runoff is a point source and needs a permit. The court slapped EPA hard on this issue. On page 22 of the opinion, the court says "…the Alt farmyard is not a production area." (Other courts and attorneys should take note of this conclusion.) In language that is critical for all CAFO operators, the court says "The areas between the poultry houses are clearly not the animal confinement area…" EPA argued that litter, dust and feathers which may be in the farmyard would have to come originally from the production area. If so, these pollutants, if washed into a waterway, would be ineligible for the agricultural stormwater exemption. The court made it clear EPA is simply wrong. In closing, the West Virginia court relies on another U.S. Court of Appeals opinion. It said that "Congress was affirming the impropriety of imposing…liability for agriculture-related discharges triggered not by negligence or malfeasance, but by the weather - even when those discharges came from what would otherwise be point sources." (Read numeric nutrient control into this language that EPA is trying to impose on agricultural nonpoint source runoff into streams.) This is a stinging defeat for EPA and the environmental groups. No doubt there will be an appeal. EPA has lost a huge tool in its effort to control agricultural runoff. The American Farm Bureau deserves our appreciation for winning this case for all agriculture. Gary H. Baise is a principal at OFW Law (Olsson Frank Weeda Terman Matz P.C.). This article first appeared in Farm Futures magazine. The opinions presented here are expressly those of the author. For more information, go to www.OFWlaw.com

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Tuigeann breitheamh cúirte ceantair cónaidhme i mBeirlín Thiar an tAcht Uisce Glan. Thug an breitheamh bua ollmhór don fheirmeoireacht táirgthe ar 23 Deireadh Fómhair, 2013. Soláthraíonn an chúirt i Alt v EPA stair na díolúine uisce báistí talmhaíochta CWA. Tosaíonn sé i 1973 nuair a d'eisigh Riarthóir an EPA rialacháin a dhíolmhaigh sceitheadh talmhaíochta ó cheadúnas a bheith ag teastáil. I measc na scaoilteanna díolmhaithe in 1973 bhí "... gach foinse pointe silvaculture; gach oibríocht beathaithe ainmhithe teoranta faoi bhun méid áirithe; gach sreabhadh ar ais uisciúcháin ó limistéir níos lú ná 3,000 acra i dteannta nó 3,000 acra neamh-i dteannta a úsáideann an córas draenála céanna; gach foinse pointe talmhaíochta neamh-feedlot, neamh-uisciúcháin; agus séaracha stoirme ar leith ... " Chuir comhshaoilseoirí dúshlán ar an léirmhíniú seo EPA agus chuir siad ar ceal é. Sa bhliain 1987, d'athraigh an Comhdháil an CWA ag rá go gcuimsíonn "foinse pointe" aon iompar in iúl, teoranta agus diongbháilte lena n-áirítear aon phíopa, dí, cainéal, tollán nó cainéal, ach dúirt sé, "Ní chuimsíonn an téarma seo díolacháin uisce báistí talmhaíochta agus sreabha ar ais ó thalmhaíocht uisciúil". Níor shainmhínigh an Comhdháil uisce báistí talmhaíochta. D'éirigh le cúirt West Virginia EPA, ag rá "Is cosúil gur glacadh lárnach le seasamh EPA nach raibh aon chiall ag díolúine scaoilte uisce báistí talmhaíochta ón am a cuireadh an díolúine leis an reacht i 1987...Is é seo an glacadh leis nach féidir leis an gCúirt seo glacadh leis go simplí. " D'éiligh EPA gur oibríocht CAFO a bhí i gceist le Alt agus gur scaoileadh truailleáin ó lucht leanúna ventilaíochta a chuir dust, feoil, strus, dander agus roinnt plútha ar an talamh sa chúirt fheirme timpeall na dteachanna coinneála. Toisc gur fuair an EPA go bhféadfadh na truailleoirí líomhnaithe seo dul isteach i dtráchtanna de dhéantús an duine trí thine, bhí oibríocht Alt faoi réir pionóis shibhialta de $ 37,500 in aghaidh an lae. Chun an feirmeoir a eagla níos mó, chuir EPA an dearcadh bagairt go bhféadfadh gníomh coiriúil a thionscnamh agus go bhféadfadh an táirgeoir, Lois Alt, "a bheith faoi réir fíneáil airgid agus / nó príosúnachta ... " D'fhág an chúirt argóintí EPA go hachomair ag rá go raibh sé i gceist ag an gComhdháil nach mbeadh aon cheadúnas ag teastáil le haghaidh sreabhadh uisce báistí talmhaíochta. "I bhfocail eile, ní bheadh scaoileadh leachtacha bochtaise díolmhaithe ach toisc go raibh sé ag báisteach ag an am, ach bheadh scaoileadh bochtaise den sórt sin a d'fhág an báisteach díolmhaithe". Léigh níos mó faoi CASE seo: Ag imirt le sicín le EPA Ba é príomhcheist eile a rinne EPA iarracht a ardú ná go bhfuil limistéar feirme na hoibríochta feirme Alt, amhail na limistéir féirín idir agus timpeall na n-áitreabh feirme, mar chuid den CAFO. D'áitigh EPA gurb é limistéar táirgeachta an limistéar feirme agus is foinse pointe é aon rannach agus ní mór cead a fháil. Chuir an chúirt smacht láidir ar an EPA ar an gceist seo. Ar leathanach 22 den tuairim, deir an chúirt "...ní limistéar táirgthe é an fheirm Alt". (Ba cheart do chúirteanna agus d'advokatanna eile aird a thabhairt ar an gconclúid seo.) I dteanga atá ríthábhachtach do gach oibreoir CAFO, deir an chúirt "Ní limistéar coinneála ainmhithe iad na limistéir idir na teach éanlaithe go soiléir ... " D'áitigh EPA go gcaithfeadh an scrios, an deannach agus na plútha a d'fhéadfadh a bheith sa charnóg feirme teacht ón limistéar táirgthe ar dtús. Má tá, ní bheadh na truailleoirí sin, má dhéantar iad a ghlanadh isteach i dtruach uisce, incháilithe don díolúine uisce báistí talmhaíochta. Rinne an chúirt a dhéanamh soiléir go bhfuil EPA go simplí mícheart. I ndeireadh na dála, tá an chúirt i mBairnéalaigh Thiar ag brath ar thuairim eile ó Chúirt Achomhairc na Stát Aontaithe. Dúirt sé go raibh "Congress ag dearcadh go raibh sé míchuí... dliteanas a fhorchur do sháraithe a bhaineann le talmhaíocht a spreagadh ní le neamhréir nó mí-ghníomhú, ach leis an aimsir - fiú nuair a tháinig na scaoilte sin ó fhoinsí pointe ar shlí eile". (Leag an rialú cothaitheach uimhriúil isteach sa teanga seo atá ag iarraidh an EPA a fhorchur ar shruth foinse neamhphointe talmhaíochta isteach i sruthanna.) Is é seo a defeat stinging do EPA agus na grúpaí comhshaoil. Gan amhras beidh achomharc ann. Tá uirlis mhór caillte ag an EPA ina iarracht chun rialú a dhéanamh ar an sceitheadh talmhaíochta. Is fiú ár mbuíochas don Bhallstát feirmeoireachta Mheiriceá as an gcás seo a bhuachan ar son na talmhaíochta go léir. Is príomhoide é Gary H. Baise ag Dlí OFW (Olsson Frank Weeda Terman Matz P.C.). D'fhoilsigh an t-alt seo den chéad uair i iris Farm Futures. Is iad na tuairimí a chuirtear i láthair anseo go sainráite iad na tuairimí a bhaineann leis an údar. Le haghaidh tuilleadh eolais, téigh chuig www.OFWlaw.com

No 4/5, 2019 Denmark saw a total of 42 cases of leptospirosis in 2017-2018. Compared with previous years, both 2017 and 2018 witnessed an increase in the number of notified patients and in the number of laboratory-confirmed cases, Figure 1. The increase was, among others, associated with a small outbreak in connection with a swimrun event in Denmark, but the increase was also seen among persons who had become infected abroad. Leptospirosis is a rare but serious condition caused by infection with spirochetes from the bacterium Leptospira, which is found naturally in the urine of many mammalians. In Denmark, bacteria from rats and mice are the primary cause of the condition in humans. In the initial phase of the disease, the symptoms are often uncharacteristic and may be similar to influenza symptoms. In serious cases (Weil’s disease), pulmonary infection and organ failure occur relatively rapidly. For more information, see the four case reports described in EPI-NEWS 28-33 - 2016 . Persons who develop influenza-like symptoms after coming into contact with rats, freshwater, sewage and waste water or water/mudd after floodings and the like should see their doctor for further work-up. In Denmark, the diagnostics are performed at Statens Serum Institut only. Leptospirosis is an individually notifiable disease. Leptospirosis may be treated with penicillin or other antibiotics. Optimal effect is achieved if the treatment is initiated within the initial four days of illness, see the description of leptospirosis at the SSI website. In humans, leptospirosis is prevented through use of protective equipment, including rubber boots and rubber gloves, covering up of any sores and scratches with water-repellant material, changing and washing of clothes (preferable at more than 80 degrees Celsius) that have come into contact with freshwater, including sewage or waste water, and bathing in clean water immediately hereafter. In limited areas with large amounts of mice, e.g., waterholes, farms, storage facilities, fish farming facilities, septic tanks, etc., regular pest control measures are important. (C. Kjelsø, S. Ethelberg, Department of Infectious Epidemiology and Prevention, K.A Krogfelt, C.S Jørgensen, Department of Virology and Microbiological Special Diagnostics)

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Uimh. 4/5, 2019 Bhí 42 cás leptospiróis san iomlán sa Danmhairg in 2017-2018. I gcomparáid le blianta roimhe sin, bhí méadú ar líon na n-othair a fógraíodh agus ar líon na gcásanna a deimhníodh sa saotharlann sa bhliain 2017 agus sa bhliain 2018 araon, Figiúr 1. Bhí baint ag an méadú, i measc rudaí eile, le ráig bheag i ndáil le imeacht swimrun sa Danmhairg, ach breathnaíodh an méadú freisin i measc daoine a bhí ionfhabhtaithe thar lear. Is riocht neamhchoitianta ach tromchúiseach é leptospirosis a bhíonn mar thoradh ar ionfhabhtú le spirochetes ón baictéar Leptospira, a fhaightear go nádúrtha i dtrá go leor mamaigh. Sa Danmhairg, is iad baictéir ó rattanna agus ó fhuacha an phríomhchúis leis an riocht i ndaoine. Sa chéim tosaigh den ghalar, is minic nach bhfuil na hairíonna tréithúil agus d'fhéadfadh siad a bheith cosúil le hairíonna an fhliú. I gcásanna tromchúiseacha (galar Weill), tarlaíonn ionfhabhtú scamhóige agus teip orgánach go réasúnta tapa. Chun tuilleadh eolais a fháil, féach na ceithre thuairisc cás a thuairiscítear in EPI-NÓS 28-33 - 2016 . Ba cheart do dhaoine a thagann le hairíonna cosúil le fliú tar éis dóibh teagmháil a dhéanamh le radaigh, le huisce úr, le fuíolluisce agus le fuíolluisce nó le huisce/mudd tar éis tuile agus a leithéidí a fheiceáil lena dochtúir chun tuilleadh oibre a dhéanamh. Sa Danmhairg, ní dhéantar an diagnóis ag Statens Serum Institut ach amháin. Is galar é leptospirosis a bhfuil gá le fógra a thabhairt dó go aonair. Is féidir leptospirosis a chóireáil le penicillin nó le antaibheathaigh eile. Is é an éifeacht is fearr a bhaint amach má thosaítear leis an gcóireáil laistigh de na ceithre lá tosaigh den tinneas, féach cur síos ar leptospirosis ar shuíomh Gréasáin SSI. I ndaoine, coscáiltear leptospirosis trí threalamh cosanta a úsáid, lena n-áirítear buataisí rubair agus lámhainní rubair, ag clúdach suas aon sáracha agus scratches le ábhar uisce-athghabhálach, ag athrú agus ag ní éadaí (is fearr ag níos mó ná 80 céim Celsius) a tháinig i dteagmháil le huisce úr, lena n-áirítear fuíolluisce nó fuíolluisce, agus ag cith i uisce glan láithreach ina dhiaidh sin. I limistéir theoranta ina bhfuil méideanna móra luch, mar shampla, poill uisce, feirmeacha, áiseanna stórála, áiseanna feirmeoireachta éisc, tancanna septic, etc., tá sé tábhachtach bearta rialta rialaithe lotnaid a dhéanamh. (C. Kjelsø, S. Ethelberg, Roinn Eipidéimeolaíocht agus Cosc Infectious, K.A Krogfelt, C.S Jørgensen, Roinn Eipidéimeolaíocht agus Microbiology Speisialta Diagnostics)

Music Theory 101 Music Theory 101 Get the musical foundation you need to take your skills to a higher level with this 12-week online course Music Theory 201 Music Theory 201: Harmony and Function Become a more effective player and writer by furthering your music theory background. Learn more complex chords, progressions, and rhythms in this 12-week online course. Music Theory 301 Music Theory 301: Advanced Melody, Harmony, Rhythm Prepare yourself for any future musical endeavor and gain a professional command of the mechanics of contemporary music in this advanced music theory course. Berklee Music Theory: Book 1 by Paul Schmeling available from Amazon.com Learn music theory based on over 40 years of music theory instruction at Berklee College of Music. This book is perfect for anyone who wants to learn music theory, whether they already play an instrument, or are looking to expand the depth of their musical knowledge. This essential method features hands-on and "ears-on" practice exercises that help you explore the inner workings of music, presenting notes, scales and rhythms as they are heard in today's music styles. The included CD will help reinforce lessons as you begin to build a solid musical foundation. CD with lessons and examples included About the Author "If you've been looking for a basic music theory book, your search is over. Berklee Music Theory is the 'go to' volume -;clear, concise, and complete. Paul Schmeling's explanations of the fundamentals of music provide a strong foundation for the aspiring musician, and is a valuable resource for teachers as well. Berklee Music Theory effectively integrates examples with exercises and ear training. This essential volume should be required reading in music schools and universities. Highly recommended! - Andy LaVerne, Jazz Pianist, Composer, Author, Educator, Keyboard magazine contributor. Also by Paul Schmeling

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Teoiric Ceoil 101 Teoiric Ceoil 101 Faigh an bunús ceoil is gá duit chun do scileanna a thógáil go leibhéal níos airde leis an gcúrsa 12 seachtaine ar líne seo Teoiric Ceoil 201 Teoiric Ceoil 201: Comhchuibhiú agus Feidhm Bí i do imreoir agus i do scríbhneoir níos éifeachtaí trí do chúlra teoiric ceoil a chur chun cinn. Foghlaim níos mó comhréireachtaí casta, dul chun cinn, agus rithimí sa chúrsa 12 seachtaine ar líne seo. Teoiric Ceoil 301 Teoiric Ceoil 301: Meiléad Ard-Aoise, Comhchuibhiú, Réitim Ullmhaigh tú féin le haghaidh aon iarracht ceoil sa todhchaí agus faigh teagasc gairmiúil ar mheicnic an cheoil choimhthíocha sa chúrsa teoiric ceoil chun cinn seo. Teoiric Ceoil Berklee: Leabhar 1 de réir Paul Schmeling Tá an t-earra ar fáil ó Amazon.com Foghlaim teoiric ceoil bunaithe ar níos mó ná 40 bliain de theagasc teoiric ceoil ag Coláiste Ceoil Berklee. Tá an leabhar seo foirfe do dhuine ar bith ar mian leis teoiric ceoil a fhoghlaim, cibé acu a bhíonn uirlis acu cheana féin, nó a bhfuil siad ag iarraidh a gcuid eolais ceoil a leathnú. Tá cleachtaí cleachtadh láimhe agus "ears-on" sa mhodh riachtanach seo a chabhraíonn leat obair inmheánach na ceoil a iniúchadh, nótaí, scálaí agus rithimí a chur i láthair mar a chloiseann siad i stíleanna ceoil an lae inniu. Cabhróidh an CD a chuirtear leis na ceachtanna a threisiú agus tú ag tosú bunús láidir ceoil a thógáil. CD le ceachtanna agus samplaí san áireamh Maidir leis an Údair "Má bhí tú ag lorg leabhair bunúsacha teoiric ceoil, tá do chuardach críochnaithe. Is é Teoiric Ceoil Berklee an 'go to' tomhas -; soiléir, concise, agus iomlán. Soláthraíonn míniú Paul Schmeling ar bhunúsacha na ceoil bunús láidir don cheoltóir atá ag iarraidh a bheith ann, agus is acmhainn luachmhar é do mhúinteoirí freisin. Comhtháthaíonn Teoiric Ceoil Berklee samplaí go héifeachtach le cleachtaí agus oiliúint cluaise. Ba cheart go mbeadh an t-amhrán riachtanach seo mar léitheoireacht éigeantach i scoileanna ceoil agus in ollscoileanna. Moltar go mór é! - Andy LaVerne, Pianaí Jazz, Comhlánaí, Údar, Oideachas, ranníocóir iris Keyboard. De réir Paul Schmeling freisin

DATAMATH CALCULATOR MUSEUM The official introduction of the TI-2500 Datamath portable calculator and the desktop models TI-3000 and TI-3500 dates back to September 21, 1972. The three calculators used different display technology: • The TI-2500 portable electronic calculator a red 8-digit light-emitting-diode (LED) display • The desktop models an orange gas-discharge displays with either 8 or 10-digits marketed by Burroughs as Panaplex™ display. Main disadvantage of these technologies was their high power consumption, later calculators like the TI-1750 used liquid-crystal-displays (LCD). The first LCD used yellow polarisation filters to damp the ultraviolet radiation of the sunlight, later calculators like the TI-25 used transparent filters. One step between the LED and LCD marked the TI-1025 with its green vacuum fluorescent display (VFD). The Light-Emitting-Diode itself was invented in the mid-1960s by the US company Monsanto and marketed together with Hewlett Packard. Read more about the early days of the LED here. Later manufacturers of seven-segment displays for electronic calculators included Dialight, Fairchild, Litronix, Motorola and Texas Instruments. Texas Instruments introduced together with the first single-chip calculator IC TMS0100 a multidigit display specially designed for calculators like the TI-2500 Datamath based on that chip. The TIL360 is a common-cathode display mounted in a red plastic package with as many as 6 digits per package. The height of each digit is 1/10 of a inch. Two variations, the DIS40 and the DIS95, are of special interest for calculators: • The DIS40 contains five digits, from left to right they are digit, blank, digit, digit, digit, digit. • This display will be used for the four most significant digits on the display and for the negative sign and error/overflow indication. The DIS95 contains four digits, from left to right they are digit, digit, digit, digit, blank, blank. This display will be used for the four least significant digits of the display. The package is designed such that when two or more packages are mounted end-to-end as shown in the above picture the character spacing is constant. This feature allowed the formation of a numeric display with sign, overflow, decimal and any number of characters. The following calculator generation manufactured by Texas Instruments like the SR-11 or SR-50 used single digit modules with a cylindrical plastic lense to enhance the readability. The next picture taken from a SR-50 gives you an idea of the architecture of the complete display. The lense is removed for better visability: Each of these 14 TILxxx modules contains a complete seven-segment LED display with decimal point in a red plastic housing. The top of the display is formed like a bubble lens to give a larger appearance of the characters. It is obvious that these technologies are quite expensive. In a first step the chip of the seven-segments display has to be bonded to the leadframe, packaged and tested. In a second step the display modules were soldered on the printed circuit board (PCB) of the calculator. As a logical consequence the US company Bowmar/ALI introduced the so-called Opto-stick, a small PCB with the seven-segment chips directly bonded on it. Texas Instruments evaluated this cost-effective technology with the TI-2500B calculator and adopted it for later calculators like the TI-1200. The picture on the right shows one of the seven-segment chips found under the plastic lenses. LED-stick on the left is taken from a TI-1200 and was manufactured in Taiwan. Other calculators used 6-digits or even 12-digits like the SR-51-II. Please notice the huge bubble-lens moulded in the plastic cover above the The LED-sticks were soldered with wires to the main printed circuit board of the calculator. Moving to the real single-chip calculators without any other componets like display-drivers or even resistors and capacitors created the TI-30 architecture: and the calculator chip formed one small unit mounted behind the red viewing window of the calculator. This PCB was connected to a simple keyboard forming a 8*5 matrix and a battery. The picture on the right shows three of the nine seven-segment chips under the bubble-lens. You will notice again the common-cathode technolgy of the display. All segments are wired in parallel (the horizontal traces) and the digits multiplexed or scanned (the through-hole connections) from the calculator chip. The LED technology started with the Datamath in the year 1972 finshed roughly 5 years later with the TI-57 using same technology as the TI-30. The gas-discharge displays used in the desktop calculators from Texas Instruments were manufactured by Burroughs. Compared with the earlier Nixie tubes these Panaplex™ display use a seven-segment structure instead of the rounded characters. The warm, neon-orange glowing gives a very good readability even under high ambient light. The Panaplex II shown above uses a hermetically tight sandwich construction filled with neon gas. Below the top glass you may recognize the thin and nearly transparent anodes of each digit. The cathodes are printed in thickfilm technology with a conductive material direct on the cearmic substrate. If a voltage of typically 180 V is applied between a segment and it's cathode the neon gas begins to glow. The typical current for a display with 0.55 inch digit height is 2.5 mA. Burroughs manufactured displays with heights down to 0.25 inch. (later absorbed into Sperry Information Display Division, Scottsdale, AZ), manufactured raised-cathode, planar-gas-discharge displays. Units of equal character height could be stacked horizontally to make any desired message field while maintaining continuous inter-character spacing. One known calculator using the SP-353 (3-digit width, 0.55 inch digit height) is the Heathkit IC-2008A. Burroughs™, Sperry™ and Panaplex™ are trademarks of Unisys Corporation. Only few calculators manufactured by Texas Instruments used the Vacuum-Flourescent Display (VFD) known from most early Japanese calculators. From the technology the VFD is very similar to the CRT of your computer or television set. It uses three different electrodes, the grid to switch illumination on or off, the anodes forming the segments and the filament as the cathodes. The display module of a TI-1025 gives a good visibility off the details. The seven segments and the decimal point of each digit are covered with phospor. Above them you notuce a rectangular metal mesh, the grid. The small wires running on a horizontal path are the filament. Typical voltage of such a small display is only 15 V, the larger ones need about 25 V at a current of 3.85 mA. Early manufacturers of these displays are General Electric (GE) and Tung Sol. The first calculators using Liquid-Crystal-Display's (LCD's) sold by Texas Instruments were actually Japanese built products. The TI-1750 introduced April, 1977 was developed and produced by Toshiba. Even later products manufactured in the Unites States like the TI-53 used Japanese displays manufactured by Epson. Main advantage of the LCD technology is the low power consumption. Modern calculators are powered by sunlight instead of huge battery packs or the main outlet known from the other technologies. The LCD module on the left, borrowed from a TI-35 gives an idea of the construction. The display uses two thin glass plates with a small amount of lyquid crystal between them. The inner side of each glass is printed with transparent, conductive paint forming the electrodes. The upper glass holds the segment electrodes of each digit, the lower glass the digit electrodes. With an etching process small channels are included in one glass giving the lyquid crystals a first orientation. Together with a reflector behind the display and a polarizing film (not shown on the picture) the LCD operation starts. Without any voltage applied to the electrodes the ambient light will be reflected by the silver reflector without changing the direction of the polarization. With a small AC voltage applied the liquid crystals will rotate the direction of the polarization and the black character will appear. Typical displays manufactured by EPSON or OPTEL will consume less than 0.1 mA at voltages of about 6 V to 15 V AC. Datamath™ is a trademark of Texas Instruments. If you have additions to the above article please email: email@example.com. © Joerg Woerner, January 13, 2001. No reprints without written permission.

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MÚSAÉAM CALCULATÓR DATAMATH Tosaíonn an cur isteach oifigiúil ar an ríomhaire glúine TI-2500 Datamath agus na samhlacha deisce TI-3000 agus TI-3500 ar ais go dtí 21 Meán Fómhair, 1972. Baineadh úsáid as teicneolaíocht taispeána éagsúla ag na trí ríomhaire: • An ríomhaire leictreonach in-iompar TI-2500 taispeáint dearg 8 dhigit le déodáille a astaíonn an solas (LED) • Tá taispeántas gás-scaoilte oráiste ag na samhlacha deisce le 8 nó 10 dhigit a mhargú ag Burroughs mar taispeántas Panaplex TM. Ba é príomh-mhéara na dteicneolaíochtaí seo a n-ard-úsáid cumhachta, úsáideadh ríomhaireanna níos déanaí cosúil leis an TI-1750 taispeántais criostail leachtacha (LCD). Baineadh úsáid as scagairí polasaithe buí chun radaíocht ultraivialait an ghrian a mhaolú, agus baineadh úsáid as scagairí trédhearcacha ag ríomhairí ríomhaireachta níos déanaí cosúil leis an TI-25. Léiríodh céim amháin idir an LED agus an LCD ar an TI-1025 lena taispeáint fluaraiseach fuaraigh ghlas (VFD). D'fhorbair an chuideachta Mheiriceá Monsanto an Diod Éadórach Solas féin i lár na 1960idí agus chuir sí ar an margadh é i gcomhar le Hewlett Packard. Léigh tuilleadh faoi thús na lá de na LED anseo. I measc na monaróirí níos déanaí de thaispeántais seacht-roinn do ríomhleictreacha tá Dialight, Fairchild, Litronix, Motorola agus Texas Instruments. Chuir Texas Instruments i láthair, mar aon leis an gcéad ríomhaire aon-sliceáil IC TMS0100, taispeántas ilghnéitheach a dearadh go speisialta do ríomhaireanna cosúil leis an TI-2500 Datamath bunaithe ar an sliseán sin. Is taispeántas cathóide coiteann é an TIL360 atá suite i bpacáiste plaisteach dearg le suas le 6 dhigit in aghaidh an phacáiste. Is é 1/10 de orlach airde gach digit. Tá spéis speisialta ag dhá athrú, an DIS40 agus an DIS95, i gcúileálaí: • Tá cúig dhigit sa DIS40, ó chlé go láimhe deise is iad seo: digit, folamh, digit, digit, digit, digit. • Úsáidfear an taispeántas seo do na ceithre dhigit is suntasaí ar an taispeántas agus don chomhartha diúltach agus don léiriú earráide/súlchríoch. Tá ceithre dhigit sa DIS95, ó chlé go láimhe deise is iad sin digit, digit, digit, digit, folamh, folamh. Úsáidfear an taispeántas seo do na ceithre dhigit is lú suntasacha ar an taispeántas. Tá an pacáiste deartha ar bhealach go bhfuil an spásáil carachtair chobhsaí nuair a bhíonn dhá phacáiste nó níos mó suite ar a chéile mar a léirítear san íomhá thuas. Ceadaigh an ghné seo taispeáint uimhriúil a fhoirmiú le comhartha, iomarca, deichimil agus aon líon carachtair. Baineadh úsáid as modúl aon-dhigit le lionsa plaisteach sorcóide chun an inléiteacht a fheabhsú ag an gcéad ghlúin eile de mheicníochtaí a mhonaraigh Texas Instruments cosúil leis an SR-11 nó an SR-50. Tugann an grianghraf seo a leanas a tógadh ó SR-50 smaoineamh duit ar ailtireacht an taispeántais iomlán. Tógtar an lionsa chun feictheacht níos fearr a fháil: Tá taispeántas LED iomlán seacht-chomhartha le pointe deichiméil i ngach ceann de na 14 modúl TILxxx seo i gcúis phlaisteacha dearg. Tá barr an taispeántais déanta mar lionsa boilgeog chun cuma níos mó na gcarachtair a thabhairt. Is léir go bhfuil na teicneolaíochtaí seo an-daor. I gcéad chéim ní mór an sliseanna den taispeáint seacht-roinn a ghreamú leis an gcúlchiste, a phacáil agus a thástáil. Sa dara céim, leagadh na modúil taispeána ar bhord ciorcad priontáilte (PCB) an ríomhaire. Mar thoradh loighciúil, chuir cuideachta Mheiriceá Bowmar/ALI an t-ainm Opto-stick ar fáil, PCB beag a bhfuil na sliseanna seacht-chomhroinn ceangailte go díreach air. Rinne Texas Instruments an teicneolaíocht costéifeachtach seo a mheas leis an ríomhaire TI-2500B agus ghlac sé leis le haghaidh ríomhaire níos déanaí cosúil leis an TI-1200. Taispeánann an pictiúr ar dheis ceann de na sliseanna seacht-roinn a fuarthas faoi na lionsaí plaisteacha. Tógadh an stiall LED ar chlé ó TI-1200 agus déantar é a mhonarú i Taiwan. Baineadh úsáid as ríomhleictreacha eile 6-sifréach nó fiú 12-sifréach cosúil leis an SR-51-II. Tabhair faoi deara le do thoil an lionsa bubble ollmhór múnlaithe sa chlúdach plaisteach os cionn an Bhí na stiocanna LED soláide le sreangaí chuig príomhchlár ciorcad priontáilte an ríomhaire. Ag bogadh chuig na fíor-chalacóirí aon-scripte gan aon chomhpháirteanna eile cosúil le tiománaithe taispeána nó fiú friotairí agus tionscnóirí cruthaíodh ailtireacht TI-30: agus an sliseanna ríomhaire a foirmíodh aonad beag suite taobh thiar den dearg a fheiceáil fuinneog an ríomhaire. Bhí an PCB ceangailte le méarchlár simplí a fhoirmiú Matrix 8*5 agus ceallraí. Taispeánann an pictiúr ar dheis trí cinn de na naoi gcripteán seacht-roinn faoin lionsa boilgeog. Tabharfaidh tú faoi deara arís teicneolaíocht an chathóid choitinn an taispeántais. Déantar gach rannán a cheangail i gcomhthreomhar (na rianta cothrománacha) agus déantar na deighiltí a ilcheangail nó a scanadh (na naisc trí-réitigh) ón sliseanna ríomhaire. Thosaigh an teicneolaíocht LED leis an Datamath sa bhliain 1972 agus chríochnaigh sé thart ar 5 bliana ina dhiaidh sin leis an TI-57 ag baint úsáide as an teicneolaíocht chéanna leis an TI-30. Ba é Burroughs a rinne na taispeántais scaoilte gáis a úsáidtear sna ríomhairí ríomhaireachta deisce ó Texas Instruments. I gcomparáid leis na feadáin Nixie roimhe seo, úsáideann na taispeántais Panaplex TM seo struchtúr seacht-roinn in ionad na gcarachtair bhabhtaithe. Tugann an glowing te, neon-oráiste léitheoireacht an-mhaith fiú faoi sholas ard timpeallachta. Úsáidtear an Panaplex II a léirítear thuas tógáil sandwich te go haermetically líonta le gáis néon. Faoi bhun an ghloine barr is féidir leat anód tanaí agus beagnach trédhearcach gach digit a aithint. Tá na catóidí priontáilte i dteicneolaíocht sciath tiubh le ábhar seoltach go díreach ar an substrát cearmic. Má chuirtear voltas de 180 V i bhfeidhm idir an chuid agus a catód tosaíonn an gáis néon ag gloineadh. Is é an sruth tipiciúil le haghaidh taispeáint le 0.55 orlach digit airde 2.5 mA. Mhonaraigh Burroughs taispeántais le airde síos go 0.25 orlach. (a gabhadh isteach ina dhiaidh sin i Sperry Information Display Division, Scottsdale, AZ), a mhonaraíodh catóid ardaithe, taispeántais scaoilte gáis phlánacha. D'fhéadfaí aonaid a bhfuil airde carachtar comhionann a stacked go cothrománach chun aon réimse teachtaireachta is mian a dhéanamh agus leanúnach a choinneáil spásáil idir carachtair. Ríomhchláir amháin ar a dtugtar a úsáideann an SP-353 Is é an Heathkit IC-2008A (leithead 3 dhigit, 0.55 orlach de dháta ar airde). Is trádmharcanna de chuid Unisys Corporation iad BurroughsTM, SperryTM agus PanaplexTM. Ní raibh ach cúpla ríomhleabhar a mhonaraigh Texas Instruments ag úsáid an Taispeáin Flúirseach-Galúis (VFD) a bhí ar eolas ag an gcuid is mó de na ríomhleabhar luath Seapáine. Ó thaobh na teicneolaíochta de, tá an VFD an-chosúil le CRT do ríomhaire nó do shuíomh teilifíse. Úsáidtear trí leictreód éagsúla, an gríd chun an solas a chasadh ar nó as, na haonóidí a chruthaíonn na codanna agus an t-eireaball mar na catóidí. An modúl taispeána a TI-1025 a thugann le feiceáil maith amach na sonraí. Is iad na seacht rannán agus an pointe deisceach de gach digit clúdaithe le fosphor. Os a chionn feiceann tú grille miotail ceartcheannaigh, an ghréasán. Is iad na sreangacha beaga a ritheann ar shlí cothrománach an t-eireaball. Tosaíocht Ní gá an méid a chaitear ar an taispeáint beag sin ná 15 V, ní mór na cinn níos mó thart ar 25 V ag reatha de 3.85 mA. Is iad na monaróirí tosaigh na taispeántais seo General Electric (GE) agus Tung Sol. Ba iad na chéad ríomhchláir a d'úsáid taispeántais criostail leachtacha (LCDanna) a dhíol Texas Instruments táirgí a tógadh sa tSeapáin i ndáiríre. An TI-1750 a tugadh isteach i mí Aibreáin, 1977 a bhí forbartha agus a tháirgtear ag Toshiba. Fiú amháin táirgí níos déanaí a mhonaraítear sna Stáit Aontaithe mar an TI-53 a úsáidtear taispeántais Seapánach a mhonaraíonn Epson. Is é príomhbhuntáiste na teicneolaíochta LCD an tomhaltas cumhachta íseal. Tá ríomhairí ríomhaireachta nua-aimseartha faoi thiomáint ag solas na gréine in ionad pacáistí ceallraí ollmhóra nó an phríomh-aschur a bhfuil aithne orthu ó na teicneolaíochtaí eile. Tugann an modúl LCD ar chlé, arna iasacht ó TI-35 smaoineamh ar an tógáil. Úsáidtear dhá phláta gloine tanaí leis an méid beag criostail leachtacha eatarthu. Tá an taobh istigh de gach gloine priontáilte le péint thrédhearcach, seolta a chruthaíonn na leictreoga. Tá leictreoga deighilte gach digit sa ghloine uachtarach, agus tá leictreoga deighilte sa ghloine íseal. Le próiseas eitchithe, cuirtear bealaí beaga isteach i gloine amháin a thugann an chéad treoshuíomh do na criostail leachtacha. Le haisleacht le haisleacht taobh thiar den taispeáint agus le scannán polairithe (nach bhfuil ar taispeáint sa phictiúr) tosaíonn an LCD ag feidhmiú. Gan aon voltas a chur i bhfeidhm ar na leictreoga, léireofar an solas timpeallachta ag an léargas airgid gan treo na polasaithe a athrú. Le voltas beag AC a chur i bhfeidhm, rothlóidh na criostail leachtacha treo na polairíochta agus beidh an carachtar dubh le feiceáil. Déanfaidh taispeántóirí tipiciúla a mhonaraíonn EPSON nó OPTEL níos lú ná 0.1 mA ag voltais thart ar 6 V go 15 V AC. Is trádmharc de chuid Texas Instruments é DatamathTM. Má tá aon bhreiseán agat ar an alt thuas, cuir ríomhphost chuig: email@example.com. © Joerg Woerner, 13 Eanáir 2001. Gan athscríobh gan cead i scríbhinn.

I must say The word from on high: we’re drying up fast impressed me when I read about it this morning. SATELLITES have been used to map all of Australia’s fresh water for the first time, and the picture is bleak. In just three years, the continent has suffered a net loss of 46 cubic kilometres of fresh water – enough to fill Sydney Harbour more than 90 times. Initial results of an extraordinary international satellite project provide yet another indication that Australia is drying out. Based on current consumption patterns of about 1.5 billion litres a day, the water lost could have quenched Sydney’s thirst for more than 80 years. The discovery has been made using two US and German satellites designed to map all the world’s water stocks – a task never before possible. Launched by a Russian rocket in 2002, GRACE, the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment, involves two identical craft circling 220 kilometres apart, 485 kilometres up. By repeatedly plotting variations in the tug of earth’s gravity, GRACE can estimate changes in the mass of the water below. “Even water in aquifers,” said Jay Famiglietti, a hydrologist at the University of California, Irvine. It also measures water in river basins and reservoirs. That is alarming news, too, though there is insufficient long-term data from this source for any confident extrapolations to be made from it, and it is obvious that causes are not addressed either. But what a neat application of science!

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Caithfidh mé a rá gur chuir an focal ó ard: tá muid ag triomú go tapa an-tóir orm nuair a léigh mé faoi seo ar maidin. D'ÚSLAÍD SAMLÁITHE go léir uisce milis na hAstráile ar léarscáil den chéad uair, agus tá an pictiúr go géar. I gceann trí bliana amháin, tá caillteanas glan de 46 ciúbachkiloméadar de uisce úr tagtha ar an mór-roinn - go leor chun Calafort Sydney a líonadh níos mó ná 90 uair. Tugann torthaí tosaigh tionscadail satailíte idirnáisiúnta neamhghnách léargas eile go bhfuil an Astráil ag triomú. Bunaithe ar na patrúin tomhaltais reatha de thart ar 1.5 billiún lítear in aghaidh an lae, d'fhéadfadh an t-uisce a chailltear tart Sydney a shásamh ar feadh níos mó ná 80 bliain. Ba é an t-athrú a rinneadh trí dhá satailíte Mheiriceá agus na Gearmáine a úsáid, atá deartha chun an stoc uisce ar fad ar domhan a mhapeáil - tasc nárbh fhéidir riamh roimhe seo. Seoladh é ag roicéad Rúisis i 2002, GRACE, an Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment, a chuimsíonn dhá bhrabhsálaí comhionann ag dul timpeall 220 ciliméadar óna chéile, 485 ciliméadar suas. Trí athruithe a phlátaíocht i dtríú na cruinne a tharraingt arís agus arís eile, is féidir le GRACE meastacháin a dhéanamh ar athruithe ar mhais an uisce thíos. "Fiú uisce i ndíonchaidrimh", a dúirt Jay Famiglietti, hidreolaí in Ollscoil California, Irvine. Déanann sé tomhas ar uisce i mbásanna abhainní agus i ndaiscirt freisin. Is nuacht uafásach í sin freisin, cé nach bhfuil go leor sonraí fadtéarmacha ón bhfoinse seo le haghaidh aon eascraigh iontaofa a dhéanamh uaidh, agus is léir nach ndéantar aghaidh a thabhairt ar chúiseanna freisin. Ach cé chomh glic is atá an eolaíocht á chur i bhfeidhm!

In the second half of 2017 we embarked on a Discovery to understand more about the nation’s current food habits and what the role of NHS.UK is to help people make healthier choices. For the background to this project, see Healthy eating discovery: why we’re doing it. Understanding our users We needed to build a holistic understanding of attitudes towards food in general: how people make their food decisions, sources of inspiration and how healthy eating factors into the lives of our audience, if at all. We employed a two-staged methodology: - A week-long food diary: participants were asked to keep a log of their food intake for a week, including all meals, snacks and drinks. This approach served as the basis for our discussion when we met (and some found the results surprising). - In-home interviews: spending time in our participants’ homes to understand more about their world and how food decisions are made. We needed to understand the user needs from all segments of the population rather than a single user group. We employed a ‘lifestage’ approach and spoke to: - young singles - adult professionals - first time parents-to-be - families with children living at home The research was conducted across the country: London, Birmingham, Leeds and Northamptonshire. We also interviewed healthcare professionals to help us build a full picture. What did we learn? It’s no easy feat condensing a 100-plus page report into a blog but here are some top lines: Food shopping and food choices - Meal planning exists across all segments but is typically for evening weekday meals as opposed to breakfast or lunch. - Time (convenience) and money (good deals / offers) were common themes in decision-making, along with various sources of inspiration. - Families tend to shop together and children often influence decisions in-store, such as requesting specific cereals or snacks, resulting in increased pressure on parents. - Families face particular challenges, such as fussy eaters and differing tastes leading to either the same meals being cooked each week or different meals cooked for different children. Snacking can be particularly troublesome for parents, with children often requesting unhealthy snacks. Sources of information - Our respondents used a plethora of sources to inspire their meals, including TV cookery shows, physical sources (newspaper pull-outs, magazines, cookbooks), online (social media, cooking websites, blogs), official sources (such as charities), information from dieting clubs and celebrity chefs. - Young singles / adult professionals / parents-to-be / families all preferred online resources, in particular social media (Instagram, Facebook, YouTube) followed by word-of-mouth. - Parents-to-be were more likely to use official sources such as their midwife or GP, both of which are key for this group. This is followed by online forums. - The retirees we spoke to tended to rely on their own experience, followed by support from family / friends / social clubs. Newspapers, magazines, recipe cards and TV also played an important role for these users. - While respondents across all segments attempted to describe “healthy eating”, not all did so accurately and many found putting it into practice difficult due to factors such as time, work, budget or family. - We found that first-time parents-to-be, those with a health diagnosis or risk, and those who are dieting are most likely to be actively searching for information on healthy eating. What’s our role at NHS.UK? Across all segments, users view the role of the NHS to be vital – we’re a source that users trust but the way we deliver our content needs transforming to maximise its benefits. - Reaching our users: our content must be available where our users are. For young singles and adult professionals in particular, that means reaching them on social media rather than expecting them to come to us. - Engaging and personalised content: tailored content to the audience typology, so for our young singles that might mean quick “Tasty” style recipe videos, memes – more tongue-in-cheek content curated for them and their needs. Talking to healthcare professionals Our research with doctors and dietitians comprised of either a 45-minute face-to-face chat or a Skype chat, and we asked them to look at some of our current healthy eating offering in advance. We wanted to understand the types of patients / conditions where healthy eating was discussed, the reference materials provided to patients and the level of patient support. Materials found in a GP surgery (click for full image) We learned that: - GPs have very little time to give advice on healthy eating, however it comes up often during consultations. They often give out leaflets and PDFs, so need content to be printable. - If patients meet certain criteria, GPs can refer them on to services like gym or weight loss classes on prescription. However, lots of patients don’t qualify. - GPs often see patients failing to lose weight and improve their diets. They see patients being unaware of what they eat, and it having an effect on their health. - Dietitians will get to know a patient’s diet through a food diary, and will interview them on their lifestyle. They’ll give patients an achievable set of goals to work towards, and tailored advice. - Like many users we spoke to, GPs weren’t aware of the extent of healthy eating content on NHS Choices. They believed they could use it with patients but had feedback for improvements. For example we heard that the 12-week weight loss programme would be good for very motivated patients but the detail and calorie counting would be off-putting for others. Healthy eating personas Once our user needs were identified, we produced personas for each segment, in addition to our research report and journey maps. The personas visually represent the needs of each segment, with a short description upfront, followed by typical goals, motivations, helps and hinders, and ways to reach and communicate with each audience. Healthy eating personas: click to view full image Next steps: recommendations for Alpha Product lead Victoria Hunt and business analyst Jagruti Shah share our approach to Alpha and the next steps for the project in their blog Healthy eating: from research to recommendations. Content designer Olivia Sharp and UX designer Dushyant Arora explain how they’ve started to redesign our existing content to meet user needs in Healthy eating: a content transformation.

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Sa dara leath de 2017, chuir muid tús le Discovery chun níos mó a thuiscint faoi nósanna bia reatha na tíre agus cad é ról NHS.UK chun cabhrú le daoine roghanna níos sláintiúla a dhéanamh. Chun eolas a fháil ar chúlra an tionscadail seo, féach "Féach ar ithe sláintiúil: cén fáth a bhfuil muid ag déanamh é". Ár n-úsáideoirí a thuiscint Bhí orainn tuiscint iomlánach a thógáil ar na dearcadh i leith bia i gcoitinne: conas a dhéanann daoine a gcuid cinntí bia, foinsí inspioráide agus conas a bhíonn fhianaise ithe sláintiúil i saol ár lucht féachana, más rud é go bhfuil. D'úsáid muid modheolaíocht dhá chéim: - Láirín bia ar feadh seachtaine: iarradh ar rannpháirtithe clár a choinneáil ar a n-iontógáil bia ar feadh seachtaine, lena n-áirítear gach béile, sneaice agus deoch. Ba é an cur chuige seo an bonn dár bplé nuair a bhuail muid (agus fuair cuid acu na torthaí iontas). - Agallamh sa bhaile: am a chaitheamh i dtithe ár rannpháirtithe chun níos mó a thuiscint faoina saol agus conas a dhéantar cinntí bia. Bhí orainn riachtanais úsáideoirí ó gach cuid den daonra a thuiscint seachas grúpa úsáideoirí amháin. D'úsáid muid cur chuige "lifetime stage" agus labhair muid le: - singil óga - gairmithe fásta - tuismitheoirí a bheidh ann den chéad uair - teaghlaigh a bhfuil leanaí acu a chónaíonn sa bhaile Rinneadh an taighde ar fud na tíre: Londain, Birmingham, Leeds agus Northamptonshire. Rinneamar agallamh le gairmithe cúram sláinte freisin chun cuidiú linn pictiúr iomlán a thógáil. Cad a d'fhoghlaim muid? Ní hé go bhfuil sé éasca tuarascáil 100 leathanach a thiomáint i mblag ach seo cuid de na línte is fearr: Ceannach bia agus roghanna bia - Tá pleanáil béile ann i ngach rannán ach de ghnáth is é an tráthnóna a bhíonn i gceist le béilí lá na seachtaine seachas le bricfeasta nó lóin. - Bhí am (cuideachta) agus airgead (déileálacha/tairiscintí maithe) ina théamaí coitianta i gcinnteoireacht, mar aon le foinsí éagsúla inspioráide. - Tá claonadh ag teaghlaigh siopadóireacht le chéile agus bíonn tionchar ag leanaí go minic ar chinntí sa siopa, mar shampla gráin nó sneaiceanna sonracha a iarraidh, rud a fhágann go bhfuil brú níos mó ar thuismitheoirí. - Tá dúshláin ar leith ag teaghlaigh, mar shampla daoine fussy ag ithe agus blasanna éagsúla a fhágann go ndéantar na béilí céanna a chócaráil gach seachtain nó béilí éagsúla a chócaráil do leanaí éagsúla. Is féidir le snacking a bheith go háirithe trioblóideach do thuismitheoirí, le páistí a iarraidh go minic snacks neamhshláintiúil. Foinsí faisnéise - D'úsáid ár n-fhreagróirí líon mór foinsí chun a gcuid béilí a spreagadh, lena n-áirítear seónna cócaireachta teilifíse, foinsí fisiciúla (tarraing amach nuachtáin, irisí, leabhair cócaireachta), ar líne (meáin shóisialta, suíomhanna Gréasáin cócaireachta, blaganna), foinsí oifigiúla (mar shampla carthanais), faisnéis ó chlubanna aiste bia agus cócairí cáiliúla. - Is fearr le daoine óga singil / gairmithe fásta / tuismitheoirí a bheidh ann / teaghlaigh acmhainní ar líne, go háirithe na meáin shóisialta (Instagram, Facebook, YouTube) agus ansin an focal ó bhéal. - Bhí tuismitheoirí a bhí ag súil leo níos mó seans go n-úsáideann siad foinsí oifigiúla amhail a mbrathair nó a gclár liachta, agus tá an dá cheann seo ríthábhachtach don ghrúpa seo. Ina dhiaidh sin, tá fóraim ar líne. - Bhí na daoine a labhair muid leo ina gcónaí ag brath ar a dtaithí féin, agus ansin ar thacaíocht ó theaghlaigh/cairde/clubanna sóisialta. Bhí ról tábhachtach ag nuachtáin, irisí, cártaí oidis agus teilifís freisin do na húsáideoirí seo. - Cé gur iarracht a rinneadh ag an bhfreagróir ar fud na ngrúpaí uile "beatha sláintiúil" a chur in iúl, ní raibh an méid sin cruinn ag gach duine agus bhí deacracht ag go leor daoine é a chur i bhfeidhm de bharr fachtóirí amhail am, obair, buiséad nó teaghlach. - Fuair muid amach go bhfuil tuismitheoirí a bheith den chéad uair, iad siúd a bhfuil diagnóis sláinte nó riosca acu, agus iad siúd atá ag aiste bia is dóichí go mbeidh siad ag cuardach go gníomhach le haghaidh faisnéise ar ithe sláintiúil. Cad é ár ról ag NHS.UK? I ngach earnáil, measann úsáideoirí go bhfuil ról an NHS ríthábhachtach - is foinse iontaofa muid do úsáideoirí ach ní mór an bealach a sheachadann muid ár n-ábhar a athrú chun a bhuntáistí a uasmhéadú. - Ár n-úsáideoirí a bhaint amach: ní mór ár n-ábhar a bheith ar fáil sa áit a bhfuil ár n-úsáideoirí. I gcás singil óg agus gairmithe fásta go háirithe, ciallaíonn sé sin teacht orthu ar na meáin shóisialta seachas a bheith ag súil go dtiocfaidh siad chugainn. - Ábhar tarraingteach agus pearsanú: ábhar a oiriúnaítear do chineál na lucht féachana, mar sin d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith ina chiall do na singles óga seo físeáin ráiteas tapa Saibhir , memes ábhar níos mó teanga-in-cheek a choimeádtar dóibh agus dá gcuid riachtanas. Ag caint le gairmithe cúraim sláinte Bhí ár dtaighde le dochtúirí agus le daitheolaithe ar chúrsa 45 nóiméad duine le duine nó ar Skype, agus d'iarramar orthu féachaint ar chuid dár n-oibreacha aiste bia sláintiúla faoi láthair roimh ré. Bhíomar ag iarraidh tuiscint a fháil ar na cineálacha othair/choinníollacha ina ndearnadh plé ar ithe sláintiúil, na hábhair thagartha a chuirtear ar fáil do othair agus leibhéal na tacaíochta do othair. Ábhair a fhaightear i máinliacht GC (cliceáil ar an íomhá iomlán) D'fhoghlaim muid go: - Níl an-chuid ama ag dochtúirí ginearálta comhairle a thabhairt maidir le heoileacht shláintiúil, ach tagann sé chun cinn go minic le linn chomhairliúcháin. Is minic a thugann siad bileoga agus PDFanna, mar sin ní mór go mbeadh ábhar inphriontáilte. - Má chomhlíonann othair critéir áirithe, is féidir le dochtúirí ginearálta iad a tharchur chuig seirbhísí cosúil le ranganna aclaíochta nó meáchain caillteanas ar oideas. Mar sin féin, ní bhíonn go leor othar cáilithe. - Is minic a fheiceann gcleachtóirí ginearálta othair nach bhfuil in ann meáchan a chailleadh agus a n-aiste bia a fheabhsú. Faigheann siad go bhfuil othair gan a fhios acu cad a itheann siad, agus go bhfuil tionchar aige ar a sláinte. - Gheobhaidh dietitian eolas ar aiste bia an othair trí dhánalán bia, agus cuirfidh siad agallamh leis an othar maidir lena stíl mhaireachtála. Tabharfaidh siad sraith spriocanna inrochtana do othair le hoibriú ina leith, agus comhairle shaincheaptha. - Cosúil le go leor úsáideoirí a labhair muid leo, ní raibh dochtúirí ginearálta ar an eolas faoi mhéid ábhar aiste bia sláintiúil ar Roghanna NHS. Chreid siad go bhféadfaidís é a úsáid le hothair ach bhí aiseolas acu maidir le feabhsuithe. Mar shampla, chuala muid go mbeadh an clár meáchain caillteanas 12 sheachtain go maith do othair an-spreagtha ach go mbeadh an mionsonraí agus an comhaireamh calraí a bheith off-putting do dhaoine eile. Daoine a itheann go sláintiúil Nuair a aithníodh riachtanais ár n-úsáideoirí, chruthaíomar pearsantachtaí do gach roinn, chomh maith lenár dtuarascáil taighde agus léarscáileanna taistil. Léiríonn na daoine go amhairc riachtanais gach rannán, le cur síos gairid ar dtús, agus ina dhiaidh sin spriocanna tipiciúla, spreagadh, cabhraíonn agus bacainní, agus bealaí chun teagmháil a dhéanamh agus cumarsáid a dhéanamh le gach lucht féachana. Personas a itheann go sláintiúil: cliceáil chun an íomhá iomlán a fheiceáil Céimeanna eile: moltaí do Alpha An ceann táirge Victoria Hunt agus anailísí gnó Jagruti Shah a roinnt ár gcur chuige a Alpha agus na chéad chéimeanna eile don tionscadal ina mblag ithe sláintiúil: ó thaighde a moltaí. Míníonn an dearthóir ábhair Olivia Sharp agus an dearthóir UX Dushyant Arora conas a thosaigh siad ag athdhearadh ár n-ábhar atá ann cheana féin chun freastal ar riachtanais úsáideoirí i nEithne Sláintiúil: Athrú ar Ábhar.

In 1860’s frontier Montana, a good horse could make the difference between life and death when its rider needed to outrun bullets or arrows. Combine the great value of a good horse with the gambling nature of the populace in general, and one can see why horse racing was a frequent pastime. Langford, in “Vigilante Days and Ways” (p. 296) gives us a vivid example of the great proclivity men had to horse racing. While the arresting party was escorting the outlaw Ives back to town for trial in the murder of Tiebault, he (Ives) was able to convince them to race him. At first short races, then longer and longer until he nearly got away by reaching a ranch first (where he could exchange for a fresh steed). It’s unlikely that Martha Canary/Calamity Jane herself raced a horse as in my story, “Calamity Jane- How the West Began,” but she probably witnessed such races. Jean Davis, in “Shallow Diggin’s” (p. 96) quotes a newspaper article of this era which locates these contests (they were a recurring event) within easy walking distance of Jane’s home in Adobetown: “[there was an odd character,] Sam Grim. He was of huge frame, weighing some 250 pounds, feet amputated at the insteps. He was of lamb-like disposition, yet rugged and rough in a western way. He was an inveterate horse racer and originated the man-against-horse race. The race was conducted in the following manner: The race was usually 50 yards to a perpendicular pole, then turn and race back. “Grim was obliged to ride the smallest cayuse which could be found. The horse nearly always reached the pole first but in making the short turn he would lose so much ground that the foot racer, on the homestretch would, often, outdistance the rider and be declared the winner. “Many dollars changed hands in these contests and for thrills and excitement no other outdoor sport was compared with it. The fun and thrills were afforded by the rider who, in his quick effort to make the turn as quickly as possible and secure an even break with his opponent, would often find himself and his horse rolling over in the dust.” Cayuses (see below) were small horses to begin with, so a 250 pound man riding one must have been a comical sight to Jane and the rest of the spectators. Plummer’s horse, Jane’s equine opponent in my “Calamity,” has an interesting history as well, as told in “Hanging the Sheriff,” by Boswell and Mather (p. 52-53): “The young lawyer succeeded in getting the accused thief acquitted, receiving as payment his client’s horse. But when he went to the stable to pick it up, he was informed he would have to pay a bill for the animal’s upkeep, a sum of $19. Pemberton [the young lawyer], informing the sheriff that it was not right for him to be charged since his client had been found innocent, refused to pay the livery bill. Plummer, though, insisted the new owner could not take the horse until the stable owner was paid. Threatening to initiate a lawsuit over the matter, Pemberton angrily commenced filling out the necessary paperwork, and Plummer, watching him for a time, then sauntered over. ‘Pemberton,’ he said, ‘you ain’t got no use for that hoss.’ “‘No, I ain’t got no use for that hoss, but he’s mine!’ Pemberton answered. “‘Well, wouldn’t you rather have two hundred dollars in gold dust than that hoss?’ When Pemberton admitted he would, Plummer had the horse auctioned in the street and bought it himself at a bid of $221. Thus Pemberton got his money for the acquittal of his client, the stable got its fee, and Plummer got a ‘mighty pretty hoss’… and the bay mare Plummer bought turned out to be ‘one of the best horses they had in the gang’.“ Langford, in “Vigilante Days and Ways” (p. 187) describes one of Plummer’s horses, probably a different one, as he kept it hidden: “At one time, having occasion to go to the ranche where my horse was kept, I saw there a very superior saddle-horse. Having never seen it before, on inquiry, I was informed that it belonged to Plummer, who often visited the ranche to exercise it, but never rode it into town, or used it for any long journey. It was presented to possess greater qualities of speed and endurance than any horse in the country. Why was he keeping this horse, unused, and away from the public view, if not for the purpose of escaping from the country in case of failure of his criminal enterprise?” Langford relates another vignette that tells us how horses were generally recognized by their markings (p. 367). Just prior to his Plummer’s capture, his horse was noted being brought into town from the ranch(e) where he kept it (in company with the horses of two others of the gang). From this the Vigilantes deduced that Plummer planned to flee. That horses were recognized by their markings also explains why bandits covered their horses with blankets. Glick seems to have been an unlucky horse owner. Langford relates (p. 129), that after only a few months in the area, Glick had had seven horses stolen from him “by prowlers” before Langford was able to return one to him. And what of Jane’s diminutive horse in my story? Lightning was an Indian pony, a cayuse as mentioned above, which breed were typically short legged, with large hindquarters. They were similar to the other horses common to the area, “bronchos, or wild horses from California, neither in quality nor breed suited for the service [of overland mail stages], unreliable, and easily broken down.” (Langford, p. 233). But Jane loved lightning.

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I 1860í Montana teorann, d'fhéadfadh capall maith a dhéanamh an difríocht idir an saol agus an bás nuair a bhí a rider chun dul níos faide ná buillí nó saigheada. Comhcheangail an luach mór a bhí ag capall maith leis an nádúr cearrbhachais an phobail i gcoitinne, agus is féidir le duine a fheiceáil cén fáth go raibh rás caife ina amharc go minic. Langford, i Vigilante Laethanta agus Bealaí (p. 296) tugann dúinn sampla beoga den claonadh mór fir a bhí le rás caife. Cé go raibh an páirtí ag gabháil ag gabháil leis an Ives forlíontaigh ar ais go baile chun triail a bhaint as dúnmharú Tiebault, bhí sé (Ives) in ann iad a chur ina luí chun dul san iomaíocht leis. Ar dtús rásaí gearr, ansin níos faide agus níos faide go dtí go ndeachaigh sé beagnach as trí bheith ag teacht ar ranch ar dtús ( áit ar féidir leis a mhalartú le haghaidh steed úr). Tá sé mícheart go raibh Martha Canary/Calamity Jane féin ag rás a dhéanamh mar atá i mo scéal, "Calamity Jane - How the West Began", ach is dócha gurbh é a bhí i láthair ag rásaí den sórt sin. Jean Davis, in Shallow Diggins (p. 96) cuireann sé alt nuachtáin den tréimhse seo a shuíonn na comórtais seo (ba ócáid athfhillteach iad) laistigh de thuras éasca siúil ó theach Jane i Adobetown: [Bhí carachtar aisteach ann,] Sam Grim. Bhí sé de chruth ollmhór, ag meáchan thart ar 250 punt, cosa amputated ag an insteps. Bhí sé de chineál ar an uain, ach garbh agus garbh ar an mbealach i dtuaisceart. Bhí sé ina rásaitheoir capall inveterate agus tháinig an rás fear-i gcoinne capall. Rinneadh an rás ar an mbealach seo a leanas: De ghnáth bhí an rás 50 slat go polaic perpendicular, ansin casadh agus rás ar ais. Bhí sé de dhualgas ar Grim an cayuse is lú a d'fhéadfaí a fháil a thiomáint. An capall beagnach i gcónaí a bhaint amach ar an póil ar dtús ach i dhéanamh ar an casadh gearr bheadh sé a chailleadh an oiread sin talamh go racer coise, ar an homestretch bheadh, go minic, outdistance an marcach agus a bheith dearbhaithe an buaiteoir. Méad dollar a bhí ag athrú láimhe sna comórtais seo agus ní raibh aon spórt amuigh faoin aer eile i gcomparáid leis maidir le thrills agus excitement. Bhí an spraoi agus an thrills a bhí ar fáil ag an rider a, ina iarracht tapa a dhéanamh ar an cas chomh tapa agus is féidir agus a chinntiú go fiú briseadh lena opponent, go minic a fháil féin agus a chuid capaill rolling thar sa deannaigh. Bhí caiúis (féach thíos) ina capaill bheaga ar dtús, mar sin ní mór go raibh radharc greannmhar ag fear 250 punt ag marcaíocht ar cheann de Jane agus an chuid eile de na lucht féachana. Tá stair spéisiúil ag capall Plummer, opponent equine Jane i mo "Calamity", mar a dúradh i "Hanging the Sheriff", le Boswell agus Mather (p. 52-53): Rinne an dlíodóir óg an t-imreoir a dhíol, agus fuair sé mar íocaíocht capall a chliaint. Ach nuair a chuaigh sé go dtí an stailc chun é a phiocadh, d'aithin sé go mbeadh ar é a íoc bille as cothabháil an ainmhí, suim de $ 19. Pemberton [an dlíodóir óg], a chur in iúl don chathaoirleach nach raibh sé ceart dó a bheith cúisithe ós rud é go raibh a chliaint fuarthas neamhchiontach, dhiúltaigh a íoc an bille livery. D'áitigh Plummer, áfach, nach bhféadfadh an t-úinéir nua an capall a thógáil go dtí go n-íocfaí an t-úinéir stáile. Ag bagairt go dtosódh sé dlíthíocht ar an ábhar, thosaigh Pemberton ag líonadh na páipéar oibre riachtanach, agus Plummer, ag faire air ar feadh tamaill, ansin sauntered thar. Pemberton, dúirt sé, ní bheidh aon úsáid agat as an hoss. "Níl, nílim ag baint úsáide as an hoss, ach tá sé mo! " Pemberton fhreagair. Bhuel, nach ba mhaith leat dhá chéad dollar i deannaigh óir ná an hoss? Nuair a Pemberton admhaigh go mbeadh sé, bhí Plummer an capall ceant ar an tsráid agus cheannaigh sé é féin ag tairiscint de $ 221. Mar sin fuair Pemberton a chuid airgid as a chliant a dhíol, fuair an stáil a táille, agus fuair Plummer "hoss mighty pretty" ... agus is é an t-amhrán bair a cheannaigh Plummer "aon cheann de na capaill is fearr a bhí acu sa ghrúpa". Déanann Langford, in "Vigilante Days and Ways" (p. 187) cur síos ar cheann de chapaill Plummer, is dócha go raibh ceann difriúil, mar a choinnigh sé i bhfolach é: Uair amháin, ag dul go dtí an ranch a raibh mo chapaill á choinneáil, chonaic mé ann capall-saill an-suimiúil. Ag a bheith riamh le feiceáil roimh, ar fiosrúchán, bhí mé a chur in iúl go raibh sé faoi Plummer, a thug cuairt go minic ar an ranch a fheidhmiú é, ach riamh marcaíocht sé isteach sa bhaile, nó a úsáidtear é le haghaidh aon turas fada. Tugadh faoi deara go raibh cáilíochtaí níos mó luas agus seasmhachta aige ná aon chapaill sa tír. Cén fáth a raibh sé ag coinneáil an capall, gan úsáid, agus ar shiúl ó amharc an phobail, mura bhfuil sé chun éalú as an tír i gcás teip ar a fiontar coiriúil? Insíonn Langford vignette eile a insíonn dúinn conas a aithníodh capaill de ghnáth trína gcuid marcála (p. 367). Díreach roimh a ghabháil Plummer, tugadh faoi deara go raibh a chapaill á thabhairt isteach sa bhaile ón ranch áit a choinnigh sé é (i gcuideachta chapaill dhá cheann eile den ghrúpa). Ón seo, chuir na Vigilantes in iúl go raibh sé beartaithe ag Plummer teitheadh. Léiríonn an rud go raibh capaill aitheanta ag a gcuid marcanna freisin cén fáth a raibh na bandits ag clúdach a gcuid capaill le clúdaigh. Is cosúil go raibh Glick ina úinéir capall neamh-ádh. Insíonn Langford (p. 129), tar éis cúpla mí sa cheantar, go raibh seacht gcaball goidte ag Glick uaidh ag prowlers sular éirigh le Langford ceann a thabhairt air. Agus cad faoi Jane 's capall diminutive i mo scéal? Bhí Lightning ina pónn Indiach, a bhí ina cháis mar a luadh thuas, a raibh a gcineál de ghnáth gearr-choillte, le ceathrú páirteach mór. Bhí siad cosúil leis na capaill eile a bhí coitianta sa cheantar, bronchos, nó capaill fiáine ó California, gan cáilíocht ná cine oiriúnach don tseirbhís [de chéimeanna poist thar lear], neamh-iontaofa, agus go héasca briste. (Langford, p. 233). Ach is breá le Jane liathróid.

|You can||Before H.S.||During H.S.||After H.S.||Resources||FAQs||Blog| Post ID: 90Comment on Selected Post 9/18/2006 2:35:22 PM Classical Music Anyone? If you are looking for a Fine Arts elective you might want to consider exposing your teen to classical music. Two book options to provide a framework as you put together a course include Fred Plotkin’s Classical Music 101: A Complete Guide to Learning and Loving Classical Music or Julius Jacobson’s The Classical Music Experience: Discover the Music of the World's Greatest Composers (complete with 2 CD’s). In addition, The Gift of Music by Jane Stuart Smith and Betty Carlson and Edith Schaeffer’s book, Forever Music, are valuable resources.

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You can Before H.S. During H.S. After H.S. Resources FAQs Blog ID an phoist: 90Comment on Selected Post 9/18/2006 2:35:22 PM Ceol Clasaiceach An bhfuil duine ar bith ann? Má tá tú ag lorg rogha Ealaíon Bán b'fhéidir gur mhaith leat smaoineamh ar do dhéagóir a nochtadh do cheol clasaiceach. I measc dhá rogha leabhar chun creat a sholáthar agus tú ag cur cúrsa le chéile tá Fred Plotkin's Classical Music 101: A Complete Guide to Learning and Loving Classical Music nó Julius Jacobson's The Classical Music Experience: Discover the Music of the World's Greatest Composers (comhlán le 2 CD). Ina theannta sin, is acmhainní luachmhara iad The Gift of Music le Jane Stuart Smith agus Betty Carlson agus leabhar Edith Schaeffer, Forever Music.

A comprehensive monitoring program for colonial waterbirds in North America has never existed. At smaller geographic scales, many states and provinces conduct surveys of colonial waterbird populations. Periodic regional surveys are conducted at varying times during the breeding season using a variety of survey methods, which complicates attempts to estimate population trends for most species. The US Geological Survey Patuxent Wildlife Research Center has recently started to coordinate colonial waterbird monitoring efforts throughout North America. A centralized database has been developed with an Internet-based data entry and retrieval page. The extent of existing colonial waterbird surveys has been defined, allowing gaps in coverage to be identified and basic inventories completed where desirable. To enable analyses of comparable data at regional or larger geographic scales, sampling populations through statistically sound sampling designs should supersede obtaining counts at every colony. Standardized breeding season survey techniques have been agreed upon and documented in a monitoring manual. Each survey in the manual has associated with it recommendations for bias estimation, and includes specific instructions on measuring detectability. The methods proposed in the manual are for developing reliable, comparable indices of population size to establish trend information at multiple spatial and temporal scales, but they will not result in robust estimates of total population numbers. Additional Publication Details Incorporating precision, accuracy and alternative sampling designs into a continental monitoring program for colonial waterbirds

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Ní raibh clár faireacháin chuimsitheach ann riamh do éan uisce choilíneacha i Meiriceá Thuaidh. Ag scála geografach níos lú, déanann go leor stáit agus cúigeanna suirbhéanna ar phobail uisce-eolaí coilíneacha. Déantar suirbhéanna réigiúnacha tréimhsiúla ag amanna éagsúla le linn na séasúr breithe ag baint úsáide as modhanna suirbhéanna éagsúla, rud a chuireann deacracht ar iarrachtaí treochtaí daonra a mheas don chuid is mó de na speicis. Tá an tIonad Taighde Fiadhúlra Patuxent de chuid Suirbhé Geolaíochta na Stát Aontaithe tar éis tús a chur le hiarrachtaí faireacháin éan uisce coilíneacha ar fud Mheiriceá Thuaidh le déanaí. Forbraíodh bunachar sonraí lárnach le leathanach iontrála agus aisghabhála sonraí bunaithe ar an Idirlíon. Sainmhíníodh méid na suirbhéanna ar éan uisceach coilíneach atá ann cheana, rud a cheadaíonn bearnaí sa chlúdach a shainaithint agus bunfhiontar a chomhlánú nuair is inmhianaithe. Chun anailís ar shonraí inchomparáide ar scála réigiúnach nó níos mó a chumasú, ba cheart go gcuirfí na daonra ar an sampla trí dhearadh samplaíochta atá fónta go staitistiúil in ionad na gcontachtaí a fhaightear ag gach coilíneacht. Tá teicnící um shuirbhéanna caighdeánaithe a dhéanamh ar shéasúr na gclárú comhaontaithe agus tá siad doiciméadaithe i lámhleabhar faireacháin. Tá moltaí maidir le meastachán claontacha bainteach le gach suirbhé sa lámhleabhar, agus áirítear treoracha sonracha maidir le braiteacht a thomhas. Tá na modhanna a mholtar sa lámhleabhar chun innéacsanna iontaofa, inchomparáide de mhéid an daonra a fhorbairt chun faisnéis treochta a bhunú ar scála spásúil agus ama il, ach ní bheidh meastacháin iontaofa ar líon iomlán na ndaoine acu. Sonraí Foilsitheoireachta Breise Tógann an Coimisiún na bearta is gá chun na bearta sin a chur i bhfeidhm, lena n-áirítear na bearta sin a chur i bhfeidhm maidir le hiarmhairtí agus le hiarmhairtí a bhaineann le hiarmhairtí agus le hiarmhairtí a bhaineann le hiarmhairtí agus le hiarmhairtí a bhaineann le hiarmhairtí.

National Geographic News It's true that male seahorses never play catch with their children or help them with their homework. But they do outdo human dads on one count: Male seahorses undergo pregnancy and give birth to their sons and The trait is unique in these strange and fascinating fish that inhabit tropical and temperate coastal waters worldwide. Seahorses, which range from less than an inch to a foot (one to 30 centimeters) in length, have evolved a series of unusual adaptationsa prehensile tail for clinging to underwater vegetation, a tubelike mouth for sucking in tiny crustaceans, and protective bony plates in their skin. There are 32 species of seahorse, all in the genus Hippocampus. "They're such an unusual-looking fish, people sometimes don't realize they're real fish," said Alison Scarratt, curator of fishes at the National Aquarium in Baltimore. The aquarium is currently featuring "Seahorses: Beyond Imagination," an exhibit about seahorses, pipefish, and sea dragons that will end next year. Scarratt said it has been the most successful exhibit in the history of the Baltimore Aquarium, which opened in 1981. Although the bony plates covering its body make the seahorse unpalatable to most other animals, its survival is under threat from human predation, especially for use in traditional medicines. No statistical data on seahorse populations is available because relatively little research on seahorses has been done until recently, but fishers have reported a decline in the number and size of seahorses they catch, according to a network of scientists from various institutions who conduct research under a program called Project Seahorse. Breeding seahorses in captivity is a problem, in part because the babies are so tiny it's hard to keep them alive. The marine scientists in Baltimore are working to develop effective methods that will help ensure the creature's survival. The male seahorse has a pouch on its stomach in which to carry babiesas many as 2,000 at a time. A pregnancy lasts from 10 to 25 days, depending on the species. The reproductive process begins when a male and a female seahorse do daily pre-dawn dances, intertwining their tails and swimming together. Eventually they engage in a true courtship dance, which can last as long as eight hours. It ends with the female depositing her eggs in the male's pouch. "Their mating ritual is quite beautiful," said Sarah Foster, a research biologist at McGill University in Montreal who is involved in Project Seahorse. Scientists think the courtship behavior is designed to synchronize the movements of the two animals so that the male can receive the eggs when the female is ready to deposit them. The eggs are then fertilized in the dad's pouch. SOURCES AND RELATED WEB SITES

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Nuacht National Geographic Tá sé fíor go bhfuil seahorses fireann riamh imirt a ghabháil lena leanaí nó cuidiú leo lena gcuid obair bhaile. Ach tá siad níos fearr ná dads daonna ar cheann comhaireamh: Bíonn seahorseanna fireannacha torracha agus tugann siad a gcuid mac agus Tá an tréith seo uathúil sna hiasc aisteach agus suimiúil seo a bhfuil cónaí orthu in uiscí cósta trópaiceacha agus measartha ar fud an domhain. Tá sraith oiriúnaithe neamhghnácha tagtha chun cinn ag na seahorseanna, a bhfuil a fhad idir níos lú ná orlach agus cosa (ceann nó 30 ceintiméadar) - an eireaball prehensile chun greim a fháil ar fhéithíocht faoi uisce, béal cosúil le tiubán chun crustacéirí beaga a shúcadh, agus plátaí cnámhacha cosanta ina gcraiceann. Tá 32 speiceas seahorse ann, go léir sa ghéineas Hippocampus. "Is é an t-iasc a bhfuil cuma chomh neamhghnách air, ní thuigeann daoine uaireanta go bhfuil siad iasc fíor", a dúirt Alison Scarratt, cúirteoir iasc ag an Aquarium Náisiúnta i Baltimore. Tá "Seahorses: Beyond Imagination", taispeántas faoi seahorses, pipefish, agus draganna farraige atá ar siúl ag an achar faoi láthair agus a chríochnóidh an bhliain seo chugainn. Dúirt Scarratt gurbh é an taispeántas is rathúla i stair Uisceadán Baltimore é, a osclaíodh i 1981. Cé go bhfuil an chuid is mó de na hainmhithe eile mí-ádh leis an mbarr-mara mar gheall ar na plátaí cnámhúil a chlúdaíonn a chorp, tá a shaothroime i mbaol ó dhíol daoine air, go háirithe le húsáid i gcógas traidisiúnta. Níl aon sonraí staidrimh ar phobail na seahorse ar fáil toisc nach ndearnadh go leor taighde ar seahorses go dtí le déanaí, ach tá léitheoirí ag tuairisciú laghdú ar líon agus ar mhéid na seahorses a ghabháil siad, de réir líonra eolaithe ó institiúidí éagsúla a dhéanann taighde faoi chlár ar a dtugtar Project Seahorse. Is fadhb é seahorses a chothú i ngábh, go páirteach toisc go bhfuil na páistí chomh beag go bhfuil sé deacair iad a choinneáil beo. Tá na heolaithe mara i Baltimore ag obair chun modhanna éifeachtacha a fhorbairt a chabhróidh le maireachtáil an chreatúir a chinntiú. Tá mála ar a bholg ag an mbád farraige fear ina bhfuil 2,000 leanbh ag an am. Maireann toirchis ó 10 go 25 lá, ag brath ar an speiceas. Tosaíonn an próiseas atáirgthe nuair a dhéanann fear agus bean-chróin na farraige damhsa laethúil roimh an mhaidin, ag cur a n-eireaball le chéile agus ag snámh le chéile. Faoi dheireadh, bíonn siad i mbun damhsa fíor-chomhgháileachta, a d'fhéadfadh a bheith chomh fada le ocht n-uaire an chloig. Críochnaíonn sé leis an mbean ag cur a uibheacha i mbuí an fhir. "Tá a gcuid deasghnátha páirteadh go leor álainn", a dúirt Sarah Foster, bithéileoir taighde ag Ollscoil McGill i Montreal atá páirteach i dTionscadal Seahorse. Measann eolaithe go bhfuil an iompar corraitheach deartha chun gluaiseachtaí an dá ainmhí a shíncrónaithe ionas gur féidir leis an bhfear na huibheacha a fháil nuair a bhíonn an baineann réidh chun iad a thaisceadh. Ansin déantar na huibheacha a fhéilleadh i bpóca an t-athair. FONTAS AGUS LEÁIN A GCÓIR

The Word, the Book, the Library by Fr. Stanley Samuel Harakas From “Photian Studies”, edited by George Papademetriou, published by Holy Cross Orthodox Press, Brookline, Massachusetts, 1989. The Library: The meeting place for books The Myriobiblos or the Bibliotheca is Photios’ most valuable work. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church describes it in this way: Photios was a scholar of wide interests and encyclopaedic knowledge. His most important work, his “Bibliotheca” or “Myriobiblion,” is a description of several hundred books, often with exhaustive analyses and copious extracts. It is an invaluable mine of information as a great number of the works mentioned are now lost (8). Included are references to some of the holy books which he had read, but the majority are descriptions of the books of natural knowledge which he had studied. Photios held them together in his “library.” He did not perceive of them as mutually exclusive. Rather, they were related — part and parcel of a single reality and a description of a single coherent truth. Gathered together into a single library, much like this library, they form a unity, a cohesiveness, and a single unified witness to an inclusive truth which is at once divine and human, each with its own integrity and each with its own important witness to the truth and to knowledge. Some would hold that the holy Book and all which it represents should so control natural knowledge and science that the relationship should correspond to the ancient heresy regarding the person of Jesus Christ known as Monophysitism. In that understanding, the divine overwhelms and controls the sphere of natural knowledge. Today, “Creation science” is an example of that kind of thinking. Some would, in a Nestorian manner, separate the holy Book and the book of natural knowledge, isolating them one from another. Nestorios taught that the divine and human natures in Christ could have no contact and relationship. There are many proponents of this view in our society today, the advocates of sectarianism in religion and secularism in society. Such views are not acceptable to the Eastern Orthodox Christian way of thinking. Not to the Church. Not to Chrysostom. Not to Basil. Not to Photios. Their view of the relationship of the holy Book and the book of natural knowledge was a reflection rather of the Chalcedonian teaching about the two natures of Christ; divine and human in one person or hypostasis. Two natures, united unconfusedly, unchangeably, indivisibly, and inseparably. There is an integrity, in this approach, accorded to both the books in this one library and this one philosophy of education. Each follows its own nature, its own development, its own law and understanding. Yet, in their use, in their application, in their power to form the lives of human beings and societies, the holy Book maintains a role of giving direction, providing vision, setting the moral goal, and standing as the evaluator of the use of the book of natural knowledge. Nevertheless, they are gathered together in a single place, in a single library, in a single system of education. Just as the one person of Jesus Christ includes the divine and the human in one person, in which, while the identity of the two remains distinct, there is a communication between them, the philosophy of education in this school seeks to unite the two books into one mutually informing unity, “unconfusedly, unchangeably, indivisibly, and inseparably.” One of the most moving and touching letters which Photios ever wrote was to the Emperor Basil, who had deposed him for the last time and had exiled him. The letter is an appeal to the emperor to claim his rights as a human being. Photios denies to the emperor neither the privilege to depose him, nor the power to exile or imprison him. The greatest denial of his rights is the unheard of punishment of refusing him his books. As a last consolation, the great Photios, whose hymn calls him one of the very few personages of the Church, an “Isapostolos,” that is, “Equal to the Apostles,” seeks only to have his books restored to him. He speaks with an enraged sense of the injustice perpetuated against him. The fact that we have been deprived even of our books is novel and unexpected and a new punishment contrived against us. … Why, then, have books been taken away from us and, in fact, even teachers, in order that by reading we may be benefitted more, and by being proved wrong, we may correct ourselves. If, however, we have done no wrong, why are we wronged (9)? There is no indication in the letter that Photios distinguished between his holy books and his books of natural knowledge.

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An Briathar, an Leabhar, an Leabharlann ag Fr. Stanley Samuel Harakas Ó Photian Studies, arna eagarthóireacht ag George Papademetriou, foilsithe ag Holy Cross Orthodox Press, Brookline, Massachusetts, 1989. An Leabharlann: An áit chruinnithe le haghaidh leabhair Is é an Myriobiblos nó an Bibliotheca an saothar is luachmhaire de chuid Photios. Déanann The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church cur síos air ar an mbealach seo: Bhí Photios ina scoláire a raibh spéis mhór aige agus a raibh eolas encyclopedic aige. Is é a chuid oibre is tábhachtaí, a Bibliotheca nó Myriobiblion, tuairisc ar roinnt céad leabhar, go minic le anailísí críochnaitheacha agus sliocht iomadúla. Is mianra faisnéise luachmhar é toisc go bhfuil líon mór de na hoibreacha a luaitear caillte anois (8). Tá tagairtí san áireamh do chuid de na leabhair naofa a léigh sé, ach is tuairiscí iad an chuid is mó de na leabhair eolais nádúrtha a d'fhoghlaim sé. Bhí Photios ina choimeádán le chéile ina leabharlann. Níor thuig sé iad mar a chéile eisiach. Ina áit sin, bhí baint acu le chéile - cuid de réaltacht amháin agus tuairisc ar fhírinne chomhleanúnach amháin. Glacadh le chéile i leabharlann amháin, cosúil leis an leabharlann seo, cruthaíonn siad aontacht, comhtháthaíocht, agus fianaise aontaithe amháin ar fhírinne chuimsitheach atá diaga agus daonna ag an am céanna, gach ceann lena láncháilíocht féin agus gach ceann lena fianaise thábhachtach féin ar an fhírinne agus ar an eolas. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh sé i gceist ag cuid acu go mbeadh an Leabhar naofa agus gach rud a léiríonn sé i gceannas ar an eolas nádúrtha agus ar an eolaíocht go mbeadh an caidreamh i gcomhréir leis an sean-eireaball maidir le duine Íosa Críost ar a dtugtar Monophysitism. Sa tuiscint sin, déanann an diaga an réimse eolais nádúrtha a shárú agus a rialú. Sa lá atá inniu ann, is sampla den chineál smaointeoireachta sin é an Science Creation. D'fhéadfadh cuid acu, ar mhodh Nestorian, an Leabhar naofa agus leabhar an eolais nádúrtha a scaradh, ag scaradh iad óna chéile. Mhúin Nestorius nach bhféadfadh aon teagmháil agus aon chaidreamh a bheith ag na nádúr diaga agus daonna i gCríost. Tá go leor lucht tacaíochta den tuairim seo inár sochaí inniu, lucht tacaíochta na seicteachais sa reiligiún agus na seicléireachta sa tsochaí. Ní ghlacann an Chríostaíocht Oirtheochdaigh an tslí smaointeoireachta sin. Ní chun an Eaglais. Ní le Chrysostom. Ní le Basil. Ní le Photios. Bhí a gcuid tuairimí maidir le gaol an Leabhar naofa agus le leabhar an eolais nádúrtha ina léiriú seachas ar theagasc Chalcedonian faoi dhá nádúr Chríost; diaga agus daonna i gceann duine nó hypostasis. Dhá nádúr, aontaithe unconfusedly, unchangeably, indivisible, agus inseparably. Tá ionracas ann, sa chur chuige seo, a thugtar do na leabhair sa leabharlann seo agus don fhealsúnacht oideachais seo. Leanann gach ceann a nádúr féin, a fhorbairt féin, a dhlí féin agus a thuiscint féin. Ach, ina n-úsáid, ina chur i bhfeidhm, ina chumhacht chun saol daoine agus sochaithe a mhúnlú, coinníonn an Leabhar naofa ról a thabhairt treoir, a chur le fís, a chur ar an sprioc morálta, agus seasamh mar mheasúnaí ar úsáid leabhar an eolais nádúrtha. Mar sin féin, tá siad bainteach le chéile in aon áit amháin, i leabharlann amháin, i gcóras oideachais amháin. Díreach mar a chuimsíonn an duine amháin de Íosa Críost an diaga agus an duine i duine amháin, ina bhfuil cumarsáid eatarthu, cé go bhfuil aitheantas an dá cheann ar leith, tá fealsúnacht an oideachais sa scoil seo ag iarraidh na dhá leabhar a aontú i dtoil a thugann faisnéis dá chéile, gan a bheith mearbhall, gan athrú, gan a bheith inroinnte, agus gan a bheith inroinnte. Ceann de na litreacha is mó a chuaigh agus a chuaigh i bhfeidhm a scríobh Photios riamh ba é don Impire Basil, a chuir as a riocht é den uair dheireanach agus a chuir ar shiúl é. Is é an litir achomharc chuig an impire chun a chearta mar dhuine a éileamh. Ní dhiúltaíonn Photios don impire an phribhléid é a chur as oifig, ná an chumhacht é a dhíbirt nó a phríosúnú. Is é an diúltú is mó dá chearta an pionós gan éisteacht a dhiúltú dó a chuid leabhair. Mar chonsól deireanach, ní iarrann an Photios mór, a bhfuil a himne ag glaoch air ar cheann de na daoine an-bheag de chuid na hEaglaise, Isapostolos, is é sin, Equal to the Apostles, ach a chuid leabhair a thabhairt ar ais dó. Labhraíonn sé le mothú feargach den éagóir a dhéantar ina choinne. Tá an fhíric go bhfuil muid díbirt fiú ár leabhair nua agus gan choinne agus pionós nua contrived i gcoinne dúinn. ... Cén fáth, ansin, go bhfuil leabhair tógtha uainn agus, i ndáiríre, fiú múinteoirí, ionas go bhféadfaimis leas a bhaint as níos mó trí léamh, agus trí bheith mícheart, d'fhéadfadh muid féin a cheartú. Ach, mura bhfuil aon mhí-chothrom déanta againn, cén fáth a ndéantar mí-chothrom orainn (9)? Níl aon léiriú sa litir go ndearna Photios idirdhealú idir a leabhair naofa agus a leabhair eolais nádúrtha.

EXTRA CARE HOUSING AND DEMENTIA Produced for the Department of Health National Dementia Strategy Implementation Group by Sue Garwood EXTRA CARE HOUSING AND DEMENTIA There is no universally accepted definition of Extra Care Housing (ECH - also commonly called Housing with Care). For the purposes of this checklist the term being used is based on the Department of Health’s Extra Care Housing grant guidance note to describe a cluster of properties targeted (usually) at older people, which has care and support available to its occupants around the clock. Essential features include: - It is a form of sheltered housing, not residential care. Occupants live in their own homes, have security of tenure via assured tenancy or lease, and can determine who comes into their homes and who delivers their support plan - It is often purpose built to Home For Life standards , and often includes a range of communal facilities - Some aspects of Extra Care such as housing design and management are covered by housing legislation, regulations and standards, and other aspects, e.g. care provision, by the non-residential community care framework and care registration requirements As the population ages, the number of people developing dementia is growing significantly. In the UK, it is likely to double to 1.4 million in the next 30 years. The National Dementia Strategy published in 2009 aims to ensure significant improvements in dementia services to enable people with dementia and their carers to “live well with dementia”. Of 17 objectives, one (Objective 10) is devoted to the role of housing and telecare services specifically, and includes “monitoring the development of models of housing, including extra care housing, to meet the needs of people with dementia and their carers”. Objective 14 of the Dementia Strategy requires local authorities and PCTs to develop joint commissioning strategies for people with dementia. It is therefore necessary for commissioners of social care, health and housing-related services to consider the needs and aspirations of people with dementia in their localities, and develop services to address them. Extra care housing is likely to be one service development area which will help to achieve a number of the outcomes identified in the dementia strategy. This checklist is intended to assist commissioners wishing to develop extra care housing for people with dementia and their carers. It assumes that commissioners have an understanding of the requirements involved in commissioning extra care schemes generally and focuses on the issues from a dementia perspective specifically. There are many variations of extra care housing, and currently little research evidence to support one approach over another for people with dementia. Many models can deliver good outcomes for people with dementia; fundamental to the success of any is the development of a cohesive shared vision in which all the different elements dovetail with one another, as illustrated in the following jigsaw. First published in July 2010. Updated in July 2011 with additional sources of information on registration issues, self-directed support and end-of-life care. This checklist is a tool designed to help stakeholders to commission Extra Care schemes which meet the needs and aspirations of people with dementia and their families. It is divided into topic areas all of which are important in developing schemes for people with dementia. Within each are a number of questions for stakeholders to address, with three columns from which to choose – “in place”, “under review” or “needs attention”. Alongside the questions are corresponding notes which provide additional information. References and further source material are included at the end of the checklist. The checklist is divided into the following sections.Number / Facets / Page number 1 / Putting the Building Blocks in Place / 6 2 / Legislation and Regulation / 7 3 / Location, Built Environment and Assistive Technology / 8 4 / Model to be Adopted / 10 5 / Entry Criteria / 11 6 / Assessments, Preparation and Support Planning - Individuals and Carers / 12 7 / Workforce Issues / 14 8 / Care, Support and Meaningful Engagement / 15 9 / Policies and Procedures / 16 10 / Communication and Marketing / 17 11 / “Home for Life” Issues / 18 12 / Monitoring and Review / 19 Source Material / 20 1. PUTTING THE BUILDING BLOCKS IN PLACEQUESTION / IN PLACE / UNDER REVIEW / NEEDS ATTENTION / NOTES 1.1 Has your population needs assessment (e.g. JSNA) considered the specific needs of people with dementia and their carers? 1.2 Have you considered housing-related options including ECH in your Local Area Agreements, older people’s, Extra Care Housing and local dementia strategies? 1.3 Assuming the decision has been made to develop Extra Care, have you identified key stakeholders with whom to work in partnership to develop and implement the project plan including inter-agency agreements? 1.4 Have you and your partners developed a shared vision of what you are seeking to develop? In broad terms, what is that vision? Who are you catering for? Type of development (e.g. village or small scheme)? Housing with care only, or residential and other services too? A hub for the wider community? Tenure mix? Specialist dementia services? 1.5 Have you identified both capital and revenue funding sources for buildings and services? / 1.1 & 1.2 In addition to meeting the key dementia strategy outcome of enabling people with dementia to live well, Extra Care Housing has the potential to meet a range of key performance indicators including: NI 2 PSA 21; NI 119 DH DSO; NI 125 DH DSO;NI 131 DH DSO; NI 134; NI 136 DH DSO; NI 138 PSA 17; NI 139 PSA 17; NI 145 PSA 16; NI 149 PSA 16; NI 141 CLG DSO; NI 142 PSA 17. These may be subject to change. 1.3 Key stakeholders may include: Housing provider; local authority departments - adult social care, housing, planning; people with dementia or their representatives; older people’s mental health team; PCT or GP practice. A project group is an effective way of co-ordinating the project, developing a shared vision and putting in place the key elements needed to translate vision into a vibrant, effective operation. Membership may vary depending on the stage of the project. See Suffolk Dementia Design and Management guide and example of Agreement on the Housing LIN/ExCHange website , and the forthcoming Extra Care Housing toolkit. 1.4 & 1.5 No two developments are the same. It is essential to work together to develop a shared vision and achieve mutual understanding and trust. For each provision being developed on a given site (e.g. ECH, care home, resource centre, intermediate care flats), you need to identify: - Sources of capital - Sources of revenue - Who will manage the service - Any registration implications - Any other regulatory considerations - Linkages and contractual arrangements between the different provisions 2. LEGISLATION AND REGULATIONQUESTION / IN PLACE / UNDER REVIEW / NEEDS ATTENTION / NOTES 2.1 Have you taken into account the legislative and regulatory framework in developing the scheme(s)? 2.2 Do the contractual arrangements and service configuration at the scheme minimise the risk of being seen as “accommodation and personal care provided together”? 2.3 Using the provisions of the Mental Capacity Act, have you taken steps to ensure that the tenancy agreements are unlikely to be challenged as invalid or sham by regulators? / 2.1 ECH is a hybrid and commissioners and providers need to ensure compliance with a range of housing-related, community care and other legislation and regulation that does not always fit easily together. The Mental Capacity Act and Disability Discrimination Act are important additions in the context of people with dementia. Commissioners need to be aware of the legal aspects but not to the exclusion of other important considerations. See Housing LIN’s Factsheet 25:Nomination arrangements in Extra Care Housing, Care and Support in ECH Technical Brief and legislation tab on Housing LIN dementia web-pages. 2.2 Occupancy agreement to be kept contractually separate from care. It may be advisable not to have too many people who haven’t the capacity to exercise choice and control over who enters their property. See Care and Support in ECH Technical Brief p12 and legislation tab on Housing LIN dementia web-pages. 2.3 Lasting Power of Attorneys (Property and Affairs) or Court of Protection in cases where capacity in doubt or declining. Possible use of Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999. See suite of documents re MCA on Housing LIN website. See also CQC Supported Living Schemes: Regulated Activities for which the Provider may need to Register; and NDTi Feeling Settled Project. While these relate to services for people with learning disabilities some elements also apply to people with dementia whose mental capacity may be an issue. There are a number of recent rulings where a person without the capacity to understand and sign a Tenancy Agreement has been declared ineligible to receive Housing Benefit. 3. LOCATION, BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY(AT)QUESTION / IN PLACE / UNDER REVIEW / NEEDS ATTENTION / NOTES 3.1 Assuming that the site has been identified, are you and your partners able to exert influence to ensure the surrounding neighbourhood is as dementia- and disability-friendly as possible? 3.2 Have you considered how are you going to maximise the benefits of the scheme location, overcome any drawbacks, and manage potential risks? 3.3 Has the design of the scheme been shaped by the needs of the people it is targeting, including types of frailty and range of fitness levels? 3.4 Is the scheme dementia-friendly, as well as suitable for people with sensory impairments and physical disabilities? 3.5 Does the design of the outdoor space provide safe routes for walking and sensory stimulation, e.g. sensory garden? 3.6 Have you considered what infrastructure will be incorporated, what applications will be available universally, and which individually? 3.7 Have you and your partners ensured that assistive technology solutions are considered and incorporated into care and support planning where an individual would benefit? 3.8 If assistive technology such as a door-opening detector or locator device is to be used as part of the support plan, have you put in place protocols for agreeing its use, and arrangements for responding to the alert? / Location 3.1 Locations in the heart of a community are better than those on outskirts, but may also pose extra dangers, e.g. busy roads. See Neighbourhoods for Life 3.2 This may be tackled through a combination of design, assistive technology, service design and policies. 3.3 Most ECH schemes have many features from Lifetime Home Standards. In addition, The target group(s) will play a part in determining design: the size of the development in terms of number of properties and communal facilities; type of communal facilities; layout and specification of individual properties; number of bedrooms in properties; individual vs group kitchens; ambience; cultural adaptations; etc 3.4 Actual evidence is sparse, but there is a great deal of material about designing for people with dementia and other impairments on the Housing LIN Design and Dementia web-pages. Commonly accepted principles relate to lighting, orientation aids, meaningful spaces, visibility, use of virtual barriers where needed and avoidance of these where not, contrast, security features and walkways etc. People with dementia may also have a range of other conditions impairments, or disabilities. 3.5 See Design for Nature in Dementia Care – Gareth Chalfont. a Bradford good Practice Guide. 3.6 Infrastructure needs to enable add-ons and be future-proof. Pendants and smoke detectors may be universal, door exit sensors may be individual. AT Dementia website may assist in identifying the options 3.7 So long as selected for this particular individual, and suitable protocols and back-up are in place, AT can promote independence and reduce unacceptable risks. 3.8 Safe to Wander is a helpful document in this regard. See also SCIE’s Report 30 on ethical issues in the use of telecare. 4. MODEL TO BE ADOPTEDQUESTION / IN PLACE / UNDER REVIEW / NEEDS ATTENTION / NOTES 4.1 Have you thought about which model of ECH are you seeking to develop – dementia-specialist, integrated, separate wing or hybrid? 4.2 Have you considered how are you going to maximise the benefits of your chosen approach and minimise the drawbacks? 4.3 Have you and your partners agreed the management model that would suit the development best – integrated or separate housing and care management? / 4.1 Little research into pros and cons of each. See Dutton Literature Review. The Housing LIN website has a number of podcasts and case studies of Extra Care for people with dementia 4.2 If separate, more opportunity to incorporate specific design features but need to work to avoid ghetto. 4.3 Again pros and cons. Integrated approach may enable higher calibre scheme manager and better co-ordination. If separate management approach, teamwork essential but does reinforce that this is housing not “accommodation and care together”. See Care and Support in ECH Technical Brief for pros and cons generally. Be aware of the risk of registration as a care home associated with an integrated management approach. Because of this risk, the DH cannot recommend it. 5. ENTRY CRITERIAQUESTION / IN PLACE / UNDER REVIEW / NEEDS ATTENTION / NOTES 5.1 Have you and your partners developed jointly agreed eligibility criteria? 5.2 Have you clarified whether there are limits to the severity or manifestations of dementia that the scheme is suitable for, at point of entry? If there are limits, have you worked out what criteria should be applied to differentiate between those whose needs can be met and those whose can’t? 5.3 Are you satisfied that the jointly agreed criteria are clear enough that all those dealing with applications, undertaking assessments, or delivering services have a shared understanding of the opportunities and limitations of the development? 5.4 Are you satisfied that they are sensitive enough to ensure that allocation decisions can be made on the basis of each individual’s circumstances? 5.5 Have you agreed inter-agency checks and balances in the assessment, application and allocation process to ensure that neither unfair discrimination takes place, nor inappropriate allocations? 5.6 If there is a separate “wing” for people with dementia, have you considered whether everyone with a diagnosis of dementia will be offered a place in it and if not, how allocation decisions will be made, and what expectations will apply to those who develop dementia in the main part of the scheme? / 5.1 These will normally include housing as well as care and support needs, age, local connection etc. If you are targeting older people, will you make an exception for younger adults with dementia, including those with a learning disability? 5.2 This needs to be decided in the context of the features of the particular scheme (e.g. staffing levels, location, risk policies etc), and is likely to be a mix of elements in relation to each individual: needs and aspirations, risks and behaviours, and the likelihood of benefitting from scheme’s particular features. It is generally accepted that moving to the scheme early enough in the progression of dementia to form relationships and become part of the community is preferable to a late move. See Dutton Literature Review pp 5 and 103 5.3 – 5.4 These are frequently vague in the context of what sort of needs and behaviours can and cannot be catered for in a given scheme. 5.5 This is usually achieved by: a written agreement between partners which outlines arrangements, responsibilities and powers of each; joint consideration of applications at a multi-agency allocation panel, and decision-making based on a good assessment and full information. Whilst consensus is best, it is good practice for the Landlord to have the final say. 5.6 Where separate “wing”, most common approach seems to be that individuals with a diagnosis will move to the “wing”, unless they have a partner. People who develop dementia in the other part of the scheme will normally be supported where they are, and not expected to move. 6. ASSESSMENTS, PREPARATION AND SUPPORT PLANNING - INDIVIDUALS AND CARERSQUESTION / IN PLACE / UNDER REVIEW / NEEDS ATTENTION / NOTES 6.1 Have you agreed who will undertake the assessments and considered how to ensure consistency? 6.2 Do those undertaking the assessments have a good understanding of dementia and local resources including the local ECH scheme(s)? 6.3 Do agreed processes ensure that the individual with dementia is involved as fully as possible? 6.4 Do agreed processes ensure that assessments gather information from others who know the person if appropriate? 6.5 Have you given thought to any particular aspects that assessments should cover in the context of considering a housing option for someone with dementia? Preparation and support planning 6.6 Have arrangements been set up which help to prepare individuals for the move? 6.7 Has attention been given to how the support plan is developed to ensure that it properly addresses the needs and wishes of the individual, and manages risks proportionately? 6.8 Have the carers’ needs been assessed and taken into account? / Assessments 6.1 – 6.2 Ideally they should be undertaken by someone with expertise in dementia, knowledge of local resources and a commitment to empowering the applicant. May be best if only a handful of professionals undertake the assessments to ensure consistency. 6.3 This is very important and may be assisted by the use of communication tools such as Talking Mats. MCA principles apply. 6.4 Those who know the person well – may include family members, sheltered scheme manager etc. MCA principles apply. 6.5 In addition to assessing strengths, needs, wishes and risks, assessments need to consider the likelihood of being able to comply with the Tenancy Agreement with support, as well as the suitability of a housing setting for this individual. If no Property and Affairs Lasting Power of Attorney in place, this should be discussed. Preparation and Support Planning 6.6 Depends on individual. Spending time at scheme beforehand and taking part in activities, either during the day, or for periods of respite may help. 6.7 As with assessment. Individual as fully involved as possible, and known aspirations, interests, likes and dislikes properly addressed and recorded. Should address how any identified risks are going to be managed without unnecessarily disempowering the individual; seek to minimise not eliminate risk completely. 6.8 Extra care is an excellent option for couples who do not wish to be separated. Under the Carers’ (Recognition and Services) Act 1995, carers are entitled to a separate assessment.

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TITLEÁIN CÚRACHÁIL agus DEAMHTA Arna óstáil le haghaidh an Roinn Sláinte, Grúpa um Feidhmiú Straitéis Náisiúnta na Dimintiúlachta, le Sue Garwood TITLEÁIN CÚRACHÁIL agus DEAMHTA Níl aon sainmhíniú a nglactar leis go forleathan ar Theach Cothabhála Breise (ECH - ar a dtugtar an t-áit chónaithe le Cúram go coitianta). Chun críocha an liosta seiceála seo, tá an téarma atá á úsáid bunaithe ar nóta treorach deontais Chónaithe Cúnamh Breise na Roinne Sláinte chun clústear de mhaoin a chur in iúl atá dírithe (de ghnáth) ar dhaoine scothaosta, a bhfuil cúram agus tacaíocht ar fáil dá áitritheoirí timpeall an chloig. I measc na ngnéithe riachtanacha tá: - Is cineál tithíochta faoi chosaint é, ní cúram cónaithe. Tá cónaí ar áitritheoirí ina dtithe féin, tá slándáil sealbhála acu trí chínníocht ráthaithe nó léas, agus is féidir leo a chinneadh cé a thagann isteach ina dtithe agus cé a sheachadann a phlean tacaíochta - Is minic a thógtar é go sonrach de réir chaighdeáin Home For Life , agus is minic a chuimsíonn sé raon áiseanna comhchoiteanna - Tá cuid de ghnéithe na Cúraim Breise, amhail dearadh agus bainistiú tithíochta, clúdaithe le reachtaíocht, rialacháin agus caighdeáin tithíochta, agus gnéithe eile, e.g. soláthar cúraim, de réir chreat cúraim phobail neamhchónaitheach agus ceanglais chlárúcháin cúraim De réir mar a théann an daonra in aois, tá líon na ndaoine a thagann chun cinntachta ag méadú go suntasach. Sa Ríocht Aontaithe, is dócha go ndéanfaidh sé dúbailt go 1.4 milliún sna 30 bliain amach romhainn. Tá sé mar aidhm ag an Straitéis Náisiúnta um Dhímheas a foilsíodh in 2009 feabhsuithe suntasacha a áirithiú i seirbhísí dhímheas chun a chumasú do dhaoine le díomhaoin agus dá gcúramóirí "maireachtáil go maith le díomhaoin". I measc 17 chuspóir, tá ceann amháin (Cuspóir 10) dírithe go sonrach ar ról na seirbhísí tithíochta agus teilibhíola, agus áirítear leis sin "monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar fhorbairt samhlacha tithíochta, lena n-áirítear tithíocht cúraim bhreise, chun freastal ar riachtanais dhaoine le tinneas díomhaoin agus a gcúramóirí". I gcuspóir 14 den Straitéis um Dhímheas, éilítear ar údaráis áitiúla agus ar PCTanna straitéisí coimisiúnaithe a fhorbairt do dhaoine le díomhaoin. Tá sé riachtanach, dá bhrí sin, go gcuirfeadh coimisinéirí seirbhísí cúraim shóisialta, sláinte agus cónaitheacha san áireamh riachtanais agus mianta daoine le tinneas na meabhair-chúis ina gceantair, agus go bhforbrófaí seirbhísí chun aghaidh a thabhairt orthu. Is dócha gur réimse amháin forbartha seirbhísí é cóiríocht cúraim bhreise a chabhróidh le roinnt de na torthaí a shainaithnítear sa straitéis dhímheasa a bhaint amach. Tá an liosta seiceála seo ceaptha chun cabhrú le coimisinéirí ar mian leo tithíocht cúraim bhreise a fhorbairt do dhaoine le tinneas na meabhair-chinne agus dá gcúramóirí. Tá sé ag glacadh leis go bhfuil tuiscint ag na coimisinéirí ar na riachtanais a bhaineann le scéimeanna cúraim bhreise a choimisiúnú i gcoitinne agus díreofar ar na saincheisteanna ó thaobh na damáiste ciallmhar de go sonrach. Tá go leor éagsúlachtaí ann maidir le tithíocht cúraim bhreise, agus faoi láthair níl mórán fianaise taighde ann chun cur chuige amháin a thacú thar ceann eile do dhaoine le tinneas díomhaoin. Is féidir le go leor samhlacha torthaí maithe a sholáthar do dhaoine le tinneas díomhaoin; is bunriachtanach do rath aon cheann acu fís chomhchoiteann comhtháite a fhorbairt ina bhfuil na heilimintí éagsúla go léir ag dul i ngleic lena chéile, mar a léirítear sa phéistín seo a leanas. Foilsíodh den chéad uair i mí Iúil 2010. Nuashonraithe i mí Iúil 2011 le foinsí faisnéise breise maidir le saincheisteanna clárúcháin, tacaíocht féin-stiúrtha agus cúram deireadh saoil. Is uirlis é an liosta seiceála seo a ceapadh chun cabhrú le páirtithe leasmhara scéimeanna Cúnamh Breise a choimisiúnú a fhreastalaíonn ar riachtanais agus ar mhianta daoine le tinneas na meabhair-chinne agus a dteaghlaigh. Tá sé roinnte ina réimsí téamacha atá tábhachtach go léir chun scéimeanna a fhorbairt do dhaoine le tinneas díomhaoin. Tá roinnt ceisteanna le tabhairt faoi ag gach ceann acu, agus tá trí cholún ann inar féidir leat a roghnú in áit , faoi athbhreithniú nó gá aird a thabhairt . Tá nótaí comhfhreagracha ag na ceisteanna lena soláthraítear faisnéis bhreise. Cuirtear tagairtí agus foinse ábhair breise ag deireadh an liosta seiceála. Tá an liosta seiceála roinnte ina rannáin seo a leanas.Uimhir / Facets / Uimhir leathanaigh 1 / An t - eagarthóireacht a chur ar bun / 6 2 / Reacht agus Rialachán / 7 3 / Suíomh, Comhshaol Tógtha agus Teicneolaíocht Chúnamh / 8 4 / Múnla le glacadh / 10 5 / Crithríocht iontrála / 11 6 / Meastóireachtaí, Ullmhúchán agus Pleanáil Tacaíochta - Daoine aonair agus Cúramóirí / 12 7 / Ceisteanna Foirne Oibre / 14 8 / Cúram, Tacaíocht agus Iomaíocht Shinnteach / 15 9 / Polasaithe agus Nósanna Imeachta / 16 10 / Cumarsáid agus Margaíocht / 17 11 / Teach don Saol Rannchuir / 18 12 / Monatóireacht agus Athbhreithniú / 19 Stórábhar / 20 1. an t-am a bhí ann. CÁ BHÍ LE BLOCÁID TÓGHAISLE A chur ar an láthair / ar an láthair / faoi athbhreithniú / gá aird a thabhairt / nótaí 1.1 An bhfuil measúnú ar riachtanais do phobail (m.sh. An ndearna JSNA (an tAontas Eorpach um Chúram Sláinte) aird ar riachtanais shonracha daoine le tinneas díomhaoin agus a gcúramóirí? 1.2 An ndearna tú machnamh ar roghanna a bhaineann le tithíocht lena n-áirítear ECH i do Chomhaontaithe Áitiúla Áitiúla, i gcás daoine scothaosta, i gcás Tithíocht Chúram Breise agus i straitéisí áitiúla um dhiminciúlacht? 1.3 Ag glacadh leis gur glacadh an cinneadh chun Cúnamh breise a fhorbairt, an bhfuil príomhpháirtithe leasmhara a shainaithin tú le bheith ag obair i gcomhpháirtíocht leo chun an plean tionscadail lena n-áirítear comhaontuithe idirghníomhaireachta a fhorbairt agus a chur chun feidhme? 1.4 An bhfuil fís chomhroinnte tugtha agat féin agus do pháirtithe maidir leis an méid atá á lorg agat a fhorbairt? Go ginearálta, cad é an fhís sin? Cé a bhfuil tú ag fáiltiú do? Cineál na forbartha (e.g. socrú baile nó socrú beag)? Tithíocht le cúram amháin, nó tithíocht agus seirbhísí eile freisin? Ionad don phobal i gcoitinne? Meascadh seilbh? Seirbhísí speisialtóireachta díomhaoin? 1.5 An bhfuil foinsí maoinithe caipitil agus ioncaim le haghaidh foirgnimh agus seirbhísí sainaitheanta agat? / 1.1 & 1.2 Chomh maith le buachan a bhaint amach leis an príomhthorthaí straitéise díomhaoin, is é sin daoine a bhfuil díomhaoin orthu a chur in ann maireachtáil go maith, tá an cumas ag Tithíocht Chúram Breise chun raon príomhtháscairí feidhmíochta a chomhlíonadh lena n-áirítear: NI 2 PSA 21; NI 119 DH DSO; NI 125 DH DSO; NI 131 DH DSO; NI 134; NI 136 DH DSO; NI 138 PSA 17; NI 139 PSA 17; NI 145 PSA 16; NI 149 PSA 16; NI 141 CLG DSO; NI 142 PSA 17. D'fhéadfadh na sonraí seo a bheith faoi réir athraithe. 1.3 D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh na príomhpháirtithe leasmhara seo a leanas: soláthraí tithíochta; ranna údaráis áitiúla - cúram sóisialta do dhaoine fásta, tithíocht, pleanáil; daoine le tinneas díomhaoin nó a n-ionadaithe; foireann meabhairshláinte daoine scothaosta; cleachtas PCT nó GP. Is bealach éifeachtach é grúpa tionscadail chun an tionscadal a chomhordú, fís chomhroinnte a fhorbairt agus na príomhghnéithe is gá a chur i bhfeidhm chun an fhís a aistriú go hoibríocht beoga, éifeachtach. Féadfaidh ballraíocht a bheith éagsúil ag brath ar chéim an tionscadail. Féach treoirleabhar um Thionscnamh agus Bainistíocht Dhímheasa Suffolk agus sampla de Chomhaontú ar shuíomh Gréasáin Housing LIN/ExCHange, agus an trealamh le haghaidh Tithíocht Chúram Breise atá le teacht. 1.4 & 1.5 Níl dhá fhorbairt mar an gcéanna. Tá sé ríthábhachtach oibriú le chéile chun fís chomhroinnte a fhorbairt agus tuiscint agus muinín fhrithpháirteach a bhaint amach. I gcás gach soláthar atá á fhorbairt ar shuíomh áirithe (m.sh. Ní mór duit a aithint: - Foinsí caipitil - Foinsí ioncaim - Cé a bhainistiú an tseirbhís - Aon impleachtaí a bhaineann le clárú - Aon bhreithniúcháin eile - Nasc agus socruithe conarthacha idir na forálacha éagsúla 2. Seachadadh. LEIGHIS agus RIALTÁNTACHÉIM / I SAOIR / I NÍOS ACHTÚ / I MÍN ATHÁIL / NÓTAÍ 2.1 An bhfuil an creat reachtach agus rialála á chur san áireamh agat agus na scéimeanna á bhforbairt agat? 2.2 An gcuireann na socruithe conarthacha agus cumraíocht na seirbhísí sa scéim an baol ar a laghad go bhfeictear iad mar "áitreabh agus cúram pearsanta a sholáthraítear le chéile"? 2.3 Ag baint úsáide as forálacha an Achta um Chumas Meabhrach, an ndearna tú céimeanna chun a chinntiú nach bhfuil seans ann go gcuirfidh na rialtóirí dúshlán ar na conarthaí tionóntachta mar neamhbhailí nó bréagach? / 2.1 Is hibrideach é ECH agus ní mór do choimisinéirí agus soláthraithe a chinntiú go gcomhlíonfar raon reachtaíochta agus rialacháin a bhaineann le tithíocht, cúram pobail agus reachtaíocht agus rialachán eile nach bhfuil ag luí go héasca le chéile i gcónaí. Is iontu a chuirtear leis an Acht um Fheidhmeannacht Meabhrach agus an tAcht um Dhíshonraíocht faoi Mhíchumas cur leis tábhachtach i gcomhthéacs daoine a bhfuil díomhaoin orthu. Ní mór do Choimisinéirí a bheith ar an eolas faoi na gnéithe dlíthiúla ach ní chun aird thábhachtach eile a eisiamh. Féach Leabhrán Fíricí ar an Líon Tithíochta 25:Socrúcháin ainmniúcháin i mBeithíocht Chúram Breise, Cúram agus Tacaíocht i Sceideal Teicniúil ECH agus cluaisín reachtaíochta ar leathanaigh ghréasáin na linne Tithíochta maidir le tinneas na meabhair-chúraim. 2.2 Comhaontú um áit a bheith ar fáil a choinneáil ar leithligh ó chúram. B'fhéidir go mbeadh sé inmholta gan an iomarca daoine a bheith ann nach bhfuil an cumas acu rogha a dhéanamh agus rialú a dhéanamh ar a dtéann isteach ina gcuid maoine. Féach Cúram agus Tacaíocht i Leabhar Teicniúil ECH p12 agus an tab reachtaíocht ar leathanaigh ghréasáin Housing LIN dementia. 2.3 Cumhacht buan na nAighneoirí (Maoine agus Ghnóthaí) nó Cúirt Chosaint i gcásanna ina bhfuil amhras nó laghdú ar chumas. Úsáid féideartha an Achta um Chomhaontaithe (Chuntais le Tríú Páirtithe) 1999. Féach ar shraith doiciméid faoi MCA ar shuíomh gréasáin Housing LIN. Féach freisin Scéimeanna Maireachtála CQC Tacaíochta: Gníomhaíochtaí Rialáilte a bhféadfadh go mbeadh ar an Soláthraí Clárú a dhéanamh dóibh; agus Tionscadal Feeling Settled NDTi. Cé go mbaineann na hacmhainní seo le seirbhísí do dhaoine a bhfuil míchumas foghlama acu, tá feidhm ag roinnt eilimintí freisin maidir le daoine a bhfuil tinneas díomhaoin acu agus a bhféadfadh a gcumas meabhrach a bheith ina cheist. Tá roinnt cinntí le déanaí ann inar dearbhaíodh nach raibh duine nach raibh cumas aige Comhaontú Cíos a thuiscint agus a shíniú incháilithe chun Sochar Tithíochta a fháil. 3. Tá an t-am ann. ÁIT, AMHÁIR TÓGHAITHE agus TEITHEOLAGÓI CÚNACHTACHTA (A) CÓRTA / IN ÁIT / I LEI / I NÍOMHÁN / IOMHÁN / NÓTA 3.1 Má tá an suíomh aitheanta, an bhfuil tú féin agus do pháirtithe in ann tionchar a imirt chun a chinntiú go bhfuil an comharsanacht timpeall ort chomh cairdiúil agus is féidir do dhímheas agus do dhaoine faoi mhíchumas? 3.2 An ndearna tú machnamh ar an gcaoi a ndéanfaidh tú na buntáistí a bhaineann leis an suíomh scéime a uasmhéadú, aon mhíbhuntáistí a shárú, agus rioscaí féideartha a bhainistiú? 3.3 An bhfuil an scéim ceaptha de réir riachtanais na ndaoine atá dírithe air, lena n-áirítear cineálacha laigí agus raon leibhéil folláine? 3.4 An bhfuil an scéim cairdiúil do dhaoine ag fulaingt ó mheabhrach, chomh maith le bheith oiriúnach do dhaoine a bhfuil lagú comhfhiosach acu agus do dhaoine atá faoi mhíchumas fisiceach? 3.5 An soláthraíonn dearadh an spás lasmuigh bealaí sábháilte le haghaidh siúlóid agus spreagadh braite, e.g. gairdín sensory? 3.6 An ndearna tú machnamh ar an mbonneagar a chuirfear isteach, ar na feidhmchláir a bheidh ar fáil go hidirnáisiúnta agus ar na feidhmchláir a bheidh ar fáil go aonair? 3.7 An bhfuil tú féin agus do chomhpháirtithe cinnte go ndéantar réitigh teicneolaíochta cúnta a mheas agus a ionchorprú i bpleanáil cúraim agus tacaíochta i gcás ina mbeadh tairbhe ag an duine aonair? 3.8 Má tá teicneolaíocht chúnamh mar bhrathóir oscailte doras nó feiste suímh le húsáid mar chuid den phlean tacaíochta, an bhfuil prótacail curtha ar bun agat chun a úsáid a chomhaontú, agus socruithe le freagairt ar an teachtaireacht? / Suíomh 3.1 Tá áiteanna i gcroílár pobail níos fearr ná iad siúd atá ar imeall, ach d'fhéadfadh siad a bheith ina mbaol breise freisin, e.g. bóithre gnóthacha. Féach Neighborhoods for Life 3.2 Is féidir dul i ngleic leis seo trí chomhcheangal de dhearadh, teicneolaíocht chúnta, dearadh seirbhíse agus beartais. 3.3 Tá go leor gnéithe ag formhór na scéimeanna ECH ó Chaighdeáin Tithe Leanaí. Ina theannta sin, beidh ról ag an ngrúpa sprioc (í) i gcinntiú dearadh: méid an fhorbairt i dtéarmaí líon na n-earraí agus na saoráidí comhchoiteanna; cineál na saoráidí comhchoiteanna; leagan amach agus sonraíocht na n-earraí aonair; líon na seomraí codlata i n-earraí; cistineanna aonair i gcomparáid le cistineanna grúpa; timpeallacht; oiriúnaithe cultúrtha; srl. 3.4 Tá fianaise iarbhír gann, ach tá go leor ábhar ann maidir le dearadh do dhaoine le tinneas díomhaoin agus lagú eile ar leathanaigh ghréasáin Housing LIN Design and Dementia. Baineann prionsabail a nglactar leo go coitianta le soilsiú, cabhracha treoshuímh, spásanna bríomhar, infheictheacht, úsáid bacainní fíorúla nuair is gá agus iad a sheachaint nuair nach bhfuil, contrast, gnéithe slándála agus cosáin srl. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh raon de dhíchumas nó míchumas eile ag daoine le tinneas díomhaoin. 3.5 Féach Dearadh don Dúlra i gCúram Dementia Gareth Chalfont. Treoir um Gcleachtas Maith Bradford. 3.6 Ní mór don bhonneagar cur leis na forlíontaí agus a bheith in ann an todhchaí a sheiceáil. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh sciatháin agus braiteoirí deataigh uilíoch, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh braiteoirí eachtrais doras aonair. Is féidir le suíomh gréasáin AT Dementia cabhrú le roghanna a aithint 3.7 Chomh fada agus a roghnaítear an duine áirithe seo, agus go bhfuil prótacail agus cúltaca oiriúnacha i bhfeidhm, is féidir le AT neamhspleáchas a chur chun cinn agus rioscaí dochloíte a laghdú. 3.8 Is doiciméad cabhrach é Safe to Wander sa mhéid seo. Féach freisin Tuarascáil 30 de chuid SCIE ar shaincheisteanna eiticiúla i dtaca le húsáid teilibhreithe. 4. Tá an t-am TÁIRMHEAS A AONTACHTACHTACHTÁINm / IN ÁIT / I NÍOSRACHT / IOMHÁINN TÚARAS / NÓTAIS 4.1 An ndearna tú smaoineamh ar an tsamhail ECH atá tú ag iarraidh a fhorbairt - speisialtóir díomhaoin, comhtháite, sciath ar leithligh nó hibrideach? 4.2 An ndearna tú machnamh ar an gcaoi a ndéanfaidh tú na buntáistí a bhaineann leis an gcur chuige a roghnaigh tú a uasmhéadú agus na míbhuntáistí a íoslaghdú? 4.3 An bhfuil tú féin agus do chomhpháirtithe ag teacht ar chomhaontú maidir leis an tsamhail bhainistíochta is fearr a oireann don fhorbairt? / 4.1 Taighde beag ar bhuntáistí agus míbhuntáistí gach ceann acu. Féach Dutton Literature Review. Tá roinnt podchraoltaí agus cás-staidéir de Chúram Breise do dhaoine le tinneas na meabhair-chinne 4.2 Má tá siad ar leithligh, níos mó deiseanna chun gnéithe deartha sonracha a ionchorprú ach ní mór dóibh oibriú chun ghetto a sheachaint. 4.3 Arís, buntáistí agus míbhuntáistí. D'fhéadfadh cur chuige comhtháite bainisteoir scéime de chaibiléir níos airde agus comhordú níos fearr a chur ar fáil. Má tá cur chuige bainistíochta ar leithligh, tá obair foirne riachtanach ach cuireann sé le fios go bhfuil sé seo áite ná "áit chónaithe agus cúram le chéile". Féach Cúram agus Tacaíocht i Sceideal Teicniúil ECH le haghaidh tairbhí agus míbhuntáistí go ginearálta. Bí ar an eolas faoi na rioscaí a bhaineann le clárú mar bhaile cúraim a bhaineann le cur chuige bainistíochta chomhtháite. Mar gheall ar an mbaol seo, ní féidir leis an DH é a mholadh. 5. Tá an t-am ann. CRIATÉIRÍ IONTACHTA / I SAÍN / I NÍOS ACHTÚ / IOMHÁIN ATHÁIN / NÓTAÍ 5.1 An bhfuil critéir incháilitheachta comhaontaithe agat féin agus le do chomhpháirtithe? 5.2 An bhfuil soiléiriú tugtha agat ar an méid a bhaineann le teorainneacha a bheith ann maidir le déine nó léiriú na míchlainne a bhfuil an scéim oiriúnach dóibh, ag an bpointe iontrála? Má tá teorainneacha ann, an bhfuil na critéir a d'fhéadfaí a chur i bhfeidhm chun idirdhealú a dhéanamh idir na daoine a bhfuil a gcuid riachtanas is féidir a chomhlíonadh agus na daoine nach féidir? 5.3 An bhfuil tú sásta go bhfuil na critéir a comhaontaíodh go comhpháirteach soiléir go leor ionas go mbeidh tuiscint chomhroinnte ag gach duine a dhéileálann le hiarratais, a dhéanann measúnuithe nó a sholáthraíonn seirbhísí ar dheiseanna agus ar theorainneacha an fhorbairt? 5.4 An bhfuil tú sásta go bhfuil siad íogair go leor chun a chinntiú gur féidir cinntí leithdháilte a dhéanamh ar bhonn imthosca gach duine aonair? 5.5 An bhfuil comhaontuithe déanta agat maidir le seiceálacha agus cothromaíochtaí idirghníomhaireachta sa phróiseas measúnaithe, iarratais agus leithdháilte chun a chinntiú nach dtarlóidh idirdhealú éagórach ná leithdháiltí míchuí? 5.6 Má tá 'scairt' ar leithligh ann do dhaoine le tinneas díomhaoin, an ndearna tú machnamh ar cibé an ofráilfear áit do gach duine a bhfuil diagnóis díomhaoin acu ann agus más rud é nach ea, conas a dhéanfar cinntí leithdháilte, agus cad iad na hionchais a bheidh i bhfeidhm ar na daoine a fhorbraíonn díomhaoin sa phríomhchuid den scéim? / 5.1 Is gnách go n-áirítear san áireamh iad seo tithíocht chomh maith le riachtanais cúraim agus tacaíochta, aois, nasc áitiúil srl. Má tá daoine scothaosta mar sprioc agat, an ndéanfaidh tú eisceacht d'aosaigh níos óige le tinneas dímaint, lena n-áirítear iad siúd a bhfuil míchumas foghlama acu? 5.2 Caithfear cinneadh a dhéanamh maidir leis seo i gcomhthéacs ghnéithe an scéime áirithe (m.sh. Tá an t-iarmhéid ag brath ar an méid a bhaineann le hionstraimí, ar leibhéal na foirne, ar shuíomh, ar bheartais rioscaí, etc., agus is dócha go mbeidh sé ina meascán d'eilimintí i ndáil le gach duine aonair: riachtanais agus uaillmhianta, rioscaí agus iompraíochtaí, agus an dóchúlacht go mbainfidh sé tairbhe as gnéithe sonracha an scéime. Glacfar go ginearálta leis go bhfuil sé níos fearr dul chuig an scéim go luath go leor i bhforbairt na díomhaoineachta chun caidrimh a fhoirmiú agus a bheith mar chuid den phobal ná bogadh go déanach. Féach Dutton Literature Review pp 5 agus 103 5.3 5.4 Is minic a bhíonn siad seo neamhshoiléir i gcomhthéacs na cineálacha riachtanas agus iompar a d'fhéadfadh agus nach bhféadfaí a chur i láthair i scéim ar leith. 5.5 Is gnách go n-éireoidh leis seo trí: comhaontú i scríbhinn idir na comhpháirtithe ina leagtar amach socruithe, freagrachtaí agus cumhachtaí gach ceann; breithniú comhpháirteach ar iarratais ag painéal leithdháilte il-aigineachta, agus cinnteoireacht bunaithe ar mheasúnú maith agus ar fhaisnéis iomlán. Cé gur fearr comhthoil, is dea-chleachtas é go mbeidh an focal deiridh ag an Tiarna talún. 5.6 I gcás "anála" ar leithligh, is cosúil gurb é an cur chuige is coitianta ná go dtéann daoine aonair a bhfuil diagnóis acu chuig an "anáil", mura bhfuil comhpháirtí acu. De ghnáth, tabharfar tacaíocht do dhaoine a fhorbraíonn díomhaoin sa chuid eile den scéim sa áit a bhfuil siad, agus ní mheastar go n-athróidh siad. 6. Ceacht. Measúnuithe, Ullmhúchán agus Pleanáil Tacaíochta - AONTAÍ agus FÉIRMHEÁL / IN ÁIT / I LEI / GLACÁIN / NÓTA 6.1 An bhfuil sé comhaontaithe agat cé a dhéanfaidh na measúnuithe agus an ndearna tú machnamh ar conas comhsheasmhacht a chinntiú? 6.2 An bhfuil tuiscint mhaith ag na daoine a dhéanann na measúnuithe ar dhímheas agus ar acmhainní áitiúla lena n-áirítear an scéim ECH áitiúil? 6.3 An ndéanann na próisis a comhaontaíodh a chinntiú go bhfuil an duine aonair le tinneas na meabhair-chinne chomh lán-thaobhach agus is féidir? 6.4 An ndéantar a áirithiú le próisis chomhaontaithe go mbaintear faisnéis ó dhaoine eile a bhfuil aithne acu ar an duine i gcás inarb iomchuí? 6.5 An ndearna tú smaoineamh ar aon ghnéithe ar leith ar cheart go ndéanfaí measúnuithe orthu i gcomhthéacs rogha tithíochta a mheas do dhuine le tinneas díomhaoin? Pleanáil ullmhúcháin agus tacaíochta 6.6 An bhfuil socruithe curtha ar bun chun cabhrú le daoine aonair a ullmhú don aistriú? 6.7 An ndearnadh aird ar an gcaoi a ndéantar an plean tacaíochta a fhorbairt chun a chinntiú go ndéileálann sé go cuí le riachtanais agus le mianta an duine aonair, agus go ndéileálann sé le rioscaí go comhréireach? 6.8 An bhfuil riachtanais na gcúramóirí measta agus á gcur san áireamh? / Measúnuithe 6.1 6.2 Ba cheart go mbeadh duine a bhfuil saineolas aige i ndímheas, eolas aige ar acmhainní áitiúla agus tiomantas a thabhairt don iarratasóir a bheith freagrach as na gníomhaíochtaí sin. B'fhéidir go mbeadh sé is fearr mura ndéanfaidh ach cúpla gairmithe na measúnuithe chun comhsheasmhacht a chinntiú. 6.3 Tá sé seo an-tábhachtach agus d'fhéadfaí cabhrú leis trí úsáid a bhaint as uirlisí cumarsáide amhail Matanna Cainte. Baineann prionsabail MCA. 6.4 D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh baill teaghlaigh, bainisteoir scéim faoi chosaint, etc. i measc na ndaoine a bhfuil aithne mhaith acu ar an duine. Baineann prionsabail MCA. 6.5 Chomh maith le neart, riachtanais, mian agus rioscaí a mheas, ní mór do mheasúnuithe breithniú a dhéanamh ar an dóchúlacht go mbeidh siad in ann comhlíonadh an Chomhaontaithe Cíosála le tacaíocht, chomh maith le oiriúnacht suíomh tithíochta don duine aonair seo. Mura bhfuil Cumhacht Aturnae Buan ar bith i bhfeidhm, ba cheart é seo a phlé. Ullmhúchán agus Pleanáil Tacaíochta 6. 6 Braitheann sé ar an duine aonair. D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith cabhrach am a chaitheamh ag pleanáil roimh ré agus páirt a ghlacadh i ngníomhaíochtaí, i rith an lae nó le linn tréimhsí scíthe. 6. 7 Mar a tharla le measúnú. Cuirtear an duine aonair i dteagmháil chomh lán agus is féidir, agus tugtar aghaidh go cuí agus taifeadtar a n-aspirations, a leasanna, a bhfuil maith agus nach bhfuil maith aige. Ba cheart aghaidh a thabhairt ar an gcaoi a ndéantar bainistiú ar aon rioscaí a shainaithnítear gan an duine aonair a dhí-chumhachtú go míchuí; ba cheart iarracht a dhéanamh riosca a íoslaghdú, ní a dhíchur go hiomlán. 6.8 Is rogha den scoth é cúram breise do lánúineacha nach mian leo a bheith scartha. Faoi Acht Cúramóirí (Aitheantas agus Seirbhísí) 1995, tá cúramóirí i dteideal measúnú ar leithligh.

But the source of the outbreak remains a mystery, and the complex nature of the advisory has created a great deal of uncertainty. Here are some answers to common questions about the FDA's warning: Q Is it safe to eat tomatoes if I just wash them? A No, the FDA says. It has advised consumers to avoid eating or handling all raw tomatoes of the Roma, round red and red plum varieties from certain regions. Trevor Suslow, a food-safety expert and plant pathologist at the University of California-Davis, says consumers can avoid possible contamination by washing tomatoes and cutting off the stem, where more bacteria grow. But he doesn't necessarily recommend it - you might not be able to wash off all of the salmonella if it's contaminated. Q Can I eat cooked tomatoes? A The FDA warns against eating cooked tomatoes as well, but some food-safety experts disagree. "A temperature of 145 degrees Fahrenheit kills salmonella," says Jaydee Hanson, a senior policy analyst at the Center for Food Safety in Washington, D.C. Suslow, however, advises cooking tomatoes to at least 160 degrees for two to three minutes to destroy the salmonella. Q Can I eat tomatoes grown in California? A Yes, the FDA cleared the state's tomatoes early in its investigation. All tomatoes grown in the Golden State are safe, the agency says. Q Why are raw Roma, round red and red plum tomatoes off limits for now? A During interviews with patients who got sick from salmonella, FDA investigators found that they had consumed only these types of tomatoes. Q Why can I continue to eat cherry, grape and hothouse tomatoes? A The FDA's investigation determined that sick patients had not eaten any of these types of tomatoes. Q What are hothouse tomatoes? A They are tomatoes grown in greenhouses. Hothouse tomatoes - which often are sold with vines attached - are protected from the outside world during the growing season. Q What is salmonella? A A type of bacterium that grows in the intestines of animals and humans. It can live in soil and water for months. Q What's the source of the salmonella causing this outbreak? Q The FDA has not yet pinpointed the source. The salmonella Saintpaul may have spread through contaminated water used to irrigate the soil or wash the produce, infected animals, inadequate sanitation at processing facilities or poor worker hygiene. Q What practices would make it less likely for tomatoes to get infected? A More inspections at packing facilities, says Hanson of the Center for Food Safety. He also believes government and industry should do more to make sure that animal manure, sometimes used as fertilizer, is composted to prevent the spread of salmonella. Q How likely am I to get sick if I keep eating all kinds of tomatoes? A Considering that millions of Americans have eaten tomatoes over the past several weeks and just 167 of them have gotten sick, the odds are small. And besides, the outbreak is pretty much over, says UC-Davis' Suslow. Those who are elderly, young or have weakened immune systems, however, have a greater chance of getting infected. Q How long should consumers refrain from eating certain tomatoes? A Wait until the FDA lifts its advisory. The agency does not know how long it will take to pinpoint the source of the salmonella. Q How can I prevent cross-contamination of other produce? A Consumers should wash any fruits or vegetables that have come in contact with possibly infected tomatoes. Rinse and scrub the vegetables, but don't use any detergent, which could leave a harmful residue. In addition, throw out any produce that has wounds or scars, which can make the produce more susceptible to salmonella. Wash hands and surfaces that have touched possibly contaminated tomatoes or other produce. Q When I eat out, how do I know if the tomatoes are safe? A Ask a restaurant employee what kind of tomato you're eating. If it's one of the three varieties the FDA advises you to avoid, ask the employee if the restaurant knows where it was grown. If he can't tell you that for certain, don't eat it. Check the FDA's Web site (www.fda.gov) to learn which tomato-growing states and countries have been cleared by the agency. Contact Sonia Narang at email@example.com or (408) 920-5073.

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Ach tá foinse an ráig fós ina mistéar, agus tá an nádúr casta den chomhairliúchán tar éis go leor éiginnteachta a chruthú. Seo roinnt freagraí ar cheisteanna coitianta faoi rabhadh an FDA: C: An bhfuil sé sábháilte tomatoí a ithe má nílim ach ag cur ar an mbosca iad? A Níl, a deir an FDA. Tá sé curtha in iúl ag tomhaltóirí gan aon tamatas amh de chineálacha Roma, dearg cruinn agus dearg plumaí ó réigiúin áirithe a ithe nó a láimhseáil. Deir Trevor Suslow, saineolaí sábháilteachta bia agus paiteolaí plandaí in Ollscoil California-Davis, gur féidir le tomhaltóirí truailliú a sheachaint trí thomaitéid a ní agus an stéim a ghearradh, áit a bhfásann níos mó baictéir. Ach ní gá go molann sé é - b'fhéidir nach mbeidh tú in ann an salmonella go léir a ní mura bhfuil sé truaillithe. C. An féidir liom toitean cócaráilte a ithe? A Cuireann an FDA rabhadh i gcoinne tomátaí cócaireachta a ithe freisin, ach ní aontaíonn roinnt saineolaithe sábháilteachta bia. "Déanann teocht 145 céim Fahrenheit salmóine a mharú", a deir Jaydee Hanson, anailísí polasaí sinsearach ag an Ionad um Shábháilteacht Bia i Washington, D.C. Mar sin féin, molann Suslow go n-oibreofar tomátaí ag 160 céim ar a laghad ar feadh dhá nó trí nóiméad chun an salmóine a mharú. C: An féidir liom tobac a fhás sa California a ithe? A Sea, d'éirigh leis an FDA tomátaí an stáit a ghlanadh go luath ina imscrúdú. Tá gach trátaí a fhásann sa Stát Órga sábháilte, a deir an ghníomhaireacht. C. Cén fáth nach bhfuil tomátaí amh Roma, dearga cruinn agus pluma dearga faoi cheantair faoi láthair? A Le linn agallaimh le hothair a fuair tinn ó salmonella, fuair imscrúdaitheoirí FDA amach nach raibh siad ag ithe ach na cineálacha seo trátaí. C. Cén fáth gur féidir liom dul i mbun ithe ceirmeacha, fíonchaora agus trátaí teasa? A Chinn an t-imscrúdú FDA nach raibh aon cheann de na cineálacha trátaí seo ithe ag othair tinn. C. Cad iad toitíní teasa? A Is tomatáin iad a fhásann i dteachlann glas iad. Tá tomátaí an t-oighear - a dhíoltar go minic le fíonchaora ceangailte - cosanta ón domhan lasmuigh le linn na séasúir fáis. C. Cad é an salmóine? A Cineál baictéir a fhásann i n-intinn ainmhithe agus daoine. Is féidir leis maireachtáil i dtalamh agus in uisce ar feadh míonna. C. Cén foinse atá ag an salmonella a chuireann an ráig seo ar bun? Q Níor shonraigh an FDA an foinse go fóill. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh an salmonella Saintpaul scaipthe trí uisce truaillithe a úsáidtear chun an ithir a líonadh nó na táirgí a ní, ainmhithe ionfhabhtaithe, sláintíocht neamhleor ag saoráidí próiseála nó sláinteachas droch-oibrithe. C. Cad iad na cleachtais a dhéanfadh sé níos lú seans go bhfaighidh tobac ionfhabhtaithe? A Níos mó cigireachtaí ar áiseanna pacála, a deir Hanson ó Ionad um Shábháilteacht Bia. Creideann sé freisin gur cheart go ndéanfadh an rialtas agus an tionscal níos mó chun a chinntiú go ndéantar boilg ainmhithe, a úsáidtear uaireanta mar leasachán, a choipóstach chun scaipeadh salmóine a chosc. C. Cé chomh dóchúil is atá sé go bhfaighidh mé tinn má leanann mé ag ithe gach cineál trátaí? A Ag cur san áireamh go bhfuil na milliúin Meiriceánach ithe tátátaí le roinnt seachtainí anuas agus nach bhfuil ach 167 acu tinn, tá na seansanna beag. Agus ar an láimh eile, tá an ráig beagnach críochnaithe, a deir Suslow ó UC-Davis. Tá seans níos mó ag daoine atá ina n-aosta, ina ndaoine óga nó a bhfuil córais imdhíonachta lag acu, áfach, a bheith ionfhabhtaithe. C. Cén fhad ba cheart do thomhaltóirí gan roinnt trátaí áirithe a ithe? A Fan go dtí go dtógfaidh an FDA a chomhairliúchán. Níl a fhios ag an ngníomhaireacht cé chomh fada a thógfaidh sé chun foinse an salmonella a aimsiú. C Conas is féidir liom tras-thruailliú táirgí eile a chosc? A Ba cheart do thomhaltóirí aon torthaí nó glasraí a tháinig i dteagmháil le trátaí a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ionfhabhtaithe a ní. Déan na glasraí a scuabadh agus a scuabadh, ach ná bain úsáid as aon chlóisín, d'fhéadfadh sé go bhfágfadh sé iarmhar díobhálach. Ina theannta sin, caith amach aon táirge a bhfuil gorta nó scars air, rud a d'fhéadfadh an táirge a dhéanamh níos so-ghabhálach do salmonella. Nigh do lámha agus na dromchlaí a raibh teagmháil acu le trátaí nó le táirgí eile a d'fhéadfadh a bheith truaillithe. C. Nuair a itheann mé amach, conas a fhios agam an bhfuil na trátaí sábháilte? A Iarr ar fhostaí bialann cén cineál trátaí atá á ithe agat. Má tá sé ar cheann de na trí chineálacha a mholann an FDA duit a sheachaint, iarr ar an bhfostaí an bhfuil a fhios ag an bialann cá raibh sé tógtha. Mura féidir leis a rá go cinnte, ná ithe é. Seiceáil suíomh Gréasáin FDA (www.fda.gov) chun a fháil amach cé na stáit agus na tíortha a bhfuil tomát ag fás acu a bhfuil an ghníomhaireacht tar éis a scaoileadh. Déan teagmháil le Sonia Narang ag email@example.com nó (408) 920-5073.

National tragedies always leave in their wake a fog of questions: "Who is responsible? What do we do? How can we pray?" As in all things, Christians must first ask themselves, "What does God's Word say? What does Christ's example teach us?" How Did Jesus Respond to Tragedy? In Luke 13, we find an interesting conversation in which Jesus references a recent tragedy: "Or those eighteen who died when the tower in Siloam fell on them do you think they were more guilty than all the others living in Jerusalem? I tell you, no! But unless you repent, you too will all perish" (Luke 13:4-5). Previous conversations around the tragedy in Siloam probably sounded familiar: Jesus, why did this to happen? Was this event an act of God's judgment on their sin? Shouldn't the builders of the collapsed tower be punished for their shoddy workmanship? In times of tragedy, Jesus reminded others of the bigger picture and responded with the Gospel. Here He focused on the greater point beyond the why did this happen and the who is to blame of the tragedy in Siloam: All are in need of salvation. Therefore our message in tragedy should be the same as on every other day: Come to Jesus Christ! Only in Him is there hope. Only in Him is there forgiveness of sins. That is Christ's message to those who lose their loved ones, to those who perpetrate violence and terror, and to every person who doesn't yet know the Savior. How easy it is to overcomplicate this simple Gospel. "Too often opinions replace action and social media posts replace prayer. We turn off our computer screens feeling a sense of accomplishment, when in reality we have neglected the greater acts of acting justly, loving mercy, and walking humbly with our God." He grieved. Jesus was deeply compassionate toward both his friends and his enemies. In grief He wept for His dead friend Lazarus, and in grief He wept for those in Israel who would reject Him (see John 11:35, Luke 19:41, Luke 23:34). Paul's exhortation to "rejoice with those who rejoice; mourn with those who mourn" has no qualifiers (Romans 12:15). It's not a commandment for Christians to simply share in the burdens of other Christians, but for Christians to share in the burdens of all people whether a Christian fleeing ISIS or a parent who has just lost a loved one in a senseless massacre. So What Do We Do Now? We recalibrate. Regardless of the political and social issues that inevitably arise following every national tragedy, we are called to share the Truth of the Gospel and love our neighbor. Sometimes we are better evangelists for our own politics than we are for Christ's Gospel. Too often opinions replace action and social media posts replace prayer. We turn off our computer screens feeling a sense of accomplishment, when in reality we have neglected the greater acts of acting justly, loving mercy, and walking humbly with our God (Micah 6:8). What if we gathered our fellow Christians together for a time of prayer? What if we sought God's Word on the matter? What if we took time to share Christ with the people around us or served those with practical needs? What if we partnered with organizations that are dedicated to reaching the lost? It's time we realign with God's mission. We love sinners. Who are the despised Samaritans and crooked tax collectors in your life? It was Jesus who engaged with these people and called them into a relationship with the living God. It's time for us to get uncomfortable and share Christ with the Samaritans of our day, whether that's our homosexual friend or Muslim neighbor. As we develop relationships with those around us, God will lead us and use us to "bind up the brokenhearted [and] to proclaim freedom for the captives," just as Jesus did (Isaiah 61:1). We unite as one Body to pray and to serve. Before the road to the cross, one of the primary concerns of Christ's prayers for His children was that they be unified in Him (see John 17). He also emphasized corporate prayer as one of the most important acts of the Christian faith (see Matthew 18:20). The more God's people are unified in Christ, the more God Himself is glorified. The more we lay aside our political differences and devote ourselves to the greater work of God's Word, fellowship, and prayer, the more the Lord will add to our numbers (see Acts 2:42-47). How Can We Pray? How is God leading you to pray? As you seek His direction, here are some good prayer points: Prayer: Lord, how we need You! Our world is broken. Teach us how to love not only "in word and speech, but in action and truth" (1 John 3:18). Deliver us from all fear that keeps us from sharing Your Gospel. Send more workers into difficult harvest fields even if that includes me, Lord. Reveal Yourself to the lost in the midst of this tragedy. Expose the danger of sin and reveal the Truth of Christ to the lost as they reflect on these events. All glory, power, and honor belong to You, Lord. Have Your way. I pray this in the name of Jesus. Amen. Leading The Way is passionately proclaiming the uncompromising Truth of Christ here at home and around the world. Learn more about the ministry's global impact, and consider partnering with us as we broadcast the Gospel and disciple new believers.

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Tarlaíonn tragóidí náisiúnta i gcónaí go bhfuil ceachtar acu ina dhiaidh sin agus go bhfuil ceisteanna mar seo: "Cé atá freagrach? Cad a dhéanaimid? Conas is féidir linn guí?" Mar a tharla i ngach rud, ní mór do Chríostaithe iad féin a iarraidh ar dtús, "Cad a deir focal Dé? Cad a theagascann sampla Chríost dúinn?" Conas a D'fhreagair Íosa ar an Tragóid? I Lucais 13, tá comhrá suimiúil le fáil againn ina ndéanann Íosa tagairt do thragóid a tharla le déanaí: "Nó an t-ochtar duine sin a fuair bás nuair a thit an túr i Siloe orthu, an gceapann sibh gur ciontóirí níos mó iad ná gach duine eile a bhí ina gcónaí in Iarúsailéim? Deirim leat, níl! Ach mura ndéanann sibh aithrí, caillfidh sibh go léir mar an gcéanna" (Lúcas 13:4-5). Is dócha go raibh an-aithne ag comhrá a bhí ann roimhe seo maidir leis an tragóid i Siloam: Íosa, cén fáth a tharla sé seo? An raibh an t-imeacht seo ina ghníomh breithiúnais ó Dhia ar a bpeaca? Nach chóir a bheith pionós ar na tógálaithe an túr thit le haghaidh a gcuid saotharlann shoddy? I amanna tragóide, chuimhnigh Íosa ar dhaoine eile an pictiúr níos mó agus d'fhreagair sé leis an Soiscéal. Anseo dírigh sé ar an bpointe níos mó ná cén fáth a tharla sé seo agus cé atá freagrach as an tragóid i Siloam: Tá gach duine ag teastáil ó shlándáil. Dá bhrí sin ba chóir go mbeadh ár dteachtaireacht sa tragóid mar an gcéanna le gach lá eile: Téigh go dtí Íosa Críost! Níl ach dóchas ann. Níl aon mhaitheamhnas peacaí ann ach amháin in é. Sin teachtaireacht Chríost dóibh siúd a chailleann a ngaolta, dóibh siúd a dhéanann foréigean agus sceimhlitheoireacht, agus do gach duine nach bhfuil aithne aige fós ar an Slánaitheoir. Cé chomh furasta is atá sé an Soiscéal shimplí seo a ró-chasta. "Tá tuairimí ró-mhinicíochta in ionad gníomh agus postáil sna meáin shóisialta in ionad na guí. D'fhágamar ár scáileáin ríomhaire ag mothú go bhfuil muid tar éis é a bhaint amach, ach i ndáiríre tá an gníomh níos mó de bheith ag gníomhú go cóir, de bheith ag grá trócaire, agus de bheith ag siúl go híogair lenár nDia, curtha ar ceal againn". Bhí sé ag caoineadh. Bhí trócaire mhór ag Íosa ar a chairde agus ar a naimhde araon. I bhrón, d'fhógair sé a chara marbh Lazarus, agus i bhrón d'fhógair sé iad siúd in Iosrael a dhiúltaigh dó (féach Eoin 11:35, Luke 19:41, Luke 23:34). Níl aon cháilíocht ag moladh Pól "a bheith ag aoibhneas leis na daoine atá ag aoibhneas; a bheith ag caoineadh leis na daoine atá ag caoineadh" (Róimh 12:15). Ní ordachán é do Chríostaithe a bheith rannpháirteach i gcúis Chríostaithe eile, ach do Chríostaithe a bheith rannpháirteach i gcúis gach duine cibé acu Críostaí ag teitheadh ó ISIS nó tuismitheoir a chaill duine grá i gclúdach gan chiall. Mar sin Cad a Déanaimid Anois? Athchóirímid. Is cuma cén saincheisteanna polaitiúla agus sóisialta a thagann chun cinn tar éis gach tragóid náisiúnta, glactar linn Fírinne an Soiscéala a roinnt agus ár gcomharsa a ghrá. Uaireanta is fearr dúinn a bheith ina soiscéalóirí dár bpolaitíocht féin ná mar atá muid do Soiscéal Chríost. Go minic, glacann tuairimí áit gníomh agus glacann postanna sna meáin shóisialta áit urnaí. Tá muid ag cur ár scáileáin ríomhaire as a bheith ag mothú go bhfuil muid ag déanamh rud éigin, ach i ndáiríre tá dearmad déanta againn ar na gníomhartha níos mó a bhaineann le gníomhú go cóir, le grá trócaire a bheith againn, agus le dul go híseal le ár nDia (Micah 6:8). Cad a tharlaíonn má bhailímid le chéile ár gcomhchríostaithe le haghaidh ama chun guí? Cad a tharlaíonn má chuirimid ceist ar Dhia sa Bhriathar? Cad a tharlaíonn má thógamar am chun Críost a roinnt leis na daoine timpeall orainn nó má sheirbheáil muid dóibh siúd a bhfuil riachtanais phraiticiúla acu? Cad a tharlaíonn má chomhoibríonn muid le heagraíochtaí atá tiomanta do na daoine caillte a bhaint amach? Tá sé in am dúinn a ath-ailíneáil le misean Dé. Is breá linn peacaithe. Cé iad na Samaritans despised agus bailchóirí crooked i do shaol? Ba é Íosa a ghlac páirt sna daoine seo agus a ghlaoigh orthu go gcaidreamh leis an Dia beo. Tá sé in am dúinn a fháil míchompordach agus a roinnt Críost leis an Samaritans ár lá, cibé acu go bhfuil sé ár cara homosexual nó ár gcomharsa Moslamach. De réir mar a fhásann muid suas le caidrimh leis na daoine timpeall orainn, beidh Dia ag treorú dúinn agus ag úsáid dúinn 'a chroí bhriste a cheangal [agus] saoradh a fhógairt do na gabhaigh,' díreach mar a rinne Íosa. Táimid ag teacht le chéile mar chomhlacht amháin chun guí agus chun freastal. Roimh an bóthar go dtí an chros, ba é ceann de phríomhchúiseanna na n-árduithe Chríost dá leanaí ná go mbeadh siad aontaithe ina n-aonar (féach Eoin 17). Chuir sé béim freisin ar an urnaí comhchoiteann mar cheann de na gníomhartha is tábhachtaí den chreideamh Críostaí (féach Matthew 18:20). An níos mó a bhíonn daoine Dé aontaithe i gCríost, an níos mó a ghlóireofar Dia féin. An níos mó a chuireann muid ar leataobh ár n-easaontais pholaitiúla agus a thiomnaíonn muid féin don obair níos mó de Bhriathar Dé, comhaltacht, agus guí, an níos mó a chuirfidh an Tiarna lenár líon (féach Gníomhartha 2:42-47). Conas is Féidir Linn Guí? Conas a thugann Dia ort guí? Agus tú ag lorg a threoracha, seo roinnt pointí dea-ghuí: Guí: A Thiarna, cé chomh teastaíonn uait! Tá ár saol briste. Múineann sé dúinn conas grá a thabhairt ní amháin "i bhfocal agus i mbéal, ach i ngníomh agus i bhfírinne" (1 Eoin 3:18). A shaoradh dúinn ó gach eagla a choimeádann orainn ó roinnt do Soiscéal. Seol níos mó oibrithe i réimsí fionnaidh deacair fiú má tá sé sin a chuimsíonn mé, a Thiarna. Nochtann tú féin leis an caillte i lár an tragóid seo. Nocht an baol a bhaineann le peaca agus nochtann an Fírinne Chríost do na caillte mar a smaoiníonn siad ar na himeachtaí seo. Gach glóir, cumhacht, agus onóir a bhaineann leat, a Thiarna. Bíodh do bhealach. Guím é seo in ainm Íosa. Amen. Go raibh maith agat. Tá Leading The Way ag fógartha an fhírinne gan comhréiteach Chríost anseo sa bhaile agus ar fud an domhain. Foghlaim níos mó faoi thionchar domhanda na hoibre, agus smaoinigh ar bheith i gcomhpháirtíocht linn agus muid ag scaipeadh an Soiscéal agus ag déanamh deisceabail de chreidimh nua.

We challenge you to build a construction of cardan joints that transfers power to a maximum angle. Submit your solutions to email@example.com and win an award. Use the challenge in home or in the classroom. Initial Deadline is 18 of Aprill 2015. - 18 Mar 2015 The Cardan Joint challenge is the first of a series of challenges that we would use to teach and share. One learns more by doing that just by watching. Prepare a video or a picture of your solution and email it to firstname.lastname@example.org. You can always submit solutions after the deadline, but this will not affect the score for this robotics challenge. - While working on the construction and experimenting with how do we position the motors on this construction, we came up with an idea for a very interesting challenge and it includes these Cardan joints. I've seen them in many competitions and I know that students like to use them. And the challenge goes as follows: using the motor, the maximum number of joints that you have in your robotic sets, try to transfer the power to the greatest angle possible. For example, like, in this case, we're transferring the power to a zero angle so there's no angle. But now, when we have one of the axles at a certain angle and we do transfer power. And then we can add another joint and another axle and push in the shaft and now we can transfer the power like this. And if we add another joint and at the beginning, we add the motor, the challenge is: what is the maximum degree at which we can transfer a power?

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Déanaimid dúshlán duit a thógáil ar a thógáil de joints cardan a aistríonn cumhacht go dtí uillinn uasta. Cuir do chuid réitigh isteach chuig email@example.com agus faigh duais. Bain úsáid as an dúshlán sa bhaile nó sa seomra ranga. Is é an 18 Aibreán 2015 an spriocdháta tosaigh. - 18 Márta 2015 Is é an dúshlán Comhpháirteach Cardan an chéad cheann de shraith na ndúshlán a úsáidfimid chun múineadh agus a roinnt. Foghlaimíonn duine níos mó ag déanamh sin ach ag féachaint. Ullmhaigh físeán nó pictiúr de do réiteach agus seol ríomhphost chuig firstname.lastname@example.org. Is féidir leat réitigh a chur isteach i gcónaí tar éis an spriocdháta, ach ní dhéanfaidh sé seo difear do scór an dúshláin róbataic seo. - Agus muid ag obair ar an tógáil agus ag turgnamh leis an gcaoi a bhfuil muid a chur ar na mótair ar an tógáil, tháinig muid suas le smaoineamh le haghaidh dúshlán an-suimiúil agus tá sé áirítear na comhpháirteanna Cardan. Chonaic mé iad i go leor comórtais agus tá a fhios agam go bhfuil na mic léinn cosúil le húsáid iad. Agus tá an dúshlán mar seo a leanas: ag baint úsáide as an mótar, an líon uasta comhpháirteanna atá agat i do shraith róbatach, déan iarracht an chumhacht a aistriú go dtí an uillinn is mó is féidir. Mar shampla, mar, sa chás seo, táimid ag a aistriú an chumhacht go dtí uillinn nialach mar sin níl aon uillinn. Ach anois, nuair a bhíonn ceann de na hais ag uillinn áirithe agus ní mór dúinn a aistriú cumhachta. Agus ansin is féidir linn a chur le chéile eile agus eichead eile agus brú isteach sa shaft agus anois is féidir linn a aistriú an chumhacht mar seo. Agus má chuirimid comhpháirte eile leis agus ag an tús, cuirimid an mótar leis, is é an dúshlán: cad é an uasleibhéal a bhféadfaimis cumhacht a aistriú?

What ‘Created Equal’ Means, and Why Not Knowing Leaves Us In Such a Mess His name was Mr. Janowicz, he was my eighth grade history teacher, and after all these years I still haven’t forgotten the question he asked — or the answer he gave. We were studying the Declaration of Independence. “What does ‘created equal’ mean?” he asked. The more we talked, the more we felt stumped. Equal in skill? Talent? Money? Strength? Intelligence? These answers weren’t just wrong, they were obviously wrong. One of us probably said, “Equal right to vote,” but no, the Declaration says our equality comes ahead of our rights, such as voting. I don’t remember whether anyone suggested “equal in opportunity,” but that’s obviously wrong, too, no matter what your politics might be. The Declaration doesn’t say we should be equal, but that we are equal. Such a crucial phrase in American history, yet we had no idea what it meant. Sure, we were just eighth-graders, but how many adults would stumble over the question the same way? Equal in Worth Mr. Janowicz wasn’t about to stumble. He was just waiting us out. It must have been good teaching technique, considering how long his lesson has stuck with me. “Try this,” he said. “We’re all created equal in worth.” Simple, brilliant, and right. No other answer fits; this one does. It explains why the law should apply equally to all: because no one’s extra worth grants him or her an exception. It explains why rights should be equal, for the same reason. There’s history there, of course. America was still a set of colonies when Jefferson wrote the Declaration. We’d been birthed out of a British system of royalty and nobility, where some people had more rights because they had “higher worth.” People try to tell us now that we don’t need to study Western history, but here we can see one reason (there are many) that’s foolish. Hardly any word is more important in today’s politics than “equal,” and if you don’t know your history, you don’t know what it really means. Worth What, To Whom? There’s an even worse problem today, though, for people who want to understand this human worth. Jefferson didn’t just say we’re equal but that we’re created equal. The word “worth” can’t just stand on its own, you see. Somewhere it has to connect with the question, “Worth what, and to whom?” In the Christian-saturated worldview of the American colonies, that answer came easily and automatically: Each person is created in the image of God, and we’re worth an infinite amount to Him. It is He who “endowed” us “with certain unalienable rights.” We have equal worth in His eyes, so we have equal rights. “Unalienable” doesn’t mean, “no one should take them away.” It means having this rights are part of what it means to be human. You could violate a person’s rights, but you can’t take them away, any more than you could draw a circle and leave the roundness out of it. Leave God out, though, and all that quickly falls apart. Naturalistic evolution (evolution with no guiding purpose behind it) has no higher answer to the “whom” question. The best it can say is that we’re worth a lot to ourselves and each other. The trouble there, though, is that the whole human species is worth no more than any other organism on the planet. Evolution knows nothing of “higher” or “lower”; all it does is pick out survivors from not-survivors. It never heard of rights, either, but it does specialize in competition. Suppose one group of people starts claiming they’re worth more than the rest, so they deserve better food, better medicine, better living and working conditions. They out-live and out-reproduce the rest as a result. What would evolution “think” of this, if it could think? It’d be jumping up and down on the sidelines cheering for the winner! Truth or Sentiment? There’s no real basis for human worth there, no foundation for human rights, and not much for equality, either, except for a sentimental attachment to the idea. The attachment is strong, though, and why shouldn’t it be? What Jefferson wrote about us as humans is true, even if we’ve forgotten why it’s true. But sentiment is often stupid. We’ve lost track of the true meaning of equality, but we can’t give up the sentiment; so we flail around to figure what it’s about. Equal access to bathrooms? That’s the big issue? Really? That’s exactly what flailing looks like. We won’t recover the truth of equality — or the truth of human rights — until we re-connect with the truth of our Creator. Until then, you can expect sentiment to rule, but foolishly, just as it is doing more and more each day now. We need more Mr. Janowiczes. Tom Gilson (@TomGilsonAuthor) is a senior editor with The Stream and the author or editor of six books, including the recently released Too Good To Be False: How Jesus’ Incomparable Character Reveals His Reality.

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Cad a chiallaíonn 'Created Equal' agus cén fáth nach bhfuil a fhios againn go bhfágann sé sinn i gcúrsaí den sórt sin Ba é an tUasal Janowicz a bhí ina ainm, bhí sé mar mhúinteoir stair domsa sa ochtú grád, agus tar éis na mblianta seo go léir níor chuimhnigh mé ar an gceist a d'iarr sé nó ar an freagra a thug sé. Bhíomar ag staidéar ar an Dearbhú Neamhspleáchais. Cad a chiallaíonn created equal? a d'fhiafraigh sé. An níos mó a labhair muid, an níos mó a mhothaigh muid stumped. Comhionann i scileanna? Talún? Airgead? Cumhacht? Spiorad? Ní raibh na freagraí seo mícheart ach amháin, bhí siad mícheart go soiléir. D'fhéadfadh duine againn a rá, "Ceart chomhionann chun vótáil", ach níl, deir an Dearbhú go bhfuil ár n-ionannas níos tábhachtaí ná ár gcearta, mar shampla vótáil. Ní cuimhin liom an ndearna duine ar bith "coibhneas deiseanna" a mholadh, ach is léir go bhfuil sé seo mícheart freisin, is cuma cén polaitíocht atá agat. Ní deir an Dearbhú gur chóir dúinn a bheith comhionann, ach go bhfuil muid comhionann. Is frása ríthábhachtach í i stair Mheiriceá, ach ní raibh aon smaoineamh againn cad a chiallaigh sí. Cinnte, ní raibh muid ach ach ochtú rang, ach cé mhéad daoine fásta a bheadh stumble thar an cheist ar an mbealach céanna? Comhionann i Luach Ní raibh an tUasal Janowicz ar tí dul ar stubble. Bhí sé ag fanacht linn amach. Ní mór go raibh sé teicníc teagaisc maith, ag smaoineamh ar cé chomh fada a chuid ceacht atá greamaithe liom. "Déan triail as seo", a dúirt sé. Táimid uile cruthaithe comhionann i luach. Simplí, iontach, agus ceart. Níl aon fhreagra eile oiriúnach; tá an ceann seo oiriúnach. Míníonn sé cén fáth ar chóir go mbeadh feidhm chéanna ag an dlí ar gach duine: toisc nach dtugann luach breise aon duine eisceacht dó nó di. Míníonn sé cén fáth ar chóir cearta a bheith comhionann, ar an gcúis chéanna. Tá stair ann, ar ndóigh. Bhí Meiriceá fós ina sraith coilíneachtaí nuair a scríobh Jefferson an Dearbhú. Bhí muid a rugadh as córas na Breataine de ríchathaoir agus uasal, áit a raibh roinnt daoine níos mó cearta toisc go raibh siad "luach níos airde". Tá daoine ag iarraidh a rá linn anois nach gá dúinn staidéar a dhéanamh ar stair an Iarthair, ach anseo is féidir linn a fheiceáil ar chúis amháin (tá go leor) go bhfuil foolish. Is beag focal atá níos tábhachtaí sa pholaitíocht inniu ná "coibhéiseach", agus mura bhfuil a fhios agat do stair, níl a fhios agat cad a chiallaíonn sé i ndáiríre. An Fhaisnéis a Dhéanfadh Daoine a Bheith i mBéal Feirste Tá fadhb níos measa fós ann inniu, áfach, do dhaoine ar mian leo an luach daonna seo a thuiscint. Ní amháin go bhfuil Jefferson a rá go bhfuil muid comhionann ach go bhfuil muid a cruthaíodh comhionann. Ní féidir leis an bhfocal "luach" seasamh ar a chuid féin, feiceann tú. Ní mór go mbeadh nasc aige le ceist, "Ar fiú é, agus le cé?" Sa domhanféar a bhí lán Críostaí ag na coilíneachtaí Mheiriceá, tháinig an freagra sin go héasca agus go huathoibríoch: Cruthaíodh gach duine in íomhá Dé, agus tá luach gan teorainn againn dó. Is é an tUasal a thug dúinn cearta neamh-in-athsholáthraithe. Tá luach comhionann againn ina shúile, mar sin tá cearta comhionanna againn. "Ní féidir iad a dhíbirt" ní chiallaíonn sé, "ní cheart do dhuine ar bith iad a thógáil". Ciallaíonn sé go bhfuil na cearta seo mar chuid de a chiallaíonn sé a bheith ina dhuine. D'fhéadfá cearta duine a shárú, ach ní féidir leat iad a thógáil, níos mó ná mar a d'fhéadfá ciorcal a tharraingt agus an timthriall a fhágáil as. Ach má fhágann tú Dia amach, titfidh gach rud go tapa. Níl freagra níos airde ag an éabhlóid nádúrtha (eabhlóid gan aon chuspóir treoracha ina dhiaidh) ar an gceist "cé". Is é an rud is fearr is féidir a rá go bhfuil muid luach a lán dúinn féin agus le chéile. Is é an trioblóid ann, áfach, nach bhfuil an speiceas daonna ar fad níos mó ná aon orgánach eile ar an bpláinéad. Ní fios ar bith ag an Eabhlóid faoi níos airde nó níos ísle; ní dhéanann sé ach daoine a roghnú ó dhaoine nach bhfuil beo. Níor chuala sé riamh faoi chearta, ach tá sé speisialaithe i gcomórtas. Má thosaíonn grúpa amháin daoine ag éileamh go bhfuil siad níos luachmhaire ná an chuid eile, mar sin is fiú bia níos fearr, leigheas níos fearr, dálaí maireachtála agus oibre níos fearr dóibh. Mar thoradh air sin, maireann siad níos faide ná an chuid eile agus déanann siad níos mó atáirgthe ná iad. Cad a bheadh an t-eabhlóid "a cheapadh" seo, dá bhféadfadh sé smaoineamh? Bheadh sé ag léim suas agus síos ar an taobhlíne ag glaoch ar an buaiteoir! Fírinne nó Meon? Níl aon bhunús fíor ann do luach an duine, aon bhunús do chearta an duine, agus ní mórán do chomhionannas, ach amháin le ceangal sentimentail leis an smaoineamh. Tá an ceangal láidir, áfach, agus cén fáth nach mbeadh? Cad Jefferson scríobh faoi dúinn mar dhaoine is fíor, fiú má tá muid dearmad cén fáth go bhfuil sé fíor. Ach is minic go bhfuil mothúchán amaideach. Tá an fíor-bhrí le comhionannas caillte againn, ach ní féidir linn an mothúchán a thabhairt suas; mar sin déanaimid an-scríofa chun a fháil amach cad é a bhaineann sé. Rochtain chomhionann ar bhacáin? Is é sin an cheist mhór? Go deimhin? Sin go díreach cad flailing cosúil. Ní fhéadfaimid an fhírinne maidir le comhionannas nó an fhírinne maidir le cearta an duine a fháil ar ais go dtí go n-ath-nascfaimid le fírinne ár n-úinéir. Go dtí sin, is féidir leat a bheith ag súil go mbeidh an mothúchán ag rialú, ach go hacmhainní, díreach mar atá sé ag déanamh níos mó agus níos mó gach lá anois. Teastaíonn níos mó uainn, a Janowiczes. Is eagarthóir sinsearach é Tom Gilson (@TomGilsonAuthor) le The Stream agus údar nó eagarthóir sé leabhar, lena n-áirítear an leabhar Too Good To Be False a scaoileadh le déanaí: Conas a nochtann carachtar neamhtheoranta Íosa a Réaltacht.

Want more information on Nature topics? Find it in The Nature Almanac!Only $5.95 (cheap!) For more info, or to order, click About our book The rough, spiny Fence Swifts are one of the most common lizards in our area. If you walk softly and quietly through upland woods you can often hear them scurrying across tree trunks and rocks in an effort to keep a safe distance between themselves and you. But unlike most animals they seldom disappear but instead peek out from their hiding places to stare curiously at you. Fence Swifts, being fairly large and easily viewed lizards, are one of the better studied species in our fauna. Female Fence Swifts excavate a small hole in soft, well-drained upland soil that receives some sunlight and deposit up to eighteen small, rubbery, nearly round eggs. A well-established and mature female often lays two clutches of eggs per year. After covering and smoothing the soil over the eggs she returns to her territory and leaves the eggs to their fate. The young Fence Swifts - miniature versions of the adults in nearly every detail - emerge in early September and remain together until October when they disperse and enter hibernation in a hollow log or abandoned mouse burrow. They can most commonly be found on logs, rocks and tree trunks on sunny afternoons soaking up rays in upland forests and clearings. Like all baby animals these little lizards will often allow you to get quite close before scampering away to safety. Those who manage to survive their infancy eventually find a small patch of ground where they establish a home range of around a hundred square feet and live out their brief two to three year life span. Here these alert reptiles know every branch, hole, rock and leaf intimately and here they seek out their prey of small beetles and other insect food, dodging birds and snakes intent on making a meal of them. The young grow swiftly and once adult size is reached (about six inches in total length) the males develop patches of intense blue on their sides to advertise their status. Should another fence swift trespass on their turf the two lizards will engage in a series of head-bobbing pushups in order to establish dominance. The more drably colored females also exhibit this behavior. At breeding time the males develop bright pink or reddish patches on their cheeks and throats. One often encounters lizards with short and discolored tails. These are individuals exhibiting regenerated tails who lost their originals to a predator. Like nearly all of our lizards the fence swift has a detachable tail that continues wriggling for some time after it's removed. This wriggling bit of lizard flesh distracts and confuses the predator and allows the lizard to escape. Tails that are the regenerated are always a different - usually darker - color than the rest of the lizard. The information on this page is tailored to Southern Illinois, Southwest Indiana, Western Kentucky, and Southeast Missouri Copyright © 2005 Jim Jung. All rights reserved Some images on this page copyright © 2004 www.clipart.com

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Ar mhaith leat tuilleadh eolais a fháil ar ábhair a bhaineann leis an dúlra? Faigh é in The Nature Almanac!Only $5.95 (cheap!) Le haghaidh tuilleadh eolais, nó chun ordú a dhéanamh, cliceáil Ar ár Leabhar Tá na Fence Swifts garbh, spiniúil ar cheann de na liathróidí is coitianta inár gceantar. Má théann tú go mall agus go ciúin trí fhoraois ardteannta is minic a chloiseann tú iad ag scrúdú trasna trunks crainn agus carraigeacha i iarracht a choinneáil ar fad sábháilte eatarthu féin agus tú. Ach murab ionann agus an chuid is mó d'ainmhithe, is annamh a imíonn siad ach ina ionad sin, cuireann siad súil amach as a n-áit choimeádta chun breathnú go fiosrach ort. Tá na hIarbháin Fhearainn, a bhfuil siad go leor mór agus go héasca le feiceáil, ar cheann de na speicis is fearr a staidéar inár bhfóin. Déantar an t-eagrán beag a dhúnadh i dtír íseal íogair, dea-dhraenáilte, a fhaigheann roinnt solas na gréine agus a chuireann suas le ochtó uibheacha beaga, rubair, beagnach cruinn. Is minic a bhíonn mná fásta agus fásta go maith ag cur dhá chló de uibheacha in aghaidh na bliana. Tar éis di an talamh a chlúdach agus a shleamhnú thar na huibheacha téann sí ar ais chuig a chríoch agus fágann sí na huibheacha dá ndeireadh. Tagann na Fence Swifts óga - leaganacha beaga de na daoine fásta i mbeagnach gach mionsonraí - amach go luath i mí Mheán Fómhair agus fanann siad le chéile go dtí Deireadh Fómhair nuair a scaiptear iad agus a théann siad i hibernation i gcorp hollow nó i mbúr na luch a fhágtar. Is minic a fhaightear iad ar bhlocanna, ar charraigí agus ar chnoic crainn ar tráthnónaí gréineacha ag cur suas grian i bhforaoisí agus i gclárúcháin ar ardlíne. Cosúil le gach ainmhí leanbh, is minic a ligfidh na liathróidí beaga seo duit dul go leor gar duit sula dtéann siad ar shiúl go sábháilte. Na cinn a éiríonn leo a n-óige a mhaireachtáil sa deireadh a aimsiú píosa beag talún áit a mbunaíonn siad raon baile de thart ar céad troigh cearnach agus maireann siad amach a saolré gairid dhá nó trí bliana. Anseo, tá a fhios ag na greamaigh aireach seo gach brainse, poll, carraige agus duilleag go pearsanta agus anseo cuireann siad a n-íobairt de beetles beaga agus bia feithidí eile, ag díriú ar éin agus ar nathracha atá beartaithe bia a dhéanamh orthu. Fásann na daoine óga go tapa agus nuair a shroich siad méid fásta (thart ar sé orlach ar fad) forbraíonn na fir pataí gorma dian ar a gcuid taobhanna chun a stádas a fhógairt. Má thrasnaíonn fál eile go tapa ar a gcuid troscán, cuirfidh an dá liathróid páirt i sraith de pushups ceann-bobbing d'fhonn ceannas a bhunú. Léiríonn na mná a bhfuil dath níos drabbly orthu an iompar seo freisin. Ag am na hairíonna, bíonn plátaí rós-dearg nó dearg-dearg ar a n-ainnill agus ar a gcroí. Is minic a bhíonn duine ag teacht ar léigí le eireaball gearr agus díleata. Is daoine iad seo a léiríonn na scuaba athghiniúna a chaill a gcuid bunaidh le dílseoir. Cosúil le beagnach gach ceann dár léigí, tá an eireaball fearainn is féidir a bhaint as a bhfuil ag leanúint ag cur isteach ar feadh tamaill tar éis é a bhaint. Déanann an píosa feola liathróid seo an creachadóir a mhealladh agus a chur i bhfolach agus ceadaíonn sé don liathróid éalú. Tá an dath a bhíonn ar na tails atá athghiniúna i gcónaí difriúil - de ghnáth níos dorcha - ná dath an chuid eile den léigín. Tá an fhaisnéis ar an leathanach seo oiriúnaithe do Dheisceart Illinois, Deisceart Indiana, Iarthar Kentucky, agus Oirdheisceart Missouri Cóipcheart © 2005 Jim Jung. Coimeádtar na cearta go léir Tá roinnt pictiúir ar an leathanach seo cóipcheart © 2004 www.clipart.com

To date, there only exists two methods of water purification ie: Distillation & RO. RO, also known as hyper-filtration, being the most effective, affordable & finest filtration available. RO was developed in the late 1950’s by the USA Government for the use in the US Navy (as a method of desalination of seawater). It is the most common treatment technology used by premium bottled water companies and NASA also uses it for their manned space programs. RO is effective in eliminating or substantially reducing a very wide array of contaminants, and of all technologies used to treat drinking water in residential applications, it has the greatest range of contaminant removal. Reverse osmosis will allow the removal of particles as small as individual ions. The pores in a reverse osmosis membrane are only approximately 0.0005 micron in size (bacteria are 0.2 to 1 micron & viruses are 0.02 to 0.4 microns). Very cost effective in the long term, costing as little as 10c / L of pure water once purchase price, annual maintenance & water costs are factored in. To reduce membrane fouling and to maintain optimal performance, it is important to ensure that scheduled annual replacements of filters are followed, while the reverse osmosis membrane should be replaced every 5-7 years. How effective is boiling water? Boiling will not provide any safeguard against other things such as heavy metals, pesticides, herbicides, pharmaceuticals etc that may contaminate a water supply. It may remove chemicals which have a lower boiling point than water but what about the others? Neither does it remove turbidity, foul tastes and odours. In short, boiling water does not purify your water. It is certainly effective at eliminating the target pathogens but will not be effective against other contaminants - you really need a decent water purifier for that. However, drinking boiled water is certainly better than dehydration. With the growing number of toxic substances and the increase in sources of contamination, purified water is more important than ever for continued good health. There are a few drawbacks to this method : It can require lots of fuel and cooking equipment, water cannot be used immediately, as it needs to cool down, since it is so hot, some of the water may evaporate before its use, and the water can still contain particles, so further filtering may be necessary. Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/1383221

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Go dtí seo, níl ach dhá mhodh ann chun uisce a íonú, is é sin: díothú & RO. RO, ar a dtugtar hipear-sceitheadh freisin, mar an scagadh is éifeachtaí, is inacmhainne agus is fearr atá ar fáil. Forbraíodh RO ag deireadh na 1950idí ag Rialtas na Stát Aontaithe le húsáid i Mharraige na Stát Aontaithe (mar mhodh díshalannú uisce farraige). Is é an teicneolaíocht cóireála is coitianta é a úsáideann cuideachtaí uisce buidéil préimhe agus úsáideann NASA é freisin dá gcuid cláir spáis daonna. Tá RO éifeachtach chun réimse an-leathan truailleán a dhíchur nó a laghdú go suntasach, agus de na teicneolaíochtaí go léir a úsáidtear chun uisce óil a chóireáil in iarratais chónaitheacha, tá an raon is mó de dhíothú truailleán aige. Ligeann osmosis aistrithe deighiltí chomh beag le héiúin aonair a bhaint. Níl ach thart ar 0.0005 micreon de mhéid na pores i mbramán osmosis aistrithe (baictéir 0.2 go 1 micreon & víris 0.02 go 0.4 micreon). Tá an-éifeachtúil ó thaobh costais de san fhadtéarma, ag costas chomh beag le 10c / L d'uisce íon nuair a chuirtear praghas ceannaigh, cothabháil bhliantúil agus costais uisce san áireamh. Chun truailliú an mhéibhráin a laghdú agus feidhmíocht is fearr a choinneáil, tá sé tábhachtach a chinntiú go leanfar athsholáthar sceidealta bliantúil scagairí, agus ba cheart an mhéibhrán osmóis a athsholáthar gach 5-7 bliana. Cé chomh héifeachtach is atá uisce fiuchta? Ní sholáthróidh boil aon chosaint i gcoinne rudaí eile mar mheatailtí trom, lotnaidicídí, luibheacháin, cógaisíochta srl a d'fhéadfadh soláthar uisce a thruailliú. D'fhéadfadh sé ceimiceáin a bhfuil pointe fiuchphointe níos ísle acu ná uisce a bhaint, ach cad faoi na cinn eile? Ní chuireann sé an t-amhras, na blasanna agus na boladh olc ar shiúl. Go hachomair, ní dhéanann uisce fiuchphointe do chuid uisce a íonú. Is cinnte go bhfuil sé éifeachtach chun na paiteogain sprioc a dhíchur ach ní bheidh sé éifeachtach i gcoinne truaillithe eile - ní mór duit glanóir uisce decent a úsáid chun é sin a dhéanamh. Mar sin féin, is cinnte go bhfuil uisce bruite a ól níos fearr ná díhiodráitiú. De bharr líon na substaintí tocsaineacha atá ag méadú agus de bharr na bhfoinsí truaillithe atá ag méadú, tá uisce íon níos tábhachtaí ná riamh chun go mbeidh sláinte mhaith ann. Tá roinnt míbhuntáistí ag an modh seo: Is féidir go n-éilíonn sé go leor breosla agus trealamh cócaireachta, ní féidir uisce a úsáid láithreach, mar is gá í a fhuaraithe, ós rud é go bhfuil sí an-te, d'fhéadfadh cuid den uisce a bheith ag dul i ngleic le haeráil sula n-úsáidtear í, agus d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh páirteanna fós sa uisce, mar sin d'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh gá le breiseán breise. Foinse Airteagal: http://EzineArticles.com/1383221

Choice About Unc (10: 3,3,4) This issue carries one of the greatest histories of any coin from the Mint of the United States. It is now accepted to be the first coinage issue from the United States. A meager 1,500 pieces were struck from 75 Spanish silver dollars deposited by Thomas Jefferson on July 11, 1792. From Jefferson's own notebook he wrote: "Delivd. 75 D at the mint to be coined". Two days later, on July 13, he wrote: "Recd. From the mint 1500 half-dimes of the new coinage." Following this transaction Jefferson left Philadelphia for Monticello. On this journey, Jefferson made many purchases that were denominated in half dimes. Prior to this journey, his transactions were noted in odd amounts, typically pounds, shillings and pence. President Washington, in his 1792 State of the Union address, given on November 6, 1792, he told of the new coinage: "In execution of the authority given by the Legislature measures have been taken for engaging some artists from abroad to aid in the establishment of our mint. Others have been employed at home. Provision has been made of the requisite buildings, and these are now putting into proper condition for the purposes of the establishment. There has also been a small beginning in the coinage of half dimes, the want of small coins in circulation calling the first attention to them." About 400 examples survive, mostly in low grade, as these were spent by Jefferson during the Summer of 1792. Being a 5-cent coin in an era when the half-real was valued at 6 cents, these were spent rather than saved. Slightly over 100 examples are certified by PCGS and NGC. A few spectacular examples survive, these being gifts to the President, Director of the Mint and other dignitaries who showed interest. The examples that were spent circulated extensively. As many as 90% of the surviving issue are struck on planchets that have roller marks. These lines, which look like adjustment marks, are from the crude rolling out of the silver bars. The present example is one of the few examples missing these marks. This issue is also normally found with one die off-center. The present example is an exception as well. The present piece is a beautiful wholesome example which shows only light circulation wear. A light violet tone enhances the surfaces. A few light hairlines are present. A few light scratches are visible - from the A in HALF to N in UNITED and from the eagle's tail to the I in AMERICA. A few old stains are also visible. Altogether an attractive example for the grade.

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https://www.indiancent.com/index.php/1792-h10c-bust-half-disme-pcgs-au50-our-nation-s-first-coinage-14058.html

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en

Rogha Maidir Unc (10: 3,3,4) Tá an t-eagrán seo ar cheann de na stairiúlachtaí is mó de aon airgead tirim ó Mint na Stát Aontaithe. Glactar leis anois gurb é an chéad eisiúint monaíochta ó na Stáit Aontaithe é. Bhí 1,500 píosa beag ceaptha as 75 dollar airgid Spáinnis a thaisceadh ag Thomas Jefferson ar an 11 Iúil, 1792. Ó nótaí Jefferson féin scríobh sé: "Delivd. 75 D ag an mint a mhianadh. " Dhá lá ina dhiaidh sin, ar an 13 Iúil, scríobh sé: "Recd. Ó na mint 1500 leath-dimes an coinage nua. " Tar éis an idirbhirt seo d'fhág Jefferson Philadelphia go Monticello. Ar an turas seo, rinne Jefferson go leor ceannacháin a bhí ainmnithe i leath dimes. Roimh an turas seo, tugadh a ghnóthachain in méideanna gan chomhionannas, de ghnáth punt, sceilingí agus pinsean. Dúirt an tUachtarán Washington, ina óráid ar Staid an Aontais 1792, a thug sé ar 6 Samhain 1792, faoin gcinn nua: "I gcur i bhfeidhm an údaráis a thug an t-Aonad Reachtach, rinneadh bearta chun roinnt ealaíontóirí a fhostú ó thar lear chun cabhrú lenár gcinn. Tá cuid eile fostaithe sa bhaile. Tá na foirgnimh riachtanacha curtha ar fáil, agus tá siad seo á chur i riocht cuí anois chun críocha an bhunaidh. Bhí tús beag ann freisin i gcinn an leath-dime, agus is é an gá atá le hairgead beag i gcúrsaíocht an chéad aird a tharraingt orthu". Tá thart ar 400 sampla fós ann, den chuid is mó i rang íseal, mar a chaith Jefferson iad seo le linn Samhradh 1792. Ós rud é go raibh sé ina chló 5 cent in aois nuair a bhí luach 6 cent ar an leath-réal, chaith siad iad seo seachas iad a shábháil. Tá beagán níos mó ná 100 sampla de dheimhnithe ag PCGS agus NGC. Tá cúpla sampla iontach fós ann, agus is bronntanais iad seo don Uachtarán, Stiúrthóir an Mint agus dignitaries eile a léirigh spéis. Bhí na samplaí a chaitear scaipthe go forleathan. Tá suas le 90% den eisiúint a mhair á bhualadh ar phláinéid a bhfuil marcanna rolla acu. Tá na línte seo, a bhfuil cuma marcanna coigeartaithe, ó na cruda rolladh amach as na barraí airgid. Tá an sampla seo ar cheann de na cúpla sampla nach bhfuil na marcanna seo ann. Is gnách go bhfaightear an cheist seo freisin le dísle amháin as lár. Is eisceacht é an sampla atá i láthair freisin. Is sampla álainn sláintiúil é an píosa seo nach léiríonn ach caitheamh cuairte ach éadrom. Cuireann ton violeta éadrom na dromchlaí chun cinn. Tá cúpla líne gruaige éadrom i láthair. Tá cúpla scratch éadrom le feiceáil - ó A i HALF go N i UNITED agus ó chúl an eacha go dtí an I i AMERICA. Tá cúpla sean-scéal le feiceáil freisin. Ar an iomlán sampla tarraingteach don grád.

Fat is a heterogeneous mixture of lipids, predominantly triglycerides but also includes phospholipids, glycolipids and sterols. Triacylglycerols (triglycerides) are the principal dietary lipids which are stored in fat stores in humans and consist of esters of fatty acids, both saturated and unsaturated and glycerol. Phospholipids contain phosphoric acid as a mono or diester. Glycolipids contain between one and four linked monosaccharide residues joined through a glycosyl linkage to a lipid ( diacylglycerol or sphingosine) Cholesterol, cholesterol ester and phospholipids are important in the structure of cell membranes, mitochondria, lysosomes and the endoplasmic reticulum. Lipids are important in providing insulation against the cold. The principal dietary sources of fat are dairy products, meat, margarine and other fats, biscuits, cakes and pastries. Plant storage fats are present in nuts, cereal grains and fruits such as the avocado. Other dietary lipids include cooking fats, salad oils and mayonnaise. Eggs are a source of lipid, predominantly saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, lipoprotein, triacylglycerols, cholesterol and phospholipids. Many foods contain structural fats, phospholipids and glycolipids, cholesterol and plant sterols. Eating brain as a food provides animal sphingolipids to the diet. Dairy products contain milk fat globule membranes. Green leafy vegetables contain galactolipids and there are membrane lipids in cereal, grains, vegetables and fruit. Major lipid categories Saturated fatty acids Most saturated fatty acids are straight-chain structures with an even number of carbon atoms. Saturated fatty acids have a basic formula CH3(CH2)nCOOH where n can be any even number from 2 upwards. Almost without exception dietary fatty acids are formed as even numbers of carbons in an unbranched chain. In naturally occurring lipids the number of carbons in the chain ranges from two to more than 30, the most common fatty acid being palmitic, n = 14 and stearic acid, n = 16. Unsaturated fatty acids Unsaturated fatty acids contain double bonds, and are of nutritional and biological importance. Removal of hydrogen bonds results in ethylenic double bonds which are unsaturated. The hydrogen atoms on either side of the double bond in the fatty acid molecules are of cis geometrical configuration or trans configuration These are stereoisomers in that the two forms differ in the arrangement of their atoms in space; cis- means that the hydrogens are on the same side (the most common configuration for fatty acids in nature), whereas in trans the hydrogens are on the opposite side. This results in differing physical properties and response to enzymatic attack. Monoenoic unsaturated fatty acids These contain one unsaturated double bond. The more common have an even number of carbon atoms with chain length of 16–22 carbons and a double bond in the cis – form, often in the delta 9 (D 9 )position. A double bond causes restriction in the movement of the acyl chain at that point. The cis configuration introduces a kink into the average molecular shape. This means that the cis form is less stable thermodynamically and has a lower melting point than the trans form. Polyunsaturated fatty acids These are derived from monoenoic fatty acids, the position of the second double bond being dictated by the synthetic processes. Mammalian enzymes may only remove hydrogen atoms between an existing double bond and the carboxyl group. Further desaturation has to be preceded by chain elongation. Unsaturated fats with one or more cis double bond are more common in natural lipids than are trans. The cis bond affects the linearity of the chain of methylene groups in that the molecule folds back on itself. Polyunsaturated fats are susceptible to oxidation but are protected by natural antioxidants, e.g. vitamin E. Nomenclature of polyunsaturated fatty acids There are several nomenclatures for the polyunsaturated fatty acids. The nomenclature may be based on the saturated parent acid, number of carbon atoms and position of the double bonds. The differences are dictated by whether the numbering is taken from the methyl or carboxyl (COOH) end. Numbering from the carboxyl end is the chemical nomenclature and called the Geneva system. Numbering is from the carbon 1 carboxyl group A short-hand system indicates the number of double bonds: stearic acid C 18:0 and oleic or elaidic acid C 18:1. The position of the double bond is given by cis-9-, 18:1 (oleic acid), or trans-9, 18:1 (elaidic acid). An important aspect of unsaturated fatty acids is the opportunity for isomerism, which may be either positional or geometric. Positional isomerism occurs when double bonds are located at different positions in the carbon chain. A 16-carbon mono unsaturated fatty acid may have positional isomeric forms with double bonds at C7 and C9. These are called D 7 and D 9, the position of unsaturation is numbered with reference to the first of the pair of carbon atoms between the double bond. Linoleic acid can be written as cis (D -9 ), cis(D -12–18 :2) or (cis, cis)9,12-octadecadienoic acid, showing that it is an 18-carbon fatty acid with cis double bonds 9 and 12 carbons from the carboxyl end. The alternative nutritional or biological system uses the prefix n — or historically v . In this system the numbering is from the terminal methyl end. The main dietary unsaturated fatty acids families are n-3, n-6, n-7, n-9. This numbering system is determined by the position of the first double bond from the methyl carbon atom (Figure 12.3 ). This double bond determines the number of double bonds which can be inserted. Essential fatty acids The essential fatty acids and their longer-chain molecular products are necessary for the maintenance of growth, good health and reproduction. They are important in biological membranes and affect the permeability of the membrane to water and sugars and metal ions, and also eicosanoid synthesis. All essential fatty acids are polyunsaturated fats.. Essential fatty acid activity depends on the presence of a cis-9, cis-12 methylene-interrupted double bond system. If the double bond is converted from cis into trans this essential biological activity disappears. The process of desaturation and elongation is important in the tissue synthesis of some polyunsaturated fats. The parent unsaturated fatty acids are extended by alternate desaturation, i.e. the introduction of a double bond and chain-lengthening reactions. There are limited enzymes involved in these reactions and fatty acids from each family compete for the enzymes. Linoleic acid and a -linolenic acid are the preferred substrates. Arachidonic acid, the main product of the elongation and desaturation of linoleic acid, has essential fatty acid activity but is only essential when insufficient of its precursor linoleic acid is available. Humans and other animals are unable to insert double bonds into fatty acids at carbon position 12 and 15 towards the methyl end of the fatty acid chain therefore linoleic and a -linolenic acids cannot be synthesised and are therefore essential. desaturate fatty acids. There are three distinct non-interconvertible families of fatty acid. Polyunsaturation is undertaken by three desaturases, D 4, 5 and 6 which introduce double bonds between carbon atoms 4–5, 5–6 and 6–7. The fatty acids which have a double bond at n-3, n-6, n-7 and n-9 cannot be interconverted in animal tissues. The parent substrates for desaturation are oleic, linoleic and a -linolenic acids. They give rise to a series of fatty acid families: The essential fatty acids all belong to the n-3 and n-6 groups, but not n-7 or n-9. • The n-3 family, originates from a -linolenic acid n-3; a -linolenic acid: cis, cis, cis-9, 12,15 (C-18:3) is the parent fatty acid. a -Linolenic acid (C-18:3, n-3) can add methylene groups to increase the chain length to eicosapentaenoic acid. • The n-6 family, originates from linoleic acid n6; linoleic acid: cis, cis-9,12 (C-18:2) is the parent fatty acid, with the n-6 numbering from the methyl end. Linoleic acid can be extended to gamma ( g ) -linolenic and arachidonic acids (C-20:4, n-6) • The n-9 family, originates from oleic acid n-9; a non-essential fatty acid family. Oleic acid (cis-9,C-18:1) is the parent fatty acid. Oleic acid can increase the chain length to become eicosatrienoic acid. Deficiency of essential fatty acids in adults is rare but has been seen in children fed virtually fat-free diets. The skin abnormalities were those previously seen in experimental animals with dermatosis of the skin, increased water permeability, increased sebum secretion and decreased epithelial hypoplasia. The n-3 fatty acids (parent a -linolenic acid) are important components of brain and retinal lipid tissue. These fatty acids cannot be synthesised in the animal and their dietary provision may be particularly important in early life for brain development. Trans fatty acids Fatty acids with trans bonds may also be monounsaturated or polyunsaturated, with cis and trans bonds within the same molecules. The biohydrogenation of fats in the rumen of ruminants can result in the production of trans fatty acids. Trans fatty acids, in addition to occurring naturally, can be formed during the partial hydrogenation of a cis unsaturated fatty acid. Conjugated fatty acids Conjugated linoleic acid is a collective term for a mix of geometric and positional isomers of octadecadienoic acid ( 18 : 2 ) where the double bonds are conjugated rather than methylene separated as in linoleic acid. Recommended intake of fatty acids Dietary expert committees have recommended a reduction of the fat content of the diet to 30–35% of energy and that unsaturated fatty acids should be increased and saturated fatty acids should provide only 10% of food energy. A Report of the British Nutrition Foundation Task Force in 1992 suggests that this is achievable by eating fewer meat products, dairy products and baked foods and by eating more oily fish (herring, mackerel, sardine and salmon) fruit, vegetable and wholemeal cereals. Saturated fat should be replaced by starch in the form of bread, cereals, fruit and vegetables. The properties of trans fatty acids and their contribution to the diet are not fully understood, though the UK COMA committee suggested that they should not contribute more than 2% of total fat intake. Intakes of essential fatty acids in Great Britain have been suggested to be 10 g/kg of food /day ( 2% energy intake ) of n-6 fatty acids and 1-2 g / day of n-3 fatty acids. The main daily dietary sources of n-6 fatty acids are vegetables, fruits and nuts (3.0 g), cereal products (2.6 g) and vegetable oils (2.4 g). The main sources of n-3 fatty acids are vegetables (0.4 g), meat and meat products (0.3 g), cereal products (0.3 g) and fat spreads (0.3 g). Most adult western diets provide 15–18 g of essential fatty acids and in general , healthy individuals have body reserves of 1000–2000 g in their adipose tissue. Human milk is rich in linoleic acid (C18 : 2), and is important for the development of infants and their brain structure . The linoleic acid content of milk lipids varies in amount (3–12%), being dependent upon maternal dietary intake and possibly smoking habit. a -Linolenic acid (C 18:3) contributes 0.4 % of human milk and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA (22 : 6)) contributes 0.2%of human milk. Infant formula feeds do not always meet these requirements. Pregnant and lactating women Their requirements are similar to other adult recommendations. n-6/n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acid ratios In human milk the ratio of n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is of the order of 11:1. Monounsaturated fatty acids An intake of total monounsaturated fats 15% (oleic acid 12%) of total energy intake has been recommended for adults. The other lipids eg cholesterol are adequately synthesised by the body and there is no dietary requirements of these. 1. Dietary fat is a heterogeneous mixture of lipids, predominantly triglycerides but also includes phospholipids and sterols. 2. Fatty acids have a basic formula CH3 (CH2)n-COOH where n can be any even number from 2 upwards. Unsaturated fatty acids are important nutritionally and biologically. There are several nomenclatures for the unsaturated fatty acids which may be based on the saturated parent acid, the number of carbon atoms and position of the double bonds. The differences are dictated by whether the numbering is taken from the methyl or carboxyl end. The four main dietary unsaturated fatty acid families are n-3, n-6, n-7 and n-9. This numbering system is determined by the position of the first double bond from the methyl carbon atom. The essential fatty acids and their longer-chain molecular products are necessary for the maintenance of growth, good health and reproduction. The essential fatty acids all belong to the n-3 and n-6 groups, linoleic acid (n-6) and a -linolenic acid (n-3). The fatty acids which have a double bond at, n-3, n-6, cannot be synthesised by humans and are therefore essential in the diet. Glycerol (1,2,3-propanetriol) is the alcohol present in the natural triester glycerides, phospholipids and waxes. 6. The functions of lipids are structural, storage and metabolic, although individual lipids may have several different roles. 7. Structural lipids are important at surfaces and in membranes, functioning as barriers between one environment and another. Such barriers are able to exclude water and other molecules. 8. . Food fats are the storage fats of animals and plants. The high-energy densities of triacylglycerols make them ideal as long-term fuel sources. The fatty acid composition of storage lipids is very variable and depends on the composition of the diet. 9. Cholesterol is a structural component of cell walls and membranes, precursor of bile acids, of adrenal and gonadal hormones and vitamin D. It can also accumulate in atheromatous lesions of arterial walls. Cholesterol belongs to the family of steroidal alcohols containing between 27 and 30 carbon atoms and exists as the free sterol or as esters with fatty acids. 10. The more common sterols are found in higher animals and plants, with the exception of ergosterol, found in yeasts. Sterols are also found in fungi, algae and marine invertebrates. 11. The fat content of the diet should be 30–35% of the dietary energy content. Unsaturated fatty acids should replace saturated fatty acids and provide 10% of food energy. A ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids should be more than 0.45, even approaching 1.0; a mixture of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fats and mono-oleic acid should be a target. Human milk is rich in linoleic acid (C18:2, n-6), and is important for the development of infants.

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CC-MAIN-2021-04

https://www.nutrition-nutritionists.com/nutrients-and-non-nutrients/lipids/

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en

Is meascán heterogánach lipidí é saille, triglycerides den chuid is mó ach áirítear fosfolipidí, glioclipidí agus sterolaí ann freisin. Is iad na trí-gliaceróil (trigliacerídí) na príomh-lípidí bia a stóráiltear i stóráil saille i ndaoine agus is é is é atá iontu ná eistear d'aigéid shailleacha, an dá sháithithe agus neamhsháithithe agus glioséarol. Tá aigéad fosfaireach mar mono nó diester i bhfospholipidí. Tá idir ceann amháin agus ceithre iarmhar monosaccharide nasctha i gclóipidí a bhfuil nasc glycosyl acu le lipid (diacylglycerol nó sphingosine) Tá tábhacht ag colesterol, éistear colesterol agus fosfolipidí i struchtúr membráin chealla, miotóchondria, lysosomes agus an reticulum endoplasmic. Tá lipidí tábhachtach chun insliú a sholáthar i gcoinne an fuar. Is iad na príomhfhoinsí saille sa réim bia táirgí déiríochta, feoil, margarín agus saill eile, biscuit, cácaí agus pastries. Tá saillte stórála plandaí i ndíolaí, gráin ghránna agus torthaí mar an avocado. I measc líbeanna bia eile tá saill cócaireachta, olaí salada agus maighnéis. Is foinse líbeid iad uibheacha, aigéid shailleacha satraithe agus monoinsaturated den chuid is mó, lipoprotein, triacylglycerols, colesterol agus fosfolipidí. Tá saill struchtúracha, fosfolipidí agus glioclipidí, colesterol agus steiróil phlandaí i go leor bianna. Tugann an t-amhrán a ithe mar bhia sphingolipids ainmhithe don aiste bia. Tá membráin glúbúl saille bainne i dtáirgí déiríochta. Tá galactolipidí i nglasraí duilleacha glas agus tá lipidí membrane i nglasraí, gráin, glasraí agus torthaí. Príomhchatagóirí lípíd Aigéid shailleacha sáithithe Tá an chuid is mó d'aigéid shailleacha sáithithe struchtúir shlí-shlabhra le líon cothrom atamaí carbóin. Tá foirmle bunúsach ag aigéid shailleacha líonta CH3 ((CH2) nCOOH áit ar féidir le n a bheith ina uimhir phéire ar bith ó 2 suas. Is beagnach gan eisceacht a fhoirmítear aigéid sailleacha aiste bia mar líon fiú carbóin i slabhra neamhbhrainse. I lipidí a tharlaíonn go nádúrtha, tá líon na gcarbóin sa slabhra idir dhá agus níos mó ná 30, is é an aigéad sailleach is coitianta ná palmitic, n = 14 agus aigéad stearic, n = 16. Aigéid shailleacha neamhsháithithe Tá na haigéid sailleacha neamhsháithithe ina gceangal dúbailte, agus tá tábhacht cothaitheach agus bitheolaíoch acu. Mar thoradh ar na bannaí hidrigine a bhaint, bíonn na bannaí dúbailte eitiléineacha neamhsháithithe. Tá na héadromáin hidrigine ar gach taobh den nasc dhúbailte i móilíní aigéid sailleacha de chumraíocht gheoiméadacha cis nó cumraíocht tras. Is stereoisomers iad seo sa mhéid go bhfuil na dhá fhoirm éagsúil i socrú a n-adamaí sa spás; cis- ciallaíonn go bhfuil na hidrigíní ar an taobh céanna (an chumraíocht is coitianta do aigéid sailleacha san nádúr), ach i trans tá na hidrigíní ar an taobh eile. Mar thoradh air sin tá airíonna fisiciúla agus freagra ar ionsaí einsíméadach éagsúla. Aigéid shailleacha mono-eócha neamhsháithithe Tá nasc dúbailte neamhsháithithe amháin acu. Tá líon cothrom atamacha carbóin ag na cinn is coitianta le fad slabhra de 1622 carbóin agus nasc dhúbailte sa fhoirm cis , go minic sa phost delta 9 (D 9 ). Tá srian ag nasc dhúbailte i ngluaiseacht an slabhra aicil ag an bpointe sin. Cuireann an cumraíocht cis kink isteach sa ghnáthfhoirm mhóilíneach. Ciallaíonn sé seo go bhfuil an fhoirm cis níos lú seasmhach ó thaobh teirmodinimice de agus go bhfuil pointe leá níos ísle aige ná an fhoirm tras. Aigéid shailleacha il-neamhsháithithe Déantar iad seo a dhíorthaítear ó aigéid shailleacha monoeonacha, agus is iad na próisis shintéiseacha a chuireann an dara nasc dúbailte i bhfeidhm. Ní féidir le heinsímí mamaigh ach atamaí hidrigine a bhaint idir nasc dhúbailte atá ann agus an grúpa carboxyl. Ní mór síneadh slabhra a dhéanamh roimh an dí-sháithint breise. Tá saillte neamhsháithithe le nasc dúbailte cis amháin nó níos mó níos coitianta i lipidí nádúrtha ná iad a thras. Bíonn tionchar ag an nasc cis ar líneas na slabhra de ghrúpaí meitileine sa mhéid go dtéann an móilín ar ais air féin. Tá saill il-neamhsháithithe in ann ocsaídiú a dhéanamh ach déantar iad a chosaint ag frithocsaídeoirí nádúrtha, e.g. vitimín E. Ainmníocht aigéid shailleacha il-neamhsháithithe Tá roinnt ainmníochtaí ann do na haigéid shailleacha il-neamhsháithithe. Féadfaidh an t-ainmhíniú a bheith bunaithe ar an aigéad maireachtála maireachtála, ar líon na n-aotamaí carbóin agus ar shuíomh na mbreitheanna dúbailte. Tá na difríochtaí de réir an bhfuil an uimhriú tógtha ón deireadh meitile nó carboxyl (COOH). Tá an t-ainmníocht cheimiceach agus glactar leis an gcóras Ghinéiv. Tá uimhriú ó ghrúpa carbósaíl carbóin 1 Léiríonn córas gearr-láimhe líon na mbreitheanna dúbailte: aigéad stearóideach C 18:0 agus aigéad oleic nó elaidic C 18:1. Tugtar suíomh an cheangail dhúbailte ag cis-9-, 18:1 (aigéad oleic), nó tras-9, 18:1 (aigéad elaidic). Is gné thábhachtach d'aigéid shailleacha neamhsháithithe an deis atá acu isomerism a bheith acu, a d'fhéadfadh a bheith suímhúil nó geoimeatrach. Tarlaíonn isomerism suímh nuair a bhíonn na bannaí dúbailte suite ag suíomhanna éagsúla sa slabhra carbóin. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh foirmeacha isóimearacha suímhúla ag aigéad sailleach neamhsháithithe mono 16 carbóin le bannaí dúbailte ag C7 agus C9. Tugtar D 7 agus D 9 orthu seo, agus déantar an suíomh neamhsháithithe a uimhriú i ndáil leis an gcéad cheann de na péire atamaí carbóin idir an nasc dhúbailte. Is féidir aigéad linólach a scríobh mar aigéad cis (D -9 ), cis ((D -12 18 :2) nó (cis, cis) 9,12-octacadienoic, ag léiriú gur aigéad sailleach 18-carbóin é le dé-cheangail cis 9 agus 12 carbóin ón deireadh carbósaíle. Úsáideann an córas cothaithe nó bitheolaíoch malartach an réamhtheachta n nó go stairiúil v. Sa chóras seo, is ón deireadh meitile críochnaitheach a bhíonn an uimhriú. Is iad na príomh-fhineacha aigéid sailleacha neamhsháithithe sa bhia ná n-3, n-6, n-7, n-9. Cinntear an córas uimhrithe seo de réir shuíomh an chéad cheangail dhúbailte ón atóm carbóin meitili (Figiúr 12.3). Cinntíonn an nasc dúbailte seo líon na nasc dúbailte is féidir a chur isteach. Aigéid sailleacha riachtanacha Tá na haigéid sailleacha riachtanacha agus a dtáirgí móilíneacha lánán fada riachtanach chun fás, dea-shláinte agus atáirgeadh a chothabháil. Tá siad tábhachtach i mbramáin bhitheolaíocha agus bíonn tionchar acu ar thréimhseacht an bhramáin d'uisce agus siúcraí agus iainí miotail, agus ar shintéis eicosanoid freisin. Is saillte il-neamhsháithithe iad na haigéid sailleacha riachtanacha go léir. Braitheann gníomhaíocht easpach aigéid sailleacha ar chóras dé-cheangail cis-9, cis-12 a bhriseann meitileán. Má thiocfaidh an nasc dúbailte chun cinn ó cis go trans, imíonn an ghníomhaíocht bhitheolaíoch riachtanach seo. Tá an próiseas dí-saturation agus elongation tábhachtach i sintéis fíochán roinnt saill il-neamhsháithithe. Tá an t-aigéad sailleach neamhsháithithe tuismitheora leathnaithe trí dhícháithint mhalartach, i.e. athghníomhaíochtaí a bhaineann le nasc dhúbailte agus le hathghníomhartha a fhadú slabhra a thabhairt isteach. Tá ensímí teoranta páirteach sna imoibrithe seo agus déanann aigéid shailleacha ó gach teaghlach dul san iomaíocht ar na ensímí. Is iad aigéad linólach agus aigéad a-linólach na substaintí is fearr. Tá gníomhaíocht aigéid shailleacha riachtanach ag aigéad arachidónach, príomhtháirge an éadaigh agus an dísháileachta aigéad linéil, ach níl sé riachtanach ach amháin nuair nach bhfuil go leor de a réamhtheachtaí aigéad linéil ar fáil. Ní féidir le daoine ná le hainmhithe eile dé-cheangail a chur isteach in aigéid sailleacha ag carbóin 12 agus 15 i dtreo dheireadh meitéil slabhra aigéid sailleacha, dá bhrí sin ní féidir aigéid linólach agus a-linólach a shintéisiú agus tá siad riachtanach dá bhrí sin. aigéid sailleacha dí-sháithithe. Tá trí theaghlach neamh-idir-chomhshógailte ar leith de aigéid sailleacha. Déantar an t-iomláineasáitiú trí dhíshaothras, D 4, 5 agus 6 a chuireann nasc dúbailte idir adamh carbóin 45, 56 agus 67. Ní féidir na haigéid sailleacha a bhfuil nasc dhúbailte acu ag n-3, n-6, n-7 agus n-9 a idir-athrú i bhfíocháin ainmhithe. Is iad na substaintí bunúsacha do dhícháileacht aigéid oleic, linólach agus a-linólach. Tugann siad tús do shraith de theaghlaigh aigéid shailleacha: Baineann na haigéid shailleacha riachtanacha go léir leis na grúpaí n-3 agus n-6, ach ní n-7 nó n-9. • Is as aigéad a - linolenic n-3 a thagann an teaghlach n-3; is é aigéad a - linolenic: cis, cis, cis-9, 12,15 (C-18:3) an t-aigéad sailleach tuismitheora. Is féidir le aigéad -Linolenic (C-18: 3, n-3) grúpaí meitileine a chur leis chun fad na slabhra a mhéadú go dtí aigéad eicosapentaenoic. • Is as aigéad linéil n6 a thagann an teaghlach n-6, agus is é aigéad linéil: cis, cis-9,12 (C-18:2) an t-aigéad sailleach tuismitheoir, agus an uimhreadh n-6 ón deireadh meitile. Is féidir aigéad linólach a leathnú go aigéid gamma (g) -linólach agus arachidónach (C-20: 4, n-6) • Is as aigéad oleic n-9 a thagann an teaghlach n-9, teaghlach aigéid sailleacha neamh-riachtanacha. Is é aigéad oleic (cis-9, C-18:1) an t-aigéad sailleach bunscoile. Is féidir le aigéad oleic an fad slabhra a mhéadú chun bheith ina aigéad eicosatrienoic. Tá easpa aigéid sailleacha riachtanacha i ndaoine fásta annamh ach feictear é i leanaí a thugadh aiste bia beagnach saor ó shaill. Bhí na neamhghnáchtaí craiceann mar a bhí le feiceáil roimhe sin in ainmhithe turgnaimh le dermatosis craiceann, le huisce- insliú méadaithe, le secretion sebum méadaithe agus le hipoplasia epithelial laghdaithe. Is comhpháirteanna tábhachtacha de chealla lipid inchinn agus retinal iad na haigéid shailleacha n-3 (aigéad a - linolenic tuismitheoir). Ní féidir na haigéid shailleacha seo a shintéisiú san ainmhí agus d'fhéadfadh a gcuid soláthair aiste bia a bheith tábhachtach go háirithe go luath sa saol le haghaidh forbairt na hinchinne. Aigéid shailleacha tras Is féidir le aigéid shailleacha a bhfuil bannaí tras a bheith monounsaturated nó polyunsaturated freisin, le bannaí cis agus trans laistigh den mhóilín céanna. Is féidir le bithhiodrogenaíocht sailleanna i rómán na n-imní a bheith mar thoradh ar tháirgeadh aigéid sailleacha trans. Chomh maith le bheith ann go nádúrtha, is féidir aigéid shailleacha tras a fhoirmiú le linn hidrigineadh páirteach aigéad sailleach neamhsháithithe cis. Aigéid shailleacha coigeanta Is téarma comhchoiteann é aigéad linólach cónaigithe le haghaidh meascán de na hísóiméir gheoiméadacha agus suímhigh aigéad octaideacadienóic (18: 2), ina bhfuil na bannaí dúbailte cónaigithe seachas meitéilín ar leithligh mar atá in aigéad linólach. Iontógáil mholta aigéid shailleacha Molann coistí saineolaithe aiste bia go laghdófaí cion saille an aiste bia go 30-35% den fhuinneamh agus gur cheart aigéid shailleacha neamhsháithithe a mhéadú agus níor cheart go soláthródh aigéid shailleacha sháithithe ach 10% den fhuinneamh bia. Tugann Tuarascáil ó Tascfhórsa an Bhunaithe Bia na Breataine i 1992 le fios gur féidir é seo a bhaint amach trí níos lú táirgí feola, táirgí déiríochta agus bianna bácáilte a ithe agus trí níos mó éisc olach (sreang, macraíl, sardaín agus salmón) torthaí, glasraí agus gráin iomlán a ithe. Ba cheart saille líonta a chur in ionad an tsardcha i bhfoirm arán, gráin, torthaí agus glasraí. Níl tuiscint iomlán ar airíonna sailleacha tras agus ar a gcuid ranníocaíochta leis an aiste bia, cé gur mhol coiste COMA na Ríochta Aontaithe nach mór dóibh níos mó ná 2% den iontógáil iomlán saille a chur leis. Moltar a bheith ag glacadh aigéid shailleacha riachtanacha sa Bhreatain Mhór 10 g / kg bia / lá (2% de iontógáil fuinnimh) d'aigéid shailleacha n-6 agus 1-2 g / lá d'aigéid shailleacha n-3. Is iad na príomhfhoinsí laethúla aigéid shailleacha n-6 glasraí, torthaí agus cnónna (3.0 g), táirgí gránaigh (2.6 g) agus olaí glasraí (2.4 g). Is iad na príomhfhoinsí aigéid shailleacha n-3 glasraí (0.4 g), feoil agus táirgí feola (0.3 g), táirgí gránaigh (0.3 g) agus spreads saille (0.3 g). Soláthraíonn formhór na n-aistí bia iarthar d'aosaigh 15-18 g d'aigéid sailleacha riachtanacha agus go ginearálta, tá cúlchistí coirp 1000-2000 g i bhfíochán sailleach ag daoine folláine. Tá aigéad linólach (C18: 2) saibhir i bainne daonna , agus tá sé tábhachtach d'fhorbairt naíonáin agus dá struchtúr inchinne . Tá an méid aigéad linólach a bhíonn i lipidí bainne éagsúil (312%), ag brath ar an gnáth-oideas a itheann an mháthair agus ar an ngnáthamh caitheamh tobac a d'fhéadfadh a bheith aici. a -Cuireann aigéad linólach (C 18:3) 0. 4% de bhainne daonna agus aigéad docosahexaenoic (DHA (22: 6)) 0. 2% de bhainne daonna. Ní chomhlíonann bia cógais do naíonáin na ceanglais seo i gcónaí. Mná atá ag iompar clainne agus ag beathú Tá a gcuid riachtanas cosúil le moltaí eile do dhaoine fásta. cóimheas n-6/n-3 aigéid shailleacha il-neamhsháithithe I bainne daonna tá cóimheas na n-6/n-3 aigéid shailleacha il-neamhsháithithe den ord 11: 1. Aigéid shailleacha monoinsaturated Moltar do dhaoine fásta a bheith ag glacadh 15% de shaillte monounsaturated (aigéad oleic 12%) den iontógáil fuinnimh iomlán. Déantar na lípidí eile, e.g. colesterol, a shintéisiú go leor ag an gcomhlacht agus níl aon riachtanais aiste bia acu. 1. an t-am a bhí ann. Is meascán heterogánach lipidí é saille bia, triglycerides den chuid is mó ach áirítear fosfolipidí agus sterols freisin. 2. Seachadadh. Tá foirmle bunúsach ag aigéid shailleacha CH3 (CH2) n-COOH áit ar féidir le n a bheith ina uimhir phéire ar bith ó 2 suas. Tá aigéid sailleacha neamhsháithithe tábhachtach ó thaobh cothaithe agus bitheolaíoch de. Tá roinnt ainmníochtaí ann do na haigéid sailleacha neamhsháithithe a d'fhéadfadh a bheith bunaithe ar an aigéad maireachtála sháithithe, ar líon na n-aotamaí carbóin agus ar shuíomh na mbreitheanna dúbailte. Déantar na difríochtaí a dheonú ag cibé an bhfuil an uimhriú tógtha ón deireadh meitile nó ón deireadh carbocsaile. Is iad na ceithre phríomhfhine saighdiúirí saighdiúirí neamhsháithithe saothraithe ná n-3, n-6, n-7 agus n-9. Cinntear an córas uimhrithe seo de réir shuíomh an chéad cheangail dhúbailte ón adamh carbóin meitile. Tá na haigéid sailleacha riachtanacha agus a dtáirgí móilíneacha lánán fada riachtanach chun fás, dea-shláinte agus atáirgeadh a chothabháil. Baineann na haigéid shailleacha riachtanacha go léir leis na grúpaí n-3 agus n-6, aigéad linólach (n-6) agus aigéad a -linolenic (n-3). Ní féidir le daoine na haigéid shailleacha a bhfuil nasc dhúbailte acu ag, n-3, n-6 a shintéisiú agus dá bhrí sin tá siad riachtanach sa réim bia. Is é gliceról (1,2,3-propanetriol) an alcól atá i láthair sna gliceridí triéistearacha nádúrtha, sna fosfolipidí agus sna ceirmeacha. 6. Ceacht. Tá feidhmeanna lipidí struchtúrtha, stórála agus meitibileach, cé go bhféadfadh roinnt róil éagsúla a bheith ag lipidí aonair. 7. Ceacht. Tá lipidí struchtúracha tábhachtach ag dromchlaí agus i mbramáin, ag feidhmiú mar bhacainní idir timpeallacht amháin agus timpeallacht eile. Tá na bacainní sin in ann uisce agus móilíní eile a eisiamh. 8. . Is iad saillte bia saillte stórála ainmhithe agus plandaí. Tá dlús ardfhuinnimh na triacylglycerols a dhéanann iad oiriúnach mar fhoinsí breosla fadtéarmacha. Tá comhdhéanamh aigéid shailleacha na lipidí stórála an-athraitheach agus braitheann sé ar chomhdhéanamh an aiste bia. 9. Naoi. Is comhpháirt struchtúrtha de bhallaí agus de mhéibrán cealla é colesterol, réamhtheachtaí aigéid bile, hormónna adrenal agus gonadal agus vitimín D. Is féidir é a charnadh freisin i léachtaí atheromatous de bhallaí arda. Baineann colesterol le teaghlach alcóil stéaróideacha ina bhfuil idir 27 agus 30 adamh carbóin agus tá sé mar an steról saor nó mar eistear le haigéid shailleacha. 10. Tá sé seo fíor? Tá na sterols is coitianta le fáil in ainmhithe agus i bplandaí níos airde, seachas ergosterol, a fhaightear i léitheoirí. Tá sterols le fáil freisin i fungais, algaí agus inbhéartaigh mhuirí. 11. Céard a tharla? Ba cheart go mbeadh 30-35% den ábhar fuinnimh aiste bia saill sa réim bia. Ba cheart do aigéid shailleacha neamhsháithithe a bheith in ionad aigéid shailleacha sháithithe agus 10% den fhuinneamh bia a sholáthar. Ba cheart go mbeadh cóimheas aigéid shailleacha neamhsháithithe le aigéid shailleacha sháithithe níos mó ná 0.45, fiú ag druidim le 1.0; ba cheart meascán de shailleanna ilsháithithe n-6 agus n-3 agus aigéad mono-oleic a bheith mar sprioc. Tá aigéad linólach (C18: 2, n-6) saibhir i bainne daonna agus tá sé tábhachtach d'fhorbairt naíonáin.

On This Page - 1 2400 BC - 2 First Century AD - 3 1858 - 4 1918 - 5 1930 - 6 1930s - 7 1933 - 8 1934 - 9 1942 - 10 1943 - 11 1947 - 12 1949 - 13 1953 - 14 1955 - 15 1960 - 16 1960s - 17 1964 - 18 1967 - 19 1969 - 20 1970 - 21 1971 - 22 1972-1974 - 23 1978 - 24 1989 - 25 1991 The use of Asbestos dates back at least 4,500 years. Evidence found near the Lake Juojärvi, Finland, shows that people used it to make pots and other cooking utensils. In Theophrastus, On Stones, from around 300 BC, there is a reference to a material that is thought to be asbestos. Theophrastus was successor to Aristotle in the Peripatetic school in Greece. Actually the word asbestos comes from the ancient Greek ἄσβεστος, meaning “unquenchable” or “inextinguishable”. First Century AD First Discovery of Asbestos Toxicity Ancient Roman scholar Pliny the Younger (61-112 AD) wrote that slaves who mines and worked with asbestos became ill, though it would be nearly 2,000 years before scientists discovered the cause of this mysterious illness. Birth of Asbestos in U.S. Industry The Johns Company began mining fibrous anthophyllite in 1858 for use as asbestos insulation at the Ward’s Hill quarry in Staten Island, New York. The Industrial Revolution saw a marked increase in asbestos production and use in North America, with the first commercial asbestos mine opening in 1874 in Quebec. U.S. Government Recognizes Asbestos Risk The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics releases a report that reveals abnormally high risk of early death among asbestos workers. Discovery of Asbestosis Dr. E.R.A. Merewether, a famous researcher, publishes first clinical examination of hundreds of workers in the asbestos industry. He found that one out of four workers was suffering from asbestosis. Dr. Merewether further concluded: - That asbestosis was a disease of latency, i.e. that workers exposed to asbestos wouldn’t show signs of injury for many years; - That asbestos dust had to be controlled through ventilation and the use of respirators. - That workers exposed to asbestos should be informed and warned in order to assure a “sane appreciation of the risk.” - That the finished products created dust that should be controlled and minimized. Dr. Merewether’s medical description of asbestos disease mirrors exactly the description of the disease today. His recommendations, if fully implemented by the asbestos industry, would have saved tens of thousands of lives and injuries to American workers. Industry Regulations on UK Asbestos Factories Dr. Merewether and his research partner, Dr. C.W. Price, published a report demonstrating that asbestosis was occurring in workers with as little as nine months of exposure. Thanks to their discoveries, industry regulations were placed on British asbestos factories to protect workers who were exposed to the material. However, the regulations did not apply to workers in other industries who installed or handled asbestos as part of their job. Asbestosis First Reported in America The first report of asbestosis in an American insulation worker came in 1933, though it is speculated that the disease had simply been misdiagnosed as tuberculosis or other pulmonary diseases before then. The Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. found asbestosis in 29 percent of workers in a Johns-Manville asbestos factory, leading to settlements in lawsuits filed by 11 sick employees. Researchers report cases of asbestosis and lung cancer in an asbestos factory. Many of the workers had less than six months of exposure to asbestos. Reports were also published of asbestosis from workplace exposure to products, including boiler workers, custodians and insulators. Warnings of Cancer Risk From Asbestos Exposure Researchers report that lung cancer in building trades workers is likely caused by asbestos. Dr. W.C. Heuper, a noted occupational physician and the first chief of the environmental cancer section of the National Cancer Institute, suggests that asbestos causes Asbestosis as well as cancer in the manufacturing process as well as through finished building products such as insulation and packing materials. In 1949, Dr. Heuper warns that asbestos was a cancer risk to the general population. By this time there were over 200 references in the widely available literature regarding asbestos and disease. First Mesothelioma-Like Tumor Reported The first case of a mesothelioma-like tumor is reported by Dr. Welder in a German study. Dr. Merewether finds that 13% of asbestosis cases also had cancer of the lungs or pleura. Mainstream Acceptance of Harm Caused by Asbestos Encyclopedia Britannica lists asbestos as a recognized cause of occupational and environmental cancer. The Journal of the American Medical Association concludes that asbestos is probably linked to occupational cancer. Mesothelioma Found in Asbestos Workers Mesothelioma is reported in an asbestos insulator worker. A major epidemiological study demonstrates that asbestos workers have a tenfold risk above the general population of contracting lung cancer. Another epidemiological study confirms reports that exposure to asbestos causes mesothelioma. This study also included the children and wives of workers who contracted the disease. Asbestos Industry Ignores Warnings of Health Risks The medical literature continued to identify asbestos as a major carcinogen and environmental hazard, with over 200 publications describing the hazards of asbestos by the end of the 1960s. Notwithstanding this knowledge, and the death that resulted from breathing in the dust from these products, the manufacturers and installers of these materials continued to sell and install asbestos products without warning workers, reducing the dust or substituting equally effective materials in place of the asbestos. Tragically, many companies had secured additional knowledge regarding the connection between asbestos and cancer as early as the 1930s. However, these companies altered research reports to hide these findings from the public. Widespread Disease Found Among Asbestos Workers Dr. Selikoff, a major researcher at Mt. Sinai Hospital in New York, confirms widespread disease among asbestos workers and from family members living with asbestos workers. A large number of job titles were implicated in the report, including construction workers, electricians, plumbers, carpenters, etc. Dr. Selikoff pointed out that asbestos did not “respect” job titles and could harm any person who breathed in asbestos. First Successful Personal Injury Claim in UK A British victim of asbestos exposure in the UK filed a successful personal injury claim in 1967, which was upheld by an appeals court in 1971. The case paved the way for more claims of negligent asbestos exposure by victims suffering from mesothelioma, asbestosis and other related diseases. Asbestos Regulations Revamped The Asbestos Regulations of 1969 updated the UK’s outdated 1931 Industry Regulations, and regulated asbestos beyond just the manufacturing process to include every industry which used or contained asbestos. The regulations required the use of exhaust ventilation, protective equipment and improved handling procedures to limit exposure to asbestos dust. However, these regulations still did not fully eliminate the causes of of asbestos-related diseases. Clear Air Act Approved by Congress Congress passes the Clean Air Act, allowing the Environmental Protection Agency to regulate asbestos as a hazardous air pollutant. First Successful Personal Asbestos Injury Claim in US A federal court issues a verdict of $68,000 against asbestos makers to a worker suffering from asbestosis, the first such decision in the United States to be upheld on appeal in Borel v. Fibreboard Paper Prod. Corp., 493 F.2d 1076 (5th Cir. 1973) Increased Federal Regulation of Asbestos In the U.S., the Occupational Safety and Health Administration sets some limited workplace exposure limits for asbestos, and improves these regulations two years later. Meanwhile, the EPA bans spray-on asbestos insulation as a hazardous material. In the UK, the Health & Safety at Work Act requires employers to limit their employees’ exposure to health risks, and provide workplace information to the public about anything which affects health and safety. U.S. Courts Rule on Asbestos Cover-up South Carolina Circuit Court Judge James Price rules in Barnett v. Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp et al that asbestos companies had undergone “a conscious effort” to suppress information on the dangers of asbestos exposure in order to avoid lawsuits. Meanwhile, the EPA begins a study on a possible ban on the use of asbestos and begins advising building and factory owners about the handling of already-present asbestos. EPA Attempts to Phase Out Asbestos in the U.S. The EPA completes its 10-year study, and announces that it will phase out the use of asbestos in almost all products in the U.S. The EPA also bans the use of asbestos in products that did not contain asbestos prior to the ban. In the UK, a full ban on asbestos use would not happen for another decade. U.S. Court Overturns EPA Asbestos Ban Under pressure from asbestos industry lobbyists, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals overturns the EPA’s ban and phase-out of products containing asbestos. While use of asbestos is still banned in some products by other legislation and regulations, the substance can still be found in dozens of products manufactured today.

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Ar an Leathanach seo - 1 2400 RC - 2 An Chéad Séú haois AD - 3 1858 - 4 1918 - 5 1930 - 6 1930idí - 7 1933 - 8 1934 - 9 1942 - 10 1943 - 11 1947 - 12 1949 - 13 1953 - 14 1955 - 15 1960 - 16 1960idí - 17 1964 - 18 1967 - 19 1969 - 20 1970 - 21 1971 - 22 1972-1974 - 23 1978 - 24 1989 - 25 1991 Tá úsáid asibéist ag dul siar ar a laghad 4,500 bliain. Léiríonn fianaise a fuarthas in aice le Loch Juojärvi, sa Fhionlainn, go raibh daoine ag baint úsáide as é chun potaí agus earraí cócaireachta eile a dhéanamh. I Theophrastus, Ar Charraigí, ó thart ar 300 RC, tá tagairt ann do ábhar a mheastar a bheith ina asbestos. Bhí Theophrastus ina chomharba ar Aristoteles sa scoil Peripatetic sa Ghréig. Go deimhin tagann an focal asbestos ón sean-Gréigis σβεστος, rud a chiallaíonn unquenchable nó inextinguishable. An Chéad Séú haois AD An Chéad Fhaisnéis faoi Toxicity Asbestos Scríobh an t-eolaí Rómhánach d'aois Pliny an Óg (61-112 AD) go raibh sclábhaithe a bhí ag mianadóireacht agus ag obair le asbestos tinn, cé go mbeadh sé beagnach 2,000 bliain sula bhfaca eolaithe an chúis leis an ghalair mistéireach seo. Tús na Asbestos i dTrácht na SA Thosaigh Cuideachta Johns ag mianadóireacht anthophyllite snáithín i 1858 le húsáid mar insliú asbestos ag cearnóg Ward's Hill in Oileán Staten, Nua-Eabhrac. Sa Réabhlóid Thionsclaíoch, bhí méadú suntasach ar tháirgeadh agus ar úsáid asbestos i Meiriceá Thuaidh, agus osclaíodh an chéad mhian asbestos tráchtála i 1874 i Quebec. Aithníonn Rialtas na Stát Aontaithe an Baol Asbestos Scaoileann Biúró Staidrimh Oibre na Stát Aontaithe tuarascáil a nochtann go bhfuil riosca thar a bheith ard báis go luath i measc oibrithe asbestos. Asbestosis a Fhaisnéis Dr. E.R.A. Foilsíonn Merewether, taighdeoir cáiliúil, an chéad scrúdú cliniciúil ar na céadta oibrí sa tionscal aimistéise. Fuair sé amach go raibh duine as gach ceathrar oibrí ag fulaingt as asbestosis. Dúirt an Dr. Merewether ina dhiaidh sin: - Go raibh asbestosis galar latency, ie. go mbeadh oibrithe a bhí nochtaithe don aisibéast gan comharthaí díobhála ar feadh blianta fada; - Ba cheart an deannach asbestos sin a rialú trí aeráil agus trí mheán anailís a úsáid. - Ba cheart oibrithe a bhíonn nochtaithe d'aibéis a chur ar an eolas agus a rabhadh chun "mheas folláin a dhéanamh ar an mbaol". - Go ndearna na táirgí críochnaithe deannach a ba cheart a rialú agus a íoslaghdú. Léiríonn cur síos leighis an Dr. Merewether ar ghalar asbestos go díreach cur síos ar an ngalar inniu. Dá mbeadh a mholtaí curtha i bhfeidhm go hiomlán ag an tionscal asbestos, bheadh na mílte de na beatha agus gortuithe a shábháil do oibrithe Mheiriceá. Rialacháin tionscail maidir le mhonarcha aimseastais sa RA Dr. Merewether agus a chomhpháirtí taighde, Dr. C.W. Price, tuarascáil a fhoilsiú a léiríonn go raibh asbestosis ag tarlú i mbaill oibre le chomh beag le naoi mí d'fhorbairt. Buíochas lena gcuid fionnachtana, cuireadh rialacháin tionsclaíocha ar fáil do mhonarcha asbestos na Breataine chun oibrithe a bhí nochtaithe don ábhar a chosaint. Mar sin féin, ní raibh feidhm ag na rialacháin maidir le hoibrithe i dtionscail eile a chuir asbestos isteach nó a láimhseáil mar chuid dá gcuid oibre. Asbestosis tuairiscíodh den chéad uair i Meiriceá Tháinig an chéad tuairisc ar asbestosis i n-oibrí inslithe Meiriceánach i 1933, cé go meastar go raibh an galar mí-dheagnáisiú mar thubercóis nó mar ghalair phlúin eile roimhe sin. Fuair an Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. asbestosis i 29 faoin gcéad de na hoibrithe i monarcha asbestos Johns-Manville, rud a d'fhág go raibh socrú ann i gcásanna dlí a d'fhógair 11 fostaí tinn. Tuairiscíonn taighdeoirí cásanna de asbestosis agus ailse scamhóg i monarcha asbestos. Bhí níos lú ná sé mhí ag go leor de na hoibrithe i láthair asbestos. Foilsíodh tuarascálacha freisin ar aiméistóis ó nochtadh ar an láthair oibre do tháirgí, lena n-áirítear oibrithe boiler, coimeádtóirí agus inslitheoirí. Tuairimí ar Chéim Cheansair ó Nochtadh do Asbestos Tuairiscíonn taighdeoirí go bhfuil an tinneas ailse scamhóg i measc oibrithe na mbonneachta tógála de bharr asbestos. Tugann an Dr. W. C. Heuper, dochtúir ceirde aitheanta agus an chéad cheann de rannán ailse an chomhshaoil den Institiúid Náisiúnta Ailse, le fios go gcuireann asbestos asbestosis chomh maith le ailse sa phróiseas déantúsaíochta chomh maith le táirgí foirgnithe tógála amhail inslithe agus ábhair phacáistithe. Sa bhliain 1949, rabhas ag Dr. Heuper ag tabhairt rabhaidh go raibh an t-asbestos ina riosca ailse don phobal i gcoitinne. Ag an am seo bhí os cionn 200 tagairt sa litríocht a bhí ar fáil go forleathan maidir le haisbist agus galar. An Chéad Tuamóir Cosúil le Mesothelioma a thuairiscítear Tuairiscíonn an Dr. Welder an chéad chás de thóir cosúil le mesothelioma i staidéar Gearmánach. Faigheann an Dr. Merewether go raibh ailse na scamhóige nó na pleura ag 13% de chásanna asbestosis. Glacadh le hArd-Stream na hArd a Dhéanann Asbestos Liostaíonn an t-einsealaíocht Britannica an t-asbestos mar chúis aitheanta ailse ceirde agus timpeallachta. Tugann Journal of the American Medical Association an chonclúid sin amach go bhfuil baint ag asbestos is dócha le hailse ceirde. Measothelioma a Fuarthas i Lucht Oibre Asbestos Tuairiscíodh mesothelioma i n-oibrí inslitheoir aimseastóis. Léiríonn staidéar mór-eipidéimeolaíoch go bhfuil riosca deich n-uaire níos mó ag oibrithe asbestos ná an daonra i gcoitinne a bheith ag gabháil le ailse scamhóige. Deimhníonn staidéar eile eitilteolaíoch na tuairiscí go gcuireann nochtadh don asbestos meisothelioma i bhfeidhm. Bhí páistí agus mná céile oibrithe a bhí ag fulaingt an ghalair san áireamh sa staidéar seo freisin. Ní thugann an tionscal asbestos aird ar rabhadh faoi rioscaí sláinte Lean an litríocht leighis ag aithint asbestos mar phríomh-charsinógán agus contúirtí comhshaoil, le breis agus 200 foilseachán ag cur síos ar na contúirtí asbestos faoi dheireadh na 1960idí. D'ainneoin an eolais sin, agus an bháis a bhí mar thoradh ar an deannach a bhí ag na táirgí seo a anailís, lean monaróirí agus suiteálaithe na n-ábhar seo ag díol agus ag suiteáil táirgí asbestos gan oibrithe a chur in iúl, ag laghdú an deannach nó ag malartú ábhair chomh héifeachtach in ionad an asbestos. Ar an drochuair, bhí eolas breise á fháil ag go leor cuideachtaí maidir leis an nasc idir aimseastar agus ailse chomh luath le na 1930idí. Mar sin féin, rinne na cuideachtaí seo athruithe ar thuairiscí taighde chun na torthaí seo a cheilt ón bpobal. Galar Forleathan a Fuarthas i measc Lucht Oibre Asbestos An Dr. Selikoff, taighdeoir mór ag Mt. Deir an t-Ospidéal Sinai i Nua-Eabhrac go bhfuil galar forleathan i measc oibrithe asbestos agus ó bhaill teaghlaigh a chónaíonn le hoibrithe asbestos. Bhí líon mór teidil poist i gceist sa tuarascáil, lena n-áirítear oibrithe tógála, leictreoirí, pluiméir, croiteoirí, srl. Thug an Dr. Selikoff le fios nach raibh an t-asbestos ag "urramú" teidil phoist agus d'fhéadfadh sé dochar a dhéanamh d'aon duine a bhí ag anailís asbestos. An Chéad Éileamh Ar Chosaint Pearsanta a D'éirigh leis sa Ríocht Aontaithe Chuir íospartach Briotanach de nochtadh asbestos sa RA éileamh rathúil díobhála pearsanta isteach i 1967, a d'fhormheas cúirt achomhairc i 1971. D'oscail an cás an bealach do níos mó éilimh maidir le nochtadh asbestos neamhchúramúil ag íospartaigh a bhí ag fulaingt ó mesothelioma, asbestosis agus galair ghaolmhara eile. Rialacháin Asbestos Athnuaite Rinne Rialacháin Asbestos 1969 Uasdátú ar Rialacháin Tionscail 1931 atá as dáta sa RA, agus rialaíodh asbestos thar an bpróiseas déantúsaíochta amháin chun gach tionscal a d'úsáid nó a raibh asbestos iontu a áireamh. Iarrann na rialacháin go n-úsáidfí aeráil astaíochtaí, trealamh cosanta agus nósanna imeachta feabhsaithe láimhseála chun nochtadh do dhúshláin aimsteas a theorannú. Mar sin féin, níor chuir na rialacháin sin deireadh go hiomlán le cúiseanna na ngalar a bhaineann le asbestos. An tAcht um Aer Glan a Cheadaigh an Comhdháil Glacann an Comhdháil an tAcht Aer Glan, ag ligean don Ghníomhaireacht um Chosaint Comhshaoil asbestos a rialáil mar thruailliú aer contúirteach. An Chéad Éileamh rathúil ar Dhearmad Pearsanta Asbestos sna Stáit Aontaithe Tugann cúirt cónaidhme breithiúnas $ 68,000 i gcoinne déantúsóirí asbestos d'oibrí a bhí ag fulaingt as asbestosis, an chéad chinneadh den sórt sin sna Stáit Aontaithe a d'fhormhuiníodh ar achomharc i Borel v. Fibreboard Paper Prod. Corp., 493 F.2d 1076 (5ú Cir. 1973) Rialacháin Chónaidhme Méadaithe ar Asbestos Sna Stáit Aontaithe, leagann an Riarachán um Shábháilteacht agus Sláinte Oibre roinnt teorainneacha teoranta nochtadh oibre don asbestos, agus feabhsaíonn sé na rialacháin seo dhá bhliain ina dhiaidh sin. Idir an dá linn, toirmeascann an EPA inslithe asbestos spraeála mar ábhar contúirteach. Sa Ríocht Aontaithe, éilíonn an tAcht um Sláinte agus Sábháilteacht ag an Obair ar fhostóirí a gcuid fostaithe a chur in iúl go teoranta do rioscaí sláinte, agus faisnéis a chur ar fáil don phobal ar an láthair oibre faoi aon rud a théann i bhfeidhm ar shláinte agus sábháilteacht. Rialaíonn Cúirteanna na SA ar Chlúdach Asbestos Rialaíonn Breitheamh Cúirt Chuarda Carolina Theas James Price i Barnett v. Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp et al go raibh "iarracht chonaic" déanta ag cuideachtaí asbestos chun faisnéis faoi na contúirtí a bhaineann le nochtadh asbestos a chur faoi chois d'fhonn cásanna dlí a sheachaint. Idir an dá linn, tosaíonn an EPA staidéar ar thoirmeasc a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ar úsáid asbéist agus tosaíonn sé ag comhairle a thabhairt do úinéirí foirgnimh agus monarchana maidir le láimhseáil asbéist atá ann cheana féin. Iarrann an EPA ar Asbestos a Chríochnú go Céimneach sna Stáit Aontaithe Críochnaíonn an EPA a staidéar 10 mbliana, agus fógraíonn sé go mbeidh sé céim amach úsáid asbéist i beagnach gach táirge sna Stáit Aontaithe. Tá an EPA ag toirmeasc freisin asbestos a úsáid i dtáirgí nach raibh asbestos iontu roimh an toirmeasc. Sa Ríocht Aontaithe, ní thiocfadh toirmeasc iomlán ar úsáid asbestos i rith deich mbliana eile. Cúlghairm Cúirt na SA toirmeasc EPA Asbestos Faoi bhrú ó lucht brúinne tionscail asbestos, casann Cúigeamh Cúirt Achomhairc an EPA's toirmeasc agus céim amach táirgí ina bhfuil asbestos. Cé go bhfuil cosc fós ar úsáid asbéist i roinnt táirgí de réir reachtaíochta agus rialachán eile, is féidir an tsubstaint a fháil i mórán táirgí a dhéantar inniu.

Summary of Mount Kisco, NY The Village of Mount Kisco was incorporated in 1875 and was partly in the towns of Bedford and New Castle. In 1978, the village chose to become a town in its own right and joins several villages in the state that have made a like choice. The Town of Mount Kisco is coterminous with the village. As of the censusGR2 of 2000, there were 9,983 people, 3,993 households, and 2,447 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,231.5/km≤ (3,194.0/mi≤). There were 4,103 housing units at an average density of 506.1/km≤ (1,312.7/mi≤). The large number of small businesses, retail stores, and financial and medical offices swells the daytime population to more than 20,000. The racial makeup of the village was 77.79% White, 5.99% African American, 0.28% Native American, 4.24% Asian, 9.03% from other races, and 2.67% from two or more races. 24.54% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 3,993 households out of which 30.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.3% were married couples living together, 11.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.7% were non-families. 31.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.09. In the village the population was spread out with 22.1% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 37.0% from 25 to 44, 21.6% from 45 to 64, and 11.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 98.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.7 males. The median income for a household in the village was $55,420, and the median income for a family was $68,219. Males had a median income of $45,428 versus $40,040 for females. The per capita income for the village was $32,424. About 7.4% of families and 10.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.0% of those under age 18 and 13.8% of those age 65 or over. The coterminous Village/Town of Mount Kisco is governed by a Mayor and four trustees (one of whom is appointed Deputy Mayor by the Mayor at the beginning of each term). They are Mount Kisco's legislative branch and are responsible for government administration, budget approval and taxes, appointing Village/Town officials and specialized board members and act as Mount Kisco's Board of Police Commissioners. The current Mayor is J. Michael Cindrich. The current Deputy Mayor is Peter DiChiara. The other Trustees are George L. Griffin, Peter Grunthal and Anthony C. Markus. Best Family Town In April 2007, Mount Kisco was named the best family town in Westchester by InTown Magazine. InTown Magazine wrote that "while the town earns points for making the glamorous life so convenient, itís the down-to-earth vibe that launched this woodsy hamlet to the top". InTown Magazine also wrote that: "While thereís no shortage of big-city sophistication, Mount Kisco is a small town at heart. Unlike other Westchester íburbs, you donít have to be a millionaire to live hereóthough, with home prices averaging around $500,000, a few extra zeros in your bank account never hurt. While so much of suburbia seems set on becoming yet another version of white-picket-fence utopia, Mount Kisco has opened the doors to upscale businesses while still managing to be real. About 25 percent of the population is Hispanic, which means kids get a lesson on diversity before they ever see a classroom. And speaking of classrooms, the school district here is excellent; Newsweek put Fox Lane High School on its best list in May 2005. (Incidentally, almost 80 percent of students go on to college.) While education is one reason families plant roots here, itís the barn-raising community spirit that keeps them grounded forever." Situated in the center of northern Westchester County, Mount Kisco is often referred to as "the commercial hub" of northern Westchester. Often, people from surrounding towns and counties come to shop at the village's array of stores. It has been said that the population of the village doubles on key shopping days. The name, Mount Kisco - Tradition says the name derives from Algonquian for "edge of creek land" or "muddy place" The Mount Kisco Police Department plays an integral role in maintaining order in this Town/Village. The Mount Kisco Police Department is run by Chief Steven J. Anderson and is comprised of 4 Lieutenants, 5 Sergeants, 3 Detectives and 20 Patrol Officers. Mount Kisco has been deemed "the Mecca of Northern Westchester" because of its proximity to the Saw Mill Parkway and I-684. Mount Kisco is also host to the Metro-North Harlem Line, Northern Westchester Hospital Center, Mount Kisco Medical Group and much more. Click Here for a Map of Mount Kisco

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Gearrthóg ar Mount Kisco, NY Cuireadh Baile Mount Kisco isteach i 1875 agus bhí sé go páirteach i mbailte Bedford agus New Castle. Sa bhliain 1978, roghnaigh an sráidbhaile a bheith ina bhaile ina cheart féin agus aontaíonn sé le roinnt sráidbhaile sa stát a rinne rogha den chineál céanna. Tá Baile Mount Kisco co-chomhthimneach leis an sráidbhaile. De réir daonáireamh GR2 na bliana 2000, bhí 9,983 duine, 3,993 teaghlach, agus 2,447 teaghlach ina gcónaí sa sráidbhaile. Ba é an dlús daonra 1,231.5/km≤ (3,194.0/mi≤). Bhí 4,103 aonad tithíochta ag dlús meán 506.1/km≤ (1,312.7/mi≤). Tá líon mór gnólachtaí beaga, siopaí miondíola, agus oifigí airgeadais agus leighis ann a chuireann an daonra lá ar feadh níos mó ná 20,000. Ba é 77.79% Bán, 5.99% Afracach Meiriceánach, 0.28% Meiriceánach Dúchasach, 4.24% Áise, 9.03% ó rásaí eile, agus 2.67% ó dhá rásaí nó níos mó. Ba Hispanic nó Latino de aon chine ná ba é 24.54% den daonra. Bhí 3,993 teaghlach ann, agus bhí leanaí faoi bhun 18 mbliana ag 30.2% díobh, bhí péire pósta ag 45.3% acu a bhí ina gcónaí le chéile, bhí bean ina cheann teaghlaigh ag 11.6% gan fear céile i láthair, agus ní raibh teaghlaigh ag 38.7%. Bhí 31,7% de na teaghlaigh go léir comhdhéanta d'aonar agus bhí duine amháin ag 10.0% a bhí 65 bliana d'aois nó níos sine. Ba é meánmhéid an teaghlaigh 2.49 agus meánmhéid an teaghlaigh 3.09. Sa sráidbhaile bhí an daonra scaipthe amach le 22.1% faoi bhun 18 mbliana d'aois, 7.3% ó 18 go 24, 37.0% ó 25 go 44, 21.6% ó 45 go 64, agus 11.9% a bhí 65 bliana d'aois nó níos sine. Ba é an meán-aois 36 bliain. Ar gach 100 baineann bhí 98.8 fireann ann. Ar gach 100 ban 18 bliana d'aois agus níos sine, bhí 94.7 fireann ann. Ba é an meán-ioncam do theaghlach sa sráidbhaile $ 55,420, agus ba é an meán-ioncam do theaghlach $ 68,219. Bhí ioncam meán de $ 45,428 ag fir i gcomparáid le $ 40,040 do mhná. Ba é an t-ioncam in aghaidh an duine don sráidbhaile $32,424. Bhí thart ar 7.4% de theaghlaigh agus 10.5% den daonra faoi bhun an líne bhochtaineachta, lena n-áirítear 11.0% de na daoine faoi 18 mbliana d'aois agus 13.8% de na daoine 65 bliana d'aois nó níos sine. Tá an sráidbhaile/Baile Mount Kisco co-chomhthráthúil á rialú ag Méara agus ceithre iontaobhaí (ar a bhfuil duine acu ceaptha mar Leas-Mhéara ag an Méara ag tús gach téarma). Is iad seo brainse reachtach Mount Kisco agus tá siad freagrach as riarachán an rialtais, formheas buiséid agus cánacha, oifigigh Thall/Baile agus baill boird speisialaithe a cheapadh agus gníomhú mar Bhord Coimisinéirí Póilíneachta Mount Kisco. Is é J. Michael Cindrich an Méara reatha. Is é Peter DiChiara an Leas-Mhéara reatha. Is iad na Cothaitheoirí eile George L. Griffin, Peter Grunthal agus Anthony C. Markus. An Baile Teaghlaigh is Fearr I mí Aibreáin 2007, ainmníodh Mount Kisco mar an baile teaghlaigh is fearr i Westchester ag InTown Magazine. Scríobh InTown Magazine "cé go bhfaigheann an baile pointí as an saol glamour a dhéanamh chomh háisiúil, is é an vibe down-to-earth a chuir an sráidbhaile coillteach seo chun cinn". Scríobh InTown Magazine freisin: "Cé nach bhfuil aon easpa sofisticeacht na cathrach mór, is baile beag é Mount Kisco i gcroílár. Murab ionann agus i mbarrthrócaí Westchester eile, ní gá duit a bheith ina mhilleanóir chun cónaí anseo, cé go bhfuil praghsanna tithe thart ar $ 500,000 ar an meán, ní dhéanann cúpla nialacha breise i do chuntas bainc dochar riamh. Cé go bhfuil an oiread sin de forbhaile ag iarraidh a bheith ina leagan eile de utopia geal-phléasc, d'oscail Mount Kisco na doirse do ghnólachtaí ardchaighdeáin agus é ag maireachtáil fós. Tá thart ar 25 faoin gcéad den daonra Hispanic, rud a chiallaíonn go bhfaigheann páistí ceacht ar éagsúlacht sula bhfeiceann siad seomra ranga riamh. Agus ag caint faoi seomraí ranga, tá an ceantar scoile anseo den scoth; Chuir Newsweek Ard-Scoil Fox Lane ar a liosta is fearr i mí na Bealtaine 2005. (Ar an láimh eile, téann beagnach 80 faoin gcéad de na mic léinn go dtí an ollscoil.) Cé go bhfuil oideachas ar cheann de na cúiseanna a bhfuil teaghlaigh ag cur fréamhacha anseo, is é an spiorad pobail a bhaineann le greim a choinníonn iad ar an talamh go deo. " Tá Mount Kisco suite i lár Chontae Thuaisceart Westchester, agus is minic a thugtar air mar "lár tráchtála" Thuaisceart Westchester. Is minic a thagann daoine ó bhailte agus ó chontaeí in aice láimhe chun siopadóireacht a dhéanamh ag an iliomad siopaí sa sráidbhaile. Deirtear go ndéanann daonra na sráidbhaile dúbailt ar laethanta ceannaigh tábhachtacha. An t-ainm, Mount Kisco - Deir an traidisiún go dtagann an t-ainm ó Algonquian le haghaidh "imill talún creek" nó "áit muddy" Tá ról lárnach ag Roinn Póilíní Mount Kisco i gcoimeád an ord sa Bhaile/Sráidbhaile seo. Tá an Roinn Póilíneachta Mount Kisco faoi stiúir an Cheannaire Steven J. Anderson agus tá 4 Leifteanant, 5 Searann, 3 Ghluaisteoir agus 20 Oifigeach Patróil ann. Meastar go bhfuil Mount Kisco "Micce Thuaisceart Westchester" mar gheall ar a gar don Saw Mill Parkway agus I-684. Tá Mount Kisco ina óstach freisin do Líne Metro-North Harlem, Ionad Ospidéal Thuaisceart Westchester, Grúpa Leighis Mount Kisco agus go leor eile. Cliceáil anseo le haghaidh léarscáil ar Mount Kisco

OM - THE SYMBOL OM or AUM is the symbol of essence of Hinduism. It means oneness with the Supreme, the merging of the physical being with the spiritual. The most sacred syllable, the first sound of the Almighty - the sound from which emerges each and every other sound, whether of music or of language. In the Upanishads this sacred syllable appears as a mystic sound, regarded by scriptures as the very basis of every other sacred mantra (hymn). It is the sound not only of origination but also of dissolution. The past, present and future are all included in this one sound and even all that transcends this configuration of time is also implied According to TAITREYA Upanishad the origin of language is assigned to PRAJAPATI, from whose meditation on the three words arose the three Vedas and from his meditation arose the three syllables, BHOOR, BHUVA and SUAH, which represent earth, atmosphere and sky. From his meditation on these three originated the divine syllable of OM, which coordinated all speech and represented the totality of the world. The syllable OM also represents the TRIMURTI (triad) of Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. Shiva's drum produced this sound and through it came the notes of the octave, (i.e.) SA, RI, GA, MA, PA, DHA, NI. Thus by this sound Shiva creates and recreates the universe. OM is also the sound form The Upanishads state that everything, existent and non- existent, can be grasped by uttering the sacred syllable of OM. The psychotherapeutic efficacy of OM is deemed limitless and its utterance redeems all errors in the performance of a sacrifice. Meditation on OM satisfies every need and ultimately leads to liberation. Nearly all the prayers and recitals of sacred passages are prefixed by the utterance of OM. Its equivalent is OMKAR, venerated in the same manner and is thought to be the representation of God Himself. Musically, it is also held that the term OM or AUM is made up by three base notes ' A ' 'U' 'M' or the basic 'SA' 'PA' of the fundamental scale and again Sa (the base note) of the immediately higher scale. When one pronounces these notes in continuity, all the basic notes from Sa to Ni also sound. Similarly when one pronounces AUM correctly, all the basic sounds also echo. It is believed to be the traditional way of clearing all the impediments in the vocal chord to make one chant the hymns correctly. Their unison makes one not only sound sonorous but also acts as the necessary preparation to chant a Mantra (Incantation) correctly. It is for this reason that all the Vedic Mantras has 'OM' or' AUM' as the first term.

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OM - AN SÍOMBOL Is é OM nó AUM siombail an bhfíor-chomharthaí an Hindúchas. Ciallaíonn sé aonad le an Ard, an cumasc an bheith fisiciúil leis an spioradálta. An siolla is naofa, an chéad fuaim an t-Almighty - an fuaim as a thagann gach agus gach fuaim eile, cibé acu ceol nó teanga. Sna Upanishads léiríonn an siolla naofa mar mystic fónta, a mheasann na scrioptúir mar an bunús gach mantra naofa eile (himne). Tá sé an fhuaim ní hamháin de tionscnamh ach freisin díothú. An t-am atá caite, an lá atá inniu ann agus Tá an todhchaí go léir san áireamh sa ghuth amháin agus fiú go léir go transcends an chumraíocht seo ama tá sé intuigthe freisin De réir TAITREYA Upanishad is é bunús na teanga PRAJAPATI, ó a meditation ar na trí na trí Vedaí agus óna meditation ardaíodh na trí siollacha, BHOOR, BHUVA agus SUAH, a léiríonn an talamh, an t-atmaisféar agus an spéir. Óna meditation ar na trí tháinig an diaga siolla OM, a chomhordú gach cainte agus ionadaíocht a dhéanamh ar an iomlán an domhain. Léiríonn an siolla OM an TRIMURTI (tríú) Brahma, Vishnu agus Shiva. Shiva's druma a tháirgtear an fuaim agus tríd tháinig an nótaí an ochtave, (i.e.) SA, RI, GA, MA, PA, DHA, NI. Dá bhrí sin ag an fuaim seo Shiva cruthaíonn agus athchruthaíonn an Cruinne. Is é OM an fhoirm fuaime freisin Deir na Upanishads go bhfuil gach rud, atá ann agus nach bhfuil- atá ann, is féidir a ghabháil ag rá an siolla naofa de OM. Meastar go bhfuil éifeachtúlacht síceiteiripeach OM gan teorainn agus a rá athshlánú gach earráidí sa feidhmíocht íobairt. Tá meabhrúchán ar OM sásta gach riachtanas agus i ndeireadh na dála, ina dhiaidh sin, ina shaoradh. Beagnach gach tá na h-árduithe agus na hailt naofa á léamh roimh ag an rá de OM. Is é a chomhionann OMKAR, venerated ar an mbealach céanna agus is dóigh go bhfuil an ionadaíocht Dé féin. Ó thaobh ceoil de, ceaptar freisin go ndéantar an téarma OM nó AUM suas trí thromlach nótaí bun ' A ' ' U ' ' M ' nó an bun ' SA ' "PA" den scála bunúsach agus arís Sa (an nota bun) an scála is airde láithreach. Nuair a labhraíonn duine iad seo nótaí i leanúnachas, na nótaí bunúsacha go léir ó Sa go Ni freisin fuaime. Ar an gcaoi chéanna nuair a fhuaimníonn duine AUM i gceart, gach fuaim bhunúsach freisin echos. Creidtear gurb é an an bealach traidisiúnta a ghlanadh na constaicí go léir sa chord gutha chun a dhéanamh ar dhuine chant na himní go ceart. A gcuid unison dhéanann duine ní hamháin fuaime sonorous ach gníomhú freisin mar an ullmhúchán is gá chun Mantra (Incantation) a chanadh go ceart. Is é an chúis seo go bhfuil an Vedic go léir Tá 'OM' nó 'AUM' ag Mantras mar an chéad téarma.

If you thought there’s not much planting to be done in winter, think again! Winter is the ideal time for planting bare-root plants, shrubs and trees. Generally speaking, November to March is a time when plants are dormant for the winter. Getting plants in the ground during this period means they don’t need to divert essential nutrients and water to maintaining leaves and flowers. Instead the roots can benefit from 100 per cent of the resources available, which means the plant has the opportunity to grow strong and resilient root systems. It can get well-established in its new home before the conditions are right for above-ground growth. What does ‘bare-root’ mean? In a nutshell, bare-root plants are sold without compost or pots – their roots are bare. Bare-root plants are plants which have been grown in the ground, often for some years, before being dug up to be sold. It must be said that sometimes they can look a little unspectacular when you receive them. Often pruned quite hard, showing few signs of life, and with bare roots exposed, they give little indication of the health and vigour held within. So what are the benefits of choosing a bare-root plant? There are lots reasons why gardeners plump for bare-root plants: - Wide variety of choice. Many specialist nurseries and growers sell bare-root plants, often by mail order, so if there’s a particular variety you’ve set your heart on, bare-root is often the best way to get it. - Strong root growth. Container-grown plants can sometimes have a tendency to confine their roots to the compost in which they were grown, even after the pot is removed and the plant is in the ground. If the container compost is nutrient-rich, and the surrounding ground less so, the plant won’t grow roots to explore its surroundings. Bare-root plants, on the other hand, don’t have that luxury. Supplied without compost, they have to put on strong root growth and explore the surrounding soil – and fast! As a result, they generally thrive in their new home. - Cheaper than potted plants. Being light and easier to transport, they are generally significantly cheaper than container-grown plants – the difference on some plants can be as much as 50%. So you can buy more plants! As if we needed an excuse… - Easy to handle and plant. As there’s less weight to lift and no branches, stems or leaves to manhandle to the right angle, bare-root plants are much easier to plant. - A sustainable option. Bare-root plants offer good eco credentials on several fronts. Their packaging is often plastic-free, and there’s no plastic pot adding to the plastic already in your garden. They’re also much lighter in weight, so it takes less space and less fuel to transport them to you, the gardener. - Mature, healthy plants. Bare-root plants have often been nurtured for some years by experts, and as a result they are well-established, hardy and healthy, making them excellent garden plants. So what kinds of bare-root plants are available? Just about anything! Popular choices for planting bare-root in winter include: - Trees, both fruiting and ornamental - Roses, for a huge variety of choice - Shrubs, including box and yew for topiary - Hedges, at their best planted bare-root in winter - Perennials, a slightly more unusual option, as we’re so used to seeing them sold in pots - Fruit bushes and canes, for great choice and heritage varieties What do I do with my bare-root plant when it arrives? Plant it, as soon as you can! Bare-root plants should ideally be planted within a day or two. If planting needs to be delayed by several days, perhaps until the weekend, then check the packaging is damp, leave the plant in its packaging and store it in a cool place like a garage or perhaps a shed – but there must be no risk of frost. If the delay will be longer than a few days, you could ‘heel-in’ the plant. Perhaps the ground is frozen or waterlogged, and it looks like it might be a few weeks before the plant can be properly planted. Heeling-in is about getting the plant in the ground so it can survive without too much TLC until you’re ready to give it the attention it deserves. To heel a plant in, dig a trench deep enough to easily hold the roots (or a hole, if you just have one or two plants), pop in the plants, which is usually done at a 45 degree angle. This rakish slant helps remind to you return to the plant and plant it properly, when conditions allow. Then simply cover the roots over with soil again, firm it down and water well. A plant can stay heeled in for several months if necessary, but the clock is ticking – remember that it needs to be in its forever home by March, when it will start growing. Give bare-root plants a go this winter, and enjoy great choice, healthy plants and straightforward planting, ready for beautiful new growth in months to come. With thank to David Austin Roses for kindly providing some of the images used in this article. With thanks to Fullbrook Nursery, a supplier to the landscaping and horticultural trade, for kindly providing some of the images used in this article.

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Má cheap tú nach bhfuil mórán plandaithe le déanamh sa gheimhreadh, smaoinigh arís! Is é an gheimhreadh an t-am idéalach chun plandaí, crúcaí agus crainn a phlandaí. Go ginearálta, is é Samhain go Márta an t-am nuair a bhíonn plandaí ina gcodladh don gheimhreadh. Má chuirtear plandaí sa talamh le linn na tréimhse seo, ní gá dóibh cothaithigh agus uisce riachtanacha a atreorú chun duilleoga agus bláthanna a chothabháil. Ina áit sin, is féidir leis na fréamhacha leas a bhaint as 100 faoin gcéad de na hacmhainní atá ar fáil, rud a chiallaíonn go bhfuil deis ag an gclár córas fréamhacha láidir agus athléimneach a fhás. Is féidir leis a bheith bunaithe go maith ina bhaile nua sular féidir leis na coinníollacha a bheith oiriúnach chun fás thar an talamh. Cad a chiallaíonn 'bare-root'? Go hachomair, díoltar plandaí rótacha gan choimeádach nó potaí tá a gcuid fréamhacha lom. Is iad na plandaí gan fhréamh a fhásann sa talamh, go minic ar feadh roinnt blianta, sula ndéantar iad a dhúnadh amach chun iad a dhíol. Caithfear a rá go bhfuil cuma beagáinín neamh-spectacular orthu uaireanta nuair a fhaigheann tú iad. Is minic a ghearrtar go leor go crua iad, gan mórán comharthaí saoil a thaispeáint, agus le fréamhacha nocht, ní thugann siad mórán léargas ar an tsláinte agus ar an gcumhacht atá i ndán dóibh. Mar sin, cad iad na buntáistí a bhaineann le plandaí gan fhréamh a roghnú? Tá go leor cúiseanna ann go bhfuil gardaí ag plumpadh le haghaidh plandaí fréamhacha: - Rogha leathan. Tá go leor speisialtóirí agus feirmeoirí ag díol plandaí gan fhréamh, go minic trí ordú poist, mar sin má tá cineáil ar leith agat a bhfuil do chroí air, is minic gurb é an bealach is fearr chun é a fháil ná an fhréamh gan fhréamh. - Fás láidir fréamhacha. Is féidir le plandaí a fhásann i gcoimeádáin claonadh a bheith acu uaireanta a gcuid fréamhacha a shrianadh leis an compost inar fásadh iad, fiú tar éis an pota a bhaint agus an plandaí a bheith sa talamh. Má tá an compost coimeádán táirgiúil, agus an talamh timpeall air níos lú, ní bheidh an plandaí ag fás fréamhacha chun a thimpeallacht a iniúchadh. Ní féidir leis na plandaí a bhfuil fréamhacha gan fhréamhacha, ar an láimh eile, an só sin a bheith acu. Ar fáil gan compost, ní mór dóibh fás fíochán láidir a chur ar bun agus an ithir timpeall a iniúchadh agus go tapa! Mar thoradh air sin, bíonn siad ag fás go maith ina dtithe nua. - Níos saoire ná plandaí potted. Ós rud é go bhfuil siad éadroma agus níos éasca a iompar, is gnách go bhfuil siad i bhfad níos saoire ná plandaí a fhásann i gcoimeádáin is féidir an difríocht ar roinnt plandaí a bheith chomh mór le 50%. Mar sin is féidir leat níos mó plandaí a cheannach! Mar más gá dúinn leithscéal... - Éasca a láimhseáil agus a phlandaí. Ós rud é go bhfuil níos lú meáchain le tógáil agus nach bhfuil aon brainsí, stéibhe nó duilleoga le láimhseáil go ciallmhar, tá plandaí róta-ghlan i bhfad níos éasca a phlandaí. - Rogha inbhuanaithe. Tá cáilíochtaí maith éiceolaíocha ag plandaí gan fréamhacha ar roinnt réimsí. Is minic nach bhfuil plaisteach sa phacáistiú, agus níl aon phéipéar plaisteach ag cur leis an plaisteach atá i do ghairdín cheana féin. Tá siad i bhfad níos éadroime freisin, mar sin tógann sé níos lú spáis agus níos lú breosla iad a iompar chugat, an gairdínéir. - Plandaí aibí, sláintiúla. Is minic a thug saineolaithe cúram do phlandaí gan fhréamhán ar feadh roinnt blianta, agus mar thoradh air sin tá siad bunaithe go maith, seasmhach agus sláintiúil, rud a fhágann go bhfuil siad ina phlandaí gairdín den scoth. Mar sin, cén cineál plandaí a bhfuil fréamhacha lom acu? Beagnach rud ar bith! I measc na roghanna coitianta le haghaidh plandáil gan fhréamh sa gheimhreadh tá: - Crann, torthaí agus ealaíne araon - Roses, le haghaidh éagsúlacht mhór rogha - Crúcaí, lena n-áirítear bosca agus tiw le haghaidh topiary - Fál, ar a gcuid is fearr a phlandaítear gan fhréamh sa gheimhreadh - Daoine a bhfuil cónaí orthu in Éirinn, a bhfuil cónaí orthu i dTír Chonaill, a bhfuil cónaí orthu i dTír Chonaill, a bhfuil cónaí orthu i dTír Chonaill, a bhfuil cónaí orthu i dTír Chonaill, a bhfuil cónaí orthu i dTír Chonaill, a bhfuil cónaí orthu i dTír Chonaill, a bhfuil cónaí orthu i dTír Chonaill, a bhfuil cónaí orthu i dTír Chonaill, a bhfuil cónaí orthu i dTír Chonaill, a bhfuil cónaí orthu i dTír Chonaill, - Crann agus canna torthaí, le haghaidh rogha mór agus cineálacha oidhreachta Cad a dhéanaim le mo phlandaí bare-root nuair a thagann sé? Plant é, chomh luath agus is féidir leat! Ba cheart plandaí a bhfuil fréamhacha lom orthu a phlandaí laistigh de lá nó dhó. Má tá gá le plandáil a mhoilliú ar feadh roinnt laethanta, b'fhéidir go dtí an deireadh seachtaine, ansin seiceáil an bhfuil an pacáistiú taise, fág an planda ina phacáil agus stóráil é in áit fhuar cosúil le garáiste nó b'fhéidir cló ach ní mór go mbeadh aon riosca de fhriotaíocht ann. Má tá an moill níos faide ná cúpla lá, d'fhéadfá an plandaí a 'scaitheadh isteach'. B'fhéidir go bhfuil an talamh reoite nó uisce-réite, agus is cosúil go bhféadfadh sé a bheith cúpla seachtain sula bhféadfaí an planda a phlandáil i gceart. Is éard atá i gceist le Heeling-in ná an plandaí a chur sa talamh ionas gur féidir léi maireachtáil gan an iomarca TLC go dtí go mbeidh tú réidh chun an aird is fiú a thabhairt di. Chun plandaí a chur isteach, tochailt tránc domhain go leor chun na fréamhacha a choinneáil go héasca (nó poll, mura bhfuil ach plandaí amháin nó dhá plandaí agat), pop isteach na plandaí, rud a dhéantar de ghnáth ag uillinn 45 céim. Cuidíonn an slant rakish seo le cuimhneamh duit filleadh ar an gléasra agus é a phlandaí go cuí, nuair a cheadaíonn na coinníollacha. Ansin, ní gá ach na fréamhacha a chlúdach le talamh arís, é a dhaingniú agus uisce a thabhairt go maith. Is féidir le planda fanacht i gceann cúpla mí más gá, ach tá an clog ag ticéadáil cuimhnigh go gcaithfidh sé a bheith ina bhaile buan faoi Mhárta, nuair a thosaíonn sé ag fás. Tabhair do phlandaí róta gan ghnéas an gheimhreadh seo, agus bain taitneamh as rogha iontach, plandaí sláintiúla agus plandáil shimplí, réidh le haghaidh fás nua álainn sna míonna atá le teacht. Le buíochas a ghabháil le David Austin Roses as roinnt de na híomhánna a úsáideadh san alt seo a chur ar fáil go grámhar. Le buíochas a thabhairt do Fullbrook Nursery, soláthraí do na trádála tírdhreacha agus gairdineachta, as roinnt de na híomhánna a úsáidtear san alt seo a sholáthar go grámhar.

The kidneys are responsible for filtering waste materials from the body and forming urine. When bacteria enter the kidneys, usually through the tube known as the urethra that connects the bladder to the outside of the body, an infection may develop. Antibiotics are almost always used to treat these infections. Some available antibiotics for a kidney infection include fluoroquinolones, beta-lactam antibiotics, trimethoprim, and co-trimoxazole. Choosing the best antibiotics depends upon the severity and frequency of the infections as well as the overall health of the patient. Fluoroquinolones are commonly used to treat a kidney infection. These medications are in a class known as broad-spectrum antibiotics. This means they may be used to treat a wide variety of infections, including kidney infections. This type of antibiotic is used primarily when there has been an ongoing history of kidney problems. A rash resembling measles may occur in some patients taking this type of antibiotic. Beta-lactam antibiotics are among the most frequently used antibiotics for a kidney infection. This class includes penicillin and amoxicillin, among others. Potential side effects from this group of antibiotics include nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. There have also been reports of severe allergic reactions when taking these antibiotics. Any facial swelling or difficulty breathing or swallowing should be considered medical emergencies. Trimethoprim is another choice when considering treatments for a kidney infection. This type of antibiotic is used almost exclusively for the purpose of treating kidney infections. This antibiotic is not considered to be safe for women who are pregnant, especially during the first trimester. Other medical disorders, such as certain blood disorders, may prevent this type of antibiotic from being an appropriate choice. It is important for the patient to make sure the prescribing healthcare provider has a complete and accurate medical history before beginning treatment with this type of antibiotic. Co-trimoxazole antibiotics are also among the more popular antibiotics for a kidney infection. This is actually a combination of two different medications, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. Some patients have reported a variety of toxic effects when using this type of antibiotic. This has prompted several countries to ban the use of this type of medication. Medical professionals who prescribe co-trimoxazole antibiotics will typically monitor the patient closely during the course of treatment to ensure the health and safety of the patient. Any medication has potential risks of negative side effects. For this reason, the patient should report any new symptoms to a medical professional right away. In many cases, the antibiotic can be changed to something that may work better for the individual patient.

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Tá na duáin freagrach as dramhaíola a scagadh ón gcomhlacht agus fual a fhoirmiú. Nuair a théann baictéir isteach sna duáin, de ghnáth tríd an tshub ar a dtugtar an urethra a nascann an bolgán le taobh amuigh den chorp, d'fhéadfadh ionfhabhtú a bheith ann. Úsáidtear antaibheathaigh beagnach i gcónaí chun na haingne seo a chóireáil. I measc roinnt antaibheathaigh atá ar fáil le haghaidh ionfhabhtú duáin tá fluoroquinolones, antaibheathaigh béite-lactam, trimethoprim, agus co-trimoxazole. Braitheann an rogha is fearr antaibheathaigh ar thromchúis agus ar minicíocht na n-ionfhabhtuithe chomh maith le sláinte foriomlán an othair. Úsáidtear fluoroquinolones go coitianta chun ionfhabhtú duáin a chóireáil. Tá na cógais seo i rang ar a dtugtar antaibheathaigh speictrim leathan. Ciallaíonn sé seo gur féidir iad a úsáid chun cóireáil a dhéanamh ar éagsúlacht leathan ionfhabhtuithe, ionfhabhtuithe duáin san áireamh. Úsáidtear an cineál antaibheathach seo go príomha nuair a bhí fadhbanna duáin ann i stair leanúnach. D'fhéadfadh ráig a bheith cosúil le measles i roinnt othair a ghlacann an cineál antaibheathaigh seo. Tá antaibheathaigh béite-lactam i measc na n-antaibheathaigh is minice a úsáidtear le haghaidh ionfhabhtú duáin. Áirítear leis an aicme seo péinisilín agus amoxicillin, i measc daoine eile. I measc fo-iarsmaí a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag an ngrúpa antaibheathach seo tá nausea, vomiting, nó diarrhea. Tuairiscíodh freisin go raibh frithghníomhartha ailléirgeacha tromchúiseacha ag glacadh na n-antibioticí seo. Ba cheart aon tuiteam ar an aghaidh nó deacracht a bheith ag anailís nó ag ól a mheas mar éigeandálaí leighis. Is rogha eile é trimethoprim nuair a bhíonn cóireálacha le haghaidh ionfhabhtú duáin á bhreithniú. Úsáidtear an cineál antaibheathach seo beagnach go heisiach chun ionfhabhtuithe duáin a chóireáil. Ní mheastar go bhfuil an antaibheathach seo sábháilte do mhná atá ag iompar clainne, go háirithe le linn an chéad thrí mhí. D'fhéadfadh neamhoird leighis eile, amhail neamhoird áirithe fola, a bheith ina chosc ar an gcineál seo antaibheathaigh a bheith ina rogha oiriúnach. Tá sé tábhachtach go ndéanfaidh an t-othar a fhorordóidh an druga a chinntiú go bhfuil stair mhíochaine iomlán agus cruinn aige sula dtosaíonn sé ar chóireáil leis an gcineál antaibheathach seo. Tá antaibheathaigh co-trimoxazole ar cheann de na antaibheathaigh is coitianta freisin le haghaidh ionfhabhtú duáin. Is é seo i ndáiríre meascán de dhá chógas éagsúla, sulfamethoxazole agus trimethoprim. Tuairiscíodh go bhfuil éifeachtaí tocsaineacha éagsúla ag roinnt othair nuair a úsáideadh an cineál antaibheathaigh seo. Tá sé seo tar éis go leor tíortha a chur ar ceal úsáid an chineáil seo cógais. De ghnáth, déanfaidh gairmithe leighis a fhorordóidh antaibheathaigh co- trimoxazole monatóireacht dlúth ar an othar le linn an chóireála chun sláinte agus sábháilteacht an othair a chinntiú. Tá rioscaí féideartha fo-iarsmaí diúltacha ag aon leigheas. Ar an gcúis seo, ba cheart don othar aon chomharthaí nua a thuairisciú láithreach do ghairmí leighis. I go leor cásanna, is féidir an antaibheathach a athrú go rud éigin a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag obair níos fearr don othar aonair.

The oldest city within the United States is actually an ocean away, and today it was recognized as a National Historic Landmark. The historic district of Old San Juan, Puerto Rico is one of 13 new National Historic Landmarks announced today by Interior Secretary Ken Salazar. Puerto Rico is also the site of a second newly-designated landmark – the Casa Dra. Concha Meléndez Ramirez, in San Juan, the residence and workplace of one of Puerto Rico’s most well-known intellectuals and educators, Concha Meléndez Ramírez. Old San Juan is the only existing representation of an almost 400-year-old Spanish colonial city in the United States, according to the Department of Interior. As the oldest city in the U.S. and its territories, the Old San Juan Historic District includes the oldest house, Christian church, executive mansion, convent and military defenses in the U.S. It contains “the largest collection of buildings representing four centuries of Spanish culture, religion, politics and architecture,” according to the Department of Interior press release. The Casa Concha Meléndez Ramírez residence in El Condado, one of metro San Juan’s most prestigious neighborhoods, was the place where the Dr. Meléndez worked and lived for 44 years. Meléndez, the co-founder of the Hispanic Studies Department at the University of Puerto Rico, was known throughout Latin America as one of the region’s foremost intellectuals, corresponding regularly with other literary giants like Pablo Neruda and Gabriela Mistral. Meléndez was also the first woman to earn a PhD from the Universidad Autónoma de Mexico and the first woman ever invited to formally lecture at the Real Academia Española in Mexico, and was designated Woman of the Year by the Union of American Women. The residence was built in 1940. According to the National Register of Historic places, the house is “designed in a sober Spanish Revival style, the most significant architectural elements on the building’s exterior façade includes the repetition of arches.” Apart from the two designations in Puerto Rico, others reflected the history of African Americans and Civil Rights in the U.S. Two of them are the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama, where civil rights marchers were attacked by law enforcement officials in 1965, and the Camp Nelson Historic and Archeological District in Kentucky, where African-American soldiers were trained to fight in the Civil War. “From the Civil War to civil rights, to the struggles and accomplishments of women, African Americans and Latinos, these sites highlight the mosaic of our nation’s historic past,” said National Park Service Director Jonathan B. Jarvis.

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Tá an chathair is sine sna Stáit Aontaithe ar fad ó oileán, agus inniu aithníodh í mar Phríomh-Slándáil Stairiúil Náisiúnta. Tá an ceantar stairiúil de Old San Juan, Puerto Rico ar cheann de 13 Tithe Taighde Stairiúla Náisiúnta nua a d'fhógair an Rúnaí Inmheána Ken Salazar inniu. Tá Puerto Rico ina shuíomh freisin den dara suaitheantas nua-ainmnithe an Casa Dra. Concha Meléndez Ramirez, i San Juan, áit chónaithe agus oibre ar cheann de na heintleachtúla agus oideachasóirí is cáiliúla i Puerto Rico, Concha Meléndez Ramírez. Is é Old San Juan an t-aon léiriú atá ann cheana féin ar chathair choilíneach Spáinneach atá beagnach 400 bliain d'aois sna Stáit Aontaithe, de réir na Roinne Intíre. Mar an chathair is sine sna Stáit Aontaithe agus ina gcríocha, tá an t-Old San Juan Historic District san áireamh an teach is sine, eaglais Chríostaí, teach feidhmiúcháin, convent agus cosaintí míleata sna Stáit Aontaithe. Tá "an bailiúchán is mó de fhoirgnimh a léiríonn ceithre chéad bliain de chultúr, reiligiún, polaitíocht agus ailtireacht na Spáinne ann", de réir na preasráide ón Roinn Intíre. Ba é an t-áit chónaithe Casa Concha Meléndez Ramírez in El Condado, ceann de na comharsanachtaí is mó mó clú San Juan, an áit a raibh an Dr. Meléndez ag obair agus ag maireachtáil ar feadh 44 bliana. Bhí Meléndez, comhbhunaitheoir na Roinne Staidéar Hispanic in Ollscoil Phóirt Ríce, ar eolas ar fud Mheiriceá Laidineach mar cheann de na heintleachtúla is mó sa réigiún, ag cur in iúl go rialta le hiodrálacha liteartha eile mar Pablo Neruda agus Gabriela Mistral. Ba í Meléndez an chéad bhean a bhain PhD as an Universidad Autónoma de Mexico agus an chéad bhean a cuireadh chun léacht a thabhairt go foirmiúil ag an Real Academia Española sa Mheicsiceo, agus ainmníodh í mar Bhean na Bliana ag Aontas na mBan Mheiriceá. Tógadh an t-áit chónaithe i 1940. De réir an Chlár Náisiúnta Áiteanna Stairiúla, tá an teach deartha i stíl sober Revival Spáinnis, na heilimintí ailtireachta is suntasaí ar an ospidéal seachtrach an foirgneamh áirítear ar an athdhéanamh ar áirse. Seachas an dá ainmniúchán i bPuerto Rico, léiríodh cinn eile stair na Meiriceánach Afracach agus Cearta Sibhialta sna Stáit Aontaithe. Is iad beirt acu Droichead Edmund Pettus i Selma, Alabama, áit a ndearna oifigigh forfheidhmithe dlí ionsaí ar imeachtóirí cearta sibhialta i 1965, agus Camp Nelson Historic and Archeological District i Kentucky, áit a ndearnadh saighdiúirí Meiriceánach Afracach a oiliúint chun troid sa Chogadh Sibhialta. "Ón Chogadh Sibhialta go cearta sibhialta, go streachailtí agus éachtaí na mban, Mheiriceánaigh Afracacha agus Laidineacha, léiríonn na suíomhanna seo mósaic ár n-eastát stairiúil", a dúirt Stiúrthóir na Seirbhíse Páirceanna Náisiúnta Jonathan B. Jarvis.

What does it do? Generates random dates, in between a start date and an end date What it means: =RANDBETWEEN(starting date for random date generation, end date for random date generation) If you need to create a quick sample data set of Dates, the RANDBETWEEN function in Excel is very handy to use. All you need is to provide a start Date and an end Date. Then the function will immediately generate a random Date following that Date range you have provided. This is how it is done below (go to the bottom of the page if you want to see the animated gif tutorial): STEP 1: We need to enter the Randbetween function STEP 2: The Randbetween arguments: Enter the Start Date (bottom) and the End Date (top). We need to use the DATE function to create the Date inputs for the bottom and top Dates. In our example, we need to generate a random date from January 1, 2016 (bottom) to December 31, 2016 (top). STEP 3: However notice that our random dates are in the numerical format: Highlight the dates and change it into the Short Date Format: NB: Each time you make a change in a workbook that contains the RANDBETWEEN function, the formulas will get updated and new values will appear! This will also happen each time you press the F9 key..try it! To lock in the formulas, you will need to hard code the formulas by selecting the data, CTRL+C, Right Click and Paste As Values.

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Cad a dhéanann sé? Tógann sé dáta randamach, idir dáta tosaigh agus dáta deiridh Cad a chiallaíonn sé: =RANDBETWEEN ((dáta tosaigh le haghaidh giniúint dáta randamach, dáta deiridh le haghaidh giniúint dáta randamach) Má theastaíonn uait tacar sonraí samplach tapa de Dhátaí a chruthú, tá an fheidhm RANDBETWEEN in Excel an-áisiúil le húsáid. Níl le déanamh agat ach Dáta Tosaithe agus Dáta Deireadh a chur ar fáil. Ansin, déanfaidh an fheidhm a ghiniúint láithreach randamach Dáta tar éis an raon Dáta a thug tú. Seo mar a dhéantar é thíos (imigh go bun an leathanaigh más mian leat an teagasc gif beoite a fheiceáil): Céim 1: Ní mór dúinn a chur isteach ar an Randbetween feidhme Céim 2: Na argóintí Randbetween: Cuir isteach an Dáta Tosaithe (ar an mbonn) agus an Dáta Deiridh (ar an mbonn). Ní mór dúinn a úsáid an fheidhm DATE a chruthú ar an dáta ionchuir do na bun agus barr Dátaí. Sa sampla seo, ní mór dúinn dáta randamach a ghiniúint ón 1 Eanáir, 2016 (ag bun) go dtí an 31 Nollaig, 2016 (ag barr). Céim 3: Ach tabhair faoi deara go bhfuil ár dtréimhsí randamacha i bhformáid uimhriúil: Tosaigh ar na dátaí agus athraigh é go dtí an t-fhoirm dháta gearr: NB: Gach uair a dhéanann tú athrú i leabhar oibre ina bhfuil an fheidhm RANDBETWEEN, beidh na foirmlí a fháil nuashonraithe agus beidh luachanna nua le feiceáil! Beidh sé seo a tharlaíonn freisin gach uair a bhrú tú an eochair F9 .. iarracht é! Chun na foirmlí a ghlasáil, beidh ort na foirmlí a chódáil go crua trí na sonraí a roghnú, CTRL+C, Cliceáil ar Chlé agus Paste As Values.

Tracking your fertile period can give you direction when trying to conceive and help show you when you will be most likely to conceive. Tracking your fertile period can be done by using the length of your cycle, measuring your basal body temperature, and checking cervical mucus. There’s also things that lower your chances of getting pregnant, such as birth control, caffeine, smoking, and drinking. Tracking Your Fertile Period Your fertility period depends on the length of your cycle. Track your cycle for a few months, with day 1 being the first day of your period and the last day being the day before your next period. After finding the average, subtract 18 days from the shortest cycle. This will tell you the earliest you’re expected to become fertile. Then subtract 11 days from your longest cycle. This will show you the last day that will be likely to be fertile. The time in between these days is when you’re most likely to conceive. Basal Body Temperature The temperature of your body when you’re at rest is your basal body temperature (BBT). Ovulation can cause an increase in BBT and two to three days before the BBT rises, you’ll be the most fertile. You can track your BBT to use as a guide when trying to conceive. It’s important to use a basal body thermometer because it’s more sensitive and shows the temperature to a fraction of a degree, which is important because the change in temperature is small. You should take your BBT in the morning, after getting at least three hours of sleep, before getting out of bed. Then record your temperature on graph paper or an app to look for a pattern. There are also devices, such as himama, that track your BBT while you are sleeping and chart it for you. When you ovulate, the temperature can increase by less than ½ a degree and will remain elevated for three days or more. Cervical mucus also changes before and during ovulation. In the days leading up to ovulation, the cervical mucus will most likely be a cloudy, whitish color and sticky. Right before ovulation occurs, the mucus changes to be more slippery and stretchy, similar to egg whites. During this time is when you’re most likely to get pregnant. Fertility After Stopping Birth Control Birth control such as: the pill, the shot, or the IUD can continue to have an effect on your fertility for a few months after stopping it. The time that it affects your body is different for everyone, but it is something to take into consideration when trying to conceive. It can take time for your hormone levels to return to normal so keep this in mind if you have a timeframe of when you want to conceive. Caffeine, Smoking, and Alcohol Reduces Chance of Conception Studies have show that consuming over 200 mg of caffeine daily can decrease fertility in women. If you are wanting to get pregnant, try limiting your caffeine intake to 2 cups of 6-8 ounces of coffee a day. Smoking and heavy drinking have also been associated with a decrease in fertility. Doing these things doesn’t guarantee you’ll get pregnant, but they do help you to increase your chances. Sometimes it takes our bodies more time to adjust after changing our lifestyle habits or getting off of birth control. Sometimes it takes us a while to figure out how to track our fertile period, basal body temperature, and cervical mucus. Be patient with the process and be patient with yourself.

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Is féidir le rianú do thréimhse torthúil treoir a thabhairt duit agus tú ag iarraidh a bheith torthúil agus cabhrú leat a thaispeáint duit nuair a bheidh an seans is mó agat a bheith torthúil. Is féidir do thréimhse torthúil a rianú trí fhad do thriall a úsáid, do theochlaíocht bhunúsach coirp a thomhas, agus mucus cervical a sheiceáil. Tá rudaí ann freisin a laghdaíonn do seans go mbeidh tú ag iompar clainne, mar shampla rialú toirchis, caifein, caitheamh tobac, agus ól. Ag Rianú Do Thréimhse Táirgthe Braitheann do thréimhse torthúlachta ar fhad do thriall. Déan rianú ar do timthriall ar feadh cúpla mí, agus lá 1 mar an chéad lá de do thréimhse agus an lá deireanach mar an lá roimh do thréimhse eile. Tar éis an meán a fháil, aistarraing 18 lá ón timthriall is giorra. Cuirfidh sé seo in iúl duit an t-am is luaithe a bhfuiltear ag súil go mbeidh tú torthúil. Ansin, tarraing 11 lá as do thréimhse is faide. Taispeánfaidh sé seo duit an lá deireanach a bheidh féirneach. Is é an t-am idir na laethanta seo an t-am is dóichí go dtógfaidh tú leanbh. Teochta Basal an Choirp Is é teocht an choirp nuair a bhíonn tú ag scíthe ná do theochta bunaidh (TBT). Is féidir le hOibriú a bheith ina chúis le méadú ar BBT agus dhá nó trí lá roimh an BBT ardú, beidh tú ar an chuid is mó torthúil. Is féidir leat do BBT a rianú le húsáid mar threoir nuair a bhíonn tú ag iarraidh a bheith torrach. Tá sé tábhachtach teirmiméadar comhlacht bhunúsach a úsáid toisc go bhfuil sé níos íogaire agus go léiríonn sé an teocht go ciorcal céim, rud atá tábhachtach toisc go bhfuil an t-athrú ar an teocht beag. Ba chóir duit do BBT a ghlacadh ar maidin, tar éis duit trí uair an chloig ar a laghad codlata a fháil, sula dtéann tú as an leaba. Ansin taifead do theochla ar pháipéar grafa nó ar aip chun patrún a lorg. Tá feistí ann freisin, mar shampla himama, a rianóidh do BBT agus tú ag codladh agus a chaipfidh é duit. Nuair a bhíonn ovulation agat, d'fhéadfadh an teocht méadú faoi bhun 1⁄2 céim agus fanfaidh sé ard ar feadh trí lá nó níos mó. Athraíonn mucus cervical freisin roimh agus le linn ovulation. Sna laethanta roimh ovulation, is dócha go mbeidh an mucus cervical cloudy, dath whitish agus greamaitheach. Díreach sula dtarlaíonn ovulation, athraíonn an mucus chun a bheith níos sleamhnáin agus níos éadrom, cosúil le bánna ubh. Is é an t-am seo an t-am is dóichí go bhfaighidh tú toirchis. Fertility Tar éis a Stopadh Rialú Breithe Is féidir le rialú toirchis mar: an pill, an instealladh, nó an IUD dul i bhfeidhm ar do thréimhse torthúlachta ar feadh cúpla mí tar éis dó stop a chur leis. Tá an t-am a théann sé i bhfeidhm ar do chorp difriúil do gach duine, ach is rud é le cur san áireamh nuair a bhíonn tú ag iarraidh a bheith torrach. Is féidir go dtógfaidh sé tamall do leibhéil hormóin a bheith ar ais go gnáth mar sin coinnigh sé seo i gcuimhne má tá tú ag pleanáil am a bhfuil tú ag iarraidh a bheith torrach. Laghdaíonn Caifein, Tobac, agus alcól an seans go nglacfaidh tú leanbh Léiríonn staidéir gur féidir le níos mó ná 200 mg de chaiféin a ithe go laethúil laghdú a dhéanamh ar fhortún i measc na mban. Má tá tú ag iarraidh a bheith ag iompar clainne, déan iarracht do iontógáil caifein a theorannú go 2 chugán de 6-8 unsa caife in aghaidh an lae. Tá baint ag caitheamh tobac agus ag ól go mór le laghdú ar fhortún. Ní ráthaíonn na rudaí seo go bhfaighidh tú toirchis, ach cabhraíonn siad leat do dheiseanna a mhéadú. Uaireanta bíonn níos mó ama ag teip ar ár gcorp chun oiriúnú tar éis dúinn ár nósanna stíl mhaireachtála a athrú nó dul as rialú toirchis. Uaireanta tógann sé tamall orainn a fháil amach conas a rianú ár tréimhse torthúil, teocht an choirp basal, agus mucus cervical. Bí foighneach leis an bpróiseas agus bí foighneach leat féin.

The Coronavirus pandemic has presented a surprising snapshot of the changing world order amid a global deficiency of inter-state trust and China is being hauled at the epicentre of this inadequacy. As India retracted its blanket ban on essential drugs like hydroxychloroquine and exported a major chunk of its drugs to countries that saw hope in the medicine, many ostensibly perceived it as a strategic gesture from the world’s pharmacy and pushed the country into the spotlight. The need for permanent representation of developing economies at the United States Security Council in such times of a crisis is the need of the hour. The virus made its initial outset in Wuhan city, capital of Hubei province in Central China which has found itself in flares since the outbreak was reported in December 2019. While it was consistently assured that the virus did not show any signs of human-to-human transmission, it is now alleged that China remained secretive of crucial information on the intensity of virus transmission and subsequently buried numbers of infected people as well as mortalities. Reports stating that a surge in imports of PPE kits and masks in Chinese markets during the initial days of the outbreak has emerged which is indicative of the intensity of the initial outbreak. China is a source of similar products and is considered as the ‘World’s Factory’. The world overlooked China’s massive imports of this medical equipment and lost crucial time on prevention and early assessment. Discussions on research, origins and the need to tackle the coronavirus gained momentum during March, the month that saw a shocking spike in the number of infections in countries like Italy, Iraq, among others. Unsurprisingly, Beijing stalled discussions on the origin of the virus as it held the UNSC’s rotating chair for the presidency in March which is said to have further delayed access to information regarding transmission and prevention. While this has accentuated the rift between the US and China, it has stoked tensions amid other international stakeholders. Chinese dominance and hegemony deeply hurt global sentiments and democratisation of the UNSC is necessary. China is among the list of P5 or Permanent Five countries which includes the US, Canada, United Kingdom, and France. Transforming global order demands substantial reforms at the council as it faces many challenges. Many have stated that the UNSC has been restructured into an undemocratic organisation as the permanent members lacked considerable representation. Emerging economies in Africa and Asia have negligible status at the council and have been widely un-represented. The council has been allegedly used as a medium for strategic gains by most of the permanent members. The veto power has been misused on similar lines and nations have vetoed numerous council resolutions for their economic and military benefits. India’s inclusion at the council is necessary to neutralise these challenges. It has been associated with the United Nations (UN) since its inception and has been a pioneer in deploying UN peacekeepers. While it is one of the fastest-growing economies, India has been at the forefront of collaborative action against the pandemic which was reflected in PM Modi’s call for video conferences with SAARC and G20 members requesting joint effort and cooperation. Its induction in the council will curb China’s geopolitical dominance and expand its geopolitical strength and economic abilities globally. While India has served seven terms as a non-permanent member at the council, its inclusion would maintain a balance of global power and assist in re-democratisation of the UNSC. India’s leadership in assessing the pandemic and limiting its spread within its borders was appreciated globally. While India satisfies most of the criteria for a permanent membership such as minimum GDP, population, territorial size and economic potential, China has been consistently vetoing India’s induction in the council which is one of the prime challenges that the country is facing in its pursuit for permanent membership. India should continue this path to achieve its permanent membership, a strategic goal for the nation.

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Tá an paindéim Coronavirus tar éis léargas ionadh a thabhairt ar an ord domhanda atá ag athrú i measc easpa muiníne idirstáit ar fud an domhain agus tá an tSín á tarraingt ag an gcroílár den easpa seo. De réir mar a d'athraigh an India a thoirmeasc iomlán ar dhrugaí riachtanacha mar hydroxychloroquine agus a onnmhairíodh cuid mhór dá dhrugaí chuig tíortha a chonaic dóchas sa leigheas, d'fhéach go leor é mar ghné straitéiseach ó chógaslann an domhain agus chuir sé an tír i láthair. Is é an gá atá le ionadaíocht bhuan de gheilleagair atá ag forbairt i gComhairle Slándála na Stát Aontaithe i amanna den sórt sin géarchéime ná an gá atá leis an uair. Bhí an víreas ar bun i gcathair Wuhan, príomhchathair chúige Hubei i lár na Síne, a fuair sé féin i bhflaitheas ó tuairiscíodh an ráig i mí na Nollag 2019. Cé gur tugadh a chinntiú go leanúnach nach raibh aon chomharthaí ar an víreas a bhí ag tarchur ó dhuine go duine, tá sé líomhnaithe anois gur fhan an tSín faoi rún ar fhaisnéis ríthábhachtach maidir le déine tarchur víris agus ina dhiaidh sin d'fhág sé líon na ndaoine ionfhabhtaithe chomh maith le básanna. Tá tuarascálacha ann a deir go bhfuil méadú mór tagtha ar allmhairí píosaí agus maisc QPC i margaí na Síne le linn laethanta tosaigh an ráig, rud a léiríonn déine an ráig tosaigh. Is foinse táirgí den chineál céanna í an tSín agus meastar gurb í an 'Factóir Domhanda' í. D'fhéach an domhan thar a bheith ar allmhairí ollmhóra na trealaimh leighis seo ón tSín agus chaill sé am ríthábhachtach ar chosc agus ar mheasúnú luath. Tháinig luas ar phlé ar thaighde, ar thionscnamh agus ar an ngá le dul i ngleic leis an coronavirus i mí an Mhárta, an mhí a chonaic spike shocking i líon na n-ionfhabhtuithe i dtíortha cosúil le hIodáil, an Iaráic, i measc tíortha eile. Ní haon ionadh, chuir Peigín díospóireachtaí ar thionscnamh an víris i stailc mar a bhí cathaoirleacht rothlach Chomhairle Slándála na Náisiún Aontaithe aige don uachtaránacht i mí an Mhárta, rud a deirtear gur chuir sé moill bhreise ar rochtain ar fhaisnéis maidir le tarchur agus cosc. Cé gur mhúscail sé seo an t-easnamh idir na Stáit Aontaithe agus an tSín, tá teannas ann i measc geallsealbhóirí idirnáisiúnta eile. Tá an ceannas agus an ceannas na Síne tar éis dochar mór a dhéanamh do mheon domhanda agus tá gá le daonlathachú ar an UNSC. Tá an tSín i measc liosta na dtíortha P5 nó na Cúige Rialta lena n-áirítear na Stáit Aontaithe, Ceanada, an Ríocht Aontaithe agus an Fhrainc. Éilíonn athrú ar an ord domhanda athchóirithe substaintiúla ag an gComhairle de bharr go bhfuil go leor dúshláin rompu. Dúirt go leor gur athstruchtúrú an UNSC ina eagraíocht neamhdhaonlathach mar nach raibh ionadaíocht mhór ag na comhaltaí buan. Tá stádas neamh-imní ag geilleagair atá ag teacht chun cinn san Afraic agus san Áise sa chomhairle agus ní raibh ionadaíocht acu go forleathan. Tá an Chomhairle líomhnaithe mar mheán chun gnóthachain straitéiseacha a bhaint amach ag formhór na mball buan. Baineadh mí-úsáid as an gcumhacht veta ar shlílíneanna den chineál céanna agus chuir náisiúin veta ar líon mór rún na comhairle chun a n-úsáide eacnamaíochta agus míleata. Tá sé riachtanach go mbeadh an India san áireamh sa chomhairle chun na dúshláin seo a neodrú. Tá baint aici leis na Náisiúin Aontaithe (Na Náisiúin Aontaithe) ó bunaíodh í agus bhí sí ina ceannródaí i mbunú peacekeepers na Náisiún Aontaithe. Cé go bhfuil sé ar cheann de na geilleagair is mó a fhásann go tapa, bhí an India ar thús cadhnaíochta i ngníomhaíocht chomhoibritheach i gcoinne an phaindéime a léiríodh i nglao PM Modi ar chomhdhálacha físe le baill SAARC agus G20 ag iarraidh comhiarracht agus comhar. Cuirfidh a iontráil sa chomhairle srian ar cheannas geopolitical na Síne agus leathnóidh sé a neart geopolitical agus a chumas eacnamaíoch go domhanda. Cé go bhfuil seacht téarma ag an India mar bhall neamh-chasta sa chomhairle, coinníonn a áireamh cothromaíocht cumhachta domhanda agus cuideoidh sé le hath-dhéamocráisiú an UNSC. Bhí measúnú domhanda ar cheannaireacht na hIndia i measúnú an phaindéime agus i srianta a scaipeadh laistigh dá theorainneacha. Cé go sásann an India an chuid is mó de na critéir le haghaidh ballraíocht bhuan mar OTI íosta, daonra, méid críochach agus acmhainneacht eacnamaíoch, tá an tSín ag cur veto i gcónaí ar iontráil na hIndia sa chomhairle, rud atá ar cheann de na príomhdhúshláin atá ag dul i ngleic leis an tír ina shaothrú le haghaidh ballraíocht bhuan. Ba cheart don India leanúint ar aghaidh ar an mbealach seo chun a bhallraíocht bhuan a bhaint amach, sprioc straitéiseach don náisiún.

What is Sustainability? Sustainability is MORE than just the recycling and the environment. Sustainability is creative, innovative and an open-ended story. A widely accepted definition of sustainability is to "...meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" (Brundtland Commission, 1987). Consisting of 3 legs: Social, Economic and Environment. According to the EPA, sustainability is based on a simple principle: Everything that we need for our survival and well-being depends, either directly or indirectly, on our natural environment. Sustainability creates and maintains the conditions under which humans and nature can exist in productive harmony, that permit fulfilling the social, economic and other requirements of present and future generations. Sustainability is important to making sure that we have and will continue to have, the water, materials, and resources to protect human health and our environment. For more information, please call (843) 349-5041 or email firstname.lastname@example.org

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Cad é Inbhuanaitheacht? Ní FÉIDIR inbhuanaitheacht ach an athchúrsáil agus an comhshaol. Is scéal cruthaitheach, nuálach agus oscailte é inbhuanaitheacht. Is é sainmhíniú a nglactar go forleathan ar inbhuanaitheacht ná "... riachtanais an ama seo a chomhlíonadh gan cur i gcontúirt ar chumas na glúine amach anseo a gcuid riachtanas féin a chomhlíonadh" (Comhaontú Brundtland, 1987). Tá 3 chuid ann: Sóisialta, Eacnamaíoch agus Comhshaoil. De réir an EPA, tá inbhuanaitheacht bunaithe ar phrionsabal simplí: Tá gach rud a theastaíonn uainn chun maireachtáil agus folláine a fháil ag brath, go díreach nó go hindíreach, ar ár dtimpeallacht nádúrtha. Cruthaíonn inbhuanaitheacht agus coinníonn sí na coinníollacha faoina bhféadfaidh daoine agus an nádúr maireachtáil i gcomhchuibhiú táirgiúil, rud a cheadaíonn riachtanais shóisialta, eacnamaíocha agus eile na glúine atá ann faoi láthair agus na glúine atá le teacht a chomhlíonadh. Tá an inbhuanaitheacht tábhachtach chun a chinntiú go bhfuil agus go leanfaidh an t-uisce, na hábhair agus na hacmhainní atá againn le sláinte an duine agus ár gcomhshaol a chosaint. Chun tuilleadh eolais a fháil, glaoigh ar (843) 349-5041 nó seol ríomhphost chuig firstname.lastname@example.org

A man in this sculpture is a Greek god called Hephaestus. He was regarded as the god of technology, blacksmiths, craftsmen and artisans. Amongst many of his marvelous creations, myths also feature various artificial beings. It is said that Hephaestus made ancient robots to help him in his workshop. Greek mythology also states that a bronze giant called Talos was made by Hephaestus as well. This bronze giant would patrol around the island and throw rocks at enemy ships. A roman counterpart of Hephaestus is called Vulcan. Vulcan was also regarded as the god of craftsmen and technology. The roman mythology states that Vulcan made slave-girls of gold for himself. Also there are ancient stories of Chinese origin that features ancient robots. Usually these stories suggest that told events actually took place at some time in past in the real world. Creations vary by their application but they all are stated to be created artificially. Also their possibilities are quite stunning – dancing, singing, recognition of environment. The most famous Chinese story of this kind can be found in Lie Zi text. The text itself is written in 3rd century BC but the tale takes place in 10th century BC. The story is about an encounter between an artificer called Yan Shi and a king Mu of Zhou. It is said that Yan Shi demonstrated an artificial man to the king. The man could walk, sing and dance and it was indistinguishable from a real human. Moreover, it is said that it had bones and realistic organs that functioned the way Chinese traditional medicine suggests a human body functions. Whether there are some bits of truth in these stories we can’t tell for sure. Supposedly, these stories are fiction. In either case, stories like that demonstrate our fascination about artificially made beings that was with us also in antiquity. Concept of artificial servants and companions date at least as far back as the ancient legends of Cadmus, who sowed dragon teeth that turned into soldiers, and the myth of Pygmalion whose statue of Galatea came to life. Many ancient mythologies included artificial people, such as the talking mechanical handmaidens built by the Greek god Hephaestus (Vulcan to the Romans) out of gold, the clay golems of Jewish legend and clay giants of Norse legend. Chinese legend relates that in the 10th century BC, Yan Shi made an automaton resembling a human in an account from the Lie Zi text. In Greek mythology, Hephaestus created utilitarian three-legged tables that could move about under their own power and a bronze man, Talos, that defended Crete. Talos was eventually destroyed by Media who cast a lightning bolt at his single vein of lead. To take the golden fleece Jason was also required to tame two fire breathing bulls with bronze hooves; and like Cadmus he sowed the teeth of a dragon into soldiers. The Indian Lokapannatti (11th/12th century) tells the story of King Ajatashatru of Magadha, who gathered the Buddha’s relics and hid them in an underground stupa. The Buddha’s relics were protected by mechanical robots (bhuta vahana yanta), from the kingdom of Roma visaya, until they were disarmed by King Ashoka. In the Egyptian legend of Rocail, the younger brother of Seth created a palace and a sepulcher containing autonomous statues that lived out the lives of men so realistically they were mistaken for having souls. … In Christian legend, several of the men associated with the introduction of Arabic learning (and, through it, the reintroduction of Aristotle and Hero‘s works) to medieval Europe devised brazen heads that could answer questions posed to them. Albertus Magnus was supposed to have constructed an entire android who could perform some domestic tasks but it was destroyed by Albert’s student Thomas Aquinas for disturbing his thought. The most famous legend concerned a bronze head devised by Roger Bacon which was destroyed or scrapped after he missed its moment of operation. Automata were popular in the imaginary worlds of medieval literature. For instance, the Middle Dutch tale Roman van Walewein (“The Romance of Walewein”, early 13th century) described mechanical birds and angels producing sound by means of systems of pipes. Concepts akin to a robot can be found as long ago as the 4th century BC, when the Greek mathematician Archytas of Tarentum postulated a mechanical bird he called “The Pigeon” which was propelled by steam. Yet another early automaton was the clepsydra, made in 250 BC by Ctesibius of Alexandria, a physicist and inventor from Ptolemaic Egypt. Hero of Alexandria (10–70 AD) made numerous innovations in the field of automata, including one that allegedly could speak. Taking up the earlier reference in Homer‘s Iliad, Aristotle speculated in his Politics (ca. 322 BC, book 1, part 4) that automatons could someday bring about human equality by making possible the abolition of slavery: – There is only one condition in which we can imagine managers not needing subordinates, and masters not needing slaves. This condition would be that each instrument could do its own work, at the word of command or by intelligent anticipation, like the statues of Daedalus or the tripods made by Hephaestus, of which Homer relates that “Of their own motion they entered the conclave of Gods on Olympus”, as if a shuttle should weave of itself, and a plectrum should do its own harp playing. In ancient China, an account on automata is found in the Lie Zi text, written in the 3rd century BC, in which King Mu of Zhou (1023–957 BC) is presented with a life-size, human-shaped mechanical figure by Yan Shi, an “artificer”. Al-Jazari (1136–1206), a Muslim inventor during the Artuqid dynasty, designed and constructed a number of automatic machines, including kitchen appliances and musical automata powered by water. One particularly complex automaton included four automatic musicians that floated on a lake. Hero’s works on automata were translated into Latin amid the 12th century Renaissance. The early 13th-century artist-engineer Villard de Honnecourt sketched plans for several automata. At the end of the thirteenth century, Robert II, Count of Artois, built a pleasure garden at his castle at Hesdin that incorporated a number of robots, humanoid and animal. One of the first recorded designs of a humanoid robot was made by Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) in around 1495. Da Vinci’s notebooks, rediscovered in the 1950s, contain detailed drawings of a mechanical knight in armour which was able to sit up, wave its arms and move its head and jaw. The design is likely to be based on his anatomical research recorded in the Vitruvian Man but it is not known whether he attempted to build the robot (see: Leonardo’s robot). In 1533, Johannes Müller von Königsberg created an automaton eagle and fly made of iron; both could fly. John Dee is also known for creating a wooden beetle, capable of flying. Around 1700, many automatons were built including ones capable of acting, drawing, flying, and playing music; some of the most famous works of the period were created by Jacques de Vaucanson in 1737, including an automaton flute player, tambourine player, and his most famous work, “The Digesting Duck“. Vaucanson’s duck was powered by weights and was capable of imitating a real duck by flapping its wings (over 400 parts were in each of the wings alone), eat grain, digest it, and defecate by excreting matter stored in a hidden compartment. The Japanese craftsman Hisashige Tanaka, known as “Japan’s Edison”, created an array of extremely complex mechanical toys, some of which were capable of serving tea, firing arrows drawn from a quiver, or even painting a Japanese kanji character. The landmark text Karakuri Zui (Illustrated Machinery) was published in 1796. Ancient India and Robotics: In Vastu Shastra, Shukla gives extensive material from a book called Samarangana-Sutradhara. It is a text on architecture by a king named Bhoja, who compiled the work about AD 1050. Western Europe was at that time in the Dark Ages, after the downfall of the Roman Empire. Like other Sanskrit texts of this period, it includes knowledge from more ancient traditional sources. The text is about vastu, but one section of it deals with yantras. In Sanskrit, the word yantra can refer either to geometric diagrams (which possess spiritual or subtle material powers) or to machines (which manifest those powers in mechanical form). Here we are concerned with the latter. There are some descriptions of some pretty surprising yantras, or machines, in this work. The connection with architecture is that these machines were taken into consideration in the construction of monumental buildings, just as today buildings are designed taking into consideration the kinds of vehicles and machines that would be used in and around the building. Yantras are devices that control the action of elements according to some plan. According to the Samarangana-Sutradhara, the primary elements that form yantras are called the bijas, or seeds, of the devices. These elements are earth, water, fire, air, and ether. In each yantra, a particular bija element is dominant. For example, we might say that the modern internal combustion engine is a yantra in which earth (in the form of metal) is the bija. The metal is arranged so as to generate energy from fire and air, and the energy is used to propel a vehicle. The yantras described in the Samarangana-Sutradhara were apparently quite complex. Some of them were made of metal. Some of them are described as svayam vahaka, or self-propelled, with the propulsion mechanism hidden from view. Some of the ideal characteristics of yantras listed in Shukla’s translation are “well knit contruction,” “smoothness and fineness of appearance,” and “functional efficiency.” Among the robotlike yantras described in the text were “men machines serving as servants,” and “soldier machines.” Shukla (p. 591) notes that according to the text, “Each part of their figures is made and fitted separately, with holes and pins, so that the thighs, eyes, neck, hands, wrists, forearms and fingers can act according to the need.” In addition to describing these humanlike automatic machines, the Samarangana-Sutradhara also describes vimanas, or flying machines. The text gives some hints about the construction of one kind of vimana, which resembles modern jet propelled aircraft or spacecraft. The text says: “Make a huge birdlike shape with a wing on each side.” There was a compartment in this vimana for a passenger.The text also says there should be a space in the body of the craft for a fuel called para and a source of fire. The combination of air, fuel, and fire generated power to propel the vimana. The text says that “with its power so generated, the machine will go a great distance in the sky.” The text goes on to describe a similar flying machine of larger size, powered by fire and four containers of the fuel para. Mercury is also mentioned in connection with the para fuel. The text itself says that it only gives brief descriptions of the vimanas and other yantras, because the techniques of actually constructing them were only to be passed secretly from masters to properly qualified students. There is another text called the Vaiminka Shastra that also mentions flying craft, vimanas. I have always been a little suspicious of this text, because it is said to be a channeled text. It was supposedly channeled in India from 1918 to 1923 by Pandit Subbaraya Shastry, who said it originated from the ancient sage Maharshi Bharadvaja. Shastry dictated the words he mentally accessed to an associate, who wrote them down. The transcript of Shastry’s dictation remained very much unknown to the public, until 1952, when G. R. Josyer announced he had discovered it in a collection of manuscripts at the Rajakiya Sanskrit Library in Baroda, India. Subsequently, he published an English translation. However, I find actual historical documents, like the Samarangana-Sutradhara, more credible than the Vaimanika Shastra. The Shrimad Bhagavatam (also called the Bhagavata Purana), which is older than the Samarangana-Sutradhara, contains accounts of many kinds of vimanas. There are different kinds of vimanas because, according to the Vedic literature, we inhabit a multilevel cosmos with different conditions at each level. The simplest divisions are those of gross matter, subtle matter, and pure consciousness, or spirit. All three levels are inhabited. The level of pure consciousness, or spirit, is inhabited by liberated beings with spiritual bodies; the level of subtle matter is inhabited by demigods with subtle material bodies; and the level of gross matter is inhabited by beings like us, with gross material bodies. There are different kinds of vimanas suitable for traveling on each level and for traveling from one level to another. There are vimanas made of ordinary matter; there are vimanas made of subtle material elements; and there are vimanas made of spiritual elements. The Shrimad Bhagavatam describes a massive vimana operated by a despotic king named Shalva. It was manufactured from iron by a demonic engineer named Maya Danava. Shalva used the craft for warfare, attacking cities on earth with his weapons. The movements of the craft were amazing and resemble the UFO flight patterns reported by modern observers. The Shrimad Bhagavatam (10.72.21-22) says, “At one moment the . . . airship built by Maya Danava appeared in many identical forms, and the next moment it was again only one. Sometimes it was visible, and sometimes not. Thus Salva’s opponents could never be sure where it was. From one moment to the next the . . . airship appeared on the earth, in the sky, on a mountain peak, or in the water. Like a whirling, flaming baton, it never remained in any one place.” Another such vimana is described elsewhere in Shrimad Bhagavatam (8.10.16-17): “This beautifully decorated airplane had been manufactured by the demon Maya and was equipped with weapons for all types of combat. It was inconceivable and indescribable. Indeed, it was sometimes visible and sometimes not.” The Shrimad Bhagavatam also describes other vimanas used by the demigods, who inhabit the subtle material realm of existence. Beyond that is the spiritual level, which in the Vedic cosmology is called Vaikuntha. The Shrimad Bhagavatam (2.9.13) says: “The Vaikuntha planets are also surrounded by various airplanes, all glowing and brilliantly situated. These airplanes belong to the great mahatmas or devotees of the Lord.” There are many hundreds of such accounts of vimanas in the ancient Sanskrit writings of India. It is interesting that the observations of modern UFO researchers have parallels in the ancient Sanskrit writings of India. The Elements and Yantra According to Bhoja : Yantra is machine through which one controls the Bhuta make them serve the particular purpose , Also the Mahabhuta like the earth, the water , the air , the fire and the ether though interdependent in their operations and movements , when brought to act in a particular way is Yantra. Earth, Water,Fire and Air are the four elements for which Akasha (Ether) acts as substratum (Ether acts as asmi ,ie which is associated with other elements) as well as the Subsidiary bijas (amsa) or elemental factors in the innovation of Yantra. Bhoja declares that the yantra and its bija are inseparable like body and soul (atmiva bijam sarvesam pratyekamparanyapi). The bijas cannot function independently but in combination with one another . All yantras therefore work with the help of 2,3 or 4 other bijas . One principal and other are its allies it is to be noted that 4 bijas have not alliance with each other. The principal bija is the one who has more proportion or degree than the other elements.The permutation and combination in these bijas results in innumerable innovations in Yantras . ~Think Studio Captive Research.

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Is é an fear sa dealbh seo dia Gréagach ar a dtugtar Hephaestus. Bhí meas air mar Dhia na teicneolaíochta, na smide, na ceardaíochta agus na ceardaíochta. I measc a chuid cruthaitheacht iontach, léiríonn miotais freisin go leor créatúir saorga. Deirtear gur chruthaigh Hephaestus robots ársa chun cabhrú leis ina fhoireann oibre. Deir miotaseolaíocht na Gréige gur rinne Hephaestus géarbhall tobac ar a dtugtar Talos freisin. Bhí an ollmhór seo ó bhrónas ag faire timpeall an oileáin agus ag caitheamh carraigeacha ar longa naimhde. Tugtar Vulcan ar chomhghleacaí Rómhánach Hephaestus. Bhí meas ar Vúlcán freisin mar Dhia na n-aisteoirí agus na teicneolaíochta. Deir miotaseolaíocht na Róimhe go ndearna Vulcan sclábhaithe-láithreacha óir dó féin. Chomh maith leis sin tá sean-scéalta de thionscnamh na Síne a léiríonn robots ársa. De ghnáth léiríonn na scéalta seo gur tharla imeachtaí a dúradh i ndáiríre ag am éigin san am atá caite sa saol fíor. Tá éagsúlacht ag baint le cruthaitheacht de réir a n-iarratas ach luaitear go bhfuil siad uile cruthaithe go saorga. Chomh maith leis sin tá a gcuid féidearthachtaí go leor suimiúil damhsa, canadh, aitheantas na timpeallachta. Is féidir an scéal Síneach is cáiliúla den chineál seo a fháil i dteachtaireacht Lie Zi. Scríobhadh an téacs féin sa 3ú haois RC ach tá an scéal ar siúl sa 10ú haois RC. Tá an scéal faoi choinneáil idir ealaíontóir ar a dtugtar Yan Shi agus rí Mu de Zhou. Deirtear gur léirigh Yan Shi fear saorga don rí. D'fhéadfadh an fear siúl, canadh agus damhsa agus bhí sé indistinguishable ó dhaor daonna. Ina theannta sin, deirtear go raibh cnámha agus orgáin réalaíocha aige a d'oibrigh ar an mbealach a mhol leigheas traidisiúnta na Síne go n-oibríonn comhlacht daonna. An bhfuil roinnt fírinne sna scéalta seo nach féidir linn a rá le cinnteacht. Go meastar, is ficsean iad na scéalta seo. I gcás ar bith, léiríonn scéalta mar sin ár n-imní faoi dhaoine a rinneadh go saorga a bhí linn san ársaíocht freisin. Tá coincheap na seirbhísigh agus na gcomhghleacaithe saorga ar a laghad chomh fada siar leis na finscéalta ársa Cadmus, a chuir fiacla dragan a thionóil ina saighdiúirí, agus miotas Pygmalion a tháinig dealbh Galatea chun beatha. I measc go leor miotaseolaíochta ársa bhí daoine saorga, mar shampla na seirbhísigh meicniúla labhartha a thóg an dia Gréagach Hephaestus (Vulcan do na Rómhánaigh) as ór, na golems cré de shaincheist Giúdach agus na hiontachtáin cré de shaincheist Norse. Insíonn finscéal na Síne gur chruthaigh Yan Shi, sa 10ú haois RC, uathoibrí a bhí cosúil le duine i gcuntas ón téacs Lie Zi. I miotaseolaíocht na Gréige, chruthaigh Hephaestus táblaí trí chos úsáideacha a d'fhéadfadh bogadh faoi a gcumhacht féin agus fear bronsa, Talos, a chosaint Creta. Talos a scriosadh sa deireadh ag Meádach a chaith bolt lightning ar a vein amháin luaidhe. Chun an fleece óir a fháil bhí Jason ag teastáil freisin chun dhá thuras tine a chaitheamh le hooves copar; agus cosúil le Cadmus chuir sé fiacla dragan i saighdiúirí. Insíonn an Lokapannatti Indiach (11ú / 12ú haois) scéal Rí Ajatashatru de Magadha, a bhailiú na Buddha's relics agus iad a i bhfolach i stupa faoi thalamh. Bhí robots meicniúla (bhuta vahana yanta) á gcur i gcóir na bhFéile Bhúdá, ó ríocht Roma visaya, go dtí go raibh an Rí Ashoka á n-imní orthu. I finscéal na hÉigipte Rocail, chruthaigh deartháir níos óige Seth palat agus tuama ina raibh deilbh uathrialacha a bhí ina gcónaí ar shaol fir chomh réalaíoch gur mheall siad go raibh anam acu. ... a bheith I finscéal Críostaí, rinne roinnt de na fir a raibh baint acu le foghlaim na hArabaigh a thabhairt isteach (agus, tríd, ath-thomhais oibreacha Aristotle agus Hero) go dtí an Eoraip lár-aosúil cinn brazen a d'fhéadfadh ceisteanna a chur orthu a fhreagairt. Bhí Albertus Magnus ceaptha a bheith tógtha android iomlán a d'fhéadfadh a dhéanamh roinnt tascanna tí ach bhí sé scrios ag Albert's mac léinn Thomas Aquinas as a chur isteach ar a chuid smaointe. Baineann an finscéal is cáiliúla le ceann bronsa a cheap Roger Bacon a scriosadh nó a scriosadh tar éis dó a nóiméad oibríochta a chailleadh. Bhí tóir ar uathoibrithe i ndomhan samhlacha litríocht na meánaoise. Mar shampla, déantar cur síos ar éin mheicniúla agus aingeal a tháirgeann fuaim trí chórais píopaí sa scéal Meán-Dhéanach Roman van Walewein ( The Romance of Walewein, go luath sa 13ú haois). Is féidir coincheapa atá cosúil le róbat a fháil chomh fada siar leis an 4ú haois RC, nuair a dhearbhaigh an matamaiticeoir Gréagach Archytas de Tarentum éan meicniúil ar a dtugtar The Pigeon a bhí tiomanta ag gaile. Bhí an clepsydra mar uathoibríocht luath eile, a rinne Ctesibius de Alexandria, fisiceoir agus aireagóir ó Eipipt Ptolemaic, i 250 RC. Rinne Hero of Alexandria (1070 AD) go leor nuálaíochtaí i réimse na n-automataí, lena n-áirítear ceann a d'fhéadfadh labhairt. Ag glacadh leis an tagairt níos luaithe i Iliad Homer, rinne Aristotle tuairimíocht ina Pholaitíocht (ca. 322 RC, leabhar 1, cuid 4) go bhféadfadh uathoibrithe comhionannas daonna a thabhairt lá éigin trí chur ar ceal an sclábhaíochta a dhéanamh indéanta: Níl ach coinníoll amháin ann inar féidir linn a shamhlú nach gá do bhainisteoirí fo-rialaithe, agus nach gá do mháistirí sclábhaithe. Ba é an coinníoll seo go bhféadfadh gach ionstraim a chuid oibre féin a dhéanamh, ag an bhfocal ordaithe nó trí réamh-mheas cliste, cosúil le deilbh Daedalus nó na tríshláthanna a rinne Hephaestus, a bhfuil Homer ag cur leis go bhfuil siad ag dul isteach ar choinclaí na nDia ar Olympus, amhail is dá mba cheart go mbeadh seolta ag díriú air féin, agus ba cheart go mbeadh an pleictrum ag seinm an harpa féin. Sa tSín ársa, tá cuntas ar uathoibrithe le fáil sa téacs Lie Zi, a scríobhadh sa 3ú haois RC, ina bhfuil Rí Mu de Zhou (1023957 RC) i láthair le figiúr meicniúil ar mhéid beatha, ar chruth daonna ag Yan Shi, artificer. Al-Jazari (11361206), aireagóir Moslamach le linn na ríochta Artuqid, dearadh agus tógadh roinnt meaisíní uathoibríoch, lena n-áirítear fearais chistin agus automataí ceoil a thiomáint ag uisce. Bhí ceoltóirí uathoibríoch ar cheann de na huathoibríochtaí casta a bhí ag snámh ar loch. Aistríodh saothair Hero ar uathoibrithe go Laidin i measc an Renaissance sa 12ú haois. Rinne an t-ealaíontóir-innealtóir Villard de Honnecourt, a bhí i lár an 13ú haois, línte do roinnt uathoibrithe a sceitseáil. Ag deireadh an tríú haois déag, thóg Robert II, Comhaireamh Artois, gairdín pléisiúir ag a chaisleán ag Hesdin a chuir roinnt róbat, humanoid agus ainmhithe leis. Rinne Leonardo da Vinci (14521519) ceann de na chéad dearaí taifeadta de róbat humanoid thart ar 1495. Tá líníochtaí mionsonraithe i nótaí Da Vinci, a athdéanta sna 1950idí, de ríthe meicniúla i armúr a bhí in ann suí suas, a lámh a mhaolú agus a cheann agus a bhéal a bhogadh. Is dócha go bhfuil an dearadh bunaithe ar a chuid taighde anatamaíochta a taifeadadh sa Vitruvian Man ach níl a fhios an ndearna sé iarracht an robot a thógáil (féach: robot Leonardo). Sa bhliain 1533, chruthaigh Johannes Müller von Königsberg ealaín uathoibríoch agus eitilt déanta as iarann; d'fhéadfadh an dá cheann eitilt. Tá aithne ar John Dee freisin as beithle adhmaid a chruthú, atá in ann eitilt. Timpeall 1700, tógadh go leor uathoibrithe lena n-áirítear iad siúd atá in ann gníomhú, tarraingt, eitilt, agus ceol a imirt; cruthaíodh cuid de na hoibreacha is cáiliúla den tréimhse ag Jacques de Vaucanson i 1737, lena n-áirítear imreoir flute uathoibrithe, imreoir tambourine, agus a chuid oibre is cáiliúla, The Digesting Duck . Bhí an t-aintín de chuid Vaucanson cumhachtithe ag meáchain agus bhí sé in ann a bheith cosúil le fíor-aintín trína sciatháin a bhualadh (ní raibh ach breis agus 400 cuid i ngach ceann de na sciatháin), gráin a ithe, é a dhíleá, agus a bheith ag caitheamh trí ábhar a stóráil i gcoimeádán i bhfolach a dhíol. Chruthaigh an ceardaí Seapánach Hisashige Tanaka, ar a dtugtar Japans Edison, sraith bréagáin mheicniúla an-chasta, a raibh cuid acu in ann tae a sheirbheáil, saigheada a tharraingt ó chúl, nó fiú carachtar kanji Seapánach a phéinteáil. Foilsíodh an téacs réamhtheachtachta Karakuri Zui (Mheicníocht Iolraithe) i 1796. An Sean-India agus Róbóiteolaíocht: Sa Vastu Shastra, tugann Shukla ábhar fairsing ó leabhar ar a dtugtar Samarangana-Sutradhara. Is téacs é ar ailtireacht ag rí darb ainm Bhoja, a chuir an obair le chéile thart ar AD 1050. Bhí an Eoraip Thiar ag an am sin san Oíche Dorcha, tar éis titim Impireacht na Rómháine. Cosúil le téacsanna Sanscrait eile den tréimhse seo, áirítear sa leabhar seo eolas ó fhoinsí traidisiúnta níos ársa. Tá an téacs faoi vastu, ach déileálann cuid de le yantras. I Sanscrait, is féidir leis an bhfocal yantra tagairt a dhéanamh do dheacraimh gheoiméatracha (a bhfuil cumhachtaí spioradálta nó ábhair mhionsonraithe acu) nó do mheaisíní (a léiríonn na cumhachtaí sin i bhfoirm mheicniúil). Anseo táimid ag caint faoin dara ceann. Tá roinnt cur síos ar roinnt yantras, nó meaisíní, a bhfuil iontas orthu sa saothar seo. Is é an nasc leis an ailtireacht ná go ndearnadh na meaisíní seo a chur san áireamh i dtógáil foirgnimh mhúntalacha, díreach mar a dhéantar foirgnimh inniu a dhearadh ag cur san áireamh na cineálacha feithiclí agus meaisíní a bheadh le húsáid sa fhoirgneamh agus timpeall air. Is gléasanna iad Yantras a rialaíonn gníomh na n-eilimintí de réir plean éigin. De réir an Samarangana-Sutradhara, is é an príomh-ghnéithe a fhoirmiú yantras ar a dtugtar na bijas, nó síolta, na bhfeistí. Is iad na heilimintí seo talamh, uisce, tine, aer, agus éitear. I ngach yantra, tá eilimint áirithe bija ceannasach. Mar shampla, d'fhéadfaimis a rá gur yantra é an t-inneall dóiteáin inmheánach nua-aimseartha ina bhfuil an talamh (i bhfoirm miotail) an bija. Déantar an miotail a shocrú ionas go ndéantar fuinneamh a ghiniúint ó theine agus ó aer, agus úsáidtear an fuinneamh chun feithicil a thiomáint. Is cosúil go raibh na yantras a thuairiscítear sa Samarangana-Sutradhara an-chasta. Bhí cuid acu déanta as miotail. Déantar cur síos ar chuid acu mar svayam vahaka, nó féin-thiomáint, agus an meicníocht tiomána i bhfolach ó amharc. I measc na yantras cosúil le róbat a thuairiscítear sa téacs bhí meaisíní fear a bhí ag fónamh mar sheirbhísigh, agus meaisíní saighdiúir. Shukla (p. 591) a thugann faoi deara go de réir an téacs, Déantar gach cuid dá gcuid figiúirí a dhéanamh agus a fheistiú ar leithligh, le poill agus pionta, ionas gur féidir leis na thighí, na súile, an muineál, na lámha, na wrists, na forearms agus na méara gníomhú de réir na riachtanas. Chomh maith le cur síos a dhéanamh ar na meaisíní uathoibrithe seo cosúil le daoine, déanann an Samarangana-Sutradhara cur síos freisin ar vimanas, nó meaisíní eitilte. Tugann an téacs roinnt leideanna faoi thógáil cineál amháin vimana, a bhfuil cosúil le aerárthach nó spásárthach nua-aimseartha a thiomáint ag eitilt. Deirtear sa téacs: Déan cruth mór cosúil le héin le sciathán ar gach taobh. Bhí seomra sa vimana seo le haghaidh paisinéir. Deirtear sa téacs freisin gur chóir go mbeadh spás i gcorp an bhratach le haghaidh breosla ar a dtugtar para agus foinse dóiteáin. Ba é an cumas aer, breosla agus tine a ghineann cumhacht chun an vimana a thiomáint. Deir an téacs go bhfuil lena chumhacht a ghineadh mar sin, beidh an meaisín a théann ar fad i bhfad sa spéir. Téacs ar aghaidh chun cur síos a dhéanamh ar meaisín eitilte den chineál céanna de mhéid níos mó, powered ag tine agus ceithre choimeádáin de na breosla para. Luaitear an meirge freisin i ndáil leis an gcarbón para. Deir an téacs féin nach dtugann sé ach cur síos gairid ar na vimanas agus ar yantras eile, toisc nach raibh na teicnící chun iad a thógáil i ndáiríre ach a bheith ar siúl go rúnda ó mháistir go mic léinn cáilithe go cuí. Tá téacs eile ar a dtugtar an Vaiminka Shastra a luaitear freisin craft eitilte, vimanas. Bhí amhras beag orm i gcónaí faoin téacs seo, mar go bhfuil sé á rá gur téacs chanáilte é. Deirtear gur chuir Pandit Subbaraya Shastry é i gcathaoir India ó 1918 go 1923, a dúirt gur tháinig sé ón sean-saigh Maharshi Bharadvaja. D'ordaigh Shastry na focail a raibh rochtain aige orthu go meabhrach do chomhoibrí, a scríobh síos iad. Bhí an trascríbhinn de dhíthe Shastry fós an-neamhfhoilsithe don phobal, go dtí 1952, nuair a d'fhógair G. R. Josyer go raibh sé tar éis é a fháil i mbailiúchán lámhscríbhinní ag Leabharlann Rajakiya Sanskrit i Baroda, an India. Ina dhiaidh sin, d'fhoilsigh sé aistriúchán Béarla. Mar sin féin, is dóigh liom go bhfuil doiciméid stairiúla iarbhír, mar an Samarangana-Sutradhara, níos creidiúnaí ná an Vaimanika Shastra. Tá tuairiscí ar go leor cineálacha vimanas sa Shrimad Bhagavatam (ar a dtugtar an Bhagavata Purana freisin), atá níos sine ná an Samarangana-Sutradhara. Tá cineálacha éagsúla vimanas toisc, de réir na litríochta Véideach, go bhfuil muid ina gcónaí ar cosmos illeibhéil le coinníollacha éagsúla ag gach leibhéal. Is iad na rannóga is simplí ná na rannóga a bhaineann le hábhair throm, ábhair mhionsonraithe, agus comhfhios íon, nó spiorad. Tá daoine ina gcónaí sna trí leibhéal go léir. Tá daoine saor ó mheabhair-chomhfhios, nó spiorad, ina gcónaí ar leibhéal na n-eagna íon le comhlachtaí spioradálta; tá leath-diaga le comhlachtaí subtle ábhartha ina gcónaí ar leibhéal na n-ábhar íseal; agus tá daoine cosúil linn, le comhlachtaí ábhartha ollmhóra, ina gcónaí ar leibhéal na n-ábhar géar. Tá cineálacha éagsúla vimanas ann atá oiriúnach chun taisteal ar gach leibhéal agus chun taisteal ó leibhéal amháin go leibhéal eile. Tá vimanas déanta as ábhar gnáth; tá vimanas déanta as eilimintí subtle ábhartha; agus tá vimanas déanta as eilimintí spioradálta. Déanann an Shrimad Bhagavatam cur síos ar vimana ollmhór a oibríodh ag rí despotic darb ainm Shalva. Bhí sé déanta as iarann ag innealtóir demonic darb ainm Maya Danava. D'úsáid Shalva an ceardaíocht le haghaidh cogaidh, ag ionsaí cathracha ar an talamh lena chuid airm. Bhí gluaiseachtaí an bhratach iontach agus cosúil leis na patrúin eitilte UFO tuairiscíodh ag breathnóirí nua-aimseartha. Deir an Shrimad Bhagavatam (10.72.21-22), Ag nóiméad amháin an . . . go deo . . . go deo . airship tógtha ag Maya Danava le feiceáil i go leor foirmeacha comhionann, agus an nóiméad eile bhí sé arís ach amháin. Uaireanta bhí sé le feiceáil, agus uaireanta nach bhfuil. Dá bhrí sin ní fhéadfadh opponents Salva a bheith cinnte áit a raibh sé. Ó nóiméad amháin go dtí an chéad cheann eile . . . go deo . . . go deo . airship le feiceáil ar an talamh, sa spéir, ar mullach sléibhe, nó san uisce. Cosúil le baiste, lascadh, ní raibh sé riamh in aon áit amháin. Tá vimana eile den sórt sin tuairiscithe in áit eile i Shrimad Bhagavatam (8.10.16-17): Bhí an aerárthach álainn seo á dhéanamh ag an diabhal Maya agus bhí airm air le haghaidh gach cineál cogaidh. Bhí sé inconceivable agus indescribable. Go deimhin, bhí sé le feiceáil uaireanta agus uaireanta ní raibh. Déanann an Shrimad Bhagavatam cur síos ar vimanas eile a úsáideann na leath-diaga, a bhfuil cónaí orthu ar réim subtle an fhéidhimh. Níos faide ná sin tá an leibhéal spioradálta, a dtugtar Vaikuntha sa cosmaolaíocht Véideach. Deir an Shrimad Bhagavatam (2.9.13): Tá pláinéid Vaikuntha timpeallaithe freisin ag eitleáin éagsúla, go léir ag gleoite agus suite go geal. Baineann na hiompar seo leis na mahatmas móra nó le dílisí an Tiarna. Tá na céadta cuntais den sórt sin de vimanas i scríbhinní sean-Sanskrit na hIndia. Tá sé suimiúil go bhfuil na breathnóireachtaí a rinne taighdeoirí nua-aimseartha UFOanna comhthreomhar i scríbhinní ársa Sanskrit na hIndia. Na h-Eileamaintí agus Yantra De réir Bhoja: Is meaisín é Yantra trína rialaíonn duine an Bhutha a dhéanamh dóibh freastal ar chuspóir ar leith , Chomh maith leis an Mahabhuta cosúil leis an talamh, an t-uisce , an aer , an tine agus an eitir cé go bhfuil siad ag brath ar a chéile ina n-oibríochtaí agus ina ngluaiseachtaí , nuair a chuirtear chun gníomhú ar bhealach ar leith is Yantra é. Is iad an Domhan, an t-Uisce, an tine agus an t-Aer na ceithre eilimint ar a n-oibríonn Akasha (Ether) mar bhunús (oibríonn Ether mar asmi, ie atá bainteach le heilimintí eile) chomh maith leis na bijas Fo-cheannais (amsa) nó na tosca eileamacha i nuálaíocht Yantra. Dearbhaíonn Bhoja go bhfuil an yantra agus a bija gan scaradh cosúil le corp agus anam (atmiva bijam sarvesam pratyekamparanyapi). Ní féidir leis na bijas feidhmiú go neamhspleách ach i gcomhcheangal lena chéile . Dá bhrí sin oibríonn gach yantras le cabhair ó 2,3 nó 4 bijas eile . Ceann príomh- agus eile a comhghuaillithe tá sé le tabhairt faoi deara nach bhfuil 4 bijas comhghuaillithe lena chéile. Is é an príomh-bhíja an ceann a bhfuil níos mó cion nó céim aige ná na heilimintí eile. Is é an t-athrú agus an teaglaim sna bijas seo ná nuálaíochtaí gan áireamh i Yantras. ~ Smaoinigh ar Staidéar Taighde Caipthe.

In 1850, Major Woods visited the Metis at Pembina. He noted that a large number of Metis made their home at Pembina, and that these people were subsisting primarily by hunting buffalo. The old men reported to Major Woods that the buffalo had been depleted about one-half within their lifetime, and they realized that they must soon disappear. From the best information Major Woods was able to obtain, the population of Pembina at that time consisted of 177 families. Of these, 511 were males and 515 females (about 1,026 people). They had about 600 Red River carts, 300 oxen, 300 work horses; 150 horses for buffalo hunting, and 1,500 hundred cattle. There were a few hogs but no sheep. Woods noted that the Metis population to the north at Red River Settlement was about 4,000 to 5,000. Woods reported that the Metis at Pembina had tried farming some years before, but they had no market to sell their produce, so they gave it up and now only maintained gardens for personal use. The Metis were making most of their money by serving as trappers, hunters and voyageurs. Dried meat and pemmican were almost their sole source of sustenance, and they would go to the plains in the spring and fall in hunting bands of about 500 men, accompanied by their families. Each family would have from one to ten carts that they would try to fill with pemmican and hides by the end of the season. The Metis had a system of government and self-rule consisting of a nine-person council. The council in 1850 consisted of Headman J.B. Wilkie, and his counselors J.B. Dumont, Baptiste Vallee, Edward Harmon, Joseph Laverdure, Joseph Nolin, Antoine ‘Labelle’ Azure, Robert ‘Bonhomme’ Montour, and Baptiste Lafournaise. The Metis were recognized as having Indian rights at Pembina, and the US Government took efforts to detach them from the greater body of Metis at Red River Settlement. In support of Woods’ report, Father Belcourt, the attending Priest at Pembina gave his assessment of the Metis people. Belcourt wrote: “The half-breeds are mild, generous, polished in their manners, and ready to do a kindness; of great uprightness, not over anxious of becoming rich, contenting themselves with the necessaries of life, of which they are not at all times possessed. They endure with lightness of heart when called upon to work in the course of diverse occupations. They have much openness of spirit, and their children manifest good capacity when taught…They are generally gay and fond of enjoyment; they affect music, there being but few, comparatively speaking, who do not play on the violin. They are a fine physical conformation, robust and full of health and of a swarthy hue. The men commonly marry at the age of seventeen or eighteen and as a general thing are of good morals. The half-breeds number over five thousand souls. They first established themselves at Pembina, near the mouth of the river of that name in 1818, when they had with them a resident Canadian priest. They had also erected a church, and were engaged in the cultivation of the soil with great success, when Major Long visited the country; and having ascertained the latitude, declared it to be south of the 49th degree. St. Louis being the nearest American settlement of any size, and the distance being very great, it was out of the question for the residents of Pembina to hold intercourse with it, except by incurring great expense as well as danger." "When the US/Canadian border was established, the Hudson Bay Company tried to force the Metis to stay on the Canadian side of the border and make settlement about the mouth of the Assinaboine River, under penalty in case of failure so to do, of being refused all supplies from their store. At that time even more than at present, powder, balls, and net thread for fishing, were articles were necessary to their subsistence. In short they were being obliged to submit…[however] the military posts established at Abercrombie and Pembina served to keep many of the half-breeds from flocking across the line to populate the Red River Valley. [Additionally] we received many thousand sturdy Canadian settlers who became the sturdiest and best of that portion of the state, contributing millions to its wealth. The friction along the border long ago ceased and the utmost good feeling prevails. The Hudson Bay Company still exists but has entirely changed its line of trade and is now interested in the development of the country, rather than in the Indian trade which was its life decades ago." LOUNSBERRY, C.A. NORTH DAKOTA MAGAZINE, VOL. III SEPTEMBER, 1908 NO. 1: POPULAR HISTORY OF NORTH DAKOTA. Dibaajimowin was created as a way to share interesting and unique stories and other information about the Metis and Ojibwe people (and others) so that these can be used by our guests to educate themselves and others about the history, culture, and language of the people.

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Sa bhliain 1850, thug an Mór Woods cuairt ar na Metis ag Pembina. Thug sé faoi deara go raibh líon mór Metis ina dteach ag Pembina, agus go raibh na daoine seo ag maireachtáil go príomha trí bhaifal a sheachaint. Thuairiscigh na sean-fhir do Mór Woods go raibh an buffalo a bhí caite thart ar leath laistigh dá saol, agus thuig siad go gcaithfidh siad a bheith imithe go luath. Ón t-eolas is fearr a bhí in ann a fháil ag an Maighistir Woods, bhí 177 teaghlach i ndaonra Pembina ag an am sin. Is fir iad 511 agus ba mhná iad 515 díobh (thart ar 1,026 duine). Bhí thart ar 600 carbad Abhainn Dearg, 300 eallach, 300 capall oibre; 150 capall le haghaidh sealgadh buffalo, agus 1,500 céad de bhaoil. Bhí cúpla muc ach gan aon chaorach. Thug Woods faoi deara go raibh daonra na Metis ó thuaidh ag Red River Settlement thart ar 4,000 go 5,000. Tuairiscíodh ag Woods gur rinne na Metis ag Pembina iarracht feirmeoireacht a dhéanamh roinnt blianta roimhe sin, ach ní raibh aon mhargadh acu chun a dtáirgí a dhíol, mar sin thug siad suas é agus ní choinnigh siad ach gairdíní le haghaidh úsáide pearsanta. Bhí na Metis ag déanamh an chuid is mó dá gcuid airgid trí bheith ina n-trapaí, ina n-imreoirí agus ina n-imreoirí. Ba é an fheoil thriomaithe agus an pemmican beagnach an t-aon fhoinse beatha a bhí acu, agus rachadh siad go dtí na plátaí san earrach agus thit siad i ngrúpaí seilge de thart ar 500 fear, in éineacht lena dteaghlaigh. Bhí cart amháin go deichnear ag gach teaghlach a dhéanfadh siad iarracht a líonadh le pemmican agus le craiceann faoi dheireadh na séasúir. Bhí córas rialtais agus féinrialaithe ag na Metis a bhí comhdhéanta de chomhairle naoi duine. Bhí an Chomhairle i 1850 comhdhéanta de Headman J.B. Wilkie, agus a chomhairleoirí J.B. Dumont, Baptiste Vallee, Edward Harmon, Joseph Laverdure, Joseph Nolin, Antoine Labelle Azure, Robert Bonhomme Montour, agus Baptiste Lafournaise. Aithníodh go raibh cearta Indiach ag na Metis ag Pembina, agus rinne Rialtas na Stát Aontaithe iarrachtaí iad a scaradh ó chorp níos mó na Metis ag Lonnaíocht Abhainn Dearg. I dtaca le tuarascáil Woods, thug an tAthair Belcourt, an sagart a bhí i láthair ag Pembina a mheasúnú ar mhuintir na Metis. Scríobh Belcourt: Tá na leathbhreiseanna milis, flaithiúil, póraithe ina n-iompar, agus réidh chun cairdeas a dhéanamh; de mhór-chothroime, gan a bheith ró-imní ar bheith saibhir, ag fáil sásta leis na riachtanas sa saol, nach bhfuil siad i gcónaí. Tá siad ag fhulaingt le léig an chroí nuair a ghlaonn siad orthu oibriú i rith na n-oifigeach éagsúla. Tá go leor oscailteachta spiorad acu, agus léiríonn a gcuid leanaí cumas maith nuair a theagascann siad...Tá siad go hiondúil áthas agus grámhar taitneamh; bíonn tionchar acu ar cheol, níl ach cúpla duine, i gcomparáid, nach bhfuil ag seinm ar an violín. Tá siad cóimeáil fisiciúil fíneáil, láidir agus lán de shláinte agus de shíne broinn. Is gnách go ndéanann na fir pósadh ag aois seacht mbliana déag nó ocht mbliana déag agus go ginearálta tá dea-mhoráltacht acu. Tá breis agus cúig mhíle anam ag na leathbhreithe. Bhunaigh siad a gcuid féin den chéad uair ag Pembina, in aice le béal na habhann den ainm sin i 1818, nuair a bhí sagart Ceanadach cónaitheach acu. Bhí sé chomh maith a thóg sé séipéal, agus bhí siad ag gabháil leis an saothrú an ithir le rath mór, nuair a Major Long cuairt ar an tír; agus tar éis a dhearbhú an domhanleithid, dhearbhaigh sé a bheith ó dheas de na 49 céim. Louis a bheith ar an socrú Meiriceánach is gaire de aon mhéid, agus an t-achar a bheith an-mhór, bhí sé as an cheist do na cónaitheoirí Pembina a bheith ag caidreamh leis, ach amháin trí chostas mór chomh maith le contúirtí. " "Nuair a bunaíodh teorainn na Stát Aontaithe/an Cheanada, rinne Cuideachta Bhá Hudson iarracht na Metis a chur i bhfeidhm chun fanacht ar thaobh Cheanada den teorainn agus socrú a dhéanamh faoi bhéal Abhainn Assinaboine, faoi phionós i gcás nach ndéanfaí é sin, gan gach soláthar a dhiúltú óna stór. Ag an am sin fiú níos mó ná mar atá i láthair na huaire, púdar, liathróidí, agus snáthaid ar an iascaireacht, bhí earraí a bhí riachtanach chun a n-íothaíocht. Go hachomair bhí sé de dhualgas orthu a chur faoi réir...[ach] d'fhág na poist míleata a bunaíodh ag Abercrombie agus Pembina go leor de na leathbhreitheanna a choinneáil ó shruthú trasna na líne chun an Red River Valley a phobail. [Ar a thuilleadh] fuair muid na mílte coilíneach Canadánaigh coilíneach a tháinig ar an chuid is fearr agus is fearr den stát sin, ag cur le na milliúin a saibhreas. Tá deireadh curtha leis an gcúis ar feadh na teorann le fada ó shin agus tá an mothúchán an-mhaith ann. Tá Cuideachta Bhaile Hudson fós ann ach tá a líne trádála athraithe go hiomlán agus tá suim aige anois i bhforbairt na tíre, seachas sa thrádáil Indiach a bhí ina shaol blianta ó shin. " Lounsberry, CA NAIRÍON DAKOTA NÓTH, TÓC. III SEPTEMBHAR, 1908 NÍ. 1: EISTEAR POBLÁRTACH DÁ DACÓTA THEASLAIN. Cruthaíodh Dibaajimowin mar bhealach chun scéalta suimiúla agus uathúla agus faisnéis eile faoi mhuintir na Metis agus na nOjibwe (agus daoine eile) a roinnt ionas gur féidir le ár n-aíonna iad seo a úsáid chun iad féin agus daoine eile a oideachas faoi stair, cultúr agus teanga na ndaoine.

Treasures of the Romanov period going on exhibit include a gem-encrusted book. Photo: Foundation of Russian History Copyright Notice: The following article was originally published in the April 4th, 2014 edition of The New York Times. The author Eve M. Kahn, owns the copyright of the article presented below. Artifacts as ordinary as coat hangers that were owned by czars and members of their inner circle, are re-emerging at museums, stores and auction houses. The greatest concentration will appear next month in a new museum at a Russian Orthodox monastery in this hamlet near Utica. On the grounds of Holy Trinity Monastery and Seminary here, the Foundation of Russian History’s inaugural exhibition, opening on May 25, surveys four centuries of Romanov rule and post-imperial life. The Rev. Vladimir von Tsurikov, the foundation’s director and curator, gave a preview of the show, “The Russian Word and Image: Four Centuries of Books and Art,” pulling out drawer after drawer of chilling material. The foundation has acquired records from Russian nobles exiled in America, the last czar’s cutlery, wooden coat hangers bearing the last czarina’s monogram, and weapons used in hopeless battles against Bolsheviks. Bullets are still tucked into army uniform pockets. Prayer books, dating to the 16th century, have jewels and paintings embedded in their metal covers. Father Vladimir hoisted one heavy tome. “People who are fleeing from their homeland, look what they’re carrying,” he said. The foundation also owns typewriters used by Russian Orthodox monks, glittering imperial banners, church vestments and crystal goblets etched with various empresses’ initials. Drawers are devoted to artifacts from the sites of the Romanov family’s imprisonment and assassination and from the estate of Eugenia Smith, a Rhode Island woman who claimed to be the last czar’s youngest daughter, Grand Duchess Anastasia. A delicate white blouse at the foundation belonged to the real Anastasia, or perhaps one of her three sisters. A tiny khaki military jacket was made for their brother, Alexei. A single pearl earring survives from their mother, Alexandra. The monastery, founded in the 1920s by exiled monks, also contains chapels steeped in incense smoke, crypts, libraries, stained-glass windows in jewel tones, and murals of bejeweled saints and martyrs. In some corridors, paintings and photographs depict religious leaders who were imprisoned or killed or who lost family members during Soviet persecutions. Russophiles and scholars including the historian Edward Kasinec have been making research pilgrimages to Jordanville. Mr. Kasinec said in an interview that other unpublished Romanov documentation still lurks in various institutions and private collections. “There are so many things that are squirreled away,” he said. Fabergé works are also making an appearance this spring. A La Vieille Russie, a gallery in New York, is now showing Fabergé works (with six- and seven-figure prices) that Romanovs gave to their family and favorites; the doctor who presided at imperial births received a hot-pink enamel snuffbox. From April 14 to 17, the London dealer Wartski will display a gold Fabergé egg with a watch tucked inside, which Emperor Alexander III gave to his wife, Maria, as an Easter present in 1887. The three-inch egg, encrusted with diamonds and sapphires and set on a stand with lion’s paws, turned up a few years ago at the home of an American scrap-metal dealer. The dealer had paid about $14,000 for it at a flea market, based on its weight alone. The Soviets had sold it in 1922. It last appeared in public in 1964, its czarist origins forgotten, at a Parke-Bernet auction in New York shortly before Sotheby’s bought the company. On April 8, a Sotheby’s sale in New York will include a Fabergé miniature lapis urn (estimated at $40,000 to $60,000) said to have belonged to Grand Duke Nicholas, a cousin of the last czar; a Fabergé eagle broach ($8,000 to $12,000), made as a souvenir for Alexei’s baptism in 1904; and memorabilia ($5,000 to $7,000 for the lot) from an aristocratic army colonel who tried to protect the Kremlin from the Bolsheviks in 1917. On April 9, Christie’s in New York will offer nine lots of archival material (with estimates of between $800 and $7,000 each) from descendants of Nicholas II’s sister Xenia. Family photos and hand-painted postcards are for sale along with gloves, stockings, poems, prayers and scraps of pink sashes and embroidery. On April 10, Bonhams in New York will offer about 60 Russian icon paintings (with estimates starting at a few thousand dollars each) acquired by an American ambassador to the Soviet Union just before World War II. The Soviets sold him portraits of saints in gilded and silver frames that have a few scars where gemstones were gouged out. Surveys of czarist-era antiques including Fabergé wares are now on view or will soon appear at the Metropolitan Museum of Art; the Museum of Russian Icons in Clinton, Mass.; the Hillwood museum in Washington; the Houston Museum of Natural Science; the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts; the Kunsthistorisches museum in Vienna; and Harrods in London. Museums devoted to Fabergé have opened in St. Petersburg, Russia, and Baden-Baden, Germany; much of the German collection will appear in the historian Cynthia Coleman Sparke’s new book, “Russian Decorative Arts” (Antique Collectors’ Club). At Jordanville, the Fabergé contingent includes a 1909 portrait of Nicholas II’s cousin Grand Duke Konstantin, with his eight children and his four palaces. One son died of World War I battlefield wounds, and the Bolsheviks executed three others and dumped their bodies down a mine shaft. But the buildings still stand. A number of items from the Foundation of Russian History were recently on disply at an exhibition hosted by the Museum of Russian Art at Minneapolis, Minnesota. For more information, and photos from this exhibition, please refer to the following link: © Eve M. Kahn @ The New York Times. 04 April, 2014

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I measc na n-aibhneacha ó thréimhse Romanov atá ar taispeáint tá leabhar insteallta le giotaí. Grianghraf: Fondúireacht Stair na Rúise Fógra um Cheartach: Foilsíodh an t-alt seo a leanas ar dtús in eagrán 4 Aibreán, 2014 de The New York Times. Is í an t-údar Eve M. Kahn, úinéir cóipcheart an ailt a chuirtear i láthair thíos. Tá ealaín chomh coitianta le crochta cóta a bhí faoi úinéireacht tsars agus baill dá dtimpeallacht inmheánach, ag teacht ar ais i músaeim, i siopaí agus i dtithe díoltais. Beidh an tiúchan is mó a bheith le feiceáil an mhí seo chugainn i músaem nua ag a Mhanachta Orthodox Rúisis sa hamlet seo in aice Utica. Ar thalamh Mhonastóir agus Seimineár na Tríonóide Naofa anseo, léiríonn taispeántas tosaigh an Chiste um Stair na Rúise, a osclaítear ar 25 Bealtaine, ceithre chéad bliain de riail Romanov agus an saol iar-impiriúil. An Rev. Thug Vladimir von Tsurikov, stiúrthóir agus cúirteoir an chiste, réamhamharc ar an seó, "An focal agus íomhá na Rúise: Ceithre Séasúr de Leabhair agus Ealaín", ag tarraingt as drawer tar éis drawer de ábhar chill. Fuair an bunús taifid ó shaibhreas na Rúise a bhí ar dídeanaithe i Meiriceá, cótaireacha an tsár deireanach, crochta cóta adhmaid a bhfuil monogram an tsárin deireanach orthu, agus airm a úsáideadh i gcathanna gan dóchas i gcoinne na Bolsheivíceacha. Tá na liúntais fós i bpócaí éide arm. Tá seodra agus pictiúir i gcló na n-ailtí miotail ar leabhair urnaí, a bhí ar bun sa 16ú haois. Athair Vladimir hoisted tom amháin trom. "Daoine atá ag teitheadh as a dtír dhúchais, féach cad atá á iompar acu", a dúirt sé. Tá meaisíní scríbhneoireachta a úsáideann manaigh Orthodox na Rúise, banners impiriúla gleoite, éadaí eaglais agus goblets criostail atá clóite le hacmhainní éagsúla impire. Tá drámaí dírithe ar earraí ó shuíomhanna príosúnacht agus dúnmharú an teaghlaigh Romanov agus ó mhaoin Eugenia Smith, bean oileán Rhode a d'éiligh a bheith ar an iníon is óige deireanach an tsar, an Grand Duchess Anastasia. Bhí blús bán íogair ag an bhunaíocht a bhaineann leis an fíor Anastasia, nó b'fhéidir ar cheann de a trí deirfiúr. Rinneadh seaicéad míleata cacáiste beag a dhéanamh dá dheartháir, Alexei. Tá cluaise péarla amháin fós ina gcónaí óna máthair, Alexandra. Tá caipéil sa mhonastóireacht, a bhunaigh na manaigh i mbéal scoite sna 1920idí, atá steeped i deatach incense, crypts, leabharlanna, fuinneoga gloine staite i tonaí jewel, agus murals na naoimh agus na mairtirí bejeweled. I roinnt conairí, léirítear péinteanna agus grianghraif de cheannairí reiligiúnacha a cuireadh i bpríosún nó a maraíodh nó a chaill baill teaghlaigh le linn géarleanúintí na Sóivéide. Tá Russophiles agus scoláirí lena n-áirítear an staire Edward Kasinec ag déanamh píológaíochtaí taighde go Jordanville. Dúirt an tUasal Kasinec in agallamh go bhfuil doiciméid Romanov eile gan fhoilsiú fós ag luí i institiúidí éagsúla agus bailiúcháin phríobháideacha. "Tá an oiread sin rudaí ann a chuirtear ar shiúl", a dúirt sé. Tá saothair Fabergé ag teacht chun cinn an earrach seo freisin. Tá saothar Fabergé (le praghsanna sé agus seacht figiúirí) á thaispeáint anois ag La Vieille Russie, gailearaí i Nua Eabhrac, a thug Romanovs dá dteaghlach agus dá gcuid is fearr leo; fuair an dochtúir a bhí i gceannas ar bhreith ríoga bocsa snáthaithe smálta róis-te. Ón 14 go dtí an 17 Aibreán, taispeánfaidh an déileálaí Londain Wartski uibhead óir Fabergé le uaireadóir i bhfolach istigh, a thug an tImpire Alexander III dá bhean chéile, Maria, mar bhronntanas Cásca i 1887. An t-uibhe trí orlach, incrusted le diamonds agus sapphires agus a leagtar ar seasamh le lion's paws, tháinig suas cúpla bliain ó shin sa bhaile de Meiriceánach scrap-mhéiteal díoltóir. D'íoc an déileálaí thart ar $14,000 as ag margadh flea, bunaithe ar a mheáchan amháin. Bhí na Sóivéadaigh a dhíol sé i 1922. Bhí an t-earra ar an bpobal den uair dheireanach i 1964, a bhunús tsarist dearmadta, ag ceant Parke-Bernet i Nua Eabhrac go gairid sula cheannaigh Sotheby's an chuideachta. Ar an 8 Aibreán, beidh díol Sotheby's i Nua-Eabhrac ina measc urn lapis mhion-Fabergé (measta ag $ 40,000 go $ 60,000) a deirtear gur bhain le Grand Duke Nicholas, unclann an tsair deireanach; brós Fabergé eagle ($ 8,000 go $ 12,000), a rinneadh mar chuimhneachán ar bhaisteadh Alexei's i 1904; agus cuimhní cinn ($ 5,000 go $ 7,000 don lán) ó choilíneal arm aristocráiteach a rinne iarracht an Kremlin a chosaint ó na Bolsheviks i 1917. Ar an 9 Aibreán, beidh Christie's i Nua Eabhrac ag tairiscint naoi n-ábhar cartlainne (le meastacháin idir $ 800 agus $ 7,000 gach ceann) ó shliocht dheirfiúr Nicholas II Xenia. Tá grianghraif teaghlaigh agus cártaí poist péinteáilte de láimh ar díol mar aon le lámhainní, stocaí, dánta, guí agus scraps de sásanna bándearg agus bordú. Ar an 10 Aibreán, cuirfidh Bonhams i Nua-Eabhrac thart ar 60 pictiúr icon Rúisis ar fáil (le meastacháin ag tosú ag cúpla míle dollar an ceann) a fuair ambasadóir Mheiriceá san Aontas Sóivéadach díreach roimh an Dara Cogadh Domhanda. D'eisigh na Sóivéadaigh portráidí naoimh dó i frámaí órga agus airgid a bhfuil cúpla scarr ann inar cuireadh gemstones amach. Tá suirbhéanna ar sean-earraí ón ré tsarist lena n-áirítear earraí Fabergé le feiceáil anois nó beidh siad le feiceáil go luath ag an Músaem Ealaíne Metropolitan; an Músaem Íocanna na Rúise i Clinton, Mass. ; an músaem Hillwood i Washington; an Músaem Eolaíochtaí Nádúrtha Houston; an Músaem Ealaíon Mhaith Montreal; an músaem Kunsthistorisches i Vín; agus Harrods i Londain. Osclaíodh músaeim atá tiomanta do Fabergé i St. Petersburg, an Rúis, agus i Baden-Baden, an Ghearmáin; beidh cuid mhór den bhailiúchán Gearmánach le feiceáil i leabhar nua an staire Cynthia Coleman Sparke, Ealaíon Décorative na Rúise (Club Bailiúcháin Antique ). I Jordanville, tá portráid 1909 de phósadh Nicholas II, an Grand Duke Konstantin, lena ochtar leanaí agus a cheithre phálás. Fuair mac amháin bás de bharr gortuithe sa chatha an Chéad Chogaidh Domhanda, agus chuir na Bolsheivíceacha trí cinn eile chun báis agus chaith siad a gcorp síos i mbonn mianach. Ach tá na foirgnimh fós ar bun. Bhí roinnt earraí ón gCiste um Stair na Rúise ar taispeáint le déanaí ag taispeántas a d'óstáil Músaem Ealaíne na Rúise i Minneapolis, Minnesota. Le haghaidh tuilleadh eolais agus grianghraif ón taispeántas seo, féach ar an nasc seo a leanas: © Eve M. Kahn @ The New York Times. 04 Aibreán, 2014

Francisco de Montejo (the Nephew) Francisco de Montejo (the Nephew) (Spanish: Francisco de Montejo (el Sobrino), 1514–1572), was a Spanish conqueror. At 13 years old embarks with his uncle, Francisco de Montejo "El Adelantado" and his cousin Francisco de Montejo y León "el Mozo" toward to the conquest of Yucatán in 1527. On May 28, 1543 he founded the town of Valladolid (present Mexican state of Yucatán), in Chouac-Ha. A year later, Valladolid is transferred to Zací. In the third phase of the conquest of Yucatán, he attended the first garrison in San Pedro Champotón, locality in which the natives began to pay tribute to the Spaniards, however, the offensive of the campaign took a long time to start because "El Adelantado" and "el Mozo", were pooling resources and soldiers, so the position was in danger because the Mayan caciques began to conspire. "The Nephew" anticipated and kidnapped the principal lords of the area leading them to his cousin in Tabasco, where renewed vows of obedience to the crown. The name of Champotón would change from "San Pedro" to "Salamanca de Champotón" after this incident. Finally with resources obtained, "El Mozo" and "El Sobrino" (the Nephew) along with other captains sent by "el Adelantado", began the third and final campaign of the conquest moving from west to east of the peninsula. "The Nephew" usually was at the forefront of military campaigns. Francisco de Montejo "The Nephew" lived his last years in Mérida, where he died as a councilman in 1572, at the age of 55. - Landa, Diego de (1568) Relación de las cosas de Yucatán cap. IV Conquistadores y clérigos texto en la web arteHistoria, Junta de Castilla y León"...He came to Sevilla with a thirteen years old nephew with his same name, and in Seville found his son 28 years who brought with him..." - "La Ciudad de Valladolid". Diario de Yucatán. Retrieved June 14, 2010.[dead link] - "Conquista y Colonización de Yucatán", capítulos XI y XII de Robert S.Chamberlain, Ed. Porrúa 1974

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Francisco de Montejo (an Neamh) Ba é Francisco de Montejo (an Neamh) (Spéinnis: Francisco de Montejo (el Sobrino), 15141572), conquerer Spáinneach. Ag 13 bliana d'aois, chuaigh sé ar bord lena uncail, Francisco de Montejo "El Adelantado" agus lena chousin Francisco de Montejo y León "el Mozo" i dtreo conquest Yucatán i 1527. Ar 28 Bealtaine, 1543, bhunaigh sé baile Valladolid (stáit Mheicsiceo reatha Yucatán), i Chouac-Ha. Bliain ina dhiaidh sin, aistrítear Valladolid go Zací. Sa tríú céim de conquest Yucatán, d'fhreastail sé ar an gcéad garasún i San Pedro Champotón, áit inar thosaigh na dúchasaigh ag tabhairt ómós do na Spáinnigh, áfach, thóg sé tamall fada chun tús a chur le hionsaí an fheachtais toisc go raibh "El Adelantado" agus "el Mozo", ag cur acmhainní agus saighdiúirí i gcomharbacht, mar sin bhí an seasamh i mbaol toisc gur thosaigh na caciques Maya ag conspóireacht. D'fhan "An Nephew" roimh ré agus thug sé ar cíos príomh-uachtarán na ceantair a threoraigh iad chuig a sheanmhar i Tabasco, áit a ndearna sé mionna athnuaite de réir an choróin. Athródh ainm Champotón ó "San Pedro" go "Salamanca de Champotón" tar éis an eachtra seo. Faoi dheireadh le hacmhainní a fuarthas, thosaigh "El Mozo" agus "El Sobrino" (an Nephew) mar aon le captaení eile a chuir "el Adelantado", an tríú feachtas agus an feachtas deiridh den choghabháil ag bogadh ó iarthuaisceart go dtí oirthear an leath-oileáin. "An Nephew" de ghnáth a bhí ar an mbarr feachtais mhíleata. Chaith Francisco de Montejo "An Nephew" a blianta deiridh i Mérida, áit a bhfuair sé bás mar chomhairleoir i 1572, ag aois 55. - Landa, Diego de (1568) Relación de las cosas de Yucatán cap. IV Conquistadores y clérigos texto en la web arteHistoria, Junta de Castilla y León"...Tháinig sé go Sevilla le neacht a bhí trí bliana déag d'aois lena hainm céanna, agus sa Seville fuair sé a mhac 28 bliain d'aois a thug leis... " - "La Ciudad de Valladolid". - Tá sé i gceist agam. Diario de Yucatán. Arna óstáil ar 14 Meitheamh, 2010. [nasc marbh] - "Conquista y Colonización de Yucatán", chaibidil XI agus XII de Robert S.Chamberlain, Ed. Porrúa 1974

Conflict theory has both modern and classical roots most recently, it developed in the late twentieth century in response. Running head: conflict management in the christian church 1 conflict management in the christian church a research paper presented to. View notes - prejudice theory_ realistic conflict theory research paper starter - enotes from general 1010 at columbia southern university, orange beach rowsnavigatestudyguide prejudice theory. Read this essay on sport sociology - conflict theory come browse our large digital warehouse of free sample essays get the knowledge you need in order to pass your classes and more. View notes - conflict theory research paper starter - enotes from general 101 at ball state rowsnavigatestudyguide con ict. Conflict theory paper harifah hendrickson conflict theory dr starner april 17, 2014 the conflict theory is one of three major ideologies of sociology that explains social life it. The social conflict paradigm is a theory based on society being a complex system characterized by inequality and conflict that generate social change personal life experiences dictate me to believe this theory is true discussion of the theory in question and how it pertains to myself will be covered in the paper. Category: papers title: characteristics of social conflict theory. Each conflict has three forms of regulation: conciliation, mediation, arbitration conflict may produce 2 changes: exchange of dominant personnel values, and institutions of imperatively coordinated associations the origin of tradition of explanatory theory is the conflict tradition by marx and weber. The paper shall analyze the theory of conflict along with its critiques within the aspects of the human social order. View this research paper on conflict resolution theory the purpose of this research paper is to find theories and ways on how people deal with conflict on a. Free example research paper on conflict theory is a good way to learn basics of research proposal writing at essaylibcom writing service you can order a custom research paper on conflict theory topics your research paper will be written from scratch. Structural functionalism - conflict theory - symbolic interaction this research paper structural functionalism - conflict theory - symbolic interaction and other 63,000+ term papers, college essay examples and free essays are available now on reviewessayscom. Appropriate research methods 'science' in the social sciences design decisions in research theory development social and behavioral theories sample surveys. Informal conflict resolution inside the workplace less other mediation research is reported in acas research paper series (see for instance, latreille et. In literature, a conflict theory essay helps you to understand the conflict between the different characters in a play or novel research paper term paper. Conflict theory and the revolution of eugenics institution’s name name abstract the paper presents the social perspective on eugenics in the united states of. This research paper focuses on social conflict theory in line with convict criminology as alleged by ian ross and stephen richards in connection to society and criminal. Marx & conflict theory - analysis of power in society 2 conflict perspective carl marx find new research papers in: physics chemistry. Finally, the label conflict theory is often applied to substantive research on power structures, domination, conflict, and change (see fields of conflict) conflict theory as a paradigm had a kind of catalytic function in the social sciences. Conflict theory - conflict theory research papers discuss one of the most prominent sociological theories contemporary social theory - this is a research paper on contemporary social theory criminological theories - this is an example of what a research paper on criminological theories should consist of. Unlike most editing & proofreading services, we edit for everything: grammar, spelling, punctuation, idea flow, sentence structure, & more get started now. Marx proposed what is known as the conflict theory save your essays here so you can locate them all papers are for research and reference purposes. Free conflict theory papers, essays, and research papers. The american drug war - a conflict theory perspective this research paper the american drug war - a conflict theory perspective and other 63,000+ term papers, college essay examples and free essays are available now on reviewessayscom. Handbooks of sociology and social research chapter 10 conflict theory a oberschall this essay covers three i argue that a theory of conflict should. This collection of almost 100 political science research paper topics and example papers on political science highlights deterrence theory rivalry, conflict. War & conflict essay topics - chapter summary this collection of teacher resources provides convenient and easy-to-access essay prompts/questions about wars and conflicts inside the chapter, you'll find essay topics on a variety of wars and conflicts from world history, including wwi and wwii, the russian revolution, the war on. Sociological perspective of religion sociology essay and stem cell research this plays directing into the ideology behind the conflict theory.

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Tá fréamhacha nua-aimseartha agus clasaiceacha ag teoiric choimhlinte go ceann i bhfad ó shin, d'fhorbair sí i ndeireadh an fhichiú haois mar fhreagra. Ag rith ceann: bainistiú coimhlinte sa Eaglais Chríostaí 1 bainistiú coimhlinte sa Eaglais Chríostaí páipéar taighde a cuireadh i láthair do. Tús páipéar taighde teoiric choimhlint réalaíoch - nótaí ó ghinearálta 1010 in Ollscoil Columbia Theas, Orange Beach Rowsnavigatesstudyguide teoiric choimhlint. Léigh an aiste seo ar shocheolaíocht spóirt - teoiric choimhlinte tar éis teacht brabhsáil ar ár stóras digiteach mór de aisteí samplacha saor in aisce a fháil ar an eolas is gá duit d'fhonn a rith do ranganna agus níos mó. Féach nótaí - téacs tosaigh páipéar taighde ar théorie na coimhlinte - nótaí ó ghinearálta 101 ag línte ballstáitnavigatestudyguidecontact. Páipéar teoiric choimhlinte Harifah Hendrickson teoiric choimhlinte Dr Starner Aibreán 17, 2014 Is é teoiric choimhlinte ceann de thrí idé-eolaíocht mhóra na socheolaíochta a mhíníonn saol sóisialta é. Is teoiric é an paradigm choimhlint shóisialta atá bunaithe ar an tsochaí a bheith ina chóras casta a bhfuil neamhionannas agus coinbhleacht ag cur leis a chruthaíonn athrú sóisialta a chuireann taithí phearsanta saoil orm a chreidiúint go bhfuil an teoiric seo fíor plé ar an teoiric atá i gceist agus conas a bhaineann sé liom féin a chlúdófar sa pháipéar. Catagóir: páipéir teideal: tréithe teoiric choimhlint shóisialta. Tá trí chineál rialaithe ag gach coinbhleacht: comhshocraíocht, idirghabháil, eadrána d'fhéadfadh coinbhleacht 2 athrú a tháirgeadh: malartú luachanna príobháideacha ceannasacha, agus institiúidí comhlachais chomhordaithe go ríthábhachtach is é bunús traidisiún na teoiric mhíniúcháin ná traidisiún na coinbhleachta ag Marx agus Weber. Déanfaidh an páipéar anailís ar theoiric an choimhlint chomh maith lena chuid critice laistigh d'aspéirí an ordú sóisialta daonna. Féach an páipéar taighde seo ar théorie réitigh choimhlinte is é cuspóir an pháipéir taighde seo teoiricí agus bealaí a aimsiú maidir le conas a dhéileálann daoine le coimhlint ar bhealach a bhaineann le daoine eile. Is bealach maith é sampla páipéar taighde saor in aisce ar théorie na coimhlinte chun bunriachtanais scríbhneoireachta togra taighde a fhoghlaim ag seirbhís scríbhneoireachta essaylibcom is féidir leat páipéar taighde saincheaptha a ordú ar ábhair teoiric choimhlinte scríofafear do pháipéar taighde ó scratch. Feidhmiúlacht struchtúrach - teoiric choimhlinte - idirghníomhaíocht shiombalach tá an páipéar taighde seo feidhmiúlacht struchtúrach - teoiric choimhlinte - idirghníomhaíocht shiombalach agus 63,000+ páipéar téarma eile, samplaí aiste coláiste agus aisteanna saor in aisce ar fáil anois ar reviewessayscom. Modhanna taighde cuí 'eolaíocht' sna heolaíochtaí sóisialta cinntí dearadh i bhforbairt teoiric taighde suirbhéanna samplacha teoiricí sóisialta agus iompair. Tuairiscítear taighde ar réiteach neamhfhoirmiúil na dtraidisiúnta laistigh den ionad oibre agus taighde ar idirghabháil eile i sraith páipéar taighde ACA (féach mar shampla, Latreille et. al. I litríocht, cuireann aiste teoiric choimhlinte le tuiscint a fháil ar an gcoimhlint idir na carachtair éagsúla i dráma nó i úrscéal. Teoiric Chóis agus Réabhlóid na hIonad Eugineice ainm ainm an t-alt a thugann an dearcadh sóisialta ar eugineice i Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá. Díríonn an páipéar taighde seo ar teoiric choimhlint shóisialta i gcomhréir le coiriúlacht choiriúil mar a líomhnaíonn Ian Ross agus Stephen Richards i ndáil leis an tsochaí agus leis an gcoiriúil. Marx & teoiric choimhlint - anailís ar chumhacht sa tsochaí 2 peirspictíocht choimhlint carl marx teacht ar pháipéir taighde nua i: fisice ceimic. Ar deireadh, is minic a chuirtear teoiric choimhlinte lipéad i bhfeidhm ar thaighde substaintiúil ar struchtúir chumhachta, ar uachtar, ar choimhlint agus ar athrú (féach réimsí na coimhlinte). Bhí teoiric choimhlinte mar chineál feidhme catalaíoch sna heolaíochtaí sóisialta. Teoiric choimhlinte - pléann páipéir taighde teoiric choimhlinte ar cheann de na teoiricí socheolaíocha is suntasaí teoiric shóisialta comhaimseartha - is páipéar taighde é seo ar teoiric shóisialta comhaimseartha teoiricí coiriúla - is sampla é seo de na rudaí ba chóir go mbeadh páipéar taighde ar teoiricí coiriúla ann. Murab ionann agus an chuid is mó de na seirbhísí eagarthóireachta & ceartú, eagarthóimid le haghaidh gach rud: gramadaí, litriú, ponctuaíocht, sreabhadh smaointe, struchtúr abairt, & níos mó tosú anois. Marx mhol an rud ar a dtugtar an teoiric choimhlint a shábháil do chuid aisteanna anseo ionas gur féidir leat iad a aimsiú gach páipéar chun críocha taighde agus tagartha. Páipéir, aisteanna agus páipéir taighde teoiric choimhlinte saor in aisce. An Cogadh Meiriceánach ar Dhrugaí - Perspective Teoiric Chóisimh tá an páipéar taighde seo an Cogadh Meiriceánach ar Dhrugaí - Perspective Teoiric Chóisimh agus 63,000+ páipéar téarma eile, samplaí aiste coláiste agus aisteanna saor in aisce ar fáil anois ar Reviewessayscom. Leabhráin socheolaíochta agus taighde sóisialta Caibidil 10 teoiric choimhlinte Oberschall clúdaíonn an aiste seo trí a mhaíomh go gcaithfidh teoiric choimhlinte a bheith ann. Tá an bailiúchán seo de beagnach 100 ábhar páipéir taighde eolaíochta polaitiúla agus páipéir samplacha ar eolaíocht polaitiúil ag cur béime ar theoiric coscála, iomaíocht, coinbhleacht. Téamaí aiste cogaidh agus coimhlinte - achoimre caibidil soláthraíonn an bailiúchán seo de acmhainní múinteoirí treoracha aiste / ceisteanna áisiúla agus éasca le rochtain faoi chogaí agus coimhlinteanna taobh istigh den chaibidil, gheobhaidh tú ábhair aiste ar éagsúlacht chogaí agus coimhlinte ó stair an domhain, lena n-áirítear wwi agus wwii, an réabhlóid Rúisis, an cogadh ar. Tá an t-eagarthóir seo ag tabhairt faoi deara go bhfuil an t-eagarthóir seo ag déanamh a chuid oibre agus go bhfuil sé ag déanamh a chuid oibre.

About Butte County Butte County "land of natural wealth and beauty" approximating 1,677 square miles in total with 1,639 miles of land, and 38 square miles of water. Butte County has the largest urban population in California North of Sacramento in with an estimate of approximately 221,539 residents in 2012.The estimated gross value of agricultural production in our Butte County crop reports in 2012 totaled $721,434,000. Fruit and nut crops lead in value at over $469 million followed by field crops at over $175 million . Production of the top five crops; rice, walnuts, almonds, olives, dried plums, and nursery stock accounts for 86 percent of the total gross value. Butte County is second statewide in rice, walnut, prune, kiwifruit, and pecan acreage. Agriculture is the #1 industry in Butte County acting as a major base for economical gain. As a result it is the responsibility of the UC extension system to protect and promote Butte's agricultural systems by providing resources and education in new technology and strategies for local garden and farmer products.

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Maidir le Contae Butte Contae Butte "tir saibhreas nádúrtha agus áilleachta" a bhfuil thart ar 1,677 míle cearnach san iomlán le 1,639 míle talún, agus 38 míle cearnach uisce. Tá an daonra uirbeach is mó i gCalifornia i dTuaisceart Sacramento i gContae Butte le meastachán de thart ar 221,539 cónaitheoir in 2012. Ba é luach iomlán measta na dtáirgeachta talmhaíochta i dtuarascálacha barra Chontae Butte in 2012 $ 721,434,000. Tá torthaí agus cnónna ag stiúradh ar luach os cionn $ 469 milliún agus tá barraí feirme os cionn $ 175 milliún ina dhiaidh sin . Táirgeadh na cúig chothabháil is fearr; rís, walnuts, almonds, olives, plumaí triomaithe, agus stoc nursery chuntais 86 faoin gcéad den luach iomlán ollmhór. Tá Contae Butte sa dara háit ar fud an stáit i réimsí ríse, walnut, prún, kiwifruit, agus pecan. Is é an talmhaíocht an tionscal # 1 i gContae Butte ag feidhmiú mar bhonn mór chun brabús eacnamaíoch a bhaint amach. Mar thoradh air sin, is é freagracht an chórais leathnaithe UC córais talmhaíochta Butte a chosaint agus a chur chun cinn trí acmhainní agus oideachas a sholáthar i dteicneolaíocht agus straitéisí nua do tháirgí gairdín agus feirmeoirí áitiúla.

Financial statements are records of a business’ revenues/expenses and assets/liabilities. These statements are used by stakeholders to get an idea of the performance and state of affairs of an organisation over a period of time. The stakeholders of a company include its shareholders, tax authorities, banks, regulators, suppliers, customers and employees may also be interested in the financial statements. The important question is: What do stakeholders expect from financial statements in terms of qualitative characteristics? An immediate answer depends on the stakeholder and the information he/she is interested in. For example, a shareholder would expect to know about the future prospects of the company while a creditor will be interested in the existing solvency of the company. If you need assistance with writing your essay, our professional essay writing service is here to help!Find out more Despite these variations in expectations, two characteristics everyone expects from the information in financial statements are accuracy and reliability. Therefore, all measures need to be taken to ensure that the financial statements are accurate and reliable. What is Accuracy and Reliability of Financial Statements ‘Accuracy’ and ‘Reliability’ may mean different things to different people. Some seem to equate accuracy and reliability with precision while others view it principally in terms of verifiability. Financial information is accurate and reliable when it is free from material error and bias and can be depended upon by the users to represent faithfully in terms of valid description which it is reasonably expected to represent. For example, the representation of receivables in a balance sheet at a specified amount, net of any allowance for bad debts, contends that the stated amount is collectible. However, if the allowance is too small and many more of the receivables are uncollectible, that depiction would not be accurate or reliable because it would not be a faithful representation of the amount that is collectible. Financial statements should faithfully represent real-world economic phenomena and changes in them. A good example could be the concept of fair value. Representations of fair values should change when the values change and the changes should reflect the degree of volatility in these changes. In addition, information is accurate and reliable only if it is complete. An omission can cause information to be false or misleading. Presentation of Accurate and Reliable Information in Financial Statements Accurate and reliable information is accounted for and presented in accordance with its substance and economic reality and not merely its legal form. Reliable and accurate information is neutral, that is, information is NOT selected or presented in a way as to influence the making of a decision or judgement in order to achieve a predetermined outcome. Accuracy and reliability is affected by uncertainties associated with items recognised and measured in financial statements. These uncertainties are dealt with, in part, by disclosure and, in part, by exercising prudence in preparing financial statements. Prudence can only be exercised within the context of the other qualitative characteristics in the accounting framework, particularly relevance and the faithful representation of transactions in financial statements. Prudence does not justify deliberate overstatement of liabilities or expenses or deliberate understatement of assets or income, because the financial statements would not be neutral and, therefore, not have the quality of accuracy or reliability. In order to ensure that financial statements give accurate and reliable information, these are governed by regulations. Regulations are meant to harmonise financial statement preparation in a way that they give a true and fair view of the state of affairs. How Financial Statements are Regulated to Ensure Accuracy and Reliability Financial statements are governed by the requirements of companies’ legislation and pronouncements of professional accountancy bodies and local accounting standards. These directives and pronouncements/standards are meant to ensure accuracy and reliability of financial statements. Regulators apply rules for controlling how an operator reports its financial results. Preparers of accounts have to incorporate disclosures to bring in more clarity. Therefore, regulations prevent preparers of accounts from exercising much discretion in deciding on the accounting treatment of many of the major items in the accounts. Accounting regulations assure the integrity of financial statements and provide accurate records for by identifying assets and asset values, earnings, benchmarking, monitoring performance on investment and transparency for investors. Company Law Directives In the European Union (EU), the most important company law directive from an accounting point of view that ensures presentation of accurate and reliable financial statements is the EU Fourth Company Law Directives on annual accounts. Incorporation of the requirements of the Fourth Directive has had a significant impact on the presentation of the income statement and balance sheet in particular by prescribing formats and on the disclosures made therein. With the set formats and disclosures, these directives attempt to ensure accuracy and reliability. The requirement that accounts give a true and fair view comes from legislation. True and fair view can only happen when the information in accurate and reliable. Compliance with accounting standards is generally necessary if financial statements are to give a true and fair view. Accounting standards are authoritative statements of accounting practice on how particular transactions/events should be reflected in financial statements. They aim to reduce the variety of practices in the accounting treatment of the matters with which they deal. Implementation of standards has some legal backing in the UK. The authority of the standards derives from the fact that they represent the views of the accounting profession on the appropriate treatment of particular items if accounts are to give a true and fair view. Accounting pronouncements show a direction where creative interpretations or variations in accounting practices could be inconsistent with the harmonisation objective. There are professional accounting requirements in Financial Reporting Standards (FRSs), Statements of Standard Accounting Practice (SSAPs) and International Accounting Standards (IASs) of the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). The IASB’s Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements describes the basic concepts by which financial statements are prepared. This framework serves as a guide to the Board in developing accounting standards and as a guide to resolving accounting issues that are not addressed directly in an IAS or IFRS or interpretation. The IASB and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) emphasize on qualitative characteristics of accuracy and reliability as being one of the key characteristics of financial reporting. The FASB has Concepts Statement No 2, Qualitative Characteristics of Accounting Information to refer to, while the IASB has a framework to understand what the components of accuracy and reliability are. The Concepts Statement identifies as its components representational faithfulness, verifiability, neutrality, completeness and freedom from bias. Similarly, IASB framework identifies substance over form, neutrality, prudence and completeness as the components. Both Boards assert that accuracy/reliability and relevance are the key components in presenting decision-useful information to users of financial statements. Preparers of accountants are guided by the accounting standards or interpretation statements. In the absence of one, management uses its judgement in developing and applying an accounting policy that results in information that is relevant, accurate and reliable. In making that judgement, IAS 8.11 requires management to consider the definitions, recognition criteria, and measurement concepts for assets, liabilities, income, and expenses in the Accounting Framework. FRS18 also clarifies the legal disclosure requirements as particulars of any departure, reasons for it and its effect Sarbanes Oxley Act 2002 US based companies and non-US international companies are subject to Sarbanes Oxley Act. The Act introduces more transparency and accountability into the financial management process and also aims at presenting accurate and reliable financial statements. The Act was introduced in 2002 in the US following accounting and financial scandals in the US. The Act has a stated objective to “protect investors by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures made.” Two main requirements of the act that ensure accuracy and reliability of financial information: Section 302: Certification of Financial Reports Section 302 requires that financial statements be complete and accurate. To ensure this, the Act makes Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) and Chief Financial Officers (CFOs) accountable for the accuracy and reliability of financial statements. The CEO, CFO and an attesting public accounting firm must certify the accuracy of financial statements and disclosures in the periodic report, and that those statements fairly present in all material aspects the operations and financial condition of the issuer. Our academic experts are ready and waiting to assist with any writing project you may have. From simple essay plans, through to full dissertations, you can guarantee we have a service perfectly matched to your needs.View our services Section 302 prescribes criminal penalties if CEOs or CFOs knowingly or willfully issue inaccurate statements. Section 302 also requires that material information that is used to generate periodic reports be retained and available to the public. In most enterprises, information technology systems generate periodic reports and control tools for communicating this information internally. Chief Information Officers (CIOs) are being asked to ensure that these systems are secure and reliable. Because of the criminal penalties, CIOs also sign an internal attestation on their systems to further protect the enterprise in case of CIO negligence in maintaining these systems. Section 404 – Management assessment of internal controls over financial reporting The Act also requires that companies verify that their financial-reporting systems have the proper controls, such as ensuring that revenue is recognized correctly. The Act requires all financial reports to include an internal control report. This is designed to show that not only are the company’s financial data accurate, but the company has confidence in them because adequate controls are in place to safeguard financial data. Ensuring Accuracy and Reliability through Financial Audits Accounting regulations require statutory independent financial audits for ensuring compliance to regulatory requirements. A financial audit is an audit of financial statements. It involves an independent examination by a third party of the financial statements of a company or any other legal entity resulting in the publication of an independent opinion on whether or not the financial statements are reliable, accurate, complete and fairly presented and in accordance with accounting requirements. An audit is designed to reduce the possibility of material misstatement (deliberate or otherwise) In the UK, financial audits are conducted by the Registered Auditors including Chartered Certified Accountant (ACCA) and Chartered Accountant (CA or ACA). They provide reasonable assurance that the financial statements are free from material misstatement and give a true and fair view of the state of the company’s affairs and its income/loss. It also ensures that the financial statements have been properly prepared in accordance with the Companies Act 1985 or other relevant legislation. Effectiveness of Regulations in Ensuring Accuracy and Reliability Despite the exhaustive accounting regulations and requirements of enhanced disclosures common concerns remain about the accuracy and reliability of financial statements. Some regulations such Section 404 of Sarbanes Oxley Act help in improving internal controls and therefore help sounder financial reporting by reporting more accurate and reliable information. The restrictions and penalties for misstatement of financial information, the Sarbanes Oxley legislation has made the communication of financial information by companies much more transparent. However, many stakeholders are unsure about the effect Sarbanes-Oxley has had on communication transparency, suggesting that many may not have an understanding of this legislation and its impact on businesses today. Regulations can be effective in ensuring accuracy and reliability of financial statements only if regulatory compliance can be guaranteed. Regulatory compliance can only be verified through financial audits but cannot be guaranteed as financial audits have their own limitations. The auditors follow the rules, but those rules are not always effective at uncovering information that is purposely disguised by a dishonest employee. In addition, auditors utilize sampling techniques to test certain transactions during the performance of an audit or review, since it would be nearly impossible and too expensive to test every single transaction. The sampling may be aimed at the largest items or the items on the financial statements that pose the most risk of misstatement. If material errors in the financial statements are discovered, the auditors will direct management to correct them. Misstatements can be caused by either error or fraud. Auditors have some responsibility for the detection of both errors and frauds that are material, but this responsibility is not absolute. Auditors give reasonable assurance that material misstatements have been uncovered, but not total assurance. Errors are much more likely to be discovered during an audit than are fraud. Fraud schemes manipulate the accounting system and controls, and therefore it is more difficult for an auditor to find them. In fact, auditors may never detect immaterial frauds. If a fraud is not large enough to make a difference in the financial statements, then it stands to reason that it most likely will not be detected. This will lead to inaccurate and unreliable financial information in the financial statements. Besides limitations of financial audits, at times accounting standards themselves may pose limitations. Accounting standards are too slow in addressing a number of controversial and at times are too complex. So too are the financial transactions and structures to which they apply. In fact the existing accounting theory shows lot of resistance to change. Also, it is impossible to accurately describe the financial position of a business enterprise using traditional financial statements. The existing accounting standards offer possibilities of manipulation and window dressing of financial statements. This implies that the financial statements are not completely accurate and reliable. Also, there may be a need for a trade-off between qualitative characteristics prescribed by accounting standards. For example, FASB Concept statement 2 states that, to be useful, financial information must be relevant as well as accurate / reliable and acknowledges that information may possess both characteristics to varying degrees. However, the accounting framework states constraints on information being both relevant and reliable in terms of timeliness. To be relevant information has to be reported without undue delay. This will impair reliability. Conversely, if reporting is delayed until all aspects are known, the information may be highly reliable but of little relevance to users. Similarly, the balance between benefit and cost of reporting financial statement information is also one constraint on relevant and reliable information. In conclusion, financial statements may not be completely reliable and accurate and even the most meticulously prepared statement may not give a true, fair view of a business’s financial health. Though accounting regulations are important for financial statements to be accurate and reliable, it is equally important to ensure compliance to regulations. Accounting regulations have not been able to completely ensure accuracy and reliability of financial statements as there is still scope of some subjectivity in interpretation of regulations. Financial audits too do not give total assurance. One also needs to be mindful of the trade-offs and the unintended consequences. - International Accounting Standards Committee, International Accounting Standards Explained, Wiley - Henning Kirkegaard, Improving Accounting Reliability- Solvency, Insolvency and Future Cash Flows, Greenwood Publishing - Wikipedia, Financial Audit, Available from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_audit [Accessed 3 December, 2006] - Internal Control: The Coso Framework www.jeffersonwells.ca/News/COSO_May9_Presentation.ppt#13 [Accessed 2 December, 2006] - Out-law.com, U.K Version of Sarbanes Oxley in Force Today Available from: www.out-law.com/page-5505 [Accessed 2 December, 2006] Dr. Archana Raheja Cite This Work To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: Related ServicesView all DMCA / Removal Request If you are the original writer of this essay and no longer wish to have your work published on UKEssays.com then please:

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Is taifid iad ráitis airgeadais ar ioncam/caiteachas gnó agus ar shócmhainní/dliteanais. Baineann na páirtithe leasmhara úsáid as na ráitis seo chun smaoineamh a fháil ar fheidhmíocht agus ar staid ghnó eagraíochta thar thréimhse ama. I measc geallsealbhóirí cuideachta tá a scairshealbhóirí, údaráis chánach, bainc, rialálaithe, soláthraithe, custaiméirí agus fostaithe a d'fhéadfadh a bheith suim acu sna ráitis airgeadais freisin. Is é an cheist thábhachtach: Cad a bhfuil súil ag páirtithe leasmhara ó ráitis airgeadais i dtéarmaí tréithe cáilíochtúla? Braitheann freagra láithreach ar an geallsealbhóir agus ar an bhfaisnéis a bhfuil suim aige/aici. Mar shampla, bheadh súil ag scairshealbhóir go mbeadh a fhios aige faoi ionchais sa todhchaí na cuideachta agus beidh suim ag creidiúnaí i soláthraíocht reatha na cuideachta. Má theastaíonn cúnamh uait chun do aiste a scríobh, tá ár seirbhís scríbhneoireachta aiste gairmiúil anseo chun cabhrú leat!Forg amach níos mó In ainneoin na n-athruithe seo ar ionchais, is iad an cruinneas agus an iontaofacht dhá ghné a bhfuil súil ag gach duine leis ó na faisnéise sna ráitis airgeadais. Dá bhrí sin, ní mór gach beart a dhéanamh chun a áirithiú go bhfuil na ráitis airgeadais cruinn agus iontaofa. Cad é cruinneas agus iontaofacht na Ráitis Airgeadais D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh difríocht idir "Cruinneas" agus "Iontaofacht" ag daoine éagsúla. Is cosúil go ndéanann cuid acu cruinneas agus iontaofacht a chomhionannú le cruinneas agus daoine eile é a fheiceáil go príomha i dtéarmaí iniúchtachtachta. Tá faisnéis airgeadais cruinn agus iontaofa nuair nach bhfuil aon earráid ábhartha ná aon claonadh ann agus nuair is féidir leis na húsáideoirí a bheith ag brath ar a bheith i láthair go fírinneach i dtéarmaí tuairisc bhailí a bhfuiltear ag súil go réasúnta go léireoidh sí. Mar shampla, má léirítear éilimh i gcomhair inbhuanaitheachta i gcomhair an chomhairlíochta ag méid sonraithe, gan aon liúntas a dhéanamh ar dhliteanais dhroch, déantar a mhaíomh go bhfuil an méid a luaitear in-ioncháilithe. Mar sin féin, má tá an liúntas ró-bheag agus go bhfuil go leor de na hionchais neamh-iníoctha, ní bheadh an léiriú sin cruinn ná iontaofa toisc nach mbeadh sé ina léiriú dílis ar an méid atá iníoctha. Ba cheart go léiríodh go fírinneach i ráitis airgeadais feiniméin eacnamaíocha an domhain réadúil agus athruithe orthu. D'fhéadfadh an coincheap luach cothrom a bheith ina shampla mhaith. Ba cheart go n-athródh léiriú na bhfíor-luachanna nuair a athraíonn na luachanna agus ba cheart go léireodh na hathruithe an méid luaineachta sna hathruithe sin. Ina theannta sin, ní bhíonn faisnéis cruinn agus iontaofa ach amháin má tá sé iomlán. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh faisnéis bhréagach nó míthreorach de bharr eisiamh. Cur i láthair faisnéise cruinn agus iontaofa i ráitis airgeadais Cuirtear faisnéis chruinn agus iontaofa ar fáil agus cuirtear i láthair í de réir a shubstainte agus a réaltachta eacnamaíoch agus ní de réir a foirme dhlíthiúla amháin. Tá faisnéis iontaofa agus cruinn neodrach, is é sin, ní roghnaítear nó ní chuirtear faisnéis i láthair ar bhealach chun tionchar a imirt ar chinneadh nó breithniú a dhéanamh chun toradh réamhshocraithe a bhaint amach. Tá tionchar ag neamhchinnteachtaí a bhaineann le hearraí a aithnítear agus a thomhas sna ráitis airgeadais ar chruinneas agus iontaofacht na n-earraí. Déileáiltear leis na neamhchinnteachtaí seo, go páirteach, trí nochtadh agus, go páirteach, trí stuamacht a fheidhmiú i dtráth na dtráchtálacha airgeadais a ullmhú. Ní féidir cúramach a bheith ach amháin i gcomhthéacs na saintréithe cáilíochtúla eile sa chreat cuntasaíochta, go háirithe ábharthacht agus ionadaíocht dílis idirbhearta i ráitis airgeadais. Ní údar le cúramach a bheith ag an duine a bheith ag rá go déanach níos mó ná mar is gá ar dhliteanais nó ar chostais ná a bheith ag rá go déanach níos lú ná mar is gá ar shócmhainní nó ar ioncam, toisc nach mbeadh na ráitis airgeadais neodrach agus, dá bhrí sin, nach mbeadh cáilíocht na cruinneachta nó na hiontaofachta acu. Chun a chinntiú go dtugann ráitis airgeadais faisnéis chruinn agus iontaofa, rialaítear iad le rialacháin. Tá sé mar aidhm ag rialacháin ullmhú ráitis airgeadais a chomhchuibhiú ar bhealach a thugann léargas fíor agus cothrom ar an staid. Conas a Rialaítear Ráitis Airgeadais chun Cinneacht agus Iontaofacht a chinntiú Tá ráitis airgeadais faoi rialú ag ceanglais reachtaíochta na gcuideachtaí agus ráitis ó chomhlachtaí cuntasaíochta gairmiúla agus caighdeáin chuntasaíochta áitiúla. Tá sé mar aidhm ag na treoracha agus na ráitis/caighdeáin seo cruinneas agus iontaofacht na ráitis airgeadais a áirithiú. Ba cheart do na húdaráis rialála a áirithiú go gcuirfear na rialacha sin i bhfeidhm go héifeachtach agus go mbeidh na rialacha sin infheidhme go héifeachtach. Ní mór do lucht ullmhú cuntas nochtadh a ionchorprú chun níos mó soiléire a thabhairt. Dá bhrí sin, cuireann rialacháin cosc ar ullmhaitheoirí cuntas go leor smacht a fheidhmiú maidir le cinneadh a dhéanamh ar chóireáil chuntasaíochta go leor de na príomh-aistritheoirí sna cuntas. Cinntíonn rialacháin chuntasaíochta sláine na ráitis airgeadais agus cuireann siad taifid chruinn ar fáil trí shócmhainní agus luachanna sócmhainní, brabús, comparáid, monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar fheidhmíocht infheistíochta agus trédhearcacht d'infheisteoirí. Treoiranna um Dlí Cuideachtaí Sa Aontas Eorpach (AE), is é an Treoir um Dlí na gCuideachtaí is tábhachtaí ó thaobh cuntasaíochta de a chinntíonn cur i láthair ráitis airgeadais cruinn agus iontaofa ná an Ceathrú Treoir um Dlí na gCuideachtaí ar Chuntas Bhliantúil an AE. Tá tionchar suntasach ag an gcuimsiú ar riachtanais an Cheathrú Treoir ar chur i láthair na ráiteas ioncaim agus an chomhthiomsaithe go háirithe trí fhormáid a fhorordú agus ar na nochtadh a dhéantar iontu. Leis na formáidí agus na nochtadh a leagtar síos, déantar iarracht sna treoracha seo cruinneas agus iontaofacht a chinntiú. Tagann an ceanglas go dtugann cuntas léargas fíor agus cothrom ó reachtaíocht. Ní féidir dearcadh fíor agus cothrom a bheith ann ach amháin nuair a bhíonn an t-eolas cruinn agus iontaofa. Tá gá le caighdeáin chuntasaíochta i gcoitinne má tá ráitis airgeadais chun léargas fíor agus cóir a thabhairt. Is ráitis údarásacha iad caighdeáin chuntasaíochta maidir le cleachtas chuntasaíochta maidir le conas ba cheart idirbhearta/imeachtaí áirithe a léiriú i ráitis airgeadais. Tá sé mar aidhm acu an éagsúlacht cleachtais a laghdú i gcaitheamh cuntasaíochta na gcúrsaí a ndéileálann siad leo. Tá tacaíocht dhlíthiúil áirithe ag cur caighdeáin i bhfeidhm sa RA. Tagann údarás na gcaighdeáin as an bhfíric go léiríonn siad tuairimí na gairme cuntasaíochta maidir leis an gcaoi iomchuí a gcaitear le heilimintí ar leith má tá cuntas le léargas fíor agus cóir a thabhairt. Léiríonn ráitis chuntasaíochta treo ina bhféadfadh léirmhínithe cruthaitheacha nó athruithe i gcleachtais chuntasaíochta a bheith míchuí leis an gcuspóir comhchuibhithe. Tá ceanglais chuntasaíochta gairmiúla i gcaighdeáin tuairiscithe airgeadais (FRSanna), ráitis maidir le gcleachtas cuntasaíochta caighdeánach (SSAPs) agus caighdeáin chuntasaíochta idirnáisiúnta (IASanna) an Bhoird um Chaighdeáin Chuntasaíochta Idirnáisiúnta (IASB). Déantar cur síos sa Chreat um Tháirgeadh agus Cur i láthair na Ráitis Airgeadais a bhaineann le CIEI na bunchoincheapa a úsáidtear chun na ráitis airgeadais a ullmhú. Tá an creat seo mar threoir don Bhord maidir le caighdeáin chuntasaíochta a fhorbairt agus mar threoir maidir le saincheisteanna cuntasaíochta nach ndéantar aghaidh orthu go díreach i IAS nó i IFRS nó i léirmhíniú. Cuireann an CNAI agus an Bord um Chaighdeáin Chuntasaíochta Airgeadais (FASB) béim ar shaintréithe cáilíochtúla an chruinneas agus an iontaofachta mar cheann de phríomhshaintréithe na tuairisceana airgeadais. Tá ráiteas coincheapa Uimh 2, Feidhmeanna cáilíochtúla faisnéise cuntasaíochta ag an FASB le tagairt a dhéanamh dó, agus tá creat ag an IASB chun tuiscint a fháil ar na comhpháirteanna atá i ndáil le cruinneas agus iontaofacht. Aithníonn an Ráiteas Coincheapa mar chomhpháirteanna dílis ionadaíochta, iniúchtaitheacht, neodracht, iomláine agus saor ó dhúchas. Ar an gcaoi chéanna, sainaithníonn creat IASB an substaint thar an bhfoirm, neodracht, stuamacht agus iomláine mar na comhpháirteanna. Deir an dá Bhord gurb iad cruinneas/iontaofacht agus ábharthacht na príomhchomhpháirteanna chun faisnéis úsáideach chun cinntí a chur i láthair d'úsáideoirí ráitis airgeadais. Tá na caighdeáin chuntasaíochta nó na ráitis léirithe mar threoir do lucht ullmhú cuntasaíochta. I gcás nach bhfuil aon cheann acu, úsáideann an bainisteoir a bhreithniú chun polasaí cuntasaíochta a fhorbairt agus a chur i bhfeidhm a thugann faisnéis atá ábhartha, cruinn agus iontaofa. Chun an breithiúnas sin a dhéanamh, éilíonn IAS 8.11 ar bhainistíocht na sainmhínithe, na critéir aitheantais, agus na coincheapa measúnaithe a mheas do shócmhainní, dliteanais, ioncam agus caiteachas sa Chreat Cuntasaíochta. Leagtar amach i gClár Feidhmeannacht an Aontais maidir le hIonstraimí Ioncaim agus Rialtais an Aontais maidir le hIonstraimí Ioncaim agus Rialtais Ioncaim. An tAcht Sarbanes Oxley 2002 Tá cuideachtaí atá lonnaithe sna Stáit Aontaithe agus cuideachtaí idirnáisiúnta nach Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá faoi réir Acht Sarbanes Oxley. Tá an tAcht ag tabhairt isteach níos mó trédhearcachta agus cuntasachta sa phróiseas bainistíochta airgeadais agus tá sé mar aidhm aige freisin ráitis airgeadais cruinn agus iontaofa a chur i láthair. Tugadh an tAcht isteach sna Stáit Aontaithe i 2002 tar éis sceandálaí cuntasaíochta agus airgeadais sna Stáit Aontaithe. Tá cuspóir luaite ag an Acht infheisteoirí a chosaint trí chruinneas agus iontaofacht nochtadh corparáideach a dhéanamh a fheabhsú. Dhá phríomhriachtanais den ghníomh a chinntíonn cruinneas agus iontaofacht na faisnéise airgeadais: Alt 302: Deimhniú na dTuarascálacha Airgeadais Éilíonn alt 302 go mbeidh ráitis airgeadais iomlán agus cruinn. Chun é seo a chinntiú, déanann an tAcht na hOifigigh Feidhmiúcháin (OFanna) agus na hOifigigh Airgeadais (OFanna) freagrach as cruinneas agus iontaofacht na ráitis airgeadais. Ní mór don Phríomhfheidhmeannach, don Phríomhfheidhmeannach Airgeadais agus do ghnólacht cuntasaíochta poiblí a thugann deimhniú a dheimhniú go bhfuil na ráitis airgeadais agus na nochtadh sa tuarascáil thréimhsiúil cruinn, agus go léiríonn na ráitis sin go hionraic, i ngach gné ábhartha, oibríochtaí agus staid airgeadais an eisitheora. Tá ár saineolaithe acadúla réidh agus ag fanacht chun cabhrú le haon tionscadal scríbhneoireachta a d'fhéadfadh a bheith agat. Ó phleananna aiste simplí, go dtí dírscéalta iomlána, is féidir leat a ráthú go bhfuil seirbhís againn a oireann go foirfe do do chuid riachtanas. Féach ar ár seirbhísí Tá pionóis choiriúla leagtha síos in Alt 302 má thugann POFanna nó CFOanna ráitis neamhchruinn go ciontach nó go dtoil. Ní mór do na Ballstáit a áirithiú go bhfuil an fhaisnéis a chuirtear ar fáil do na Ballstáit eile a bhaineann le tuarascálacha tréimhsiúla a chur ar fáil do na Ballstáit eile. I bhformhór na ngnóthas, déanann córais teicneolaíochta faisnéise tuarascálacha tréimhsiúla a ghiniúint agus uirlisí rialaithe chun an fhaisnéis seo a chur in iúl go hinmheánach. Tá sé á iarraidh ar na príomh-oifigeach faisnéise (CIOanna) a chinntiú go bhfuil na córais seo slán agus iontaofa. Mar gheall ar na pionóis choiriúla, síneann CIOanna deimhniú inmheánach ar a gcóras chun an fiontar a chosaint tuilleadh i gcás caimiléireachta CIOanna maidir leis na córais seo a chothabháil. Roinn 404 Measúnú bainistíochta ar rialuithe inmheánacha ar thuairisciú airgeadais Éilíonn an tAcht freisin go ndéanfaidh cuideachtaí a fhíorú go bhfuil na rialuithe cuí ar fáil ina gcórais tuairiscithe airgeadais, amhail a chinntiú go n-aithnítear an t-ioncam i gceart. Éilíonn an tAcht go n-áireofaí tuarascáil rialaithe inmheánaí le gach tuarascáil airgeadais. Tá sé seo deartha chun a thaispeáint nach bhfuil sonraí airgeadais na cuideachta ach cruinn, ach go bhfuil muinín ag an gcuideachta iontu toisc go bhfuil rialuithe leordhóthanacha i bhfeidhm chun sonraí airgeadais a chosaint. Mionsonraíocht agus iontaofacht a chinntiú trí Iniúchtaí Airgeadais Éilíonn rialacháin chuntasaíochta iniúchtaí airgeadais neamhspleácha reachtúla chun comhlíonadh na gceanglas rialála a chinntiú. Is iniúchadh ar ráitis airgeadais é iniúchadh airgeadais. Baineann sé le scrúdú neamhspleách ag tríú páirtí ar ráitis airgeadais cuideachta nó aon eintiteas dlíthiúil eile agus ina dhiaidh sin foilsítear tuairim neamhspleách ar cibé an bhfuil na ráitis airgeadais iontaofa, cruinn, iomlán agus curtha i láthair go cothrom agus i gcomhréir le ceanglais chuntasaíochta nó nach bhfuil. Tá iniúchadh deartha chun an fhéidearthacht go mbeidh mífhocail ábhartha (a bheith deartha d'aon ghnó nó ar shlí eile) a laghdú Sa Ríocht Aontaithe, déanann na hOifigigh Iniúchóirí Cláraithe iniúchtaí airgeadais lena n-áirítear Cuntasóir Cheadaithe Cheadaithe (ACCA) agus Cuntasóir Cheadaithe (CA nó ACA). Soláthraíonn siad ráthaíocht réasúnta go bhfuil na ráitis airgeadais saor ó mhí-aithris ábhartha agus go dtugann siad léargas fíor agus cothrom ar staid ghnóthaí na cuideachta agus ar a ioncam/caillteanas. Cinntíonn sé freisin go bhfuil na ráitis airgeadais ullmhaithe i gcomhréir leis an Acht Cuideachtaí 1985 nó le reachtaíocht ábhartha eile. Éifeachtúlacht na Rialacháin maidir le cruinneas agus iontaofacht a chinntiú In ainneoin na rialacháin cuntasaíochta iomlána agus na gceanglas maidir le nochtadh feabhsaithe, tá imní coitianta fós maidir le cruinneas agus iontaofacht na ráitis airgeadais. Cuidíonn roinnt rialacháin amhail Alt 404 den Sarbanes Oxley Act le rialuithe inmheánacha a fheabhsú agus dá bhrí sin cuireann siad le tuairisciú airgeadais a dhearbhú trí fhaisnéis níos cruinne agus níos iontaofa a thuairisciú. Tá na srianta agus na pionóis i gcás mífhoilsiú faisnéise airgeadais, an reachtaíocht Sarbanes Oxley tar éis cur i láthair faisnéise airgeadais ag cuideachtaí a dhéanamh i bhfad níos trédhearcaí. Mar sin féin, níl go leor geallsealbhóirí cinnte faoi na héifeachtaí a bhí ag Sarbanes-Oxley ar thrédhearcacht cumarsáide, rud a thugann le tuiscint nach bhféadfadh go leor tuiscint a bheith acu ar an reachtaíocht seo agus ar a thionchar ar ghnólachtaí inniu. Ní féidir le rialacháin a bheith éifeachtach chun cruinneas agus iontaofacht na ráitis airgeadais a áirithiú ach amháin má féidir comhlíonadh rialála a ráthú. Ní féidir comhlíonadh rialála a fhíorú ach trí iniúchtaí airgeadais ach ní féidir iad a ráthú toisc go bhfuil teorainneacha féin ag iniúchtaí airgeadais. Lean na hiniúchóirí na rialacha, ach ní bhíonn na rialacha sin éifeachtach i gcónaí chun faisnéis a nochtadh a bhfuil fostaí míonóraithe ag dul i bhfolach go ciallmhar. Ina theannta sin, úsáideann iniúchóirí teicnící samplála chun idirbhearta áirithe a thástáil le linn iniúchóireachta nó athbhreithnithe a dhéanamh, ós rud é go mbeadh sé beagnach dodhéanta agus ró-chostasach gach idirbheart aonair a thástáil. Féadfaidh an samplaíocht a bheith dírithe ar na heilimintí is mó nó ar na heilimintí sna ráitis airgeadais a chuireann an baol is mó míthrealaithe i láthair. Má aimsítear earráidí ábhartha sna ráitis airgeadais, cuirfidh na hiniúchóirí treoir ar an mbainistíocht iad a cheartú. Is féidir go dtarlódh míthreoraithe trí mheabhrú nó trí mheabhrú. Tá freagracht áirithe ar iniúchóirí maidir le botúin agus calaois atá ábhartha a bhrath, ach níl an fhreagracht seo iomlán. Tugann iniúchóirí muinín réasúnta go bhfuil mífhocail ábhartha nochtaithe, ach ní muinín iomlán. Tá seans i bhfad níos mó ann go bhfaighfear earráidí le linn iniúchóireachta ná go bhfaighfear calaois. Déanann scéimeanna calaoise ionramháil ar an gcóras cuntasaíochta agus ar na rialuithe, agus dá bhrí sin tá sé níos deacra do iniúchóir iad a aimsiú. Go deimhin, b'fhéidir nach bhrath iniúchóirí calaois neamh-imreora riamh. Mura bhfuil calaois mór go leor chun difríocht a dhéanamh sna ráitis airgeadais, ansin tá sé le tuiscint nach dócha go bhfaighfear amach é. Beidh faisnéis airgeadais neamhréir agus neamhdhualgas sna ráitis airgeadais mar thoradh air sin. Chomh maith le teorainneacha iniúchtaí airgeadais, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh teorainneacha ag caighdeáin chuntasaíochta féin uaireanta. Tá caighdeáin chuntasaíochta ró-mhall i dtaca le roinnt ábhar conspóideach a chur i ngleic agus uaireanta tá siad ró-chasta. Tá an rud céanna i gceist leis na hidirbhearta agus na struchtúir airgeadais a bhfuil feidhm acu ina leith. Go deimhin, léiríonn an teoiric chuntasaíochta atá ann cheana féin go leor friotaíocht i gcoinne athraithe. Ina theannta sin, ní féidir cur síos cruinn a dhéanamh ar staid airgeadais fiontar gnó trí ráitis airgeadais thraidisiúnta a úsáid. Tugann na caighdeáin chuntasaíochta atá ann faoi láthair deiseanna chun ráitis airgeadais a ionramháil agus a chur ar taispeáint. Ciallaíonn sé seo nach bhfuil na ráitis airgeadais cruinn agus iontaofa go hiomlán. Ina theannta sin, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh gá le comhréiteach idir tréithe cáilíochtúla a fhorordaítear le caighdeáin chuntasaíochta. Mar shampla, luaitear i ráiteas coincheapa FASB 2 go gcaithfidh faisnéis airgeadais a bheith ábhartha chomh maith le cruinn/iontaofa chun a bheith úsáideach agus aithnítear go bhféadfadh an dá shaintréithe a bheith ag faisnéis i gcéimeanna éagsúla. Mar sin féin, luaitear sa chreat cuntasaíochta srianta ar fhaisnéis a bheith ábhartha agus iontaofa i dtéarmaí tráthúlachta. Chun go mbeidh faisnéis ábhartha, ní mór í a thuairisciú gan moill mhíchuí. Cuirfidh sé seo isteach ar iontaofacht. Ar a mhalairt, má dhéantar an tuairisciú a mhoilliú go dtí go mbeidh gach gné ar eolas, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh an fhaisnéis an-iontaofa ach nach mbeadh mórán ábharthachta aici d'úsáideoirí. Is é an t-aon rud a chuireann srian ar fhaisnéis ábhartha iontaofa ná an chothromaíocht idir an tairbhe agus an chostas a bhaineann le faisnéis a thuairisciú maidir le ráitis airgeadais. I ndeireadh na dála, b'fhéidir nach bhfuil ráitis airgeadais iontaofa agus cruinn go hiomlán agus ní fhéadfaidh an ráiteas is mionsonraithe a ullmhaíodh fiú léargas fíor, cothrom a thabhairt ar shláinte airgeadais ghnólachta. Cé go bhfuil rialacha cuntasaíochta tábhachtach chun go mbeidh ráitis airgeadais cruinn agus iontaofa, tá sé chomh tábhachtach céanna a chinntiú go gcomhlíonfar na rialacháin. Ní raibh rialacháin chuntasaíochta in ann cruinneas agus iontaofacht na ráitis airgeadais a áirithiú go hiomlán toisc go bhfuil raon feidhme áirithe suibiachtúlachta fós ann maidir le léirmhíniú na rialachán. Ní thugann iniúchtaí airgeadais cinnteacht iomlán freisin. Ní mór duit a bheith ar an eolas freisin faoi na malartuithe agus na hiarmhairtí gan choinne. - Coiste um Chaighdeáin Chuntasaíochta Idirnáisiúnta, International Accounting Standards Explained, Wiley - Henning Kirkegaard, Measú ar Shábháilteacht Chuntasaíochta - Solventas, Díolúine agus Sliocht Airgeadais Am Amárach, Greenwood Publishing - Wikipedia, Financial Audit, Ar fáil ó http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_audit [Arna rochtain ar 3 Nollaig, 2006] - Rialú Inmheánach: Creat COSO www.jeffersonwells.ca/News/COSO_May9_Presentation.ppt#13 [Arna rochtain ar 2 Nollaig, 2006] - Out-law.com, U.K. Version of Sarbanes Oxley in Force Today Ar fáil ó: www.out-law.com/page-5505 [Ar fáil 2 Nollaig, 2006] Dr. Archana Raheja Luaigh an t-Oibre seo Chun tagairt don alt seo a onnmhairiú, roghnaigh an tagairt thíos: Seirbhísí gaolmhara Féach ar gach rud DMCA / Iarratais ar Scaitheadh Má tá tú an scríbhneoir bunaidh an aiste seo agus nach mian leat a thuilleadh a bheith do chuid oibre a fhoilsiú ar UKEssays.com ansin le do thoil:

Citizen Action Helps Protect Costa Rica’s Natural Resources Costa Rica has a wealth of environmental legislation on the books and there are a number of agencies charged with enforcing the law. In practice, these agencies are hard-pressed to adequately cover their assigned areas, and they rely on assistance from concerned citizens who are committed to environmental protection. Citizens of Costa Rica may file a formal complaint about illegal activities that threaten the environment. These “denuncias,” which are submitted to the appropriate government agency, call attention to activities that may be illegal and require intervention. ROW prefers to create positive momentum by education, example and incentives. At the same time, there are instances when the only way to address an egregious violation of the law and minimize damage to the ecosystem is by filing a formal complaint with local or national authorities. In the Nandamojo Valley, denuncias have been a powerful tool for stopping mangrove and river corridor tree destruction and for protecting unobstructed access to public beaches.

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Cabhraíonn Gníomhaíocht Saoránach le Sábháilteacht Acmhainní Nádúrtha Chosta Rica Tá saibhreas reachtaíochta comhshaoil ag Costa Rica ar na leabhair agus tá roinnt gníomhaireachtaí ann a bhfuil sé de chúram orthu an dlí a fhorfheidhmiú. I gcleachtas, tá sé deacair ar na gníomhaireachtaí seo limistéir a sanntar dóibh a chlúdach go leordhóthanach, agus tá siad ag brath ar chúnamh ó shaoránaigh atá dírithe ar chosaint an chomhshaoil. Is féidir le saoránaigh Chosta Rica gearán foirmiúil a chomhdú faoi ghníomhaíochtaí neamhdhleathacha a chuireann an timpeallacht i mbaol. Tá na 'gnóthóirí' seo, a chuirtear faoi bhráid na gníomhaireachta rialtais iomchuí, ag tabhairt aird ar ghníomhaíochtaí a d'fhéadfadh a bheith mídhleathach agus a éilíonn idirghabháil. Is fearr le ROW luas dearfach a chruthú trí oideachas, sampla agus dreasachtaí. Ag an am céanna, tá cásanna ann nuair is é an t-aon bhealach chun dul i ngleic le sárú mór an dlí agus damáiste a íoslaghdú don éiceachóras ná gearán foirmiúil a chomhdú le húdaráis áitiúla nó náisiúnta. Sa Ghleann Nandamojo, bhí denúntais ina uirlis chumhachtach chun stop a chur le mangrove agus cruthú crann ar chórais abhainn agus chun rochtain neamh-chosaint ar thrádaí poiblí a chosaint.

Effective public health practice leading to healthy mothers and infants depends in part upon basic knowledge about pregnancy, prenatal care, safe labor and delivery, and breastfeeding. Signs and symptoms which may alert women, and their health care providers, to the possibility of pregnancy include: a missed menstrual period, nausea and/or vomiting, increased frequency of urination, fatigue, breast tenderness, and/or mood changes. Often, medical providers confirm suspected pregnancy, usually by conducting a pregnancy-related history, performing a urine pregnancy test, and/or conducting a physical examination. In addition, many women use highly sensitive over-the-counter pregnancy tests. Stages of Pregnancy A full-term pregnancy is considered to last 40 weeks from the first day of the pregnant woman's last menstrual period (LMP) prior to fertilization. Pregnancy is generally divided into trimesters: Fertilization, the fusion of the male sperm with the female ova in the fallopian tube to form a single cell called the zygote. Once formed, the rapidly dividing zygote travels towards the uterus (which takes about three days). Transport is facilitated by ciliated epithelium (epithelium are hair-like structures that wave actively in one direction) and subtle contractions of the fallopian tube. When the zygote reaches the uterus it has become a blastocyst (a small cluster of cells) that remains in the uterus for four or five days before it penetrates into the thickened endometrium (uterine lining). This process, called implantation occurs approximately 10 days after fertilization and marks the beginning of the embryonic period (development which occurs during the first eight weeks of pregnancy). The Implanted Blastocyst (Maria Wawer Slide) For the first eight weeks post-fertilization, and ten weeks from the last menstrual period (LMP), the cells are termed an “embryo.” After eight weeks post-fertilization and ten weeks from LMP until birth, the term changes to “fetus.” During the first trimester, the embryo is the most susceptible to environmental influences; during this stage, the majority of organ system formation occurs. THE DEVELOPING PLACENTA During the early stages of embryonic development, a thin membrane called the amnion develops, which surrounds and protects the embryo. The membrane contains amniotic fluid, which cushions the fetus and helps to maintain even temperature throughout pregnancy. The outer cells of the embryo form projections, called “villi” that attach themselves to the uterine wall. This attachment becomes the placenta, a vascular spongy structure through which the embryo, and later the developing fetus, derives oxygen, antibodies and nutrients from the maternal blood supply. Waste products also pass from the fetus back to the maternal blood supply through the placenta. The embryo is connected to the placenta by the umbilical cord. Soon after implantation, the placenta secretes a hormone called HCG (human chorionic gonadotrophin). HCG prevents the disintegration of the corpus luteum, which will secrete large quantities of estrogen and progesterone. Increased estrogen production also causes the enlargement of the uterus, breasts, and external genitalia. Increased progesterone helps to maintain the endometrium, prevents uterine contractions during the pregnancy, and prepares the breasts for lactation. By the end of the fourth week, all major organ systems begin to form. Primitive nervous system development begins with the neural tube (the beginnings of the brain and the spinal cord). The cardiovascular system also begins to develop. The heart begins beating during the 4th week, and limb buds (which eventually become the arms and legs) also develop by the fourth week. By the end of eight weeks, all major body systems (circulatory, nervous, digestive and urinary systems) continue to develop and function. The end of the first trimester marks the beginning of the fetal period (from 9-12 weeks), and is characterized by continued structural growth and development of the major organ systems and the external genital organs. The second trimester occurs during weeks 13-27 and is marked by accelerated growth, the development of reflex responses and muscular activity. The placenta is fully developed and the brain undergoes the most important period of growth. The third trimester begins at week 28 and continues until the birth of the baby. All major organ systems continue to grow and mature including the brain, the kidneys and the lungs. By approximately the 36th week, the fetal head may “drop” into the pelvis, a process called lightening. The fetus is considered full-term at >= 37 weeks. It weighs approximately 3000-3600 grams, unless small for gestational age (SGA). For more information about pre-term infants, visit The health status of a woman prior to and during pregnancy is critically important for the health and well being of the woman, and for the outcome her pregnancy. However, in the United States and around the world, standards vary. Comprehensive prenatal care (also know as antenatal care) is designed to: Labor and Delivery Labor and delivery is the process that transports the fetus from the uterus through the vagina (birth canal) and results in the birth of a baby. Signs and symptoms of impending labor are: lightening (the descent of the fetal head into the pelvis), softening of the cervix, Braxton Hicks contractions (contractions which occur that have no measurable effect on the cervix), bloody show (the expulsion of a mucus plug from the cervix), a spurt of energy, and increased gastrointestinal discomfort. The presence of contractions, which become regular and increase in frequency, intensity and duration is an important sign that labor has begun. Labor is divided into four stages, briefly described below: Regular contractions of the uterus cause the cervix to become thinner and the cervical os to open wider (dilation). Rupture of membranes (the amniotic sac containing the amniotic fluid breaks producing a gush of fluid) usually takes place during this phase. The first stage of labor continues from the onset of labor, until the dilation of the cervical os progresses to 10 cm. In the second stage, the cervical opening has completely dilated (to 10 cm.) Contractions last longer and are more frequent. The woman is instructed to “push” while she experiences contractions, which facilitates the passage of the fetus through the cervix, and into the vaginal canal. The fetal head descends as the woman pushes the baby with each contraction. When birth is imminent, the head of the fetus can be seen (crowning). The second stage ends with the delivery of the baby. The delivery of the placenta, membranes of the amniotic sac, and the umbilical cord (sometimes referred to as the afterbirth) occur during the third stage. The uterus continues to contract, which results in the separation of the placenta from the uterine wall. Placental delivery normally takes place within five minutes of infant delivery. Marking the beginning of the post-partum period, the fourth stage takes place between one and four hours immediately following the delivery of the placenta. During this time, contractions of the uterus close off the blood vessels leading to the site of placental attachment. There are many factors which contribute to decisions about obstetrical management during childbirth which include: maternal preference and health status, fetal maturity and health status, fetal position, the stage of labor, and maternal and fetal responses to the labor. Interventions that monitor both fetal and maternal responses to labor include internal and external fetal heart rate monitoring, maternal blood pressure, and fetal scalp sampling. Decisions about the use of pain medication and Pitocin (a synthetic hormone which enhances uterine contractions) are also made based on the clinical situation. In the United States, many women take childbirth education classes in order to learn relaxation and breathing techniques learned during childbirth education classes. These techniques help to reduce anxiety and provide varying levels of pain relief. At the time of delivery, the prenatal care provider may perform an episotomy, a surgical incision of the perineum (the area between the vagina and the anus) in order to prevent the tissues from tearing, and/or to expedite delivery. The incision is repaired following delivery. A Cesarean Section (C-Section) is a surgical procedure that allows for the birth of a baby through the abdomen instead of the vagina. C-Sections are performed in instances where vaginal delivery presents an unreasonable risk to the mother and/or the fetus (i.e. placental abnormalities, fetal position, disproportion between the size of the fetus' head and the size the woman's pelvis, and other medical problems including known HIV infection under certain circumstances). Complications related to C-Section are higher than those related to vaginal delivery, as with any surgery. C-Sections should be reserved for circumstances where the benefits outweigh the risks. The post-partum period, also know as the puerperium, begins with the delivery of the placenta and last for six weeks following delivery. During this period, the uterus goes through a process called involution (reduction in the size of the uterus following childbirth). The uterus discharges a fluid called lochia (fluid containing blood and other fluids) for a period of two-to-three weeks. During the first two-to-three days, the lochia is red because it is filled with blood. As post-partum adjustment continues, the lochia becomes lighter in color. Lactation, the normal physiologic response of all women following childbirth, causes the mammary glands (breasts) to secrete milk. Lactation involves both milk production and milk “let-down.” During pregnancy, the placenta secretes high levels of estrogen and progesterone to prepare the breasts for lactation. Following the delivery of the placenta, the sudden drop in estrogen and progesterone triggers the pituitary gland to produce the hormone prolactin that stimulates the production of milk. Infant suckling stimulates the posterior pituitary gland to produce the hormone oxytocin which allows milk to “let down” (a reflex resulting in the release of milk from the alveoli to the milk ducts of the breasts). Without continued infant suckling, milk production and let down will cease within one-2 weeks. Benefits of Breast-feeding Breast milk is an ideal source of nutrition for infants because it provides the baby with essential nutrients, increases immunity, may prevent the development of allergies, and helps to foster an emotional bond between the mother and newborn. Breast milk is readily available, inexpensive, and safe in most situations. HIV infection can be transmitted from an HIV-positive woman to her baby through breast-feeding. Wherever possible, women are advised to learn their HIV status during pregnancy, so that they can make informed decisions about their pregnancy, their own health, and choices for infant feeding. Women who are HIV-positive are advised not to breastfeed. However, in locations where the availability of clean water is limited, and/or the cost of infant formula is beyond the means of the family, HIV-positive new mothers face a difficult choice.

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Braitheann cleachtas sláinte poiblí éifeachtach a fhágann go bhfuil máithreacha agus leanaí sláintiúla go páirteach ar eolas bunúsach faoi toirchis, cúram réamhbhreithe, saothair agus tarlú sábháilte, agus beathú cíche. I measc na comharthaí agus na hairíonna a d'fhéadfadh mná, agus a soláthraithe cúraim sláinte, a chur ar an eolas faoi fhéidearthacht toirchis tá: tréimhse menstrual a chailleadh, nausea agus / nó vomiting, minicíocht mhéadaithe mionn, tuirse, íogaireacht chíche, agus / nó athruithe mood. Is minic a dheimhníonn soláthraithe leighis toirchis amhrasta, de ghnáth trí stair toirchis a dhéanamh, tástáil toirchis folláine a dhéanamh, agus/nó scrúdú fisiceach a dhéanamh. Ina theannta sin, úsáideann go leor mná tástálacha toirchis thar a bheith íogair a dhéantar gan oideas. Céimeanna an Uachtaráin Meastar go maireann toirchis iomlán 40 seachtain ó thús an lae de thréimhse mhná úra deireanach (LMP) an mhná torracha roimh fhéilteadh. De ghnáth roinntear an toirchis ina thrí mhí: Fertilization, an cumasc de na sperm fireann leis na uibheacha baineann sa tuba fallopian a fhoirmiú cealla amháin ar a dtugtar an zygote. Nuair a fhoirmítear é, téann an zygote atá ag roinn go tapa i dtreo an uterus (a thógann thart ar thrí lá). Éascaíonn an t-eipiteal ciliated (eipiteal is struchtúir cosúil le gruaig iad a bhíonn ag tonnadh go gníomhach i dtreo amháin) agus géargháireamhanna subtle na feadóg fallopioch. Nuair a shroicheann an zygote an uterus tá sé ina blastocyst (clúster beag cealla) a fhanann sa uterus ar feadh ceithre nó cúig lá sula dtéann sé isteach sa endometrium thickened (líneáil uterine). Tarlaíonn an próiseas seo, ar a dtugtar implantation, thart ar 10 lá tar éis an fhéithithithínithe agus is é seo tús na tréimhse embryonaí (fhorbairt a tharlaíonn le linn na chéad ocht seachtaine den toirchis). An Blastocyst Iomplandáilte (Sleamhnán Maria Wawer) Le linn na chéad ocht seachtaine tar éis an fhéilte, agus deich seachtaine ón tréimhse menstrual deireanach (LMP), tugtar embryo ar na cealla. Tar éis ocht seachtaine tar éis an fhéilte agus deich seachtaine ón LMP go dtí an breith, athraíonn an téarma go fetus. Le linn an chéad trí mhí, is é an t-eabríon an ceann is suime do thionchar an chomhshaoil; le linn na céime seo, tarlaíonn formhór na gcóras orgáin. AN PLACENTÁ A FÉIDIR Le linn na céimeanna luatha den fhorbairt iontógála, forbraíonn membrán tanaí ar a dtugtar an amnion, a chlúdaíonn agus a chosnaíonn an iontógáil. Tá sreabhach amniach sa mhéibhrán, a chlúdaíonn an fhéatas agus a chabhraíonn leis an teocht a choinneáil cothrom i rith na toirchis. Tá na cealla seachtracha den embryo ina gcuid de na cealla a thugtar ar a n-ainm villi, a bhfuil siad ceangailte leis an mballa uterine. Déantar an t-aigéad seo an placenta, struchtúr spongy vascular trína bhfaigheann an t-eabríon, agus ina dhiaidh sin an fhéatas atá ag forbairt, ocsaigin, frith-chomhlachtaí agus cothaithigh ó sholáthair fola na máthar. Téann táirgí dramhaíola ón bhroinn ar ais chuig soláthar fola na máthar tríd an placenta. Tá an t-eabríon ceangailte leis an placenta trí an cordon umbilical. Go gairid tar éis an implantation, séideann an placenta hormóin ar a dtugtar HCG (gonadotrophin chorionic daonna). Cuireann HCG cosc ar dhíscaoileadh an corpus luteum, a bheidh ag scaipeadh cainníochtaí móra estrogen agus progesterone. Mar thoradh ar tháirgeadh níos mó estrogen déantar an uterus, na bróga agus na gnéithe gnéasacha seachtracha a mhéadú freisin. Cuidíonn méadú progesterone le hionchroí an endometrium a chothabháil, cosc a chur ar ghreamú na mathair le linn na toirchis, agus ullmhaíonn sé na cíche le haghaidh lactation. Faoi dheireadh an cheathrú seachtaine, tosaíonn na príomhchórais orgánacha go léir ag teacht chun cinn. Tosaíonn forbairt an chórais néarógach primitive leis an tiúb néarógach (tús na hinchinne agus an méarchluais). Tosaíonn an córas cardashoithíoch ag forbairt freisin. Tosaíonn an croí ag bualadh le linn an 4ú seachtaine, agus forbraíonn buachaillí na gcos (a thiocfaidh chun bheith ina lámha agus ina cosa sa deireadh) faoin gceathrú seachtain freisin. Faoi dheireadh ocht seachtaine, leanann gach príomhchóras den chorp (córais imshruthaithe, néarógach, díleá agus miondealú) ag forbairt agus ag feidhmiú. Is é deireadh an chéad trí mhí a chiallaíonn tús na tréimhse fothasach (ó 9-12 seachtaine), agus tá fás struchtúrach agus forbairt leanúnach na bpríomhchórais orgánach agus na n-orgáin ghiniúna seachtracha. Tarlaíonn an dara trí mhí le linn seachtainí 13-27 agus tá fás luathaithe, forbairt freagraí reflex agus gníomhaíocht mhúchasach ann. Tá an placenta forbartha go hiomlán agus tá an tréimhse is tábhachtaí d'fhás ag an inchinn. Tosaíonn an tríú tríocha bliain den mháthair ag an 28ú seachtain agus leanann sé go dtí go dtarlaíonn an leanbh. Lean na príomhchórais orgánacha ar fad ag fás agus ag aibíocht lena n-áirítear an inchinn, na duáin agus na scamhóga. Faoi thart ar an 36ú seachtain, d'fhéadfadh an ceann fetal "titim" isteach sa pelvis, próiseas ar a dtugtar lightening. Meastar go bhfuil an fhéatas i gcrích ag >= 37 seachtaine. Meáchan sé thart ar 3000-3600 gram, mura bhfuil sé beag don aois toirchis (SGA). Chun tuilleadh eolais a fháil faoi naíonáin roimh am, tabhair cuairt ar Tá stádas sláinte na mná roimh agus le linn toirchis ríthábhachtach do shláinte agus do folláine na mná, agus do thoradh a toirchis. Mar sin féin, sna Stáit Aontaithe agus ar fud an domhain, tá caighdeáin éagsúla. Tá cúram cuimsitheach réamhbhreithe (ar a dtugtar cúram réamhbhreithe freisin) deartha chun: Luí agus Seachadadh Is é an obair agus an tarchur an próiseas a chuireann an fhéatas ó na mathair tríd an vagina (cainéal breithe) agus a fhágann go bhfuil leanbh ar an saol. Is iad na comharthaí agus na hairíonna atá ag teacht ar an saothar ná: éadrom (sliabhadh ceann an fhéatas isteach sa pelvis), bogadh na cnámha, comhthráideanna Braxton Hicks (contrachtaí a tharlaíonn nach bhfuil aon éifeacht inléite acu ar an cnámh), taispeántas fuilteach (cuir amach plóg muiceach ón cnámh), sprint fuinnimh, agus míchompord gastrointestinal méadaithe. Is comhartha tábhachtach é go bhfuil an obair saothair tosaithe ag cóireálacha, a thagann go rialta agus a mhéadaíonn i minicíocht, i dtrioblóid agus i fhad. Tá an saothar roinnte ina cheithre chéim, a thuairiscítear go hachomair thíos: Mar thoradh ar shrianadh rialta an uterus, bíonn an cearc níos tanaí agus os cearc an uterus ag oscailt níos leithne (leathú). De ghnáth bíonn briseadh membraneanna (an sac amniotic ina bhfuil an sreabhadh amniotic ag briseadh ag táirgeadh sruth sreabhach) le linn na céime seo. Leanann an chéad chéim den obair ó thús na hoibre, go dtí go dtéann leathnú an os cervical chun cinn go 10 cm. Sa dara céim, tá an oscailt choirceall na matáin leathnaithe go hiomlán (go 10 cm.) Maireann na comhthráideanna níos faide agus bíonn siad níos minice. Tugtar treoir don bhean brú a dhéanamh agus sí ag mothú géarghá, rud a éascaíonn dul an fhéatas tríd an cervix, agus isteach sa chanáil féitheacha. Téann ceann an fhéile síos de réir mar a bhrúíonn an bhean an leanbh le gach géarú. Nuair a bhíonn an bhreith le teacht, is féidir ceann an fhéatas a fheiceáil (cronaithe). Críochnaíonn an dara céim le breith an linbh. Tarlaíonn an placenta, membranes an sac amniotic, agus an cordon umbilical (dá ngairtear an tar-breithe uaireanta) le linn an tríú céim. Leanann an uterus ag tiontú, rud a fhágann go scoirfidh an placenta ó bhalla an uterine. De ghnáth, bíonn an placenta ar fáil laistigh de chúig nóiméad tar éis an linbh a thabhairt ar fáil. Ag marcáil tús na tréimhse iar-partum, bíonn an ceathrú céim idir uair an chloig agus ceithre uair an chloig díreach tar éis an placenta a sheachadadh. Le linn na tréimhse seo, dúnann géargháireanna an uterus na soithigh fola a théann chuig an suíomh ina bhfuil an placenta ceangailte. Tá go leor fachtóirí ann a chuireann le cinntí maidir le bainistíocht mháithreachais le linn breith lena n-áirítear: rogha agus stádas sláinte na máthar, aibíocht agus stádas sláinte an fhéata, seasamh an fhéata, céim na hoibre, agus freagraí na máthar agus an fhéata ar an hoibre. I measc na n-idirghabhálacha a dhéanann monatóireacht ar fhreagraí an fhéatas agus na máthar ar bhreith tá monatóireacht ar ráta croí an fhéatas inmheánach agus seachtrach, brú fola na máthar, agus samplaí scalp an fhéatas. Déantar cinntí maidir le cógais pian a úsáid agus Pitocin (hormón sintéiseach a chuireann géarghá le géarghá na mathair) bunaithe ar an staid chliniciúil freisin. Sna Stáit Aontaithe, bíonn go leor mná ag glacadh le ranganna oideachais breith chun teicnící scíth a ligean agus anailís a fhoghlaimíodh le linn ranganna oideachais breith a fhoghlaim. Cabhraíonn na teicnící seo le imní a laghdú agus soláthraíonn siad leibhéil éagsúla faoiseamh pian. Ag an am a sheoltar, d'fhéadfadh an soláthraí cúraim réamhbhreithe episotomy a dhéanamh, incision máinliachta ar an perineum (an limistéar idir an vagina agus an anus) d'fhonn cosc a chur ar na fíocháin ó bhriseadh, agus / nó chun an t-earraí a luathaithe. Déantar an sciath a dheisiú tar éis an tsoláthair. Is nós imeachta máinliachta é an Ceisireán (Ceisireán) a ligeann leanbh a rugadh tríd an bolg seachas tríd an bhfíon. Déantar C-alt i gcásanna ina bhfuil riosca neamhréadúil ag tarlú i dtaca le tarchur coirp ó bhéal don mháthair agus/ nó don fhéatas (i. e. Tá an t-ábhar seo ag cur le neamhghnáchas placenta, seasamh an fhéatas, míchomhréireacht idir méid ceann an fhéatas agus méid pelvis na mban, agus fadhbanna leighis eile lena n-áirítear ionfhabhtú VEID a bhfuil aithne air faoi chúinsí áirithe). Tá deacrachtaí a bhaineann le C-Alta níos airde ná iad siúd a bhaineann le breith féimheach, mar a tharlaíonn le haon máinliacht. Ba cheart rannóga C a chur in áirithe do chásanna ina bhfuil na buntáistí níos mó ná na rioscaí. Tosaíonn an tréimhse iar-partum, ar a dtugtar an puerperium freisin, le seachadadh an placenta agus maireann sé seachtaine tar éis an seachadta. Le linn na tréimhse seo, téann an uterus trí phróiseas ar a dtugtar involution (meáchain an uterus tar éis an bhreith). Déanann an uterus sreabhán ar a dtugtar lochia (sreabhán ina bhfuil fuil agus sreabháin eile) a scaoileadh ar feadh tréimhse dhá nó trí seachtaine. Le linn na chéad dhá nó trí lá, tá an lochia dearg toisc go bhfuil sé líonta le fuil. De réir mar a leanann an t-athchóiriú iar-partum, bíonn an lochia níos éadroime i dath. Is é an lactation, freagra fisiceolaíoch gnáth na mban go léir tar éis breith, a chuireann ar na glúineanna bainne (na cíche) bainne a eisiúint. I rith toirchis, scaipfidh an placenta leibhéil arda estrogen agus progesterone chun na cíche a ullmhú le haghaidh lactation. Tar éis an placenta a thabhairt amach, spreagann an titim tobann in estrogen agus progesterone an gland pituitary chun an hormóin prolactin a tháirgeadh a spreagann táirgeadh bainne. Spreagann an cnámh cnámh an gland pituitary posterior chun an hormóin ocsaitócin a tháirgeadh a ligeann do bhainne "a ligean síos" (réflex a fhágann go scaoiltear bainne ó na alveoli go ductáin bainne na n-airdín). Gan leanúint ar aghaidh le cothú naíonáin, scoirfidh táirgeadh bainne agus an t-eitilt laistigh de sheachtain nó dhó. Buntáistí na Breastfeeding Is foinse oiriúnach cothaithe do naíonáin é bainne cíche toisc go soláthraíonn sé cothaithigh riachtanacha don leanbh, go méadaíonn sé imdhíonacht, go bhféadfadh sé cosc a chur ar ailléirgí a fhorbairt, agus go gcabhróidh sé le ceangal mothúchánach a chothú idir an mháthair agus an leanbh nuabheirthe. Tá bainne cíche ar fáil go héasca, saor, agus sábháilte i bhformhór na gcásanna. Is féidir le VEID a tharchur ó mhná VEID-deimhneach chuig a leanbh trí chothú cíche. Nuair is féidir, moltar do mhná a stádas VEID a fhoghlaim le linn toirchis, ionas gur féidir leo cinntí eolasacha a dhéanamh faoina toirchis, faoina sláinte féin, agus roghanna maidir le beathaíocht naíonáin. Moltar do mhná atá VEID-deimhneach gan a n-ainneoin a bheith ag beathú cíche. Mar sin féin, i gcásanna nach bhfuil uisce glan ar fáil go leor, agus/nó nach bhfuil costas na bhfoirmle leanbh in ann acmhainní an teaghlaigh a bhaint amach, bíonn rogha deacair ag máithreacha nua atá dearfach ó thaobh VEID de.

Inherence(Redirected from Inherent) This article relies too much on references to primary sources. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Inherence refers to Empedocles' idea that the qualities of matter come from the relative proportions of each of the four elements entering into a thing. The idea was further developed by Plato and Aristotle. That Plato accepted (or at least did not reject) Empedocles' claim can be seen in the Timaeus. However, Plato also applied it to cover the presence of form in matter. The form is an active principle. Matter, on the other hand is passive, being a mere possibility that the forms bring to life. A closely related term is participation. If an attribute inheres in a subject, then the subject is said to participate in the attribute. For example, if the attribute in Athens inheres in Socrates, then Socrates is said to participate in the attribute, in Athens. |Look up inherence in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.| |This article about ontology is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|

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Inherence (Athsheolta ó Inherent) Tá an t-alt seo ag brath ró-mhór ar thagairtí do phríomhfhoinsí. (Aibreán 2017) (Féach conas agus cathain a ba chóir an teimpléad teachtaireachta seo a bhaint) Tagraíonn Inherence do smaoineamh Empedocles go dtagann cáilíochtaí na hábhair ó chomhréireacht ghaolmhara gach ceann de na ceithre eilimint a théann isteach i rud. D'fhorbair Plato agus Aristotle an smaoineamh tuilleadh. Is féidir a fheiceáil sa Timaeus gur ghlac Platón le héilimh Empedocles (nó nár dhiúltaigh sé ar a laghad). Mar sin féin, chuir Plato é i bhfeidhm freisin chun láithreacht an fhoirm a chlúdach i ábhar. Is prionsabal gníomhach an fhoirm. Tá ábhar, ar an láimh eile, éighníomhach, a bheith ina fhéidearthacht amháin go bhfuil na foirmeacha a thabhairt chun beatha. Tá téarma dlúthbhainte leis an téarma rannpháirtíocht. Má tá tréith de dhíth ar ábhar, ansin deirtear go nglacann an t-ábhar páirt sa tréith. Mar shampla, má tá an tréith in Aithin ina chuid de Shócrates, ansin deirtear go nglacann Shócrates páirt sa tréith, in Aithin. Féach ar inherence in Wiktionary, an foclóir saor in aisce. Is stub é an t-alt seo faoi eantólíocht. Is féidir leat cabhrú le Ficipéid trí é a leathnú.

Three of the strains were B. henselae and three were from other animal-associated Bartonella species (B. doshiae, B. schoenbuchensis, and B. tribocorum). Six main points from this study of Bartonella: 1. “Certain Bartonella species are known to cause afebrile bacteremia in humans… Reports have indicated that animal-associated Bartonella species may cause paucisymptomatic bacteremia and endocarditis in humans.” (Note: afebrile = without a fever. Paucisymptomatic = having few symptoms. Bacteremia = presence of bacteria in the blood stream. Endocarditis = inflammation of the heart’s lining.) 2. Nonspecific Symptoms of Bartonella include: “arthralgia, muscle pain, fatigue, headaches, visual blurring, neurocognitive symptoms.” (Arthralgia= joint pain.) 3. They noted, “Chronic bacteremia caused by B. quintana causes few obvious symptoms apart from generalized fatigue and nonspecific leg pain.” (B. quintana = another strain of Bartonella.) 4. “The main complaint of the case-patients was chronic fatigue, but they also reported other subjective or nonspecific symptoms (or both), such as headaches and myalgia.” (Myalgia = muscle pain.) 5. In summary, their “major finding is the isolation of zoonotic Bartonella other than B. quintana in the blood of patients with poorly qualified syndromes. These results indicate that zoonotic Bartonella spp. infection may cause undifferentiated chronic illness in humans.” (With “poorly qualified syndromes” the authors are primarily referring to CFS-chronic fatigue syndrome. “Undifferentiated” symptoms are generalized complaints like joint or muscle pain, numbness, tingling, headache, insomnia, fatigue or “flu-like” symptoms. “Undifferentiated chronic illness” is basically an illness that we don’t have an explanation or a clear diagnosis for.) 6. The authors state it is crucial to determine whether Bartonella is involved “because treatment for chronic Bartonella bacteremia (as for B. quintana) is particularly arduous and may require six weeks of doxycycline treatment together with three weeks of gentamicin, as these are the only antimicrobial drugs known to be effective in eradication of Bartonella.” Here’s my take away from this study: If someone with a tick bite tests negative for Lyme but continues to have chronic symptoms like those I’ve highlighted above, a weird striated rash (like the one pictured below), swollen lymph nodes, or has been diagnosed with fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue and/or myalgic encephalomyelitis, it would be wise to be tested for a Bartonella infection. *Note: Bartonella has been detected in lice, ticks, fleas, sand flies, mosquitoes, wild animals and house pets. It’s suspected that ticks can transmit the disease to humans, though that has not been definitively proven. While each of the patients in this study reported a tick bite within the previous 1-5 years, they each lived in the country and enough time had elapsed that another mode of transmission could have occurred. Source: Emerging Infectious Disease Journal – CDC. Volume 22, Number 3 –March 2016. Identification of Novel Zoonotic Activity of Bartonella spp., France.

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Ba iad trí cinn de na strains B. henselae agus ba iad trí cinn ó speicis Bartonella eile a bhaineann le hainmhithe (B. doshiae, B. schoenbuchensis, agus B. tribocorum). Sé phríomhphointe ón staidéar seo ar Bartonella: 1. an t-am a bhí ann. Is eol go gcuireann speicis Bartonella áirithe bacteremia afebrile i ndaoine... Léirítear i dtuarascálacha gur féidir le speicis Bartonella a bhaineann le hainmhithe bacteremia agus endocarditis neamh-simptómach a chur i bhfeidhm i ndaoine. (Nóta: afebrile = gan fiabhras. Paucisymptomatic = a bhfuil cúpla comhartha aige. Bacteremia = baictéir i sruth fola. Endocarditis = athlasadh ar shéide an chroí.) 2. Seachadadh. I measc na n-airíonna neamhshonracha de Bartonella tá: arthralgia, pian muscle, tuirse, tinneas cinn, mí-fhuaime, comharthaí néarógineachta. (Arthralgia = pian comhpháirteach.) 3. Tá an t-am ann. Thug siad faoi deara, Ní bhíonn mórán comharthaí soiléire ag baictéiréimeas ainsealach de bharr B. quintana seachas tuirse ghinearálaithe agus pian cos neamhshonrach. (B. quintana = strain eile de Bartonella.) 4. Tá an t-am Ba é an príomh- ghearán a bhí ag na himthosca-othair ná tuirse ainsealach, ach tuairiscíodh comharthaí suibiachtúla nó neamhshonracha eile (nó an dá cheann), amhail tinneas cinn agus mialgia. (Myalgia = pian muscle.) 5. Tá an t-am ann. Go hachomair, is é an rud is mó a fuair siad ná Bartonella zoonotic seachas B. quintana a leithdháileadh i fhuil othair a bhfuil siondrómanna drochcháilithe acu. Léiríonn na torthaí seo go bhfuil Bartonella spp. (Le 'siondróimí drochcháilithe' tá na húdair ag tagairt go príomha do shiondróm tuirse ainsealach CFS. Is gearán ginearálta iad na hairíonna gan idirdhealú cosúil le pian i gcomhpháirteanna nó i matáin, numbness, tingling, tinneas cinn, insomnia, tuirse nó comharthaí cosúil le fliú. Is éard atá i 'Glainne ainsealach neamhdhealúch' go bunúsach ná galar nach bhfuil míniú nó diagnóis shoiléir againn air.) 6. Ceacht. Deir na húdair go bhfuil sé ríthábhachtach a chinneadh an bhfuil Bartonella i gceist toisc go bhfuil cóireáil baictéiriam ainsealach Bartonella (mar atá le B. quintana) an-deacair agus d'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh sé seachtaine de chóireáil doxycycline ag teastáil in éineacht le trí seachtaine de gentamicin, mar is iad seo na huisceanna frithmhiocróbacha amháin a bhfuil a fhios acu a bheith éifeachtach i scriosadh Bartonella. Seo mo chuid a thóg mé ón staidéar seo: Má tá tástáil diúltach le haghaidh Lyme ag duine a bhfuil cnag tick aige ach go bhfuil comharthaí ainsealacha aige fós cosúil leis na cinn a leag mé béim orthu thuas, ráth stráiceach aisteach (cosúil leis an gceann atá sa phictiúr thíos), nóid lymph swollen, nó má tá fibromyalgia, tuirse ainsealach agus / nó encephalomyelitis myalgic diagnóisithe aige, bheadh sé ciallmhar tástáil a dhéanamh ar ionfhabhtú Bartonella. *Nóta: Léiríodh Bartonella i luí, i gcroí, i bplátaí, i mbéacáin na gaineamh, i moscaí, in ainmhithe fiáine agus in peataí tí. Tá amhras ann gur féidir leis na tic an galar a tharchur chuig daoine, cé nach bhfuil sé sin cruthaithe go cinnte. Cé gur thuairiscigh gach duine de na hothair sa staidéar seo gur cnag tics laistigh den 1-5 bhliain roimhe sin, bhí cónaí orthu go léir sa tír agus bhí go leor ama caite go bhféadfadh modh eile tarchuir a bheith tagtha. Foinse: Iris na gCearbhálacha Éirí Amach CDC. Leabhar 22, Uimhir 3 Márta 2016. Aithint Gníomhaíocht Nua Zoonotic Bartonella spp., An Fhrainc.

"Wait a minute, you still use microfilm? Aren't all newspapers digitized these days?" This is a statement we hear pretty regularly at the Western History and Genealogy Department, and it's one that we completely understand. After all, in the age of the Internet, almost anything you've ever read is available in just a few keystrokes. Right? Thanks to the high cost of digitization and the labor associated with indexing and scanning newspapers, most historic newspapers and documents are still available in just one format: microfilm. Microfilm, as it turns out, is an incredibly robust format for viewing the written word that, in all likelihood, will be with us for many years to come. So what exactly makes microfilm so special? Efficiency and Affordability For starters, microfilm is a very efficient means for institutions like Denver Public Library to bring large print collections to their customers. In a building like the Central Library, where storage space is at a premium, microfilm allows us to store a huge number of newspapers in a very small space. How small a space? We currently house a complete run of the Rocky Mountain News (1859-2009) and the Denver Post (1894-present) in a series of file cabinets that are just 4 ft 6 inches tall and 12.5 feet long. (And that includes six empty drawers for growth!) Of course these aren't the only microfilms that are housed at DPL. In the Western History Department you'll find a wide range of historic Colorado newspaper like Cervi's Journal as well as more modern newspapers like Colorado Gambler. Microfilm also allows DPL customers to access large book collections such as Western Americana Frontier History of the Trans-Mississippi West, as well as doctoral dissertations and masters theses from history students in Colorado and across the world. On our genealogy side, we house hundreds of historic documents such as New Mexico church records, ship passenger lists, and naturalization records on microfilm. These documents are available to any DPL customer and are an incredible resource for genealogists. If you've ever run across an old newspaper, you know that newsprint isn't exactly a stable format. Modern newsprint is made from wood pulp and becomes extremely fragile over time. This makes handling historic newspapers (on a regular basis anyway) a near impossibility. Microfilm, however, allows library customers to access the oldest newspapers we've got, anytime they want. (The originals are housed in our storage areas and are only accessible if the microfilm copies are for some reason not legible.) Even better, if a water pipe were to break over our microfilm storage cases, the microfilm would be just fine. That's a big deal when you consider how much damage a small amount of water could do a historic newspaper collection. The Modern Microfilm Reader Today's microfilm readers are designed to work with the formats modern researchers are used to and include a scanning function for making digital copies. DPL customers who want electronic copies of historic newspapers and documents can simply transfer their scans to a USB drive, put them in a cloud storage service like Dropbox, or e-mail them. For those customers who prefer hard copies, printed copies are available for 10¢ a page. (And, yes, we do take credit and debit cards.) If you don't know how to to use a microfilm reader, the WHG staff is more than happy to walk you through the basics. It's much easier than you might think! While the march of digitization is certain to continue forward in the years to come, it's also safe to say that microfilm will be with us for some time. Even if we, and every other institution, started massive digitization projects today, there is so much material that's been microfilmed that it would be decades before it all made it online. Until that day comes, we'll still be using microfilm and it will still be as useful as it is today.

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"Fan nóiméad, an úsáideann tú micreafilm fós? Nach bhfuil gach nuachtán digiteach na laethanta seo?" Is ráiteas é seo a chloisim go rialta ag an Roinn Staire agus Seantúsaíochta an Iarthair, agus is é sin ráiteas a thuigeann muid go hiomlán. Tar éis an tsaoil, in aois an Idirlín, tá beagnach aon rud a léigh tú ar fáil le cúpla cnaipe. An bhfuil? A bhuíochas leis an gcostas ard a bhaineann le digitiú agus an saothair a bhaineann le nuachtáin a innéacsú agus a scanadh, níl an chuid is mó de na nuachtáin agus na ndoiciméid stairiúla ar fáil fós i bhformáid amháin: micreafilm. Is formáid an-láidir é micreafilm, mar a tharlaíonn, chun an focal scríofa a fheiceáil, agus is dócha go mbeidh sé linn ar feadh blianta fada amach romhainn. Mar sin, cad é go díreach a dhéanann micreafilm chomh speisialta? Éifeachtúlacht agus In-Éascaíocht Chun tús a chur leis, is bealach an-éifeachtach é micreafilm d'institiúidí mar Leabharlann Phoiblí Denver chun bailiúcháin phriontáilte móra a thabhairt dá gcustaiméirí. I bhfoirgneamh mar an Leabharlann Lárnach, áit a bhfuil spás stórála ag préimhe, ceadaíonn micreafilm dúinn líon mór nuachtáin a stóráil i spás an-bheag. Cé chomh beag is atá an spás? Faoi láthair tá sraith iomlán de Rocky Mountain News (1859-2009) agus an Denver Post (1894-aghaidh) againn i sraith caibinéid comhad nach bhfuil ach 4 troigh 6 orlach ar airde agus 12.5 troigh ar fhad. (Agus go n-áirítear sé drámaí folamh le haghaidh fás!) Ar ndóigh ní iad seo na micreafilmí amháin atá á gcur ag DPL. Sa Roinn Staire an Iarthair gheobhaidh tú réimse leathan nuachtán stairiúil Colorado cosúil le Journal Cervi chomh maith le nuachtáin níos nua-aimseartha cosúil le Colorado Gambler. Ligeann Microfilm do chustaiméirí DPL rochtain a fháil ar bhailiúcháin leabhar móra mar Stair Teorann Mheiriceá Thiar Thuaidh an Iarthar Trans-Mississippi, chomh maith le dírscéalta dochtúireachta agus máistreacht ó mhic léinn staire i Colorado agus ar fud an domhain. Ar ár taobh seandálaíochta, tá na céadta doiciméid stairiúla againn mar taifid eaglais Nua-Mheicsiceo, liostaí paisinéirí long, agus taifid náisiúnaithe ar mhicreafilm. Tá na doiciméid seo ar fáil do chustaiméirí DPL agus is acmhainn iontach iad do ghinealaigh. Má tá tú riamh rith ar fud nuachtán d'aois, tá a fhios agat go bhfuil nuachtán páipéar nach bhfuil go díreach ar formáid chobhsaí. Déantar páipéar nuachtáin nua-aimseartha ó phéipéar adhmaid agus bíonn sé thar a bheith frithsheasmhach le himeacht ama. Mar sin, tá sé beagnach dodhéanta déileáil le nuachtáin stairiúla (ar bhonn rialta ar aon nós). Mar sin féin, tugann micreafilm deis do chustaiméirí leabharlainne rochtain a fháil ar na nuachtáin is sine atá againn, am ar bith is mian leo. (Tá na hionstraimí bunaidh i gceantair stórála agus ní féidir leo teacht orthu ach amháin má tá na cóipeanna micreafilm nach féidir a léamh ar chúis éigin.) Níos fearr fós, dá bpriseadh píopa uisce os cionn ár gcásanna stórála micreafilm, bheadh an micreafilm ceart go leor. Is mór an rud é sin nuair a mheasann tú an méid damáiste a d'fhéadfadh méid beag uisce a dhéanamh ar bhailiúchán nuachtán stairiúil. An Léitheoir Micreafilm Nua-aimseartha Tá léitheoirí micreafilm an lae inniu deartha chun oibriú leis na formáidí a bhfuil taighdeoirí nua-aimseartha cleachtaithe leo agus tá feidhm scanadh ann chun cóipeanna digiteacha a dhéanamh. Is féidir le custaiméirí DPL a bhfuil cóipeanna leictreonacha de nuachtáin agus doiciméid stairiúla acu a scanadh a aistriú go tiomáint USB, iad a chur i seirbhís stórála scamall mar Dropbox, nó iad a sheoladh chuig ríomhphost. I gcás na gcustaiméirí sin a bhfuil níos fearr acu le cóipeanna cainte, tá cóipeanna clóite ar fáil ar 10¢ an leathanach. (Agus, tá, glacaimid le cártaí creidmheasa agus dochair.) Mura bhfuil a fhios agat conas léitheoir micreafilm a úsáid, beidh foireann WHG níos mó ná sásta tú a threorú trí na bunrialacha. Tá sé i bhfad níos éasca ná mar a cheapann tú! Cé go bhfuil sé cinnte go leanfaidh an chéim dhígiúcháin ar aghaidh sna blianta atá le teacht, is sábháilte a rá freisin go mbeidh micreafilm linn ar feadh tamaill. Fiú dá mbeimis féin, agus gach institiúid eile, ag tosú ar thionscadail digiteála ollmhóra inniu, tá an oiread sin ábhar curtha ar mhicreamhamra go dtógfadh sé blianta fada sula mbeadh sé ar líne. Go dtí go dtiocfaidh an lá sin, beidh muid ag baint úsáide as micreafilm fós agus beidh sé fós chomh úsáideach agus atá sé inniu.

Citing Jefferson’s Kentucky Resolutions, it was suggested up here in 2003 that the northern-most New England states need not participate in the invasion of Iraq because it was unconstitutional. George Kennan liked the idea and agreed with it. John Kenneth Galbraith thought our (I helped) idea of sending our own New England representative to the…Details For peace and proseperity to reign upon the earth, it is necessary for mankind to understand some essential principles. Man is the off spring of a divine Creator. We are subject to him and to what our Founders referred to as “The Laws of Nature and Nature’s God”. These laws apply to all of us,…Details What is the source of political power and how it is executed? It is the question many people are asking today given the type of governance many are very dissatisfied with in the United States today. The answer to the question reveals much about how government treats citizens and how citizens respond to government; and how the constitution of the state is applied in society. Knowledge on the matter is crucial to the political student and observer of government and societal actions. Let us consider Enlightenment philosophy first, and then Hegel’s philosophy. Charles Montesquieu goes into detail concerning the nature of States. He starts his Spirit of Laws by describing the types of government. “When the body of the people is possessed of the supreme power, it is called a democracy”, he says; “[t]here can be no exercise of sovereignty but by their suffrage” (Charles Montesquieu,Spirit of Laws, Trnsl. Thomas Nugent, [Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., 1952)] 4). Given the political power each individual holds in the exercise of the State’s sovereignty, “[a] free agent”, he says, “ought to be his own government; the legislative power should reside in the whole body of the people” (Spirit of Laws, 71). Thus, a pure democracy is a State where the people hold all sovereignty of the State and directly pass all the laws of that State. Each citizen is his own legislator. In discussing the disadvantages of a pure democracy, Montesquieu observes, “since [direct participation in passing laws of the State] is impossible in large states, and in small ones is subject to many inconveniences, it is fit the people should transact by their representatives what they cannot transact by themselves…The great advantage of representatives is, their capacity of discussing public affairs. For this the people collectively are extremely unfit, which is one of the chief inconveniences of a democracy” (Ibid., 71). This disadvantage is observed as well by Jean Jacques Burlamaqui, who says, “[democracy] is too weak, leaves the people too much to themselves, and tends to confusion and licentiousness” (Jean Jacques Burlamaqui, The Principles of Politic Law, [Liberty Fund, Inc., Indianapolis, IN, 2006], 341). The solution to the Enlightenment philosopher is a republic, as explained by Burlamaqui: “There are two ways of finding this temperament [between an absolute monarchy and popular democracy]: The first consists in lodging the sovereignty in a council so composed, both as to the number and choice of persons, that there shall be a moral certainty of their having no other interests than those of the community, and of their being always ready to give a faithful account of their conduct. This is what we see happily practised in most republics. The second is, to limit the sovereignty of the prince…by fundamental laws” (Ibid., 345).Details

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Ag tagairt do Rúnna Kentucky Jefferson, mholtar anseo in 2003 nach gá do stáit an Nua-Eabhrac is faide ó thuaidh páirt a ghlacadh i n-ionradh ar an Iaráic toisc go raibh sé míbhunreachtúil. Chuaigh George Kennan leis an smaoineamh agus aontaigh sé leis. Shíl John Kenneth Galbraith go raibh ár smaoineamh (chomh-chabhraigh mé) ár n-ionadaí féin ó Nua-Eabhrac a sheoladh chuig...Sonraí Chun go mbeidh síocháin agus rathúnas ag an domhan, tá sé riachtanach go dtuigeann an chine daonna roinnt prionsabail bhunúsacha. Is é an duine an earrach as an Cruthaitheoir diaga. Táimid faoi réir dó agus a bhfuil ár bhunaitheoirí a thugtar mar "Na Dlíthe an Dúlra agus an Dúlra Dia". Baineann na dlíthe seo linn go léir,...Sonraí Cad é foinse na cumhachta polaitíochta agus conas a dhéantar é a fhorghníomhú? Is í an cheist atá ag go leor daoine a chur leo inniu mar gheall ar an gcineál rialachais a bhfuil go leor daoine an-díshásta leis sna Stáit Aontaithe inniu. Léiríonn an freagra ar an gceist go leor faoi conas a dhéanann an rialtas le saoránaigh agus conas a fhreagraíonn saoránaigh ar an rialtas; agus conas a chuirtear bunreacht an stáit i bhfeidhm sa tsochaí. Tá eolas ar an ábhar ríthábhachtach don mhic léinn polaitiúil agus do bhreathnóir na gníomhaíochta rialtais agus sochaíocha. Déanaimis smaoineamh ar fhealsúnacht na Soilse ar dtús, agus ansin ar fhealsúnacht Hegel. Téann Charles Montesquieu isteach i mionsonraí maidir le nádúr na Stát. Tosaíonn sé a Spiorad na dLá le cur síos a dhéanamh ar na cineálacha rialtais. Nuair a bhíonn an chumhacht uachtarach i seilbh chomhlacht na ndaoine, tugtar daonlathas air, a deir sé; [t] ní féidir ceannasacht a fheidhmiú ach trína vótaíocht (Charles Montesquieu, Spirit of Laws, Trnsl. Thomas Nugent, [Einsealaíocht Britannica, Inc., 1952) ]. De réir an chumhachta pholaitiúil a bhfuil ag gach duine i bhfeidhmiú uachtaránacht an Stáit, "ba cheart go mbeadh an t-aisteoir saor" ina rialtas féin, a deir sé; ba cheart go mbeadh an chumhacht reachtach i gcorp iomlán na ndaoine (Spirit of Laws, 71). Dá bhrí sin, is Stát é daonlathas íon ina bhfuil an t-aonarú uile ar an Stát ag na daoine agus ina ndéanann siad na dlíthe go léir den Stát sin a rith go díreach. Is é gach saoránach a reachtóir féin. Agus é ag plé míbhuntáistí daonlathas íon, déanann Montesquieu an méid seo a leanas a thabhairt faoi deara, "Ós rud é nach féidir [rannpháirtíocht dhíreach i ndlíthe a rith an Stáit] i stáit mhóra, agus i stáit bheaga atá faoi réir go leor míbhuntáistí, tá sé oiriúnach go ndéanfadh na daoine idirbhearta trína n-ionadaithe an rud nach féidir leo idirbhearta a dhéanamh leo féin...Is é an buntáiste mór atá ag ionadaithe, a gcumas plé a dhéanamh ar ghnóthaí poiblí. Tá an pobal ina luí ar fad ar an rud seo, rud atá ar cheann de na príomh-easnamh atá ag daonlathas (Ibid., 71). Tá an míbhuntáiste seo faoi deara freisin ag Jean Jacques Burlamaqui, a deir, [daonlathas] ró-lag, fágann an pobal ró-fhada dóibh féin, agus bíonn claonadh aige le mearbhall agus le dícheallach (Jean Jacques Burlamaqui, Prionsabail an Dlí Polaitíochta, [Liberty Fund, Inc., Indianapolis, IN, 2006], 341). Is é an réiteach don fhealsúnach Soilsitheoireachta ná poblacht, mar a mhínigh Burlamaqui: Tá dhá bhealach ann chun an teiripe seo [i measc monarcacht iomlán agus daonlathas tóir] a aimsiú: Is éard atá sa chéad cheann ná an ceannasacht a chur i gconradh atá comhdhéanta, maidir le líon agus rogha na ndaoine araon, go mbeidh cinnteacht mhorálta ann nach bhfuil aon leasanna eile acu ach leasanna an phobail, agus go mbeidh siad réidh i gcónaí chun cuntas dílis a thabhairt ar a n-iompar. Is é seo a fheicimid go bhfuil sé á chleachtadh go sona sásta i bhformhór na bpáipéarlachtaí. Is é an dara ceann, uachtaránacht an phrionsa a theorannú...le dlíthe bunúsacha (Ibid., 345).

Sample thesis statement apa format Writing An APA Format ThesisHave you been given the challenging task of writing an APA format paper. This can feel overwhelming if this is the first time you have ever written a paper in this format because you have most likely spent your entire childhood creating papers in MLA format. They are very different in many respects. However no matter what type of paper you are writing it is always imperative that you start with the thesis statement. In this case you are writing a thesis statement for your APA format paper. There are some very specific guidelines that are associated with writing a thesis statement. This is an example of a research paper with data observation and analysis. The observations were recorded by running ANOVA and Post Hoc tests to compute values for the variables.The goal was to find a positive correlation between the two variables. For that a hypothesis was tested that was proven to be negative. Alternatively, this proved the scieSummary:This resource provides tips for creating a thesis statement and examples of different types of thesis statements.Contributors:Elyssa Tardiff, Allen Brizee Last Edited: 2014-02-10 10:44:43 Tips for Writing Your Thesis Statement1. The claim could be an opinion, a policy proposal, an evaluation, a cause-and-effect statement, or an interpretation. The goal of the argumentative paper is to convince the audience that the claim is true based on the evidence provided.If you are writing a text that does not faClick on the link above in the Media box to download the pdf handout, APA Sample Paper.

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Léargas teisiúna samplach i bhformáid apa Ag scríobh téacs i bhformáid APAAn tugadh an tasc dúshlánach duit páipéar i bhformáid APA a scríobh? D'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith thar a bheith tromchúiseach má tá sé seo an chéad uair a scríobh tú páipéar sa fhormáid seo mar is dócha go bhfuil tú caite do óige ar fad ag déanamh páipéir i bhformáid MLA. Tá siad an-difriúil i go leor gnéithe. Is é an rud is tábhachtaí ná go bhfuil an t-eispéireas ag dul i ngleic le fadhbanna a bhaineann le teipí agus le teipí a bhaineann le teipí. Sa chás seo tá tú ag scríobh ráiteas téise do do pháipéar formáid APA. Tá roinnt treoirlínte an-sonracha ann a bhaineann le ráiteas téise a scríobh. Seo sampla de pháipéar taighde le breathnú agus anailís sonraí. Taifeadadh na breathnithe trí thástálacha ANOVA agus Post Hoc a reáchtáil chun luachanna na n-athróga a ríomh. Ba é an aidhm coibhneas dearfach a fháil idir an dá athróg. Chun sin, rinneadh tástáil ar fhéidearthacht a bhí dearbhaithe diúltach. Mar rogha eile, cruthaíodh an scieSummary:This resource provides tips for creating a thesis statement and examples of different types of thesis statements. Contributors:Elyssa Tardiff, Allen Brizee Last Edited: 2014-02-10 10:44:43 Tips for Writing Your Thesis Statement1. D'fhéadfadh an t-éileamh a bheith ina thuairim, ina togra beartais, ina mheastóireacht, ina ráiteas cúis-agus-éifeacht, nó ina léirmhíniú. Is é aidhm an pháipéir argóideach an lucht féachana a chur ina luí go bhfuil an éileamh fíor bunaithe ar an fhianaise a chuirtear ar fáil. Má tá tú ag scríobh téacs nach bhfuil ag dul i ngleicCliceáil ar an nasc thuas sa bhosca Meán chun an lámhleabhar pdf, Páipéar samplach APA a íoslódáil.

What is AHI in a Sleep Study? Did you know that the most important part of a sleep study for those with Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) because it indicates the severity of the condition. Apnea or an apneic event is when a person stops breathing for 10 or more seconds. Hypopnea is a constricted breath that lasts at least 10 seconds. The number of apneas and hypopneas that occur within one hour of sleep will determine the index number. Mild obstructive sleep apnea is an index number of 5 - 15 events per hour. Moderate OSA is from 15 - 30. Anything over 30 is classified as severe.

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Cad é AHI i Staidéar Codlata? An raibh a fhios agat gurb é an chuid is tábhachtaí de staidéar codlata do dhaoine a bhfuil Apnea Codlata Oscailte (OSA) ionann innéacs apnea-hypopnea (AHI) toisc go léiríonn sé déine an choinníoll. Is é apnea nó imeacht apneic nuair a stopann duine ag anailsiú ar feadh 10 soicind nó níos mó. Is éard atá i hiopnóia ná anailís shrianta a mhaireann ar a laghad 10 soicind. Cinnfidh líon na n-apneaí agus na n-hypopneaí a tharlaíonn laistigh d'uair an chloig de chodladh an uimhir innéacs. Is é an t-uimhir innéacs de 5 - 15 imeacht in aghaidh na huaire an apnea codlata eascraitheach éadrom. Tá OSA meánach idir 15 - 30. Gach rud os cionn 30 rangaítear mar throm.

When the body comes under pressure from a variety of stressors on a chronic basis, the immune system can become suppressed. It is at this point that the body is more vulnerable to pathogens to which the individual is exposed. In sport, one typical cause of this could be consistently high training loads, where an individual is not fully recovered. In individual sports, there is a strong argument for regular monitoring of IgA, so close tabs can be kept on how that individual is recovering. This monitoring could be daily or even twice daily (before and after practice) because research shows that although moderate exercise can be an immune booster, intense exercise can have the opposite effect i.e. suppress the immune system. Tracking responses to various workouts or competitions can be useful in gaining an insight in to how an athlete copes or recovers. Other stressor can also have an effect on IgA, such as travel and lifestyle factors such as poor sleep, stress (of an emotional or psychological nature) and in the student athlete, academic load. Significant changes in any of these factors will see changes in the baseline norm established for each individual. The development of individual profile is essential for the interpretation of data on all SOMA tests. It is usual that a minimum of 5 to 6 tests are required to establish a baseline for any individual athlete. That baseline will of course grow with subsequent testing and the greater your data set the more robust your norms become. Research has shown that if sIgA levels drop significantly from an individual’s baseline norm then athletes have a one in two chance of an infection in the following two to three weeks (Neville et al., 2008; Dunbar et al., 2013). This is a hard-hitting fact. In team sports, measurement of sIgA is not required so frequently. A perfectly good monitoring system would test players once or twice a week and again referencing individual norms and deviations from such, to contribute in creating a “readiness to train” index. The chart shows weekly IgA values plotted with the mean (solid line) and 40% above and below (dashed line). Outliers are easy to identify. Peaks and Troughs During monitoring it can be seen that on occasion, IgA levels can spike from individual normal levels. This will be the result of one of two factors. Either the individual is fighting an infection (remember that they can be fighting an infection but may not be symptomatic, for example if a relative or housemate has an infection) or when they become acutely stressed. It is quite common in some countries such as Japan, that sIgA is used as an acute stress marker. This can be seen in studies investigating exam stress. We have also seen spikes in IgA in some (but not all) individuals before important competition. Analysing a Squad Once you have developed norms for each athlete you can see readiness to train easily in a squad. In the chart below, each black column represents an athlete’s normal range. The red marks are the values for that day, so it is quick and easy to see who is out of range in a squad. Salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) has appeared increasingly in the literature as an acute stress biomarker, reflecting sympathetic nervous system activity and differs from cortisol which is slower to respond being a function of HPA-activity. Thus the analyte has been used frequently as a rapid acting acute stress marker in the behavioural sciences. Like cortisol, it is very much viewed as a biomarker reflecting the stress response to exertion, yet some argue that sAA is a more sensitive marker, partly because it is quicker to spike after stressful activity, than the more slowly acting cortisol. sAA has been shown to be an alternative marker to determine anaerobic threshold, but the cost of such measurement, as opposed to the cheaper blood lactate, would leave it as a questionable, option where repeated measurements are taken within the test. However, it does have several possibilities as an acute physiological marker in the sport and exercise environment. There is a strong argument for the use of sAA response to monitor adaptations to training on a longitudinal basis, because levels are likely to be suppressed in elite athletes during heavy training periods. Logic dictates that the hard training periods are where sympathetic withdrawal of the nervous system is likely to happen during non-functional over-reaching. Research is still in its infancy with regards to such monitoring, but certainly gathering momentum and is the focus of much work at Bond University in Gold Coast, Australia. It could certainly be viewed as the “new kid on the block” as regards stress biomarkers. As such, other uses could be for monitoring stress in military and other stressful environments, such as fire fighters, police forces etc. We have already demonstrated sAA is useful for the construction of an IgA / Amylase ratio which shows better capability for predicting URTI in a cohort of Premier League academy soccer players (presented at International Society of Exercise Immunology Symposium, Newcastle, NSW, Australia in 2013). The IgA / sAA ratio is becoming a very popular biomarking tool in elite soccer teams in the UK, an elsewhere in Europe, as well as a wide range of sports in Australia. Cortisol, being a catabolic hormone, is commonly measured in sporting environments when trying to categorise responses to different types of training. The theory being that if cortisol is high, then the body is in a catabolic state and thus readiness to train is impaired. Timing of sampling needs to be controlled and factored into the assessment of data due to the strong circadian pattern. Cortisol is often evaluated in context with an anabolic hormone to give a ratio. In sport the hormone of choice is typically Testosterone and in corporate worlds DHEA is used. There is no clear reason for the choice of each anabolic hormone, after all DHEA is a precursor to testosterone. It is well known that testosterone does tend, in general, to be significantly lower in females than males and the DHEA levels tend to be lower with increasing age. In sport situations where cortisol is monitored routinely, higher levels would tend to indicate greater catabolic breakdown of muscle with acute fatigue. However, during chronic fatigue there may be a situation where cortisol levels tend to be much lower than normal and thus represent a suppressed state. The charts here show a trend for cortisol to rise as Training Load becomes more dense in an International Rower, building towards summer competition. In team sports, the squad will usually be tested once or twice per week, in an attempt to monitor recovery status from competitive games or during intense training periods. With individuals, the testing may become a little more frequent and can even be on a daily basis. It is important to remember that, being a stress hormone, both psychological / emotional factors will affect cortisol values as well as physical factors. Thus there is a requirement of an interdisciplinary approach to data interpretation. Like IgA and other analytes there is no clear reference value to aim for, it is a question of again establishing a baseline and examining relative changes form the baseline established for each individual. This data below shows a strong correlation between group mean salivary cortisol (using the IgA / Cortisol Dual LFD) and group mean HML Distance (Training Load) through half a Premier League season in soccer players.

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Nuair a bhíonn an corp faoi bhrú ag éagsúlacht na n-imní ar bhonn ainsealach, d'fhéadfadh an córas imdhíonachta a bheith faoi chois. Is ag an bpointe seo a bhíonn an corp níos leochailí do phaitogéin a bhfuil an duine aonair nochtaithe dóibh. I spórt, d'fhéadfadh cúis tipiciúil amháin a bheith ann ná ualach ard oiliúna go comhsheasmhach, nuair nach bhfaigheann duine aonair a shláinte go hiomlán. I spóirt aonair, tá argóint láidir ann chun monatóireacht rialta a dhéanamh ar IgA, ionas gur féidir cluaisíní dlúithe a choinneáil ar conas a bhfuil an duine sin ag éirí as. D'fhéadfadh an monatóireacht seo a bheith laethúil nó fiú dhá uair sa lá ( roimh agus tar éis na cleachtais) toisc go léiríonn taighde cé gur féidir le cleachtadh measartha booster imdhíonachta a bheith aige, d'fhéadfadh an éifeacht eile a bheith ag cleachtadh dian, i.e. an córas imdhíonachta a chur faoi chois. Is féidir le freagairtí a rianú ar workouts nó iomaíochtaí éagsúla a bheith úsáideach chun léargas a fháil ar an gcaoi a ndéanann lúthchleasaí déileáil nó a ghnóthú. Is féidir le strusóir eile tionchar a bheith acu ar IgA freisin, mar shampla fachtóirí taistil agus stíl mhaireachtála mar chodladh bocht, strus (de chineál mothúchánach nó síceolaíoch) agus i lúthchleasaí mac léinn, ualach acadúil. Má athraíonn aon cheann de na fachtóirí seo go suntasach, beidh athruithe ar an gnáthbhealach bunaidh a bhunaítear do gach duine aonair. Tá forbairt próifíl aonair ríthábhachtach chun sonraí gach tástála SOMA a léiriú. Is gnách go bhfuil gá le 5 go 6 tástáil ar a laghad chun bunlíne a bhunú d'aon lúthchleasaí aonair. Beidh an bonnlíne sin ag fás le tástáil ina dhiaidh sin agus is é an méid a bheidh i do shraith sonraí is mó a bheidh do chuid nósanna níos láidre. Léirigh taighde má thiteann leibhéil sIgA go suntasach ó ghnáthlíne tosaigh an duine, ansin tá seans amháin i dhá cheann ag lúthchleasaithe ionfhabhtú a fháil sna dhá nó trí seachtaine ina dhiaidh sin (Neville et al., 2008; Dunbar et al., 2013). Is fírinne crua é seo. I spóirt foirne, ní gá tomhas sIgA a dhéanamh chomh minic. Ba cheart go mbeadh córas faireacháin foirfe ag tástáil imreoirí uair nó dhó sa tseachtain agus arís ag tagairt do chaighdeáin aonair agus do dhifríochtaí óna gcaighdeáin sin, chun rannchuidiú le hinmheas "toilteanas chun oiliúint" a chruthú. Taispeánann an chairt luachanna IgA seachtainiúla a phlátaíodh leis an meán (líne soladach) agus 40% os cionn agus faoi bhun (líne dashed). Tá sé éasca na neamhghnáchtaí a aithint. Picí agus Troughs Le linn an fhaireacháin, is féidir a fheiceáil go bhféadfadh leibhéil IgA a bheith ag ardú ó leibhéil gnáth aonair. Beidh sé seo mar thoradh ar cheann de dhá fhachtóir. An duine aonair a bhfuil ag troid le haireamh (cuimhnigh go bhféadfadh siad a bheith ag troid le haireamh ach d'fhéadfadh nach mbeadh comharthaí, mar shampla má tá haireamh ag gaolta nó comhghleacaí) nó nuair a bhíonn strus géar orthu. Tá sé coitianta go leor i roinnt tíortha, mar shampla sa tSeapáin, go n-úsáidtear sIgA mar mharcóir géar-stres. Is féidir é seo a fheiceáil i staidéir a dhéanann imscrúdú ar strus scrúdaithe. Tá spikes i IgA le feiceáil freisin i roinnt daoine (ach ní i ngach duine) roimh iomaíocht thábhachtach. Anailís a dhéanamh ar Sceadán Nuair a bheidh nósanna forbartha agat do gach lúthchleasaí feicfidh tú go bhfuil siad réidh le hoiliúint go héasca i bhfoireann. Sa chairt thíos, léiríonn gach colún dubh raon gnáth-eitleach. Is iad na luachanna don lá sin na marcanna dearga, mar sin is féidir a fheiceáil go tapa agus go héasca cé atá lasmuigh den raon sa scuad. Tá alfa-amylase saille (sAA) le feiceáil níos mó agus níos mó sa litríocht mar bithmharcóir strus géar, ag léiriú gníomhaíocht an chórais néarógach comhchlaonta agus tá sé difriúil ó chortisol atá níos moille chun freagairt mar fheidhm de ghníomhaíocht HPA. Dá bhrí sin, úsáidtear an anailít go minic mar mharcaire strus géarghníomhach gníomhach sa eolaíocht i dtaca le hiompar. Cosúil le cortisol, meastar go mór gur biomarcóir é a léiríonn an fhreagra strus ar fheidhmiú, ach deir cuid gur marcóir níos íogaire é sAA, go páirteach toisc go bhfuil sé níos gasta spike a dhéanamh tar éis gníomhaíochta strus, ná an cortisol a ghníomhaíonn níos moille. Tá sé léirithe go bhfuil sAA ina mharcóir eile chun tairseach anaeróbach a chinneadh, ach go mbeadh costas an tomhais sin, seachas an lachtáit fola níos saoire, ina rogha amhrasach nuair a dhéantar tomhais arís agus arís eile laistigh den tástáil. Mar sin féin, tá roinnt féidearthachtaí aige mar mharcóir fiseolaíoch géar i dtimpeallacht an spóirt agus na hoiliúna. Tá argóint láidir ann maidir le freagairt sAA a úsáid chun monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar oiriúnaithe le hoiliúint ar bhonn fada, toisc go bhfuil seans ann go gcuirfear cosc ar leibhéil in lúthchleasaithe ardleibhéil le linn tréimhsí oiliúna tromchúiseacha. Deir loighic go bhfuil na tréimhsí oiliúna crua nuair is dócha go dtarlóidh tarraingt siar comhchruinnithe an chórais néarógach le linn ró-iarracht neamhfheidhmiúil. Tá taighde fós ina thús maidir le faireachán den sórt sin, ach is cinnte go bhfuil sé ag teacht ar luas agus go bhfuil sé mar fhócas ar go leor oibre in Ollscoil Bond i gCosta Óir, san Astráil. D'fhéadfaí é a mheas mar 'an leanbh nua ar an mbloc' maidir le bithmharcóirí strus. Mar sin, d'fhéadfadh úsáidí eile a bheith ann chun monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar strus i dtimpeallachtaí míleata agus i dtimpeallachtaí strus eile, mar shampla lucht tine, fórsaí póilíneachta srl. Tá sé léirithe againn cheana féin go bhfuil sAA úsáideach chun cóimheas IgA / Amylase a thógáil a léiríonn cumas níos fearr chun URTI a thuar i gcórta de imreoirí sacair acadamh Premier League (a cuireadh i láthair ag Symposium Idirnáisiúnta an Chomhlachta um Imdhíonlathas Cleachtadh, Newcastle, NSW, an Astráil in 2013). Tá an cóimheas IgA / sAA ag éirí ina uirlis biomarcála an-tóir i bhfoirne peile ardleibhéil sa RA, in áiteanna eile san Eoraip, chomh maith le réimse leathan spóirt san Astráil. Is minic a dhéantar cortisol, a bhfuil ina hormóin catabalach, a thomhas i dtimpeallachtaí spóirt nuair a dhéantar iarracht freagraí ar chineálacha éagsúla oiliúna a chatagóirithe. Is é an teoiric ná má tá cortisol ard, ansin tá an corp i riocht catabolic agus dá bhrí sin tá an t-oilteacht chun oiliúint lag. Ní mór an t-am a roghnaítear chun na samplaí a thógáil a rialú agus a chur san áireamh i measúnú na sonraí mar gheall ar an patrún láidir circadian. Is minic a dhéantar cortisol a mheas i gcomhthéacs le hormóin anabalacha chun cóimheas a thabhairt. I spórt is é Testosterone an hormóin is fearr a roghnú agus i ndomhan corparáideach úsáidtear DHEA. Níl aon chúis shoiléir ann le haghaidh rogha gach hormón anabalacha, tar éis an DHEA ina réamhtheachtaí do testosterone. Tá sé ar eolas go maith go mbíonn claonadh ag testosterone, go ginearálta, a bheith i bhfad níos ísle i mban ná i bhfear agus go mbíonn na leibhéil DHEA níos ísle le dul in aois. I gcásanna spóirt ina ndéantar monatóireacht ar chortisol go rialta, is gnách go léiríonn leibhéil níos airde miondealú catabalach níos mó de shláinte matáin le tuirse géar. Mar sin féin, le linn tuirse ainsealach d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh cás ann ina mbíonn leibhéil cortisol i bhfad níos ísle ná mar is gnáth agus dá bhrí sin léiríonn siad staid íseal. Taispeánann na cairteacha anseo treocht chun cortisol a ardú de réir mar a éiríonn an t-ualach oiliúna níos dlúithe i Róltóir Idirnáisiúnta, ag tógáil i dtreo iomaíocht an tsamhraidh. I spóirt fhoireann, déantar an scáileán a thástáil de ghnáth uair nó dhó sa tseachtain, i iarracht a rianú stádas téarnaimh ó chluiche iomaíoch nó le linn tréimhsí oiliúna dian. I gcás daoine aonair, d'fhéadfadh an tástáil a bheith beagán níos minice agus d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith go laethúil fiú. Tá sé tábhachtach a mheabhrú, mar go bhfuil hormóin strus ann, go mbeidh tionchar ag fachtóirí síceolaíocha / mothúchánach ar luachanna cortisol chomh maith le fachtóirí fisiciúla. Dá bhrí sin, tá gá le cur chuige idirdhisciplíneach maidir le hailtíocht sonraí. Cosúil le IgA agus le hailt eile níl aon luach tagartha soiléir le díriú air, is ceist í bunlíne a bhunú arís agus athruithe coibhneasta a scrúdú ón bunlíne a bunaíodh do gach duine aonair. Léiríonn na sonraí seo a leanas comhghaol láidir idir meán-cortisól saille an ghrúpa (ag baint úsáide as an LFD dúbailte IgA / Cortisol) agus meán-chúl HML an ghrúpa (Ualach Oiliúna) trí leath séasúr Premier League i gcluichí sacair.

» Part One: » Part Two: » Part Three: Roadblocks to learning » Part Four: Countdown to LEAP » Part Five: » The Times- PLAYING CATCH-UP | It gets worse for them every year: Students fall behind in grade school, and by the time they're in the eighth grade, many have at best a fifth-grade education. Getting them ready to pass the LEAP test means teaching not only eighth-grade lessons, ... By Brian Thevenot Holding up a tiny slip of green paper, eighth-grade math teacher Elzy Lindsey had a sliver of knowledge to impart: "This, ladies and gentlemen, is an inch." His fourth-period class broke into giggles. Duh! "Hey, you know why I think this is a good activity? Last year, I asked an eighth-grade student at the end of the year, ‘How big is an inch?' He holds his hands up like this" -- Lindsey's arms were a foot and a half apart, like a football referee -- "Touchdown!" "Y'all laugh. I almost cried. How are you going to pass LEAP if you don't know what an inch is?" Lindsey moved through the room handing out green inches. Students lined them up against Q-tips, straws and packets of sweetener, then recorded the measurements on a chart. For a few students, work this elementary was wasted time. But Lindsey knew that last year's class had done miserably on LEAP questions involving weights and measures. No devotee of the cult of self-esteem, he was blunt with his students about their math deficiencies. "Some of these things are first- and second-grade concepts, but the idea here is that we're not leaving anybody behind," he told his class. Lindsey knew that his students, many the products of unstable homes and years of third-rate schooling, could hardly be blamed for their lack of knowledge -- they're just kids, for God's sake.But in Room 204, Lindsey was trying to turn them into adults, to get them to take ownership of their academic fate. David Pichon knew what an inch was; measurement was one of his few strengths in math. But he liked Lindsey's style: The lesson was fun, if not challenging, and David knew there were plenty of things he should have learned in elementary school but didn't. He was glad to see Lindsey knew it, too, and wanted to help. To David, Lindsey seemed a notch above his elementary school teachers. Many of them just passed out worksheets, just work-work-work and keep quiet. David didn't think that was really teaching. It was just lazy and mean. For the first time in a long time, he was excited to come to math class. David's class was a microcosm of the school and of many public schools in New Orleans. Most students were three to four grade levels behind in math, and many were slow readers -- an issue Lindsey also needed to address, given the many word problems on the LEAP test. Were these students academically doomed? Some surely were. But Lindsey had decided to reject that outcome. It was a leap of faith, but without it, why teach at all? His students would just have to work harder than those at more stable, privileged schools. Lindsey knew the opposite had been true in the past. His students had had "a Swiss-cheese education," learning some skills in isolation but never connecting the computational tidbits to any deeper understanding of mathematical logic. After all, the system itself was full of holes: chronic turnover of teachers and curriculum, crumbling buildings, administrative turmoil and an anemic tax base. By the time they came to eighth grade -- where three out of four Wright students failed the math LEAP test last year, only slightly worse than the district as a whole -- many didn't know their multiplication tables. Most struggled with long division. They had a vague notion of fractions, decimals and percentages, but little skill in manipulating them. The LEAP test would require answers to multistep word problems and a basic grasp of algebra and geometry. But first, Lindsey had to make sure they could identify an inch, and a pound, an ounce, a gallon, a quart. He had to demystify the enigmatic vocabulary of math -- "sum," "difference," "product," "exactly alike," "opposite," "related" -- so his students could understand what the word problems asked them to do. Teaching them the basics by rote memorization had failed in the past, so Lindsey, with the help of a new curriculum for all learning academies, was trying to show them math. "You realize this is how measurement started?" he asked, stopping to grab a student's forearm and press it against his own. "They figured out that the forearm of a grown person is about the same length for everybody, then they standardized it and made rulers." That got a few wow-I-never-thought-of-it-that-way looks, and a boy asked, "So do we start measuring, at zero or 1?" "Good question!" Lindsey fired back. That's how it was supposed to work: The student deduced for himself what he knew and didn't know. "You start measuring at zero -- not one -- because there's one inch between zero and one." No more grief During English class, David had answered a set of questions under the heading "Who am I?" Now, he stood to read his responses, among them, "I'm an easy-going boy, but if you press my button, I will have to hurt you." It was a message to the other students, some of whom had mocked him mercilessly in past school years: I want to be your friend, but I won't take any grief. David's academic prospects had started to dim long before he came to Wright, and his difficulties had little to do with math. The teasing had started in the fourth grade at Henry W. Allen Elementary School, shattering his concentration, shifting his focus from classwork to the big knot in his stomach. It started when some boys saw him dancing with a group of girls. They branded him a sissy, and he made the fatal mistake of letting them see that their razzing rattled him, so they piled it on. As the taunts escalated in fifth, sixth and seventh grades, his grades tumbled. His mother told him he didn't deserve to pass the sixth grade at Allen, but the school let him slide by anyway. Bracing for more of the same this school year, David prepared a few comebacks before school started, rehearsing some classic yo-momma-isms in front of a mirror: "Your momma is the hunchback-lookin'est thing I ever seen." One even had a prop: a picture of Maxine, a raggedy stray dog that David had taken in. He kept the photo in his pocket the first few days of school and whipped out for the punch-line: "That's why you look like my dog -- beaucoup mange." David was by no means friendless. Nor was he alone in taking abuse after school and in the schoolyard, where relentless ribbing is as common as playing tag. It takes a quick tongue and a thick skin to get along in a world where everyone at some point takes a turn as an outcast. Someone is always too fat, too skinny, too tall, too short, too dark, too light, too smart, too dumb. David was still learning the game. The jeers still ate at his insides. Sometimes, he was simply embarrassed or annoyed; at other times, he was infuriated, indulging in private revenge scenarios. He put it all under the generic description "bad nerves." He was no fighter. But a few times during his tumultuous seventh-grade year, he felt cornered. His young blood still boiled at the memory of two boys handing him a videotape last year. "This is you," one of them said, before running off laughing. David took it home. It was gay pornography. He had to do something. He went to school the next day with the tape, broken in two, and threw it at the boys. "Don't you EVER f- - -ing mess with me again!" David traded a few punches with them before the principal broke it up. He was proud of defending himself, but the satisfaction was fleeting. And nothing much changed around the yard. This year, David was taking a different tack, learning to bury his emotions, to smile and walk away or return fire with good-natured comebacks. As summer crept into fall, he started to catch a few breaks. The first was that a reinvigorated commitment to discipline at Wright -- backed by a new district policy that slapped a $25 fine on the parents of students who fight -- had made the social climate more civil. The second was that his circle of friends was steadily widening. Among them was Cornell, a socially skilled eighth-grader from the neighborhood. David had known Cornell for years, but lately they'd been hanging out more, both in and out of school. They played football with other boys and went swimming and hung out in the storage room under David's house, where he had set up a clubhouse with a bed and a TV. Cornell introduced David to a lot of new people at Wright, vouching for him. By October, David's nerves were less frayed. Classmates often called him a nickname David liked just fine, his initials -- "D.P." -- and for once, it seemed like everybody wanted to be his friend. School's best hope In the classroom, students such as David surely were a challenge to their teachers. But they also were the school's best chance to boost its all-important performance score, the reason Wright had made the state's list of failing schools in the first place. The mandate for the low-scoring learning academies was to show improvement, and David was an improvable student: On a report that grouped eighth-graders into four performance categories, David was one of 40 students listed on the "maximum impact" sheet. "Students listed in this report are the greatest hope for boosting your test scores with the least amount of intervention," the heading said. That assessment was based on David's seventh-grade standardized test score of 23 out of 100, low compared to student scores nationally, but more than double the scores of about 80 Wright eighth-graders listed on the "special needs alert" list. Just 15 of 150 students were on the "class strength" list, denoting scores near or above the national average of 50. The "gifted alert" list was blank. Though many Wright students started the year way behind, Principal Sharon Clark had to smile when the results of the first standardized quarterly test came back, just before Thanksgiving. On average, Wright students had correctly answered 49 percent of the questions on the English test, more than any other learning academy, and 47 percent on the math test, third among the 11 schools. The principal was proud of her students, but she decided not to let them know it. She couldn't afford to have anybody getting cocky so early in the game. Instead, Clark called an assembly to read them the riot act. Rather than tell them their scores, she told a white lie. "If I gave the LEAP test today, only about two of you would pass!" she told them, hoping fear of failure would motivate them. David was taken aback. How the heck did she know? Sure, many of the students were way behind, but to say almost all would fail offended him. Still, he knew that in his case, there was a glimmer of truth in what she'd said. He knew he probably hadn't passed the survey test -- he'd left a lot of questions blank -- and he was worried about what that meant for the real LEAP test. Though anxious about the LEAP test, David was enjoying math class. Lindsey brought math to David's level with plain language and lessons he could see, touch and feel. One early class favorite had them measuring their tennis shoes, then cutting out matching lengths of construction paper to create a bar graph. Using the graph, they covered the concepts of "mean" and "median." Despite his students' enthusiasm for such projects, Lindsey was troubled when he graded his first classroom test during his afternoon planning period. The class average was a 66, and that was inflated because many students who scored 28 percent, or 40 percent, or 47 percent, had their grades raised to 60 in keeping with district policy. Even some of his stronger students scored poorly on what he knew would be his easiest test. Even though Lindsey had grown accustomed to about half of his students failing any given classroom test, the scores baffled him. The new curriculum, the LEAP-inspired and locally produced "Deep in Math," was supposed to be simpler, better suited to his students' specific weaknesses. In a tacit acknowledgment of the extent of the math crisis, eighth-graders at Wright and all learning academies started with the same text as sixth- and seventh-graders. Lindsey knew it was a little early for them to be so far behind. He had thought this material was elementary. David scored a 62 -- which counted as an F, but by no means the lowest F. He did well on questions asking him to estimate the length in inches of items pictured on the test, and on a graph-reading exercise, but fractions stumped him. When asked to identify, in words and as a symbol, the fraction represented by a shape divided into eight equal parts with three of them shaded, he wrote "7/3 seven three" instead of "3/8, three-eighths." David, along with most of his classmates, also missed two questions asking them to draw hands on a clock face representing "25 minutes to 5" -- he drew what looked like 11:20 -- and "a quarter past twelve," having interpreted "quarter" to mean 25 minutes, like 25 cents, an error made by many students. Lindsey kept hammering away at the concepts that many of his students had missed: more on fractions, more on measurement, even a lesson on weights that used a balance scale to teach about pounds and ounces and the concept of relative density. At the end of the class, Lindsey piled items totaling equivalent weights -- pound bags of rice and peas, classroom supplies -- on two sides of the scale, balancing it. "And that, my friends, is an equation," he told them. On the second test, David got a 76 -- he got the fractions and clock-face questions right this time. The rest of the class grades followed suit, including a handful of A's and B's. It gave Lindsey some much-needed hope. Staff writer Brian Thevenot can be reached at email@example.com or (504) 826-3482. Staff photographer Ted Jackson can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org or (504) 826-3420.

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Cuid a hAon: Cuid a Dó: Cuid a Trí: Drochaid chun foghlaim Cuid a Ceathair: Líonadh siar go LEAP Cuid a Cúige: The Times- Ag imirt Catch-Up. Bíonn sé níos measa dóibh gach bliain: Bíonn daltaí ag titim siar sa bhun-scoil, agus nuair a bhíonn siad sa ochtú grád, tá oideachas cúigear grád ag go leor acu ar a laghad. Chun iad a chur in ann an tástáil LEAP a thrasnú ní amháin go múineann siad ceachtanna ochtú grád, ... Le Brian Thevenot Ag seoladh páipéar beag glas, bhí sciath eolais ag an múinteoir matamaitice Elzy Lindsey, a bhí i seachtú grád, a insint: "Is inch é seo, a mhná agus a bhuill". Bhris a rang ceathrú tréimhse isteach i giggles. Duh! "Hey, tá a fhios agat cén fáth go gceapaim gur gníomhaíocht mhaith é seo? An bhliain seo caite, d'fhiafraigh mé d'oideas óige grád ag deireadh na bliana, 'Cé mhéad is inch ann?' Coinníonn sé a lámha suas mar seo" -- bhí lámha Lindsey ceathrú troigh go leith ar shiúl, cosúil le haire peile -- "Touchdown!" "Y'all gáire. Bhí mé beagnach ag caoineadh. Conas a bheidh tú ag dul a rith LEAP mura bhfuil a fhios agat cad é orlach? " Lindsey bhog tríd an seomra ag tabhairt amach oráiste oráiste. Chuir na mic léinn iad in ord in aghaidh Q-tips, straws agus pacáistí milseog, ansin taifeadadh na tomhais ar chairt. I gcás cúpla mac léinn, bhí an obair seo bunscoile am caillte. Ach bhí a fhios ag Lindsey go raibh scór an bhliain seo caite ag déanamh go míshásta ar cheisteanna LEAP a bhaineann le meáchain agus tomhais. Ní bhraitheann sé go mór ar an gcultú féinmheas, bhí sé gan a bheith ag caint lena mhic léinn faoi a n-easnaimh matamaitice. "Tá cuid de na rudaí seo mar choincheapa den chéad agus den dara grád, ach is é an smaoineamh anseo nach bhfágann muid aon duine taobh thiar", a dúirt sé lena rang. Bhí a fhios ag Lindsey go raibh a chuid daltaí, go leor táirgí ó theaghlaigh neamhsheasmhacha agus blianta de scoil tríú rátaí, nach féidir a bheith ciontach as a n-easpa eolais - níl siad ach páistí, ar son Dé. Ach i Seomra 204, bhí Lindsey ag iarraidh iad a athrú ina n-aosaigh, chun iad a fháil chun úinéireacht a ghlacadh ar a n-ádh acadúil. Bhí a fhios ag David Pichon cad a bhí inches; bhí tomhas ar cheann de na tréithe láidre beag aige i matamaitic. Ach is maith leis stíl Lindsey: Bhí an ceacht spraoi, mura raibh sé dúshlánach, agus bhí a fhios ag David go raibh go leor rudaí a d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith foghlamtha sa bhun-scoil ach nár mhúin sé. Bhí sé sásta a fheiceáil go raibh a fhios Lindsey é, freisin, agus theastaigh chun cabhrú. Do David, d'fhéach Lindsey a notch os cionn a mhúinteoirí bunscoile. Ní raibh mórán acu ach ag cur páipéir oibre amach, ag obair, ag obair, ag obair agus ag fanacht ciúin. Ní raibh David ag smaoineamh go raibh sé sin ag múineadh i ndáiríre. Bhí sé ach leisciúil agus ciallmhar. Don chéad uair le fada, bhí sé ag súil go mór le teacht go dtí rang matamaitice. Bhí rang David ina mhicreachóras den scoil agus de go leor scoileanna poiblí i New Orleans. Bhí an chuid is mó de na mic léinn trí nó ceithre chéim ar chúl i matamaitic, agus bhí go leor acu ag léamh go mall -- saincheist a raibh ar Lindsey aghaidh a thabhairt air freisin, ag tabhairt faoi na fadhbanna focal go leor ar an tástáil LEAP. An raibh na mic léinn seo faoi dhíomá go hacaideamach? Bhí cuid acu cinnte. Ach bhí cinneadh déanta ag Lindsey an toradh sin a dhiúltú. Bhí sé ina léim creidimh, ach gan é, cén fáth a múineadh ar chor ar bith? Ní mór dá mhic léinn ach a bheith ag obair níos deacra ná iad siúd i níos cobhsaí, scoileanna pribhléidithe. Bhí a fhios ag Lindsey go raibh an mhalairt fíor san am atá caite. Bhí "oideachas cáise na hEilvéise" ag a mhic léinn, ag foghlaim roinnt scileanna go leithleata ach gan na tidbits ríomhaireachta a nascadh le tuiscint níos doimhne ar loighic matamaiticiúil. Tar éis an tsaoil, bhí an córas féin lán de phoill: athsholáthar ainsealach múinteoirí agus cúrsa, foirgnimh ag titim, suaitheadh riaracháin agus bonn cánach anaimic. Nuair a tháinig siad go dtí an ochtú grád - áit a d'fhás trí as gach ceithre mhac léinn Wright ar an tástáil LEAP ar mhatamaitic an bhliain seo caite, ach beagán níos measa ná an ceantar ina iomláine - ní raibh a gcuid táblaí iolrú ar a gcuid. Bhí deacracht ag an gcuid is mó le rannán fada. Bhí tuiscint éagórach acu ar bhristeanna, ar dheichimí agus ar chéatadáin, ach ní raibh mórán scileanna acu iad a ionramháil. Ba cheart go mbeadh freagraí ar fhadhbanna focail i go leor chéim agus tuiscint bhunúsach ar algaibéar agus ar gheoiméadar ag teastáil ó thástáil LEAP. Ach ar dtús, bhí Lindsey a dhéanamh cinnte go bhféadfadh siad a aithint an orlach, agus punt, unsa, galún, quart. Bhí sé chun an foclóir enigmatic matamaitice a dhíchumasú -- "só, " "difríocht", "táirge", "iomlán mar an gcéanna", "i gcoinne", "bhainteach" -- ionas go bhféadfadh a chuid mac léinn a thuiscint cad a d'iarr na fadhbanna focal orthu a dhéanamh. Bhí an t-easpa ag múineadh na bunscoileanna dóibh trí chuimhneamh a dhéanamh san am atá caite, mar sin bhí Lindsey, le cabhair ó chúrsa nua do gach acadamh foghlama, ag iarraidh a thaispeáint dóibh matamaitic. "An dtuigeann tú gur mar seo a thosaigh tomhas?" "An bhfuil tú ag iarraidh a bheith ag obair?" D'fhiafraigh sé, ag stopadh chun an forearm mac léinn a ghabháil agus é a phriontáil i gcoinne a chuid féin. "Tháinig siad ar an tuiscint go bhfuil an forearm duine fásta ar an fhad céanna do gach duine, ansin rinne siad caighdeánaithe é agus rinne siad rialóirí". Bhí cúpla breathnú "níor cheap mé riamh é sin" ann, agus d'fhiafraigh buachaill, "An tosaímid ag tomhas, ag 0 nó ag 1?" "Ceist mhaith!" Lindsey shoot ar ais. Ba cheart go n-oibreoidh sé mar sin: Ba cheart don mhic léinn a chinneadh féin cad a bhí ar eolas aige agus cad nach raibh ar eolas aige. "Tosaíonn tú ag tomhas ag nialas -- ní ag ceann -- toisc go bhfuil orlach amháin idir nialas agus ceann". Ní bheidh brón níos mó Le linn an chlas Béarla, bhí David ag freagairt sraith ceisteanna faoin teideal "Cé mé?" Anois, sheas sé chun a fhreagraí a léamh, ina measc, "Tá mé ina bhuachaill éasca, ach má bhrúíonn tú mo chnapán, beidh orm dochar a dhéanamh duit". Bhí sé ina theachtaireacht do na mic léinn eile, a raibh cuid acu tar éis é a phléasc gan trócaire sna blianta scoile roimhe seo: Ba mhaith liom a bheith i do chara, ach ní ghlacfaidh mé le haon bhrón. Thosaigh ionchais acadúla David ag dul i ngleic le fada sula tháinig sé go Wright, agus ní raibh mórán a dhéanamh ag a chuid deacrachtaí le matamaitic. Thosaigh an teasing sa cheathrú grád ag Bunscoil Henry W. Allen, ag cur a chuimhne ar a chuid oibre, ag aistriú a fhócas ó obair ranga go dtí an nóid mhór ina bholg. Thosaigh sé nuair a chonaic roinnt buachaillí é ag damhsa le grúpa cailíní. Rinne siad branded sé a sissy, agus rinne sé an botún mór a ligean dóibh a fheiceáil go raibh a razzing chunked dó, mar sin piled siad é ar. De réir mar a bhí na taibhsí ag dul i méid sa chúigiú, sa séú agus sa seachtú grád, thit a gráid. Dúirt a mháthair leis nach raibh sé tuillte aige an séú grád a rith ag Allen, ach lig an scoil dó dul tríd ar aon nós. Ag súil le níos mó den chineál céanna i mbliana, d'ullmhaigh David cúpla filleadh sula dtosaíonn an scoil, ag déanamh cleachtadh ar roinnt clasaiceach yo-momma-isms os comhair scáthán: "Is é do mama an rud is mó a chonaic mé riamh". Bhí fiú prop ag ceann acu: pictiúr de Maxine, madra strónach ragged a ghlac David leis. Coinnigh sé an grianghraf ina phóca ar feadh na chéad chúpla lá ar scoil agus chuir sé an focal is mó amach: "Sin an fáth go bhfuil tú cosúil le mo mhadra - beaucoup mange". Ní raibh David gan chara ar chor ar bith. Ní raibh sé ina aonar i mí-úsáid a fháil tar éis na scoile agus i gcúrsa na scoile, áit a bhfuil an t-athrú gan staonadh chomh coitianta le imirt tag. Tógann sé teanga tapa agus craiceann tiubh chun dul ar aghaidh i saol ina bhfuil gach duine ag pointe éigin a ghlacadh casadh mar outcast. Tá duine éigin ró-tall, ró-throm, ró-ard, ró-ghearr, ró-dhomhnach, ró-solas, ró-chliste, ró-dhomhnallach i gcónaí. Bhí David fós ag foghlaim an chluiche. An mockers fós ithe ag a insides. Uaireanta, bhí sé ach náire nó annoyed; uaireanta eile, bhí sé furious, indulging i cásanna díoltas príobháideach. Chuir sé go léir faoi an tuairisc ghinearálta "neart olc". Ní raibh sé ina fighter. Ach cúpla uair le linn a bhliain tumultuous seachtú grád, bhraith sé cornáilte. Bhí a fhuil óg fós ag boil ag cuimhneamh ar dhá bhuachaill ag tabhairt teasap físe dó an bhliain seo caite. "Is é seo tú", a dúirt ceann acu, sula rith sé ag gáire. David thóg sé abhaile. Bhí sé pornagrafaíocht aerach. Bhí sé a dhéanamh rud éigin. Chuaigh sé go dtí an scoil an lá dar gcionn leis an téip, briste ina dhá chuid, agus threw sé ar na buachaillí. "Ná tú riamh f- - -ing mess le liom arís!" David a mhalartú cúpla punches leo sula raibh an phríomhoide briseadh sé suas. Bhí sé bródúil as é féin a chosaint, ach bhí an sásamh sealadach. Agus ní raibh mórán athraithe ar fud an chúrsa. An bhliain seo, bhí David ag glacadh le tacsa difriúil, ag foghlaim a chuid mothúchán a adhlacadh, a bheith ag gáire agus ag imeacht nó ag teacht ar an tine le combaistí dea-nádúrtha. De réir mar a chuaigh an samhradh isteach sa titim, thosaigh sé ag cur roinnt sosanna. An chéad cheann ná go raibh tiomantas athbheochana don smacht ag Wright -- le tacaíocht ó bheartas nua ceantair a chuir fíneáil $25 ar thuismitheoirí daltaí a throid -- a rinne an aeráid shóisialta níos sibhialta. An dara ceann ná go raibh a chiorcal cairde ag leathnú go seasta. I measc na ndaoine sin bhí Cornell, dalta a bhí ag foghlaim na heolas a bhí ag foghlaim na heolas óna chomharsanacht. Bhí aithne ag David ar Cornell le blianta, ach le déanaí bhí siad ag crochadh níos mó, laistigh agus lasmuigh den scoil. Bhí siad ag imirt peile le buachaillí eile agus ag dul a snámh agus ag crochadh amach sa seomra stórála faoi theach David, áit a raibh teach cluba curtha ar bun aige le leaba agus teilifís. Chuir Cornell David i láthair le go leor daoine nua ag Wright, ag ráthú dó. Faoi mhí Dheireadh Fómhair, bhí nerves David níos lú frayed. Bhí a chomhghleacaithe go minic ag glaoch air a leasainm David maith ach go maith, a chéadfhocail - "DP" -- agus ar uair amháin, bhí an chuma air go raibh gach duine ag iarraidh a bheith ina chara. Is é an dóchas is fearr ar scoil Sa seomra ranga, is cinnte go raibh scoth ag mic léinn mar David dá múinteoirí. Ach bhí siad freisin an deis is fearr an scoil a threisiú a chuid is mó tábhachtach scór feidhmíochta, an chúis Wright a bhí déanta ar an stát liosta na scoileanna teip ar an gcéad dul síos. Ba é an sainordú do na h-aicmeacha foghlama a raibh scór íseal acu feabhas a thaispeáint, agus ba mhic léinn feabhsaithe é David: Ar thuarascáil a chuir mic léinn ochtú grád i gceithre chatagóir feidhmíochta, bhí David ar cheann de 40 dalta a liostaíodh ar an bhileog "ionspracht uasta". "Is iad na mic léinn atá liostaithe sa tuarascáil seo an dóchas is mó chun do scóir tástála a mhéadú leis an méid is lú idirghabhála", a dúirt an ceannteideal. Bhí an measúnú sin bunaithe ar scór tástála caighdeánaithe seachtú grád David de 23 as 100, íseal i gcomparáid le scóir dalta go náisiúnta, ach níos mó ná dhá oiread na scóir de thart ar 80 Wright ochtú grád atá liostaithe ar an liosta "fhiacha speisialta". Ní raibh ach 15 de 150 dalta ar an liosta "clas láidir", a léiríonn scóir gar nó os cionn an meán náisiúnta de 50. Bhí an liosta "fógraí bronnta" folamh. Cé gur thosaigh go leor mac léinn Wright an bhliain i bhfad siar, bhí gáire ag an bPríomhoide Sharon Clark nuair a tháinig torthaí an chéad tástála caighdeánaithe ráitheach ar ais, díreach roimh Lá Buíochais. Ar an meán, d'fhreagair mic léinn Wright 49 faoin gcéad de na ceisteanna ar thástáil Béarla, níos mó ná aon acadamh foghlama eile, agus 47 faoin gcéad ar an tástáil matamaitice, an tríú háit i measc na 11 scoil. Bhí an phríomhoide bródúil as a mic léinn, ach chinn sí gan a ligean dóibh é a fhios. Ní raibh sí in ann a bheith ag duine ar bith a bheith arrogant chomh luath sa chluiche. Ina áit sin, d'iarr Clark tionól chun an gníomh corraithe a léamh dóibh. Seachas a scóir a insint dóibh, dúirt sí bréag bán. "Má thug mé an tástáil LEAP inniu, ní rachadh ach thart ar dhá cheann agaibh!" Dúirt sí leo, ag súil go mbeadh eagla ar theip spreagadh iad. Bhí iontas ar Dhaibhidh. Conas a raibh an diabhal a fhios aici? Cinnte, bhí go leor de na mic léinn i bhfad taobh thiar, ach a rá go mbeadh beagnach gach ceann a thitim offended sé. Fós, bhí a fhios aige go i gcás, bhí glitter fírinne i cad a dúirt sí. Bhí a fhios aige nach raibh an tástáil suirbhé a rith aige - bhí go leor ceisteanna folamh aige - agus bhí imní air faoi na bríonna a bhí leis sin don fhíor-thástáil LEAP. Cé go raibh imní air faoin tástáil LEAP, bhí taitneamh ag David as a rang matamaitice. Thug Lindsey matamaitic go leibhéal David le teanga shimplí agus ceachtanna a d'fhéadfadh sé a fheiceáil, a chur ar láimh agus a mhothú. Bhí ceann de na clasaiceacha is fearr leo ag tomhas a gcuid bróga teileafóin, agus ansin ag gearradh amach fadanna comhionanna páipéar tógála chun graif barra a chruthú. Ag baint úsáide as an gclár, chlúdaigh siad coincheapa "meán" agus "meán". In ainneoin díograis a mhic léinn as tionscadail den sórt sin, bhí imní ar Lindsey nuair a rinne sé a chéad tástáil sa seomra ranga le linn a thréimhse pleanála tráthnóna. Ba é meán na rang 66 agus bhí sé sin ró-fhada toisc go raibh a gcuid gráid ar a gcuid scóir a ardú go 60 de réir an bheartais cheantair ag go leor mac léinn a raibh 28 faoin gcéad, nó 40 faoin gcéad, nó 47 faoin gcéad acu. Fiú amháin roinnt de na mic léinn is láidre a scóráil lag ar an rud a bhí a fhios aige go mbeadh a chuid is éasca tástáil. Cé go raibh Lindsey cleachtadh ar thart ar leath dá mhic léinn ag teip ar aon tástáil sa seomra ranga, bhí na scóir bainte amach dó. Bhí an curaclam nua, an LEAP-spreagtha agus a tháirgtear go háitiúil "Deep in Math", a bhí ceaptha a bheith níos simplí, níos oiriúnaí do lagúcháin ar leith a chuid mac léinn. I bhfiosrúchán ciúin ar mhéid na géarchéime matamaitice, thosaigh mic léinn ochtú grád ag Wright agus na haicmeacha foghlama go léir leis an téacs céanna mar mhic léinn séú agus seachtú grád. Bhí a fhios ag Lindsey go raibh sé beagán luath dóibh a bheith chomh fada siar. Shíl sé go raibh an t-ábhar seo bunleibhéal. Fuair David 62 - a bhí mar F, ach ní ba é an F is ísle. Bhí dea-scéal aige ar cheisteanna a d'iarr air meastachán a dhéanamh ar fhad na n-earraí a bhí ar an tástáil, agus ar chleachtadh léitheoireachta grafaí, ach bhí an-difriú air. Nuair a iarradh air an braic a aithint, i bhfocail agus mar shiombail, an braic a léirítear le cruth roinnte ina ocht gcuid chomhionann agus trí cinn acu scátháilte, scríobh sé "7/3 seacht triúr" in ionad "3/8, trí ochta". David, chomh maith le formhór a chualacha, chaill sé dhá cheist freisin ag iarraidh orthu lámha a tharraingt ar aghaidh clog a léiríonn "25 nóiméad go dtí 5" -- tharraing sé rud a d'fhéach mar 11:20 -- agus "ceathrú uair an chloig agus dhá uair déag", tar éis dó "ceathrú" a léiriú mar 25 nóiméad, mar 25 cent, botún a rinne go leor mac léinn. Lean Lindsey ag bualadh amach ar na coincheapa a chaill a chuid mac léinn: níos mó ar chiorruithe, níos mó ar thomhas, fiú ceacht ar mheáchain a d'úsáid scála cothromaíochta chun teagasc a thabhairt faoi phunt agus unsa agus an coincheap dlúthas coibhneasta. Ag deireadh na ranganna, chuir Lindsey earraí a raibh meáchan comhionann acu - málaí píosaí ríse agus pianta, soláthairtí ranga - ar dhá thaobh an scála, chun é a chothromú. "Agus go bhfuil, mo chairde, tá ecuacion", a dúirt sé leo. Sa dara tástáil, fuair David 76 - fuair sé na ceisteanna faoi na braictí agus faoi na cloig-aghaidh ceart an uair seo. Lean gráid an chlas eile an nós céanna, lena n-áirítear dornán A agus B. Thug sé Lindsey roinnt dóchas a bhí ag teastáil go mór. Is féidir teagmháil a dhéanamh le Brian Thevenot, scríbhneoir foirne an fhoilseacháin, ag email@example.com nó ag (504) 826-3482. Is féidir teagmháil a dhéanamh le grianghrafadóir foirne Ted Jackson ag firstname.lastname@example.org nó (504) 826-3420.

29 October-9 December 2014 (E05314) | Next offered in 2016 Instructor: Edna Aquino This e-learning course is an introduction to documenting and monitoring women’s human rights and gender equality, including sexual and gender based violence, women in situations of armed conflict, education, political rights and freedoms, and special protection measures. It will critically look at the gendered dimension to women’s human rights violations and the challenges in implementing and monitoring these rights in an analytical framework. The course will address the cycle of monitoring, including tool development; methodologies for carrying out documentation; and the application of results for improving the respect, protection, prevention and realisation of women’s human rights. This certificate course involves approximately 30 hours of reading, on-line working groups, assignments, and interaction among students and the instructor, and is offered over a 6-week period. The course will integrate active and participatory learning approaches within activities and assignments, with an emphasis on reflective and collaborative learning. Participants will do the required reading, prepare interim and final project assignments, including case studies, and participate in group discussions, chat sessions and webinars. The maximum number of course participants is 25. Students who successfully complete the course will receive a Certificate of Participation. It is also possible to audit the course. Week 1: Human Rights Monitoring: What and Why Monitor? Week 2: En-gendering Human Rights Monitoring Week 3: Challenges of Monitoring Women’s Rights Week 4: A Gender-Sensitive Analysis Week 5: Human Rights Reporting Week 6: Human Rights Monitoring and Agenda for Change About the instructor: Edna Aquino Edna Aquino has over twenty years of experience and expertise in monitoring and documenting human rights violations of women’s rights, child rights, and migrants’ rights. At Amnesty International, where she worked from 2000-2006, she was one of the pioneers of AI’s work on violence against women, women’s human rights and LGBT rights. She has collaborated in a number of groundbreaking tools on communication and advocacy for women’s rights with various organisations, including UN Women, IWRAW Asia-Pacific and Women Living Under Muslim Laws and the Global Campaign to Stop Killing and Stoning Women!. Ms. Aquino established the first comprehensive financial education and economic empowerment of women migrant workers in Hong Kong. She is currently involved in capacity-building of women’s organisations and supporting advocacy initiatives in countries where the use of cultural and religious justifications on gender-based violence is pervasive. Ms. Aquino holds a BA in Social Sciences and Politics (University of the Philippines) and an MSc, Voluntary Sector management and Social Policy (London School of Economics and Political Science). Who should apply The course is intended for human rights/women’s rights staff of NGOs, intergovernmental and government agencies, women’s advocates and related professionals. Participants should have a good written command of English — the working language of the course — and have high competence and comfort with computer and Internet use. HREA aims to ensure equal gender and geographical distribution across the selected participants. The maximum number of course participants is 25. A Certificate of Participation will be awarded upon successful completion of the course. It is also possible to audit the course. Tuition fee for participants: US$ 575; tuition for auditors: US$ 215. Payments can be made online with major credit cards (Discover, MasterCard, Visa), PayPal, bank transfer (additional fee applies) and money transfer (Western Union, MoneyGram). Bulk rates are available. Payments are due upon registration. How to register This course will next be offered in 2016. Frequently Asked Questions Frequently asked questions about HREA’s e-learning courses.

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29 Deireadh Fómhair-9 Nollaig 2014 (E05314) An chéad tairiscint eile in 2016 Oideas: Edna Aquino Is iontráil é an cúrsa ríomhfhoghlaim seo i dtaca le cearta daonna na mban agus comhionannas inscne, lena n-áirítear foréigean gnéis agus inscne, mná i gcásanna coinbhleachta armtha, oideachas, cearta agus saoirsí polaitiúla, agus bearta cosanta speisialta, a dhoiciméadú agus a mhonatóireacht. Beidh sé ag féachaint go criticiúil ar an gné inscne i sárú cearta daonna na mban agus na dúshláin a bhaineann le cur chun feidhme agus faireachán na gceart seo i gcreat anailíseach. Beidh an cúrsa ag díriú ar an timthriall monatóireachta, lena n-áirítear forbairt uirlisí; modheolaíochtaí chun doiciméadú a dhéanamh; agus feidhmíocht na dtorthaí chun meas, cosaint, cosc agus cur i gcrích chearta daonna na mban a fheabhsú. I measc an chúrsa deimhniúcháin seo tá thart ar 30 uair an chloig de léitheoireacht, grúpaí oibre ar líne, tascanna agus idirghníomhaíocht idir mic léinn agus an teagascóir, agus cuirtear ar fáil é thar thréimhse 6 seachtaine. Beidh cur chuige foghlama gníomhach agus rannpháirtíochta comhtháite sa chúrsa laistigh de ghníomhaíochtaí agus de chúraimí, agus béim á leagan ar fhoghlaim mhachnamh agus comhoibritheach. Beidh na rannpháirtithe ag déanamh an léitheoireachta is gá, ag ullmhú sanntaí tionscadail eatramhacha agus deiridh, lena n-áirítear cás-staidéir, agus ag glacadh páirt i bplé grúpa, i seisiúin comhrá agus i ngléasra gréasáin. Is é 25 an líon uasta rannpháirtithe sa chúrsa. Gheobhaidh mic léinn a chríochnóidh an cúrsa go rathúil Deimhniú Páirteachais. Tá sé indéanta an cúrsa a iniúchadh freisin. Seachtain 1: Monatóireacht ar Chearta an Duine: Cad é agus Cén fáth a bhfreastalaíonn an Monatóireacht? Seachtain 2: Monatóireacht ar Chearta an Duine a Ghlúthú Seachtain 3: Dúshláin a bhaineann le faireachán a dhéanamh ar chearta na mban Seachtain 4: Anailís atá íogair i leith inscne Seachtain 5: Tuairisc ar Chearta an Duine Seachtain 6: Monatóireacht ar Chearta an Duine agus Clár Oibre le haghaidh Athraithe Maidir leis an teagascóir: Edna Aquino Tá breis agus fiche bliain taithí agus saineolas ag Edna Aquino i bhfiosrú agus i ndoiciméadú sáruithe ar chearta an duine ar chearta na mban, cearta na leanaí agus cearta na n-imirceach. Ag Amnesty International, áit ar oibrigh sí ó 2000-2006, bhí sí ar cheann de na ceannródaithe i dtaca le hoibre AI ar fhoréigean in aghaidh na mban, cearta daonna na mban agus cearta LGBT. D'oibrigh sí i roinnt uirlisí ceannródaíocha maidir le cumarsáid agus abhcóideacht do chearta na mban le heagraíochtaí éagsúla, lena n-áirítear UN Women, IWRAW Asia-Pacific agus Women Living Under Muslim Laws agus an Feachtas Domhanda chun Stop a chur le Mharaithe agus Stoning Women! Bhunaigh an tUasal Aquino an chéad oideachas airgeadais cuimsitheach agus cumhachtú eacnamaíoch d'oibrithe imirceacha mná i Hong Cong. Tá sí i mbun tógála acmhainneachta eagraíochtaí na mban faoi láthair agus tacaíonn sí le tionscnaimh abhcóideachta i dtíortha ina bhfuil úsáid na gcúisithe cultúrtha agus reiligiúnacha ar fhoréigean inscne forleathan. Tá céim BA i nEolaíochtaí Sóisialta agus Polaitíochta ag an Uasal Aquino (Ollscoil na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha) agus céim MSc, bainistíocht na hearnála deonach agus beartas sóisialta (Scoil Eacnamaíochta agus Eolaíochtaí Polaitiúla Londain). Cé ba cheart iarratas a dhéanamh Tá an cúrsa beartaithe do fhoireann chearta an duine/chearta na mban d'eagraíochtaí neamhrialtasacha, d'eagraíochtaí idir-rialtasacha agus rialtais, do abhcóidí na mban agus do ghairmithe gaolmhara. Ba cheart go mbeadh eolas maith scríofa ag na rannpháirtithe ar an mBéarla teanga oibre an chúrsa agus go mbeadh ard-inniúlacht agus compord acu le húsáid ríomhaire agus Idirlín. Tá sé mar aidhm ag HREA dáileadh comhionann inscne agus geografach a áirithiú ar fud na rannpháirtithe roghnaithe. Is é 25 an líon uasta rannpháirtithe sa chúrsa. Bronnfar Deimhniú Páirteachais ar an gcúrsa a chríochnú go rathúil. Tá sé indéanta an cúrsa a iniúchadh freisin. Táille teagaisc do rannpháirtithe: US$ 575; táille teagaisc do iniúchóirí: US$ 215. Is féidir íocaíochtaí a dhéanamh ar líne le cártaí creidmheasa móra (Discover, MasterCard, Visa), PayPal, aistriú bainc (tá táille breise i bhfeidhm) agus aistriú airgid (Western Union, MoneyGram). Tá rátaí mórchóir ar fáil. Tá na híocaíochtaí dlite nuair a chláraítear. Conas clárú Beidh an cúrsa seo ar fáil sa bhliain 2016. Ceisteanna a Chuirtear go minic Ceisteanna a chuirtear go minic faoi chúrsaí e-fhoghlaim an HREA.

Information Technology (IT) Training CompTIA A+, Network+ BootCamp Certification Preparation Training (Online or Oncampus) - Security: Supporting and securing access to data by properly using authentication, access control and encryption for an organization. Help desk and technical support professionals form one of the first lines of defense for any organization. - Networking: Applying core concepts and protocols such as IPv4, IPv6, DHCP, and subnet mask to set up and support wired and wireless networks. - Operating Systems: Working with mobile, server and traditional operating systems from Android and iOS to Windows and Linux. - IT Operations: Utilizing the basics of virtualization, cloud computing, desktop imaging and deployment to support today’s IT infrastructures. - Troubleshooting: Following and using decision trees for diagnosing, resolving and documenting common hardware and software issues across a variety of devices. - Technical Support: Applying principles of customer service to help resolve IT issues. - Describe the features of different network protocols and products for LANs, WANs, and wireless networks. - Understand the functions and features of TCP/IP addressing and protocols. - Identify threats to network security and appropriate countermeasures and controls. - Install and configure network cabling and appliances. - Manage, monitor, and troubleshoot networks. COMPTIA A+, Network+

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Oiliúint Teicneolaíocht Faisnéise (FF) CompTIA A+, Líonra+ BootCamp Oiliúint um ullmhúchán do dheimhniúchán (ar líne nó ar an gcampas) - Slándáil: Tacaíocht a thabhairt agus rochtain ar shonraí a dhaingniú trí fhíordheimhniú, rialú rochtana agus criptithe a úsáid i gceart d'eagraíocht. Is iad na gairmithe deisce cabhrach agus tacaíochta teicniúil ceann de na chéad línte cosanta d'eagraíocht ar bith. - Líonraíocht: Bunchoincheapa agus prótacail amhail IPv4, IPv6, DHCP, agus masc fo-líonra a chur i bhfeidhm chun líonraí sreangtha agus gan sreang a chur ar bun agus tacú leo. - Córais Oibriúcháin: Ag obair le córais oibriúcháin soghluaiste, freastalaí agus traidisiúnta ó Android agus iOS go Windows agus Linux. - Oibríochtaí TF: Bunús na fíorú, ríomhaireachta scamall, íomháithe deisce agus imscaradh a úsáid chun tacú le bonneagair TF an lae inniu. - Díriú ar fhadhbanna: crainn chinnidh a leanúint agus a úsáid chun fadhbanna crua-earraí agus bogearraí coitianta a dhiagnóisiú, a réiteach agus a dhoiciméadú ar fud feistí éagsúla. - Tacaíocht Theicniúil: Prionsabail seirbhíse do chustaiméirí a chur i bhfeidhm chun cabhrú le saincheisteanna TF a réiteach. - cur síos a dhéanamh ar ghnéithe na bprótacail líonra agus na dtáirgí éagsúla do LANanna, do WANanna, agus do líonraí gan sreang. - Fhios a bheith acu faoi fheidhmeanna agus gnéithe seoladh TCP/IP agus prótacail. - bagairtí ar shlándáil an líonra a shainaithint agus frithbhearta agus rialuithe iomchuí a dhéanamh. - Cablaíocht líonra agus fearais a shuiteáil agus a chumrú. - Líonraí a bhainistiú, a mhaoirsiú agus a fhadhb a réiteach. COMPTIA A+, Líonra+

Snoring is both a social stigma and a health risk that affects 45% of the adult population. It is often a sign of obstructed breathing passages and, if left untreated, can lead to serious medical complications such as heart disease, stroke, and high blood pressure. What Causes Snoring? Snoring is the result of an airflow obstruction in the airway passages, usually caused by tissues in the back of the throat vibrating together during sleep. This is often attributed to excessively bulky tissue and poor muscle tone in the tongue and throat, an abnormally large soft palate or uvula, or a stuffy or blocked nose that prevents air from flowing feely through the nasal airways. Snoring can be embarrassing socially, and cause your bed partner to suffer from a lack of sleep and fatigue. Worse, it interferes with normal sleeping patterns and prevents you from receiving sufficient rest. It’s often an indication of obstructive sleep apnea, a condition characterized by repeated pauses in breathing that can lead to serious health problems. Tips for Treating Snoring Often, instituting lifestyle changes can make a difference in your snoring habits. People who are overweight are more prone to snoring, so if you’ve got extra pounds to use, consider changing your diet and taking up an exercise program. Alcohol causes relaxation of your throat muscles, so avoid it before bedtime. If you sleep on your back, try switching to your side. Elevating your head a few inches often helps, as well. When these strategies don’t work, there are a variety of additional options to treat snoring. Oral appliances to reposition the jaw during sleep and nasal strips to widen the airway passages may be worth consideration. Surgical procedures to remove excess tissue and open the airways are sometimes recommended. If you are suffering from sleep apnea, CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) devices are the preferred method of treatment.

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Is stigma sóisialta agus riosca sláinte é snorking a théann i bhfeidhm ar 45% den daonra fásta. Is minic gur comhartha é de shligheanna análaithe atá coscáilte agus, mura ndéantar cóireáil air, is féidir go dtiocfadh deacrachtaí tromchúiseacha leighis mar ghalar croí, stróc, agus brú fola ard. Cad a Chúisíonn Snorking? Is é an snorking toradh ar bhac ar shreabhadh aer sna hachtbhealaí, de ghnáth mar gheall ar fhíocháin i gcúl an throat ag vibrate le chéile le linn codlata. Is minic a thugtar é seo ar fhíochán iomarcach agus ton muscle lag sa teanga agus sa throat, palate nó uvula bog neamhghnách mór, nó srón clog nó blocáilte a chuireann cosc ar aer a sreabhadh go réidh trí na bealaí aeracha nasal. Is féidir le snorking a bheith náire go sóisialta, agus a chur ar do pháirtí leaba a fhulaingt ó easpa codlata agus tuirse. Níos measa fós, bíonn sé i gceist le gnáthchlaon agus ní chuireann sé bac ort go leor scíthe a fháil. Is minic a léiríonn sé apnea codlata coscálach, riocht a bhfuil tréith air ag sosanna athfhillteach san anailís a d'fhéadfadh fadhbanna sláinte tromchúiseacha a bheith ann. Leideanna chun an snorking a chóireáil Is minic a d'fhéadfadh athruithe ar do stíl mhaireachtála athrú a dhéanamh ar do nósanna snorking. Tá daoine atá róthrom níos mó seans maith go mbeidh siad ag snorkeling, mar sin má tá punt breise agat le caitheamh, smaoinigh ar do aiste bia a athrú agus clár aclaíochta a ghlacadh. Déanann alcól do shnámha throat a scíth a ligean, mar sin seachain é roimh am codlata. Má chodlaíonn tú ar do chúl, déan iarracht dul ar do thaobh. Is minic a chabhraíonn sé do cheann a ardú cúpla orlach freisin. Nuair nach n-oibríonn na straitéisí seo, tá roghanna breise éagsúla ann chun an snorkáil a chóireáil. D'fhéadfadh sé gur fiú smaoineamh ar fhearais ó bhéal chun an t-úlla a athshuíomh le linn codlata agus ar stiallacha nasal chun na haerbhealaí a leathnú. Moltar nósanna imeachta máinliachta uaireanta chun an fíochán iomarcach a bhaint agus na hionsaithe a oscailt. Má tá tú ag fulaingt ó apnea codlata, is iad na feistí CPAP (brú buan leanúnach na n-airdbhealaí) an modh cóireála is fearr leat.

2020 has made us prioritize our health more than ever, whether that’s shielding the people we love, washing our hands more often, or wearing a face-covering in public. However, during these unprecedented times, we mustn’t neglect other areas of our health in the process. Read on for how to look after your eyes with some simple facts everyone should know. Understand your needs Just like everyone is different, everyone’s eye health is different. While a friend might have astigmatism, you might struggle with myopia. You could have diabetic-related issues, or you may have a grandparent who is in the early stages of macular degeneration. With so many potential issues, understanding your own vision needs and learning how to read your own prescription will give you more confidence and help you to spot other vision issues that could be harmful to your health. You’ll find advice about reading your prescription on this website. Understanding your vision needs also makes choosing glasses online much easier, you simply enter your prescription and choose whichever lenses you need. Eat for your eye health We’re all familiar with the term, “eating for your health”, but did you know that this means eating for your eye health, too? Foods that are rich in Omega 3 fatty acids, zinc, and vitamin C will help to keep your eyes healthy and bright. You’ll find these kinds of nutrients in leafy green vegetables, salmon and oily fish, citrus fruits, nuts, and beans. And although carrots might not help you see in the dark, they’ll certainly reduce the likelihood of eye conditions such as cataracts and macular degeneration. Take plenty of eye breaks These days more of us than ever are spending our days in front of screens. Whether we’re scrolling social media on an evening or enduring a full working week on the laptop, excessive screen time means more exposure to blue light, a potentially harmful form of light that is emitted from digital screens. Extreme exposure to blue light means more migraines, dry, itchy eyes, and digital eyestrain. To look after your eyes, make sure you’re taking regular breaks from your screens or check out some blue-blocking glasses online for added protection. Update your sunglasses Sunglasses aren’t just a fashion statement, or something we wear so the sun doesn’t get in our eyes. Sunglasses are vital in protecting our eyes and preserving our vision from the harmful UV rays of the sun. Updating your sunglasses means you’ll have prescription friendly sunnies, UV and UVB protection and you’ll look great all year long. Bonus tip: Did you know that your sunglasses aren’t just for the summer months? Any time the sun is shining you should consider wearing your sunglasses outdoors. UV rays are still incredibly harmful in the cold months, even when temperatures are low. Get your eyes tested! Regular eye exams are the best way to ensure your eyes are in good condition and that your prescription is up to date. Wearing glasses with the wrong lenses or the wrong prescription can leave you suffering from headaches, blurred vision, and reduced confidence. So, make sure you’re visiting your optician every 1-2 years depending on your requirements. Once you have your new prescription you can update your eyewear and look and feel great.

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Chuir 2020 tús áite ar ár sláinte níos mó ná riamh, cibé an bhfuil sé sin ag cosaint na ndaoine a bhfuil grá againn dóibh, ag ní ár lámha níos minice, nó ag caitheamh clúdach aghaidhe i bpobal. Ach, le linn na n-amanna gan fasach seo, ní mór dúinn neamhaird a dhéanamh ar réimsí eile dár sláinte sa phróiseas. Léigh ar aghaidh le haghaidh conas aire a thabhairt do do shúile le roinnt fíricí simplí ba chóir go mbeadh a fhios ag gach duine. Tuig do chuid riachtanas Díreach mar a bhíonn gach duine difriúil, tá sláinte súl gach duine difriúil. Cé go bhféadfadh astigmatism a bheith ag cara, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh tú ag streachailt le miopia. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh fadhbanna a bhaineann le diaibéiteas agat, nó d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh sean-athair nó seanmháthair agat atá i gcéimeanna luatha díghrádú macúla. Le go leor fadhbanna féideartha, cuirfidh tuiscint ar do chuid riachtanas fís féin agus foghlaim conas do oideas féin a léamh níos mó muiníne ort agus cabhróidh sé leat fadhbanna fís eile a aimsiú a d'fhéadfadh a bheith díobhálach do do shláinte. Gheobhaidh tú comhairle maidir le do oideas a léamh ar an suíomh gréasáin seo. Tá sé i bhfad níos éasca glainneacha a roghnú ar líne freisin má thuigeann tú do chuid riachtanas fís, ní gá duit ach do chóireáil a iontráil agus cibé lionsaí a theastaíonn uait a roghnú. Bith ag ithe le haghaidh do shláinte súl Tá an téarma "a ithe ar son do shláinte" ar eolas againn go léir, ach an raibh a fhios agat go gciallaíonn sé seo go n-itheann tú ar son do shláinte súl freisin? Cabhróidh bianna atá saibhir in aigéid shailleacha Omega 3, sinc, agus vitimín C le do shúile a choinneáil sláintiúil agus geal. Gheobhaidh tú na cineálacha cothaithigh seo i nglasraí duilleacha glas, saillín agus iasc olach, torthaí citris, cnónna, agus pónairí. Agus cé nach bhféadfadh carróidí cabhrú leat a fheiceáil sa dorchadas, beidh siad cinnte a laghdú an dóchúlacht na coinníollacha súl ar nós cataract agus macular díghiniúint. Déan go leor sosanna súl Na laethanta seo tá níos mó againn ná riamh ag caitheamh ár laethanta os comhair scáileáin. Cibé an bhfuil muid ag scrolladh sna meáin shóisialta tráthnóna nó ag maireachtáil seachtain oibre iomlán ar an ngléasra, ciallaíonn am scáileáin iomarcach go mbainimid níos mó nochtadh do sholas gorm, foirm sholas a d'fhéadfadh a bheith díobhálach a astaítear ó scáileáin dhigiteacha. Ciallaíonn nochtadh iomarcach do sholas gorm níos mó migraines, súile tirim, itchy, agus eyestrain digiteach. Chun aire a thabhairt do do shúile, déan cinnte go bhfuil tú ag cur sosanna rialta ó do scáileáin nó seiceáil amach roinnt gloineanna blocála gorm ar líne le haghaidh cosanta breise. Déan do chuid spéaclaí gréine a nuashonrú Níl spéaclaí gréine ach ráiteas faisin, nó rud a chaithimid ionas nach dtiocfaidh an ghrian isteach inár súile. Tá spéaclaí gréine ríthábhachtach chun ár súile a chosaint agus ár radharc a chaomhnú ó ghéarchéim na gréine UV. Ciallaíonn nuashonrú do chuid spéaclaí gréine go mbeidh sunnies atá oiriúnach do chóireáil, cosaint UV agus UVB agat agus go mbeidh cuma iontach ort i rith na bliana. Bónas-spéisiúr: An raibh a fhios agat nach bhfuil do chuid spéaclaí gréine le haghaidh míonna an tsamhraidh amháin? Aon uair a bhíonn an ghrian ag solas ba cheart duit smaoineamh ar do chuid spéaclaí gréine a chaitheamh lasmuigh. Tá na gealaí UV fós an-dhónach sna míonna fuar, fiú nuair a bhíonn teochtaí íseal. Déan tástáil ar do shúile! Is é an bealach is fearr chun a chinntiú go bhfuil do shúile i riocht maith agus go bhfuil do oideas cothrom le dáta ná scrúduithe súl a dhéanamh go rialta. Má chaitheann tú spéaclaí le lionsaí mícheart nó le cóireáil mícheart, d'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh tinneas cinn, amharc neamhchlaonta, agus muinín laghdaithe agat. Mar sin, déan cinnte go ndéanann tú cuairt ar do shúilín gach 1-2 bhliain ag brath ar do riachtanais. Nuair a bheidh do oideas nua agat is féidir leat do shúilín a nuashonrú agus breathnú agus mothú go hiontach.

|Perl: the Markov chain saw| Re: Threads and fork and CLONE, oh my!by nothingmuch (Priest) |on Aug 16, 2005 at 18:15 UTC||Need Help??| Firstly: perl 5's threads are in a pretty grim shape - they're slow, they're quirky, and lots of stuff isn't as easy as it should be. I would recommend against using them if you can find another alternative. Second: since you asked for an explanation of how fork is efficient, here's how it works: Processors have real and protected addressing modes. Real mode is what people would normally expect - every pointer points to an address in memory. Protected mode is what is actually used 99% of the time in practice. Under protected mode, fetching a memory address is an indirect operation - the address is translated from the virtual address to a real one by the MMU (the memory management unit). This is sensitive to the current process, and the way the notion of the current process is defined varies from processor to processor. Memory is handled by the MMU in chunks called pages, which are typically 4kb long. These are the smallest unit the MMU will take care of in it's virtual/real addressing scheme. When a process forks (under true fork, not vfork which I will shortly discuss) all of it's memory is set to be read only, and the process itself is duplicated, returning different values to each process. All the At this point almost no data is updated - the pages themselves are marked read only, but this is quick and trivial, and the process handle in the kernel is duplicated, and this is not a large structure, in comparison to the amount of memory a process can actually consume. Whenever the processor tries to store a value in a read-only memory page the MMU raises a fault, which the kernel has to handle. The kernel will ask the MMU to copy the page, to a new location in virtual memory (all of the physical memory and the swap space), but makes the mapping appear, to the process, to be at the same memory location. When the memory page has been copied, it is safe to actually write to it. By keeping a reference count of the number of processes sharing each page you can also unlock read-only pages when they are accessible by only one process. vfork is a version of fork that is suited for fork and exec sequences... When you call 'vfork' nothing is copied - instead the child process has complete control of the parent's resources (file descriptors, memory, etc), until it calls exec to load another process image into memory. When the child process finally executes the new program the parent process is resumed. The reason the parent is suspended while the child is running is that since the addressing space is shared, so is the stack. Since the stack (together with the instruction pointer) represents the state of the process, including the return value from 'vfork' (and any called function for that matter), this value cannot be both 0 for the child and the child's process ID for the parent at the same time. Slightly off topic but nevertheless interesting is the page swap system of an OS with virtual memory - when a page is resolved by the MMU, and it isn't in physical memory, a page fault is sent to the kernel. The kernel is then responsible for loading the memory page from disk, by swapping it with a physical memory page. When the data has been loaded to physical memory the access to the memory can finish. Update: Ven'Tatsu cought a wordo confusing protected mode with real mode. zz zZ Z Z #!perl

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Perl: an Markov chain saw a bhí Re: Snáithíní agus forc agus CLONE, oh mo! ag nothingmuch (Priest) Ar 16 Lúnasa, 2005 ag 18:15 UTC An bhfuil cabhair ag teastáil uait? ? aoi Ar dtús: tá snáitheanna perl 5 i bhfoirm an-dona - tá siad mall, tá siad quirky, agus níl a lán rudaí chomh simplí agus ba chóir go mbeadh. Molaim gan iad a úsáid má tá rogha eile agat. Dara: ós rud é go raibh tú ag iarraidh míniú ar conas a bhfuil forc éifeachtach, anseo conas a oibríonn sé: Tá modhanna díriúcháin fíor agus cosanta ag próiseálaithe. Is é modh fíor an rud a bheadh ag daoine de ghnáth - tugann gach pointeoir le seoladh i gcuimhne. Is é an modh cosanta a úsáidtear i ndáiríre 99% den am i gcleachtas. Faoi mhodh cosanta, is oibríocht dhíriúil é seoladh cuimhne a fháil - déanann an MMU (an t-aonad bainistíochta cuimhne) an seoladh a aistriú ón seoladh fíorúil go ceann fíorúil. Tá sé seo íogair don phróiseas reatha, agus an bealach a shainmhínítear an coincheap den phróiseas reatha athraíonn ó phróiseálaí go próiseálaí. Déileálann an MMU le cuimhne i bplátaí ar a dtugtar leathanaigh, a bhíonn 4kb ar fhad de ghnáth. Is iad seo an t-aonad is lú a bheidh an MMU aire a thabhairt dó i sé fíorúil / fíor-a sheoladh scéim. Nuair a forcann próiseas (faoi fhórc fíor, ní vfork a phléfidh mé go gairid) tá a chuimhne go léir socraithe le léamh amháin, agus déantar an próiseas féin a dhúbailt, ag filleadh luachanna éagsúla ar gach próiseas. Ag an bpointe seo, ní dhéantar beagnach aon sonraí a nuashonrú - tá na leathanaigh féin marcáilte le léamh amháin, ach tá sé seo tapa agus trivial, agus déantar an láimhseáil próiseas sa chernel a dhúbailt, agus ní struchtúr mór é seo, i gcomparáid leis an méid cuimhne is féidir le próiseas a chaitheamh i ndáiríre. Aon uair a dhéanann an próiseálaí iarracht luach a stóráil i leathanach cuimhne léitheoireachta amháin, cuireann an MMU locht ar an gcúis, rud a chaithfidh an núicléas a láimhseáil. Iarrfaidh an cnúis ar an MMU an leathanach a chóipeáil, go suíomh nua i gcuimhne fíorúil (an chuimhne fisiceach go léir agus an spás malartaithe), ach déanann sé an mhapáil a bheith le feiceáil, don phróiseas, ag an suíomh cuimhne céanna. Nuair a bheidh an leathanach cuimhne cóipeáilte, tá sé sábháilte scríobh go fírinneach air. Trí chomhaireamh tagartha a choinneáil ar líon na bpróisis a roinneann gach leathanach is féidir leat leathanaigh léitheoireachta amháin a dhíghlasáil nuair nach bhfuil ach próiseas amháin inrochtana orthu. Is leagan de fhork é vfork atá oiriúnach do shreathanna forc agus exec ... Nuair a ghlaonn tú 'vfork' ní dhéantar aon rud a chóipeáil - ina ionad sin tá rialú iomlán ag an bpróiseas leanbh ar acmhainní an phríomh-fhostóra (saineolaithe comhaid, cuimhne, srl.), go dtí go n-iarrann sé exec chun íomhá próisis eile a luchtú isteach sa chuimhne. Nuair a fheidhmíonn an próiseas leanbh an clár nua sa deireadh, déantar an próiseas tuismitheoir a athsheoladh. Is é an chúis a bhfuil an tuismitheoir ar fionraí agus an leanbh ag rith ná ós rud é go bhfuil an spás seoltaí roinnte, mar sin tá an stac. Ós rud é go léiríonn an stac (le chéile leis an pointeoir orduithe) staid an phróisis, lena n-áirítear an luach ar ais ó 'vfork' (agus aon fheidhm a ghlaoite don ábhar sin), ní féidir an luach seo a bheith 0 don leanbh agus ID próiseas an linbh don phárant ag an am céanna. Tá córas malartaithe leathanaigh OS le cuimhne fíorúil beagán as ábhar ach is suimiúil é - nuair a réitíonn an MMU leathanach, agus níl sé i gcuimhne fisiciúil, seoltar locht leathanach chuig an gcéirnéal. Tá an núicléas freagrach ansin as an leathanach cuimhne a luchtú ón diosca, trí é a mhalartú le leathanach cuimhne fisiciúil. Nuair a bheidh na sonraí a luchtú go dtí an chuimhne fisiciúil is féidir an rochtain ar an chuimhne a chríochnú. Uasghrádú: Ven'Tatsu cought a wordo confusing mode faoi chosaint le modh fíor. gc gc gc gc #!perl

Home » World Maps » Africa » Namibia Namibia Map and Satellite Image Namibia Bordering Countries:Angola, Botswana, South Africa, Zambia Regional Maps:Map of Africa, World Map Where is Namibia? Namibia Satellite Image Namibia Information:Namibia is located in southern Africa. Namibia is bordered by the Atlanitc Ocean, Angola to the north, Zambia and Botswana to the east, and South Africa to the south. Namibia Cities:Akanous, Aminuis, Andara, Aranos, Aroab, Asab, Aus, Bergland, Bethanien, Deetmanshoop, Derm, Dordabis, Erundu, Gibeon, Gobabis, Gochas, Grootfontein, Grunau, Henties Bay, Holoog, Kamanjab, Karasburg, Karibib, Keetmanshoop, Khorixas, Koes, Luderitz, Maltahohe, Mariental, Narib, Okahandja, Okaukuejo, Omaruru, Ondangwa, Opuwo, Oranjemund, Oshakati, Otavi, Otjiworongo, Outjo, Rehoboth, Rundu, Schuckmannsburg, Stampriet, Steinhausen, Swakopmund, Tsumeb, Tsumkwe, Usakos, Walvis Bay, Warmbad and Windhoek. Namibia Locations:Atlantic Ocean, Auas Mountains, Conception Bay, Hottentot Bay, Kunene River, Namib Desert, Orange (Oranje) River and Sandwich Bay. Namibia Natural Resources:Namibia has metal or metallic resources which include cadmium, copper, gold, lead, lithium, tin, uranium and zinc. Other natural resources for this country include diamonds, fish, salt and hydropower. Namibia Natural Hazards:One of the natural hazards in Namibia is the prolonged periods of drought. Namibia Environmental Issues:The country of Namibia has very limited natural fresh water resources. Another environmental issue is land degradation and desertification to the point that there are very few conservation areas left. Namibia also has wildlife poaching. Copyright information: The images on this page were composed by Angela King and Brad Cole and are copyright by Geology.com © 2008. These images are not available for use beyond our websites. If you would like to share them with others please link to this page. The satellite image was produced using Landsat data from NASA and the map was produced using data licensed from and copyright by Map Resources © 2008.

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Baile Léarscáileanna Domhanda An Afraic an tNamibia Léarscáil agus íomhá satailíte de Namibia Náisiúin atá in aice le hNamibia: Angola, Botswana, an Afraic Theas, an tSamba Léarscáileanna Réigiúnacha: Léarscáileanna na hAfraice, Léarscáileanna Domhanda Cá bhfuil an tNamibia? Grianghraf satailíte de Namibia Faisnéis faoi Namibia: Tá an tNamibia suite i ndeisceart na hAfraice. Tá an Aigéan Atlantach ag teorainn leis an tNamibia, le hAngola chun na tuaisceart, le Seambia agus le Botsuana chun na hOirthe, agus le hAfraic Theas chun na Deisceart. Cathair na hNamibia: Akanous, Aminuis, Andara, Aranos, Aroab, Asab, Aus, Bergland, Bethanien, Deetmanshoop, Derm, Dordabis, Erundu, Gibeon, Gobabis, Gochas, Grootfontein, Grunau, Henties Bay, Holoog, Kamanjab, Karasburg, Karibib, Keetmanshoop, Khorixas, Koes, Luderitz, Maltahohe, Mariental, Narib, Okahandja, Okaukuejo, Omaruru, Ondangwa, Opuwo, Oranjemund, Oshakati, Otavi, Otworjiongo, Outjo, Rehoboth, Rundu, Schuckmannsburg, Stampriet, Steinhausen, Swakopmund, Tsumebumk, Tsumk Bay, Usakwe, Walvis, Warmbad agus Windekho. Suímh na hNamibia: An Aigéan Atlantach, Sléibhte Auas, Bàgh Conception, Bàgh Hottentot, Abhainn Kunene, Desert Namib, Abhainn Orange (Oranje) agus Bàgh Sandwich. Acmhainní nádúrtha na hNamibia: Tá acmhainní miotail nó miotail ag an tNamibia lena n-áirítear cadmiam, copar, ór, luaidhe, litiam, stáin, úráiniam agus sinc. I measc na n-acmhainní nádúrtha eile don tír seo tá diamonds, iasc, salann agus cumhachta uisce. Géarchéimí nádúrtha sa tNamibia:Is é ceann de na guaiseacha nádúrtha sa tNamibia na tréimhsí fada triomachta. Ceisteanna Comhshaoil na hNamibia:Tá acmhainní nádúrtha fionnuisce an-teoranta ag tír na hNamibia. Is é an fhadhb chomhshaoil eile ná díghrádú agus dífhágáil talún go dtí an pointe nach bhfuil ach an-bheagán limistéar caomhnaithe fágtha. Tá an-tóir ar mhná fiáine sa tNamibia freisin. Faisnéis faoi chóipcheart: Is iad Angela King agus Brad Cole a rinne na híomhánna ar an leathanach seo agus is é Geology.com © 2008 an cóipcheart. Níl na híomhánna seo ar fáil le húsáid lasmuigh dár suíomhanna gréasáin. Más mian leat iad a roinnt le daoine eile, déan nasc chuig an leathanach seo. Tá an íomhá satailíte a tháirgtear ag baint úsáide as sonraí Landsat ó NASA agus an léarscáil a tháirgtear ag baint úsáide as sonraí atá ceadúnaithe ó agus cóipcheart ag Map Resources © 2008.

When it comes to children’s books, we usually look for a moral or a message that kids can get from them. It might be just about understanding their family and friends or being kind or just about being themselves. All these and many more come under different themes in children’s literature. First books are generally simple. Emotions like joy, love, fear, etc that make us human can all be inculcated in a story. But when a book has many themes blended together they turn into favourites! Here is a list of themes that you can easily come across in children’s books: Illustrations are also a wonderful theme in books. There are books with no text and just pictures. Those books encourage kids to use their own words and form a story and they tend to love it. Haven’t you heard a toddler just make up something when he/she looks at their favourite animal in a book 😊 There are many more themes under fiction to explore and all of them are wonderful. Here are some examples from some of our favourite fiction books to get you thinking: - “The hungry caterpillar”, shows growth and development from an egg to a butterfly and some foods and days of the week for kids to pick up easily. - “Room on the Broom”, portrays friendship where animals help the witch to find her lost things and save her from the dragon. - “Guess how much I love you” shows love and how deep it can be and how to express your love to others. - “A patch of black” portrays the fear of a child and how turns into a world of whimsical fantasies. This book helped Eira move into her own bed with less fears to no fears at all. - “Aliens love underpants” is full of humor and imagination where aliens come to earth only to get everyone’s underpants. Introducing more themes to your kids makes them understand their emotions as well as learn about others emotions as well. They tend to understand and adapt to the characters and try to follow them in real world. Do the above listed themes relate to any of your kid’s favourite books?

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Nuair a thagann sé le leabhair do leanaí, de ghnáth cuirimid súil ar mhoráltacht nó teachtaireacht a d'fhéadfadh leanaí a fháil uathu. B'fhéidir nach bhfuil ann ach tuiscint a fháil ar a dteaghlach agus a gcairde nó a bheith cairdiúil nó a bheith iontu féin. Tá na rudaí seo go léir agus go leor eile faoi théamaí éagsúla i litríocht do leanaí. De ghnáth bíonn na chéad leabhair simplí. Is féidir mothúcháin cosúil le aoibhneas, grá, eagla, etc a dhéanann muid daonna a chur i gcroílár. Ach nuair a bhíonn téamaí éagsúla ag leabhar le chéile bíonn siad ina gcuid is fearr leat! Seo liosta de na téamaí is féidir leat teacht go héasca orthu i leabhair do leanaí: Is téama iontach iad na léaráidí i leabhair freisin. Tá leabhair ann gan aon téacs agus gan ach pictiúir. Spreagann na leabhair sin páistí a gcuid focail féin a úsáid agus scéal a chruthú agus bíonn siad ag grá dó. Nach bhfuil tú a chloisteáil toddler díreach a dhéanamh suas rud éigin nuair a fhéachann sé / sí ar a ainmhí is fearr leat i leabhar 😊 Tá go leor téamaí eile faoin bhfíseán le iniúchadh agus tá siad go léir iontach. Seo roinnt samplaí ó chuid dár leabhair ficsean is fearr leat chun tú a chur ag smaoineamh: - "An caterpillar ocras", léiríonn fás agus forbairt ó uibhe go liomach agus roinnt bianna agus laethanta na seachtaine do leanaí a phiocadh suas go héasca. - "Seomra ar an Broom", léiríonn cairdeas áit a gcuireann ainmhithe an witch chun a rudaí caillte a aimsiú agus í a shábháil ón dráma. - "Guess how much I love you" léiríonn grá agus cé chomh domhain is féidir é a bheith agus conas a chur in iúl do ghrá do dhaoine eile. - "Páiste dubh" léiríonn eagla leanbh agus conas a thiocfaidh sé chun bheith ina domhan fantaisíochtaí whimsical. Chabhraigh an leabhar seo le Eira bogadh isteach ina leaba féin le níos lú eagla go gan eagla ar chor ar bith. - "Aliens Love Underpants" Tá sé lán de greann agus samhlaíocht áit a dtagann eachtrannaigh ar an Domhan ach amháin chun gach duine a fháil "underpants. Trí níos mó téamaí a thabhairt do do pháistí, cuireann sé ar a gcumas a thuiscint chomh maith le foghlaim faoi mhothúcháin daoine eile freisin. Is gnách go dtuigeann siad agus go n-oiriúnaíonn siad leis na carachtair agus déanann siad iarracht iad a leanúint sa saol fíor. An mbaineann na téamaí thuasluaite le haon cheann de na leabhair is fearr le do pháiste?

Yes, good eggs raised a cool $15 million. And this is a dozen of eggs, not a whole tray. Eggs are magical. They are super foods that should be incorporated into our diets as soon as possible if they are not there. With one egg, you will get all nutrients that your body requires and a million more benefits. Rich in nutrients With all those nutrients, you must be visualizing the fittest version of yourself in a few weeks right? Wrong, the egg helps your body cut fats. Well, that’s magical! It should, however, be noted that not all eggs have the magic. Not all eggs can give you all the required nutrients and still cut your body fats to a minimum. The only eggs that can do all these are the good egg. These are the eggs worth investing your 15 or more dollar in. What are good eggs? WARNING! This has absolutely nothing to do with fresh or spoilt eggs. Eggs come from hens. Hens are animals, just like you and I. animals respond to their environment. They stress when they can’t help. Even their activities are affected a great deal. Hens too need conducive environments to lay eggs. When their environments are not good enough, the eggs may not be as good as those from good settings. The conditions determine the general health of the hens. The hens will be healthy and happy. That’s when the good eggs, which are worth a good portion of your miscellaneous savings are produced. These are some of the factors that result in the production of either good eggs or rotten eggs. Environment dictates the freedom of the hens, just like in humans too. The birds would prefer to move around, stretch their wings, tease each other, and so much more. This will help the chickens to be healthier and therefore grow more rapidly. When the hens are healthy and free of their activities, they will no doubt lay real eggs. The nutrients in the egg did not just come from a single source. There must be a variety of feed for the hens to acquire enough nutrients for the eggs. Free-range chickens have more advantage as they will not only depend on the provided feeds but also move around and pick on nutritious ants and crabs.From the above information, it’s vivid that it’s paramount to provide conducive environments and feeds to your hens for a healthy production. Eggs from stressed chickens will not be a good egg; they will therefore not go at 15 dollars!

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Sea, tá uibheacha maith a bhailiú $ 15 milliún fionnuar. Agus tá sé seo an dosaen uibheacha, nach bhfuil tray iomlán. Tá uibheacha draíochta. Is superfoods iad a ba cheart a ionchorprú inár réim bia a luaithe is féidir mura bhfuil siad ann. Le huibheagán amháin, gheobhaidh tú na cothaithigh go léir a theastaíonn ó do chorp agus milliún buntáiste eile. Saibhir i gcothaithigh Leis na cothaithigh sin go léir, ní mór duit a bheith ag samhlú an leagan is fearr leat féin i gceann cúpla seachtain ceart? Ceart, cabhraíonn an ubh do chorp saill a ghearradh. Bhuel, tá sé sin draíochta! Ba chóir a thabhairt faoi deara, áfach, nach bhfuil an draíocht ag gach ubh. Ní féidir leis na huibheacha go léir na cothaithigh riachtanacha go léir a thabhairt duit agus do chuid saill choirp a laghdú go dtí an íosmhéid. Is iad na huibheacha maithe amháin a dhéanann na rudaí seo go léir. Is iad seo na huibheacha fiú a infheistiú do 15 nó níos mó dollar i. Cad iad uibheacha maithe? TÁIRTÍON! Níl aon bhaint ag an méid seo le huibheacha úr nó le huibheacha truaillithe. Tagann uibheacha ó choileáin. Is ainmhithe iad na sicín, díreach cosúil leatsa agus liomsa. Freagraíonn ainmhithe dá dtimpeallacht. Bíonn strus orthu nuair nach féidir leo cabhrú. Bíonn tionchar mór ag a gcuid gníomhaíochtaí fiú. Tá sé riachtanach go mbeadh timpeallacht chuí ag na sicíní freisin chun uibheacha a leagan. Nuair nach bhfuil a n-iarmhéideanna go leor, b'fhéidir nach mbeidh na huibheacha chomh maith leis na cinn a thagann ó shuíomhanna maithe. Cinntíonn na coinníollacha sláinte ginearálta na mban. Beidh na sicíní sláintiúil agus sásta. Is é sin nuair a tháirgtear na huibheacha maithe, a bhfuil luach mhaith acu ar do chuid mhaith de do shábháilí éagsúla. Seo cuid de na tosca a chuireann ar fáil uibheacha maithe nó uibheacha truaillithe. Déanann an timpeallacht saoirse na mbanna a fhorordú, díreach mar atá i ndaoine freisin. Is fearr leis na héin gluaiseacht timpeall, a sciatháin a shíneadh, a chéile a cheilt, agus go leor eile. Cabhróidh sé seo leis na sicíní a bheith níos sláintiúla agus dá bhrí sin fás níos tapúla. Nuair a bheidh na sicíní sláintiúil agus saor óna ngníomhaíochtaí, is cinnte go gcuirfidh siad uibheacha fíor. Ní tháinig na cothaithigh san ubh ó fhoinse amháin. Ní mór go mbeadh éagsúlacht bia ann do na sicíní chun go bhfaighidh siad go leor cothaithigh do na huibheacha. Tá buntáiste níos mó ag sicíní a bhfuil siad á gcur ar fáil mar ní bheidh siad ag brath ar an mbia a sholáthraítear dóibh ach beidh siad ag bogadh timpeall agus ag piocadh ar fhéithidí agus ar chraobhanna cothaitheacha. Ón bhfaisnéis thuas, tá sé soiléir go bhfuil sé thar a bheith tábhachtach timpeallachtaí fabhracha a sholáthar agus bia a sholáthar do do chearc chun táirgeadh sláintiúil a dhéanamh. Ní hé uibheacha ó chuileáin atá faoi strus uibheacha maithe; dá bhrí sin ní bheidh siad ag dul ar 15 dollar!

'Creaseville' Iowa is now named Batavia, but how that came to be remains a mystery This is the sixth in a series of articles about the other communities, located east of the Rocky Mountains, that are named “Batavia.” This one is about Batavia, Iowa, an incorporated city of around 500 people located west of Fairfield in Jefferson County. The city (no, that is not a typo) is governed by a mayor and five councilmen. According to local records, Batavia, Iowa, was laid out in 1846 by David Switzer, a county surveyor, for William McKee, Henry Crease, and Elijah O’Bannor, proprietors. Besides the proprietors, other early settlers included Henry Punnybecker, Joseph Crease, and Benjamin Abbertson. At that time, the community was named “Creaseville (or Creeseville)." Seven years later, in 1853, in response to a petition presented to the State by William Hambrick with the unanimous consent of the people in the town, the name of Creaseville was changed to “Batavia.” Who Hambrick was, where he came from, and how he persuaded fellow residents to change the name is lost in history. In a later Federal census, the same apparent Hambrick shows up in Western Iowa. In this census, he is identified as a German immigrant. This leads to the speculation that William Hambrick may have been a native of Passau, Germany, a city once named “Batavia” after the Batavii, the same Germanic tribe that temporarily gave its name to the Netherlands and, thus, indirectly to Batavia, N.Y. If this is correct, it would explain why Hambrick liked the name, but it still leaves a major mystery. How did Hambrick persuade the residents of Creaseville to change the name of their town, named after two of the first settlers, to the former name of a city in Germany? "How did Hambrick persuade the residents of Creaseville to change the name of their town, named after two of the first settlers, to the former name of a city in Germany?" Easy. All it takes is a clean-cut, articulate speaker preaching, "Hope and Change! Hope and Change! Follow ME, and I will give you that Change!". I sure hope the people of the (former) Creaseville got a change for the good. Bet it was named Creaseville because that was where the old map was folded back in THE DAY!

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'Creaseville' Iowa is Batavia ainm anois, ach fós ina mistéar conas a tháinig sé chun bheith ann Is é seo an séú i sraith alt faoi na pobail eile, atá suite soir ó na Sléibhte Carraig, a bhfuil ainm Batavia. Tá sé seo faoi Batavia, Iowa, cathair ionchorpraithe de thart ar 500 duine atá suite siar ó Fairfield i gContae Jefferson. Tá méara agus cúig chomhairleoir ag rialú na cathrach (níl, ní bréag-scríbhneoireacht é sin). De réir taifid áitiúla, leag David Switzer, suirbhéoir contae, Batavia, Iowa amach i 1846 do William McKee, Henry Crease, agus Elijah OBannor, úinéirí. Chomh maith leis na húinéirí, bhí Henry Punnybecker, Joseph Crease, agus Benjamin Abbertson i measc na sráidbhailte tosaigh eile. Ag an am sin, ainmníodh an pobal Creaseville (nó Creeseville). " Seacht mbliana ina dhiaidh sin, i 1853, mar fhreagra ar achainí a chuir William Hambrick i láthair an Stáit le toiliú d'aon toil na ndaoine sa bhaile, athraíodh ainm Creaseville go Batavia. Cé a bhí i Hambrick, cá as a tháinig sé, agus conas a chuir sé ar a mhuintir eile an t-ainm a athrú caillte sa stair. I daonáireamh Feidearálach ina dhiaidh sin, léirítear an Hambrick céanna le feiceáil i Iowa Thiar. Sa daonáireamh seo, sainaithnítear é mar inimircigh Gearmánach. Mar thoradh air seo tá tuairimíocht ann go bhféadfadh William Hambrick a bheith ina oidhreacht i Passau, an Ghearmáin, cathair a ainmníodh Batavia uair amháin tar éis na Batavii, an treibh Gearmánach céanna a thug a ainm go sealadach do na hÍsiltíre agus, dá bhrí sin, go hindíreach do Batavia, NY. Má tá sé seo ceart, míneofaí cén fáth gur thaitin an t-ainm le Hambrick, ach fágann sé fós mistéireach mór. Conas a chuir Hambrick ina luí ar chónaitheoirí Creaseville ainm a mbaile, a ainmníodh i ndiaidh beirt de na chéad choilíneoirí, a athrú go dtí ainm a bhí ar chathair sa Ghearmáin? "Conas a chuir Hambrick ina luí ar chónaitheoirí Creaseville ainm a mbaile, a ainmníodh tar éis dhá cheann de na chéad lonnaitheoirí, a athrú go dtí an t-ainm a bhí ar chathair sa Ghearmáin?" Go mall. Ní gá ach cainteoir glan, gutha a bheith ag preach, "Hope and Change! Tá súil agus athrú! Lean ME, agus beidh mé a thabhairt duit go n-athrú! " Tá súil agam go bhfuil athrú ar mhaithe le daoine (an iar) Creaseville. Tá mé ag geall go raibh sé ainmnithe Creaseville toisc go raibh an áit a bhí an léarscáil d'aois fillte ar ais sa lá!

WIND PROPULSION FOR SHIPS OF THE AMERICAN MERCHANT MARINE Sail assisted vessels in small to medium size ranges--of 2,000 to 40,000 deadweight tons cargo capacity--could achieve fuel savings of 15 to 25 percent compared with conventionally powered ships, according to the study. The type of sail found to have the greatest economic potential is the wing sail rig or rigid airfoil. Resembling rectangular aircraft wings placed in upright position on a ship's deck, the wing sails can be rotated 360 degrees to obtain the best wind angle. These airfoil sails would be made of metal rather than cloth and their operation could be automated and remotely controlled. The study concluded that the wind sail rig has an economic advantage over both cloth sail rigs and conventional motor vessels in ships below 40,000 tons. The greatest advantages of sail assist would be realized by smaller vessels of 2,000 to 10,000 tons at present fuel prices. Because in new ship construction the cost of sailing rigs would be mostly offset by a reduction in the size of the power plant needed, a sail-assist vessel would cost about the same to build as a conventional motor ship, the study revealed. Wind Ship Development CorporationNorwell, MA United States 02061 Maritime Administration1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE Washington, DC United States 20590 - Publication Date: 1981 - Pagination: 278 p. - TRT Terms: Economic analysis; Fuel conservation; Sailing ships - Subject Areas: Economics; Energy; Marine Transportation; Vehicles and Equipment; - Accession Number: 00331949 - Record Type: Publication - Files: TRIS, USDOT - Created Date: Jun 12 1981 12:00AM

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Tarraingthe Gaoithe le haghaidh longa NAIRMH MIRCHE AMHARAICN D'fhéadfadh soithí a chabhraíonn le seilbheart i raon beag go meánmhéide - de 2,000 go 40,000 tonna lasta meáchain - coigiltis breosla de 15 go 25 faoin gcéad a bhaint amach i gcomparáid le longa a bhfuil cumhacht traidisiúnta acu, de réir an staidéir. Is é an cineál seil a fuarthas go raibh an acmhainn eacnamaíoch is mó ann ná an seil chathaoir nó an aerfoil daingean. Cosúil le sciatháin eitleáin cheathrúchonna a chuirtear i riocht dhíreach ar dhéic long, is féidir na seile sciatháin a rothlú 360 céim chun an cearnóg gaoithe is fearr a fháil. Ba cheart na seilíní aerfoil seo a dhéanamh de mhiotal seachas éadach agus d'fhéadfaí a n-oibriú a uathoibriú agus a rialú go cianda. Tháinig an staidéar chun críche go bhfuil buntáiste eacnamaíoch ag an rig seil gaoithe i gcomparáid le rig seil éadaigh agus le longa mótair thraidisiúnta i longa faoi bhun 40,000 tonna. Is iad soithí níos lú de 2,000 go 10,000 tonna a bheadh ag baint na buntáistí is mó ó chúnamh seil ag praghsanna breosla reatha. Ós rud é go ndéanfaí costais na n-iarnróid seolta a mhaolú go mór le laghdú ar mhéid an ghléasra cumhachta a theastaíonn i bhfoirgneamh long nua, bheadh costas an chomhchosúil ag soitheach seolta-chabhrach a thógáil le long mótair thraidisiúnta, nocht an staidéar. Corparáid Forbartha Loingseoireachta GaoitheNorwell, MA Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá 02061 Riarachán Muirí1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE Washington, DC Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá 20590 - Dáta Foilsithe: 1981 - Leathanach: 278 l. - TRT Téarmaí: Anailís eacnamaíoch; Coigilt breosla; Loingseoirí seolta - Réimsí ábhair: Eacnamaíocht; Fuinneamh; Iompar Mara; Feithiclí agus Trealamh; - Uimhir Aontachais: 00331949 - Cineál taifead: Foilseachán - Comhaid: TRIS, USDOT - Dáta cruthaithe: Jun 12 1981 12: 00AM

Reducing the number of cases, symptoms, and severity of seasonal flu respiratory tract infections and for COVID-19 morbidity in the elderly who are immunocompromised. However, it is often forgotten that both diseases afflict children, usually with mild symptoms. In rare cases, there is mortality caused by complications during Flu infection. Since 2010, Flu has caused between 7,000-26,000 hospitalizations annually in children under five years old. Compared to that of COVID-19 which has accumulated a total of 3,240 hospitalizations in school-aged children. To date, 51 children, aged less than 18, have died in the United States from complications with COVID-19. Comparatively, the CDC has reported a range of 37-188 deaths annually in children under five years of age from complications caused by Flu. Potential proactive treatments, such as N115 (sodium pyruvate), would be of benefit to all Populations, especially children that are afflicted by both viruses. In both animal and human trials, N115 reduced viral titers (number of viruses), and reduced the number, symptoms, and severity of seasonal flu respiratory tract infections in pregnant women, children, diabetic, and patients with COPD by over 52% annually. This would prevent the strain on Hospitals. I Inhibition of Viral Replication and Reduction of the “Cytokine Storm” with EmphyCorp’s Proprietary Compounds - Potential Treatment and Preventative for COVID-19 and Flu 1. 1. In tissue culture studies, in human studies and in animal studies when inhaled or applied topically, sodium pyruvate inhibited the ability of of many viral strains from replicating due to the ability of Sodium Pyruvate to increase the synthesis of Nitric Oxide that is needed to kill infections. Mice studies conducted by Independent University Virologists, substantiated our finding by testing nebulized N115 in Flu (influenza A H1N1 virus) infected mice that decreased morbidity, weight loss, proinflammatory cytokines, and decreased viral titers (virus numbers) compared to the Placebo Control.1. Furthermore, they stated “we have preliminary data that suggest it may work similarly during other respiratory virus infections including COVID19/SARS-CoV-2. Proactive treatments with sodium pyruvate is not toxic and could be of benefit to children that are afflicted by many respiratory viruses”. Sodium Pyruvate Ameliorates Influenza A Virus Infection In Vivo - on BioRxiv: 2. Independent University Research Virologists just completed a Clinical Study, where Nebulizing Mice with sodium pyruvate that were infected with the Influenza A Virus decreased morbidity and weight loss compared to the Placebo Control. Additionally, treated mice consumed more chow during infection indicating improved symptoms (same results reported in a pilot mice COVID-19 study). There were notable improvements in pro-inflammatory cytokine production (IL-1β) and lower virus titers (viral numbers) on days 7 post infection in mice treated with Sodium pyruvate compared to the Placebo Control animals. As pyruvate acts on the host immune response, metabolic pathways and not directly on the virus, our data demonstrate that sodium pyruvate is a promising treatment option that is safe, effective, and unlikely to elicit 1. 3. A clinical survey of 367 patients over a two-year period demonstrated a statically significant decrease in the number, symptoms, and severity of seasonal flu respiratory tract infections after using the 20mM sodium pyruvate nasal spray (EmphyCorp, N115). The number of Flu or Colds was reduced by 70% in Children and approximately 52% in Pregnant Women, Patients with Allergic Rhinitis, Diabetes, and Pulmonary Fibrosis. 2. 4. In numerous human clinical trials (17, phase I, II, III clinical trials) submitted to the FDA, with Pulmonary Fibrosis, COPD and Cystic Fibrosis patients, N115 reduced nasal and lung inflammation and congestion by reducing inflammatory cytokines including the IL-6 cytokine that causes the so-called cytokine storm with no known adverse reactions. 3. 5. In a Phase III Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Patients, N115 Non-Steroidal Nasal Spray demonstrated a statistically and clinically significant increase in Nasal Nitric Oxide, FEV-1, SaO2, FVC, FEV-1/FVC ratios (52% to 86%), and a significant reduction in coughing, nasal and lung inflammation. N115 alleviated the symptoms associated with the COVID-19 infections in Patients with COPD and Pulmonary Fibrosis N115 increases Oxygen by reducing hypoxemia, and it also reduces lung inflammation, inflammatory cytokines, and coughing. These are critical benefits for treating the symptoms of Covid-19, as lung inflammation leads to pneumonia and death. 4. 6. Reducing the Rate and Spread of COVID-19 Among Patients with Pulmonary Fibrosis, Cystic Fibrosis and Diabetics is important. As cited in hundreds of peer reviewed publications, naturally occurring nitric oxide in the nasal cavities is a primary defense in humans. Nitric Oxide is needed to kill invading bacteria, fungi, and viruses, and prevents/reduces the rate and severity of viral infections, viral replication from the Common Cold, Rhinoviruses, Flu, and Coronavirus. 5. 7. Most Diabetic, Hypertensives, Pulmonary Fibrosis and Cystic Fibrosis Patients have extremely low nasal nitric oxide which makes them more susceptible to viruses and lung infections. The rate of infection increases with decreasing levels of Nitric Oxide making them more susceptible to all infections including COVID-19 and Flu. Elevated levels of glucose in patients with diabetes mellitus cause a deficiency in the production of nitric oxide by blunting nitric oxide synthesis, which may explain why diabetics have a high susceptibility to COVID-19 and the Flu. 1. 8. EmphyCorp Global Patented N115 Technology, including China, has been used to treat over 3 million Patients worldwide in 200+ hospitals with no adverse events. 17 human clinical trials that have been submitted to the FDA to support our NDA Phase III marketing application.

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An líon cásanna, na hairíonna, agus déine an ghrianghraif shéasúracha ar an gcosán ionfhabhtuithe agus le haghaidh COVID-19 morbidity i ndaoine scothaosta a bhfuil imdhíonacht lag acu. Is minic a dhéantar dearmad, áfach, go bhfuil an dá ghalar Is minic a bhíonn comharthaí éadrom ag baint le leanaí. I gcásanna neamhchoitianta, tá bás mar gheall ar deacrachtaí le linn ionfhabhtaithe Ghríoga. Ó 2010, tá Gripe a tharla idir 7,000-26,000 na leanaí faoi bhun cúig bliana d'aois a chuirtear san ospidéal gach bliain. Tá an-chuid de na daoine a bhfuil COVID-19 orthu i gcónaí ag fulaingt ó 3,240 ospidéalú i measc leanaí in aois scoile. Go dtí seo, tá 51 leanbh, faoi bhun 18 mbliana d'aois, tar éis bás a fháil sa Meiriceá ó choimhlintí le COVID-19. I gcomparáid leis sin, tá raon de 37-188 bás in leanaí faoi bhun cúig bliana d'aois gach bliain Tá an t- aois ag dul in olcas ó choimpléascanna a d' eascair as Gripe. Cóireálacha réamhghníomhacha féideartha, mar shampla N115 (pirúbháit sóidiam), bheadh sé tairbheach do gach Daonra, go háirithe leanaí atá ag a bhfuil an dá víreas ag baint leo. I dtrí ainmhí agus trialacha daonna, laghdaigh tiotaí víreasacha N115 (líon víris), agus laghdaigh an líon, comharthaí agus déine an ghrianghraif shéasúracha ionfhabhtuithe ar na hairíonna san othar san othar leanaí, diaibéiteas, agus othair le COPD ag os cionn 52% in aghaidh na bliana. Ba cheart go gcuirfeadh sé seo cosc ar an strus ar Ospidéil. I Ionraic ar Athdhéanamh agus ar Laghdú Vírósach Tá sé de dhíth ar an gcúram a bheith ag an gcúram seo. Comhdhúile Proprietary - Cóireáil fhéideartha agus Cosc ar COVID-19 agus ar Fliú 1. an t-am a bhí ann. 1. an t-am a bhí ann. I staidéir ar chultúr fíocháin, i staidéir ar dhaoine agus i staidéir ar ainmhithe nuair a chuirtear isteach nó nuair a chuirtear isteach go h-áitiúil, chuir pirúbháit sóidiam cosc ar an gcumas Tá an-chuid de na strains víreasacha ag athdhéanamh mar gheall ar an go bhfuil sé de chumas na píoróivéate sóidiam an Tá an t-uisce a úsáidtear chun an t-uisce a shíntiú, a bhfuil gá leis an ocsaíd nítreach a shíntiú ionfhabhtuithe a mharú. Staidéar ar fhéacha arna dhéanamh ag Eolaithe Vírosa Ollscoile Neamhspleácha, a dhearbhaigh ár bhfianaise ag tástáil N115 neibhláilte i Gripe (víreas gripe A H1N1) na lucha ionfhabhtaithe a laghdaigh morgáideacht, meáchain caillteanas, citéicíní próinflammatóireachta, agus titers víreasacha laghdaithe (uimhreacha víreasacha) i gcomparáid leis an Rialú Placebo.1. Ina theannta sin, dúirt siad tá sonraí réamh againn a thugann le tuiscint go bhféadfadh sé oibriú ar an gcaoi chéanna le linn ionfhabhtuithe víris eile na haimsire lena n-áirítear COVID19/SARS-CoV-2. Ní bhíonn cóireálacha réamhghníomhacha le piróbat sóidiam tocsaineach agus d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith tairbheach do leanaí atá i ngleic le go leor víris anáil. Measann Píruváit Sóidiam Infectión Fíorúil A In Vivo - ar BioRxiv: 2. Seachadadh. Tá staidéar cliniciúil críochnaithe ag Eolaithe Vírosa taighde Ollscoile Neamhspleácha, áit a raibh na luch a bhí ionfhabhtaithe le Víros Influenza A a bhí ionfhabhtaithe le piróiváit sóidiam ag laghdú morbidity agus meáchain caillteanas i gcomparáid leis an Rialú Placebo. Ina theannta sin, d'ith na lucha a ndearnadh cóireáil níos mó bia. le linn na haingne a léiríonn feabhas ar na hairíonna (na torthaí céanna a tuairiscíodh i staidéar píolótach ar fhuacha COVID-19). Bhí feabhsuithe suntasacha ar na pró-athlastach táirgeadh citéicín (IL-1β) agus tiotaí víreasa níos ísle (uimhreacha víreasacha) ar laethanta 7 tar éis ionfhabhtaithe i luch a ndearnadh cóireáil orthu le Sodium pyruvate i gcomparáid leis an Ainmhithe Rialaithe Placebo. De réir mar a ghníomhaíonn an píruivéat ar an freagra imdhíonachta an óstach, cosáin meitibileach agus ní go díreach ar an víreas, léiríonn ár sonraí go bhfuil piróiváit sóidiam ina rogha cóireála geallta go bhfuil sé sábháilte, éifeachtach, agus nach dócha go dtarlóidh 1. an t-am a bhí ann. 3. Tá an t-am ann. Léirigh suirbhé cliniciúil ar 367 othar thar thréimhse dhá bhliain laghdú suntasach go staitistiúil ar líon, ar na hairíonna, agus ar thromchúis ionfhabhtuithe seasonacha an fhliú tar éis an sprae nasal 20mM sodium pyruvate (EmphyCorp, N115) a úsáid. Laghdaíodh líon na Gripe nó na Colds faoi 70% i dTeanóirí agus thart ar 52% i mBan Tráthúil, Oibrithe le Rhinitis Ailléirgeach, Diaibéiteas, agus Fibrosis Pulmonary. 2. Seachadadh. 4. Tá an t-am I go leor trialacha cliniciúla daonna (17, trialacha cliniciúla chéim I, II, III) a cuireadh faoi bhráid FDA, le hothair Fibrosis Pulmonary, COPD agus Fibrosis Cystic, laghdaigh N115 athlasadh agus congestion nasal agus scamhóg trí cytokines athlastacha a laghdú lena n-áirítear an cytokine IL-6 a chuireann an stoirm cytokine ar a dtugtar gan aon imoibriú díobhálach ar eolas. 3. Tá an t-am ann. 5. Tá an t-am ann. I dTrial Cliniciúil a Riaraíodh le Plaibéabó Céim III le hIospartaigh Fibrosis Pulmonary Idiopathic, léirigh N115 Non- Steroidal Nasal Spray méadú suntasach go staitistiúil agus go cliniciúil ar an Oicéad Nitric Nasal, FEV-1, SaO2, FVC, FEV-1/ FVC cóimheasanna (52% go 86%), agus laghdú suntasach ar an coughing, nasal agus athlasadh scamhóg. D' éirigh le N115 na hairíonna a bhaineann le h-ionfhabhtuithe COVID-19 a mhaolú i nAigineacha a raibh COPD agus Fibrosis Pulmonary orthu Méadaíonn N115 Oxygen trí hypoxemia a laghdú, agus laghdaíonn sé athlasadh scamhóg, cytokines athlastacha, agus coughing freisin. Is buntáistí ríthábhachtacha iad seo chun cóireáil a dhéanamh ar na hairíonna de Covid-19, mar go dtagann athlasadh na scamhóg le nimhiú agus bás. 4. Tá an t-am 6. Ceacht. Tá sé tábhachtach ráta agus scaipeadh COVID-19 a laghdú i measc othair a bhfuil fibrosis pulmonary, fibrosis cisteach agus diaibéiteas orthu. Mar a luaitear i na céadta foilseachán a ndearnadh athbhreithniú orthu ag comhghleacaithe, is é an ocsaíd nítreach a tharlaíonn go nádúrtha sna cavities nasal an phríomh-chosaint i ndaoine. Tá gá le hOcsíd Níotráideach chun baictéir, fungais agus víris ionrach a mharú, agus cosc / laghdú a chur ar ráta agus ar thromchúis ionfhabhtuithe víreasacha, athdhéanamh víreasach ó an Fuar Coitianta, Rhinoviruses, Ghrí, agus Coronavirus. 5. Tá an t-am ann. 7. Ceacht. Tá an- íseal ocsaíd nítreach nasal ag formhór na n-othair diaibéiticigh, hipertineach, fibrosis phléimhe agus fibrosis cistíceach a fhágann go bhfuil siad níos so-ghabhálacha do víris agus ionfhabhtuithe scamhóg. Méadaíonn ráta na n-ionfhabhtuithe le leibhéil ísle ocsaíd nítreach a fhágann go bhfuil siad níos so-ghabhálacha do gach ionfhabhtaithe lena n-áirítear COVID-19 agus Grianghraf. Déantar leibhéil arda glúcóis i n-othair le diaibéiteas mellitus a chur faoi deara easpa i dtáirgeadh ocsaíd nítreach trí shintéis ocsaíd nítreach a chur i gcontúirt, rud a d'fhéadfadh a mhíniú cén fáth go bhfuil an-éagmais ag diaibéiticigh le COVID-19 agus an Ghrí. 1. an t-am a bhí ann. 8. Ceacht. Tá teicneolaíocht N115 Patented EmphyCorp Global, lena n-áirítear an tSín, curtha i bhfeidhm chun cóireáil a dhéanamh ar níos mó ná 3 mhilliún Othar ar fud an domhain i ospidéil 200+ gan aon iarmhairtí díobhálacha. 17 triail chliniciúil daonna a cuireadh faoi bhráid an FDA chun tacú lenár n-iarratas margaíochta Céim III NDA.

Find a Pest Control Professional Fly Information & Facts Non-biting flies, such as houseflies, are not only nuisance pests, but they are also responsible for transmitting diseases and contaminating food. For instance, flies are capable of contaminating food and transferring more than 100 pathogens, including malaria, salmonella and tuberculosis. Food contamination is one of the main reasons that fly pest control is so important. If you have a fly infestation in your home, contact a pest professional promptly. They will be able to inspect your home, confirm the species and recommend a course of pest control to treat and get rid of the flies. Types of Flies How to Get Rid of Flies in Your Home Files have relatively short lifespans, however, they can rapidly reproduce in large numbers and are known to spread serious diseases around the world such as salmonella and even malaria, which is spread by biting flies. The most common species in the U.S. are houseflies, fruit flies and horse flies, each posing unique problems for people. To keep these bothersome pests at bay, following these prevention steps: - Regularly dispose of trash and use sealed garbage cans - Promptly clean up any pet waste to prevent potential fly breeding sites from developing - Secure all exterior windows and doors with mesh screening - Repair any damaged weather stripping or mesh screens What Will Keep Flies Away? Most of the time, flies will hatch outside and then find their way into a home via openings like worn down weather stripping, damaged mesh screens or if doors are left open or ajar. Flies prefer to be in warmer environments and are attracted to warm air currents coming from buildings on cold days. Once inside, female houseflies are capable of laying between 75 to 150 eggs at a time, typically depositing them in compost piles, garbage cans and rotting organic material. When compressed together, all of the eggs are only about the size of a pea, making them very hard to spot. Additionally, fruit flies in particular can be brought into a home by latching onto food brought in from outside, as they are attracted to food waste and overripe produce. To prevent a fly infestation, sealing any exterior weak spots and practicing vigilant sanitation are crucial. Because of their small size, flies can make their way inside through even the smallest cracks and crevices. Closing any exterior gaps around the home and ensuring all weather stripping and mesh screens are secure will help keep the home free of flies. Inside, be sure to regularly dispose of trash, keep all counter surfaces clean, and eliminate any decaying food matter or pet waste as quickly as possible to reduce potential breeding sites. Hire a Fly Exterminator Near You Flies are capable of transmitting dangerous diseases and infestations can quickly grow. If you discover or suspect a fly problem in your home, use our Zip Code Locator to find a licensed pest control professional in your area. A professional can conduct an inspection to identify and eliminate any potential breeding sites, as well as implement an effective treatment plan to prevent any future infestations.

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Faigh Proifisiúnta um Rialú Plóistí Faisnéis & Fíricí faoi Fliú Ní hamháin go bhfuil eitiltí nach gcroí, amhail eitiltí tí, ina n-easnamh plódaithe, ach tá siad freagrach freisin as galair a tharchur agus bia a thruailliú. Mar shampla, is féidir le haibhneacha bia a thruailliú agus níos mó ná 100 pathogen a aistriú, lena n-áirítear malaria, salmonella agus tuirse. Tá truailliú bia ar cheann de na príomhchúiseanna go bhfuil rialú plágaí eitilt chomh tábhachtach. Má tá an eitilt i do theach, téigh i dteagmháil le speisialtóir plágaíochta láithreach. Beidh siad in ann do theach a iniúchadh, an speiceas a dhearbhú agus cóir rialaithe plága a mholadh chun na haeráin a chóireáil agus a dhíbirt. Cineálacha na n-Iodáile Conas a Dhéanamh a Ghnóthaigh a Scaoileadh ó Fliúanna i Do Theach Tá saolré réasúnta gearr ag na comhaid, áfach, is féidir leo a lánú i líon mór agus tá a fhios acu go scaipeann siad galair thromchúiseacha ar fud an domhain mar salmonella agus fiú malaria, a scaipeann eitiltí ag cnagadh. Is iad na speicis is coitianta sna Stáit Aontaithe na fleaí tí, na fleaí torthaí agus na fleaí capall, agus bíonn fadhbanna uathúla ag gach ceann acu do dhaoine. Chun na plágaidí sin a choinneáil ar shiúl, lean na céimeanna cosanta seo: - Bail an dramhaíl go rialta agus bain úsáid as doillíní dramhaíola faoi shéala - Glanadh a dhéanamh ar aon dramhaíl peataí go pras chun cosc a chur ar áiteanna breithe - Cuir gach fuinneog agus doras seachtrach faoi cheangal le scáileáin ghréasáin - Déan aon scáileáin nó scáileáin ghrinn a ndearnadh damáiste dóibh Cad a Choinníonn na Fliúí Ar Chúl? An chuid is mó den am, beidh eitiltí a hatch lasmuigh agus ansin a fháil ar a mbealach isteach i dteach trí oscailtí cosúil le stripping aimsire caite síos, scáileáin measc damáiste nó má tá doirse fágtha oscailte nó ar oscailt. Is fearr le haer a bheith i dtimpeallachtaí níos teo agus tarraingítear iad chuig sruthanna aeir te a thagann ó fhoirgnimh ar laethanta fuar. Nuair a bhíonn siad istigh, is féidir le mná eitleán tí idir 75 agus 150 ubh a leagan ag an am, agus iad a chur i gcolún compost, i dtainseáin dramhaíola agus i ábhar orgánach atá ag dul in olcas. Nuair a chuirtear na huibheacha le chéile, níl na huibheacha go léir ach chomh mór le piosta, rud a fhágann go bhfuil sé an-deacair iad a fheiceáil. Ina theannta sin, is féidir le eitiltí torthaí go háirithe a thabhairt isteach i dteach trí dhroch-dhíolú ar bhia a chuirtear isteach ó thaobh amuigh, toisc go bhfuil siad tarraingthe ar dhramhaíl bia agus ar thráthchuid thar a bheith aibí. Chun ionfhabhtú na flea a chosc, tá sé ríthábhachtach aon phointí lag lasmuigh a shéaladh agus sláintíocht faireachán a chleachtadh. Mar gheall ar a méid beag, is féidir le eitiltí dul isteach sa teach fiú trí na craic is lú agus trí na creacháin is lú. Cabhróidh sé le haon bhearnaí lasmuigh timpeall an tí a dhúnadh agus a chinntiú go bhfuil gach stripping aimsire agus scáileáin ghréasáin slán chun an teach a choinneáil saor ó eitiltí. Sa teach, bí cinnte go ndéanann tú an dramhaíl a dhiúscairt go rialta, go gcoinníonn tú gach dromchla ar an gcuntar glan, agus go ndéanann tú aon ábhar bia atá ag dul in olcas nó dramhaíl peataí a dhíchur chomh tapa agus is féidir chun áiteanna atá ag dul in olcas a laghdú. Cíos a fháil ar Exterminator Mosca in aice leat Tá na fleacaí in ann galair thromchúiseacha a tharchur agus is féidir le haontais fás go tapa. Má fhaigheann tú amach nó má tá amhras ort go bhfuil fadhb eitilte i do theach, bain úsáid as ár Líneálaí Cóid Pós chun gairmí cóireála lotnaid cheadúnaithe a aimsiú i do cheantar. Is féidir le gairmiúil iniúchadh a dhéanamh chun aon láithreáin atáirgthe féideartha a shainaithint agus a dhíchur, chomh maith le plean cóireála éifeachtach a chur i bhfeidhm chun aon ionfhabhtuithe sa todhchaí a chosc.

EM Safety study finds electromagnetic fields not an issue for EVs 6 May 2014 The EU-funded study EM Safety, led by SINTEF, has found that neither electric-powered cars—nor those powered by hydrogen or gasoline—expose passengers to higher electromagnetic fields than those recommended in international standards. Field intensity is actually well below the recommended value. The study, involving SINTEF and nine other European companies and research institutes, is currently the most comprehensive ever carried out in this field. In addition to improving the public’s confidence when it comes to magnetic fields in electric cars, the goal of this project was primarily to create a standardized method for measuring electromagnetic fields in such vehicles. The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) defines the limiting values of acceptable exposure to magnetic fields at different frequencies. The highest values in 7 electric cars under test were measured near the floor, close to the battery itself and when starting the cars. In all cases, exposure to magnetic fields is lower than 20% of the limiting value recommended by the ICNIRP. Measurements taken at head-height are less than 2% of the same limiting value. In the case of gasoline and diesel powered cars, exposure was measured at around 10% of the limiting value. In other words, there is little difference between electric cars and gasoline and diesel cars. There is absolutely no cause for concern. The difference between this research and similar earlier work is that we have taken into account what contributes to the magnetic fields. The rotation of the wheels themselves generates considerable magnetic fields, irrespective of vehicle type.—Kari Schjølberg-Henriksen, a physicist at SINTEF TrackBack URL for this entry: Listed below are links to weblogs that reference EM Safety study finds electromagnetic fields not an issue for EVs:

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Fuarthas amach i staidéar sábháilteachta EM nach bhfuil réimse leictreamaighnéadach ina cheist do EVanna 6 Bealtaine 2014 Tá sé le feiceáil sa staidéar EM Safety, arna maoiniú ag an AE, faoi stiúir SINTEF, nach ndéanann gluaisteáin leictreacha - ná iad siúd a thiománaítear le hidrigin nó gáslóin - paisinéirí a nochtadh do réimsí leictreamaighnéadacha níos airde ná na réimsí a mholtar i gcaighdeáin idirnáisiúnta. Tá déine an réimse i ndáiríre i bhfad faoi bhun an luach molta. Is é an staidéar, a bhfuil SINTEF agus naoi gcuideachta agus institiúid taighde Eorpacha eile rannpháirteach ann, an staidéar is cuimsithí a rinneadh riamh sa réimse seo. Chomh maith le muinín an phobail a fheabhsú maidir le réimse maighnéadach i gcarranna leictreacha, ba é aidhm an tionscadail seo go príomha modh caighdeánaithe a chruthú chun réimse leictreamaighnéadach a thomhas i gcarranna den sórt sin. Saineolaíonn an Coimisiún Idirnáisiúnta um Chosaint ó Radáil Neamh-Ionasaí (ICNIRP) na luachanna teorann maidir le nochtadh inghlactha do cheantair mhaighnéadacha ag minicíochtaí éagsúla. Rinneadh na luachanna is airde i 7 carr leictreach a bhí faoi thástáil a thomhas gar don urlár, gar don charbad féin agus nuair a thosódh na gluaisteáin. I ngach cás, tá an nochtadh do cheantair mhaighnéadacha níos lú ná 20% den luach teorann a mhol an ICNIRP. Tá tomhais a dhéantar ag airde na cinn níos lú ná 2% den luach teorann céanna. I gcás gluaisteáin a bhfuil gáslóin agus díosail ina n-oibreoirí, tomhaistear an nochtadh ag thart ar 10% den luach teorann. I bhfocail eile, níl mórán difríochta idir gluaisteáin leictreacha agus gluaisteáin gásailín agus díosail. Níl aon chúis imní ann. Is é an difríocht idir an taighde seo agus obair chomhchosúil roimhe seo ná go ndearna muid an méid a chuireann leis na réimsí maighnéadacha a chur san áireamh. Tá an rothlú na roth féin ag cruthú réimsí maighnéadacha suntasacha, is cuma cén cineál feithicle.Kari Schjølberg-Henriksen, fisiceoir ag SINTEF URL TrackBack don iontráil seo: Tá naisc thíos le blaganna a thagraíonn do staidéar EM Safety a fhaigheann nach bhfuil réimsí leictreamaighnéadacha ina saincheist le haghaidh EVanna:

The goal of this project was to analyze historical knowledge about outbreaks of anthrax and its causative agent, Bacillus anthracis. The project explores a question not assessed in the literature: how did a disease that was commonly associated with animals and agriculture become a biological weapon? Little-known episodes in the history of agriculture and occupational health were essential steps in the development of anthrax as a biological weapon. The project resulted in a book which provides historical lessons on how modern societies have responded to the threat of anthrax. The 1920s and 1930s saw the development of increasingly sophisticated weaponized formulations of B. anthracis, which the Japanese tested on captive Manchurian subjects in the late 1930s and early 1940s. Mid-century laboratory programs (e.g. Britain's Porton Down and Fort Detrick in the United States) focused on controlling anthrax and manipulating sporulation of B. anthracis so as to make it more useful as a weapon, while developing anti-anthrax vaccines. By the end of World War II, anthrax had become established as a modern biological weapon. From the 1950s through 1990s, vaccines against it were tested on factory workers who were still regularly exposed to anthrax and were later given to large numbers of military personnel and exposed civilians. Due to the disease's pastoral origins, agricultural and veterinary laboratories played key roles in manipulating the anthrax bacillus and promulgating strains that could be appropriated as weapons. Outbreaks of anthrax in Sverdlovsk, USSR (1979) and the 2001 U.S. postal attacks (the "anthrax letters") established the continuing danger of this agent's use as a biological weapon. The project concludes by analyzing the response to these outbreaks and discussing the problems with the current framework of microbial forensics as the main investigative tool for unexplained outbreaks of anthrax. This project required the following methods: to collect archival materials and current materials about the use of Bacillus anthracis as a biological weapon within historical context; to sort and analyze these sources for data; and to analyze secondary sources (written by journalists and historians). The project resulted in a book, Death in a Small Package, which follows the history of anthrax through time and across national boundaries, into factories, and through transnational networks of scientists and more elusive purveyors such as German saboteurs. Data include: US government archives of the WW I-era Mixed Claims Commission; British archives of scientific evidence on work at Porton Down and Gruinard Island; the details of two occupational anthrax outbreaks in the United States and Britain; published scientific articles; and newspaper and popular journal articles that expose public reactions to anthrax outbreaks. The project's approach also establishes a novel synthesis of cultural and biological analysis by demonstrating how anthrax's biological life cycle contributes to its sociocultural identity.

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Ba é aidhm an tionscadail seo anailís a dhéanamh ar eolas stairiúil faoi ráigí anthrax agus a ghné cúiseach, Bacillus anthracis. Déantar iniúchadh sa tionscadal ar cheist nach ndearnadh measúnú uirthi sa litríocht: conas a tháinig galar a bhí bainteach go coitianta le hainmhithe agus le talmhaíocht chun bheith ina arm bitheolaíoch? Bhí eipeasóid nach raibh mórán eolais orthu i stair na talmhaíochta agus na sláinte saothair ina céimeanna riachtanacha i bhforbairt an anthrax mar arm bitheolaíoch. Mar thoradh ar an tionscadal, tá leabhar ann a thugann ceachtanna stairiúla ar an gcaoi a ndearna sochaithe nua-aimseartha freagairt do bhagairt an antracsa. Sna 1920idí agus sna 1930idí, d'fhorbair foirmlí armálaithe níos sofaisticiúla de B. anthracis, a thástáil na Seapáine ar ábhair Chaitríonacha gaolta sna 1930idí déanach agus go luath sna 1940idí. Clárlann lár-shliocht (m.sh. D'fhócas an t-eagraíocht (Porton Down na Breataine agus Fort Detrick sna Stáit Aontaithe) ar anantracis a rialú agus ar spórú B. anthracis a ionramháil ionas go mbeadh sé níos úsáideach mar arm, agus vacsaíní frith-antracsa á bhforbairt aige. Faoi dheireadh an Dara Cogadh Domhanda, bhí anthrax bunaithe mar arm bitheolaíoch nua-aimseartha. Ó na 1950idí go dtí na 1990idí, rinneadh tástáil ar vacsaíní ina choinne ar oibrithe monaraí a bhí nochtaithe go rialta don anthrax agus tugadh iad ina dhiaidh sin do líon mór pearsanra míleata agus sibhialtaigh nochtaithe. Mar gheall ar bhunús na haeráide, bhí ról lárnach ag saotharlanna talmhaíochta agus tréidliachta i mbabill an antracsa a ionramháil agus strains a fhógairt a d'fhéadfaí a úsáid mar airm. Léirigh ráigeanna anthrax i Sverdlovsk, an USSR (1979) agus ionsaithe poist na Stát Aontaithe 2001 ("na litreacha anthrax") go raibh an baol leanúnach ag baint úsáide as an gníomhairí seo mar arm bitheolaíoch. Cuirtear deireadh leis an tionscadal trí anailís a dhéanamh ar an bhfreagairt ar na ráigí seo agus trí na fadhbanna a phlé le creat reatha na forense microbiúla mar phríomh-uirlis imscrúdaithe le haghaidh ráigí anailísithe anthrax. Ba é aidhm an tionscadail seo na modhanna seo a leanas a bhailiú: ábhair chartlann agus ábhair reatha a bhailiú maidir le húsáid Bacillus anthracis mar arm bitheolaíoch laistigh de chomhthéacs stairiúil; na foinsí seo a shocrú agus a anailísiú le haghaidh sonraí; agus foinsí tánaisteach a anailísiú (a scríobh iriseoirí agus staraithe). Mar thoradh ar an tionscadal, tháinig leabhar, Death in a Small Package, a leanann stair an antracsa tríd an am agus thar theorainneacha náisiúnta, isteach i monarcha, agus trí líonraí trasnáisiúnta eolaithe agus soláthraithe níos mealltach mar sabóideoirí Gearmánacha. Áirítear ar na sonraí seo: cartlann rialtais na Stát Aontaithe de Choimisiún na nÍmheáin Mhíchéimeacha ré an Chéad Chogaidh Domhanda; cartlann na Breataine de fhianaise eolaíoch ar obair i Porton Down agus Oileán Gruinard; mionsonraí dhá ráig anthrax ceirde sna Stáit Aontaithe agus sa Bhreatain; ailt eolaíocha foilsithe; agus alt nuachtán agus iris tóir a nochtann imoibrithe an phobail ar ráig anthrax. Bunaíonn cur chuige an tionscadail chomh maith sintéis nua de anailís chultúrtha agus bitheolaíoch trí léiriú a thabhairt ar an gcaoi a rannchuidíonn timthriall beatha bitheolaíoch an anthrax lena féiniúlacht shocheolaíoch agus chultúrtha.

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Bíodh spraoi ag baint le heolaíocht spóirt do leanaí lenár raon iontach de cluichí saor in aisce, turgnaimh spraoi, tionscadail scileanna fionnachtana, foghlaim an fhisic baseball pitching, Ceapadh céim i forense agus foghlaim chun rúndiamhair fíor-saoil a réiteach ag baint úsáide as eolaíocht, teicneolaíocht agus imscrúdú. Smaointe tionscadail eolaíochta spóirt an raibh a fhios agat go bhfuil ról lárnach ag an eolaíocht i spóirt féach ar na smaointe tionscadail eolaíochta spóirt atá le feiceáil thíos agus déan cúlghairm ar an eolaíocht. In condimentum faciilisis porta sed nec diam eu diam mattis viverra nulla fringilla, orci ac euismod semper, magna diam porttitor mauris, quis sollicitudin sapien. Fuair mic léinn ionchasacha a d'fhéach ar na coláistí eolaíochta forense is fearr na hailt, an fhaisnéis agus na hacmhainní ar an leathanach seo cabhrach. Déantar plé ar an éifeacht a bhíonn ag spín ar eitilt baseball agus cuirtear leathnú ar na fiosrúcháin a rinneadh roimhe seo ar an éifeacht a bhíonn ag spín ar eitilt baseball a chuirtear nó a bhuaileann. Bend it: the science of gymnastics tá slew de nuálaíochtaí ardteicneolaíochta vaulted gymnastics chun tosaigh ag brett zarda ag brett zarda Posted Aug. achoimre an príomhchuspóir ar an imscrúdú seo a bhí chun anailís cardiorespiratory puertorriqueños: softbol femenino cruinniú eolaíoch bliantúil na. Is é Scientific American an treoir riachtanach do na dul chun cinn is mó awe-inspiring i eolaíocht agus teicneolaíocht, ag míniú conas a athrú siad ár dtuiscint ar. Tá an feidhmiúcháin ag iarraidh díriú ar chluiche bolgán liathróide dá iníon dhá scoláireacht a bheadh athnuachan go huathoibríoch a chur le chéile go tobann nuair a. Is é Scientific American an treoir riachtanach do na dul chun cinn is mó awe-inspiring i eolaíocht agus eolaíocht tapaidh: conas a dhéanann luasghéarú tionchar ar an achar. Conas a fhios ag na heolaithe cad a fhios acu nuair a thagann sé chun faisnéis a bhailiú, eolaithe de ghnáth ag brath ar an modh eolaíoch an modh eolaíoch. Foilsíonn Youtuber fiosrúchán físe ar an teicneolaíocht fada léann eolaíocht Donald Trump nuacht is é seo an bealach fíor-fhollaigh a chailleadh baseball. Cé gur chuir sé i bhfad níos mó le heolaíocht ná seo, lena n-áirítear bunús staidéir na hiodrástaice (ciallaíonn sé conas a iomparann sreabhach), agus toiliúcháin oibre a scríobh. Úsáid na turgnaimh eolaíochta spóirt seo ó shaineolaí stack Joe Batista chun níos mó a fhoghlaim faoi conas a oibríonn do chorp agus tú ag cleachtadh. Alan M. Nathan, ollamh emeritus fisice in Ollscoil Illinois agus lucht leanúna ard Boston Red Sox, a chuireann taighde tábhachtach i fisice baseball. Samplaí de mhodh eolaíoch earraí atá ar iarraidh aon uair a bhíonn rud ar iarraidh, is é an chéad rud a dhéanann an chuid is mó againn ná scread a dhéanamh in ionad an rud atá ar iarraidh a lorg ann. Cad é an modh eolaíoch sainmhínítear an modh eolaíoch mar mhodh taighde ina sainaithnítear fadhb, ina mbailítear sonraí ábhartha, a. Hipitéis imscrúdaithe eolaíochta a thástáil trí anailís a dhéanamh ar pheile stairiúil ó mharc 4350 in Ollscoil Georgia. Cabhraíonn sé le teimpléad a bheith agat chun tuarascáil saotharlainne a ullmhú cuireann an teimpléad tuarascála saotharlainne eolaíochta seo ar do chumas na folúntais a líonadh isteach, rud a fhágann go bhfuil an scríbhneoireacht níos éasca. Ever wonder why a curveball curves, nó cad é taobh istigh de baseball a fháil amach anseo ag an exploratorium ar an eolaíocht ar baseball láithreán ar fud an eolaíocht ar an eolaíocht ar an baseball. Conas cur isteach a scríobh Is é cuspóir an chur isteach ráiteas gairid a thabhairt a mhíníonn go díreach cad é atá i gceist le do chuid taighde agus cén fáth a roghnaigh tú an t-ábhar seo. Imscrúdú inferential ar conas a dhéanann fad stride tionchar ar pharaiméadair sealadacha laistigh d'imscrúdú ar eolaíocht baseball i spóirt agus i bhfeidhmiú. Tá sé tábhachtach go mbeadh na heolas eolaíochta go léir a bheith an-chomhpháirteach i gcúrsaí eolaíochta. Tá an t-eispéireas seo ag cur le chéile an dá cheann de na réaltaí a bhfuil an t-eispéireas ag baint leo. Is é an cluiche cispheile ceann de na rudaí sin a thugann muid le blianta cleachtais agus le roinnt tallann neamhfhocalmhar a thug Dia duit ach cad a tharlaíonn má d'fhéadfadh tú a bheith ina dhuine mór. Foghlaim faoi spás amuigh, taiscéalaíocht eolaíoch tosaigh, teicneolaíocht nua, bunriachtanais eolaíochta talún, agus níos mó le físeáin eolaíochta agus nuacht ó chainéil eolaíochta. Seirbhísí Eolaíochta agus Oideachais, LLC equipo de softbol mr corp asociacion residentes cupey gardens este inc acueducto de la comunidad sector tablones inc. Is ardán foilsitheoireachta digiteach é Issuu a fhágann go bhfuil sé éasca irisí, catalóga, nuachtáin, leabhair, agus níos mó a fhoilsiú ar líne. Eolaíocht na súl tuiscint a thabhairt isteach ar chineálacha éagsúla de imscrúduithe eolaíochta, conas a glaoch liathróidí agus stailceanna mar imreoir baseball.

Till now we have seen two natural language processing models, Bag of Words and TF-IDF. What we are going to discuss now is totally different from both of them. Also, the applications of N-Gram model are different from that of these previously discussed models. To understand N-gram, it is necessary to know the concept of Markov Chains. What is Markov Chains? According to Wikipedia, ” A Markov chain is a stochastic model describing a sequence of possible events in which the probability of each event depends only on the state attained in the previous event. “ I think this definition is pretty hard to understand, let’s try to understand from an example. Suppose there are various states such as, state A, state B, state C, state D and so on up-to Z. We can go from state (A to B), (B to C), (C to E), (E to Z) like a ride. So, you have to ride from them, such that the the probability of future states depends only on the present state (conditional probability), not on the sequence of events that preceded it, and in this way you get a chain of different states. From above figure you can see that, we build the sentence “He is eating” based on the probability of the present state and cancel all the other options which have comparatively less probability. An N-Gram is a contiguous sequence of n items from a given sample of text. These n items can be characters or can be words. N-gram is use to identify next word/character in the sentence/word from previous words/character, That means P(word|history) or P(character|history). This is a conditional probability. For example in sentence “He is eating”, “eating” word is given “He is” i.e. P(eating | He is) word = eating history = He is So, one way to estimate the above probability function is through the relative frequency count approach. Means go through entire data and check how many times the word “eating” is coming after “He is”. Suppose 70% of the time “eating” is coming after “He is”. Then the model gets an idea that there is always 0.7 probability that “eating” comes after “He is”. But this process is lengthy, you have go through entire data and check each word and then calculate the probability. Instead of this approach, go through Markov chains approach, Here, you, instead of computing probability using the entire data, you can approximate it by just a few historical words. If N = 2 in N-Gram, then it is called Bigram model. An Bigram model predicts the occurrence of a word based on the occurrence of its 2 – 1 previous words. i.e. P(eating | is) if N = 3, then it is Trigram model and so on. An Trigram model predicts the occurrence of a word based on the occurrence of its 3 – 1 previous words. i.e. P(eating | He is) Generally, the bigram model works well and it may not be necessary to use trigram models or higher N-gram models. Let’s take an data of 3 sentences, and try to train our bigram model. - Good job brother - It was a difficult job - Thank you for this good job So, the probability of word “job” followed by the word “good” is: => (2/3) = 0.67 So, in the above data, model will learns that, there is 0.67 of probability of getting the word “good” before “job” , and 0.33 of probability of getting the word “difficult” before “job”. In this way, model learns from one previous word in bigram. Similarly for trigram, instead of one previous word, it considers two previous words. Application of N-gram model - In your mobile, when you type something and your device suggests you the next word is because of N-gram model. - Extracting features for clustering large sets of satellite earth images and then determining what part of the Earth a particular image came from. - Speech recognition. This was a basic introduction to N-grams. For further reading, you can check out the reference:

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Go dtí seo tá dhá múnla próiseála teanga nádúrtha feicthe againn, Bag of Words agus TF-IDF. Tá an méid atá le plé a dhéanamh againn anois go hiomlán difriúil ó na beirt. Chomh maith leis sin, tá feidhmchláir mhúnla N-Gram difriúil ó na samhlacha a pléadh roimhe seo. Chun N-gram a thuiscint, tá sé riachtanach go mbeadh a fhios agat ar choincheap na slabhraí Markov. Cad é Markov Chains? De réir Wikipedia, Is samhail stocaisteach é slabhra Markov a chuireann síos ar shraith imeachtaí féideartha ina bhfuil dóchúlacht gach imeachtaí ag brath ach ar an stát a baineadh amach san imeacht roimhe sin. Sílim go bhfuil an sainmhíniú seo deacair a thuiscint, déanaimis iarracht é a thuiscint trí shampla. Measann go bhfuil stáit éagsúla mar, stát A, stát B, stát C, stát D agus mar sin de suas go Z. Is féidir linn dul ó stádas (A go B), (B go C), (C go E), (E go Z) cosúil le turas. Mar sin, ní mór duit a thiomáint ó iad, mar sin go bhfuil an dóchúlacht na stáit sa todhchaí ag brath ach ar an staid reatha (dóchúlacht choinníollach), ní ar an ord na n-imeachtaí a chuaigh roimh sé, agus ar an mbealach seo a fhaigheann tú slabhra de stáit éagsúla. Ón fhir thuas is féidir leat a fheiceáil go, táimid ag tógáil an abairt "Tá sé ag ithe" bunaithe ar an dóchúlacht ar an staid reatha agus a chur ar ceal gach rogha eile a bhfuil dóchúlacht níos lú. Is é N-Gram seicheamh comhghaol de n n-earraí ó sampla téacs ar leith. Is féidir leis na n-earraí seo a bheith ina gcarachtair nó ina bhfocail. Úsáidtear N-gram chun an chéad fhocal / carachtar eile sa abairt / focal a aithint ó fhocail / carachtar roimhe seo, Ciallaíonn sé sin P ((word HDRhistory) nó P ((charachtar HDRhistory). Is dóchúlacht choinníollach é seo. Mar shampla sa abairt "Tá sé ag ithe", tugtar an focal "a ithe" mar "Tá sé" i.e. P (eating. He is) focal = ithe history = Tá sé Mar sin, is é bealach amháin chun an fheidhm dóchúlachta thuasluaite a mheas trí chur chuige comhaireamh minicíochta coibhneasta. Ciallaíonn dul trí sonraí iomlána agus seiceáil cé mhéad uair an focal " ithe " ag teacht tar éis "Tá sé". Measann 70% den am go bhfuil "eating" ag teacht tar éis "He is". Ansin faigheann an tsamhail smaoineamh go bhfuil 0.7 dóchúlacht ann i gcónaí go dtagann "eating" tar éis "He is". Ach tá an próiseas seo fada, tá tú dul trí sonraí iomlána agus seiceáil gach focal agus ansin a ríomh an dóchúlacht. In ionad an cur chuige seo, dul trí Markov slabhraí cur chuige, anseo, tú, in ionad dóchúlacht ríomhaireacht ag baint úsáide as an sonraí ar fad, is féidir leat a mhealladh sé ag ach cúpla focal stairiúil. Má tá N = 2 i N-Gram, ansin tugtar samhail Bigram air. Réamhrann samhail Bigram tarlú focal bunaithe ar tarlú a 2 1 focal roimhe. i.e. P (eating) má N = 3, ansin is é an tsamhail Trigram agus mar sin de. Réamhrann samhail Trigram ar tharla focal bunaithe ar tharla a 3 1 focal roimhe. i.e. P (eating. He is) Go ginearálta, oibríonn an tsamhail bigram go maith agus b'fhéidir nach gá samhlacha trigram nó samhlacha N-gram níos airde a úsáid. Lig dúinn a ghlacadh sonraí de 3 abairtí, agus iarracht a oiliúint ar ár samhail bigram. - Brabús maith deartháir - Bhí sé ina phost deacair - Go raibh maith agat as an obair mhaith seo Mar sin, is é an dóchúlacht go bhfuil an focal "post" agus an focal "mhaith" ina dhiaidh: => (2/3) = 0.67 Mar sin, sna sonraí thuas, beidh múnla foghlaim go bhfuil 0.67 dóchúlacht a fháil ar an focal "mhaith" roimh "post" agus 0.33 dóchúlacht a fháil ar an focal "deacair" roimh "post". Ar an mbealach seo, foghlaimíonn an tsamhail ó fhocal amháin roimhe seo i bigram. Ar an gcaoi chéanna le haghaidh trigram, in ionad focal amháin roimhe seo, déanann sé dhá fhocal roimhe seo a mheas. Úsáid an múnla N-gram - I do ghuthán, nuair a thapaíonn tú rud éigin agus a mholann do ghléas duit an chéad fhocal eile mar gheall ar mhúnla N-gram. - Feidhmeanna a bhaint chun tacair mhóra íomhánna satailíte den Domhan a ghluasad agus ansin a chinneadh cén chuid den Domhan a tháinig íomhá áirithe uaidh. - Aithint cainte. Ba é seo an t-aistriúchán bunúsach ar N-grams. Chun tuilleadh léitheoireachta a fháil, is féidir leat an tagairt a sheiceáil:

This item is available under a Creative Commons License for non-commercial use only 5.4 SOCIOLOGY, 5.8 MEDIA AND COMMUNICATIONS Abstract This article is based in a broader study of the production of Fair City, Ireland’s most popular television soap opera. The study argues that such shows are potentially important in civil society. They can promote discussion and debate on hidden or taboo social issues. They may thus inform public opinion. Until recently the potential role of soap opera in civil society has largely been overlooked. The research examined the social issues that Fair City could introduce to public discussion by examining its production process. It found the main limits on what the show could and could not say to be determined by practical pressures. The study interprets cultural production through a Bourdieuian conceptual model. Thus in understanding the production of Fair City it takes stock of how the programme is shaped by long term processes at organisational, national and international levels. This article looks inside the production of Fair City. It argues that the show’s limitations must be understood within the context of a new broadcasting environment. Fair City’s success depends on a level of rationalisation that is unprecedented in Irish television drama. This has consequences for the diversity of issues that the show may cover. It also affects the working lives of the show’s creators. The pressures of the new broadcasting environment have reduced the professional autonomy and creativity of those who work on Fair City’s cultural production line. This article offers the hypothesis that this is one example, among many, of how market influence may bring about a ‘proletarianisation’ of formerly autonomous and prestigious cultural work. Brennan, E. (2004) Fair City: A Case Study in the Proletarianisation of Cultural Production. Irish Journal of SociologyVol. 13(2): 66–83.

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Tá an t-earra seo ar fáil faoi Cheadúnas Creative Commons le haghaidh úsáide neamhthráchtála amháin 5.4 SOCHTÉILÓGÁIL, 5.8 MEÁDÁN AGUS COMHÁINTIÚIONNÁIL Tá an t-alt seo bunaithe ar staidéar níos leithne ar tháirgeadh Fair City, an t-óipéar sábhán is mó tóir ar an teilifís in Éirinn. Sa staidéar déantar a argóint go bhfuil sé de chumhacht ag seónna den sórt sin a bheith tábhachtach sa tsochaí shibhialta. Is féidir leo plé agus díospóireacht a chur chun cinn ar shaincheisteanna sóisialta atá i bhfolach nó tabhu. Is féidir leo an pobal a chur ar an eolas dá bhrí sin. Go dtí le déanaí, níor thugtar aird ar ról féideartha an t-oibre gallúnach sa tsochaí shibhialta go mór. Scrúdaíodh sa taighde na saincheisteanna sóisialta a d'fhéadfadh Fair City a thabhairt isteach i ndíospóireacht phoiblí trí scrúdú a dhéanamh ar a phróiseas táirgthe. Fuair sé go raibh na príomhchoraí ar an méid a d'fhéadfadh an seó a rá agus nach bhféadfadh sé a rá a chinneadh trí bhrú praiticiúil. Léiríonn an staidéar táirgeadh cultúrtha trí mhúnla coincheapa Bourdieuian. Mar sin, chun léiriú Fair City a thuiscint, déantar suirbhé ar an gcaoi a shaothraítear an clár trí phróisis fhadtéarmacha ar leibhéil eagraíochta, náisiúnta agus idirnáisiúnta. Breathnaíonn an t-alt seo taobh istigh de tháirgeadh Fair City. Deir sí gur gá teorainneacha an seó a thuiscint i gcomhthéacs timpeallacht nua craolacháin. Tá rath Fair City ag brath ar leibhéal réasúnaithe nach bhfuil riamh roimhe sin i dhráma teilifíse na hÉireann. Tá iarmhairtí ag seo ar an éagsúlacht saincheisteanna a d'fhéadfadh an seó a chlúdach. Bíonn tionchar aige freisin ar shaol oibre chruthaitheoirí an seó. Tá an brú a bhaineann leis an timpeallacht chraoltóireachta nua tar éis neamhspleáchas gairmiúil agus cruthaitheacht na ndaoine a oibríonn ar líne táirgeachta cultúrtha Fair City a laghdú. Tugann an t-alt seo an hipitéis go bhfuil sé seo ar cheann de na samplaí, i measc go leor, ar an gcaoi a bhféadfadh tionchar an mhargaidh "proiléir" a thabhairt ar shaothar cultúrtha a bhí neamhspleách agus clúiteach roimhe seo. Brennan, E. (2004) Fair City: A Case Study in the Proletarization of Cultural Production. Iris na Sóisiolaíochta Éireann Vol. 13(2): 6683.

By Kelly Hendricken, Albany Government Law Review Recently, Governor Andrew Cuomo called for a Moreland Act Commission to investigate the response of New York’s power utility companies to Superstorm Sandy. This now established Moreland Commission on Utility and Storm Preparation came after a firestorm of complaints in the wake of the weeks it took for many residents in the Long Island and New York City areas to regain power after the tragedy and devastation of Superstorm Sandy. The Commission has already made some recommendations, which are sure to create much change after this particular public outcry for better regulation and more sanctions for the power companies in charge of restoring power after the widespread damage caused by Superstorm Sandy that left hundreds of thousands of people in New York without power. It is important to understand both the authority the Commission has and the power of its recommendations because of the widespread change this will impose on New Yorkers in the future. The legislative recommendations that are about to be made will change the utilities regulation in New York State, hopefully for the better. A Brief History of the Moreland Act of 1907 The Moreland Act of 1907, also known as New York Executive Law section 6, allows the governor to create a commission at any time “to examine and investigate the management and affairs of any department, board, bureau or commission of the state.” This Act was born because a Governor wanted to remove a “recalcitrant Insurance Superintendent.” Having an executive branch inquiry commission is not considered a new concept, and while it creates a larger scope of power, the executive normally has an inherent ability or an express ability provided by statute to inquire into the status of the executive branch’s functioning. The Moreland Act has been used in the past to investigate matters such as alcoholic-beverage control, nursing home corruption, the Urban Development Corporation’s financial collapse, the Parking Violations Bureau scandal, and conflicts of interest in state and local governments. The common thread is that a scandal causing public outrage tends to give rise to the Governor’s calling of a Moreland Commission. New York State Education Department only has the records of a few of the Moreland Commissions, which include: Commission for Investigation of Workmen’s Compensation Law Administration, Commission to Study, Examine and Investigate State Agencies in Relation to Pari-Mutuel Harness Racing, Commission for Bingo Control Inquiry, Commission on Welfare, Commission on the Alcoholic Beverage Control Law, and the Commission on Government Integrity. Most recently, Governor Cuomo has been quick to use the threat of the Moreland Act as a way to throw his weight around to get things done politically. He had recently threatened to commission a Moreland Act investigation in the wake of the political scandal involving the sexual harassment of multiple women who worked for the politician Assemblyman Vito Lopez. This threat came after the newly commissioned New York State ethics body, the Joint Commission on Public Ethics, declined to provide a full probe into the matter which would have included Speaker Sheldon Silver’s actions in regard to the settlement with the female workers who were sexually harassed. However, within three days after the Governor’s threat, JCOPE announced their decision to conduct an expanded investigation that would include looking into Sheldon Silver’s part in the settlement agreement. Now, Governor Cuomo did include some bite with his bark, as he did not just threaten to investigate the matter of the power companies and has actually created a Moreland Commission to fully investigate and make recommendations. Background on the Creation of the Moreland Commission on Utility and Storm Preparation Superstorm Sandy left at least 125 deaths in its wake, with at least 60 New Yorkers counted among that death toll. The damage to New York was so severe that the state is planning to seek $42 billion worth of aid from the federal government to defray costs, with about $9 billion of that federal aid going to preparation for future storms. The National Hurricane Center stated that “Sandy’s pure kinetic energy for storm surge and wave ‘destruction potential’ reached a 5.8 on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s 0 to 6 scale, the highest measured.” On Long Island, about 90% of the residents lost power from Sandy, and over 900,000 residents in New York City and the outer boroughs lost power from Con Edison. The reason, however, that the Moreland Commission was created was because of the Long Island Power Authority [hereinafter LIPA], which was created by former Governor Mario Cuomo originally to cut costs to its customers. However, its uselessness is realized by the fact that LIPA’s 1.1 million customers pay some of the highest rates in the country. LIPA’s ineffectiveness runs deep, as evidenced by how long their discussion of the looming Hurricane Sandy was: approximately 39 seconds. LIPA’s ineffectiveness and pure incompetence has also been evidenced by the fact that Long Island’s power recovery was the slowest in the surrounding area, and many horror stories have followed in LIPA’s wake. Almost three weeks after Superstorm Sandy struck, more than 10,000 Long Island residents still did not have power restored to their homes. Governor Cuomo was subjected to criticism regarding his oversight of LIPA. However, the biggest problem cited is the fact that the authority acts as quasi-independent, even though it is a government organization. Furthermore, in wake of the 39 second conversation, the acting chief executive, Michael D. Hervey, resigned from his position effective at the end of 2012. The Moreland Commission Response in Wake of Reports on LIPA The Moreland Commission released its Interim Report, which included a proposed restructuring of LIPA, on January 7, 2013. The recommendations included that LIPA be replaced by a private utility company, and furthermore, that the Public Service Commission, which regulates the power companies in New York State, should be “beefed up” with more resources and have more power to sanction and punish utility companies. The overall changes may give the Public Service Commission the ability to pull the operating license of the power companies if they do not readily prepare for potential disasters like Superstorm Sandy in the future. The LIPA legislation is outdated in general, and actually exempted LIPA from the oversight of the Public Service Commission. That in itself is problematic because all other power companies are regulated by the Public Service Commission, and would at the very least disrupt state uniformity in regulation. Furthermore, the Commission determined that the relationship between LIPA and National Grid causes severe public confusion about operational and customer service. This is illustrated by the “unusual arrangement” that National Grid and LIPA have. LIPA merely owns and oversees the power grid and the work of National Grid, while National Grid actually supplies the power to keep the grid itself going. In conclusion, the Interim Report shed light on the problems that have been put in the backseat for far too long in regard to power companies and the best way to service the many citizens of New York. The problem is that the restructuring of both the regulatory oversight and the actual power authority would take much political aggression because of the severe limits placed on the Public Service Commission’s ability to fine unruly power companies. Furthermore, the Moreland Commission suggested making LIPA’s grid attractive to sell to an outside buyer. However, this could also be an issue because of the amount of debt LIPA is in, among a host of other issues. For now, New Yorkers will just have to play the game of wait and see. However, it seems that Governor Cuomo will not put this to rest until LIPA is out of commission, and Long Islanders will be better off for his perseverance. The Moreland Commission on Utility Storm Preparation and Response, http://moreland.ny.gov/ (last visited June 1, 2013) (formed to investigate responses following Hurricane Irene and Tropical Storm Lee as well as Superstorm Sandy). Patrick McGeehan, Panel Proposes Dissolving the L.I. Power Authority, N.Y. Times, Jan. 8, 2013, at A19 [hereinafter Dissolving LIPA]. Id.; Christina Rexrode & Verena Dobnik, Hurricane Sandy: New Jersey, New York Still Struggle With Power Outages, Huffington Post, Nov. 11, 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/11/hurricane-sandy-new-jersey-york-power-outage_n_2113856.html. The Moreland Act of 1907, N.Y. Exec. Law § 6 (McKinney 2012); Moreland Act Commissions, N.Y. ST. DEP’T EDUC., http://www.archives.nysed.gov/a/research/res_topics_legal_govguide_committees.shtml (last visited June 1, 2013). Celestine Bohlen, Moreland Act of 1907: Governors’ Strong Suit, N.Y. Times, Dec. 15, 1988, http://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/15/nyregion/moreland-act-of-1907-governors-strong-suit.html. Carl. E. Singley, The MOVE Commission: The Use of Public Inquiry Commissions to Investigate Government Misconduct and Other Matters of Vital Public Concern, 59 Temp. L. Q. 303, 309–11 (1986). Bohlen, supra note 5. Records of the Governor’s Office, N.Y. St. Dep’t Educ., http://www.archives.nysed.gov/a/research/res_topics_legal_govguide_committees.shtml (last visited June 1, 2013). James M. Odato, Cuomo Takes Out Big Stick, Times Union (Albany, NY), Sept. 10, 2012, at A3. Odato, supra note 10; Jimmy Vielkind, Assembly Panel Ordered to Talk, Times Union (Albany, NY), Oct. 5, 2012, at A1. Press Release, Common Cause, Women, Good Government Urge JCOPE: Fully Investigate Assembly and Lopez (Oct. 11, 2012), http://www.commoncause.org/site/apps/nl/newsletter2.asp?c=dkLNK1MQIwG&b=5287775; Jacob Gershman, Governor Demands A Probe of Speaker, Wall St. J., Sept. 8, 2012, at A17; Kenneth Lovett, Silver Grilled Testifies in Vito Probe, N.Y. Daily News, Nov. 26, 2012, at 2; Odato, supra note 10. Kenneth Lovett & Glenn Blain, Assembly Speaker Sheldon Silver to be investigated, N.Y. Daily News (Sept. 11, 2012), http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/assembly-speaker-sheldon-silver-article-1.1156291; Odato, supra note 10. Superstorm Sandy Deaths, Damage and Magnitude: What We Know One Month Later, Huffington Post (Nov. 29, 2012), http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/29/superstorm-hurricane-sandy-deaths-2012_n_2209217.html. Ben Chapman, 900,000 New Yorkers Who Lost Power During Sandy Superstorm Won’t Get Lights Back for Another Week, N.Y. Daily News (Nov. 2, 2012), http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/900-000-lost-power-won-lights-back-week-article-1.1195700; Editorial, The Power Mess on Long Island, N.Y. Times, Nov. 19, 2012, at A20. Editorial, The Power Mess on Long Island, supra note 17. Danny Hakim, Patrick McGeehan & Michael Moss, Suffering on Long Island as Power Agency Shows its Flaws, N.Y. Times (Nov. 13, 2012), http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/14/nyregion/long-island-power-authoritys-flaws-hindered-recovery-efforts.html. The Moreland Commission on Utility Storm Preparation and Response, Interim Report 3–4 (Jan. 7, 2013) [hereinafter Moreland Commission]. McGeehan, Dissolving LIPA, supra note 2. Moreland Commission, supra note 26, at 11. Department of Public Service/Public Service Commission, N.Y. ST. DEP’T EDUC., http://www.archives.nysed.gov/a/research/res_topics_env_guide_3_dps.shtml (last visited June 1, 2013). Moreland Commission , supra note 26 at 15. McGeehan, Dissolving LIPA, supra note 2. See id.

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De réir Kelly Hendricken, Albany Rialtas Law Review Le déanaí, d'iarr an Gobharnóir Andrew Cuomo ar Choimisiún Acht Moreland chun imscrúdú a dhéanamh ar fhreagra cuideachtaí fóntais chumhachta Nua-Eabhrac ar Superstorm Sandy. Tháinig an Coimisiún Moreland a bunaíodh anois maidir le hÚsáideoireacht agus Ullmhúchán Stoirm tar éis tine-storm gearán i ndiaidh na seachtaine a thóg sé ar go leor cónaitheoirí i gceantair Long Island agus Chathair Nua Eabhrac cumhacht a fháil ar ais tar éis na tragóide agus na scriosadh Superstorm Sandy. Tá roinnt moltaí déanta ag an gCoimisiún cheana féin, a bhfuil cinnte go mbeidh go leor athruithe déanta acu tar éis an ráite phoiblí seo go háirithe maidir le rialachán níos fearr agus níos mó smachtbhannaí do na cuideachtaí cumhachta atá i gceannas ar chumhacht a athbhunú tar éis na damáiste forleathan a d'fhág Superstorm Sandy a d'fhág na céadta mílte duine i Nua-Eabhrac gan chumhacht. Tá sé tábhachtach an t-údarás atá ag an gCoimisiún agus an chumhacht a thagraí a thuiscint mar gheall ar an athrú forleathan a chuirfidh sé seo ar mhuintir Nua Eabhrac sa todhchaí. Athróidh na moltaí reachtach atá le déanamh faoi láthair rialachán na n-úsáideanna i Stát Nua Eabhrac, go hiontach. Stair Bheag ar Acht Moreland 1907 Ceadaíonn Acht Moreland 1907, ar a dtugtar alt 6 d'Acht Feidhmiúcháin Nua Eabhrac freisin, don rialtóir coimisiún a chruthú ag am ar bith chun bainistiú agus gnóthaí aon roinn, bord, biúró nó coimisiún an stáit a scrúdú agus a imscrúdú. Rugadh an tAcht seo toisc gur theastaigh ó Rialtóir Superintendent Árachais recalcitrant a bhaint. Ní coinníoll nua é coimisiún fiosrúcháin brainse feidhmiúcháin a bheith aige, agus cé go gcruthaíonn sé raon cumhachta níos mó, de ghnáth tá cumas bunúsach nó cumas sainráite ag an bhfeidhmeannach a sholáthraíonn reacht chun fiosrú a dhéanamh ar stádas fheidhmiú na brainse feidhmiúcháin. Úsáidtear an tAcht Moreland san am atá caite chun ceisteanna a imscrúdú mar rialú deochanna alcóil, éilliú i dtithe altranais, titim airgeadais an Chumann Forbartha Uirbeach, scandal an Biúró Violaíochtaí Páirceála, agus coinbhleachtaí leasa i rialtas stáit agus áitiúil. Is é an t-ábhar coitianta ná go mbíonn sé de ghnáth ag an scandal a chuireann fearg an phobail ar an nGobharnóir a ghlaoch ar Choimisiún Moreland. Níl ach taifid de chuid Roinne Oideachais Stáit Nua Eabhrac ag cuid de Choimisiúin Moreland, lena n-áirítear: Coimisiún um Imscrúdú ar Riarachán Dlí Íocaíochta Oibreoirí, an Coimisiún chun Gníomhaireachtaí Stáit a Staidéar, a Scrúdaigh agus a Imscrúdú i dtaca le Rásanna Pari-Mutuel Harness, an Coimisiún um Imscrúdú Rialaithe Bingo, an Coimisiún um Leas, an Coimisiún ar an Dlí um Rialú Deochanna Alcóil, agus an Coimisiún ar Chothroime an Rialtais. Go deireanach, bhí an Gobharnóir Cuomo tapa chun an bagairt a bhaineann le hAcht Moreland a úsáid mar bhealach chun a chuid meáchain a chaitheamh timpeall chun rudaí a dhéanamh go polaitiúil. Bhí sé ag bagairt le déanaí go gcuirfí imscrúdú ar Acht Moreland i ndiaidh an scannal polaitiúil a bhain le gaineamh gnéis a rinneadh ar mhná éagsúla a d'oibrigh don pholaiteoir, an t-Assemblyman Vito Lopez. Tháinig an bagairt seo tar éis don chomhlacht eitice nua-choimisiúnaithe Stáit Nua Eabhrac, an Comhchoimisiún um Eitice Poiblí, diúltú fiosrúchán iomlán a sholáthar ar an ábhar a bheadh i gceist le gníomhartha an tUachtarán Sheldon Silver maidir leis an socrú leis na hoibrithe baineann a bhí faoi ghnéasach a ionsaí. Mar sin féin, laistigh de thrí lá tar éis bagairt an Gobharnóra, d'fhógair JCOPE a gcinneadh imscrúdú leathnaithe a dhéanamh a chuimseoidh féachaint ar pháirt Sheldon Silver sa chomhaontú socraithe. Anois, Cuomo Gobharnóir a chur ar roinnt bite lena bark, mar a rinne sé ní hamháin bagairt a fhiosrú an t-ábhar na cuideachtaí cumhachta agus tá cruthaíodh i ndáiríre an Coimisiún Moreland a fhiosrú go hiomlán agus a dhéanamh moltaí. Cúlra ar Thógáil Choimisiún Moreland ar Fhorbairt Fhorfheidhmeanna agus Ullmhúchán Stoirme D'fhág Superstorm Sandy 125 bás ar a laghad ina dhiaidh, agus 60 Nua-Eabhrac ar a laghad a bhí i measc an líon marbh. Bhí an damáiste do Nua-Eabhrac chomh tromchúiseach sin go bhfuil an stát ag pleanáil $42 billiún de chabhair a lorg ón rialtas cónaidhme chun costais a chlúdach, agus thart ar $9 billiún den chabhair choinbhinsiúnach sin ag dul chun ullmhú do stoirmeacha amach anseo. Dúirt an Lárionad Náisiúnta Hurricane go raibh fuinneamh cinneiteach íon Sandy le haghaidh tonntair agus tonntair. D'éirigh le cumas scriosadh 5.8 ar scála 0 go 6 an Riaracháin Náisiúnta Aigéin agus Atmaisféire, an scála is airde a thomhas. Ar Long Island, chaill thart ar 90% de na cónaitheoirí cumhacht ó Sandy, agus chaill níos mó ná 900,000 cónaitheoir i gCathair Nua Eabhrac agus na bailte seachtracha cumhacht ó Con Edison. Mar sin féin, ba é an chúis a cruthaíodh an Coimisiún Moreland ná Údarás Cumhachta Long Island [LPA] a chruthaigh iar-Gheabhernóir Mario Cuomo ar dtús chun costais a ghearradh dá chustaiméirí. Mar sin féin, tá a neamhúsáideacht tugtha faoi deara ag an bhfíric go n-íocann 1.1 milliún custaiméir LIPA cuid de na rátaí is airde sa tír. Tá neamhionchar LIPA an-mhór, mar a léirítear ag an méid ama a bhí ag an mbreithniú ar an Hurricane Sandy atá ag teacht: thart ar 39 soicind. Tá neamhéifeachtúlacht agus neamhchompetence íon LIPA chomh maith le fíric go raibh aisghabháil chumhacht Long Island an ceann is moille sa cheantar timpeall, agus tá go leor scéalta uafásacha tar éis LIPA a leanúint. Beagnach trí seachtaine tar éis Superstorm Sandy bhuail, níos mó ná 10,000 áitritheoirí Long Island nach bhfuil fós cumhachta a chur ar ais go dtí a gcuid tithe. Bhí an t-uachtarán Cuomo faoi réir cáineadh maidir lena maoirseacht ar LIPA. Is é an fhadhb is mó a luaitear, áfach, ná go ngníomhaíonn an t-údarás mar ghníomhaíocht chais-neamhspleách, cé gur eagraíocht rialtais í. Ina theannta sin, tar éis an chomhrá 39 soicind, d'éirigh an príomhfheidhmeannach gníomhach, Michael D. Hervey, as a phost go héifeachtach ag deireadh 2012. Freagra Choimisiún Moreland i ndiaidh na dTuarascálacha ar LIPA D'eisigh Coimisiún Moreland a Thuarascáil Idirthréimhseach, a raibh athstruchtúrú beartaithe LIPA san áireamh ann, an 7 Eanáir 2013. I measc na moltaí bhí go ndéanfaí cuideachta fóntais phríobháideach a chur in ionad LIPA, agus dá bhrí sin, gur cheart don Choimisiún Seirbhíse Poiblí, a rialaíonn cuideachtaí cumhachta i Stát Nua Eabhrac, a bheith 'beefed up' le níos mó acmhainní agus níos mó cumhachta a bheith aige chun smachtbhannaí a chur ar chuideachtaí fóntais agus pionós a chur orthu. D'fhéadfadh na hathruithe foriomlán a thabhairt don Choimisiún Seirbhíse Poiblí an cumas a tharraingt ar an ceadúnas oibriúcháin na gcuideachtaí cumhachta más rud é nach bhfuil siad réidh le haghaidh tubaistí féideartha cosúil le Superstorm Sandy sa todhchaí. Tá reachtaíocht LIPA as dáta go ginearálta, agus d'eisigh sé LIPA i ndáiríre ó mhaoirseacht an Choimisiúin Seirbhíse Poiblí. Tá sé sin ina fhadhb é féin toisc go rialaíonn an Coimisiún Seirbhíse Poiblí na cuideachtaí cumhachta eile go léir, agus go gcuirfeadh sé isteach ar a laghad ar aonfhoirmeacht rialála an stáit. Ina theannta sin, chinn an Coimisiún go gcuireann an caidreamh idir LIPA agus National Grid mearbhall ar an bpobal maidir le seirbhís oibríochtúil agus seirbhíse do chustaiméirí. Léirítear é seo leis an "socrú neamhghnách" atá ag an nGréas Náisiúnta agus ag LIPA. Ní dhéanann LIPA ach an líonra cumhachta agus obair an Grid Náisiúnta a úinéireacht agus a mhaoirsiú, agus soláthraíonn an Grid Náisiúnta an chumhacht i ndáiríre chun an líonra féin a choinneáil ag dul. Ar deireadh, leag an Tuarascáil Idirthréimhseach solais ar na fadhbanna a cuireadh ar an mbarr le fada ró-fhada maidir le cuideachtaí cumhachta agus an bealach is fearr chun freastal ar shaoránaigh mhóra Nua-Eabhrac. Is é an fhadhb ná go mbeadh an-ionsaí polaitiúil ag teastáil chun an t-áireamhán rialála agus an t-údarás cumhachta féin a athstruchtúrú mar gheall ar na teorainneacha tromchúiseacha a chuirtear ar chumas an Choimisiúin Seirbhíse Poiblí fíneálacha a chur ar chuideachtaí cumhachta neamhrialta. Ina theannta sin, mhol an Coimisiún Moreland líonra LIPA a dhéanamh tarraingteach le díol do cheannaitheoir seachtrach. D'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith ina cheist freisin, áfach, mar gheall ar mhéid an fhiachais atá ag LIPA, i measc sraith saincheisteanna eile. Ar an am seo, ní mór do New Yorkers ach an cluiche a imirt de fanacht agus a fheiceáil. Mar sin féin, is cosúil nach gcuirfidh an Gobharnóir Cuomo seo chun sos go dtí go mbeidh LIPA as oifig, agus beidh Long Islanders níos fearr as a dhícheall. An Coimisiún Moreland ar Ullmhúchán agus Freagairt Storm Úsáideoireachta, http://moreland.ny.gov/ (cur cuairt ar an 1 Meitheamh, 2013) (a bunaíodh chun freagraí a imscrúdú tar éis Hurricane Irene agus Storm Trópaiceach Lee chomh maith le Superstorm Sandy). Patrick McGeehan, Molann an Painéal an L.I. a dhíscaoileadh Power Authority, N.Y. Times, 8 Eanáir 2013, ag A19 [dá ngairtear "LIPA a Dhíscaoileadh" anseo feasta]. Id. ; Christina Rexrode & Verena Dobnik, Hurricane Sandy: New Jersey, New York Still Struggle With Power Outages, Huffington Post, 11 Samhain 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/11/hurricane-sandy-new-jersey-york-power-outage_n_2113856.html. An tAcht Moreland de 1907, NY Exec. Dlí § 6 (McKinney 2012); Coimisiúin Acht Moreland, N.Y. ST. DEPT EDUC., http://www.archives.nysed.gov/a/research/res_topics_legal_govguide_committees.shtml (táinig cuairt ar an 1 Meitheamh 2013 den uair dheireanach). Celestine Bohlen, Moreland Act of 1907: Governors Strong Suit, N.Y. Times, Dec. 15, 1988, http://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/15/nyregion/moreland-act-of-1907-governors-strong-suit.html. Carl. - Tá sé. E. Singley, The MOVE Commission: The Use of Public Inquiry Commissions to Investigate Government Misconduct and Other Matters of Vital Public Concern, 59 Temp. L. Q. 303, 30911 (1986). Bohlen, nóta 5 thuas. Taifid Oifig an Gobharnóra, NY St. Dept Educ., http://www.archives.nysed.gov/a/research/res_topics_legal_govguide_committees.shtml (táinig an t-am deireanach ar 1 Meitheamh, 2013). James M. Odato, Cuomo Takes Out Big Stick, Times Union (Albany, NY), 10 Meán Fómhair 2012, ag A3. Odato, thuas nóta 10; Jimmy Vielkind, Painéal Tionóil a Dúradh go Labhraíonn sé, Times Union (Albany, NY), 5 Deireadh Fómhair, 2012, ag A1. Tá an t-alt seo le fáil ar an suíomh Gréasáin www.commoncause.org. Kenneth Lovett & Glenn Blain, Cainteoir an Tionóil Sheldon Silver a imscrúdú, NY Daily News (11 Meán Fómhair 2012), http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/assembly-speaker-sheldon-silver-article-1.1156291; Odato, thuas nóta 10. Superstorm Sandy Deaths, Damage and Magnitude: What We Know One Month Later, Huffington Post (Nov. 29, 2012), http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/29/superstorm-hurricane-sandy-deaths-2012_n_2209217.html. Ben Chapman, 900,000 New Yorkers Who Lost Power During Sandy Superstorm Won't Get Lights Back for Another Week, N.Y. Daily News (Nov. 2, 2012), http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/900-000-lost-power-won-lights-back-week-article-1.1195700; Eagarthóireacht, An Meas Cumhachta ar Long Island, N.Y. Times, Nov. 19, 2012, ag A20. Eagarthóireacht, The Power Mess on Long Island, nóta 17. Danny Hakim, Patrick McGeehan & Michael Moss, Suffering on Long Island as Power Agency Shows its Flaws, N.Y. Times (Nov. 13, 2012), http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/14/nyregion/long-island-power-authorities-flaws-hindered-recovery-efforts.html. An Coimisiún Moreland maidir le Ullmhúchán agus Freagairt Storm Fóntais, Tuairisc Idirthréimhseach 34 (An 7 Eanáir 2013) [dá ngairtear "an Coimisiún Moreland" anseo feasta]. McGeehan, Liopa a Dhíscaoileadh, nóta 2 thuas. An Coimisiún Moreland, thuas nóta 26, ag 11. Roinn na Seirbhíse Poiblí/Chomhimisiún na Seirbhíse Poiblí, N.Y. ST. DEPT EDUC., http://www.archives.nysed.gov/a/research/res_topics_env_guide_3_dps.shtml (cur isteach an 1 Meitheamh 2013 den uair dheireanach). Coimisiún Moreland, thuas nóta 26 ag 15. McGeehan, Liopa a Dhíscaoileadh, nóta 2 thuas. Féach ar id.

Pulling Teeth – Extraction Risk, Recovery, and Cost Also called exodontia or tooth-pulling, dental extraction is the process of completely removing a tooth from its socket. Tooth extractions are performed as a last resort when a tooth is too badly damaged to be saved by other types of dental treatment. A simple extraction refers to the removal of a tooth that is visible in the mouth. Surgical extractions are performed on teeth that are buried beneath gum tissues, such as impacted wisdom teeth. In some cases, teeth are removed to resolve crowding issues. Reasons for Tooth Extractions - Severe decay, damage, or trauma - Misaligned or non-functional teeth - Orthodontic treatment - Radiation or chemotherapy - Impending organ transplant Preparing for a Dental Extraction Before a dental extraction, your dentist will record your medical history carefully. You may receive antibiotics if you have a heart murmur, weak immune system, or infection is likely. You’ll also have the opportunity to discuss anesthesia and sedation options such as local anesthetic injection, nitrous oxide, oral sedation, and general anesthesia. What You Will Experience During the Procedure For simple tooth extractions, you’ll receive an injection of local anesthetic in your jaw or gums. Once the area is numb, the dentist will grasp the tooth with extraction forceps and gently rock is back and forth to loosen it. Other tools may be used to help remove the tooth. You may feel pressure, but you should not feel any pain. A surgical extraction is more complicated, but you will probably be under general anesthesia and will not remember the process. After the procedure, you’ll be given a set of specific instructions concerning aftercare, diet and oral hygiene. To ensure a smooth recovery, follow all instructions carefully. Possible Complications of Tooth Extractions Dry socket occurs when no blood clot forms in the socket or a formed one becomes dislodged. The absence of the clot exposes sensitive nerves and bone to air. The condition is painful, but it is easily treated with a medicated dressing. Other potential complications include the following: - Damage to neighboring teeth - Jaw Fractures - Nerve injury Extraction costs vary. In general, the more difficult it is to remove the tooth, the more expensive it will be. Many dental insurance plans cover a large percentage of the cost. An affordable dentist can often work with you to manage the financial impact of a tooth extraction or other dental procedures. To learn about our family dentistry practice in South Bend, call The Dental Center of Indiana today at (855) 979-3358 or make an appointment. The Dental Center offers affordable family dentistry and gentle, compassionate dental care in South Bend. With 4 affiliated practices throughout Indiana, our offices are conveniently located with extended hours to meet your needs. At The Dental Center of Indiana, we provide most dental services, from basic preventative care and general dentistry to specialized procedures and complete dental reconstruction. We accept most dental insurance plans and offer affordable financial solutions for any budget. Patient satisfaction is our top priority and we strive to provide the exceptional, affordable dental care and personal touch that lead to lasting relationships. A smiling patient is our greatest reward and we look forward to keeping those smiles healthy, beautiful, and bright. Discover an affordable dentist who truly cares at The Dental Center of Indiana.

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Ag tarraingt fiacla Riosca, Athshlánú, agus Costas Is é an próiseas chun fiaclóir a bhaint go hiomlán as a soicéad, ar a dtugtar exodontia nó fiaclóir a tharraingt, freisin. Déantar eisiúint fiacla mar rogha deireanach nuair a bhíonn damáiste ró-mhór déanta ar fiaclóir nach féidir a shábháil le cineálacha eile cóireála fiacla. Tagraíonn an t-eisiúint shimplí do bhaint fiacla atá le feiceáil sa bhéal. Déantar eisiúintí máinliachta ar fhiacla atá curtha faoi fhíocháin ghuama, amhail fiacla eagna atá buailte. I gcásanna áirithe, baintear fiacla amach chun fadhbanna plódaithe a réiteach. Cúiseanna le hIodáil Fhiacla - Deaglú tromchúiseach, damáiste nó trauma - Féin-ailéir nó fiacla neamhfheidhmiúla - Cóireáil orthodontach - Radheolaíocht nó ceimiteiripe - Trasphlandú orgáin atá le teacht Ullmhú le haghaidh Fágála Fiacla Sula ndéantar fiaclóir, taifeadfaidh do dhochtúir fiaclóir do stair leighis go cúramach. D'fhéadfadh go dtabharfaí antaibheathaigh duit má tá murmur croí agat, má tá córas imdhíonachta lag agat, nó má tá ionfhabhtú dóchasach. Beidh deis agat freisin roghanna anaistéise agus sedation a phlé, amhail instealladh anaistéise áitiúil, ocsaíd nítreach, sedation ó bhéal, agus anaistéise ghinearálta. Cad a Gheobhaidh Tú Le linn an Imscrúdaithe Le haghaidh eisiúintí fiacla simplí, gheobhaidh tú instealladh de anaesthetic áitiúil i do bhéal nó i do ghuí. Nuair a bhíonn an limistéar numb, beidh an fiaclóir greim ar an fiaclóir le forceps eisiúna agus go socair rock sé ar ais agus amach a scaoileadh é. D'fhéadfadh uirlisí eile a úsáid chun an fiaclóir a bhaint. B'fhéidir go mbraitheann tú brú, ach níor cheart go mbraitheann tú aon pian. Tá an t-eisiúint máinliachta níos casta, ach is dócha go mbeidh tú faoi anesthesia ginearálta agus nach mbeidh cuimhne agat ar an bpróiseas. Tar éis an nós imeachta, tabharfar sraith treoracha sonracha duit maidir le cúram iar-chúrsa, aiste bia agus sláintíocht bhéal. Chun a chinntiú go n-aisghabháil réidh, lean gach treoir go cúramach. Comhfhillteachtaí féideartha na n-eisiúintí fiacla Tarlaíonn soicéad tirim nuair nach gcruthóidh aon chlúdach fola sa soicéad nó nuair a dhíscaoileann ceann a cruthaíodh. Sa chás nach bhfuil an clot ann, bíonn na néaróg agus na cnámha íogaire nochta don aer. Tá an staid pianmhar, ach déantar cóireáil go héasca air le bandaíocht leigheas. I measc na gcómhlánaigh a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann ná na cinn seo a leanas: - Damáiste do fhiacla comharsanacha - Briseadh Jaw - Dramhaíl néaróg Tá costais eisiúna éagsúil. Go ginearálta, is é an níos deacra é a bhaint an fiaclóir, an níos costasaí beidh sé. Clúdaíonn go leor pleananna árachais fiacla céatadán mór den chostas. Is minic a oibríonn fiaclóir atá ar fáil ar phraghas réasúnta leat chun tionchar airgeadais a bhaineann le haistrithe fiacla nó le nósanna imeachta fiacla eile a bhainistiú. Chun foghlaim faoi ár gcleachtas fiaclóireachta teaghlaigh i South Bend, glaoigh ar The Dental Center of Indiana inniu ag (855) 979-3358 nó déan coinneáil. Cuireann an Lárionad Fhiacla ar fáil fiaclóireachta teaghlaigh ar phraghas réasúnta agus cúram fiacla milis, comhfhiosach i mBéind Theas. Le 4 cleachtais cleamhnaithe ar fud Indiana, tá ár n-oifigí suite go háisiúil le huaireanta fairsinge chun freastal ar do chuid riachtanas. Ag an Ionad Fhiacla Indiana, soláthraímid an chuid is mó seirbhísí fiacla, ó chúram réamhchúraim bhunúsach agus fiaclaíocht ghinearálta go nósanna imeachta speisialaithe agus athchóiriú fiacla iomlán. Glacann muid leis an chuid is mó de phleananna árachais fiacla agus cuirimid réitigh airgeadais inacmhainne ar fáil do gach buiséad. Is é an tseasmhacht othair ár gcéad thosaíocht agus déanaimid ár ndícheall cúram fiacla eisceachtúil, inacmhainne agus teagmháil phearsanta a sholáthar a thugann caidreamh buan. Is é an t-othar ag gáire ár luach saothair is mó agus táimid ag tnúth le na gáireanna sin a choinneáil sláintiúil, álainn, agus geal. Faigh fiaclóir réasúnta a bhfuil cúram dáiríre aige ag Ionad Fhiaclóireachta Indiana.

Can I use "people" instead of "you"? Yes, you can use "people" in this case instead of "you". The pronoun "you" in this context is used in reference to people in general, and not specifically someone the speaker is talking to directly. It is common to use "you" in this way and anytime it is used with this meaning, you can substitute it with the word "people". Ex: Time goes so slow and then you wake up one day and realize it's gone by fast. Ex: I always keep a first aid kit in my car. You never know when you're going to need it. Get more Native English Expressions >

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An féidir liom "daoine" a úsáid in ionad "tí"? Sea, is féidir leat "daoine" a úsáid sa chás seo in ionad "tá tú". Úsáidtear an fhocal "tu" sa chomhthéacs seo i dtaca le daoine i gcoitinne, agus ní go sonrach duine a bhfuil an cainteoir ag caint go díreach leis. Tá sé coitianta "tu" a úsáid ar an mbealach seo agus aon uair a úsáidtear é leis an bhrí seo, is féidir leat an focal "daoine" a chur ina ionad. Ex: Téann an t-am chomh mall agus ansin d'éirigh tú lá amháin agus thuig tú go bhfuil sé imithe go tapa. Ex: Coinním bailiúchán chéadchabhair i gcónaí i mo charr. Ní fios duit riamh nuair a bheidh gá agat leis. Faigh níos mó Aifreann Béarla Dúchasach >

The small subunit (SSU) 18S rRNA gene is one of the most frequently used genes in phylogenetic studies (see below) and an important marker for random target PCR in environmental biodiversity screening . In general, rRNA gene sequences are easy to access due to highly conserved flanking regions allowing for the use of universal primers . Their repetitive arrangement within the genome provides excessive amounts of template DNA for PCR, even in smallest organisms. The 18S gene is part of the ribosomal functional core and is exposed to similar selective forces in all living beings . Thus, when the first large-scale phylogenetic studies based on 18S sequences were published - first and foremost Field et al.'s phylogeny of the animal kingdom - the gene was celebrated as the prime candidate for reconstructing the metazoan tree of life. And in fact, 18S sequences later provided evidence for the splitting of Ecdysozoa and Lophotrochozoa [, see also ], thus contributing to the most recent revolutionary change in our understanding of metazoan relationships. Methodological innovation within the last years came from the incorporation of secondary structure into phylogenetic analyses. In particular RNA specific substitution models considering paired sites in rRNA genes have been shown to outperform standard DNA models [7–12]. During recent years and with increased numbers of taxa included into molecular phylogenies, however, two problems became apparent. First, there are prevailing sequencing impediments in representatives of certain taxa, such as the mollusk classes Solenogastres and Tryblidia [13, 14], selected bivalve taxa (pers. comment H. Dreyer), and the enigmatic crustacean class Remipedia (pers. comment H. Glenner). Failure to obtain 18S sequences of single taxa is considered a common phenomenon but is rarely ever reported. Secondly, in contrast to initially high hopes, 18S cannot resolve nodes at all taxonomic levels and its efficacy varies considerably among clades. This has been discussed as an effect of rapid ancient radiation within short periods . Multigene analyses are currently thought to give more reliable results for tracing deep branching events in Metazoa but 18S still is extensively used in phylogenetic analyses. Considering the wide range of studies based on the 18S gene as a molecular marker, both sequencing problems and the applicability of 18S for phylogenetic inferences need to be scrutinized. To address these questions, we focus on the Mollusca, the second largest animal phylum. There are eight higher taxa (classes) defined within Mollusca: the aplacophoran Solenogastres (= Neomeniomorpha) and Caudofoveata (= Chaetodermomorpha), two small clades with about 250 and 150 currently described species; Polyplacophora (ca. 920 species); and the conchiferan clades Tryblidia (= Monoplacophora; 29 species described), Scaphopoda (ca. 520 species), Cephalopoda (ca. 1,000 species), Bivalvia (ca. 30,000 species), and Gastropoda (40,000-150,000 species). The monophyly of the phylum is well established based on morphological characters, but 18S phylogenies often show the Mollusca as polyphyletic or paraphyletic with low resolution of the deeper nodes [e.g: [16–19]]. One of the main deficiencies of all published studies on mollusk phylogeny is the underrepresentation of the minor taxa Solenogastres, Caudofoveata, and Monoplacophora. The aplacophoran Solenogastres and Caudofoveata together with Polyplacophora (chitons) are traditionally thought to represent early branching taxa within Mollusca, but their relative position is still controversially discussed [for review see [20, 21]]. Despite of their key position in mollusk phylogeny and evolution, the number of molecular phylogenetic studies including any aplacophoran mollusk species is low: Winnipeninckx et al. ; Okusu et al. ; Lindgren et al. ; Passamaneck et al ; Giribet et al. ; Dunn et al. ; Wägele et al. ; Wilson et al. . To date there are no more than four caudofoveate and five solenogaster (partial) 18S sequences published in Genbank, the taxon sampling spanning no more than two genera of Caudofoveata and Solenogastres, respectively. In solenogasters, Okusu and Giribet described severe contamination issues caused by cnidarian prey. Here, we specifically address contamination issues and point out technical problems hampering amplification during PCR. This is important not only for prompting representative taxonomic sampling for phylogenetic analyses, but also for avoiding under- or overestimation of biodiversity in environmental screening programs. Moreover, we evaluate the usefulness of the 18S gene for phylogenetic inferences by combining our new authentic solenogaster 18S data with published molluscan sequences and - based on an extended taxon sampling - analyze sequence divergence and compositional heterogeneity within the phylum.

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en

Tá an géin rRNA fo-aonad beag (SSU) 18S ar cheann de na géiní is minice a úsáidtear i staidéir phylogenetic (féach thíos) agus marcóir tábhachtach do PCR sprioc randamach i scagadh bithéagsúlachta comhshaoil . Go ginearálta, tá sé éasca rochtain a fháil ar shreathanna géine rRNA mar gheall ar réigiúin taobhchláir atá an-chothaithe a cheadaíonn úsáid príomhthionscála uilíoch. Soláthraíonn a dtráchtáil athdhéanta laistigh den ghéinóm méideanna iomarcacha de DNA teimpléid le haghaidh PCR, fiú i n-orgánaigh is lú. Tá an géin 18S mar chuid den chroílár feidhmiúil ribosóim agus tá sé nochta do chumhachtaí roghnacha den chineál céanna i ngach duine beo . Dá bhrí sin, nuair a foilsíodh na chéad staidéir fhilineitheacha ar scála mór bunaithe ar sheicíní 18S - ar dtús agus go háirithe Field et al. 's phylogeny an ríocht ainmhithe - ceiliúradh an géin mar an príomh-iarrthóir chun crann na beatha metazoan a athchóiriú. Agus i ndáiríre, chuir seicheamh 18S fianaise ar fáil ina dhiaidh sin maidir le scoilt Ecdysozoa agus Lophotrochozoa [, féach freisin ], rud a chuir leis an athrú réabhlóideach is déanaí inár dtuiscint ar chaidrimh metazoa. Tháinig nuálaíocht mhodheolaíoch le blianta beaga anuas ó chomhtháthú struchtúr thánaisteach le hanailíseanna fílógineitice. I gcásanna áirithe, is féidir le modhanna substaintí sonracha ARN a mheas go bhfuil suíomhanna péireáilte i ngéin rRNA níos fearr ná samhlacha caighdeánacha DNA [712]. Le blianta beaga anuas agus le méadú ar líon na gcineálacha atá á gclárú i bhfeileogéin mhóilíneacha, áfach, tháinig dhá fhadhb chun solais. Tá an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a scriosadh agus a scriosadh ar an mbonn. comment H. Dreyer), agus an rang crustaceach enigmatic Remipedia (pers. (Tuairim H. Glenner). Meastar gur feiniméan coitianta é teachtaireachtaí 18S de tácsa aonair a fháil ach is annamh a thuairiscítear iad. Ar an dara dul síos, murab ionann agus na hionchais ard a bhí ann ar dtús, ní féidir le 18S nóid a réiteach ar gach leibhéal tacsainómach agus tá a éifeachtúlacht éagsúil go mór i measc na gclaide. Pléadh é seo mar éifeacht de radaíocht luath ársa laistigh de thréimhsí ghearr . Meastar faoi láthair go dtugann anailíse ilghine torthaí níos iontaofa chun imeachtaí brainse domhain a rianú i Metazoa ach úsáidtear 18S go forleathan fós in anailíseanna fillogineolaíochta. Ag cur san áireamh an raon leathan staidéir atá bunaithe ar an ngéin 18S mar mharcóir móilíneach, ní mór scrúdú a dhéanamh ar fhadhbanna seicheantais agus ar infheidhmeacht 18S le haghaidh inferences phylogenetic. Chun na ceisteanna seo a fhreagairt, díreofar orainn ar na Mollusca, an dara fílín ainmhithe is mó. Tá ocht gcineál (clas) níos airde sainithe laistigh de Mollusca: an Solenogastres aplacophoran (= Neomeniomorpha) agus Caudofoveata (= Chaetodermomorpha), dhá clades beag le thart ar 250 agus 150 speiceas a thuairiscítear faoi láthair; Polyplacophora (ca. 920 speiceas); agus na clades conchiferan Tryblidia (= Monoplacophora; 29 speiceas a thuairiscíodh), Scaphopoda (ca. 520 speiceas), Cephalopoda (ca. 1,000 speiceas), Bivalvia (ca. 30,000 speiceas), agus Gastropoda (40,000-150,000 speiceas). Tá monophyly an phylum bunaithe go maith ar charachtair mhórfholaíocha, ach is minic a léiríonn phylogenies 18S an Mollusca mar polyphyletic nó paraphyletic le réiteach íseal na n-nóid níos doimhne [m.sh.: [1619]. Ceann de na príomh-easnaimh atá ag staidéir foilsithe ar fheileogéin mollusk ná an fo-riar a bhaineann leis na tacsaí beaga Solenogastres, Caudofoveata, agus Monoplacophora. Meastar go traidisiúnta go léiríonn na Solenogastres agus Caudofoveata aplacophoran le Polyplacophora (chitons) tacsaí brainse luath laistigh de Mollusca, ach tá a seasamh coibhneasta pléite go conspóideach fós [le haghaidh athbhreithnithe féach [20, 21]. In ainneoin a n-aicme lárnach i bhfeileogéin agus i dtimpeallacht na mollusca, tá líon na staidéir feileogéinéadacha móilíneacha lena n-áirítear speiceas mollusca aplacophoran íseal: Winnipeninckx et al. ; Okusu et al. ; Lindgren et al. ; Passamaneck et al ; Giribet et al. ; Dunn et al. ; Wägele et al. ; Wilson et al. . . go deo . Go dtí seo níl níos mó ná ceithre shraith 18S caudofoveate agus cúig shraith solenogaster (páirteach) foilsithe i Genbank, agus ní théann an samplaíocht tacsain thar dhá ghinear de Caudofoveata agus Solenogastres, faoi seach. I solenogasters, thuairiscigh Okusu agus Giribet fadhbanna truaillithe tromchúiseacha a d'fhág pread cnidarian. Sa chás seo, déileálann muid go sonrach le saincheisteanna truaillithe agus tugann muid faoi deara fadhbanna teicniúla a chuireann bac ar mhúscailt le linn PCR. Tá sé seo tábhachtach ní amháin chun samplaíocht táicsinomach ionadaíoch a spreagadh le haghaidh anailísí fillineiteacha, ach freisin chun íos- nó ró-mheasadh ar bithéagsúlacht a sheachaint i gcláir scagála comhshaoil. Ina theannta sin, déanaimid measúnú ar fheidhmeacht ghéin 18S le haghaidh infheirgníochtaí filléineolaíochta trína sonraí solenogaster 18S barántúla nua a chur le seicheamh molluscan foilsithe agus - bunaithe ar samplachán tacsain leathnaithe - anailís a dhéanamh ar dhifreacht seicheamh agus heterogeneity comhdhéanta laistigh den phylum.

A Taxonomy of Language Learning Strategies (or... Play Your Cards Right and Be Strategic) This is a presentation of the strategies identified by Rebecca Oxford in her book Language Learning Strategies: What Every Teacher Should Know (1990). We use this for student group work and classroom discussions around student experiences. Why learn another language? Below, this wonderful talk by Chimamanda Adichie explores many important elements that are (or should be) a part of language learning and bilingualism: voice, storytelling, empathy, knowing yourself and knowing others, breaking down stereotypes: For when you might get a little discouraged or wonder why you're making such an effort: Via: Voxy Blog How can I learn more easily? Strategies for the Journey From Rebecca Oxford, this can be useful for students to use on their own or in a classroom discussion: H. Douglas Brown's book, courtesy of S. Albertal's spanish4ever.com website:

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Cáscaíocht de Straitéisí Foghlama Teanga (nó... Seinn Do Chártaí Go Díreach agus Bí Straitéiseach) Is é seo cur i láthair na straitéisí a shainaithin Rebecca Oxford ina leabhar Language Learning Strategies: What Every Teacher Should Know (1990). Úsáidimid é seo le haghaidh obair ghrúpa mac léinn agus plé sa seomra ranga timpeall ar eispéiris na mac léinn. Cén fáth a bhfuil teanga eile le foghlaim? Anseo thíos, léiríonn an cainte iontach seo ó Chimamanda Adichie go leor eilimintí tábhachtacha atá (nó ba cheart a bheith) mar chuid de theagasc teanga agus déthaobhachas: guth, scéalaíocht, comhbhá, aithne a chur ort féin agus ar dhaoine eile, stereotypes a bhriseadh síos: Chun nuair a d'fhéadfadh tú a fháil beagán discouraged nó wonder cén fáth go bhfuil tú ag déanamh iarracht den sórt sin: Tríd: Voxy Blog Conas is féidir liom foghlaim níos éasca? Straitéisí don Turas Ó Rebecca Oxford, is féidir leis seo a bheith úsáideach do mhic léinn a úsáid ar a gcuid féin nó i bplé sa seomra ranga: Leabhar H. Douglas Brown, de chúirtéisí ó shuíomh gréasáin spanish4ever.com S. Albertal:

Table of Contents What Are Beetles? Whether your home has been infected by beetles or not, you likely know of the critter. At the very least, you’ve heard of beetles before. You might not know that they have two sets of wings, bad vision, and can be both hurtful and harmful, but you probably know what they look like. Heck, you’ve probably seen one before, but until you’ve had them in the home, you haven’t probably cared enough to look into more information on them. This is completely understandable, but having them in the home can be a nuisance, and understanding everything you possibly can about them will only further help your elimination efforts. While these critters can appear in different sizes, shapes, and colors, they also range in a variety of categories. You have the ground beetles, the powder post beetles, and the longhorn beetles. These are just among some of the common beetles you’ll find in your area. Who Do People Have Beetles? Beetles just like humans need three things to survive. These things would be shelter, food, and water. While people eat different types of food and live in different types of shelters, they all need these common things along with water. Shelter for the beetle is oftentimes leaf piles, rotting wood, old lumber, and firewood piles. In addition to this, they are attracted to light. The light that doors and windows let into the home. Are Beetles Dangerous? Beetles aren’t considered anything more than a nuisance. This is because they have a propensity to invade the home. This is something you likely already understand all too well if you are here reading this. That being said, beetles aren’t dangerous to humans or pets. They don’t pose any health risks, given that they don’t carry or transmit diseases. However, given their propensity for wood, there are some species of this critter that can do massive amounts of damage to your home. Anything made of wood, including furniture or structure, can be vulnerable to species like the powder post beetle. How Do You Eliminate Beetles? Plain and simple, beetles can be extremely difficult to eliminate once they invaded the property. This is why it’ll be best to just turn to professional pest control. Our teams have the tools, knowledge, and skills to help you eliminate these unwanted critters from the home or property. Better than that, we have the necessary things needed to help you remove the critters and keep them out of the home. Can I Eliminate Beetles Myself From My Property? Beetle elimination oftentimes requires pesticides. Not just the utilization of pesticides, but the utilization of pesticides in effective manners throughout multiple treatments. This makes the situation all that more troubling, but what makes the situation even worse is, a lot of the pesticides available to homeowners just aren’t as effective as the ones the pros use. And, this is because they don’t contain all the pertinent ingredients. Without these pertinent ingredients, it can be hard to eliminate these critters successfully. You might find some natural or over-the-counter pesticides that offer little success, but it is highly unlikely you’ll completely eliminate these critters from the home entirely on your own. Are There Safe Treatments Available? You just learned above that the elimination of beetles requires the utilization of pesticides. Pesticides that contain hazardous chemicals. There are no two ways to go about it, these treatments are unsafe. They can even be life-threatening when not utilized in the right manner. This is just another of the many reasons that it is best to opt for professional treatment. That being said, thanks to the advances in the pest management field there are now safer options available for treating beetles. Safer and more eco-friendly options. While a lot of pest management firms have opted to shy away from these treatments, we welcome them with open arms. This is because they are usually more effective in the right situations. The only problem is they are more expensive and not viable in every situation. To learn more about the treatments and to find out whether or not they are right for you, you can give our offices a call. We’ll always have someone standing by ready, willing, and able to serve you to the fullest. We always try to offer eco-friendly or green solutions whenever possible. Even if you choose to go with another provider, we suggest considering eco-friendly treatments because they are just plain more effective. Not only safer, but more effective! When Will You Get Here? After giving us a call, we can have someone out to assess the property within the following 24 to 48 hours. We stay pretty busy all year round, but we known pests can be a problem. This is why we are always willing to adapt to what our customers need. After assessing the property, we’ll provide you with a list of treatment solutions and their corresponding cost. From there, it’ll probably take another 24 to 48 hours to get someone back out to the property to perform the treatments. With all this in mind, we do also have emergency service available for when the situation calls for it. How Much Will Beetle Treatment Cost? Given the way pest management is today, this is a question we hear a lot. We understand that being financially frugal is important, but you cannot put a price on good pest management. Especially not when you are dealing with a creature like the beetle. These creatures are extremely terrifying under the right circumstances even though they don’t bite or carry diseases. Unfortunately, we can’t give you a price right out because there are so many different treatment solutions available and every infestation is different. What might work for someone else might not work for you. Your property might also be bigger or require different types of methods of treatment that cause the price to go up. All in all, we can say that we will be willing to work with you. Whether you need financing or want to make payments, we have solutions for you. Of course, you’ll need good credit in some situations, but just know, we have something that fits into everyone’s budget.

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Tábla de na Téacsanna Cad iad Beetles? Cibé an raibh beetles i do theach nó nach raibh, is dócha go bhfuil a fhios agat faoin critter. Ar a laghad, tá tú chuala ar beetles roimh. B'fhéidir nach bhfuil a fhios agat go bhfuil dhá sheaic éadaí acu, drochfhaicsin, agus gur féidir leo a bheith díobhálach agus díobhálach araon, ach is dócha go bhfuil a fhios agat conas a bhíonn siad. Heck, is dócha go bhfaca tú ceann roimhe seo, ach go dtí go bhfuil tú a bhí acu sa bhaile, is dócha nach bhfuil tú cúram go leor chun breathnú i níos mó faisnéise orthu. Tá sé seo tuisceanach go hiomlán, ach is féidir a bheith acu sa bhaile a bheith ina nuálaíocht, agus tuiscint gach rud is féidir leat a dhéanamh faoi ach amháin cabhrú níos mó do chuid iarrachtaí a dhíchur. Cé gur féidir leis na critters seo teacht i méideanna, cruthanna agus dathanna éagsúla, tá siad i gcatagóirí éagsúla freisin. Tá na beetles talún, na beetles pósta púdar, agus na beetles longhorn. Níl iontu seo ach cuid de na beetles coitianta a gheobhaidh tú i do cheantar. Cé a bhfuil daoine a bhfuil Beetles? Beetles díreach cosúil le daoine gá trí rud chun maireachtáil. Ba chóir go mbeadh cosc, bia agus uisce ar na rudaí seo. Cé go n-itheann daoine cineálacha éagsúla bia agus go maireann siad i gcineálacha éagsúla tearmann, bíonn na rudaí coitianta seo ag teastáil uathu go léir mar aon le huisce. Is minic a bhíonn an beetle ina theach i mboll duilleoga, i mboll adhmaid, i sean-chraobh, agus i mboll coinne. Ina theannta sin, tarraingítear iad go dtí an solas. An solas a ligfidh doirse agus fuinneoga isteach sa bhaile. An bhfuil Beetles contúirteach? Ní mheastar go bhfuil beetles rud ar bith níos mó ná nuisance. Tá sé seo toisc go bhfuil claonadh acu dul isteach sa bhaile. Is dócha go dtuigeann tú é seo go maith má tá tú anseo ag léamh seo. Tá sé sin ráite, níl beetles contúirteach do dhaoine nó do pheataí. Ní chuireann siad aon riosca sláinte i gceist, ós rud é nach bhfuil siad ina n-iompróirí ná ina n-aistrí galair. Mar sin féin, mar gheall ar a n-ionchas don adhmad, tá roinnt speiceas den critter seo is féidir a dhéanamh méideanna ollmhóra damáiste do do theach. Is féidir le haon rud a dhéantar as adhmad, lena n-áirítear troscán nó struchtúr, a bheith leochaileach d'ealaíona cosúil leis an mbéacán póca púdar. Conas a Scriosann tú Beetles? Go simplí, is féidir le beetles a bheith thar a bheith deacair a dhíchur nuair a ionsaí siad an mhaoin. Is é seo an fáth go mbeidh sé is fearr dul díreach chuig rialú plágaíochta gairmiúil. Tá na huirlisí, an t-eolas agus na scileanna ag ár bhfoirne chun cabhrú leat na critters gan cheangal seo a dhíchur ón mbaile nó ón mhaoin. Níos fearr ná sin, tá na rudaí riachtanacha a theastaíonn chun cabhrú leat na critters a bhaint agus iad a choinneáil amach as an teach. An Féidir Liom féin Beetles a Scaoileadh ó Mo Phríomh? Is minic a éilíonn pesticides chun an beetle a dhíchur. Ní hamháin úsáid lotnaidicídí, ach úsáid lotnaidicídí ar bhealaí éifeachtacha le linn cóireálacha iomadúla. Déanann sé seo an staid níos deacra, ach is é an rud a dhéanann an staid níos measa ná, nach bhfuil a lán de na lotnaidicídí atá ar fáil do úinéirí tithe chomh héifeachtach agus a úsáideann na daoine gairmiúla. Agus, is é seo toisc nach bhfuil siad a bhfuil na comhábhair ábhartha go léir. Gan na comhábhair ábhartha seo, is féidir go mbeadh sé deacair na critters seo a dhíchur go rathúil. D'fhéadfadh go bhfaighidh tú roinnt lotnaidicídí nádúrtha nó neamh-le-ordú nach bhfuil mórán rath orthu, ach is beag seans go mbainfidh tú na critters seo a dhíchur go hiomlán ón mbaile go hiomlán ar do chuid féin. An bhfuil cóireálacha sábháilte ar fáil? D'fhoghlaim tú thuas go bhfuil gá le lotnaidicídí chun na beithle a dhíchur. Pesticídí ina bhfuil ceimiceáin guaiseacha. Níl dhá bhealach ann chun dul faoi, níl na cóireálacha seo sábháilte. Is féidir leo a bheith ina mbagairt ar an saol fiú mura n-úsáidtear iad ar an mbealach ceart. Níl ann ach cúis eile de na cúiseanna go bhfuil sé is fearr a roghnú le haghaidh cóireála gairmiúil. Mar sin féin, a bhuíochas leis na dul chun cinn i réimse na rialaithe lotnaid tá roghanna níos sábháilte ar fáil anois chun cóireáil a dhéanamh ar bhratanna. Roghanna níos sábháilte agus níos cairdiúla don chomhshaol. Cé gur roghnaigh go leor gnólachtaí bainistíochta lotnaidí na cóireálacha seo a sheachaint, glacaimid leo le hairm oscailte. Tá sé seo toisc go mbíonn siad níos éifeachtaí de ghnáth sna cásanna ceart. Is é an t-aon fhadhb ná go bhfuil siad níos costasaí agus nach bhfuil siad inmharthana i ngach cás. Chun tuilleadh eolais a fháil faoi na cóireálacha agus chun a fháil amach an bhfuil siad ceart duitse nó nach bhfuil, is féidir leat glaoch ar ár n-oifigí. Beidh duine againn i gcónaí ag fanacht réidh, toilteanach, agus in ann freastal ort go hiomlán. Déanaimid iarracht i gcónaí réitigh atá neamhdhíobhálach don chomhshaol nó atá glas a thairiscint nuair is féidir. Fiú má roghnaíonn tú dul le soláthraí eile, molaimid go mbreathnófaí ar chóireálacha atá neamhdhíobhálach don chomhshaol toisc go bhfuil siad níos éifeachtaí. Ní amháin go bhfuil sé níos sábháilte, ach go bhfuil sé níos éifeachtaí! Nuair a bheidh tú a fháil anseo? Tar éis duit glaoch a thabhairt dúinn, is féidir linn duine a chur amach chun an mhaoin a mheas laistigh de na 24 go 48 uair an chloig ina dhiaidh sin. Táimid ag fanacht an-ghnóthach ar feadh na bliana, ach tá a fhios againn gur féidir le plágaidí a bheith ina fhadhb. Sin é an fáth go bhfuilimid i gcónaí toilteanach oiriúnú do riachtanais ár gcustaiméirí. Tar éis don mhaoin a mheas, cuirfimid liosta de na réitigh chóireála agus a gcostas comhfhreagrach ar fáil duit. Ón áit sin, is dócha go dtógfaidh sé 24 go 48 uair an chloig eile chun duine a fháil ar ais chuig an maoin chun na cóireálacha a dhéanamh. Agus é sin ar fad san áireamh, tá seirbhís éigeandála ar fáil againn freisin nuair a éilíonn an cás é. Cé mhéad a chosnóidh cóireáil Beetle? De réir mar a bhíonn an t-idirghabháil leo inniu, is ceist é seo a chloiseann muid go minic. Tuigimid go bhfuil sé tábhachtach a bheith frugal ó thaobh airgeadais de, ach ní féidir praghas a chur ar mhaoirseacht maith ar lotnaidí. Go háirithe nuair a bhíonn tú ag déileáil le créatúr cosúil leis an beetle. Tá na créatúir seo thar a bheith uafásach faoi na cúinsí ceart cé nach gcroí siad nó nach bhfuil galair acu. Ar an drochuair, ní féidir linn praghas a thabhairt duit láithreach toisc go bhfuil an oiread sin réitigh chóireála éagsúla ar fáil agus tá gach ionfhabhtú difriúil. B'fhéidir nach n-oibreoidh an rud a d'oibrigh do dhuine eile duit. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh do mhaoin níos mó freisin nó go mbeadh cineálacha éagsúla modhanna cóireála ag teastáil a fhágann go dtiocfaidh méadú ar an bpraghas. Ar an iomlán, is féidir linn a rá go mbeidh muid sásta a bheith ag obair le leat. Cibé an bhfuil maoiniú ag teastáil uait nó gur mian leat íocaíochtaí a dhéanamh, tá réitigh againn duitse. Ar ndóigh, beidh ort creidmheas maith a fháil i gcásanna áirithe, ach bíodh a fhios agat go bhfuil rud éigin againn a oireann do bhuiséad gach duine.

Multimedia artist and filmmaker Douglas Gayeton, the director and designer of the interactive version of Johnny Mnemonic and of Vanishing Point, gave a presentation of some of his recent projects which use a Bottom Up Content vs Top Down Content approach. Waking Hours is an interactive, online documentary which followed the lives of 24 young people who lived together, over the course of 24 subsequent hours. Gayeton spoke about the way in which the documentary enabled these young people to become content providers or co-authors of their own documentary. The DissemiNETion project (by Sawad Brooks and Beth Stryker) could be described as an on line documentary, where visitors were invited to add stories from their personal history. The functioning and experience of memory was visualized in transactions: storing, remembering and forgetting. In the end, DissemiNETion would become a collection of stories in which visitors could wander around, or search for keywords or themes through a search engine. The results from this search engine would provide insight in the mechanisms of the World Wide Web. A diaspora of stories over the Net was the goal of the project. With DissemiNETion, Brooks and Stryker wanted to use internet technology to collect and distribute stories that would otherwise be lost -- stories from communities that, normally, don't have easy access to computers and technology. The Invisible Shape of Things Past (by ART+COM) is a tool for Internet environments where film visuals are transformed to digital 3D objects. The 3D objects that are created from film images, are shaped from movements of the camera (zoom, pan, tilt), generating strangely shaped 'film objects'. These film objects can be composed from historical films or documentaries, but also from recent images. The objects are placed in a representation of the city: virtual Berlin. This virtual city can be accessed from a timeline (1930, 1940, 1999 etc.). The film objects are then placed on the locations where they were filmed and can be moved to the same location in another timeframe, forging rich relations in thinking about, designing and organizing the city. Virtual Berlin can be navigated from different camera positions; it is possible to choose locations where film objects are placed and then travel through these images, as film sequences or as VR representations. The project can be related to several on line film databases in order to make it very dynamical. The project can be applied in fields as broad as architecture, film, or education.

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en

Thug an t-ealaíontóir ilmheán agus an scannánóir Douglas Gayeton, stiúrthóir agus dearthóir na leagan idirghníomhach de Johnny Mnemonic agus Vanishing Point, cur i láthair ar chuid dá thionscadail le déanaí a úsáideann cur chuige Bottom Up Content vs Top Down Content. Is clár faisnéise idirghníomhach ar líne é Waking Hours a lean saol 24 duine óg a bhí ina gcónaí le chéile, le linn 24 uair an chloig ina dhiaidh sin. Labhair Gayeton faoin gcaoi ar chuir an clár faisnéise ar chumas na ndaoine óga seo a bheith ina soláthraithe ábhair nó ina gcomh-údair ar a gcuid faisnéise féin. D'fhéadfaí cur síos a dhéanamh ar thionscadal DissemiNETion (ag Sawad Brooks agus Beth Stryker) mar dhoiciméadach ar líne, áit a cuireadh cuairteoirí scéalta a chur leis óna stair phearsanta. Bhí feidhmíocht agus taithí na cuimhne amharcúil i idirbhearta: stóráil, cuimhneamh agus dearmad. Sa deireadh, bheadh DissemiNETion ina bhailiúchán de scéalta inar féidir le cuairteoirí dul timpeall, nó cuardach a dhéanamh ar eochairfhocail nó téamaí trí inneall cuardaigh. Bheadh na torthaí ón inneall cuardaigh seo ina léargas ar mheicníochtaí an Ghréasáin Leathan Domhanda. Ba é sprioc an tionscadail diaspora de scéalta a chur ar fáil ar an nGréasán. Le DissemiNETion, bhí Brooks agus Stryker ag iarraidh teicneolaíocht an idirlín a úsáid chun scéalta a bhailiú agus a dháileadh a d'fhéadfaí a chailliúint ar shlí eile -- scéalta ó phobail nach mbíonn rochtain éasca acu ar ríomhairí agus ar theicneolaíocht de ghnáth. Is uirlis é The Invisible Shape of Things Past (le ART + COM) d'ionaid Idirlín ina ndéantar amharcáin scannáin a athrú go rudaí digiteacha 3D. Déantar na rudaí 3D a cruthaítear ó íomhánna scannáin a mhúnlú ó ghluaiseachtaí an cheamara (zoom, pan, tilt), ag giniúint 'earraí scannáin' a bhfuil cruth aisteach orthu. Is féidir na rudaí scannáin seo a chomhdhéanamh ó scannáin stairiúla nó ó dhoiciméadachtaí, ach ó íomhánna le déanaí freisin. Cuirtear na rudaí i léiriú ar an gcathair: Berlin fíorúil. Is féidir rochtain a fháil ar an gcathair fhíorúil seo ó shlí ama (1930, 1940, 1999 etc.). Cuirtear na rudaí scannáin ansin ar na háiteanna inar scannáladh iad agus is féidir iad a aistriú chuig an suíomh céanna i gcreat ama eile, ag cruthú caidrimh shaibhre i smaoineamh ar an gcathair, í a dhearadh agus a eagrú. Is féidir Berlin Fíorúil a nascleanúint ó shuímh ceamara éagsúla; is féidir áiteanna a roghnú ina gcuirtear rudaí scannáin agus ansin taisteal trí na híomhánna seo, mar shreathanna scannáin nó mar léiriúcháin VR. Is féidir an tionscadal a nascadh le roinnt bunachair sonraí scannáin ar líne chun é a dhéanamh an-dinimiciúil. Is féidir an tionscadal a chur i bhfeidhm i réimsí chomh leathan le hailtireacht, scannán nó oideachas.

A water footprint is a measure of the amount of water consumed or polluted in human activities. In our global economy water footprints are exported and imported through traded products. Hence, water usage and water scarcity is both a local and a global issue. A product consumed in North America may impact the water consumption and scarcity in South Africa. Companies as part of both local and global society must take responsibility for managing their water consumption in every link. What is water management? The water footprint of a company is the total volume of freshwater that is used to run and support that company. A water footprint is both direct and indirect. The direct water usage is the water that goes into the production and manufacturing of a product or service, while indirect water is used in the supply chain or in the use of a product. The total water footprint of a business must be seen in light of the suppliers. Your business’ water footprint consists of the water you and your suppliers use to manufacture the end products. Your most effective means for reducing your water footprint is to work with your partners in the supply chain. Why manage your water footprint? Water is a necessity in all kinds of production, from food to electronics, and we all depend on access to water in our daily lives. With current water management practices, we will only have enough water to satisfy 60 per cent of water demand in 2030. By assessing the water footprint of your products and corporation, setting clear targets to reduce it, and paying special attention to those areas where problems of water scarcity and pollution are most critical, you can ensure that this essential resource is available now and into the future. By proactively reducing your water footprint, you can turn water into a competitive advantage. How can we assist We are leading the industry when it comes to water management services, and we can help you navigate unknown waters. DNV GL can support your organization through: - Water risk assessment: An analysis of company operations, geographic locations, level of scarcity etc. A water risk assessment is aimed at understanding and evaluating the scale and relevance of the potential environmental impacts related to water used by or within a product. - Supply chain water risk assessment: Helps identify areas to focus on in your direct operations and supply chain. This could include analysis of data on water stress, drought, rainfall and estimates of water usage in different regions. - Water footprint inventory review: An independent review of the methods, assumption and interpretation of water consumption data, according to existing and emerging water footprint standard and guidelines process or organization. - Water footprint verification of products: An external verification of the water consumption for a specified product or category of products, using existing standards and initiatives - Water footprint verification of an organization or facility — An external verification of the water consumption within an organization or a facility, using existing standards and initiatives - Training courses — A wide range of training courses, covering all your needs in the domain of water footprint: From awareness to building competence and qualifying your employees

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Is tomhas é an lorg uisce ar an méid uisce a ídítear nó a thruaillimtear i ngníomhaíochtaí daonna. Sa gheilleagar domhanda, déantar lorg uisce a onnmhairiú agus a allmhairiú trí tháirgí trádála. Dá bhrí sin, is ábhar áitiúil agus domhanda é úsáid uisce agus easpa uisce ábhar. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh tionchar ag táirge a ídítear i Meiriceá Thuaidh ar thomhaltas agus ar easpa uisce i bhFrainc Theas. Ní mór do chuideachtaí mar chuid den tsochaí áitiúil agus domhanda a bheith freagrach as a n-úsáid uisce a bhainistiú i ngach nasc. Cad é bainistíocht uisce? Is é imprisean uisce cuideachta an méid iomlán uisce úr a úsáidtear chun an chuideachta sin a reáchtáil agus a chothú. Tá an lorg uisce díreach agus indíreach araon. Is é an úsáid dhíreach uisce an t-uisce a théann isteach i dtáirgeadh agus i ndéantúsaíocht táirge nó seirbhíse, agus úsáidtear uisce indíreach sa slabhra soláthair nó i úsáid táirge. Ní mór an lorg uisce iomlán a bhaineann le gnó a fheiceáil i bhfianaise na soláthraithe. Is éard atá i d'fhoraithne uisce do ghnó ná an t-uisce a úsáideann tú féin agus do sholáthraithe chun na táirgí deiridh a mhonarú. Is é an bealach is éifeachtaí chun do thréimhse uisce a laghdú ná oibriú le do chomhpháirtithe sa slabhra soláthair. Cén fáth a bhfuil gá le do thorthaí uisce a bhainistiú? Tá gá le huisce i ngach cineál táirgeachta, ó bhia go leictreonaic, agus táimid go léir ag brath ar rochtain ar uisce inár saol laethúil. Le cleachtais reatha bainistíochta uisce, ní bheidh ach go leor uisce againn chun freastal ar 60 faoin gcéad den éileamh uisce i 2030. Trí thorthaí uisce do tháirgí agus do chorparáide a mheas, spriocanna soiléire a leagan síos chun iad a laghdú, agus aird ar leith a thabhairt ar na réimsí sin ina bhfuil fadhbanna ganntanas uisce agus truaillithe an-tromchúiseach, is féidir leat a chinntiú go bhfuil an acmhainn riachtanach seo ar fáil anois agus sa todhchaí. Trí do thraenáil uisce a laghdú go réamhghníomhach, is féidir leat an t-uisce a thiontú ina buntáiste iomaíoch. Conas is féidir linn cabhrú Tá muid ag stiúradh an tionscail nuair a thagann sé chun seirbhísí bainistíochta uisce, agus is féidir linn cabhrú leat loingseoireacht uisce anaithnid. Is féidir le DNV GL tacú le do eagraíocht trí: - Measúnú riosca uisce: Anailís ar oibríochtaí na cuideachta, ar shuíomh geografach, ar leibhéal an easpa srl. Tá sé mar aidhm ag measúnú riosca uisce scála agus ábharthacht na dtionchar ar an gcomhshaol a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann a bhaineann le huisce a úsáidtear ag táirge nó laistigh de tháirge a thuiscint agus a mheas. - Measúnú riosca uisce sa slabhra soláthair: Cabhraíonn sé le réimsí a shainaithint ar cheart díriú orthu i do chuid oibríochtaí díreacha agus i do slabhra soláthair. D'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith ina chuid de anailís ar shonraí maidir le strus uisce, triomaigh, báistí agus meastacháin ar úsáid uisce i réigiúin éagsúla. - Athbhreithniú ar fardal an chos uisce: Athbhreithniú neamhspleách ar na modhanna, ar na haimhreacha agus ar an léirmhíniú a rinneadh ar shonraí maidir le tomhaltas uisce, de réir caighdeáin agus treoirlínte atá ann cheana agus atá ag teacht chun cinn maidir le cos uisce nó de réir próiseas nó eagraíochta. - Fíorú ciorcal uisce táirgí: Fíorú seachtrach ar thomhaltas uisce le haghaidh táirge nó catagóir sonraithe táirgí, ag baint úsáide as caighdeáin agus tionscnaimh atá ann cheana - Fíorú caighdeáin uisce eagraíochta nó saoráide Fíorú seachtrach ar thomhaltas uisce laistigh d'eagraíocht nó saoráid, ag baint úsáide as caighdeáin agus tionscnaimh atá ann cheana - Cúrsaí oiliúna réimse leathan cúrsaí oiliúna, a chlúdaíonn do chuid riachtanas go léir i réimse an chos uisce: ó fhógraíocht go cumas a thógáil agus do chuid fostaithe a cháilíocht

By Allen Foster, Pauline Rafferty This publication explores the research and interpretation, discovery and retrieval of quite a few non-textual items, together with snapshot, track and relocating photograph. Bringing jointly chapters written by means of top specialists within the box, this e-book presents an summary of the theoretical and educational facets of electronic cultural documentation and considers either technical and strategic matters when it comes to cultural history tasks, electronic asset administration and sustainability. dealing with electronic Cultural items: research, discovery and retrieval attracts from disciplines together with details retrieval, library and data technology (LIS), electronic renovation, electronic humanities, cultural concept, electronic media reports and paintings background. Its argued that this multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary method is either useful and important within the age of the ever present and cellular internet. Key subject matters lined comprise: * coping with, looking out and discovering electronic cultural gadgets * info modelling for research, discovery and retrieval * Social media information as a old resource * visible electronic humanities * electronic protection of audio content material * looking out and developing affinities in net track collections * movie retrieval on the net. Readership: The booklet will supply concept for college kids looking to advance artistic and cutting edge study initiatives at Masters and PhD degrees and should be crucial interpreting for these learning electronic cultural item administration in addition to practitioners within the box. Read or Download Managing Digital Cultural Objects Analysis, Discovery and Retrieval PDF Best library & information science books Motivating young ones to learn is vital to construction a lifelong love of analyzing. many oldsters can't version engagement with books and as an alternative, academics, tuition media experts, and kid's librarians needs to step into the breach to assist childrens include a love of studying. based on award-winning librarian-educator and writer Sharon Grimes, to assist scholars love books and analyzing, their talents needs to transcend in simple terms spotting phrases and turning pages with out comprehension. To do reliable educational examine, students have to glance past the pc seek engine. This brief, sensible booklet introduces scholars to the $64000 elements of the information-seeking technique. the weather of Library learn offers a origin for fulfillment in any examine task, from a freshman paper to a senior thesis. For folks who are looking to bring up their convenience point with brand new internet services, when you are looking to increase their kid's web utilization out and in of college, and if you happen to are looking to be ready for power darkish alleys within the on-line international, the net and oldsters: Are You Tech Savvy? is a welcome new source. For a library to meet its project to supply group engagement and cultural discussion, then diversified, very good cultural programming is the most important. In Cultural Programming for Libraries, the director of ALA s Public courses workplace stocks time-tested techniques and useful, inspiring samples from fine courses around the state. - Urban Teens in the Library: Research and Practice - A Century of Science Publishing: A Collection of Essays - Literary Research and the British Renaissance and Early Modern Period: Strategies and Sources - Reading and Writing the Electronic Book Extra resources for Managing Digital Cultural Objects Analysis, Discovery and Retrieval The type and scope of the metadata captured will determine the tools that can be provided for both browsing and searching, and the resulting discovery. The structure and content standards adopted for metadata creation and the formats used for digital object creation will determine whether they can be readily shared across technical implementations. Establishing the aims of the creation and delivery of a collection of digital cultural objects, and modelling the data and metadata requirements to fulfil the established aims, underpin the operational management of digital cultural objects in the custodial environment. Primarily designed for formal assessment, the checklists can be used to define the requirements of an implementation as part of the development process. The reference model developed by DELOS was used by the Santa Cruz Historical Library at the University of Valladolid as a common framework to completely redesign a digital library of manuscripts that had developed in an ad hoc fashion, leading to problems with maintenance and development. , 2008). Interoperability and aggregating collections A data model should be planned with interoperability with other collections of digital objects from a similar domain in mind. 0 Services. In Neal, D. R. ), Indexing and Retrieval of Non-Text Information, De Gruyter Saur, 376–405. , Caro, M. , Schmidt, E. , Sha, C. Y. and Yang, Y. H. (2013) 1000 Songs for Emotional Analysis of Music. pdf. , Davis, J. and Pun, T. (2009) A Collaborative Personalized Affective Video Retrieval System. jsp%Farnumber%3D53. Sowa, J. F. (1999) Knowledge Representation: logical, philosophical, and computational foundations, Brooks/Cole. Speller, E. 5964&rep=rep1&type=pdf. , Furner, J. and Becvar, K. - Download Handbook of olfaction and gustation by Richard L. Doty PDF - Download The Patron-Driven Library. A Practical Guide for Managing by Dee Ann Allison PDF

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Le Allen Foster, Pauline Rafferty Déantar iniúchadh sa fhoilseachán seo ar thaighde agus léirmhíniú, ar fhionnachtain agus ar aisghabháil roinnt mhaith earraí neamh-téacsúla, mar aon le grianghraf snapshot, rian agus athshuí. Ag cur caibidil a scríobh speisialtóirí barr i gcomhpháirt sa bhosca, cuireann an leabhar leictreonach seo achoimre ar ghnéithe teoiriciúla agus oideachais na doiciméadú cultúrtha leictreonaí agus déanann sé plé ar shaincheisteanna teicniúla agus straitéiseacha maidir le cúraimí stair chultúrtha, riarachán sócmhainní leictreonacha agus inbhuanaitheacht. a bhaineann le hearraí cultúrtha leictreonacha: tarraingíonn taighde, fionnachtana agus aisghabháil ó disciplíní lena n-áirítear aisghabháil sonraí, teicneolaíocht leabharlainne agus sonraí (LIS), athchóiriú leictreonach, daonnachtaí leictreonacha, coincheap cultúrtha, tuairiscí meáin leictreonacha agus pictiúir. D'áitigh sé go bhfuil an modh ildisciplíneach agus idirdisciplíneach seo úsáideach agus tábhachtach in aois an idirlín atá i gcónaí i láthair agus cealla. Áirítear ar na príomhábhar atá leagtha amach: * déileáil le, féachaint amach agus gadgets cultúrtha leictreonacha a fháil amach * samhail faisnéise le haghaidh taighde, fionnachtana agus aisghabháil * faisnéis na meán sóisialta mar acmhainn sean * daonnachtaí leictreonacha le feiceáil * cosaint leictreonach ábhar fuaime * féachaint amach agus affinities a fhorbairt i mbailiúcháin rianta glan * aisghabháil scannáin ar an ngréasán. Léitheoirí: Soláthróidh an leabhrán coincheap do pháistí coláiste atá ag iarraidh tionscnaimh staidéir ealaíne agus ceannródaíocha a chur chun cinn ag céimeanna Máistreachta agus PhD agus ba cheart go mbeadh an t-aistriúchán ríthábhachtach do na daoine seo a fhoghlaim riarachán earraí cultúrtha leictreonacha chomh maith le cleachtóirí laistigh den bhosca. Léigh nó Íoslódáil Gníomhaíocht um Ghnóthaí Cultúrtha Digiteacha a Bhainistiú Leabhair eolaíochta leabharlainne agus faisnéise is fearr Tá sé ríthábhachtach daoine óga a spreagadh chun foghlaim chun grá a fhorbairt don anailís ar feadh an tsaoil. Ní féidir le go leor daoine fásta a bheith páirteach i leabhair agus mar mhalairt, ní mór do na heolaithe, saineolaithe meán teagaisc, agus leabharlanna leanaí dul isteach sa bhfreagra chun cabhrú le páistí grá a chur leis an staidéar. bunaithe ar leabharlann-oideachasóir agus scríbhneoir Sharon Grimes, a bhuaigh duaiseanna, chun cabhrú le scoláirí grá leabhair agus anailísiú, ní mór a gcuid buanna trascend i dtéarmaí simplí a spotting frásaí agus leathanaigh a casadh gan tuiscint. Chun scrúdú oideachais iontaofa a dhéanamh, ní mór do mhic léinn breathnú thar an inneall cuardaigh ríomhaire. Tugann an leabhrán gearr, ciallmhar seo eolas do scoláirí ar na heilimintí $64,000 den teicníc cuardaigh faisnéise. Cuireann aimsir na leabharlainne foghlaim bunús le haghaidh comhlíonadh in aon tasc scrúdú, ó pháipéar céadchéime go dtí teip sinsearach. I gcás daoine atá ag iarraidh a thabhairt suas a n-suíomh áisiúil le seirbhísí nua-aimseartha idirlín, nuair a bhíonn tú ag iarraidh a mhéadú ar a n-chloinne úsáid gréasáin amach agus i an choláiste, agus má tharlaíonn tú ag iarraidh a bheith réidh le haghaidh cumhachta dorcha alleys laistigh den ar líne idirnáisiúnta, an líonra agus seanóirí: An bhfuil tú Tech Savvy? is foinse nua fáilte. Chun go gcomhlíonfaidh leabharlann a thionscadal chun rannpháirtíocht ghrúpa agus plé cultúrtha a sholáthar, is é an clár cultúrtha éagsúil, an-mhaith an rud is tábhachtaí. I gClárú Cultúrtha do Leabharlanna, cuireann stiúrthóir Áras Oibre na gCeachtanna Poiblí ALA teicnící thástáilte ama agus samplaí úsáideacha, spreagtha ó chúrsaí dea-bhunaithe ar fud na stáit. - D'óigeoirí uirbeacha sa leabharlann: Taighde agus Cleachtas - A Century of Science Publishing: A Collection of Essays - Séú haois na foilsitheoireachta eolaíochta: Cruinniú de aisteanna - Taighde Litríocht agus an Réabhlóid Bhreatain agus Réamh-Aois Nua-Aimseartha: Straitéisí agus Foinsí - Léitheoireacht agus Scríbhneoireacht an Leabhar Leictreonaigh Acmhainní breise chun earraí cultúrtha digiteacha a bhainistiú Anailís, Fionnachtadh agus Aisghabháil Cinnfidh cineál agus raon feidhme na meiteadat a ghabhadh na huirlisí is féidir a sholáthar le haghaidh brabhsáil agus cuardach araon, agus an fhionnachtana a eascraíonn as sin. Cinnfidh na caighdeáin struchtúir agus ábhair a ghlacfar le haghaidh cruthaithe meta-sonraí agus na formáidí a úsáidtear le haghaidh cruthaithe réad digiteach an féidir iad a roinnt go héasca ar fud cur chun feidhme teicniúil. Is é cuspóirí a bhunú maidir le bailiúchán de na n-earraí cultúrtha digiteacha a chruthú agus a sheachadadh, agus na ceanglais sonraí agus meiteadat a mhodhnú chun na cuspóirí a leagtar amach a chomhlíonadh, a thacaíonn le bainistíocht oibríochtúil na n-earraí cultúrtha digiteacha sa timpeallacht choimeádta. Tá na seiceálacha seo ceaptha go príomha le haghaidh measúnú foirmiúil, agus is féidir iad a úsáid chun na ceanglais a bhaineann le cur chun feidhme a shainiú mar chuid den phróiseas forbartha. Ba é an leabharlann stairiúil Santa Cruz in Ollscoil Valladolid a d'úsáid an tsamhail thagartha a d'fhorbair DELOS mar chreat coiteann chun leabharlann digiteach lámhscríbhinní a d'fhorbair go hiomlán a d'fhorbair ar bhealach ad hoc, rud a d'fhág go raibh fadhbanna le cothabháil agus forbairt. , 2008). Idir-inoibritheacht agus bailiúcháin a chomhiomlánú Ba cheart samhail sonraí a phleanáil le hidir-inoibritheacht le bailiúcháin eile d'ábhar digiteach ó réimse den chineál céanna san áireamh. 0 Seirbhísí. In Neal, D. R. ), Indexing and Retrieval of Non-Text Information, De Gruyter Saur, 376405. , Caro, M. , Schmidt, E. , Sha, C. Y. agus Yang, Y. H. (2013) 1000 Songs for Emotional Analysis of Music. pdf. , Davis, J. agus Pun, T. (2009) Córas Comhoibritheach Athghabhála Físeáin Aiféachtach Pearsantaithe. jsp%Farnumber%3D53. Sowa, J. F. (1999) Ionadaíocht Eolais: bunús loighciúil, fealsúnachta, agus ríomhaireachta, Brooks/Cole. Speller, E. 5964&rep=rep1&type=pdf. , Furner, J. agus Becvar, K. - Íoslódáil Leabharlainne na n-olfaction agus gustation ag Richard L. Doty PDF - Íoslódáil An Leabharlann Patrón-Tiomána. Treoir Praiticiúil le haghaidh Bainistíochta le Dee Ann Allison PDF

Archaeological video series An exemplary response from Arrow International and Mike Greer Homes after damage to an early moa-hunting site in Christchurch has led to a series of educational videos for their staff and clients about the value of archaeology and the importance of the archaeological provisions in the Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014 in protecting a finite resource. Heritage New Zealand archaeologist, Frank van der Heijden collaborated in filming for the Arrow International and Southern Response’s video series on archaeology and protection. A number of films were made, hosted on vimeo, https://vimeo.com/user30202555/videos, a few of which are below. These videos were developed specifically as part of an educational resource for Arrow and Southern Response staff, however the ideas expressed may be of interest whether you're a property owner, or work in heritage or construction. Please contact Heritage New Zealand if you come across an archaeological site during any work and do not have an archaeological authority in place. The New Zealand Archaeological Association website has a list of consultants available to provide archaeological advice. We don't do it just because it is the law. We do it because it is a finite resource. A general introduction to the role of Heritage New Zealand in administering the archaeological provisions, and why archaeology is important. Explaining the protocols for contractors to follow when they find or suspect they have found an archaeological site. Artefacts are like the family heirlooms of our nation. Mary and Malcolm’s repair to their pre-1900 dwelling provides an example of how Heritage New Zealand is involved in such cases. See also "Preconstruction meeting". This is the property where damage to an early moa-hunter site resulted in a prosecution, and where some very significant finds were made later when excavations for services and the fencing were undertaken.

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Sraith físeáin seandálaíochta Mar thoradh ar fhreagra samplach ó Arrow International agus Mike Greer Homes tar éis damáiste a dhéanamh do shuíomh luath-iascaireachta moa i Christchurch, tá sraith físeáin oideachais ar fáil dá bhfoireann agus dá gcliaint faoi luach na seandálaíochta agus tábhacht na bhforálacha seandálaíochta in Acht Oidhreachta Nua-Shéalainn Pouhere Taonga 2014 chun acmhainn theoranta a chosaint. D'oibrigh Frank van der Heijden, seandálaí ó Oidhreacht na Nua-Shéalainne, le chéile i scannánú do shraith físeanna Arrow International agus Southern Response ar seandálaíocht agus cosaint. Rinneadh roinnt scannáin, a óstáil ar vimeo, https://vimeo.com/user30202555/videos, cuid acu thíos. Forbraíodh na físeáin seo go sonrach mar chuid d'acmhainn oideachais do fhoireann Arrow agus Southern Response, ach d'fhéadfadh na smaointe a léirítear a bheith suimiúil cibé an bhfuil tú ina úinéir maoine, nó ag obair i dtríosa nó i dtógáil. Déan teagmháil le hOidhreacht na Nua-Shéalainne más rud é go dtagann tú ar shuíomh seandálaíochta le linn aon obair agus nach bhfuil údarás seandálaíochta i bhfeidhm agat. Tá liosta de chomhairleoirí ar fáil ar shuíomh Gréasáin Chumann Seandálaíochta na Nua-Shéalainne chun comhairle seandálaíochta a sholáthar. Ní dhéanaimid é ach toisc go bhfuil sé an dlí. Déanaimid é toisc go bhfuil sé acmhainn teoranta. Tús ginearálta le ról Oidhreachta na Nua-Shéalainne i riar na bhforálacha seandálaíochta, agus cén fáth go bhfuil seandálaíocht tábhachtach. Mínítear na prótacail do chonraitheoirí a leanúint nuair a fhaigheann siad nó má tá amhras orthu go bhfuair siad suíomh seandálaíochta. Tá earraí mar oidhreacht teaghlaigh ár náisiúin. Tugann an t-athchóiriú a rinne Mary agus Malcolm ar a dtithe roimh 1900 sampla de conas a bhíonn Oidhreacht na Nua-Shéalainne páirteach i gcásanna den sórt sin. Féach freisin "Cruinniú Réamhionstaireachta". Is é seo an t-oighreacht inar cuireadh ionchúiseamh i gcrích mar gheall ar damáiste a rinneadh do shuíomh luath-iascaireachta moa, agus inar rinneadh roinnt fionnachtana an-tábhachtach ina dhiaidh sin nuair a rinneadh tochailtí le haghaidh seirbhísí agus an fálsa.

Just as the deficiencies and shortcomings of the plaster of Paris process led to the invention of the papier-mache process of stereotyping, thus in due time the drawbacks of the latter made the invention of a better method a necessity. The quality of the work done by means of the wet mat method could hardly be improved upon, therefore the activities of practical stereotypers and inventors were directed towards obtaining equally excellent printing results, doing away, how-ever, with the many drawbacks encountered in the use of the wet mat process. The shortcomings of the papier-mache or wet mat method were few but far reaching. This steamtable, or hot process of stereotyping employs “wet mats” which are generally handmade in each plant from day to day; a series of special matrix papers and high grade tissues are pasted together with a mixture of flour paste and gum arabic to make these wet mats. In almost every newspaper plant the preparation of wet mats and especially of such paste comes under the duties of the foundry superintendent, and these experts usually have their own special and jealously guarded “secret” paste formula. (Ged and Stanhope exercised the same secretiveness). There were, however, a number of printing supply concerns who made and sold secret pastes to the trade, under various names such as: pulchre paste, ivorite, nickello, electroline paste, etc., etc. It was to a certain extent due to this secretiveness practiced in practically every plant possessing a stereotype foundry that stereotyping was about the only phase of newspaper production which had not kept pace with 20th century progress. Owing to the fact that all pastes used for the purpose of uniting the different paper layers of the wet mat have a tendency to sour and to mould, it is not practicable to prepare wet mats very far in advance. Then again, uneven pasting as well as fermentation in the paste often causes wet mats to blister and blow up when they are molded and cast. DEFICIENCIES OF THE WET MAT. To dry out the paste and the paper, the form of type with the wet mat, has to be subjected to a high temperature, generally done on a steam-table. It is obvious that the mat and the type cannot be separated until this mat has been thus hardened by heating and in this operation the type is necessarily heated also. It is in this particular that the main objection to the wet mat process exists, the heating of the type being a positive source of destruction to the type. When needed for “make-overs” for later editions, the superheated forms must be rapidly cooled, subjecting them to uneven expansion and then contraction, soon ruining even the most expensive foundry type. The stickiness and bother of the “paste pot” work and above all the inhuman necessity of the stereotypers working in an atmosphere of intense heat, thereby endangering their health, are foremost arguments against the use of wet mats. The comparative slowness of the wet mat process is also objectionable, in newspaper work, where the gain of time, after the copy is received, of preparing the matter for the press, is of greatest importance. Four to seven minutes of valuable time is consumed in baking the wet mats on the forms. In spite of the fact that with the wet mat steam-table process of stereotyping such bodily inconvenience is suffered by the workmen, such invaluable time is lost, and great expense incurred, newspaper publishers have felt that as long as there was nothing thoroughly proven to be better, more rapid than, and still giving the same quality of printing obtained with the old wet mat process, they were justified in sticking to the old method, and in not discarding their steam-tables. But in the meantime fertile minds were at work on the problem of making a matrix, eliminating the paste pot, the steam-tables and their attendant vices, and saving invaluable time in the getting out of the daily newspaper. The end result of all this labor and experimenting is the DRY MAT, ENABLING COLD STEREOTYPING. Up to the advent of the present day dry mats, about three years ago, dry mats were made upon a paper machine in one piece and not pasted together as is the case with the wet mat. They were beaten in with a brush in a cold state and no steam was used. Owing to inherent deficiencies of these dry mats themselves, the dry mat idea did not make converts very rapidly. Although very few foundries bothered to pet these dry mats enough to be able to use same, the idea was conceded to be a good one, the time saved also looked upon as a very favorable factor, but the ever varying thickness of the dry mat, the proclivity to blistering, buckling, chipping and pulling, the uncertainty of the proper humidifying, were not overcome until many years afterwards, and after innumerable experiments and setbacks.

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Díreach mar a thug easnaimh agus easnaimh phróiseas giosta Pháras le próiseas papier-mache na steiréitíopaíochta a fhionnadh, mar sin in am trátha rinne míbhuntáistí an dara ceann go raibh gá le modh níos fearr a fhionnadh. Ní raibh sé indéanta cáilíocht na hoibre a rinneadh trí mhodh an mhata fliuch a fheabhsú, agus dá bhrí sin bhí gníomhaíochtaí na stioréiteoirí praiticiúla agus na n-imreoirí dírithe ar thorthaí priontála chomh maith a fháil, ag cur ar ceal, ar aon nós, leis na míbhuntáistí go leor a bhí ann i gcaitheamh an mhodha fliuch fliuch. Bhí na heasnaimh a bhí ag an modh páipéar-mache nó mat taise beag ach fada. Baineann an próiseas steamtable, nó te, seo le "mátáin fliuch" a dhéantar de ghnáth de láimh i ngach planda ó lá go lá; cuirtear sraith de pháipéir mhátraí speisialta agus fíocháin ardghrád le chéile le meascán de phaiste plúr agus gum arabic chun na matáin fliuch seo a dhéanamh. I mbeagnach gach gléasra nuachtáin tagann ullmhú na mbratanna fliuch agus go háirithe an phaiste sin faoi dhualgais an mhaoirseora liúntais, agus is gnách go mbíonn a fhoirmle phaiste speisialta agus faoi chosaint na saineolaithe seo. (Ged agus Stanhope chleachtadh an rúndacht céanna). Bhí, áfach, roinnt gnóthais soláthair priontála a rinne agus a dhíol páistí rúnda don trádáil, faoi ainmneacha éagsúla mar: púdar pulchre, ivorite, nickello, páiste leictrealaigh, srl, srl. Bhí sé go pointe áirithe mar gheall ar an rúndacht seo a chleachtadh i mbeagnach gach planda a raibh díonlann steiréitíopaí aige go raibh an steiréitíopáil ar an gcéim amháin de tháirgeadh nuachtáin nár choinnigh sé céim leis an dul chun cinn sa 20ú haois. Toisc go mbíonn claonadh ag na pastaí go léir a úsáidtear chun na sraitheanna éagsúla páipéir den mhát fliuch a cheangal a bheith searbh agus a bheith caol, ní féidir maidí fliuch a ullmhú go fada roimh ré. Ar an láimh eile, is minic go gcuireann an pascadh neamhchothrom chomh maith leis an giostaíocht sa pasta le maidí fliuch blister a dhéanamh agus a dhúnadh nuair a bhíonn siad múnlaithe agus teilgthe. DÍOMHAÍN NA MÁT Uí. Chun an pasta agus an páipéar a thriomú, ní mór an cineál le mat taise a chur faoi réir teocht ard, a dhéantar de ghnáth ar bhord gaile. Is léir nach féidir an mat agus an cineál a scaradh go dtí go mbeidh an mat seo cruaithe sa chaoi sin trí théamh agus sa oibríocht seo téann an cineál te go forleathan freisin. Is sa ghné seo go bhfuil an príomh-agóid leis an bpróiseas mat fliuch, is é téamh an chineáil foinse dearfach de scrios an chineáil. Nuair a theastaíonn siad chun "athdhéanamh" a dhéanamh le haghaidh eagrán níos déanaí, caithfear na foirmeacha rótharraingthe a fhuaraithe go tapa, ag cur iad faoi leathnú neamhchothrom agus ansin géilleadh, ag cur fiú an cineál téadála is costasaí i mbaol. Is iad na argóintí is mó i gcoinne úsáid na mbratanna fliuch ná an greannmhar agus an t-easpa oibre a bhaineann leis an "pot pasta" agus, go háirithe, an riachtanas neamhdhaonna a bhaineann leis na stéaréatípaí ag obair i dtimpeallacht teasa dian, rud a chuireann a sláinte i mbaol. Tá an mall i gcomparáid leis an bpróiseas mat taise ina ábhar cúise freisin, i obair nuachtán, áit a bhfuil an t-am a fhaigheann an t-ábhar, tar éis an chóip a fháil, chun an t-ábhar a ullmhú don phreas, den tábhacht is mó. Caitheann ceithre go seacht nóiméad de am luachmhar ag an mbácáil na matáin fliuch ar na foirmeacha. In ainneoin an bhfíric go bhfuil an próiseas steam-table mat fliuch de stereotyping ag fulaingt ó na hoibrithe, tá am uathúil caillte, agus tá costas mór déanta, mhothaigh foilsitheoirí nuachtán go raibh siad údar maith leo cloí leis an sean-mhodh, agus gan a gcuid steam-tables a dhiúscairt, fad is nach raibh aon rud cruthaithe go hiomlán a bhí níos fearr, níos gasta ná, agus fós ag tabhairt an caighdeán céanna priontála a fuarthas leis an sean-phróiseas mat fliuch. Ach sa idirlíon bhí intinn thorthúil ag obair ar an bhfadhb a dhéanamh ar mhátrix, a dhíchur an pota pasta, na boilg-táblaí agus a n-eagóirise comhoibrithe, agus a shábháil inestimable am i ag dul amach as an nuachtán laethúil. Is é an toradh deiridh ar an saothar agus ar an turgnamh seo ná an MÁT DRÍ, A CHÚCHLAÍOCHTAÍOCHTÍ COILD. Go dtí go raibh an-tóir ar an mbrat tirim lá atá inniu ann, thart ar thrí bliana ó shin, déantar matáin tirim ar mheaisín páipéir ina phíosa amháin agus ní ghreamaítear iad le chéile mar atá i gcás an matáin fliuch. Bhí siad buailte isteach le scuab i riocht fuar agus níor úsáideadh gaile. Mar gheall ar easnaimh thorthaí na matáin thirim seo féin, níor tháinig na hairíonna go tapa ar an smaoineamh matáin thirim. Cé go raibh an-chuid de na foirgnimh ag cur na matáin thirim seo go leor chun a bheith in ann iad a úsáid mar an gcéanna, tugadh an smaoineamh a bheith go maith, an t-am a shábháil freisin ar an chuma ar mar fhachtóir an-fabhrach, ach an tiús ag athrú i gcónaí ar an mat tirim, an claonadh chun blistering, buckling, chipping agus tarraingt, an éiginnteacht an humidifying ceart, ní raibh thar a bheith go dtí blianta fada ina dhiaidh sin, agus tar éis turgnaimh agus míshásamh iomadúla.

What is a Co-operative? A cooperative is defined as an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly-owned and democratically-controlled enterprise. A cooperative may also be defined as a business owned and controlled equally by the people who use its services or who work at it. There are different types of co-operatives: A housing cooperative is a legal mechanism for ownership of housing where residents either own shares reflecting their equity in the co-operative's real estate, or have membership and occupancy rights in a not-for-profit co-operative and they underwrite their housing through paying subscriptions or rent. Members of a building cooperative (in Britain known as a self-build housing co-operative) pool resources to build housing, normally using a high proportion of their own labour. When the building is finished, each member is the sole owner of a homestead, and the cooperative may be dissolved. A retailers' cooperative (known as a secondary or marketing co-operative in some countries) is an organization which employs economies of scale on behalf of its members to get discounts from manufacturers and to pool marketing. It is common for locally-owned grocery stores, hardware stores and pharmacies. In this case the members of the cooperative are businesses rather than individuals. A utility cooperative is a public utility that is owned by its customers. It is a type of consumers' cooperative. In the US, many such cooperatives were formed to provide rural electrical and telephone service. A worker cooperative or producer cooperative is a cooperative that is owned and democratically controlled by its "worker-owners". There are no outside owners in a "pure" workers' cooperative, only the workers own shares of the business, though hybrid forms in which consumers, community members or capitalist investors also own some shares are not uncommon. Membership is not compulsory for employees, but generally only employees can become members. However, in India there is a form of workers' cooperative which insists on compulsory membership for all employees and compulsory employment for all members. That is the form of the Indian Coffee Houses. This system was advocated by the Indian communist leader A. K. Gopalan. A consumers' cooperative is a business owned by its customers. Employees can also generally become members. Members vote on major decisions, and elect the board of directors from amongst their own number. A well known example in the United States is the REI (Recreational Equipment Incorporated) co-op, and in Canada: Mountain Equipment Co-op. The world's largest consumers' cooperative is the Co-operative Group in the United Kingdom, which offers a variety of retail and financial services. The UK also has a number of autonomous consumers' cooperative societies, such as the East of England Co-operative Society and Midcounties Co-operative. Migros is the largest supermarket chain in Switzerland and keeps the cooperative society as its form of organization. Coop is another Swiss cooperative which operates the second largest supermarket chain in Switzerland after Migros. Agricultural cooperatives are widespread in rural areas. In the United States, there are both marketing and supply cooperatives. Agricultural marketing cooperatives, some of which are government-sponsored, promote and may actually distribute specific commodities. There are also agricultural supply cooperatives, which provide inputs into the agricultural process. In Europe, there are strong agricultural / agribusiness cooperatives, and agricultural cooperative banks. Most emerging countries are developing agricultural cooperatives. |< Prev||Next >|

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Cad é an Co-Oibríocht? Sainmhínítear comharsanacht mar chomhlachas uathrialach daoine a aontaítear go deonach chun freastal ar a gcuid riachtanas agus dúil eacnamaíoch, sóisialta agus cultúrtha coiteann trí fhiontar atá faoi úinéireacht chomhpháirteach agus faoi rialú daonlathach. Is féidir comharbacht a shainmhíniú freisin mar ghnó atá faoi úinéireacht agus faoi rialú go cothrom ag na daoine a úsáideann a sheirbhísí nó a oibríonn ann. Tá cineálacha éagsúla có-oibreacha ann: Is meicníocht dhlíthiúil é comharsanacht tithíochta chun úinéireacht a dhéanamh ar thithíocht ina bhfuil scaireanna ag cónaitheoirí a léiríonn a n-easmhacht i eastát réadach an chomhlachta, nó ina bhfuil cearta ballraíochta agus áitíochta acu i gcomhlacht neamhbhrabúis agus a ndéanann siad a n-áit chónaithe a chur faoi bhráid trí shíntiús nó cíos a íoc. Comhaltaí de chomhlachas tógála (ar a dtugtar comhchoiste tithíochta féin-thogaíochta sa Bhreatain) acmhainní a chomhthiomsú chun tithíocht a thógáil, de ghnáth ag baint úsáide as céatadán ard dá gcuid saothair féin. Nuair a bheidh an foirgneamh críochnaithe, is é gach ball úinéir aonair an bhaile, agus d'fhéadfaí an comhpháirtíocht a dhíscaoileadh. Is eagraíocht é comharsanacht miondíoltóirí (ar a dtugtar comharsanacht daracha nó margaíochta i roinnt tíortha) a úsáideann geilleagar scála thar ceann a chomhaltaí chun lascainí a fháil ó mhonaróirí agus chun margaíocht a chomhthiomsú. Tá sé coitianta do stóranna grósaera faoi úinéireacht áitiúil, do stóranna crua-earraí agus do chógaslanna. Sa chás seo is gnólachtaí iad comhaltaí an chothabhála seachas daoine aonair. Is cúitimh phoiblí é cóipeasáid fóntais atá faoi úinéireacht a chustaiméirí. Is cineál comhlachais tomhaltóirí é. Sna Stáit Aontaithe, bunaíodh go leor de na comharchumainn sin chun seirbhís leictreach agus teileafóin tuaithe a sholáthar. Is comhthaobhacht é comhthaobhacht oibrithe nó comhthaobhacht táirgeoirí atá faoi úinéireacht agus faoi rialú daonlathach ag a "úinéirí oibrithe". Níl aon úinéirí seachtracha i gcoincheap oibrithe "íon", níl ach scaireanna na ngnó ag na hoibrithe, cé nach bhfuil foirmeacha hibrideacha ann ina bhfuil roinnt scaireanna ag tomhaltóirí, baill phobail nó infheisteoirí caipitil freisin. Ní gá d'fhostaithe a bheith ina mball de, ach de ghnáth ní féidir ach le fostaithe a bheith ina mball. Mar sin féin, san India tá cineál comhoibrithe oibrithe ann a éilíonn ar bhallraíocht éigeantach do gach fostaí agus fostaíocht éigeantach do gach ball. Is é sin an fhoirm na tithe caife Indiach. Bhí an córas seo a abhcóideadh ag an ceannaire cumannach Indiach A. K. Gopalan. Is gnólacht atá faoi úinéireacht a chustaiméirí é comharsanacht tomhaltóirí. Is féidir le fostaithe a bheith ina mbaill de ghnáth freisin. Vótálann na baill ar chinntí móra, agus toghann siad an bord stiúrthóirí as a gcuid féin. Is sampla maith ar eolas sna Stáit Aontaithe é an co-op REI (Recreational Equipment Incorporated), agus i gCeanada: Mountain Equipment Co-op. Is é an Grúpa Comhchoisteach sa Ríocht Aontaithe an comhchoiste tomhaltóirí is mó ar domhan, a thairgeann réimse seirbhísí miondíola agus airgeadais. Tá roinnt comhlachtaí cómhaoiriúnacha tomhaltóirí uathrialacha sa RA freisin, amhail East of England Co-operative Society agus Midcounties Co-operative. Is é Migros an slabhra ollmhargaí is mó san Eilvéis agus coinníonn sé an tsochaí chomhoibritheach mar fhoirm eagraíochta. Is comharpháirtíocht eile sa tSualainn é Coop a oibríonn an dara slabhra ollmhargaí is mó sa tSualainn tar éis Migros. Tá comharchumainn talmhaíochta forleathan i gceantair thuaithe. Sna Stáit Aontaithe, tá comhchoistí margaíochta agus soláthair araon ann. Is iad na comharpháirtithe margaíochta talmhaíochta, a bhfuil cuid acu urraithe ag an rialtas, a chuireann táirgí áirithe chun cinn agus a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag dáileadh i ndáiríre. Tá comharchumainn soláthair talmhaíochta ann freisin, a sholáthraíonn ionchur sa phróiseas talmhaíochta. Tá comharchumainn láidir talmhaíochta/gnóthaí talmhaíochta agus bainc chomhoibritheacha talmhaíochta san Eoraip. Tá an chuid is mó de na tíortha atá ag teacht chun cinn ag forbairt comharchumainn talmhaíochta.

From Electrical Installation Guide Electrical Installation Guide This category presents the general rules for designing an installation and presents the involved IEC standards. It gives help in calculation of installed power loads. This chapter presents the main methods of connection to the MV utility distribution network. This chapter presents the main methods of connection to the LV utility distribution network. Given a particular building, we show how to select the right solution during pre-design and budget step: find a compromise between costs and ratings of the installation during its whole life cycle. Conception rules of an electrical installation. System earthings. This chapter explains how to determine protective devices in order to protect people from direct & indirect contacts and to protect equipments and goods from fire risks. Practical methods for conductor sizing and protection are given. The basic functions of LV switchgear are described, as well as the selection rules for ensuring the protection coordination. The effects of lightning are described. Protective devices are proposed and implementation rules are given. Power monitoring and control system contributes to global "energy efficiency". Such a system is of high benefice for the owner of an electrical network. This chapter explains how power factor correction is implemented in LV electrical installation. Practical examples are given. The origin and effects of harmonics are described. Measurement and filtering methods are proposed. Specific sources and loads are studied: generators, inverters, induction motors, lighting circuits, LV/LV transformers... The specific intallations rules applicable to residential premises and some other locations are presented. This chapter describes the basic rules for ensuring EMC: earthing principles, cable lay-out, wiring recommandations.

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Ó Threoir um Fhorbairt Leictreach Treoir um Fhorbairt Leictreach Sa chatagóir seo, cuirtear na rialacha ginearálta chun suiteáil a dhearadh agus cuirtear na caighdeáin IEC lena mbaineann i láthair. Cabhraíonn sé le hualach cumhachta suiteáilte a ríomh. Cuirtear na príomhmhodhanna ceangail leis an líonra dáileacháin fóntais MV i láthair sa chaibidil seo. Cuirtear na príomhmhodhanna ceangail leis an líonra dáileacháin fóntais LV i láthair sa chaibidil seo. I gcás foirgneamh ar leith, taispeánann muid conas an réiteach ceart a roghnú le linn chéim réamhdheartha agus bhuiséid: comhréitigh a aimsiú idir costais agus rátálacha an tslándála le linn a shaolré ar fad. Rialacha dearadh suiteála leictreach. Talamh córais. Mínítear sa chaibidil seo conas feistí cosanta a chinneadh chun daoine a chosaint ó theagmhálacha díreacha agus indíreacha agus chun trealamh agus earraí a chosaint ó rioscaí dóiteáin. Tugtar modhanna praiticiúla chun an t-eachtóir a mheá agus a chosaint. Déantar cur síos ar na bunfheidhmeanna atá ag trealamh lascainithe LV, chomh maith leis na rialacha roghnúcháin chun an comhordú cosanta a áirithiú. Déantar cur síos ar éifeachtaí na gréine. Tá feistí cosanta molta agus tá rialacha cur chun feidhme tugtha. Cuireann córas faireacháin agus rialaithe cumhachta le "éifeachtúlacht fuinnimh" domhanda. Tá córas den sórt sin an-tairbheach do úinéir líonra leictreach. Déantar an t-eolas seo a chur i bhfeidhm i gcás ina bhfuil an t-easnamh ar an gcúis a bhaineann le feiste cumhachta a chur i bhfeidhm i suiteáil leictreach LV. Tugtar samplaí praiticiúla. Déantar cur síos ar thionscnamh agus ar éifeachtaí na harmóiní. Tá modhanna tomhais agus scagaire beartaithe. Déantar staidéar ar fhoinsí agus ar ualach sonrach: gineadóirí, inbhéartaithe, mótair ionduchtaithe, ciorcaid solais, claochladairí LV/LV... Cuirtear na rialacha sonracha maidir le hiontráil a bhaineann le háiteanna cónaithe agus le háiteanna eile i láthair. Déantar cur síos sa chaibidil seo ar na rialacha bunúsacha chun CEM a chinntiú: prionsabail earndála, leagan amach cábla, moltaí cáblaithe.

Combining a compound from broccoli with an antimalarial drug prevents prostate cancer in mice, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute (UPCI) researchers discovered. The National Cancer Institute-funded research will be published in the Oct. 1 issue of the journal Cancer Research. It is the first such study to show the effectiveness of the combined treatment and provides compelling evidence for human clinical trials. “Men with prostate cancer suffer significant impairments in quality of life, not only from the disease itself, but also from the treatments,” said senior author Shivendra Singh, Ph.D., professor in Pitt’s Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology. “Because the predominant risk factors for prostate cancer, such as age, race and genetics, cannot be avoided, there is a great need for preventative treatments for those most at risk.” Cruciferous vegetables, such as broccoli, watercress and cabbage, are associated with a lower risk of prostate cancer. The phytochemical sulforaphane in cruciferous vegetables is believed to be responsible. When scientists tested sulforaphane in the lab, they found it works to prevent early-stage prostate cancer, but not late-stage. Dr. Singh and his colleagues hypothesized that this was due to a cellular mechanism called autophagy, which limits the ability of drugs to destroy cancer. The antimalarial drug chloroquine inhibits autophagy. When chloroquine and sulforaphane were given to mice predisposed to prostate cancer, only 12 percent of the mice developed late-stage prostate cancer, compared to half in the control group. “These results are very promising, but I do not recommend that men take chloroquine while eating broccoli in an attempt to prevent prostate cancer,” said Dr. Singh. “Certainly eating broccoli and other cruciferous vegetables is good for you, but chloroquine can have side effects, and it has not been tested in humans for the purpose of preventing prostate cancer.” Additional researchers on this study include Avani R. Vyas, Ph.D., Eun-Ryeong Hahm, Ph.D., Simon Watkins, Ph.D., and Donna Beer Stolz, Ph.D., all of the University of Pittsburgh; and Dhimant Desai, Ph.D., Shantu Amin, Ph.D., both of the Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center. This research was supported by the National Cancer Institute grant RO1 CA115498-07.

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Tá taighdeoirí in Institiúid Ailse Ollscoil Pittsburgh (UPCI) tar éis a fháil amach go gcuirtear comhdhéanamh ó bhróicli le druga frith-malartach chun ailse próstatach a chosc i mhadraí. Foilseofar an taighde a mhaoiníonn an Institiúid Náisiúnta Ailse i dtionól 1 Deireadh Fómhair den iris Cancer Research. Is é seo an chéad staidéar den sórt sin a léiríonn éifeachtacht an chóireála chomhcheangailte agus a sholáthraíonn fianaise láidir le haghaidh trialacha cliniciúla daonna. "Tá deacrachtaí suntasacha ag fir a bhfuil ailse próstatach orthu i gcáilíocht na beatha, ní hamháin ó an galar féin, ach ó na cóireálacha freisin", a dúirt an t-údar sinsearach Shivendra Singh, Ph.D., ollamh i Roinn Fharmacolaíochta agus Bitheolaíochta Ceimiceach Pitt. Toisc nach féidir na príomhfhachtóirí riosca do ailse próstatach, amhail aois, ciníochas agus géineolaíocht, a sheachaint, tá gá mhór le cóireálacha coisctheacha do na daoine is mó i mbaol. Tá baint ag glasraí croise, mar bhróicli, crann uisce agus cabáiste, le riosca níos ísle ailse próstatach. Creidtear go bhfuil an sulforaphane fíteachimiceach i nglasraí croiseacha freagrach. Nuair a rinne eolaithe tástáil ar sulforaphane sa saotharlann, fuair siad go n-oibríonn sé chun ailse próstatach a chosc i gcéim luath, ach ní i gcéim dheireanach. D'fhiafraigh an Dr. Singh agus a chomhghleacaithe go raibh sé seo mar gheall ar mheicníocht cheallach ar a dtugtar autophagy, a chuireann teorainn le cumas drugaí chun ailse a scriosadh. Cuireann an chloroquine, an druga frith-malaróige, cosc ar autophagy. Nuair a tugadh cloroquine agus sulforaphane do mhiceanna a raibh seans maith acu a bheith ag ailse próstatach, ní raibh ach 12 faoin gcéad de na miceanna ag ailtire ailse próstatach, i gcomparáid le leath sa ghrúpa rialaithe. "Tá na torthaí seo an-spreagúil, ach ní mholfainn do na fir cloroquine a ghlacadh agus iad ag ithe brocailí i iarracht ailse próstatach a chosc", a dúirt an Dr. Singh. Is cinnte go bhfuil an bhróicli agus glasraí croiseacha eile a ithe go maith duit, ach d'fhéadfadh fo-iarsmaí a bheith ag cloroquine, agus níor thástáil é i ndaoine chun ailse próstatach a chosc. I measc taighdeoirí breise ar an staidéar seo tá Avani R. Vyas, Ph.D., Eun-Ryeong Hahm, Ph.D., Simon Watkins, Ph.D., agus Donna Beer Stolz, Ph.D., go léir ó Ollscoil Pittsburgh; agus Dhimant Desai, Ph.D., Shantu Amin, Ph.D., an dá cheann de Ionad Leighis Milton S. Hershey Stáit Penn. Cuireadh tacaíocht don taighde seo ag an Institiúid Náisiúnta Ailse deontais RO1 CA115498-07.

The period that followed the making of the Two Trees of Valinor, when Aman was bathed by their extraordinary silver-gold light. In this time the Calaquendi lived in peace alongside the Valar, and Melkor was imprisoned within the Halls of Mandos. The Noontide (the term is meant symbolically, representing the time of greatest glory) lasted for three ages, but with Melkor's release the the bliss of Aman began to to fail. Eventually, Melkor's corruption led to the Darkening of Valinor, in which the Two Trees were destroyed forever. For acknowledgements and references, see the Disclaimer & Bibliography page. Website services kindly sponsored by Axiom Software Ltd. Original content © copyright Mark Fisher 2008. All rights reserved. For conditions of reuse, see the Site FAQ.

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An tréimhse a lean an dá Crann Valinor a dhéanamh, nuair a bhí Aman ag cith ag a solas airgid-ór neamhghnách. Sa tréimhse seo bhí an Calaquendi ina gcónaí go síochánta in éineacht leis na Valar, agus bhí Melkor príosúnach laistigh de Hallaí Mandos. Mhair an Noontide (an téarma a chiallaíonn go siombalach, a léiríonn an t-am an ghlóir is mó) ar feadh trí aois, ach le scaoileadh Melkor thosaigh bliss Aman ag teip. Faoi dheireadh, ba chúis le truailliú Melkor le Darkening Valinor, inar scriosadh an dá Chrainn go deo. Le haghaidh aitheantais agus tagairtí, féach an leathanach Dísholáthar & Leabharlann. Seirbhísí gréasáin a thacaíonn Axiom Software Ltd. leo. Ábhar bunaidh © cóipcheart Mark Fisher 2008. Coimeádtar na cearta go léir. Chun coinníollacha athúsáid a fháil, féach an Suíomh FAQ.

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) filed its proposal to overhaul Nutrition Facts labeling back in February, this year. Proposed changes include removing vitamin A and C as mandatory listed micronutrients and replacing them with vitamin D and potassium on the Nutrition Facts Panel. A review of serving size and a stronger focus on calories and added sugars was also proposed, among other things. Eric Ciappio, scientific leader at DSM Nutritional Products North America, said these proposed changes to mandatory micronutrient labels was cause for concern. “By not making it mandatory disclosing some micronutrients, it could advertently lead to an incentive to de-fortify,” he told BakeryandSnacks.com. “Do I think that the removal of vitamin A and C is 100% appropriate? Yes and no, in that I see the thought process and I guess creating the relative importance with potassium - which has emerged as a really important public health problem. But at the same time, you don’t want to create that disincentive to not fortify. So that becomes a little bit tricky,” he said. Breakfast cereals and cereal bars remained prime vehicles for vitamin fortification, he said, particularly given consumer expectations on consuming fortified products in the morning. Let’s hope it doesn’t harm ‘hidden hunger’ DSM had filed comments to the FDA relating to these concerns, he said. While the main interest of the nutrition label overhaul was to tackle obesity-related concerns, he said the move could “inadvertently dismiss hidden hunger – the differences in micronutrient intakes”. “Theoretically, if there’s a significant amount of de-fortification, then you can envision a scenario where the prevalence of inadequate intake and subsequently deficiency increases,” he said. “The hope is that food manufacturers won’t be incentivized to remove them from their products, but only time will tell.” Don’t forget vitamin E! While vitamin D and potassium were, of course, important nutrients and ones listed as nutrients of concern by the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, he said vitamin E also deserved focus. “When you look at dietary surveys, routinely the two that always pop out as the most inadequate in terms of intake is vitamin D and vitamin E, without a doubt.” Asked if vitamin E should have been included on the proposed mandatory nutrients, Ciappio said: “That’s something of a controversial area, I think, among the nutrition community. Do I personally this it should be? Yes. I think vitamin E is something that’s very important and it’s got recognized benefits for the body, for the heart, etc. “But, at the same time I understand the FDA’s perspective which is there is a very significant public health need for vitamin D (…) But again, from an intake perspective, we all agree that vitamin E is an essential ingredient. It’s essential for the human condition and a major, major swath of the American population isn’t getting enough.” Still time for comments… The FDA extended its open comment period on the nutrition labeling overhaul to August 1, 2014, and Ciappio said DSM wanted to submit more, given the extra time. In addition to comments flagging concerns about unintentionally creating disincentives on fortification, he said DSM also wanted to raise concerns about how changes to serving size would impact the listed percentage of daily intakes on nutrients. “If you add twice as much volume to a product, or shrink it by as much, then the percentage of daily value is going to change. So, that’s something that needs to be taken into account.” Changes would impact fortification because absolute and relative quantities would change, he explained.

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Chuir Riarachán Bia agus Drugaí na Stát Aontaithe (FDA) a thogra chun lipéadú Fíricí cothaithe a athchóiriú ar ais i mí Feabhra, i mbliana. I measc na n-athruithe a mholtar tá vitimín A agus C a bhaint mar mhicre-chothaithigh éigeantacha atá liostaithe agus iad a chur in ionad vitimín D agus potaisiam ar an bPáineal um Fíricí cothaitheacha. Mholadh athbhreithniú ar mhéid an chuid agus fócas níos láidre ar chailtéirí agus siúcraí breise, i measc rudaí eile. Dúirt Eric Ciappio, ceannaire eolaíoch ag DSM Nutritional Products North America, go raibh cúis imní leis na hathruithe a mholtar seo ar lipéid éigeantacha miocrotháileoga. "Ní dhéantar é a éigeantach roinnt micronutrients a nochtadh, d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith ina spreagadh chun de-fortify, "a dúirt sé le BakeryandSnacks.com. An dóigh liom go bhfuil an t-aistriú vitimín A agus C 100% oiriúnach? Sea agus nach bhfuil, go bhfeicim an próiseas smaointeoireachta agus is dóigh liom a chruthú an tábhacht choibhneasta le potaisiam - a tháinig chun cinn mar fhadhb sláinte poiblí an-tábhachtach. Ach ag an am céanna, ní ba mhaith leat an dí-spreagadh sin a chruthú gan a dhaingniú. Mar sin, tá sé rud beag tricky, "a dúirt sé. Bhí an-tóir ar thráthnóna agus ar bhrabhsáin thráthnóna chun vitimíní a neartú, a dúirt sé, go háirithe i bhfianaise ionchais na dtomhaltóirí maidir le táirgí saibhre a ithe ar maidin. Let's hope it doesn't harm ocras i bhfolach D'fhógair an tAire go raibh an t-eagrán seo á chur i bhfeidhm ag an gCoimisiún agus go raibh sé ag éirí go maith leis an gcur chun feidhme. Cé gurbh é príomhchuspóir an athchóiriú ar an lipéad cothaitheacha aghaidh a thabhairt ar imní a bhaineann le murtall, dúirt sé go bhféadfadh an t-aistriú "an ocras i bhfolach a dhíothú go neamhchinnte" agus na difríochtaí i n-iontógáil mhicreachothaitheach a dhíothú. "Go teoiriciúil, má bhíonn méid suntasach de-fortification ann, ansin is féidir leat cás a shamhlú ina méadaíonn forleithne an iontógáil neamhleor agus an easnamh ina dhiaidh sin", a dúirt sé. Táthar ag súil nach gcuirfear spreagadh ar mhonaróirí bia iad a bhaint as a gcuid táirgí, ach ní bheidh a fhios ach ag an am. Ná déan dearmad ar vitimín E! Cé go raibh vitimín D agus potaisiam, ar ndóigh, ina gcothaithigh thábhachtacha agus iad siúd a liostaíodh mar chothaithigh imní ag an gCoiste Comhairleach um Threoirlínte Bia, dúirt sé gur chóir aird a thabhairt ar vitimín E freisin. Nuair a fhéachann tú ar an suirbhé ar aiste bia, is iad an dá rud a thagann amach i gcónaí mar an dá rud is míchuí i dtéarmaí an iontógála vitimín D agus vitimín E, gan amhras. Nuair a d'fhiafraíodh di an raibh vitimín E le cur ar na cothaithigh éigeantacha atá beartaithe, dúirt Ciappio: "Is réimse conspóideach é sin, dar liom, i measc an phobail cothaithe. An bhfuil mé go pearsanta seo ba chóir go mbeadh sé? Sea, tá. Sílim go bhfuil vitimín E rud éigin go bhfuil an-tábhachtach agus tá sé a fuair tairbhí aitheanta don chorp, don chroí, etc. Ach, ag an am céanna, tuigim dearcadh FDA, is é sin go bhfuil gá an-tábhachtach le vitimín D i sláinte an phobail (...) Ach arís, ó thaobh an iontógála de, aontaímid go léir go bhfuil vitimín E ina chomhábhar riachtanach. Tá sé riachtanach don choinníoll daonna agus is mór, mór swath de daonra Mheiriceá nach bhfuil ag fáil go leor. Tá am fós le haghaidh tuairimí... Mhair an FDA a thréimhse trácht oscailte ar an lipéadú cothaithe a athchóiriú go dtí 1 Lúnasa, 2014, agus dúirt Ciappio go raibh DSM ag iarraidh níos mó a chur isteach, mar gheall ar an am breise. Chomh maith le tuairimí a léiríonn imní faoi dhíspreagadh a chruthú ar neartú gan intinn, dúirt sé go raibh DSM ag iarraidh imní a ardú freisin faoi conas a d'fhéadfadh tionchar a bheith ag athruithe ar mhéid an fhreastalaithe ar an céatadán liostaithe de iontógáil laethúil ar chothaithigh. Má chuireann tú dhá oiread méid le táirge, nó má laghdaíonn tú é chomh mór sin, ansin athróidh an céatadán de luach laethúil. Mar sin, is rud é sin a chaithfidh a bheith san áireamh. D'eisigh sé go mbeadh tionchar ag athruithe ar dhaingneacht toisc go n-athródh cainníochtaí iomlánacha agus coibhneasta.

Heart Attack Cele A heart attack in Cele might come about due to a low supply of oxygen to the heart muscle tissues or the cardiac muscles. It might result in the death of the cardiac muscles or might bring about long-lasting damage. People most susceptible to heart disease are the ones with high levels of cholesterol, diabetes, those people who are of old age, those under trauma or excessive stress, overweight individuals, people who have a very non-active way of life, and people with inflammation diseases. Inherited genes can also be involved in raising the chances for a person to have a heart attack. Signs and Symptoms of a Heart Attack in Cele Please be aware that suffering from a few of these heart attack signs or symptoms doesn't always suggest that you will have a heart attack. Only a professional medical diagnosis from a seasoned cardiologist will be able to tell you for sure. Lots of people are hesitant to ask for help when they feel signs and symptoms of a heart attack. They believe it's embarrassing to be taken to a healthcare facility or the emergency room to find out there's nothing wrong. However, taking into account the severity of the issue, you'll want to forget the embarrassment and ask for help ASAP if you feel the warning signs of a heart attack. Digestive disturbance might be a symbol of a heart attack. You may also feel an elevated pressure on the heart when it is pumping blood. Both these symptoms are very mild and, as a result, are often dismissed. The signs and symptoms of a heart attack can differ individually for each person. For example, a crushing pain is felt between the shoulder blades in men. However, the signs of heart attack in females include things like a light pain between the shoulder blades. Angina pectoris, which is also referred to as "angina", is the precursor of a heart attack. With this particular condition, the patient is suffering from an increase in heartbeats during physical exercise, an emotionally charged situation, after eating a large meal, and so forth. During these situations, the heart demands more oxygen. Therefore, you could have some pain inside your heart. Usually, this condition can last for about 15 minutes. If this lasts longer, this ought to be considered a warning sign of a heart attack. Generally, the following are the most prevalent indications of a heart attack: - Compressing or Pulling in the Chest - Burning Feeling in the Chest - Pain in the neck, jaw, shoulder, arm, or back - Lack Of Breath What Causes a Heart Attack? Heart attacks are brought on from clots or obstructions which prevent the proper flow of blood within the coronary arteries. Whenever the blood can't get to the part of the heart where it is needed, the spot becomes deprived of oxygen and does not operate correctly. If the blockage proceeds, the cells within the said location can die. Coronary Artery Disease or CAD may be the underlying reason for most heart attacks. This condition is identified by the narrowing down of arteries combined with the build-up of plaque deposits around the arterial walls (a condition known as atherosclerosis). Once the arteries narrow down, blood circulation for the heart is lowered. This condition can advance to completely block the artery and the flow of blood entirely In order to avoid heart attacks, it's important that you maintain a healthy weight, stay active, eat healthy, do not smoke, and reduce your stress levels. What Treatments Can Austin Cardiac Provide? The Austin Cardiac Clinic wants you to realize that the very best treatment for heart attacks is preventative treatment! Preventive cardiology may be beneficial to everybody, from individuals who are already suffering from heart disease symptoms to people who're simply concerned about their cardiac health and are wanting to know how to improve upon it. The objective of preventative cardiology is to deal with any possible cardiac problems that you may have, and handle them with adjustments to your day-to-day way of life to lower your risk of a life threatening cardiac incident. You can schedule an appointment by giving us a call at 512-206-2988.

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Heart Attack Cele D'fhéadfadh ionsaí croí a bheith ann i Cele mar gheall ar soláthar ocsaigine íseal do na fíocháin mhúscle croí nó do na matáin chroí. D'fhéadfadh sé bás na matáin chroí a chur ina dhiaidh nó d'fhéadfadh sé damáiste fadtéarmach a dhéanamh. Is iad na daoine is mó a bhfuil seans maith acu galar croí a fháil ná iad siúd a bhfuil leibhéil arda cholesterol, diaibéiteas, daoine atá ina n-aois, iad siúd atá faoi thráma nó strus iomarcach, daoine atá róthrom, daoine a bhfuil stíl mhaireachtála an-neamhghníomhach acu, agus daoine a bhfuil galair athlastacha acu. Is féidir go bhfuil baint ag géiní oidhreachta freisin le seansanna a mhéadú go mbeidh ionsaí croí ag duine. Comharthaí agus Síomptóim Ionfhabhtú Croí i Cele Bíodh a fhios agat le do thoil nach léiríonn roinnt de na comharthaí nó na hairíonna ionsaí croí seo go mbeidh ionsaí croí agat i gcónaí. Ní féidir leat a fháil amach go cinnte ach amháin má dhéantar diagnóis ghairmiúil le cardio-leighis a bhfuil taithí aige air. Tá go leor daoine ag meabhrú cabhair a iarraidh nuair a bhraitheann siad comharthaí agus comharthaí ionsaí croí. Creideann siad go bhfuil sé náire a bheith i dtaisce cúram sláinte nó an seomra éigeandála chun a fháil amach nach bhfuil aon rud cearr. Mar sin féin, ag cur an tséarchéim ar an gceist san áireamh, ba mhaith leat dearmad a dhéanamh ar an náire agus cabhair a iarraidh ASAP má bhraitheann tú na comharthaí rabhaidh ar ionsaí croí. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh suaitheadh díleá ina siombail de ionsaí croí. D'fhéadfadh go mbraitheann tú brú ard ar an gcroí freisin nuair a bhíonn sé ag caitheamh fola. Tá an dá chomhartha seo an- éadrom agus, mar thoradh air sin, déantar é a dhiúltú go minic. Is féidir le comharthaí agus le hairíonna ionsaí croí a bheith difriúil ó dhuine go duine. Mar shampla, is pian crúiteach é a bhraitheann idir na scáileáin ghualainn i bhfear. Mar sin féin, tá comharthaí ionsaí croí i mban a chuimsíonn rudaí cosúil le pian éadrom idir na bpáistí. Is é an t-angina pectoris, a dtugtar "angina" air freisin, réamhtheachtaí ionsaí croí. Sa choinníoll seo, bíonn an t-othar ag fulaingt ó mhéadaíocht i gcroíthe le linn aclaíochta fisiceach, ó staid íogair, tar éis dó béile mór a ithe, agus mar sin de. Le linn na gcásanna seo, éilíonn an croí níos mó ocsaigine. Dá bhrí sin, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh pian éigin taobh istigh de do chroí. De ghnáth, d'fhéadfadh an staid seo maireachtáil ar feadh thart ar 15 nóiméad. Má mhaireann sé seo níos faide, ba cheart é seo a mheas mar chomhartha rabhaidh ar ionsaí croí. Go ginearálta, is iad seo a leanas na comharthaí is coitianta a bhaineann le tinneas croí: - Compressing nó a tharraingt isteach sa chistin - Briseadh i gCiorcal - Píobáil sa mhuineál, sa fhál, sa ghualainn, sa lámh nó sa chúl - Easpa Anail Cad a Chúisíonn Ionfhabhtú Croí? Déantar ionsaí croí a chur ar bun ó chlúdaigh nó ó bhacanna a chuireann cosc ar shreabhadh ceart fola laistigh de na hairteoga corónach. Aon uair nach féidir leis an fhuil teacht ar an gcuid den chroí ina bhfuil gá leis, bíonn an áit díothaithe ocsaigine agus ní oibríonn sé i gceart. Má leanann an blocáil, d'fhéadfadh na cealla laistigh den áit sin bás a fháil. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh galar ar na hairteacha corónach nó CAD mar chúis bhunúsach leis an gcuid is mó de na h-ionsaithe croí. Aithnítear an riocht seo trí na hairteoirí a laghdú i dteannta le haisíocaíochtaí plaic a thiomsú timpeall na mballaí artaraí (riocht ar a dtugtar atherosclerosis). Nuair a bhíonn na hairteoga ag teannadh, laghdaítear scaipeadh fola don chroí. Is féidir leis an riocht seo dul chun cinn go hiomlán chun an t-artéar agus an sreabhadh fola a dhúnadh go hiomlán Chun ionsaí croí a sheachaint, tá sé tábhachtach go gcoinníonn tú meáchan sláintiúil, go mbíonn tú gníomhach, go n-itheann tú go sláintiúil, nach nglacann tú tobac, agus go laghdaíonn tú do leibhéil strus. Cad iad na Cóireálacha is Féidir le Austin Cardiac a Sholáthair? Ba mhaith le Clinic Chardia Austin go dtuigeann tú gurb é an cóireáil is fearr le haghaidh ionsaithe croí cóireáil choscála! D'fhéadfadh cardiology coisctheach a bheith tairbheach do gach duine, ó dhaoine aonair atá ag fulaingt cheana féin ó chomharthaí galar croí do dhaoine atá díreach buartha faoi a sláinte croí agus atá ag iarraidh a fháil amach conas a fheabhsú air. Is é cuspóir an chárta-chárta coisctheacha déileáil le haon fhadhbanna cardasacha a d'fhéadfadh a bheith agat, agus déileáil leo le coigeartuithe ar do bhealach maireachtála ó lá go lá chun do riosca d'ionad cardasacha a bhagairt ar do shaol a laghdú. Is féidir leat coinneáil ama a shocrú trí glaoch orainn ag 512-206-2988.

This week Year 3 have loved learning about the history of the herring industry in Great Yarmouth. We have seen old photos and videos to find out about a very important part of our town's history. Despite the interest in the topic we don't think it is a job we would like to do now. In English this week we have finished our explanation texts. The children have really enjoyed our new approach to writing. Stay tuned on Monday to see some of the children's work on the website. Next week we will be starting our unit of instruction writing. We will be linking our instruction writing to wellbeing and mindfulness. Year 3 have worked really confidently with tenths this week. Their positive attitude and enthusiasm to succeed in lessons is really impressive. We will be continuing with fractions next week as well. Next week it will be the first of three Science topic weeks. Next week we will be learning about forces and magnetism. Homework and Reading A big well done to all the children who completed their homework challenges this week. A new homework challenge went home today. There is a reading activity (you can put this as one of your reads in your reading record) and a times table challenge. This week we had 15 Super Readers. We would love to continue to increase the number of Super Readers next week. Anything that you read can be recorded and marked as a read. Altogether we now have 380 reading miles. This is how far we have travelled Have a lovely and hopefully not too rainy weekend!

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An tseachtain seo bhí an-áthas ar na tríú haois foghlaim faoi stair thionscal na síle i nGreat Yarmouth. Chonaiceamar sean-ghrianghraif agus físeáin chun eolas a fháil faoi chuid an-tábhachtach de stair ár mbaile. In ainneoin an spéise atá ag an ábhar ní dóigh linn gur post é a bheadh á dhéanamh againn anois. Sa Bhéarla, tá ár téacsanna míniúcháin críochnaithe againn an tseachtain seo. Tá an cur chuige nua a bhaineann le scríobh á thaitin go mór leis na páistí. Fan ar an suíomh ar an Luan chun cuid de na saothair a rinne na páistí a fheiceáil. An tseachtain seo chugainn beidh muid ag tosú ár n-aonad scríbhneoireachta teagaisc. Beidh muid ag nascadh ár scríbhneoireacht teagaisc le folláine agus mindfulness. Tá bliain 3 ag obair go fírinneach le deichúidí an tseachtain seo. Tá a n-airíonna dearfacha agus a n-ardúchas chun rath a bhaint amach sna ceachtanna i ndáiríre suntasach. Beidh muid ag leanúint le braislí an tseachtain seo chugainn chomh maith. An chéad seachtain de thrí sheachtain ábhar eolaíochta a bheidh ann an tseachtain seo chugainn. An tseachtain seo chugainn beidh muid ag foghlaim faoi na fórsaí agus maighnéadachas. Oibreacha Baile agus Léitheoireacht Go raibh maith agat as gach duine a chríochnaigh a gcuid dúshláin obair bhaile an tseachtain seo. D'fhág dúshlán nua ar obair bhaile sa bhaile inniu. Tá gníomhaíocht léitheoireachta ann (is féidir leat é seo a chur mar cheann de do léitheoireacht i do thaifead léitheoireachta) agus dúshlán tábla amú. An tseachtain seo bhí 15 Super Reader againn. Ba mhaith linn leanúint ar aghaidh ag méadú líon na n-Súipéarléitheoirí an tseachtain seo chugainn. Is féidir aon rud a léann tú a thaifeadadh agus a mharcáil mar léitheoireacht. Ar an iomlán tá 380 míle léitheoireachta againn anois. Seo an méid atá muid ag taisteal Bíodh deireadh seachtaine álainn agat agus tá súil agam nach mbeidh sé ró-sneachta!

Cemeteries of the Great War by Sir Edwin Lutyens "The British architect Sir Edwin Lutyens (1869-1944) designed 140 cemeteries in the countryside of Flanders and northern France for soldiers killed in the First World War. The cemeteries can be regarded as an imprint of the former battlefront on the map of Europe. All are designed according to principles established beforehand, based on the idea of a cathedral, church or chapel in the open air, and include uniform gravestones, a War Stone and a Cross of Sacrifice. Yet the difference in size, alignment and provenance make them all unique variations on the themes in question. The most memorable aspects are their meticulously chosen position in the landscape, the varied selection of trees and other greenery and the architecture of the entrance and shelter buildings. In an exhaustive landscape-architectural analysis, this opulently illustrated book charts the history of the designs and reveals the underlying principle of order and variation in the architecture. All 140 cemeteries are fully documented with references to the places where they are to be found"--P. of cover. What people are saying - Write a review We haven't found any reviews in the usual places. a b c d e f Anneux approval form architecture Armistice Arras Assistant architect Baker battlefield Blomfield borders brick British Cemetery Casualty Clearing Stations cathedral ceme Cemetery & Extension cemetery is surrounded cemetery lies cemetery was constructed central axis central path Chauny Communal Cemetery Extension corner Cross of Sacrifice Daours Dernancourt designed by Lutyens east side entrance building Esquelbecq Étaples Favreuil field with graves French front garden gatehouse gateway building George Goldsmith Gertrude Jekyll Goldsmith The cemetery greenery ground headstones hedge Holden Ieper iwgc Jekyll Kemmel landscape layout limes low wall Méaulte Military Cemetery monument Noyelles-sur-Mer pavilions pergola pillars placed plant beds plateau plot poplars principal architect Quéant roof rows of graves Sanctuary Wood Cemetery Serre Road Cemetery shelter situated slope small cemetery soldiers stairway steps stone bands surrounding the cemetery tery tetrapylons Thiepval trees triumphal arch Truelove Villers-Bretonneux visitor Wancourt War Stone white stone William Cowlishaw yews Zillebeke

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Cléibíní an Chogaidh Mhór le Sir Edwin Lutyens "Dhéan an t-ailtire Breataine Sir Edwin Lutyens (1869-1944) 140 uaigh a dhearadh i gceantair thuaithe Flanders agus thuaidh na Fraince do shaighdiúirí a maraíodh sa Chéad Chogadh Domhanda. Is féidir na tuamaí a mheas mar shliocht den iar-chathach cathartha ar léarscáil na hEorpa. Tá na clocha seo uile deartha de réir phrionsabail a bunaíodh roimh ré, bunaithe ar an smaoineamh ar chaitidéal, ar eaglais nó ar chaipéal san aer oscailte, agus tá clocha uaimh chomhionanna, Cloch Chogaidh agus Crois Íobairt iontu. Ach is iad na difríochtaí i méid, i ailíniú agus i dtosach a dhéanann iad go léir ina éagsúlachtaí uathúla ar na téamaí atá i gceist. Is iad na gnéithe is cuimhní is cuimhní iad a suíomh a roghnaíodh go cúramach sa tírdhreach, an rogha éagsúil de chrainn agus glasraí eile agus ailtireacht na bhfoirgnimh iontrála agus teasa. I anailís iomlán ar ailtireacht tírdhreacha, léiríonn an leabhar seo a bhfuil léaráidí saibhre aige stair na ndeara agus nochtann sé an prionsabal bunúsach d'ord agus éagsúlacht san ailtireacht. Tá na 140 séipéal go hiomlán doiciméadú le tagairtí do na háiteanna ina bhfuil siad le fáil "-- P. de chlúdach. Cad atá á rá ag daoine - Scríobh athbhreithniú Ní bhfuair muid aon athbhreithnithe sna háiteanna is gnách. a b c d e f Anneux foirm formheasaithe ailtireacht Armistice Arras Cúntóir ailtire Baker battlefield Blomfield teorainneacha bríce British Cemetery Casualty Clearing Stations cathedral ceme Cemetery & Extension tá an t-amhrán timpeallaithe leampall cimitír a tógadh crois lárnach crois lárnach Chauny Communal Cemetery Extension cearnóg Sacrifice Daours Dernancourt deartha ag Lutyens taobh thoir iontrála foirgnimh Esquelbecq Étaples Favreuil tuamaí réimse le gairdín tosaigh na Fraince teach geata foirgnimh geata George Goldsmith Gertrude Jekyll Goldsmith Grá na síobhalta talamh headstones hedge Holden Jekyll iwgcmel landscape leagan amach limes ballaí íseal Méaulteille Military Cemetery monument No-Merry-sur-Mer pavilions pergola colúin phlandaí plátaí popplateau príomh-ailtire na tuamaí cearnóg Threopaí Wood Sanctuary William Trudeau Cemetery Ceiliary Ceiliary Ceiliary Ceiliary Ceiliary Ceiliary Ceiliary Ceiliary Ceiliary Ceiliary Ceiliary Ceiliary Ceiliary Ceiliary Ceiliary Ceiliary Ceiliary Ceiliary Ceiliary Ceiliary Ceiliary Ceiliary Ceiliary Ceiliary Ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ceili ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce

Harrisonburg, Virginia — The American South (Mid-Atlantic) The Woodbine Cemetery 1877 These gates are erected in memory of the officers and members of the Woodbine Society, who gave generously of their time and means to beautify this cemetery, where they now rest from their labors. 1915 Location. 38° 26.846′ N, 78° 51.759′ W. Marker is in Harrisonburg, Virginia. Marker is on East Market Street (U.S. 33), on the left. Touch for map. Marker is in this post office area: Harrisonburg VA 22801, United States of America. Other nearby markers. At least 8 other markers are within walking distance of this marker. Confederate Monument (within shouting distance of this marker); a different marker also named Woodbine Cemetery (about 300 feet away, measured in a direct line); McNeill’s Rangers (approx. 0.3 miles away); Hardesty-Higgins House (approx. 0.4 miles away); Harrisonburg (approx. 0.4 miles away); Court Square & Springhouse (approx. 0.4 miles away); Confederate General Hospital (approx. 0.4 miles away); Warren-Sipe House (approx. 0.4 miles away). Touch for a list and map of all markers in Harrisonburg. Woodbine Cemetery was incorporated in March 1850 and the first plot was purchased seven months later. The Confederate Confederate Colonel Simeon B. Gibbons, of the Tenth Virginia, was buried here after being killed at the battle of McDowell in may 1862. Likewise, following the death of Confederate major Joseph White Latimer at the Warren-Sipe House in the wake of the battle of Gettysburg, the “Boy Major” was buried here. In addition to soldiers killed during the war, several Confederate veterans from the area were buried here in years after the war. Among some of the noteworthy names were those of Robert Johnston, D.H. Lee Martz, Foxhall A. Daingerfield, and John Robert Jones. Robert Johnston (1818-1885) served as a delegate to the provisional Confederate Congress (1861-62) and as a delegate from Virginia to the First and Second Confederate Congress (1862-65). Dorilus Lee Henry Martz (1837-1914), a native of Lacey Springs, served in the Virginia House of Delegates for four terms prior to the Civil War, Major Foxhall Alexander Daingerfield initially opposed secession but was often cited for gallantry in combat. A graduate of the law school of Washington College (now Washington and Lee University), he served as a major in the Eleventh Virginia Cavalry. In the fall of 1861, he served as an orderly and courier to Gen. Robert E. Lee. After the war, he served for a time as mayor of Harrisonburg, Clerk of the Court for Rockingham County, and eventually moved to Kentucky where he served on the Kentucky State Racing Commission. His wife ,”Nettie” Gray Daingerfield was the daughter of Algernon S. Gray, a delegate from Rockingham County to the Virginia Secession Convention. She was also an author, having published the book, “That Dear Old Sword,” in 1903. Confederate General John Robert Jones (1827-1901) was a graduate of the Virginia Military Institute and commander of the 33rd Virginia Infantry (of the famed Stonewall Brigade). A brigade commander under Stonewall Jackson in the Seven Days Battles, he was relived for suspected The mother of Confederate officer and post-war governor of Virginia Charles T. O’Ferrell, is also buried here. Janes laurens O’Ferrell, a native of Fauquier County, died in Bridgewater in May 1891. During the Civil War, she made the journey to her son’s bedside after hearing that he had been severely wounded at the Battle of Upperville. Despite the serious wounds, she was able to help nurse him back to health. — Submitted February 26, 2009, by Robert H. Moore, II of Winchester, Virginia. Categories. • Cemeteries & Burial Sites • War, US Civil • Credits. This page was last revised on June 16, 2016. This page originally submitted on February 26, 2009, by Robert H. Moore, II of Winchester, Virginia. This page has been viewed 3,224 times since then and 2 times this year. Photos: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. submitted on February 26, 2009, by Robert H. Moore, II of Winchester, Virginia. • Craig Swain was the editor who published this page.

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Harrisonburg, Virginia An Deisceart Mheiriceá (Meán-Atrialainn) An Tír Chumhal Woodbine 1877 Tá na geataí seo tógtha i gcuimhne na n-oifigeach agus na gcomhaltaí de Chumann Woodbine, a thug a gcuid ama agus acmhainní go haibhneach chun an reilig seo a mhaisiú, áit a bhfuil siad ag sosadh anois óna gcuid saothair. 1915 - An tSeapáin Suíomh. 38° 26.846′ N, 78° 51.759′ W. Tá Marker i Harrisonburg, Virginia. Tá Marker ar Shráid East Market (US 33), ar chlé. Clúdaigh le haghaidh léarscáil. Tá marcóir sa cheantar seo oifig phoist: Harrisonburg VA 22801, Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá. Marcálaithe eile in aice láimhe. Tá 8 marcóir eile ar a laghad laistigh de thuras coise ón marcóir seo. Is é seo an t-am a bhí ag an gComhdháil i gCill Chainnigh, i gCill Chainnigh, i gCill Chainnigh, i gCill Chainnigh, i gCill Chainnigh, i gCill Chainnigh, i gCill Chainnigh, i gCill Chainnigh, i gCill Chainnigh, i gCill Chainnigh, i gCill Chainnigh, i gCill Chainnigh, i gCill Chainnigh, i gCill Chainnigh, i gCill Chainnigh, i gCill Chainnigh, i gCill Chainnigh, i gCill Chainnigh, i gCill Chainnigh, i gCill Chainnigh, i gCill Chainnigh, i gCill Chainnigh, i gCill Chainnigh, i gCill Chainnigh, i gCill Chainnigh, i gCill Chainnigh, i gCill Chainnigh, i gCill Chainnigh, i gCill Chainnigh, i gCill Chainnigh, i gCill Chainnigh, i gCill Chainnigh. 0.3 míle ar shiúl); Teach Hardesty-Higgins (ca. 0.4 míle ar shiúl); Harrisonburg (ca. 0.4 míle ar shiúl); Court Square & Springhouse (ca. 0.4 míle ar shiúl); Ospidéal Ginearálta an Chomhdháil (ca. 0.4 míle ar shiúl); Teach Warren-Sipe (ca. 0.4 míle ar shiúl). Cliceáil ar liosta agus léarscáil de na marcóirí go léir i Harrisonburg. Cuireadh Cléibhéal Woodbine isteach i Márta 1850 agus ceannaíodh an chéad phláta seacht mí ina dhiaidh sin. An Chónaidhm Cuireadh Colún Connacht Simeon B. Gibbons, den Déagú Virginia, anseo tar éis dó a bheith maraithe ag Cath McDowell i mí na Bealtaine 1862. Mar an gcéanna, tar éis bháis mhóir na Cónaidhme Joseph White Latimer ag Teach Warren-Sipe i ndiaidh cath Gettysburg, adhlacadh an "Major Boy" anseo. Chomh maith le saighdiúirí a maraíodh le linn na cogaidh, adhlacadh roinnt sean-saighdiúirí Comhtháthaigh ón gceantar anseo i mblianta tar éis na cogaidh. I measc roinnt de na hainmneacha suntasacha bhí ainmneacha Robert Johnston, D. H. Lee Martz, Foxhall A. Daingerfield, agus John Robert Jones. D'fhóin Robert Johnston (1818-1885) mar thoscaire chuig Comhdháil Choinbhinseach sealadach (1861-62) agus mar thoscaire ó Virginia chuig an Chéad agus an Dara Comhdháil Choinbhinseach (1862-65). Dorilus Lee Henry Martz (1837-1914), ó Lacey Springs, a sheirbheáil i dTeach na dTeachtaí i Virginia ar feadh ceithre théarma roimh an gCogadh Cathartha, Bhí an Mór Foxhall Alexander Daingerfield i gcoinne an t-easnamh ar dtús ach luaitear go minic é as gallantry i gcath. Cé gur céimí de scoil dlí Choláiste Washington (Ollscoil Washington agus Lee anois), d'fhóin sé mar mhóra san Eleventh Virginia Cavalry. I titim 1861, d'fhóin sé mar ordú agus mar churaitheoir don Ghinéal Robert E. Lee. Tar éis an chogaidh, d'fhóin sé ar feadh tamaill mar mhéara Harrisonburg, Cléireach na Cúirte do Chontae Rockingham, agus bhog sé go Kentucky sa deireadh áit a raibh sé ar an gCoimisiún Rásaíochta Stáit Kentucky. Ba í a bhean chéile, Nettie Gray Daingerfield, iníon Algernon S. Gray, toscaire ó Chontae Rockingham chuig Coinbhinsiún Eascairt Virginia. Bhí sí ina údar freisin, tar éis an leabhar, "That Dear Old Sword", a fhoilsiú i 1903. Ba é an Ginearálta Cónaidhme John Robert Jones (1827-1901) céimí d'Institiúid Míleata Virginia agus ceannasaí ar an 33ú Rásda Slándála Virginia (an Briogáid Stonewall cáiliúil). Ceannasaí brigáid faoi Stonewall Jackson i gCath Seacht Laethanta, bhí sé ag éirí as amhras Tá máthair oifigeach an Choinbhinsiúin agus gobharnóir iar-chogaidh Virginia Charles T. O'Ferrell curtha anseo freisin. Fuair Janes laurens OFerrell, a rugadh i gContae Fauquier, bás i Bridgewater i mí na Bealtaine 1891. Le linn an Chogaidh Shibhialta, rinne sí an turas go dtí leaba a mac tar éis a chloisteáil go raibh sé gortaithe go dona i gCath Upperville. In ainneoin na gortú tromchúiseacha, bhí sí in ann cabhrú leis a leigheas. Aighneacht an 26 Feabhra, 2009, ag Robert H. Moore, II de Winchester, Virginia. Catagóirí. • Cléibíní & Áiteanna Tuama • Cogadh, Cathartha na SA • Creidmheasanna. Athbhreithníodh an leathanach seo den uair dheireanach ar an 16 Meitheamh, 2016. Chuir Robert H. Moore, II de Winchester, Virginia an leathanach seo isteach ar dtús ar an 26 Feabhra, 2009. Breathnaíodh ar an leathanach seo 3,224 uair ó shin agus 2 uair i mbliana. Grianghraf: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. curtha isteach ar 26 Feabhra, 2009, ag Robert H. Moore, II de Winchester, Virginia. • Ba é Craig Swain an t-eagarthóir a d'fhoilsigh an leathanach seo.

Beautiful Inskip. Let’s all do our part to minimise our impact on our picturesque region. Di Bowman, Community Engagement Ranger, Department of Environment and Science (DES) The picturesque coastal landscapes of the Cooloola and Inskip Recreation Areas attract many people from all corners of the country and as we welcome the warmer weather, more and more people will flock to our shores. Here are some useful tips to help minimise the impact to the environment during your stay: - Research the park you plan to visit - Read the park’s web page or brochure to find out about location, weather conditions, and possible activities then discuss with your travel group. - Choose an appropriate park and activity for your group and allow plenty of time to travel and camp. - Travel and camp on durable surfaces - Keep to the walking tracks and camp in designated camping areas to help prevent trampling young seedlings, compacting fragile soils and destroying habitats and causing erosion. - Dispose of waste properly - Pack it in, pack it out. - Plan your meals to reduce food packaging. The less packaging you bring in with you, the less rubbish you have to carry out. - Inspect your campsite and day-use area for rubbish (including micro-rubbish) or spilled foods before you leave. - Leave natural areas natural, as you found them, for others to discover and enjoy after you. - Never collect rocks, leaves, shells, feathers, fossils, or plants. - Avoid disturbing or touching cultural sites such as rock art or middens as they are protected too. - Leave what you find, as you found it. - Minimise campfire impacts - Build your campfire only where permitted (note that fires are prohibited on Teewah Beach). - Even small impacts from campfires can affect the natural appearance of camping and day-use areas. - Where fire is permitted, always bring your own clean-milled firewood. Never collect wood or kindling from the surrounding area – everything in the park is protected. - Avoid feeding or disturbing wildlife. Parks and forests provide a refuge for animals that are threatened by habitat loss, invasive species and pollution. Respect wildlife to help in their protection, rather than add to their survival challenges. - Secure your food and pack away all food scraps to make sure you’re not providing wildlife with a free meal. - When moving through their habitat or taking photographs, stay on roads and tracks to avoid disturbing or damaging their habitat. Be respectful guests! - Be considerate of your hosts and other visitors - When you visit a park or forest you are also visiting Country that has significance for the Traditional Owners and custodians of the land. Respect their wishes, stay safe, and follow any directions on signage in the park. - We also share natural places with other visitors, who may have similar or very different recreational needs from our own. This is why areas within parks and forests have been set aside for different recreational uses. Always respect other visitors and follow “outdoor etiquette” so that your behaviour doesn’t affect others’ enjoyment of nature. And remember, all Queensland road rules apply so please observe the speed limits and drive safely. Please report any anti-social behaviour to Police Link on 131 666 or online https://forms.police.qld.gov.au/launch/Hooning

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Inskip álainn. Déanaimis go léir ár gcuid a dhéanamh chun ár dtionchar ar ár réigiún pictiúrtha a íoslaghdú. Di Bowman, Ranger Comhpháirtíochta Pobail, Roinn an Chomhshaoil agus na hEolaíochta (DES) Tá na tírdhreacha pictiúrtha cósta de na Limistéir Chréatúir Cooloola agus Inskip ag mealladh go leor daoine ó gach cearn den tír agus de réir mar a thugann muid fáilte roimh an aimsir níos teo, beidh níos mó agus níos mó daoine ag teacht go dtí ár gcóstaí. Seo roinnt leideanna úsáideacha chun cabhrú leis an tionchar ar an gcomhshaol a íoslaghdú le linn do chónaithe: - Déan taighde ar an bpáirc a bhfuil sé beartaithe agat cuairt a thabhairt air - Léigh leathanach gréasáin nó leabhrán an pháirce chun a fháil amach faoi shuíomh, coinníollacha aimsire, agus gníomhaíochtaí féideartha agus ansin plé leis an ngrúpa taistil. - Roghnaigh páirc agus gníomhaíocht oiriúnach do do ghrúpa agus lig go leor ama do thuras agus campa. - Taisteal agus campa ar dromchlaí marthanacha - Coinnigh ar na rianta siúlóide agus campaigh i limistéir champaithe ainmnithe chun cabhrú le trampáil síolta óga a chosc, ithir bhriste a choibhneachtú agus gnáthóga a scriosadh agus a bheith ina chúis le creimeadh. - Díothú dramhaíola i gceart - Pacaigh isteach é, pacáil amach é. - Pleanáil do bhia chun pacáistiú bia a laghdú. An níos lú pacáistithe a thugann tú isteach leat, is lú an dramhaíl a chaithfidh tú a iompar. - Scrúdaigh do cheantar campa agus do limistéar laethúil le haghaidh dramhaíola (lena n-áirítear miocramhaíl) nó bia a chaitear sula dtéann tú. - Fág limistéir nádúrtha nádúrtha, mar a fuair tú iad, le haghaidh daoine eile a fháil amach agus taitneamh a bhaint as tar éis duit. - Ná bailiú clocha, duilleoga, seachain, plúirí, fóisíní, nó plandaí. - Seachain áiteanna cultúrtha cosúil le ealaín carraig nó middens a chur i mbaol nó a chur i dteagmháil leo mar go bhfuil siad faoi chosaint freisin. - Fág cad a fhaigheann tú, mar a fuair tú é. - Meas ar thionchar an tine campa - Ná tóg do theampall ach amháin nuair a cheadaítear é (tabhair faoi deara go bhfuil toirmiscthe tine ar Chladach Teewah). - Is féidir le tionchair bheaga ó theas-teasa tionchar a imirt ar chuma nádúrtha limistéar campaíochta agus laethúil. - I gcás inar ceadaítear tine, tabhair do fhiodh glan-mhillte féin i gcónaí. Ná bain le coinne ná le coinne ó na háiteanna timpeall tá gach rud sa pháirc faoi chosaint. - Ná bí ag ithe nó ag cur isteach ar ainmhithe fiáine. Tá páirceanna agus foraoisí ina n-áit chónaithe d'ainmhithe atá faoi bhagairt mar gheall ar chailliúint gnáthóg, speicis ionrach agus truailliú. Urram a thabhairt do bheathach fiáine chun cabhrú lena chosaint, seachas a gcuid dúshláin maireachtála a mhéadú. - Cuir do bhia i gcontúirt agus pacáil amach gach scraobtha bia chun a chinntiú nach bhfuil bia saor in aisce á thabhairt agat do bheathach fiáine. - Nuair a bhíonn tú ag gluaiseacht trína gnáthóg nó ag grianghrafadóireacht, fan ar bhóithre agus ar rianta chun a gnáthóg a chosc nó a damáiste a dhéanamh dó. Bí ag tabhairt aire do chuairteoirí! - Bí measúil le do óstach agus le cuairteoirí eile - Nuair a thugann tú cuairt ar pháirc nó ar fhoraois, tá tú ag tabhairt cuairte ar Thír a bhfuil tábhacht aici do na hUasmhainn Thraidisiúnta agus do choimeádóirí na talún. Urramaigh a mianta, bí sábháilte, agus lean aon treoracha ar chomharthaí sa pháirc. - Cuirimid áiteanna nádúrtha inrochtana le cuairteoirí eile, a d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh riachtanais áineasa den chineál céanna nó an-difriúla acu ná ár gcuid féin. Sin an fáth gur cuireadh limistéir laistigh de pháirceanna agus foraoisí ar leataobh le haghaidh úsáidí áineasa éagsúla. Bíodh meas agat i gcónaí ar chuairteoirí eile agus lean "eiticeip lasmuigh" ionas nach ndéanfaidh do iompar difear do dhaoine eile. Agus cuimhnigh, tá feidhm ag rialacha bóthair Queensland go léir mar sin tabhair aire do na teorainneacha luas agus tiomána go sábháilte. Cuir in iúl do dhuine ar bith a bhfuil iompar frithshóisialta aige nó aici chuig Police Link ar 131 666 nó ar líne https://forms.police.qld.gov.au/launch/Hooning

- Noun: oscillator 'ósu`leytu(r) - Generator that produces sonic oscillations or alternating current Derived forms: oscillators Type of: generator A device that produces an alternating or pulsating current or voltage electronically. The term is sometimes used to describe any alternating-current-producing device other than an electromechanical generator. A technical analysis tool that is banded between two extreme values and built with the results from a trend indicator for discovering short-term overbought or oversold conditions. As the value of the oscillator approaches the upper extreme value the asset is deemed to be overbought, and as it approaches the lower extreme it is deemed to be oversold. n : a device or mechanism for producing or controlling oscillations oscillator is used here to refer to the unknown biological mechanism which gives rise to and controls circadian rhythms —Laura McMurry & J. W. Hastings; esp : one (as a radiofrequency or audio-frequency generator) for producing an alternating current - More: Next - all oscillators are in bottom state. - this oscillator will pick up energy. - it illustrates the behaviour of some simple types of oscillator. - for a harmonic oscillator the energy levels are evenly spaced. - the whole gas which is colliding with the oscillator cools off.

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- Noun: oscillator 'ósu ˇ leitu ˇ r) - gineadóir a tháirgeann oscillaíochtaí sonacha nó sruth malartach Foirmeacha díorthaithe: oscillators cineál: gineadóir Feiste a tháirgeann sruth nó voltas malartacha nó pulsating go leictreonach. Úsáidtear an téarma uaireanta chun cur síos a dhéanamh ar aon ghléas a tháirgeann sruth malartach seachas gineadóir leictreimeicniúil. Gléas anailíse theicniúil atá suite idir dhá luach foircinn agus a tógadh leis na torthaí ó tháscaire treochta chun coinníollacha ró-cheannaithe nó ró-dhíolta gearrthéarmach a fháil amach. De réir mar a théann luach an t-oscilléir i dtreo an luach uasta uasta, measfar go bhfuil an sócmhainn ró-cheannach, agus de réir mar a théann sé i dtreo an uasta íseal, measfar go bhfuil sé ró-dhíol. n: feiste nó meicníocht chun oscillations a tháirgeadh nó a rialú úsáidtear oscillator anseo chun tagairt a dhéanamh don mheicníocht bitheolaíoch anaithnid a thugann tús agus a rialaíonn rithimí circadian Laura McMurry & J. W. Hastings; esp: ceann (mar ghinearóir sreanga raidió nó fuaime fuaime) chun sruth malartach a tháirgeadh - Níos mó: - tá gach oscillator i riocht íseal. - beidh an oscillator seo a phiocadh suas fuinneamh. - léiríonn sé iompar roinnt cineálacha simplí oscillator. - i gcás oscillator harmónach tá na leibhéil fuinnimh réasúnta. - go ndéantar an gáis ar fad atá ag bualadh leis an oscillator a fhuaraithe.

< Browse to Previous Essay | Browse to Next Essay > Seattle voters defeat fluoridation proposal and oust longtime incumbent Mayor William Devin on March 11, 1952. HistoryLink.org Essay 4049 : Printer-Friendly Format On March 11, 1952, Seattle voters defeat a hotly contested proposal to add fluoride to the city's drinking water by a surprisingly overwhelming margin, and oust Mayor William Devin (1898-1982), who has served since 1942, in favor of challenger Allan Pomeroy (ca. 1907-1966), who lost to Devin four years earlier. Voters in Seattle and other communities approve school-funding measures, but a Seattle library-bond measure fails to win approval. Seattle voters will defeat fluoridation again in 1963, but approve it in 1968. Pomeroy versus Devin, Round Two William Devin (1898-1982), a lawyer and former police court judge, was first elected Mayor of Seattle in 1942. Under Seattle's Freeholders Charter of 1890, then in effect, mayoral terms were two years long, and Devin was re-elected in 1944. He won again in 1946, when he defeated a challenge from Victor A. Meyers (1897-1991), the flamboyant former bandleader then serving his fourth (of five) terms as Washington's lieutenant governor. In that same election, city voters approved a new charter, which changed the mayor's term to four years, effective with the 1948 election. In the 1948 vote, Mayor Devin was challenged by Assistant United States Attorney Allan Pomeroy, but narrowly prevailed, winning by a slim margin of less than 2,500 votes. Four years later, Pomeroy challenged Devin again. According to The Seattle Times, "Pomeroy's main themes during the campaign were that he would put new vigor into community efforts to attract new business and that he would replace [police chief George D.] Eastman" ("Shake-up ...," p. 8). This time Pomeroy won, in part, the Times suggested, because voters "believed that ten years was long enough for any mayor to serve" ("Shake-up ...," p. 8). With voter turnout, boosted by the highly contentious fluoridation ballot measure, setting a new record, both men received substantially higher totals (79,706 for Pomeroy, 76,922 for Devin) than they had four years earlier, but Pomeroy's winning margin was only slightly greater than that by which he had lost the previous race. Chief Eastman did not wait for Pomeroy to make good on his campaign promise; the chief resigned as soon as the results were announced. Unlike the incumbent mayor, all three Seattle city councilmembers up for re-election retained their seats. Voters in Seattle, and numerous other communities including Bothell, Highline, Kent, Shoreline, Skykomish, and Snoqualmie Valley, approved a wide array of school-funding measures; Seattle voters also supported a library bond measure, but that failed to reach the 60 percent approval required for passage. But the ballot measure that garnered by far the most attention was the proposal to fluoridate Seattle's water supply, which "all but overshadowed interest in the mayoralty race" ("Fluoridation Defeated ..."). Beginnings of Fluoridation Fluorides (compounds containing the element fluorine) occur naturally in soil and water, generally in very small quantities. Authorities first began adding the chemical to drinking water supplies, as a means of combating tooth decay, in 1945, when Grand Rapids, Michigan, became the first city to fluoridate its water, followed quickly by communities in New York, Illinois, and Ontario, Canada. Deliberately adding a chemical known to be toxic in large quantities to drinking water may have seemed surprising, but since the early twentieth century some dentists had been reporting that patients in areas with higher natural levels of fluoride in drinking water had less tooth decay. Dentists had actually noticed the harmful effects of high natural levels of fluoride first: many patients in those areas had significantly stained and even pitted teeth, a problem that was named fluorosis. But when dentists saw that patients with fluorosis also seemed to have fewer cavities, some began proposing adding fluoride, in a concentration of around 1 to 1.2 parts per million (ppm), to drinking water where it did not naturally occur at that level. Fluoridation proponents asserted that that level would effectively reduce decay while causing only mild fluorosis and, they argued, no other problems. Preliminary studies of the first communities to fluoridate announced such impressive reductions in decay rates that proponents did not wait for the studies to conclude. By the early 1950s, the U.S. Public Health Service, the American Dental Association, state and local health authorities, and others were actively promoting fluoridation across the country. Almost everywhere, their efforts stirred bitter controversy. Fluoridation opponents, including many in medical professions, warned that the health risks had not been adequately studied, asserted that there were better methods of providing fluoride to those who wanted it, and objected to having the chemical forced on those who did not. Urging the Council The nationwide controversy came to Seattle in 1951. That January, Dr. Emil Palmquist, director of the Seattle-King County Department of Public Health, urged that Seattle's water supply be treated with fluorine "at the earliest possible moment" as a means of preventing tooth decay, particularly in children ("Fluorine Urged ..."). The recommendation, which Palmquist said was supported by the Seattle District Dental Society and the King County Medical Society, followed a study of Seattle schoolchildren that reported "Seattle's children have a dental attack rate about 50 percent higher than the national average ("Fluorine Urged ..."). The study had been conducted by the dental society, Seattle Public Schools, and the Seattle Council of Parent-Teacher Associations (PTA), and the local PTA became one of the leading advocates of fluoridating Seattle's water. Palmquist, the PTA, and other proponents took their request to the Seattle City Council because the city owned and operated the water system that supplied Seattle (and many surrounding communities, although only Seattle elected officials and voters had authority to determine water-department policy). The council appeared favorable to the idea and following a public hearing unanimously called for preparation of ordinances authorizing fluoridation and including the cost in water bills. At an April conference on fluoridation at the University of Washington, national advocates praised the council's apparent decision to begin fluoridation. Dr. Frederick S. McKay, a Colorado Springs dentist who nearly half a century before in 1908 had been one of the first to link fluoride to reduced decay, called fluoridation "mass control of dental caries" and said "Seattle has taken a forward step in deciding to fluoridate its water supply" ("Fluoridation Program ..."). But the decision had not actually been made. Local opposition grew, and the ordinances that had been prepared were never introduced. In early battles over fluoridation nationwide, opponents were often identified with the political far right, with some calling the concept a communist plot. But in Seattle in 1951, while some opponents did denounce fluoridation as "socialized medicine" ("Fluoridation Is Unproved ..."), opposition, or at least reluctance to proceed, spread across the political spectrum and included not just many doctors and dentists, but even the head of the Seattle Water Department. Letting the Voters Decide In the summer of 1951, the Municipal League, which originated in the Progressive Movement and was a well-respected advocate of government reform, urged the city council to put the issue of fluoridation on the ballot for voters to decide, rather than making the decision itself. After the council did so, the league, which generally took a stand on city ballot measures, summarized the arguments on both sides but decided not to make any recommendation on fluoridation. In January 1951, before the initial council hearing, Water Superintendent Roy W. Morse had said the department was taking a "'strictly neutral' attitude in the matter" ("Treatment of Water ..."), but by the time the council decided in November to put the issue on the March 1952 ballot, Morse was "definitely cool toward fluoridation" ("City Council Unanimous ..."). He called for additional scientific study before proceeding, noting that while studies showed fluoridation reduced dental decay "there appears to be less reliable knowledge concerning the ultimate systemic effects of fluorine" ("Council Favors ..."). In contrast Dr. Sanford Lehman, who had succeeded Palmquist as director of the health department (which he would continue to head through the successful 1968 push for fluoridation), told the council that he fully supported his predecessor's fluoridation recommendation as a "great benefit to children" ("Council Favors ..."). Some of Morse's coolness toward fluoridation may have come from the cost of the program, which he estimated as $135,000 per year, and which would come out of the water-department budget. The fact that not only fluoride, but the costs of adding the chemical to the water, would be forced on all water users was one of opponents' primary objections. Critics suggested that since fluoridation was aimed at childhood tooth decay and didn't benefit adults, the cost should be covered by the health department or school district rather than ratepayers. "A Red-hot Campaign" The referendum placed before voters on the March 11 ballot provided for fluoridating Seattle's water at a level between 0.7 and 1.5 ppm. The strong feelings on both sides produced what The Seattle Times called "a red-hot campaign" ("Fluoridation Defeated ..."). Supporters argued that "persons born and reared in Seattle have an enormous amount of dental decay" and said the measure would "cut that decay in half" ("Water-Fluoridation Plan ..."). They pointed out that nearly 300 American cities were already fluoridating. Proponents cited statements from national medical and dental groups that fluoridation at the levels proposed "will have no harmful effect on any part of the body," and touted the support of the local dental and medical societies and several hundred individual doctors and dentists ("Water-Fluoridation Plan ..."). However, physicians and dentists were also prominent in the ranks of opponents. Dr. F. B. Exner, a Seattle radiologist and former president of the Anti-Tuberculosis League of King County, was one of the most vocal opponents, calling fluoridation "unproved medically" and suggesting that instead of adding them to drinking water "that fluorides be handled the same as any other drug," with doctors who believed in their value recommending them to patients ("Fluoridation Is Unproved ..."). Dr. Ralph M. Huber, a retired Seattle dentist, called the length of fluoride studies to date "ridiculously short" and urged local authorities to wait 10 or 15 years and observe the results of fluoridation elsewhere before implementing the practice ("Further Study ..."). In the meantime, Huber called on the PTA and others to work to remove products containing sugar from schools, noting that candy, soft drinks and the like were also implicated in high decay rates. In addition to some dentists and doctors, opponents included "Christian Scientists, chiropractors and naturopaths, ... [and] an association of health-food-store operators and their clients ..." ("Fluoridation Defeated ..."). None of the opponents had significant political experience and they spent a total of only $1,300 on the campaign. With most of the medical and political establishment supporting fluoridation, observers expected the vote to be close. It wasn't. The referendum was overwhelmingly defeated by a nearly two-to-one margin, with 44,811 votes in favor and 86,230 opposed reported the next day. Eleven years later in 1963, a second attempt at fluoridation also lost, by a lesser but still substantial margin. Supporters tried once more in 1968, and this time they prevailed by a margin of 57 to 43 percent. The Seattle Water Department, which under superintendent Kenneth Lowthian supported the measure, began fluoridating the supply in January 1970 at a level of 1 ppm. As of 2014, Seattle Public Utilities (successor to the water department) continued water fluoridation, at a level of 0.8 ppm following issuance in 2011 of draft federal recommendations to reduce levels. "Mayors of the City of Seattle," Seattle City Clerk website accessed February 11, 2014 (http://www.seattle.gov/cityarchives/facts/mayors.htm); Richard C. Berner, Seattle in the 20th Century, v. 3, Seattle Transformed: World War II to Cold War (Seattle: Charles Press, 1999), 11-12, 15, 109, 114, 213-14; Ross Cunningham, "Plugging by Finger Stirs Up Port Interest," The Seattle Times, February 8, 1948, p. 13; Cunningham, "Muny League Issues Report on Candidates," Ibid., February 15, 1948, p. 17; "Treatment of Water to Be Discussed," Ibid., January 24, 1951, p. 19; John Bigelow, "Fluoridation Program Gets Experts' Praise," Ibid., April 27, 1951, p. 16; E. B. Fussell, "Water Revenues Can't Meet Added Expenses," Ibid., May 18, 1951, p. 5; "City Ballot Proposed on Fluoridation," Ibid., August 22, 1951, p. 22; "Fluoridation Waits," Ibid., October 14, 1951, p. 17; "Council Favors Fluoridation of City Water," Ibid., November 20, 1951, p. 3; "City Council Unanimous for Fluoridation," Ibid., November 27, 1951, p. 11; "Municipal League's Fluoridation Summary Makes No Recommendation," Ibid., February 21, 1952, p. 4; "Fluoridation Is Unproved, Says Doctor," Ibid., February 28, 1952, p. 17; "Medical Society Board Ok'd Fluoridation," Ibid., March 9, 1952, p. 15; "Further Study of Fluoridation Tests Advised," Ibid.; "Water-Fluoridation Plan Highlight of Tuesday Vote," Ibid., p. 17; Cunningham, "Shake-up in City Officials to Follow Pomeroy Win," Ibid., March 12, 1952, pp. 1, 8; "Fluoridation Defeated by Heavy Margin," Ibid., p. 8; "Achievements in Public Health, 1900-1999: Fluoridation of Drinking Water to Prevent Dental Caries," Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website accessed May 4, 2012 (http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm484a1.htm); HistoryLink.org Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History, "Seattle water department begins fluoridation of water supply on January 12, 1970." (by Heather Trescases and Kit Oldham), http://www.historylink.org/ (accessed February 16, 2014). Note: This essay replaces two previous essays on aspects of this election. Travel through time (chronological order): < Browse to Previous Essay Browse to Next Essay > Government & Politics | Science & Technology | Licensing: This essay is licensed under a Creative Commons license that encourages reproduction with attribution. Credit should be given to both HistoryLink.org and to the author, and sources must be included with any reproduction. Click the icon for more info. Please note that this Creative Commons license applies to text only, and not to images. For more information regarding individual photos or images, please contact the source noted in the image credit. Major Support for HistoryLink.org Provided By: The State of Washington | Patsy Bullitt Collins | Paul G. Allen Family Foundation | Museum Of History & Industry | 4Culture (King County Lodging Tax Revenue) | City of Seattle | City of Bellevue | City of Tacoma | King County | The Peach Foundation | Microsoft Corporation, Other Public and Private Sponsors and Visitors Like You This essay made possible by: Seattle Office of Arts & Culture Allan Pomeroy, 1952 Courtesy Seattle Municipal Archives Newspaper ad opposing water fluoridation, March 9, 1952. Courtesy Seattle Public Library William F. Devin, 1942 Courtesy Seattle Municipal Archives

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< Browse to Previous Essay. Browse to Next Essay > < Browse to Previous Essay. Browse to Next Essay. > < Browse to Previous Essay. > < Browse to Next Essay. > Diúltaíonn vótálaithe Seattle do thogra fluaraithe agus déanann siad an Méara atá i seilbh le fada William Devin a dhíbirt an 11 Márta, 1952. HistoryLink.org Easpa 4049 : Cruth atá Cairdiúil le hIontráil Ar an 11 Márta, 1952, bhuail vótálaithe Seattle togra a bhí i ndán dó go mór chun flúiríd a chur le huisce óil na cathrach le huimhir iontas ollmhór, agus chuir siad an Méara William Devin (1898-1982), a bhí ag fónamh ó 1942, i bhfabhar an dúshláin Allan Pomeroy (ca. 1907-1966), a chaill Devin ceithre bliana roimhe sin. Fógraíonn vótóirí i Seattle agus i bpobail eile bearta maoinithe scoile, ach ní fhaigheann beart bónas leabharlainne Seattle cead. Beidh vótálaithe Seattle defeat fluoridation arís i 1963, ach a cheadú i 1968. Pomeroy i gcoinne Devin, an Dara Raon Toghadh William Devin (1898-1982), dlíodóir agus iar-chúirt bhreitheamh póilíní, mar Mhéara Seattle den chéad uair i 1942. Faoi Chairt Shaorsholtóirí Seattle 1890, ansin i bhfeidhm, bhí téarmaí méara dhá bhliain ar fad, agus atoghadh Devin i 1944. Bhuaigh sé arís i 1946, nuair a bhuaigh sé dúshlán ó Victor A. Meyers (1897-1991), an t-iar-cheannaire ceoil flamboyant ag freastal ansin ar a cheathrú téarma (de chúig téarma) mar leas-gobharnóir Washington. Sa toghchán céanna sin, cheadaigh vótálaithe na cathrach cairt nua, a d'athraigh téarma an mhéara go ceithre bliana, a tháinig i bhfeidhm le toghchán 1948. Sa vótáil i 1948, chuir an tAire Devin dúshlán ar an gComh-Achtarán Stáit Aontaithe Allan Pomeroy, ach bhuaigh sé go géar, ag buachan le haill bheag de níos lú ná 2,500 vóta. Ceithre bliana ina dhiaidh sin, chuir Pomeroy dúshlán ar Devin arís. De réir The Seattle Times, "Ba iad príomhthéamaí Pomeroy le linn an fheachtais go gcuirfeadh sé neart nua i iarrachtaí an phobail chun gnó nua a mhealladh agus go n-athródh sé [an príomhfheidhmeannach póilíní George D.] Eastman" ("Shake-up ...," lch. 8). An uair seo bhuaigh Pomeroy, go páirteach, a mhol an Times, toisc go raibh vótálaithe "ag creidiúint go raibh deich mbliana fada go leor do mhaire ar bith a sheirbheáil" ("Shake-up ...," p. 8). Le vótáil vótála, a spreagadh ag an mbeart vótaíochta fluaraithe an-contráideach, ag socrú taifead nua, fuair an dá fhear iomlán i bhfad níos airde (79,706 do Pomeroy, 76,922 do Devin) ná mar a bhí acu ceithre bliana roimhe sin, ach ní raibh imeall buaite Pomeroy ach beagán níos mó ná an méid a chaill sé an rás roimhe sin. Níor fhan an t-uachtarán Eastman go raibh Pomeroy ag déanamh a ghealltanas feachtais; d'éirigh an t-uachtarán as a phost a luaithe a fógraíodh na torthaí. Murab ionann agus an méara atá i seilbh, choinnigh na trí chomhalta de chomhairle chathair Seattle atá le hath-roghnú a suíocháin. Cheadaigh vótálaithe i Seattle, agus i go leor pobail eile lena n-áirítear Bothell, Highline, Kent, Shoreline, Skykomish, agus Snoqualmie Valley, raon leathan beart maoinithe scoile; thacaigh vótálaithe Seattle freisin le beart bannaí leabharlainne, ach níor éirigh leis an gceadú 60 faoin gcéad a theastódh le haghaidh pas a bhaint amach. Ach ba é an t-imeacht vótála a bhailiú an aird is mó ná an togra chun soláthar uisce Seattle a fluóideáil, rud a "bhí beagnach ag cur spéis sa rás máireachta" ("Fluoridation Defeated ..."). Tús na Fluairithe Tá flúiríd (comhlacht ina bhfuil an eilimint flúirín) le fáil go nádúrtha i dtír agus in uisce, i gcainníochtaí an-bheaga de ghnáth. Thosaigh na húdaráis an ceimiceán a chur leis an soláthar uisce óil, mar mhodh chun dul i ngleic le cailliúint fiacla, i 1945, nuair a bhí Grand Rapids, Michigan, ar an gcéad chathair a chuir fluoride ar a n-uisce, agus na pobail i Nua-Eabhrac, Illinois, agus Ontario, Ceanada, ina dhiaidh sin go tapa. D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith iontas a bheith ann go ndearnadh ceimiceán atá ar eolas go bhfuil sé tocsaineach a chur go ciallmhar i gcainníochtaí móra le huisce óil, ach ó thús an fhicheadú haois bhí roinnt fiaclóirí ag tuairisciú go raibh níos lú cailliú fiacla ag othair i gceantair ina raibh leibhéil nádúrtha níos airde flúiríde in uisce óil. Bhí fiaclóirí i ndáiríre faoi deara na héifeachtaí díobhálacha a leibhéil ard nádúrtha de fluóiríd ar dtús: go leor othair sna ceantair sin a bhí go suntasach stained agus fiú pitted fiaclóirí, fadhb a bhí ainmnithe fluorosis. Ach nuair a chonaic liannaí fiacla gur cosúil go raibh níos lú cavities ag othair a raibh fluorosis orthu freisin, thosaigh cuid acu ag moladh fluoride a chur leis an uisce óil, i ndíriú thart ar 1 go 1.2 chuid in aghaidh na milliún (ppm), i gcás nach raibh sé ar an leibhéal sin go nádúrtha. Dúirt lucht tacaíochta an fhluóirithe go gcuirfeadh an leibhéal sin laghdú éifeachtach ar an dílseacht agus ní chuirfeadh sé ach fluorosis éadrom ar fáil agus, a mhaígh siad, ní bheadh aon fhadhbanna eile ann. D'fhógair staidéir réamh ar na chéad phobail a rinne flúirídáil laghdú chomh suntasach ar rátaí díghrádú nach raibh lucht tacaíochta ag fanacht leis na staidéir a thabhairt chun críche. Faoi na 1950idí luatha, bhí Seirbhís Sláinte Poiblí na Stát Aontaithe, Cumann Fhiacla Mheiriceá, údaráis sláinte stáit agus áitiúla, agus daoine eile ag cur fluoridation chun cinn go gníomhach ar fud na tíre. Beagnach i ngach áit, d'eascraigh a gcuid iarrachtaí díospóidí géar. Chuir lucht freagartha flúiríde, lena n-áirítear go leor i ngnólachtaí leighis, in iúl nach ndearnadh staidéar leordhóthanach ar na rioscaí sláinte, agus dhearbhaigh siad go raibh modhanna níos fearr ann chun flúiríd a sholáthar dóibh siúd a theastaigh uaidh, agus chuir siad in aghaidh an cheimiceáin a fhorchur ar dhaoine nach raibh. Ag Iarraidh ar an gComhairle Tháinig an chonspóid ar fud na tíre go Seattle i 1951. I mí Eanáir sin, mhol an Dr. Emil Palmquist, stiúrthóir na Roinne Sláinte Poiblí Chontae Seattle-King, go ndéanfaí soláthar uisce Seattle a chóireáil le flúirín "an nóiméad is luaithe is féidir" mar mhodh chun cailliúint fiacla a chosc, go háirithe i leanaí ("Fluiríne Iarrtar ..."). Lean an moladh, a dúirt Palmquist go raibh tacaíocht ag Cumann Fhiacla Áitiúil Seattle agus Cumann Leighis Chontae King air, staidéar ar mhic léinn scoile Seattle a thuairiscigh "Tá ráta ionsaí fiacla thart ar 50 faoin gcéad níos airde ag leanaí Seattle ná an meán náisiúnta ("Fluorine Urged ... "). Rinne an comhlacht fiaclóireachta, Scoileanna Poiblí Seattle, agus Comhairle Chomhlachais tuismitheoirí-teagaisc Seattle (PTA) an staidéar, agus tháinig an PTA áitiúil ar cheann de na príomh-aibhneoirí a bhí ag plé le huisce Seattle a fluóiriú. Thug Palmquist, an PTA, agus lucht tacaíochta eile a n-iarratas chuig Comhairle Cathrach Seattle toisc go raibh an chathair ina úinéir agus go n-oibrigh sí an córas uisce a sholáthraíonn Seattle (agus go leor pobail timpeall, cé nach raibh ach oifigigh tofa agus vótálaithe Seattle údarás chun beartas roinn uisce a chinneadh). Bhí an Chomhairle ag tacú leis an smaoineamh agus tar éis éisteacht phoiblí d'iarr sí go haontaofa go ndéanfaí ordúcháin a ullmhú lena n-údarófaí an fluóirídáil agus lena n-áirítear an costas i mbilleanna uisce. Ag comhdháil i mí Aibreáin ar fhluóirídeadh in Ollscoil Washington, mhol lucht tacaíochta náisiúnta cinneadh an chomhairlí a bheith soiléir chun tús a chur le flúóirídeadh. D'iarr an Dr. Frederick S. McKay, fiaclóir i Colorado Springs a bhí ar cheann de na chéad daoine a d'ascaoil fluoride le cailliúint laghdaithe beagnach leathchéad bliain roimhe sin i 1908, ar fhluoráidú "riail ar mhórchuid cailliúint fiacla" agus dúirt sé "Tá céim chun cinn déanta ag Seattle i gcinneadh a dhéanamh a soláthar uisce a fhluoráidú" ("Clár Fluoráidithe ...). Ach ní raibh an cinneadh déanta i ndáiríre. D'fhás an freasúra áitiúil, agus níor tugadh isteach na hoifigigh a bhí ullmhaithe riamh. I gcathanna luatha ar fud na tíre, is minic a shainaithníodh na freagróirí leis an gceart polaitiúil, agus glaonn cuid acu ar an gcoincheap go raibh sé ina phláinéid choimisinéadach. Ach i Seattle i 1951, cé go ndearna roinnt freagróirí an fluaraithe a dhúnadh mar "leigheas sochealaithe" ("Fluaraithe Is Unproved ..."), scaipeadh an fhreasúra, nó ar a laghad diongbháilteacht chun dul ar aghaidh, ar fud an speictream polaitiúil agus ní raibh i gceist leis ach go leor dochtúirí agus fiaclóirí, ach fiú ceann Roinn Uisce Seattle. A ligean do na Vótálaithe Cinntiú I samhradh 1951, d'iarr an Liog Bardasa, a tháinig as an Ghluaiseacht Forbartha agus a bhí ina abhcóide mór-urraim d'athchóiriú rialtais, ar chomhairle na cathrach an cheist a chur ar fhluóirithe ar an vótaíocht le cinneadh a dhéanamh ag vótálaithe, seachas an cinneadh a dhéanamh féin. Tar éis don chomhairle é sin a dhéanamh, rinne an liga, a ghlac seasamh de ghnáth ar bhearta vótála na cathrach, achoimre ar na argóintí ar an dá thaobh ach chinn siad gan aon mholadh a dhéanamh ar fhluoráidú. I mí Eanáir 1951, roimh an éisteacht tosaigh den Chomhairle, dúirt an tUas-Oifigigh Uisce Roy W. Morse go raibh an roinn ag glacadh "iadse go docht neodrach" sa cheist " (" Cóireáil Uisce ..."), ach faoin am a shocraigh an Chomhairle i mí na Samhna an t-ábhar a chur ar an vótaíocht i mí an Mhárta 1952, bhí Morse" cinnte fuar i dtreo fluóiriú " (" Comhairle Cathrach Dhomhchoiteann ... "). D'iarr sé ar staidéar eolaíoch breise a dhéanamh sula leanfaí ar aghaidh, ag tabhairt faoi deara cé gur léirigh staidéir gur laghdaigh fluoridation creimeadh fiacla "is cosúil go bhfuil eolas níos lú iontaofa ann maidir le héifeachtaí sistéamacha deiridh flúiríne" ("Favor na Comhairle ...). I gcodarsnacht leis sin, dúirt an Dr. Sanford Lehman, a bhí ina stiúrthóir ar an roinn sláinte i ndiaidh Palmquist (a leanfadh sé ag stiúradh tríd an bhrú rathúil 1968 ar fhluoráidú), leis an gcomhairle go dtacaigh sé go hiomlán le moladh a réamhtheachtaí maidir le flúoráidú mar "buntáiste mór do leanaí" ("Favoris Chomhairle ..."). D'fhéadfadh go raibh cuid de chill Morse i leith fluóirídeadh ó chostas an chláir, a mheas sé a bheith $ 135,000 in aghaidh na bliana, agus a bheadh ag teacht as buiséad na roinne uisce. Bhí an fhíric nach raibh ach flúiríd, ach costais an cheimiceáin a chur leis an uisce, á n-éileamh ar gach úsáideoir uisce ar cheann de phríomh-agóidigh na n-aghaidh. Mhol na criticeoirí ós rud é go raibh an fluaraithe dírithe ar chárta fiacla óige agus nár bhain sé leas as daoine fásta, gur cheart an costas a chlúdach ag an roinn sláinte nó ag an gceantar scoile seachas na cáiníocóirí. "Ionstraim Ard-Ghaeilge" An reifreann a cuireadh os comhair na vótálaithe ar an mball vóta an 11 Márta, d'fhoráil go ndéanfaí uisce Seattle a fhlúirídeáil ag leibhéal idir 0.7 agus 1.5 ppm. Mar thoradh ar na mothúcháin láidre ar an dá thaobh, thug The Seattle Times "feachtas dearg-te" ("Fluoridation Defeated ..."). D'áitigh lucht tacaíochta go bhfuil "tá méid ollmhór díothú fiacla ag daoine a rugadh agus a tógadh i Seattle" agus dúirt siad go "sniogfadh an beart an díothú sin go leath" ("Plean Flúiríde Uisce ...). Thug siad le fios go raibh beagnach 300 chathair Mheiriceá ag flúirídáil cheana féin. D'aistrigh lucht tacaíochta ráitis ó ghrúpaí náisiúnta leighis agus fiacla go bhfuil "ní bheidh aon éifeacht díobhálach ag fluorideadh ag na leibhéil atá molta ar aon chuid den chorp", agus thug siad tacaíocht na sochaí fiacla agus leighis áitiúla agus roinnt céadta dochtúir agus fiaclóirí aonair ("Plean Fluorideachta Uisce ..."). Bhí dochtúirí agus fiaclóirí, áfach, ina n-iarmhar sna sraitheanna na n-aghaidh freisin. Bhí an Dr. F. B. Exner, radaighleach in Seattle agus iar-uachtarán na Liga Frith-Túbarcóis i gContae King, ar cheann de na freagróirí is láidre, ag glaoch ar fhluoráidú "neamhthrócaithe go míochaine" agus ag moladh gur cheart "flúoráid a láimhseáil mar aon druga eile", seachas iad a chur le huisce óil, agus dochtúirí a chreid ina luach iad a mholadh do othair ("Fluoráidú Is Unproved ..."). D'iarr an Dr. Ralph M. Huber, fiaclóir Seatle ar scor, ar fhad na staidéir flúiríde go dtí seo a bheith "réadúil gearr" agus d'iarr sé ar údaráis áitiúla fanacht 10 nó 15 bliain agus torthaí flúiríde a bhreathnú in áiteanna eile sula gcuirfí an cleachtas i bhfeidhm ("Stuidéar breise ..."). Idir an dá linn, d'iarr Huber ar an PTA agus ar dhaoine eile oibriú chun táirgí ina bhfuil siúcra a bhaint as scoileanna, ag tabhairt faoi deara go raibh baint ag candy, deochanna suaite agus mar sin de le rátaí ard creimeadh. Chomh maith le roinnt fiaclóirí agus dochtúirí, bhí "Eolaithe Críostaí, chiropractors agus naturopaths, ... [agus] comhlachas oibreoirí siopaí bia sláinte agus a gcustaiméirí ... " ("Fluoridation Defeated ... ") i measc na n-aghaidh. Ní raibh taithí suntasach polaitiúil ag aon cheann de na freagróirí agus níor chaith siad ach $ 1,300 san iomlán ar an bhfeachtas. Agus an chuid is mó den bhunaíocht leighis agus polaitiúil ag tacú le flúiríocht, bhí súil ag breathnóirí go mbeadh an vótáil dlúth. Ní raibh sé. Bhí an reifreann buailte go mór le difríocht beagnach dhá cheann go ceann, le 44,811 vóta i bhfabhar agus 86,230 i gcoinne tuairiscíodh an lá dar gcionn. Aon bhliain déag ina dhiaidh sin i 1963, chaill an dara iarracht ar fhluoráidú, le huasteorainn níos lú ach fós suntasach. Rinne lucht tacaíochta iarracht arís i 1968, agus an uair seo bhuaigh siad le haire de 57 go 43 faoin gcéad. Thosaigh Roinn Uisce Seattle, a thacaigh leis an mbeart faoi mhaoirseoir Kenneth Lowthian, ag fluoridation an tsoláthair i mí Eanáir 1970 ag leibhéal 1 ppm. Ó 2014, lean Seattle Utilities Poiblí (suasmhach don roinn uisce) le flúirídáil uisce, ag leibhéal 0.8 ppm tar éis eisiúint i 2011 de mholtaí dréacht-choimisiúnacha chun leibhéil a laghdú. "Mayors of the City of Seattle, " suíomh Gréasáin Cléireach Chathair Seattle a rochtain 11 Feabhra, 2014 (http://www.seattle.gov/cityarchives/facts/mayors.htm); Richard C. Berner, Seattle in the 20th Century, v. 3, Seattle Transformed: World War II to Cold War (Seattle: Charles Press, 1999), 11-12, 15, 109, 114, 213-14; Ross Cunningham, "Plugging by Finger Stirs Up Port Interest, " The Seattle Times, 8 Feabhra, 1948, p. 13; Cunningham, "Muny League Issues Report on Fluidates, " Ibid., 15 Feabhra, 1948, p. 17; "Treatment of Water to be Discussed, " Ibid., 24 Eanáir, 1951, p. 19; John Bigelow, "Fluid Fluid Programming Gets Experts' Praise, " Ibid., 27 Aibreán, 1951, p. 16; E. B. Fussell, "Water Can't Add Revenues: Meets the Cannibals of War II to Cold War" (Seattle: Charles Press, 1999), 11-12, 15, 109, 114, 114, 213-14; Ross Cunningham, "Plugging by Finger Stirs Up Port Interest, " The Seattle Times, 8 Feabhra, 1948, p. 13; Cunningham, "Muny League Issues Report on Fluidates, "Treatment of Water Issues to be Discussed, " Ibidates, Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., 24 Feabhraíocht, 1951, p. ; "Plean Flúirídeadh Uisce, Príomhfhadhb an Vóta Dé Máirt", Ibid., p. 17; Cunningham, "Shake-up in Officials City to Follow Pomeroy Win", Ibid., 12 Márta, 1952, pp. 1, 8; "Fluoridation Defeated by Heavy Margin", Ibid., p. 8; "Achievements in Public Health, 1900-1999: Fluoridation of Drinking Water to Prevent Dental Caries", Láithreán Gréasáin na nIonad um Rialú agus Cosc ar Ghalair, a roinneadh ar 4 Bealtaine, 2012 (http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm484a1.htm); HistoryLink.org Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History, "Tosaíonn roinn uisce Seattle le flúirídáil soláthair uisce ar 12 Eanáir, 1970". (ag Heather Trescases agus Kit Oldham), http://www.historylink.org/ (a nascadh an 16 Feabhra 2014). Nóta: Cuirtear an aiste seo in ionad dhá aiste roimhe seo ar ghnéithe den toghchán seo. Taisteal tríd an am (ord cróineolaíoch): < Brabhsáil go dtí an Saothar Roimhe Brabhsáil go dtí Next Essay > Rialtas & Polaitíocht Eolaíocht & Teicneolaíocht Ceadúnas: Tá an aiste seo ceadaithe faoi cheadúnas Creative Commons a spreagann sé atáirgeadh le hiontráil. Ba cheart creidiúint a thabhairt do na HistoryLink.org agus don údar, agus ní mór foinsí a chur san áireamh le haon atáirgeadh. Cliceáil ar an íocán le haghaidh tuilleadh eolais. Tabhair faoi deara le do thoil go bhfuil an Ní bhaineann ceadúnas Creative Commons le téacs ach amháin, agus ní le híomhánna. Chun le haghaidh tuilleadh eolais maidir le grianghraif nó íomhánna aonair, déan teagmháil le an fhoinse a luaitear sa chreidiúint íomhá. Tacaíocht Mhór do HistoryLink.org Ar fáil Ag: An Stát Washington Patsy Bullitt Collins Paul G. Allen Family Foundation Músaem Stair agus Tionscail 4Culture (Tax Ioncaim Lodging Contae King) Chathair Seattle Baile Bellevue Baile Tacoma Contae King The Peach Fondúireacht: Microsoft Corporation, Seirbhísí Poiblí agus Príobháideacha Eile Urraitheoirí agus Cuairteoirí Cosúil leatsa An aiste seo a rinneadh indéanta ag: Oifig Ealaíon agus Cultúir Seattle Allan Pomeroy, 1952 Arna óstáil ag Archíobhair Cathrach Seattle Fógra nuachtáin in aghaidh fluóirídithe uisce, 9 Márta, 1952. Le cúirtéis Leabharlann Poiblí Seattle William F. Devin, 1942 Arna óstáil ag Archíobhair Cathrach Seattle

Top 10 Discoveries of 2012 According to the science magazine, these inventions are ranked among 1 to 10. Scientists are in the search of “Higgs Boson” particles since the last four decades. The following top discoveries of 2012 are included in this list: 1. Higgs Boson: European nuclear research team declared in July 2012 in Geneva that they have invented the particle which lies on the concept of god particle. Scientists established the world’s largest atom smashing machine on the Swiss- France border. Science news generalist named Adrienne Cho has written- Boson provides the thickness/concentration through the “Higgs field” in space. This thickness/concentration leads to the reality of universe. To watch Higgs Boson video online at You Tube Click Here. 2. Denisovan Genes: Denisovan is class of humans which lives in Siberia 41000 years from 21st century. This discovery is to search the blueprint of denisovan’s DNA. 3. To Produce an Egg from Stem Cell: Japanese researcher introduced an egg from rat’s embryonic stem cell. This cell leads to the production of rat in the lab. In future, this technology will also be employed on humans for baby child artificially. 4. Research of Protein from X-rays: One billion times faster than the ordinary source, the X-ray introduced the enzyme produces African sleeping sickness. Due to this disease, 30 thousand people dies every year. 5. Curiosity Landing: The landing of the vehicle sent by NASA on MARS for discoveries has attained the fifth position in 2012 researches. 6. Encode Project: According to study, human genome is 80% more active than the thinking and strategic power of scientists. 7. Majorana Fermions: Every component present in the element gives different response from others. It leads to the argument of scientists since 50 years. 8. Genome Tool TALEN: Transcription activator like effecter nucleus (TALEN) which recognises the gene cell transferring from the sick person to a healthy person. 9. Brain Interfacing Machine: This discovery introduced technology in which the cursor of the computer screen can be controlled by the neural recording of mind. China speeds up the neutrino to the speed of equivalent to light for giving an equal size of particles through the Daya Bay Nuclear Reactor Experiment.

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Na 10 Fhaisnéis is Fearr i 2012 De réir na iris eolaíochta, tá na aireagáin seo rangaithe i measc 1 go 10. Tá eolaithe ag lorg cáithníní Higgs Boson le ceithre scór bliain anuas. Tá na príomhfhionnachtana seo a leanas in 2012 san áireamh sa liosta seo: 1. an t-am a bhí ann. Boson Higgs: D'fhógair foireann taighde núicléach na hEorpa i mí Iúil 2012 i Ginéive gur chruthaigh siad an cáithnín a luíonn ar choincheap na cáithnín dé. Bhunaigh eolaithe an meaisín smashing adamhach is mó ar domhan ar theorainn na hEilvéise-an Fhrainc. Scríobh an generalist nuachta eolaíochta Adrienne Cho - soláthraíonn Boson an tiús / tiúchan trí réimse Higgs sa spás. Tugann an tiús / tiúchan seo leis an réaltacht na cruinne. Chun féachaint ar fhíseán Boson Higgs ar líne ag You Tube Cliceáil anseo. 2. Seachadadh. Gíní Denisovan: Is é Denisovan an aicme daoine a bhí ina gcónaí sa Sibéir 41000 bliain ó 21ú haois. Is é an fionnachtanas seo chun cuardach a dhéanamh ar phleanphriont denisovan DNA. 3. Tá an t-am ann. Chun Uibhe a Chur Ó Stem Cell: Chuir taighdeoir Seapánach uibhe ó chill stáit embryonach rata isteach. Tugann an ceall seo le táirgeadh radaigh sa saotharlann. Sa todhchaí, beidh an teicneolaíocht seo a bheith fostaithe freisin ar dhaoine do leanbh leanbh go saorga. 4. Tá an t-am Taighde ar Próitéin ó Ghathanna X: Tá an t-eagrán X-ghathanna billiún uair níos tapúla ná an foinse gnáth, a thug isteach an einsím a tháirgeann galar codlata na hAfraice. Mar gheall ar an ghalair seo, básann 30 míle duine gach bliain. 5. Tá an t-am ann. Tuirlingt Curiosity: Tá an feithicil a chuir NASA ar Mars le haghaidh fionnachtana tar éis teacht ar an cúigiú háit i dtaighde 2012. 6. Ceacht. Tionscadal Encode: De réir staidéir, tá an ghéinóm daonna 80% níos gníomhaí ná smaointeoireacht agus cumhacht straitéiseach na n-eolaithe. 7. Ceacht. Majorana Fermions: Tugann gach comhpháirt atá i láthair san eilimint freagra difriúil ó chuid eile. Tugann sé argóint eolaithe ó 50 bliain. 8. Ceacht. Gnéam-uirlis TALEN: Gníomhaitheoir trascríbhinte cosúil le núicléas éifeachtóir (TALEN) a aithníonn an cealla géine a aistrítear ó dhuine breoite go duine sláintiúil. 9. Naoi. Máistir Idirghabhála Céilí: Chuir an fionnachtanas seo teicneolaíocht isteach inar féidir le taifeadadh néarólach na meabhair rialú a dhéanamh ar an léarscóir ar scáileán an ríomhaire. Déantar an Neotríno a luathachadh go luas atá coibhéiseach le solas chun an méid céanna de pharaiméadair a thabhairt trí Théacsaí Réatóir Núicléach Chladach Daya.

Step 6: Write introduction and conclusion | The Learning ... Step 6: Write introduction and conclusion Introductory and concluding paragraphs function together as the frame around the argument of your essay. Or, using the visual image of book-ends holding the books - the body of your essay - together. On Paragraphs // Purdue Writing Lab A paragraph is a collection of related sentences dealing with a single topic. Learning to write good paragraphs will help you as a writer stay on track during your drafting and revision stages. Good paragraphing also greatly assists your readers in following a piece of writing. How to Write a 5 Paragraph Essay: Topics, Outline, Examples ... Five Paragraph Essay Outline. When writing a 5 paragraph essay, it is important to follow the structure. As it was said, a typical essay format starts with an introduction, goes to three Body paragraphs, and sums things up with a Conclusion. Each body paragraph serves a specific purpose, and the essay is in the form of a keyhole. How to Write an Effective Essay: The Introduction - YouTube Writing Introduction Paragraphs : Writing : Fourth Grade ... Write a Great First Sentence and Introductory Paragraph Construct your introductory paragraph with the following: An attention-grabbing first sentence. Informative sentences that build to your thesis. The thesis statement, which makes a claim or states a view that you will support or build upon. Examples of Great Introductory Paragraphs - thoughtco.com Writing a Good Introductory Paragraph. The primary purpose of an introductory paragraph is to pique the interest of your reader and identify the topic and purpose of the essay. It often ends with a thesis statement. You can engage your readers right from the start through a number of tried and true ways. 7 Ways to Write an Introduction Paragraph - wikiHow How to Write an Introduction Paragraph Method 1 Anecdotal Introduction. Tell a small story. Method 2 Historical Review. Determine if a historical review could be helpful. Method 3 Literary Summary. Briefly summarize the literary work you are writing about. Method 4 Thought-Provoking Question. Ask ... How To Write A Good Introduction Paragraph in 3 steps ... 8 May 2018 ... Knowing how to write an introduction that hooks your reader is essential to overcoming that ... Do keep your introduction paragraph short. An introduction paragraph is simply the first paragraph of an essay. Sometimes, introductions tend to be a bit tricky. Sometimes, introductions tend to be a bit tricky. Since the introduction is the first section of your essay that the reader comes across, the stakes are definitely high for your introduction to be captivating. Writing an Introductory Paragraph - Starting Your Research ... Writing the introductory paragraph can be a frustrating and slow process -- but it doesn't have to be. If you planned your paper out, then most of the introductory paragraph is already written. Now you just need a beginning and an end. How to Write a Good Introduction - The Writing Center at MSU Most academic essays contain an introductory paragraph, which includes a thesis. The Oxford English Dictionary defines an introduction as, “ A preliminary explanation prefixed to or included in a book or other writing; the part of a book which leads up to the subject treated, or explains the author’s design or purpose. How to Write an Essay Introduction in 3 Easy Steps Write the Introduction Last (and Other Crazy Ideas) Even though the introduction is the first thing your audience reads, the introduction doesn’t have to be the first thing you write. You should always start with a solid focus for your paper, but you can start writing the body of your paper first. Introduction Strategies Excluding scientific and technical writing (which often has pre-established formats), most other topics lend themselves to a variety of introductory gambits. Suppose the assignment is to write a literary analysis of Vladimir Nabokov's novel Lolita. Below are several different ways to start that essay. How Do You Write an Introduction to a Project? - Reference How Do You Write an Introduction to a Project? An introduction to a project, paper or verbal presentation engages an audience and provides a concise preview that includes the background of the project, clarifies the points examined and explains the conclusions. PDF Page Strong Body Paragraphs - depts.washington.edu Writing Introductions 1. An introduction or introductory paragraph is the first paragraph in any multi-paragraph essay. 2. Successful introductions engage the reader and increase interest in the topic. The main parts of an introduction include the lead, the bridge, and the thesis (claim). 3. The lead should be about three to five sentences. How to Write an Effective Essay: The Introduction - YouTube A good introduction makes writing an essay easy and reading it fun. AND YO... Skip navigation ... How to Write an Effective 5-Paragraph Essay: Formulas for 5-Paragraph Essay - Duration: 11:53. The opening paragraph of your paper will provide your readers with their initial impressions of your argument, your writing style, and the overall quality of your work. A vague, disorganized, error-filled, off-the-wall, or boring introduction will probably create a negative impression. Writing an Introductory Paragraph - Starting Your Research ...

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Céim 6: Cuir isteach agus conclúid. Céim 6: Cuir isteach agus conclúid a scríobh. Nó, úsáid an íomhá amhairc de bookends a shealbhú na leabhair - an corp de do aiste - le chéile. Ar na Paragraif // Purdue Writing Lab Is bailiúchán de bhriathra gaolmhara é mír a bhaineann le hábhar amháin. Má fhoghlaimíonn tú míreanna maithe a scríobh, cabhróidh sé leat mar scríbhneoir fanacht ar an mbóthar le linn do chéimeanna dréachtála agus athbhreithnithe. Cuidíonn mírín maith go mór le do léitheoirí freisin píosa scríbhneoireachta a leanúint. Conas a Scríobh 5 Paragraf Innscéal: Téamaí, Scéim, Samplaí ... Scéim Innscéal Cúig Paragraf. Agus aiste 5 mhír á scríobh agat, tá sé tábhachtach an struchtúr a leanúint. Mar a dúirt muid, tosaíonn foirmle tipiciúil aiste le réamhrá, téann sé go dtí trí mhír Chroí, agus cuimsíonn sé rudaí le Conclúid. Tá cuspóir sonrach ag gach mír sa chorp, agus tá an aiste i bhfoirm an mholl cló. Conas Ríomh-Aistrithe Éifeachtacha a Scríobh: An Réamhrá - YouTube Scríbhneoireacht Iomhrá Paragrafaicí: Scríbhneoireacht: Ceathrú Grád ... Scríobh an chéad abairt agus an chéad mhír tosaigh iontach Abairtí eolasacha a chuireann le do théacs. An ráiteas téise, a dhéanann éileamh nó a deir dearcadh a thacóidh tú leis nó a thógfaidh tú air. Samplaí de Chomharthaí Túsúcháin - thoughtco.com Scríobh Paragraf Túsúcháin Dea-mhaith. Is é príomhchuspóir mhír tosaigh spéis a spreagadh i do léitheoir agus ábhar agus cuspóir an aiste a shainaithint. Is minic a chríochnaíonn sé le ráiteas téise. Is féidir leat do léitheoirí a mhealladh ón tús trí roinnt bealaí triail agus fíor. 7 Bealaí chun Paragraf Tosaíochta a Scríobh - wikiHow How to Write an Introduction Paragraph Method 1 An Introduction Anecdotal. Inis scéal beag. Modh 2 Athbhreithniú Stairiúil. Déan cinneadh ar an gcaoi a d'fhéadfadh athbhreithniú stairiúil a bheith cabhrach. Modh 3 Gearrthóg liteartha. Déan achoimre gairid ar an saothar liteartha a bhfuil tú ag scríobh faoi. Modh 4 Ceist a spreagann smaointeoireacht. Conas Paragraf Tús-Treoir Álainn a Scríobh i 3 Céim ... 8 Bealtaine 2018 ... Tá sé ríthábhachtach go mbeadh a fhios agat conas tabhairt isteach a scríobh a ghearrann do léitheoir chun an rud sin a shárú ... Coinnigh do mhír tosaigh gearr. Is é an mhír tosaigh ach an chéad mhír de aiste. Uaireanta, tá sé de ghnáth ag tabhairt isteach a bheith beagán tricky. Uaireanta, tá sé de ghnáth ag tabhairt isteach a bheith beagán tricky. Ós rud é gurb é an t-aistriúchán an chéad chuid den aiste a thagann an léitheoir ar aghaidh, is cinnte go bhfuil an t-ardchaighdeán ar an mbonn go mbeidh do chuid cur isteach tarraingteach. Paragraf Tosaíochta a Scríobh - Ag Tús Do Thaighde ... Is féidir le mír tosaigh a scríobh a bheith ina phróiseas frustrach agus mall - ach ní gá go mbeadh. Má tá do chuid páipéir pleanáilte agat, ansin tá an chuid is mó den mhír tosaigh scríofa cheana féin. Anois ní gá duit ach tús agus deireadh. Conas Tús-Tús Maith a Scríobh - Ionad Scríbhneoireachta ag MSU Tá mír tosaigh ag an chuid is mó de na haiscéalta acadúla, lena n-áirítear teas. Sainmhíníonn an Fuaimníocht Béarla Oxford an t-aistriúchán mar, Míniú réamh a chuirtear roimh leabhar nó scríbhneoireacht eile nó a chuirtear isteach ann; an chuid de leabhar a thugann suas leis an ábhar a phléitear, nó a mhíníonn dearadh nó cuspóir an údair. Conas Tús a Scríobh ar Inléacht ar Inléacht i 3 Céim Éasca Scríobh an Tús deireanach (agus smaointe amaideach eile) Cé go bhfuil an t-aistriúchán an chéad rud a léann do lucht féachana, ní gá go mbeadh an t-aistriúchán an chéad rud a scríobhann tú. Ba chóir duit tosú i gcónaí le fócas láidir ar do pháipéar, ach is féidir leat tosú ag scríobh corp do pháipéir ar dtús. Straitéisí Túsúcháin Gan scríbhneoireacht eolaíoch agus theicniúil a áireamh (a bhfuil formáidí réamhbhunaithe aige go minic), cuireann an chuid is mó de na hábhair eile iad féin ar fáil do éagsúlacht gambits tosaigh. Measann an tasc a scríobh anailís liteartha ar Vladimir Nabokov ar úrscéal Lolita. Seo thíos roinnt bealaí éagsúla chun an aiste sin a thosú. Conas a Scríobhann tú Réamhrá do Thionscadal? - Tuairisc Conas a Scríobhann tú Réamhrá ar Thionscadal? Cuirtear tús le tionscadal, le páipéar nó le cur i láthair ó bhéal chun go mbeidh lucht féachana páirteach agus cuirtear réamhfhís chuimsitheach ar fáil ina gcuirtear cúlra an tionscadail san áireamh, ina soiléireofar na pointí a scrúdaítear agus ina míneofaí na conclúidí. PDF Page Strong Body Paragraphs - depts.washington.edu (Fógraí) Tús a scríobh 1. Is é an t-aistriúchán nó an mhír tosaigh an chéad mhír in aon aiste il-pharaigraf. 2. Seachadadh. Bíonn an t-aistriúchán rathúil ag tarraingt ar an léitheoir agus ag méadú an spéis sa ábhar. I measc phríomhpháirteanna an réamhrá tá an t-amhrán, an droichead agus an téis (éileamh). 3. Tá an t-am ann. Ba chóir go mbeadh an t-uachtarán thart ar thrí go cúig abairt. Conas Ríomh-Easáid Éifeachtach a Scríobh: An Tús - YouTube Is éasca le tabhairt isteach maith aiste a scríobh agus is spraoi é a léamh. Agus YO... Skip navigation ... Conas a Scríobh 5 Paragraf Eachtúil: Foirmlí do 5 Paragraf Eacht - Duration: 11:53. Tabharfaidh mír tosaigh do pháipéir do léitheoirí a chéad léargas ar do phlé, ar do stíl scríbhneoireachta, agus ar cháilíocht fhoriomlán do chuid oibre. Is dócha go gcruthóidh cur isteach neamhshoiléir, neamhordúil, lán earráidí, neamh-ghnách, nó suimiúil tuiscint dhiúltach. Paragraf Tosaíochta a Scríobh - Ag Tús Do Thaighde ...

By Gabriel Loch-Lainn Seabrook THE PREHISTORIC ORIGINS OF PROSTITUTION Contrary to conventional "wisdom," prostitution has a long and noble legacy, one that began hundreds of thousands of years ago among our prehistoric ancestors. Indeed, it is not only the oldest profession, it is the profession on which both monogamous marriage and human society were originally founded. FROM PROMISCUITY TO PAIR-BONDING At one time, early humans were promiscuous. Like our closest living relatives, the gorilla, chimpanzee, and orangutan, they were pansexual; that is, prehistoric women and men engaged in sexual activities with all other group members, female and male, young and old. This sexual behavioral pattern would eventually change, however, from rampant promiscuity to one in which we formed pair-bonds based around female prostitution. This transformation occurred around 1 million years ago in an early human ancestor known as Homo erectus. Any animal behavior that spans such an enormous length of time will become biologically programmed into that animal's genetic code. And this is precisely what happened in humans when we switched from promiscuity to pair-bonding. To this day-because it is now a genetically determined behavior-pair-bonding is the type of bonding that the majority of women and men in every culture and society engage most actively in. What is the name of this pair-bond? THE HUMAN SEXUAL CONDITION: PROGRAMMED FOR POLYGAMY There are some individuals who would call it "lifetime monogamy." But those individuals would be wrong. In fact, anthropological studies show that humans are not designed for lifetime monogamy, and that even in societies (such as the U.S.A. and England) where lifetime monogamy is held to be the ideal, only a tiny fraction of couples actually practice it. To the contrary, nearly all people, following our prehistoric ancestor's basic mating pattern, form a temporary pair-bond with a single mate, separate, then go in search of a new partner with whom she or he forms another brief, tenuous bond. This primal custom is overtly reflected in our obsession with dating, and in our extremely high rates of desertion, infidelity, divorce, and remarriage. Some go even further by incorrectly referring to this type of short-term intimate bonding as "serial monogamy." An objective observer will quickly realize, however, that our love of short-term pair-bonding is actually a form of what is called, "serial polygamy": having a series of temporary monogamous relationships; not simultaneously (as in straight polygamy), but in succession, spread out over time. More to the point, the modern human practice of both serial polygamy, and the far less popular lifetime monogamy, are rooted firmly in the soil of prostitution, an element without which no sexual relationship could exist. Let us look for a moment at the evolutionary background of our prostitution-based sexual behavior. OUR ENLARGING BRAIN & AND IMMATURE BABIES With the passage of time, various biological pressures caused the prehistoric human brain to increase in size (a process well-documented in the human fossil record). This probably began when early humans went from independent foraging-and-scavenging groups (like living apes), to cooperative hunting-and-gathering communities, a more complex lifestyle requiring more brain power. Whatever the origins of this phenomenon, with the heads of infants now larger in size, they had to be born sooner in order to fit through the birth canal. This meant, in turn, that human babies were gradually born in a state of greater and greater immaturity. Unlike other primate babies, which mature rather quickly after they are born-and so require only a moderate amount of parental care-human infants now needed more parental care. OF SISTERHOODS & BROTHERHOODS: FATHERHOOD IS NOT NATURAL TO HUMAN MALES Up until this time, human mothers-like nearly all other living primate mothers continue to do-raised their offspring by themselves, in great all-female groups called "Sisterhoods," or "Matriarchies." In the 193 species of living primates, fatherhood and the two-parent family unit are literally all but unknown. Most primate males live as what primatologists call "vagabonds," in all-male groups or hunting parties called "Brotherhoods," or "Bachelorhoods." And so it always was for the human primate. That is, until the change from small-brained mature infants to large-brained immature infants. Now the burden of childrearing was so great that females needed extra help in order to protect and feed their young. It is out of this simple need that we find the origins of prostitution. THE SEX CONTRACT: FOOD FOR SEX, SEX FOR FOOD Looking around them, the females found a large untapped work force in the nomadic groups of vagabond males. The question was, how to entice these independent creatures into giving up their wandering lifestyle in order to serve the interests of the females. The answer was not long in coming: the females would enlist the aid of the footloose males by offering them sex in exchange for food and protection. This arrangement, well-known to anthropologists as "The Sex Contract," was, of course, eagerly participated in by the males. The more sex the women were willing to provide, the more food and protection they received from the obliging males. Those females who prostituted themselves the most ardently, lived longest and produced the most offspring. Thus, their particular genes were passed on to the next generation in higher concentrations than those of less "sexy" females. The same process occurred among the men: those males who were most attracted to these early female prostitutes, transmitted the highest amounts of DNA into the gene pool. MEN AS PROVIDING OBJECTS, WOMEN AS SEX OBJECTS The result today, 1 million years later, is that modern women are genetically programmed to view men as providers of material comfort, while modern men are genetically programmed to look at women as sex objects. To put it another way: the very nature of all intimate relationships between women and men is inherently prostitutional. Like their prehistoric ancestors, contemporary women provide men with sex in exchange for material goods; contemporary men provide women with material goods in exchange for sex. So strong is this genetic program that it has even been made the foundation of modern monogamous marriage: in all 50 states, by law, husbands are required to financially support their wives and children, while wives are legally required to provide sexual services to their husbands. This is why it is so difficult to convict a husband of raping his wife: until recently, the idea of "marital rape" was unthinkable. This also explains the curious fact that many men prefer that their wives not work outside the home. DEFINING THE WORDS "MARRIAGE" & "WIFE" And so we see that the monogamous bond began as a sexual contract based on mundane economic considerations rooted in prostitution. Not surprisingly, many contemporary feminists see little difference between the role a wife plays and that of a sex worker paid for hire. Dr. Dale Spender, for example, defines marriage as a form of legalized prostitution; that is, "the exchange of sexual services for material support." Andre Dworkin takes a less charitable view, calling marriage a "legal contract which sanctions rape." Some feminists, using our new politically correct vocabulary, now actually define a wife as "an unpaid sex worker." This is in contrast to a prostitute, who is defined as "a paid sex worker." OF WHORES AND WIVES: HAVELOCK ELLIS ON MARRIAGE The forward-thinking, 19th century English sexologist, Havelock Ellis, described the difference between a wife and a sex worker this way: "The wife who marries for money, compared with a prostitute, is the true scab. She is paid less, gives much more in return in labor and care, and is absolutely bound to her master. The prostitute [on the other hand] never signs away the right over her own person, she retains her freedom and personal rights, nor is she always compelled to submit to man's embraces." THE FACTS ABOUT PROSTITUTION CONTRADICT THE MYTHS Despite these enlightened views, and our biologically-determined proclivity for indulging in prostitutionary relationships, the modern sex worker continues to live under a dark shadow of misogynistic mythology; demonized by most of her sisters, and even by some of the men who pay for her services. Some of this is the result, of course, of ignorance. But there is no longer any excuse for such naiveté. For the facts not only completely contradict the traditionally slanted view of prostitution, they reveal that whores functioned for thousands of years in roles of great prestige, power, and privilege. FROM SACRED PRIESTESS TO WRETCHED WHORE Indeed, by the time of the Neolithic Era (about 8,000 years ago), prostitution was an integral aspect of both society and religion. Prostitutes themselves were regarded as divine bearers of the all-sacred Feminine Power. So how did prostitutes go from being venerated in ancient times as Holy Priestesses to their current status as "wretched sinners" and "home wreckers"? To answer this question, let us begin by looking at the etymological background of the word "whore." ORIGINS OF THE WORD "WHORE" The word whore is an English corruption of the Old Semitic word hor, meaning "hole," "cave," or "pit." Hor, in turn, is a derivation of the pre-Judaic Indo-European word, hora, meaning "hour." In fact, our modern English word "hour" derives from hora. In ancient Greece, for instance, prostitutes were called horae; in Persia, houri; in Babylon, harines; and in Israel, hors. What is the connection between "hour" and "whore"? ANCIENT WHORES OF MYTH & LEGEND Ancient cultures and civilizations practiced commercial and sacred prostitution, both necessary to the functioning and stability of patriarchal marriage (i.e., heterosexual monogamy) and of society itself. In ancient Egypt, whores were known as the "Ladies of the Hour," and in present day India, where prostitute-priestesses still dispense the grace of Goddess in Hindu temples, they are called "Devadasis." Early myths are rife with examples of the vital roles that whores once played in all human cultures. In Hindu mythology, sacred whores appear as the famed "Apsaras"; in Persian myth they are the celebrated "Peris"; and in Greek mythology they are known as the "Charites," or "Horae." In Roman myth they are referred to as the "Charis," or Three "Graces," a personification of the Great Triple Goddess (called Mari-Anna-Ishtar), whose sacred sign was the three-pointed star, a symbol of Goddess's magic (inverted) pubic triangle, out of which her procreative powers flow. MARI: THE GREAT TRIPLE GODDESS & DIVINE WHORE-MOTHER The Triple-Goddess herself is a triplicate-symbol of 1) life, 2) death, and 3) resurrection. According to the 10,000 year-old universal Goddess Creation myth, each year, at the vernal equinox (now called Easter), Goddess ritually killed her Divine Son, the "Savior and Redeemer of the World," known by Pagans across the ancient pre-Christian world as Isua, Horus, Attis, Hesus, Criti, or Chrishna. His death was necessary in order to wash away the sins of the community and revitalize the soil for spring planting. Death was always performed in the traditional Pagan manner: by piercing or crucifixion. The blood of the Savior-Son fructified Mother-Earth as it spilled on the ground. Goddess then resurrected the dead child and mated with him, an act that inaugurated her New Year. The Pagan New Year of Goddess begins in March (ruled by Aries), a month named after the god Mars, who in turn took his name from the great prehistoric Indo-European Mother-Goddess, variously called: Mar, Mari, Maria, Marian, Maris, Mary, Maya, Miriam, the Moerae, Mu, or Myyrha. FUNCTIONS OF THE ANCIENT PROSTITUTE The chief roles of the ancient (female) whore were to school men in the sexual mysteries (called by mystics, "The Whore Wisdom"), act as a transmitter of the all-powerful female energy, and keep track of the passage of the seasons, and of time itself. In their role as temple-priestesses, the Horae or Holy Whores would perform a magic ceremony, then anoint a man's penis with sacred oil (called in Greek, chrism), and mount him to orgasm. This allowed for the transfer of procreative power from female to male, since, according to Goddess tradition, men lack the ability to generate the life force. As the "caretakers of time," the whore's role was primarily to aid in the construction of astrological charts, which were called "Whore-Scopes," or rather, "horoscopes" (which literally means, "watcher of time"), named after the temple priestesses-the Horae-who guarded the "heavenly spheres of time" kept inside Goddess's Temples. So honored were the Horae, that in ancient Graeco-Roman times, a festival, called the Horaea, was held every year in their name. Each temple had 12 Holy Harlots (all called "Hora"), headed by a 13th member: the Great Mother-Goddess. The number 13 was considered holy in accordance with Goddess's Lunar Calendar which has thirteen 28-day months in its year. (The Moon was held to be a personification of Goddess since its monthly 28-day phases correspond with a woman's monthly 28-day menstrual cycle.) In this way, the number 13 became one of Goddess's sacred lucky numbers. THE WHORE AS VIRGIN MOTHER & THE SIN OF MONOGAMY Sacred whores were the original "Virgin Mothers" since they gave birth without the aid of men. How was this possible? The notion of paternity was then unknown; women were thought to be parthenogenetic, or self-fertilizing deities. Men, on the other hand, were believed to have no role in the procreative process. They were seen only as adjunct laborers, servants, guards, hunters, sexual companions, and warriors, roles which the men acted out under the authority of the great tribal clan mother and her all-female council of 12 priestesses. Not surprisingly, ancient whores saw little use for men outside of their utilitarian roles, which is why they totally rejected the notion of monogamy. They understood that long-term monogamous relationships mainly benefit men, who use this unnatural form of bonding to manipulate the inherently superior intellectual and sexual powers of women for their own self-serving needs. But ancient whores were far ahead of the men of their day. For they knew, as wise women today know, that a woman's extraordinary multi-orgasmic response requires more stamina than one male can muster. This is why, for thousands of years, during the Neolithic "Golden Age of Woman," or what I call "The Goddess World," the great Whore-Mother-Goddess prohibited monogamy for her followers, calling it a "sin." WOMEN ON TOP: ANCIENT RELATIONSHIPS Indeed, archaeological findings reveal that Late Paleolithic and Early Neolithic women had loose flexible relationships with men that surrounded the practices of group marriage, mate-swapping, and consort bonding (a series of brief tenuous relationships that we now call "serial polygamy"). Ancient stone etchings and paintings portray women in their preferred sexual position: astride the man. LESBIANS, SPIRITUAL SISTERS, AND ALL-FEMALE COMMUNITIES Naturally, lesbianism was immensely popular in ancient times, with women forming all-female island communities, and even woman-exclusive cities, where great female-only colleges flourished. Here, the Female Principle was venerated, and the feminine arts of lesbian love, poetry, song, and dance, were taught by such famed women as Sappho. (Her all-woman Greek island community, Lesbos, gives us the modern word "lesbian.") When a woman wanted a child, or simply wanted to have sex with the opposite gender, she would leave for the mainland to mate with the man of her choice. Men were never allowed into ancient lesbian colonies: if caught, the punishment was castration and ritual sacrifice. This sentence was meted out by the lesbian militia, comprised of a troop of specially-trained, highly athletic Amazonian warrioresses. After her sojourn to the mainland, the voyaging woman would return to bear and raise the infant among her female colleagues. For such women, the idea of living with a man in a monogamous romantic relationship was considered a "barbarous blasphemy." The only lifestyle deemed appropriate was that of living in a close-knit community of "sisters"; a community where violence, aggression, and deception were unknown, and where tenderness, maternal warmth, and compassion ruled. This lifestyle was not just for lesbians of course. Many thousands of heterosexual women joined these all-female communities as well. For it was only among such humanitarian-based female-exclusive groups that many women felt they could reach their full potential; a vibrant peaceful mode of living where men, with their naturally aggressive and chaotic ways, could not interfere. What these ancient women were doing was keeping alive the great Sisterhood, a tradition that had existed for nearly 70 million years among our non-human female primate ancestors. Here, from out of our long primate heritage, we find the very heart and soul of the great matriarchies of the ancient Goddess World, a tradition that permeated every culture, society, and religion of that age. WHEN JUDAISM WAS MATRIARCHAL: GODDESS WORSHIP AMONG THE ISRAELITES Indeed, before Judaism became patriarchal (c. 500 B.C.E.), it was, like all of the earliest religions, matriarchal: ancient Jews worshipped the Feminine Principle, and sacred prostitution played a major function in daily temple life. During the time of King Josiah (640-609 B.C.E.), for instance, Jewish temple prostitutes lived next to the triple-towered Jerusalem Temple, where, as the Bible tells it, they "wove hangings for the Sacred Grove of Goddess" (2 Kings 23:7). Goddess was known to the Israelites by the names: Asherah, Ishtar, Hokmah, Astarte, or Hor. To this day, the oldest authentic Hebrew folkdance is called "Hora," named after the zodiacal circle dances of the ancient Jewish Temple prostitutes. THE SEMITIC GODDESS HOR & THE VAGINA-WORSHIPPING HORITES An entire Semitic culture, the "Horites" (Genesis 14:6), claimed descendence from the Goddess Hor, whose great holy mountain, Mount Hor (Numbers 20:23), stood as a maternal symbol of her life-nurturing female breasts, her magical pregnant abdomen, her round child-bearing hips, and her swollen life-giving vulva (which the Romans called the "Mound of Venus"). The Horites' name refers to their custom of living in caves (symbols of the dark moist vulva of Goddess), evidence of a profound Whore-Mother religion in early Palestine. The Horites were in fact yoni worshippers, whose Cult of the Vagina was banned when Judaism was finally patricized by misogynistic Jewish priests. Today the Horites are variously referred to as "Hurrians," "Hittites," or "Hivites." These modern appellations, however, cannot obscure the true nature of the ancient Horites: the early Jews called them the Hori, a word that literally means "cave-dweller," or mystically speaking, "vulva worshippers." PATRIARCHAL JUDAISM & THE CREATION OF THE WHORE OF BABYLON Following the Jewish male demonization of prostitution and of women in general, Jews no longer referred to Goddess by her once sacred Hebrew title: "The Great Mother-Harlot of the World." Now she was given the disparaging title: "The Whore of Babylon," while her followers were simply called "sodomites." The temples of the whores were renamed "hora-houses," or "whore-houses"; Goddess's sacred number, 13, was altered to mean "bad luck"; and the red erect phallus signs of ancient Rome, once used to direct customers to the city's prostitutes, became signs of disgrace (the red light of the modern whorehouse descends from this custom). Goddess's inverted pubic triangle symbol was blotted out by placing over it an upward pointing triangle, the mystical symbol of the erect Male Principle. The result was the hexagramic symbol of Judaism, now called "the Star of David," or "Solomon's Seal." The "missionary position" was introduced as a way to force women into a sexually submissive role, and the great lesbian communities, all-female colleges, female-headed matriarchies, and women-only island villages of the ancient world, were closed down and dismantled. The circle of the great global Sisterhood had finally been broken. With the arrival of orthodox Christianity, the Whore-Mother-Goddess's temples were destroyed, or even converted to Christian churches, an anti-woman campaign of terror that the misogynist Paul of Tarsus enthusiastically embraced (Acts 19:27). THE INVINCIBLE WHORE-MOTHER But ultimately, the Great Whore Wisdom (a tradition carried on by mystics of all religions), and more particularly the love of whores themselves, could not be killed off, or even suppressed. As psychologists well-know, the maternal figure (with her great oceanic "motherly love" for her world-wide family) is the psychic nucleus of not only all personal human relationships, but of human society itself. WHY MEN MAKE POOR HUSBANDS & FATHERS On the other hand, neither paternal love, paternity, or the paternal figure, have ever played important roles in human culture. Fatherhood, as Margaret Mead and other anthropologists have repeatedly observed, is a "recent cultural invention." This explains why in almost every society, numerous social, legal, and religious laws have been created to entice men into marriage and keep them there. The truth is that neither long-term monogamous marriage, the two-parent family unit, or the role of "father," are natural to men. These newly created cultural ideas must be intentionally taught to men from an early age on. Without this intensive socialization for family life, few men will find this mode of living inviting or even tolerable. WOMEN ARE NATURALLY POLYGAMOUS It should be pointed out here that long-term monogamy is not natural to women either: this type of bond has never occurred at any time in human evolution, therefore neither modern women or men are adapted for it. However, due to a female's maternal instincts, family life is generally more bearable to her than it is to a man. The fact that at least 70 percent of all married women cheat on their husbands, however, reveals that women's polygamous urges are just as strong as they were in prehistoric times; a time when women fulfilled their sexual needs by practicing group marriage and serial polygamy. MARY THE VIRGIN-WHORE-MOTHER & JESUS THE SUN-KING Soon realizing that they could not eradicate her, the early Church Fathers simply transformed the Great Virgin Whore-Mother-whom the entire ancient Indo-European world had known as Mari-into "the Virgin Mary." Her sacrificial Divine Son, the Pagan Savior Hesus, they recast as Jesus (whose name is in part a hebracization of the name of the Pagan Greek Savior-God-King, Jason.) The name "Christ," meaning "the anointed," was derived from the Horae's sacred sexual oil, chrism, which means "to anoint." The word chrism is, in turn, a derivation of the ancient Chaldean word, chrs or-with vowels-chris, meaning the "Sun." The great Indo-European Triple-Goddess Mari, the original Holy Trinity, was transformed into both the 3 "Marys" who stood at the foot of Jesus' cross (John 19:25), and into the masculinized "Holy Trinity" of the "Father, Son, and Holy Ghost." Her sacred bird, the peaceful dove, was appended to the figure of the Holy Ghost (Matthew 3:16). Goddess and her 12 Temple Harlots were transformed into Jesus and his 12 Disciples, though 13 remained a number associated with bad luck. (To this day, many apartment buildings have no 13th floor, and the phrase "a baker's dozen" allows one to avoid the use of the word "thirteen.") MARY MAGDALENE & THE WHORE WISDOM The ancient Pagan Whore Wisdom, too, was adopted and Christianized by the authors of the New Testament, where it is personified in the temple-whore figure of "Mary Magdalene" (Magdalene literally means "she of the temple-power"). It was Magdalene who "christed" Jesus king in the manner of a Holy Whore: by anointing his head with sacred oil (Matthew 26:7-12). The human head, of course, is a mystical symbol of the head of the penis, while Jesus' royal crown is, in turn, an occult symbol of the vagina which the penis must penetrate in order for the sacred female energy to be transmitted to the male. Mary Magdalene and a group of (12) women are shown as financially and spiritually supporting Jesus and the 12 Apostles during their ministry, since men lack the procreative life-force (Luke 8:1-3). Magdalene and her 12 Holy Harlots are portrayed as the first to visit the vulva-cave of Goddess into which the body of Goddess's divine son Jesus was laid after his crucifixion. Magdalene was also the first to see and speak to the risen Jesus, a necessary act which-according to mystical feminine tradition-revitalizes the male with the female force (John 20). Here, the Temple Whores mourn for Jesus, just as earlier Jewish women mourned outside the Jerusalem Temple for the Syrian Savior Tammuz (Ezekiel 8:14), another of the many pre-Christian saviors whom the figure of Jesus was later patterned on. WHEN GOD WAS GODDESS Despite centuries of violent anti-Goddess, anti-Woman pogroms and pious anti-prostitution edicts by the Jewish and Christian patriarchies, the attempt to suppress the Great Whore-Mother-Goddess and her global Church ultimately failed. Realizing that humanity's psychic need for an all-giving, life-nurturing maternal figure is indestructible, the early Church Fathers simply merged Goddess and her attributes with the new male Jewish supreme deity called "Yahweh" (whose name derives, in part, from the far older Semitic Moon-Goddess Yareah), with Jesus (see e.g., Galatians 4:19), and with the Holy Ghost (see e.g., John 3:6). It is not surprising to learn then that the etymology of the word "Yahweh" (or "Jehovah," as Christians call him) actually means "the eternal union of the Female and Male Principles." Evidence of a time when Judaism was a matriarchal Goddess-worshipping religion is abundant, no more so than in the Bible itself. In the book of Psalms, for example, ancient Jewish mythographers and scribes accidentally left in a reference to their male "God" as the female Goddess (Psalms 48:3), an inevitable carry-over from the days when the Supreme Being was viewed not as male, but as female. Additional evidence for a once-thriving Goddess-worshipping Jewish religion may also be found in the many biblical references to God as a maternal, nurturing, homemaking, pregnant, birthing, and nursing mother (e.g., Isaiah 42:14; Deuteronomy 32:18; Numbers 11:12-13). Indeed, the Jewish creation legend of Genesis, in which God "gives birth" to the Universe and all life in it, is a masculinized version of the 10,000 year-old Neolithic Creation myth in which the Great Whore-Goddess is the Supreme Being, whose freely-given compassion spawns all living creatures from her oceanic amniotic fluid. THE GOLDEN AGE OF WOMEN: NO TRACE OF GOD Archaeological evidence also supports the fact that Goddess is not only far older than God, but that God himself is little more than a male-created composite-deity, one that came to life only when the Holy Mother was transformed into the "Holy Father" by women-hating Jewish priests. Indeed, from 500,000 B.C.E. to 10,000 B.C.E.-a period known as the "Golden Age of Women"-not a single representation of a male deity, man-like supreme being, or even a simple father-figure, has ever been found in the art, artifacts, or fossil remains of prehistoric peoples. On the other hand, during this same time period, thousands of statuettes, paintings, carvings, and etchings, of Goddess the Great Whore-Mother-or primitive symbols (such as the triangle) embodying her-have been found in archaeological digs all over the world. Where was God during this immense span of time? THE PATRIARCHAL TAKEOVER: FROM EARTH-MOTHER TO SKY-FATHER The answer is simple: early peoples did not recognize the human male as possessing divine power. Only the female. Thus, only Woman was deified. The deification of men, and the ensuing creation of the "Father-God," would have to wait until the Patriarchal Takeover, when horse-back-riding, patriarchal warriors, swept across matriarchal Europe from out of southern Russia a mere 6,000 years ago. These Aryans (or Indo-Europeans, as they are also known) crushed the great matriarchies, drove women from their thrones, and stole women's political, legal, economical, sexual, educational, familial, and reproductive powers for themselves. In place of the feminine Goddess, the Aryans worshipped a deity molded in their own image; namely, the masculine image. From out of this period was created the first known male deity, one closely associated, not with vegetation, the harvest, and the female Earth, but with thunder, rain, and the male Sun. In this way, religion went from a matrifocal belief-system based on worship of the Earth-Mother, to a patrifocal belief-system based on the veneration of the Sky-Father. To this day, men still search for their God by shooting phallic rockets into the heavens, while at the same time they show disrespect for Goddess by scaring and raping her body (the Earth) with machines and pollutants. HOW THE CHANGING NAMES OF GOD REVEAL HIS WHORE-GODDESS ROOTS It is interesting to note that the invention of the father-god form is so recent that when Moses-the founder of Israel-met the Judeo-Christian "God" in the burning bush (said to have taken place around 3,000 years ago), Moses had no idea what name to address him by. When Moses inquired as to the deity's name, it merely replied: "call me I AM" (Exodus 3:13-14). Later, God admitted to Moses that he was not known by name to Abraham, Issac, or Jacob either (Exodus 6:3). In fact, the earliest mention of God's name in the Bible is not "God," "Yahweh," or "Jehovah." It is El Shaddai, a name-phrase purposefully mistranslated throughout the entire Bible by later medieval English scribes as "the "Almighty" (see Genesis 17:1). Throughout earlier passages in Genesis, God is simply referred to as Elohim, an ancient Semitic phrase-word meaning "a council of deities." Early Jews were polytheistic, and embraced the idea that the Universe was ruled by an assembly of 12 male gods and their all-powerful leader (see e.g., Joshua 24:2, 14-15; Hosea 3:1). Some very early Jews even went as far as to refer to the head of this group (i.e., "God") by his Pagan name, Baal, meaning "father" (Joshua 2:16). Jewish priests adopted and incorporated this polytheistic belief into Jewish mythology from various Pagan religions of the day, such as the Greeks, who held that the world was governed by Zeus (to the Romans, Jupiter) and his 12 Titans. Zeus, a name that means "sky-father," was once used by Jews for their supreme god before he was given the name "Yahweh." Finally, Yahweh would be given the name that he is generally known by today: God. But even this name was derived from the great Whore-Mother-Goddess: the word God derives from the ancient Germanic word for Goddess in her Teutonic form, Goden, the sacred consort of the German high-god Woden, who gave his name to the fourth day of our week, Woden's Day, or as we now call it, "Wednesday." (Note: the legendary "Lady Godiva" is an English version of the German goddess Goden.) When Judaism became monotheistic (an idea which the early Hebrews borrowed from the ancient Egyptian religion of the Sun-God Aton, instigated by Pharaoh Akhenaten in the year 1367 B.C.E.), the Jewish father-god (Yahweh or Jehovah) was stripped of his polytheistic attributes, at which time he became a singular high-god. It was at this time that he was given his first Hebrew name: "El Shaddai." WHY GOD WAS FIRST CALLED EL SHADDAI Just what does this name mean? El is an ancient Semitic gender-neutral word meaning "a magnificent deity." Shaddai is an ancient Semitic word meaning "the milk-giving breast," or "the nursing mother." Thus El Shaddai literally means: the "Glorious Mother-Goddess." Indeed, originally, El Shaddai was one of the many name-titles of the Great Whore-Mother herself in the form of a mountain-goddess. (We will recall that the mountain is a female breast symbol, and thus is an emblem of Goddess's maternal, nurturing, outward-pouring, all-embracing love; that is, the "milk of human kindness"). THE WHORE-GODDESS AS CHRISTIAN SAINT Realizing that they must keep the maternal energy of the Female Principle alive in order to maintain a strong church membership, medieval Christian mythographers parlayed the Whore-Goddess into dozens of bogus female saints, all tellingly made the "patrons of prostitutes." Among these were Saint Aphrodite (a christianization of the Greek sex-goddess and whore-mother, Aphrodite); Saint Maudline (a further christianization of Mary Magdalene); and the three sisters known variously as Saint Irene, Saint Agape, and Saint Chionia; or as Saint Hope, Saint Faith, and Saint Charity. All were said to be the daughters of Saint Sophia. We now know, however, that Saint Sophia herself was but a christianization of the Grecian Whore-Wisdom-Goddess, Sophia (the word sophia is Greek for "wisdom"), and that Saint Chionia, Saint Agape, and Saint Irene, were nothing more than christianizations of the three far older Pagan Holy Whores or Horae named: Eunomia ("Good Order"), Dike ("Justice"), and Eirene ("Peace"). MINNE, THE CULT OF MARY, & THE CHRISTIAN WHORE-HOUSE Overt worship of the Whore-Goddess continued on into the Middle Ages, growing in intensity with the passing centuries. The Troubadours, for instance, worshipped the Whore-Goddess under her new medieval name, Minne ("love"), while at the same time, the Catholic Cult of Mary (a christianization of the Cult of the Near-Eastern Whore-Goddess, Mari), had by then become more popular than the Cult of Jesus. (This trend continues in the Catholic Church to this day, a natural result of the human preference for and attraction to the archetypal maternal figure). The original whorehouses of ancient Italy, called "Abbeys," were transformed into nunneries by the Catholic Fathers. The head nun took the title, "the Abbess," from the Italian madams who ran them. Being after all worldly men, several medieval popes maintained brothels (disguised as convents) in Rome, a practice that brought in more money and riches than all of the other sources of Church income combined. Among the many popes who kept brothels and visited prostitutes were Sixtus IV (12th century), Innocent IV (13th century), and Leo X (16th century). THE CREATION OF SECULAR PROSTITUTION Sacred prostitution still carries on in a few pockets of the world (most notably in India). But it has been almost completely replaced by secular commercial prostitution, an invention of patriarchal men intent on controlling women and wiping out the sacrality of the Female Principle. (In the Goddess World, all forms of female prostitution were embedded in religion and hence were considered extremely sacred.) In the U.S.A. alone, secular prostitution generates some $1 billion dollars a month, a sum paid for by 6 million clients monthly. THE TRUE ORIGINS & MEANING OF MARRIAGE Even the patriarchal attempt to wipe out the Great Whore-Goddess by secularizing prostitution has been unsuccessful: the word "marriage" comes from the ancient phrase, "Mari's Age," once used to determine the age at which a woman (or a man) was ready to be sacrally bound to another. The word marriage literally means: "union under the sacred auspices of the Whore-Mother-Goddess Mari." Our word-phrase "Holy Matrimony" has similar origins. "Holy" derives from the word hol, or as we now spell it, "hole," the dark cave-like symbol of Goddess's sacred vulva (recall that the ancient Semitic word for "hole" or "cave" is hor or whore). The word "Hell" is related to hol as well: one of Goddess's ancient Germanic names was Hol, Hel, or Hell, the name given to the dark Christian Underworld by anti-Goddess Christian males. (Note: Christian mythographers intentionally located Hell in the midst of the body of Goddess; that is, at the center of the Earth.) "Matrimony" derives from the words matri, meaning "mother" or "earth" (the words "material" and "matter" derive from matri) and the word mon, meaning "Moon." (Note: the word "man" is a corruption of mon or "moon," originally a word which meant "female." After the Patriarchal Takeover, the word was stolen from women and applied to men, an act meant to devitalize and devalue the human female.) GODDESS'S SACRED DAY & THE NAMING OF GOD With its 28-day cycle, the Moon, of course, is Goddess's sacred celestial sphere. In ancient times, the first day of the sacred seven-day week (a number based on Goddess's 4-week, 28-day, 13-month Lunar Year), was called "The Moon's Day," or as we now know it, "Monday." Patriarchalists later switched the first day of the week to "The Sun's Day," or Sunday, the traditional day on which the great male Sun-God was worshipped. Known originally as Zeus, Jove, or Jupiter, early Jews and Christians borrowed the figure of the Pagan Sun-God for their own theologies. In Judaism, Jove was hebracized, becoming Jahu, or Jahveh, or Yhwh (with vowels, Yahweh). Later, Christians borrowed the Jewish all-consonant name Yhwh, and combined it (every other letter) with the vowels of Adonai, the name of a pre-Christian Syrian Pagan Savior (in Greece he was known as Adonis). The result was the hybrid name: Yahoweh, Jehovah, Joshua, or, in its modern corrupted English form, Jesus. CHRIST & THE WHORE-MOTHER AS SUN-GODDESS Even the name "Christ" (and thus "Christianity") derives from the Great Whore-Mother-Goddess. We will recall that "Christ," or Christos, is a Greek derivation of the old Mesopotamian word "chrs" or "chris," meaning the "Sun." Long before the rise of Christianity, the Sun was held to be the daytime aspect of the Whore-Goddess (the Moon was her night-time aspect). Ancient Hindus called the Sun-Goddess Aditi: "she who is clothed with the Sun." Like all early forms of Goddess, Aditi was portrayed with 12 children (to create the magic number 13), symbolized in the golden crown of 12 glittering stars that she wore. To the Japanese the Sun-Goddess was Omikami Amaterasu; to the early Arabs she was Atthar; the ancient Celts knew her as Sulis; the Norwegians referred to her as Sol; the Germans called her Sunna; and to the ancient Romans she was Minerva. The early origins of the Sun as the Great Whore-Mother become clear when we realize that she was worshipped all across the ancient Indo-European world as "Mari," which is why early Tantric Buddhists called their Sun-Goddess Marici. Indeed, early Jewish and Christian mythographers adopted the Hindu Sun-Goddess Aditi and converted her into the "Virgin Mary." This is why, to this day, Mary appears in the book of Revelation as the "woman clothed with the sun, and the moon under her feet, and upon her head a crown of twelve stars" (Revelation 12:1). HOW THE PAGAN SUN-GODDESS BECAME THE CHRISTIAN SON-GOD When Christianity passed into the hands of patriarchal misogynists and went from a small mystical solar cult to a large orthodox commercialized religion (in the second century C.E.), the word "Sun" became "Son." It was at this time that the reigns of male power were personified in the mythical figure of "Jesus," known in ancient times to Christians as both "Our Sacred Sun," and the "Son of God." Even the Pagan Sun-Goddess's sacred birthday, December 25, was borrowed from the Pagans and given to Jesus. Long celebrated as Natalis Sol Invictus ("Rebirth of the Invincible Sun-Goddess"), by the Pagan Romans, orthodox Christians renamed the Pagan holy day the "Mass of Christ," or "Christmas." What was so special about December 25? This is the time of the winter solstice when the days get longer, and the Sun appears to be "reborn" as it passes through the astrological version of the Virgin-Whore-Mother-Goddess, the constellation of Virgo ("the "Virgin"). Through the assimilation of these Pagan ideas and practices, early Christians managed to transform the Great Whore-Mother Mari, her custom of sacred prostitution, and her holy bonding ritual, "Mari's Age," into patriarchal symbols. As a result, most women continue to not only take their husband's first and last names after marriage, but allow their children to be given the father's last name. (Originally, men took their wive's names and women named their children after themselves, customs well documented in the remains of Neolithic settlements and in ancient historical records.) MARRIAGE IS SANCTIONED PROSTITUTION However, by institutionalizing prostitution under the word "marriage," our Judeo-Christian-based society itself continues to keep the whore's trade alive. As was noted earlier, all states have laws that require married men to financially support their wives, while at the same time requiring wives to provide sexual services for their husbands. This relationship form is defined by Webster, as it is by most contemporary sexologists and feminists, as "prostitution." Even in countries where polygyny (a man having multiple wives simultaneously) is practiced, we find the same established custom of "marriage-as-institutionalized prostitution," revealing that the oldest profession in the world has not been exterminated. It has merely been renamed and sanctioned under the catch-phrase "monogamous marriage." HOROLOGY & THE NOBLE PROFESSION Lastly, it is interesting to note that the modern science of measuring time is still called "horology" by modern clock-makers, time-keepers, and other horologers. Unfortunately, few know that the name originally honored the ancient Whore-Mother-Goddess (Hor), the Sacred Whore Wisdom (attaining spiritual enlightenment through sex), the ancient dancing temple-hors (Goddess's priestesses), and all female sex-workers in general. THE LIGHT OF TRUTH & THE LONG AND NOBLE HERITAGE Truly, today's sex workers have a long and noble heritage; one which began millions of years ago among our distant primate ancestors; one which allowed our particular hominid species to survive while others perished. We would not be here now if it had not been for the prostitutionary relationships of prehistoric peoples, nor would monogamous marriage be able to function today if it were not itself a form of prostitution. For while long-term monogamy is unnatural to humans, short-term monogamy-along with its prostitutionary quality-is firmly grounded in our biological primate past. Let us then not allow those individuals whose minds are shackled by ignorance, patriarchal phobias, religious prejudice, and misogynistic attitudes, to pervert that heritage. Just as lies can be taught and accepted, they can also be unlearned and rejected. In place of these lies, we must teach others the facts about prostitution through educational illumination. For by filling the mind with the light of truth, we will drive out the darkness of intolerance, fear, and bigotry. SEX WORKERS AS THE DAUGHTERS OF GODDESS Female sex workers are descended from a great and powerful tradition in which a woman was once regarded as an earthly embodiment of Goddess herself, an eternal image who is, at the same time, both deeply spiritual and intensely sexual. Yes, this tradition has largely disappeared today. But it can be reignited. How? With the individual female sex worker, who must start looking at herself as one who fulfills an all-important role in human society; an honored role; an aristocratic role; a biological role; even a spiritual role. Despite the commercialized, debased, and wholly secular nature of contemporary Western prostitution, female sex workers still truly remain the "Daughters of Goddess" (as opposed to the patriarchal "Sons of God"). For both their willingness to give what others withhold, and their willingness to follow the laws of biology rather than resist them, sets them apart and above all other women. This is why, in defending the regal profession of Harlotry against the sanctimonious declarations of medieval Catholicism, the 15th century Italian philosopher Lorenzo Valla wrote: "Whores and prostitutes deserve more from the human race than do nuns with all of their chastity and virginity!" If you have questions or comments relating to this article, to the Sacred Whore Wisdom, or to ancient prostitution in general, please address your inquiries to: Gabriel Loch-Lainn Seabrook C/O Coyote L.A. 1626 N. Wilcox Ave. 580 Hollywood, California 90028 USA Dr. Gabriel Loch- Lainn Seabrook has a Ph.D in divinity and a partial B.A in anthropology. His areas of expertise are comparative religion and comparative mythology; paleoanthropology and cultural anthropology: evolutionary biology and sociobiology: abd archtypal, feminist and Goddess psychology. He is also a free land writer, researcher, encyclopedist , ordained non-demoninational minister, antiquarian scolar, marriage counselor, screenwriter , composer and poet. He is the founder and president of Collegium for Cognitive Numinology, a small consortium which explores religion and myth from an anthropological viewpoint. He has been published in "Free Inquiry" Anthropology and Humanism Quarterly and Skeptical Inquirer. He is currently writing several solo books, as well as three with other authors. Among them are: The New Monogamy: Redefining the Nature of Sex and Romance Seabrook's Complete Encyclopedia of Dieties The Heretical Dictionary of Christianity The Whore Wisdom of the Bible The Holy Deception: How the Bible Chronicles the Overthrow of Goddess and Women Daughters of Joy: Interviews with Whores, Hookers and Harlots In Praise of Prostitution: The Truth ABout the Sex Work Industry The Sacred Union (with Dr. Jane Goldberg, NY) Wednesday, May 13, 2009 By Gabriel Loch-Lainn Seabrook Thursday, January 8, 2009 Penis amulets and bas reliefs were fairly common in the late Roman era, especially in the outlying regions of the Empire. The bronze penis amulet shown here is 2" long and dates to the first century AD. It was found in a spring at an old Roman settlement near York, England: Although most modern practitioners of witchcraft and other forms of magic immediately think of sex magick or some form of sacred sex rite when they see amulets like this, in ancient times such charms were often used as votive offerings, tossed into holy wells or springs in the same way we might toss a penny or dime in a wishing well for luck or when making a prayer-wish for healing. That this amulet was not made to be worn in a sex magick rite is evident by the fact that it has no loop or hole for hanging; instead it ends in a tang-like extension, which gives the impression that it might have been inserted into a terracotta, stone, or bronze figurine of a man or god. The glans of the penis is comprised of a grape leaf, the testicles are made up of pomegranates, and bunches of grapes simulate lush public hair, giving this amulet the distinct look of an agrarian fertility charm. It may have been an offering to Bacchus, the god of vintners. The foliated glans is also reminiscent of the post-Roman British development of the Green Man image - a man whose face is made up of leaves. Other late Roman penis amulets and bas reliefs depict the penis with lion haunches, sometimes wearing a bell around its neck like a little pet animal, and sometimes winged like a bird. Many of these lion-haunched penis-animals have diminutive penises of their own. These bear an uncanny resemblance to the lion-haunched bronze, brass, pewter, and silver penis amulets of Thailand, manufactured from the 8th century to the present day. The engraving shown here is from "The Worship of the Generative Powers" by Thomas Wright (1866). It depicts a Roman bas relief found on a monument at Nimes, France in 1825. In this image, the penis forms the tail of a belled, crested bird who sits upon a nest of egg-like vulvas. Penis Amulets from Thailand The Thai name for a penis amulet is palad khik, which means "honorable surrogate penis." These small charms, averaging less than 2' in length, are worn by men and young boys on a waist-string under the clothes, off-center from the real penis, in the hope that they will attract and absorb any magical injury directed toward the generative organs. It is not uncommon for a man to wear several palad khiks at one time, one to increase gambling luck, for instance, another to attract women, and a third for invulnerability from bullets and knives. Women in Thailand do not generally wear palad khiks, nor is there a Thai equivalent of the vulva amulet for them to use - although a circular disk amulet called a chaping is worn by young girls to protect their genitals from evil forces. Though not generally worn by women, they may be carried in a purse as protection from rape or purse-snatchers, or used as an offering at a shrine if a specific petition has been granted. A beauty queen in Thailand was said to have hidden a Palad Khik in her hair during a beauty contest to enhance her appeal. The next style of palad khik is the only one carried by women, who place it in their purses as a form of magical protection to deter purse-snatchers and ward off assaults by men: The following penis amulet is 2" long and cast in brass. It depicts a naked yogini in the asana called "the bridge," laying atop a lion-haunched "penis-animal." As with all of the penises which depict naked yoginis, it is suitable for men who wish to express devotion to Sakti and can also be carried by women to protect themselves from muggers and rapists: Here follows a penis amulet of a tiny baby penis cast in brass, only 1" long. As indicated by its small size and non-erect position, it is a charm that parents place on male infants and young boys. It is said to protect their genitals from harmful spells or the jealous gaze of childless women: The image of the Palad Khik is said to have evolved from the Shiva Linga of early Thai Brahmanic beliefs and were brought to Thailand by Khmer monks in the 8th century AD. (Extant examples of these lingams can still be seen in various temples around Angkor Wat.) It is also said to have originated part of a fertility cult in early Thai history. Early styles of palad khik bear inscribed invocations, entreaties, and praises to Shiva; later ones combine these with interlineated invocations and praises to Buddha; modern ones bear uniformly Buddhist inscriptions, invariably written in an old form of script that cannot be read by contemporary Thais. Palad khik amulets carved from wood, bone, or horn are made by monks who specialize in their manufacture, and the efficacy of a given amulet is dependant on the charisma and reputation of its creator. The lettering of the inscriptions is a matter of serious ritual and can take several days to complete. Cast metal palad khiks do not always bear inscriptions, but they may carry the additional symbolism embodied in an animal holding the penis. Palad Khiks are different from normal Buddhist amulets in the sense that one can wear them below waist level, for example in trouser pockets, while it is mandatory for Buddhist amulets to be worn above waist level, like on the neck. Although palad khik amulets are not designed specifically to use in love spells, among American eclectic pagans, witches, and magicians, they are often employed that way at the present time. Palad Khiks have been known to possess the special power to make a person charming and likeable by people around him. Palad Khiks are also known to be able to bring about great wealth to the person who wears it with faith. Many shop owners in Thailand place images of Palad Khiks at a prominent position in their shops to attract business. Palad Khiks are also able to ward off all kinds of evil. Now we mothers who are into magick and witchcraft know what we ought to give our sons in present, but what about the protection of our young daughters? A secret penis amulet under the skirt could be too much to bear for some parents, and in that case, what about a vulva amulet? Although ancient Roman penis amulets are well known and contemporary Thai penis amulets come in numerous forms, charms or amulets that depict the anatomically-correct vulva are relatively uncommon. There are two reasons for this: First, since Neolithic times, the entire human female body (or at least the torso) has been used as a votary figure - as in the famous Sheela-Na-Gig images of Ireland. Second, the subtle folds of the female genitals are more difficult to render than are the bold cone-cylinder-and-spheres of the penis and testicles. The metaphoric vulva is the most common form in which this ancient protective charm is found. The British say that old shoes are lucky. The Arabs see protective value in the crescent. A used horseshoe or horseshoe wall plaque is also a stand-in for the vulva, especially when, as in most of the world, it is displayed pointing downward. Likewise the ancient Egyptian buckle of Isis or tit amulet, while not a vulva per se is the thing closest too it - the menstrual pad of the goddess Isis. The sterling silver vulva amulets above were commissioned by the Lucky Mojo Curio Company Occult Shopto fill requests from the American sex magick community for symbolic counterparts to contemporary Thai penis amulets. Sculpted by Oberon Zell of Mythic Images, they are modeled from life and are weighty, fully dimensional, wearable art in silver. There are two styles, shown from both the front and back. Each amulet depicts an anatomically accurate vulva flowering from a naturalistic sea shell.

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Le Gabriel Loch-Lainn Seabrook TÚISCEANTAIR PRÉ-INÍMHEARTACH na n-eachtraíochta In ainneoin an "eagna" traidisiúnta, tá oidhreacht fhada agus uasal ag an gnéis éadaigh, oidhreacht a thosaigh na céadta mílte bliain ó shin i measc ár sinsear réamhstairiúla. Go deimhin, ní hamháin gurb é an gairme is sine é, is é an gairme ar a bunaíodh an pósadh aonphósta agus an tsochaí dhaonna ar dtús. Ó PROMISCUITY go PAIR-BONDING Bhí daoine luath-ghnéasach ag am éigin. Cosúil lenár gcairde is gaire atá beo, an gorilla, an chimpanzee, agus an orangutan, bhí siad pansexual; is é sin, mná agus fir réamhstairiúla a bhí páirteach i ngníomhaíochtaí gnéis le gach ball eile den ghrúpa, mná agus fir, óg agus sean. D'athraigh an patrún iompraíochta gnéis seo, áfach, ó neamhspleáchas iomráiteach go ceann ina ndearna muid bannaí péire bunaithe ar fhéileachtas baineann. Tharla an t-athrú seo thart ar 1 mhilliún bliain ó shin i sinsear luath an duine ar a dtugtar Homo erectus. Aon iompar ainmhí a shíneann an méid sin ama beidh sé cláraithe go bitheolaíoch i gcód géiniteach an ainmhí sin. Agus is é seo go díreach a tharla i ndaoine nuair a d'athraigh muid ó neamhshláintiúlacht go dlúthbhaint. Go dtí an lá atá inniu ann - toisc go bhfuil sé anois i ngníomh atá socraithe go géiniteach - is é an cineál ceangail is mó a bhíonn an chuid is mó de mhná agus fir i ngach cultúr agus sochaí ag gabháil leis go gníomhach. Cad é an t-ainm ar an bpairt-bond? AN CAITH SEXUAL DE GHAL: CÓRGHAIRTHE DÁN GHÍORCHÁIN Tá roinnt daoine a d'fhéadfaí a ghlaoch air "monogamy saolré". Ach bheadh na daoine sin mícheart. Go deimhin, léiríonn staidéir antropologacha nach bhfuil daoine deartha le haghaidh monogamy saoil, agus fiú i sochaithe (mar an USA agus Sasana) ina bhfuil monogamy saoil a bheith ar an idéalach, ach ach codán beag de na lánúineacha i ndáiríre a chleachtadh é. Ar a mhalairt, beagnach gach duine, ag leanúint an patrún bunúsach páirteála ár sinsear réamhstairiúil, cruthaíonn siad nasc páir-sealadach le comhpháirtí amháin, scaradh, ansin dul ar lorg comhpháirtí nua lena bhfuil sí nó sé cruthaíonn nasc gearr, teann eile. Léirítear an traidisiún bunaidh seo go soiléir inár n-obsessed le dul ar dháta, agus inár rátaí an-ard de thréigean, neamhchinnteacht, colscaradh, agus athphósadh. Téann cuid acu níos faide fós trí thagairt mícheart a dhéanamh don chineál seo de cheangal pearsanta gearrthéarmach mar "monogamy sraitheach". A imreoir oibiachtúil a thuiscint go tapa, áfach, go bhfuil ár grá gearrthéarmach péire-bonding i ndáiríre ar chineál de cad a dtugtar, "serial poligamy": a bhfuil sraith de chúrsaí monogamous sealadach; ní ag an am céanna (mar atá i díreach poligamy), ach i ndiaidh a chéile, scaipthe thar am. Níos mó ar an bpointe, tá an cleachtas daonna nua-aimseartha de pholaigamia sraitheach, agus an monogamy saolré i bhfad níos lú tóir, fréamhaithe go daingean i dtalamh an éiríghe, gné nach bhféadfadh aon chaidreamh gnéis a bheith ann gan. Lig dúinn breathnú ar chúlra éabhlóideach ár n-iompar gnéis atá bunaithe ar an éagóir. Ár n-inchinn ag fás agus na leanaí neamh-aosta Le himeacht ama, d'fhág brúithe bitheolaíocha éagsúla go méadaigh an inchinn daonna réamhstairiúil i méid (próiseas atá dea-chomhachtaithe i taifead iontaise an duine). Is dócha gur thosaigh sé seo nuair a d'imigh na daoine tosaigh ó ghrúpaí neamhspleácha foraging-and-scavenging (cosúil le apes beo), go dtí pobail chaiteachais-agus-bailiúcháin comhoibritheacha, stíl mhaireachtála níos casta a éilíonn níos mó cumhachta inchinne. Cibé cén bunús a bhí ag an bhfeiniméan seo, le cinn na leanaí a bheith níos mó anois, bhí orthu a bheith níos luaithe chun dul tríd an gcanáil bhreith. Ciallaíonn sé seo, dá bharr sin, go raibh leanaí daonna a rugadh de réir a chéile i riocht níos mó agus níos mó neamh-aosta. Murab ionann agus leanaí prímaite eile, a fhásann go tapa tar éis dóibh a bheith rugadh - agus mar sin ní gá ach méid measartha cúram tuismitheoireachta - ní mór do leanaí daonna cúram níos mó tuismitheoireachta anois. DE SISTERHOODS & BROTHERHOODS: Níl an tAthair nádúrúil do mhná daonna Go dtí seo, mháithreacha daonna-cosúil le beagnach gach máithreacha primates eile atá beo a leanúint ar aghaidh a dhéanamh-a ardú a n-iníon féin, i mór-grúpaí uile-mná ar a dtugtar "Sisterhoods", nó "Matriarchies". I 193 speiceas de na primates atá beo, tá an t-aithreachas agus an t-aonad teaghlaigh dhá thuismitheoir go litriúil go léir ach anaithnid. Tá an chuid is mó de na fir primataí ina gcónaí mar a ghlaonn primatologists "vagabonds", i ngrúpaí uile-mhara nó i ngrúpaí fiach ar a dtugtar "Brotherhoods", nó "Bachelorhoods". Agus mar sin bhí sé i gcónaí don phríomhaire daonna. Is é sin, go dtí go n-athróidh na páistí aibí a bhfuil an inchinn beag acu go páistí neamh-aibí a bhfuil an inchinn mór acu. Anois bhí an t-ualach a bhí ar a leanaí a ardú chomh mór sin go raibh cúnamh breise ag teastáil ó mhná chun a gcuid páistí a chosaint agus a chothú. Is as an ngá simplí seo a fhaighimid bunús na striailíochta. CÓINNÉAR: BIA I GCÓINNÉAR, BÍO I GCÓINNÉAR Ag féachaint timpeall orthu, fuair na mná fórsa oibre mór gan úsáid i ngrúpaí nómaidí na bhfear vagabond. Ba é an cheist, conas a mhealladh na créatúir neamhspleácha a thabhairt suas a n-stíl mhaireachtála wandering chun freastal ar leasanna na mban. Ní raibh an freagra ag teacht go fada: bheadh na mná ag gabháil le cabhair ó na fir neamhshóite trí ghnéas a thairiscint dóibh mar mhalairt ar bhia agus cosaint. Bhí na fir, ar ndóigh, rannpháirteach go díograiseach sa socrú seo, ar a dtugtar "An Conradh Gnéasach" ar an n-anthrópaí. An níos mó gnéas a bhí na mná sásta a sholáthar, an níos mó bia agus cosaint a fuair siad ó na fir compordach. Na mná a prostituted féin an chuid is mó ardently, bhí an chuid is mó fada agus a tháirgeadh an chuid is mó sliocht. Dá bhrí sin, tugadh a ngéiní ar leith ar aghaidh chuig an gcéad ghlúin eile i gcúinsí níos airde ná iad siúd a bhí ag mná nach raibh chomh "sexy". Tharla an próiseas céanna i measc na bhfear: na fir sin a bhí an-tógtha leis na prostitutes ban luath, a tharchur na méideanna is airde de DNA isteach sa chúlra géin. Fear mar chuspóir soláthair, bean mar chuspóir gnéis Is é an toradh inniu, 1 mhilliún bliain ina dhiaidh sin, go bhfuil mná nua-aimseartha cláraithe go géiniteach chun fir a fheiceáil mar sholáthraithe comhfhurtacht ábhartha, agus tá fir nua-aimseartha cláraithe go géiniteach chun féachaint ar mhná mar réad gnéasach. Chun é a chur ar bhealach eile: is é an nádúr féin de gach caidreamh pearsanta idir mná agus fir go bunúsach prostitutional. Cosúil lena sinsir réamhstairiúla, soláthraíonn mná comhaimseartha gnéas d'fhir i malartú le hearraí ábhartha; soláthraíonn fir comhaimseartha earraí ábhartha do mhná i malartú le gnéas. Tá an clár géiniteach seo chomh láidir sin gur rinneadh é mar bhunús an phósadh monogamaigh nua-aimseartha: sna 50 stát go léir, de réir an dlí, tá sé de cheangal ar na fir céile tacú go airgeadais lena mban agus lena leanaí, agus tá sé de cheangal ar na mná céile go dlíthiúil seirbhísí gnéis a sholáthar dá bhfear céile. Sin an fáth go bhfuil sé chomh deacair fear céile a chiontú as é a fhoréigean a bhean chéile: go dtí le déanaí, ní raibh an smaoineamh ar "fhoréigean pósta" inchinnithe. Míníonn sé seo an fhíric aisteach go bhfuil go leor fir ag iarraidh nach n-oibríonn a mná céile lasmuigh den bhaile. FÉINNÍONN AN FÉINN "PÓCÁIN" & "PÓPÁIN" Agus mar sin feicimid gur thosaigh an nasc monogamúil mar chonradh gnéis bunaithe ar mheasanna eacnamaíocha laethúla atá bunaithe ar an éirígheacht. Ní haon ionadh, go leor feminists comhaimseartha a fheiceáil beag difríocht idir an ról a imríonn bean chéile agus go bhfuil de shaothair gnéis a íocadh le haghaidh ar cíos. An Dr. Dale Spender, mar shampla, sainmhíníonn sé pósadh mar chineál de prostitution dlíthiúil; is é sin, "a mhalartú seirbhísí gnéis le haghaidh cothabháil ábhartha". Tá dearcadh níos lú carthanachta ag Andre Dworkin, ag glaoch ar phósadh mar "conradh dlíthiúil a cheadaíonn éalú". Tá cuid de na mná, ag úsáid ár bhfocal nua polaitiúil ceart, a shainmhíníonn anois bean chéile i ndáiríre mar "oibrí gnéis neamhíoctha". Tá sé seo i gcodarsnacht le prostitutes, a sainmhínítear mar "oibrí gnéis íoctha". Ó whores agus mná céile: HAVELOCK ELLIS ar phósadh Chuir an seoltóir Sasanach, Havelock Ellis, a bhí ag smaoineamh ar an todhchaí, an difríocht idir bean chéile agus oibrí gnéis ar an mbealach seo: "Is í an bhean chéile a phósann ar airgead, i gcomparáid le prostitutes, an fíor-scrub. Íocfar níos lú di, tugann sí i bhfad níos mó mar aisíocaíocht i saothar agus i gcúram, agus tá sí faoi cheangal go hiomlán ar a máistir. Ní thugann an t-eagarthóir [ar an láimh eile] a cheart ar a phearsantacht féin ar ceal riamh, coinníonn sí a saoirse agus a chearta pearsanta, ná ní bhíonn sí i gcónaí iallach air cur faoi bhráid na mbraighdeanna fear". FÍORNACHTÍ I BREÁCHTACH A MÓIR A DÍOCHTÍ A MÍFÍÓL In ainneoin na tuairimí soilsithe seo, agus ár n-inneall atá socraithe go bitheolaíoch chun caidreamh prostitutory a dhéanamh, leanann an oibrí gnéis nua-aimseartha ag maireachtáil faoi scáth dorcha miotaseolaíochta misogynistic; diabhailithe ag an chuid is mó dá deirfiúracha, agus fiú ag cuid de na fir a íocann as a seirbhísí. Tá cuid de seo mar thoradh, ar ndóigh, ar an aineolas. Ach níl aon leithscéal ann a thuilleadh le haghaidh naiveté den sórt sin. Óir ní hamháin go bhfuil na fíricí i gcontúirt go hiomlán leis an dearcadh claonta traidisiúnta ar an éilliú, no léiríonn siad go raibh na whores ag feidhmiú ar feadh na mílte bliain i róil a raibh ard-phríomhcháil, cumhacht, agus pribhléidí acu. Ó SACRADHAIRÍNÍR NA hEagla go BHÓGÁIN Go deimhin, faoi thréimhse na Ré Neoiliteach (thart ar 8,000 bliain ó shin), bhí an prostitutes ina ghné lárnach den tsochaí agus den reiligiún araon. Measadh go raibh prostitutes féin mar iompróirí diaga an Cumhacht Fhineach uile-naomh. Mar sin, conas a tháinig prostitutes ó bheith i gcúram i amanna ársa mar Sainte Sacriestesses go dtí a stádas reatha mar "pheacaigh miserable" agus "destroyers baile"? Chun an cheist seo a fhreagairt, déanaimis tús a chur le breathnú ar chúlra eitimeolaíoch an fhocail "bhúr". FÓRÁINN AR ARBHÁIN "CÉ DÁMHÁ" Is é an focal whore an truailliú Béarla ar an Sean-Séimeach focal hor, rud a chiallaíonn "poill", "chloch", nó "poill". Is díorthaithe é Hor, ar a láimh, den fhocal Ind-Eorpach réamh-Iúdaigh, hora, a chiallaíonn "uair". Go deimhin, tagann ár bhfocal nua-aimseartha Béarla "uair" ó hora. Sa Ghréig ársa, mar shampla, bhí na prostitutes ar a dtugtar horae; sa Phairs, houri; i mBabylon, harines; agus in Iosrael, hors. Cad é an nasc idir "uair" agus "whore"? BÁIRNÍONTA ANTIGHE MÍFÍOS & LEIGHIN Bhí prostitúis tráchtála agus naofa ag cultúir agus sibhialtachtaí ársa, agus bhí an dá rud riachtanach chun go mbeadh pósadh patriarchal (i.e., monogamy heteroséiseach) agus an tsochaí féin ag feidhmiú agus ag seasmhacht. Sa tSean Éigipt, bhí aithne ar whores mar na "Ladies an Uair", agus sa lá atá inniu India, áit a prostitute-sagairtnéithe a dhíscaoileadh fós an grásta Déithe i teampaill Hindus, tá siad ar a dtugtar "Devadasis". Tá go leor samplaí de na róil thábhachtacha a bhí ag whores uair amháin i ngach cultúr daonna i miotais ársa. I miotaseolaíocht na hinde, tá na whores naofa le feiceáil mar na "Apsaras" cáiliúla; i miotaseolaíocht na Peirsí is iad na "Peris" cáiliúla iad; agus i miotaseolaíocht na Gréige is eol dóibh mar na "Charites", nó "Horae". I miotas na Róimhe, tugtar "Charis", nó "Thrí Ghrása", orthu, personificáireacht den Triple Goddess Mór (ar a dtugtar Mari-Anna-Ishtar), a raibh an réalta trí phointe ina chomhartha naofa, siombail de thriantán pubic draíochta (aistrithe) na Goddess, as a dtagann a cumhachtaí atáirgthe. MARI: AN MÓIR DEANTA THREIGHE & MÓIR-BHEARCHÁIN DÍONNA Is siombail thrí-bhéasach í an Triple-Bhéan í féin de 1) saol, 2) bás, agus 3) aiséirí. De réir an mhiotal uilechoitinne Déise Cruthaithe 10,000 bliain d'aois, gach bliain, ag an equinox vèrnal (ar a dtugtar an Cásca anois), maraíodh Déise go deasghnáthach a Mac Dé, "Slánaitheoir agus Íoscairt an Domhain", ar a dtugtar Pagans ar fud an domhain réamh-Chríostaí ársa mar Isua, Horus, Attis, Hesus, Criti, nó Chrishna. Bhí a bhás riachtanach chun peacaí an phobail a ní agus an talamh a athbheochan le haghaidh síolta earraigh. Bhí an bás a rinneadh i gcónaí ar an mbealach traidisiúnta Pagánach: trí piercing nó crucifixion. An fhuil an Slánaitheoir-Mhic fructified Máthair-Tír mar a chaith sé ar an talamh. Ansin d'ardaigh an Diain an leanbh marbh agus phós sé leis, gníomh a d'fhoscail a Bliain Nua. Tosaíonn Bliain Nua na Mháithreacha Pagan i mí an Mhárta (faoi rialú ag Aries), mí a ainmníodh tar éis an dia Mars, a ghlac a ainm as an Mháithreacha Mháithreacha mór réamhstairiúil Ind-Eorpach, ar a dtugtar go héagsúil: Mar, Mari, Maria, Marian, Maris, Mary, Maya, Miriam, an Moerae, Mu, nó Myyrha. FUNCTIONS AN AN-CHÓINNÍ Ba é príomh-roileanna an sean-bhí (baineann) an whore a bhí i scoileanna fir sna mistéireach gnéasach (ar a dtugtar ag mystics, "The Whore Wisdom"), gníomhú mar tharchuradóir an fhuinnimh uilechumhachtach baineann, agus a choinneáil ar an dul ar aghaidh na séasúir, agus an t-am féin. Ina ról mar shagartí teampall, d'oibríodh na Horae nó na Whores Naofa searmanas draíochta, ansin saillfeadh siad bod fear le ola naofa (ar a dtugtar chrism sa Ghréigis), agus chuirfeadh sé suas go orgasm. Ceadaigh sé seo aistriú cumhachta procreative ó mhná go fireann, ós rud é, de réir traidisiún Déithe, nach bhfuil cumas ag fir an fórsa saoil a ghiniúint. Mar "caomhnóirí ama", ba é ról an whore go príomha chun cuidiú le cairteacha réalteolaíocha a thógáil, ar a dtugtar "Whore-Scopes", nó, go deimhin, "horoscopes" (a chiallaíonn go litriúil, "faireoir ama"), ainmnithe i ndiaidh na sagairtín teampall - na Horae - a choinnigh na "sféar neamhnaimh ama" a choinníodh taobh istigh de Theampall na Banríona. Bhí an oiread sin onóracha ar na Horae, go raibh féile, ar a dtugtar an Horaea, ar siúl gach bliain ina n-ainm in amanna Gréagach-Rómanacha ársa. Bhí 12 Bríde Naofa ag gach teampall (ar a dtugtar "Hora" orthu go léir), faoi cheannas 13ú ball: an Máthair-Brídeas Mór. Meastar go raibh an uimhir 13 naofa de réir Chlár Gealach Dé a bhfuil trí mhí déag 28 lá ina bhliain. (Bhí an Ghealach ina phearsanú Déise ós rud é go gcomhlíonann a chéimeanna míosúla 28 lá le timthriall míosúil 28 lá menstrual na mban.) Ar an mbealach seo, tháinig an uimhir 13 ar cheann de na huimhreacha fortune naofa Dé. An Whore mar Máthair Virgin & an peaca na monogamy Ba iad na whores naofa na "Máthair Mhaighdeana" bunaidh ós rud é go raibh siad ag tabhairt breith gan chabhair ó fhir. Conas a bhí sé seo indéanta? Ní raibh a fhios ag an am sin faoin nochtadh a bhaineann le haithreacht; meastar go raibh mná ina bhféideoga parthenogenetic, nó déithe féin-fhéideola. Ar an láimh eile, chreidtear nach raibh aon ról ag fir sa phróiseas procreative. Ní raibh siad le feiceáil ach mar oibrithe cúnta, seirbhísigh, gardaí, sealgairí, comhghleacaithe gnéis, agus cogaí, róil a d'oibrigh na fir amach faoi údarás na máthar clans treibhe mór agus a chomhairle uile-mná de 12 sagairtín. Ní haon ionadh, go raibh mórán úsáide ag whores ársa do fhir lasmuigh dá róil úsáideacha, agus sin an fáth gur dhiúltaigh siad go hiomlán don choincheap ar aonphósadh. Thuig siad go raibh na caidrimh mhónaigamhacha fadtéarmacha ag baint tairbhe go príomha ó na fir, a úsáideann an fhoirm neamhnádúrtha seo de cheangal chun cumhachtaí intleachtúla agus gnéis na mban a ionramháil dá riachtanais féin-sheirbhíse. Ach bhí whores ársa i bhfad ar aghaidh ná na fir a lá. Toisc go raibh a fhios acu, mar a fhios ag mná ciallmhar inniu, go bhfuil freagra neamhghnách il-orgasmic na mban ag teastáil níos mó stamina ná is féidir le fear amháin a chur le chéile. Sin é an fáth, ar feadh na mílte bliain, le linn na Neolaithe "Bliú Óir na mBan", nó an rud a ghlaoim "Domhnach na mBan Dé", gur thoirmeasc an Mháire-Máthair-Bhan-Bhan-Bhan ar aon-phósadh dá leanúna, ag glaoch air mar "pheaca". MÁINN AR UAR: Caidrimh Sean-Aois Go deimhin, nochtann torthaí seandálaíochta go raibh caidreamh solúbtha scaoilte ag mná de chuid an Paleolithic Déanach agus an Neolithic Luath le fir a bhí timpeall ar chleachtais phósadh grúpa, malartú comhpháirtí, agus ceangal comhpháirtí (sraith caidrimh ghearr-fhuathacha a ghlaoimid anois ar "poligamy sraitheach"). Léiríonn eisiataí cloiche agus péinteálacha ársa mná ina seasamh gnéis is fearr leo: ar an bhfear. LEISBÍÓIN, SEANTAIR SPIRITUAL, AGUS COMHÓINTEANTAÍ UILE-MHÍN Ar ndóigh, bhí an-tóir ar lesbianism in amanna ársa, le mná ag cruthú pobail oileáin uile-mná, agus fiú cathracha mná-eisiach, áit a raibh coláistí mór mná-aonair ag fás. Anseo, bhí an Prionsabal Baineann venerated, agus na healaíona baineann de ghrá lesbian, filíocht, amhrán, agus damhsa, a bhí múinte ag mná den sórt sin cáiliúil mar Sappho. (Tá a pobal oileáin Gréagach uile-mná, Lesbos, ag tabhairt an focal nua-aimseartha "lesbian" dúinn.) Nuair a bhí bean ag iarraidh leanbh, nó ag iarraidh gnéas a bheith aici leis an inscne eile, d'fhág sí go dtí an mórthír chun pósta le fear dá rogha féin. Níor ceadaíodh d'fhir riamh dul isteach i gcolúin sean-leasacha: má ghabhadh iad, ba é an pionós castration agus íobairt ríomhleasa. Bhí an pianbhreith seo a chur amach ag an milisigh lesbian, comhdhéanta de thrúpa de go speisialta-oilte, go mór athletic Amazon warrioresses. Tar éis a thuras go mórthír na tíre, d'fhill an bhean a bhí ar an turas chun an leanbh a iompar agus a ardú i measc a cuid comhghleacaithe baineann. Maidir le mná den sórt sin, measadh gur "bhlasphéide barbarach" an smaoineamh a bheith ina gcónaí le fear i gcaidreamh rómánsúil monogamúil. Ba é an t-aon stíl mhaireachtála a mheasadh a bheith oiriúnach ná maireachtáil i bpobal dlúthcheangailte de "deirfiúracha"; pobal nach raibh foréigean, ionsaí agus mealladh ar eolas ann, agus ina raibh teannas, teas máthar, agus trócaire i réim. Ní raibh an stíl mhaireachtála seo ach do lesbians ar ndóigh. Chuaigh na mílte bean heterosexual isteach sna pobail uile-mná seo freisin. Óir ní raibh ach i measc grúpaí mná-eisiacha daonnachtach den sórt sin a mhothaigh go leor mná go bhféadfadh siad a gcumas iomlán a bhaint amach; modh maireachtála síochánta beoga nach bhféadfadh fir, lena n-ionsaí ionsaitheach agus chaotic nádúrtha, cur isteach orthu. Ba é an rud a bhí á dhéanamh ag na mná ársa seo ná an Sisterhood mór a choinneáil beo, traidisiún a bhí ann le beagnach 70 milliún bliain i measc ár sinsear primataí baineann neamhdhaonna. Anseo, as ár n-oidhreacht fada primata, faighimid croí agus anam na matriarcha mór de shaol Déithe ársa, traidisiún a sháraigh gach cultúr, sochaí agus reiligiún den aois sin. Nuair a bhí an Giúdachas ina mhátrí: Adhradh Déine i measc na nIosraeilte Go deimhin, sular tháinig an Giúdachas ina phatriarcach (c. 500 B.C.E. ), bhí sé, cosúil leis na reiligiúin is luaithe go léir, matriarchal: adhradh na Giúdaigh ársa an Prionsabal Baineann, agus bhí ról mór ag an éagóir naofa sa saol laethúil teampaill. Le linn am an Rí Josiah (640-609 B.C.E.) ), mar shampla, bhí prostitutes teampall Giúdach ina gcónaí in aice leis an Teampall Iarúsailéim trí-toirnéadach, áit a bhfuil, mar a deir an Bíobla, "a bhfuil siad a threalann curtains do an Grove Naofa Déise" (2 Rí 23:7). Bhí aithne ag na hIosraeligh ar an diaidh le hainmneacha: Asherah, Ishtar, Hokmah, Astarte, nó Hor. Go dtí an lá atá inniu ann, is é an sean-damhsa daonra Eabhrais barántúil "Hora", a ainmníodh tar éis na damhsaí ciorclach stoidiacacha de na prostitutes Temple ársa Giúdach. AN HORÁIN SEAMÁITIC & NA HORÁIN A THÓIRIONNAIGÍ VAGINA D'éiligh cultúr Seamánach iomlán, na "Horites" (Genesis 14:6), go raibh siad díortha ó na Goddess Hor, a raibh a sliabh naofa mór, Mount Hor (Numbers 20:23), mar shiombail mháithreachais dá chíosanna baineann beatha-chothaitheacha, a bolg toirchis draíochta, a hips cruinn-íonaí, agus a vulva swollen a thug beatha (a d'iarr na Rómhánaigh ar "Mound of Venus"). Tagraíonn ainm na Horites dá n-oideas maireachtáil i gcampaí (siombailí de vulva taise dorcha Déithe), fianaise ar reiligiún mór-Máthair-Púrsaí i Pailistíne luath. Bhí na Horites i ndáiríre iontaobhaithe yoni, a raibh a Cult na Vagina toirmeasc nuair a bhí Judaism patricized sa deireadh ag sagart Giúdach misogynistic. Sa lá atá inniu ann, tugtar "Hurians", "Hittites", nó "Hivites" ar na Horites. Ní féidir leis na hainmneacha nua-aimseartha seo, áfach, fíor-cháilíocht na Sean-Horites a dhúnadh: d'iarr na Giúdaigh a bhí ann roimhe seo orthu na Hori, focal a chiallaíonn go litriúil "daonra uaimh", nó go mistéireach, "agóidithe vulva". PATRIARCHAL JUDAISM & CRÉACHAÍT na whore de Babylon Tar éis don fhireann Giúdach an t-eabhlóid agus na mná i gcoitinne a diabhailú, níor thug na Giúdaigh tagairt a thuilleadh do Dhiaí ag a teideal Eabhrais a bhí naofa uair amháin: "An Máthair-Bhorta Mór an Domhain". Anois tugadh an teideal mí-shásta: "An t-aibhne de Babylon", agus tugadh "sodomites" ar a lucht leanúna. Athcheapadh teampall na whores ar "hora-houses", nó "hoitithe whores"; athraíodh uimhir naofa na Déithe, 13, chun "droch-ádh" a chiallaíonn; agus tháinig comharthaí dearga phallus erect na Róimhe ársa, a úsáidtear uair amháin chun custaiméirí a threorú chuig prostitutes na cathrach, ina chomharthaí náire (táinig solas dearg an whorehouse nua-aimseartha ón gcustaim seo). Cuireadh siombail triantán pubic inbhéartaithe Déithe amach trí thriantán a bhí ag pointeáil suas, siombail mistéireach an Prionsabail Fhir Éirí. Ba é an toradh an siombail heixagramic na Giúdachas, ar a dtugtar "Ré David", nó "Séala Sholaimh" anois. Tugadh isteach an "suíomh misinéirí" mar bhealach chun mná a chur i ról géargháireach gnéasach, agus dúnadh agus scriosadh na pobail mhná liath mór, coláistí uile-mná, matriarchaí faoi cheannas mná, agus sráidbhailte oileáin mná amháin den domhan ársa. Bhí an ciorcal na Sisterhood domhanda mór briste sa deireadh. Le teacht na Críostaíochta orthoideacha, scriosadh teampall na Maid-Bhéitheach-Bheathach, nó fiú a thiontú go dtí eaglaisí Críostaí, feachtas sceimhlitheoireachta frith-mná a ghlac an misogynist Paul of Tarsus go díograiseach leis (Achtanna 19:27). An Invincible-Mother-whore Ach sa deireadh, ní fhéadfaí an Eagna Mór-Bhuide (trádáil a rinne miotairí de gach reiligiún), agus go háirithe grá na mbrúide féin, a mharú, nó fiú a chur faoi chois. Mar a bhfuil a fhios ag síceolaithe go maith, is é an figiúr máthar (agus a "grá mháthar" mór aigéin don teaghlach ar fud an domhain) núicléas síceolaíoch ní amháin de gach caidreamh daonna pearsanta, ach den tsochaí daonna féin. CÉ DÁ MÓR A Dhéanann Fir Máithreacha agus Mná Óg Ar an láimh eile, ní raibh ról tábhachtach ag grá athair, ag an athair, ná ag an bhfigiúr athair riamh i gcultúr an duine. Is "fhionnachtú cultúrtha le déanaí" é an t-aithreachas, mar a thug Margaret Mead agus antropoloigh eile faoi deara arís agus arís eile. Míníonn sé seo cén fáth go bhfuil go leor dlíthe sóisialta, dlíthiúla agus reiligiúnacha cruthaithe i mbeagnach gach sochaí chun fir a mhealladh chun pósadh agus iad a choinneáil ann. Is é an fhírinne ná nach bhfuil pósadh monogamúil fadtéarmach, aonad teaghlaigh dhá thuismitheoir, ná ról an "athair", nádúrtha do na fir. Ní mór na smaointe cultúrtha nua-chruthaithe seo a theagasc go ciallmhar d'fhir ó aois óg ar aghaidh. Gan an sochealaithe dian seo don saol teaghlaigh, is beag fir a gheobhaidh an modh maireachtála seo ina ghairm nó fiú ina dhóthain. TITLEÁIN A BHEITH AON NATURAL Ba cheart a thabhairt faoi deara anseo nach bhfuil monogamy fadtéarmach nádúrtha do mhná freisin: níor tharla an cineál seo ceangal riamh ag am ar bith i bhforbairt an duine, dá bhrí sin ní oiriúnaítear mná nó fir nua-aimseartha dó. Mar sin féin, mar gheall ar instincts máthar na mban, tá saol an teaghlaigh i gcoitinne níos inbhuanaithe di ná mar atá sé d'fhear. Léiríonn an fhírinne go bhfuil 70 faoin gcéad ar a laghad de na mná pósta ag déanamh ceall ar a bhfear céile, áfach, go bhfuil na hiarrachtaí poligamacha ag mná chomh láidir céanna agus a bhí siad in amanna réamhstairiúla; am nuair a chomhlíon mná a gcuid riachtanas gnéis trí phósadh grúpa agus poligamia sraitheach a chleachtadh. MÁIRÍN AN MÁIRÍN-CHOIRNÍL & JESUS AN RÍ OIR-SUN Ag tabhairt faoi deara go luath nach bhféadfadh siad í a dhíothú, ní dhearna na hAithreacha Eaglais luath ach an Mháire Mhaighdean Mháire-Mháire-a raibh aithne ag an domhan Ind-Eorpach ársa ar fad mar Mari-a athrú go "an Mhaighdean Mhuire". A Sacrifice Divine Son, an Pagan Slánaitheoir Hesus, athróidh siad mar Íosa (a bhfuil a ainm i bpáirt a hebracization de ainm an Pagan Gréagach Slánaitheoir-Dia-Rí, Jason.) Baineadh an t-ainm "Críost", a chiallaíonn "an ungadh", ó ola gnéis naofa na Horae, chrism, a chiallaíonn "a ungadh". Is é an focal chrism, ina dhiaidh sin, díorthaithe den seanfhocal Chaldéach, chrs nó - le vowels - chris, a chiallaíonn an "Sun". An Indo-Eorpach mór Triple-Deise Mari, an Tríonóide Naofa bunaidh, a bhí athraithe i an dá na 3 "Mary" a sheas ag an gcosa de Chros Íosa (Eoin 19:25), agus isteach an masculinized "Tríonóide Naofa" an "Athair, Mac, agus Spiorad Naomh". Bhí a éan naofa, an colm síochánta, ceangailte le figiúr an Spioraid Naoimh (Mata 3:16). Dé agus a 12 Harlots Teampall a bhí athraithe i Íosa agus a 12 Disciples, cé 13 d'fhan uimhir a bhaineann le droch-ádh. (Go dtí an lá atá inniu ann, níl aon urlár 13 ag go leor foirgnimh árasán, agus tugann an abairt "duineas an bhácála" deis do dhuine úsáid an fhocail "tríú duine déag" a sheachaint.) MARY MAGDALENE & THE WHORE WISDOM Ghlac údar na Tiomna Nua an t-eagna sean-Pagan Whore agus Chríostaí é, áit a bhfuil sé personified i bhfoirm an templ-whore de "Mary Magdalene" (Magdalene ciallaíonn go litriúil "an cumhacht templ-chumhacht"). Ba í Magdalene a "christed" Íosa rí ar an mbealach na whore Naomh: trí oil naofa a ungadh a cheann (Matthew 26:7-12). Is siombail mistéireach é ceann an duine, ar ndóigh, de cheann an phéinis, agus is siombail choilíneach é coróin ríoga Íosa, ina dhiaidh sin, de phéinis an phéinis a chaithfidh an phéinis dul isteach air ionas go dtarraingítear fuinneamh na mban naofa chuig an bhfear. Léirítear Máire Magdala agus grúpa (12) mná mar thacaíocht airgeadais agus spioradálta do Íosa agus na 12 Apostolach le linn a gcuid seirbhíse, ós rud é nach bhfuil an fórsa beatha atáirgthe ag fir (Lúcas 8:1-3). Léirítear Magdalene agus a 12 Harlot Naofa mar an chéad duine a thugann cuairt ar uaimh vulva Déithe ina raibh corp Íosa, mac diaga Déithe, curtha ina dhiaidh a chroíospóireachta. Ba í Magdalene an chéad duine a chonaic agus a labhair le Íosa ardaithe, gníomh riachtanach a athbheochann an fear leis an ngréasán baineann mistéireach (Eoin 20). Anseo, tá na Bréagaí Teampaill ag caoineadh ar son Íosa, díreach mar a bhí mná Giúdacha níos luaithe ag caoineadh lasmuigh de Theampall Iarúsailéim ar son an Slánaitheora Siriach Tammuz (Ezequiel 8:14), ceann eile de na slánaitheoirí réamh-Chríostaí go leor ar a ndearnadh figiúr Íosa a múnlú ina dhiaidh sin. Nuair a bhí Dia ina Dé In ainneoin na gcéadta bliain de na pogroms foréigneacha frith-Dia, frith-Mná agus na ndíthe frith-bhreaiteachta dílis ag na patriarchates Giúdach agus Críostaí, d'fhás iarracht an Mór-Dia-Máthair-Mháire agus a Eaglais domhanda a chur faoi chois. Ag tabhairt faoi deara go bhfuil gá síceach an chine daonna le figiúr máthar a thugann gach rud, a chothaíonn an saol, neamh-distrúch, ní raibh na hAithreacha Eaglais luath ach Dé agus a tréithe a chumasc leis an diachas uachtarach Giúdach fireann nua ar a dtugtar "Yahweh" (a dtagann a ainm, go páirteach, ón Séimeatach i bhfad níos sine Dé-Ghaeilge Yareah), le Íosa (féach mar shampla, Galataigh 4:19), agus leis an Spiorad Naomh (féach mar shampla, Eoin 3:6). Ní haon ionadh é sin a fhoghlaim go bhfuil an eitimíocht den fhocal "Yahweh" (nó "Jehovah", mar a ghlaonn Críostaithe air) i ndáiríre "an aontacht síoraí na bPrionsabail Bhean agus Fear". Tá fianaise go leor ann go raibh an tIúdáchas ina reiligiún matriarchal-deas-ag adhradh, ní níos mó ná sa Bhíobla féin. I leabhar na Sáilm, mar shampla, d'fhág miotagrafaithe agus scríbhneoirí Seandálacha ársa go neamhchinnte tagairt dá "Dia" fireann mar an Dia ban (Sailm 48:3), a bhí ina iompar dosheachanta ó na laethanta nuair nach bhfeictear an t-Eainm Uachtarach mar fhear, ach mar bhean. Is féidir fianaise bhreise a fháil ar reiligiún Giúdach a bhí ag adhradh Déithe a bhí ag fás go rathúil uair amháin sna go leor tagairtí bíobla do Dhia mar mháthair mháithreachais, cothaithe, tógála tí, toirchis, breith, agus máthair altranais (m.sh., Isaiah 42:14; Deuteronomi 32:18; Uimhreacha 11:12-13). Go deimhin, is é an finscéal cruthaithe Giúdach de Genesis, ina "dáileann" Dia an Cruinne agus an saol go léir ann, leagan masculinized den mhiotal Cruthaithe Neolaitic 10,000 bliain d'aois ina bhfuil an Grand Whore-Goddess an t-Uasmhéid, a bhfuil a thrócaire saor in aisce a thugann gach créatúr beo óna sreabhach amniotic aigéin. AN SEAN ÓIR DE MÁIN: Níl aon SLAIN DE Tacaíonn fianaise seandálaíochta leis an bhfíric nach bhfuil an Diaidhis i bhfad níos sine ná Dia amháin, ach nach bhfuil Dia féin ach beagán níos mó ná déitheacht comhdhéanta a chruthaigh fear, ceann a tháinig chun beatha ach amháin nuair a bhí an Mháthair Naofa i "Athair Naofa" ag sagairt Giúdach a bhí fuath le mná. Go deimhin, ó 500,000 B.C.E. go 10,000 B.C.E. - tréimhse ar a dtugtar "Bliú Óir na mBan" - ní léirithe amháin de deity fireann, fear-chosúil a bheith uachtarach, nó fiú simplí athair-figure, a fuarthas riamh sa ealaín, artefacts, nó fósilí fothracha de dhaoine réamhstairiúla. Ar an láimh eile, le linn na tréimhse ama céanna, tá na mílte de na deilbhíní, na péinteálacha, na hachranntuithe, agus na etching, den Déithe an Mhá Mháire-Mháire-nó na siombailí primitive (mar an triantán) a chuir ina iompar í - le fáil i scaipeadh seandálaíochta ar fud an domhain. Cá raibh Dia le linn na tréimhse uamhnach sin? TÁTÁTHACHTHE PATRIARCHÁL: Ó Máthair-Tír go Athair-Scéal Tá an freagra simplí: ní raibh na daoine ársa ag aithint an fear daonna mar a bhí cumhacht diaga aige. Níl ach an baineann. Dá bhrí sin, ní raibh ach an Bhean a bhí deifithe. Ba cheart go mbeadh an deification na fir, agus an cruthaitheacht ina dhiaidh sin an "Athair-Dia", fanacht go dtí an Takeover Patriarchal, nuair a bhí ar chúl na bhfear, cathóirí patriarchal, swept ar fud na hEorpa matriarchal as as an Rúis theas díreach 6,000 bliain ó shin. Chuir na Ariaigh seo (nó na hInd-Eorpach, mar a thugtar orthu freisin) na matriarchates móra i gcrois, chuir siad mná as a n-trónanna, agus ghoid siad cumhachtaí polaitiúla, dlíthiúla, eacnamaíocha, gnéis, oideachais, teaghlaigh agus atáirgthe na mban dóibh féin. In áit na Banríona baineann, adhradh na Arians déithe a mholtar ina n-íomhá féin; is é sin, an íomhá fireann. Ón tréimhse seo cruthaíodh an chéad dia fireann ar a dtugtar, ceann a bhaineann go dlúth, ní le plandaíocht, an fómhar, agus an Domhan baineann, ach le thunder, rain, agus an Ghrian fireann. Ar an mbealach seo, chuaigh reiligiún ó chóras creidimh matrifocal bunaithe ar adhradh na Talún-Máthair, go córas creidimh patrifocal bunaithe ar urramú an Spéir-Athair. Go dtí an lá atá inniu ann, tá fir fós ag cuardach a nDia trí fhócas phallice a lámhach isteach sna flaithis, agus ag an am céanna tá siad ag léiriú mí-urraim don Dhiaga trí a chorp (an Domhan) a scriosadh agus a fhoréigean le meaisíní agus truailliú. Conas a nochtann an t-athrú ar ainmneacha Dé a fréamhacha dílseachta Tá sé suimiúil a thabhairt faoi deara go bhfuil an fhoirm athair-dia a nuashonrú chomh le déanaí go nuair a Moses-an bunaitheoir Iosrael-chonnaic an Judeo-Críostaí "Dia" sa Bush dóite (a dúirt a bheith tar éis tarlú thart ar 3,000 bliain ó shin), ní raibh aon smaoineamh Moses cén t-ainm a glaoch air. Nuair a d'fhiafraigh Mhaois faoi ainm an dia, d'fhreagair sé ach: "gairm mé mé" (Ecsodus 3:13-14). Níos déanaí, d'admhaigh Dia do Mhaois nach raibh aithne aige ar ainm ar Abraham, Isaac, nó Jacob freisin (Ecsodus 6: 3). Go deimhin, ní "Dia", "Yahweh", nó "Jehovah" an t-ainm is luaithe a luaitear ar Dhia sa Bhíobla. Is é El Shaddai, ainm-frase a aistríodh go ciallmhar ar fud an Bíobla ar fad ag scríobtóirí Meánaoiseacha Béarla ina dhiaidh sin mar "an "Ghabhálach" (féach Genesis 17:1). I rith na hailt níos luaithe i Genesis, déantar tagairt do Dhia ach mar Elohim, seanfhocal Seaméadach a chiallaíonn "comhairle na n-diachta". Bhí na Giúdaigh luath polytheistic, agus ghlac siad leis an smaoineamh go raibh an Cruinne rialaithe ag tionól de 12 déithe fireann agus a gceannaire uilechumhachtach (féach, mar shampla, Joshua 24:2, 14-15; Hosea 3:1). Chuaigh roinnt Giúdaigh an-luath chomh fada le tagairt a dhéanamh do cheann an ghrúpa seo (i.e., "Dia") lena ainm Pagan, Baal, rud a chiallaíonn "athair" (Iósua 2:16). Ghlac sagart Giúdach an creideamh il-deisceach seo agus chuir siad isteach é i miotaseolaíocht Giúdach ó reiligiúin éagsúla Paganacha an lae, mar shampla na Gréagaigh, a bhí ag smaoineamh go raibh an domhan á rialú ag Zeus (do na Rómhánaigh, Jupiter) agus a 12 Titans. Bhí Zeus, ainm a chiallaíonn "athair neamh", á úsáid ag na Giúdaigh uair amháin dá n-a n-dia uachtarach sula ndearnadh an t-ainm "Yahweh" air. Sa deireadh, tugadh an t-ainm a thugtar ar Yahweh dó go ginearálta inniu: Dia. Ach fiú an t-ainm seo a bhí díorthaithe ó na mór-Púr-Máthair-Bhéan: an focal Dia a thagann ó na sean-Germanic focal do Goddess ina Teutonic foirm, Goden, an consort naofa na Gearmánach arda-dia Woden, a thug a ainm ar an gceathrú lá dár seachtain, Woden Lá, nó mar a ghlaoimid anois é, "Meán Fómhair". (Nóta: is é an "Lady Godiva" legendary leagan Béarla den dia Gearmánach Goden.) Nuair a tháinig Giúdachas ina aon-theist (smaoineamh a d'iarraigh na Héibreoigh luath ó reiligiún na hÉigipte ársa Aton Dé-Grian, a spreag Pharaoh Akhenaten sa bhliain 1367 B.C.E. ), bhí an t-athair-dia Giúdach (Yahweh nó Jehovah) díghalctha as a chuid tréithe polytheistic, ag an am a tháinig sé ina cheann aonair ar-dia. Ba ag an am seo a tugadh a chéad ainm Eabhrais dó: "El Shaddai". Cén fáth gur tugadh El Shaddai ar Dhia ar dtús Cad a chiallaíonn an t-ainm seo? Is focal Seamánach sean-seamánach é El a chiallaíonn "diacht iontach". Is focal Seamánach ársa é Shaddai a chiallaíonn "an chíche a thugann bainne", nó "an mháthair altranais". Dá bhrí sin, ciallaíonn El Shaddai go litriúil: an "Máthair-Bhéan Glórmhar". Go deimhin, ar dtús, bhí El Shaddai ar cheann de na hainm-teidil go leor den Mhá-Máthair-Bhuide féin i bhfoirm na beann-dia. (Cuimhneoimid gur siombail chíche baineann é an sliabh, agus dá bhrí sin is siombail é de ghrá mháthar, cothú, úllú amach, uile-chuimsitheach Dé; is é sin, "bainne an chomaoin daonna"). An Déitheach-Bhurga mar Naomh Críostaí Ag tabhairt faoi deara go gcaithfeadh siad fuinneamh mhátharúil an Phríomhphrionsabail Bhean a choinneáil beo chun ballraíocht láidir na heaglaise a chothabháil, rinne miotagraif Chríostaí na meánaoise an Dia-Bhean-Bhean a chur i láthair i mórán naoimh mhná bréagacha, a rinne go léir "patróin na n-imreoirí". I measc na n-ealaíontóirí seo bhí Naomh Aphrodite (chríostaíocht den déithe gnéasach Gréagach agus an mháthair whore, Aphrodite); Naomh Maudline (chríostaíocht bhreise de Mhuire Magdalene); agus na trí deirfiúr ar a dtugtar Saint Irene, Saint Agape, agus Saint Chionia; nó mar Saint Hope, Saint Faith, agus Saint Charity. Deirtear gur iníonacha Naomh Sophia iad go léir. Tá a fhios againn anois, áfach, nach raibh an Naofa Sophia féin ach chríostaíocht den Greagach Whore-Wisdom-Goddess, Sophia (is é an focal sophia an focal Gréagach le haghaidh "eagna"), agus nach raibh Saint Chionia, Saint Agape, agus Saint Irene, ach chríostaíochtaí de na trí Pagan Naofa Whores i bhfad níos sine nó Horae ainmnithe: Eunomia ("Ordú maith"), Dike ("Cirt"), agus Eirene ("Síocháin"). MINNE, an Cult de Mary, agus an Christian whorehouse Lean an adhradh follasach ar an mBan-Dia a bhí ag an mBan-Ghaeilge ar aghaidh go dtí an Mheán-Aois, ag fás i dtríú le linn na gcéadta bliain a chuaigh thart. Bhí na Trúbairí, mar shampla, ag adhradh na Ban-Diaíonaí faoi a ainm nua meánaoiseach, Minne ("grá"), agus ag an am céanna, bhí an Cult Caitliceach de Mhuire (christianization de Cult na Ban-Diaíonaí Bhan-Eastern, Mari), níos coitianta ná Cult Íosa. (Tá an treocht seo ag leanúint ar aghaidh san Eaglais Chaitliceach go dtí an lá atá inniu ann, mar thoradh nádúrtha ar an rogha daonna agus an tarraingt ar an bhfigiúr máthar archetypal). D'athraigh na hAithreacha Caitliceacha na teach whore bunaidh san Iodáil ársa, ar a dtugtar "Abbeys", ina monastéir. Ghlac an príomh-naoi an teideal, "an t-Abhta", ó na madams na hIodáile a bhí á reáchtáil acu. Ag a bheith i ndiaidh gach fear sa domhan, coinnigh roinnt pápaí meánaoiseacha bordelanna (a ndearnadh iad a mhacasamhail mar choinbhinsiúin) sa Róimh, cleachtas a thug níos mó airgid agus saibhreas ná na foinsí eile ioncaim na hEaglaise le chéile. I measc na bpápaí a bhí ina n-airí agus a thug cuairt ar phrósóirí bhí Sixtus IV (an 12ú haois), Innocent IV (an 13ú haois), agus Leo X (an 16ú haois). FÉINNÍONNACHT an PÓSTÓRÍTIÚIS SEACHAIRTE Tá an prostitutes naofa fós i roinnt pócaí den domhan (go háirithe san India). Ach tá sé curtha in ionad beagnach go hiomlán ag prostitutes tráchtála secular, innill de fir patriarchal intinn a rialú mná agus a scriosadh an sacrality an Prionsabal Ban. (Sa Domhan Dé, bhí gach cineál prostitutes baineann i ndáil leis an reiligiún agus dá bhrí sin bhí siad an-sagartha.) Sna Stáit Aontaithe amháin, faigheann prostitutes secular thart ar $ 1 billiún dollar in aghaidh na míosa, suim a íocann 6 mhilliún cliant in aghaidh na míosa. FÚIRTÍONTÍ agus TÚMHÍON PÓCÁIL Fiú amháin an iarracht patriarchal a scrios an Mór-Widow-Dea trí prostitution secularizing bhí rathúil: an focal "pósta" a thagann ó na sean-aistriúchán, "Aois Mari, "a úsáidtear uair amháin chun a chinneadh an aois ag a raibh bean (nó fear) a bhí réidh a bheith sacredly ceangailte le duine eile. Ciallaíonn an focal pósadh go litriúil: "aontas faoi mhaitheasa na hAlban-Máthair-Bhéanchaoine Mari". Tá ár bhfocal-aistriúchán "Pósadh Naofa" a bhfuil bunús den chineál céanna. Tagann "saint" ón bhfocal hol, nó mar a litreálann muid é anois, "poill", siombail dorcha cosúil le uaimh naofa Dé (cuimhnigh go bhfuil an focal Seimiceach ársa le haghaidh "poill" nó "poill" hor nó whore). Tá baint ag an bhfocal "Páirc" le hol freisin: ceann de na hainmneacha Gearmánacha ársa Déithe Hol, Hel, nó Hell, an t-ainm a thug fir Críostaí frith-Déithe an Underworld Críostaí dorcha. (Nóta: Lonnaigh miotagrafaithe Críostaí an Píobál go ciallmhar i lár chorp Dé; is é sin, i lár na Talún.) Tagann "pósta" ó na focail matri, rud a chiallaíonn "máthair" nó "talún" (tá na focail "ábhar" agus "ábhar" a thagann ó matri) agus an focal mon, rud a chiallaíonn "Moon". (Nóta: is é an focal "man" a corrú de mon nó "moon", focal a chiallaigh "baineann" ar dtús. Tar éis an Takeover Patriarchal, goidtear an focal ó mhná agus go gcuirfí i bhfeidhm é ar fhir, gníomh a bhí i gceist leis an mbean daonna a dhí-bheathachú agus a dhí-luachú.) Lá Naofa na Ban-Dia agus Ainmniú Dé Le a timthriall 28 lá, is é an Ghealach, ar ndóigh, spéir na spéire naofa Dé. Sna amanna ársa, ar a dtugtar "An Lá na Míosa", nó mar a bhfuil a fhios againn anois, "Dé Luain", an chéad lá den tseachtain naofa seacht lá (uimhir bunaithe ar Bhliain Lúnach 4 seachtaine, 28 lá, 13 mhí Dé). D'athraigh patriarchalists an chéad lá den tseachtain ina dhiaidh sin go "The Sun's Day", nó Dé Domhnaigh, an lá traidisiúnta ar a raibh an Dia-Grian mór fireann adhradh. Ar a dtugtar Zeus, Jove, nó Jupiter ar dtús, d'iarraigh na Giúdaigh agus na Críostaithe luí ar an figiúr an Pagan Sun-God dá gcuid teolaíochtaí féin. I Giúdachas, rinneadh Jove a héibreáil, ag éirí ina Jahu, nó Jahveh, nó Yhwh (le vowels, Yahweh). Níos déanaí, d'iarraigh Críostaithe an t-ainm Iúdach uile-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh-chomh- Mar thoradh air sin, tháinig an t-ainm i meascán: Yahoweh, Jehovah, Joshua, nó, ina fhoirm bhróite Béarla nua-aimseartha, Jesus. CHRÍOST & AN MÁTHER-BHEARCHÁ mar Dé-Ghaeilge Fiú an t-ainm "Críost" (agus dá bhrí sin "Críostaíocht") a thagann ó na Mór-Bhuide-Mhathair-Bhuide. Is féidir linn cuimhneamh go bhfuil "Chríost", nó Christos, díorthaithe i nGréigis ó fhocal sean-Mhesopotáimeach "chrs" nó "chris", a chiallaíonn an "Grian". I bhfad roimh ardú na Críostaíochta, bhí an Ghrian mar ghné laethúil den Whore-Goddess (ba é an Ghealach a ghné oíche). D'iarr Hindus ársa an Dé-Grian Aditi: "an té a bhfuil an Ghrian á éadaí". Cosúil le gach foirm luath Déithe, léiríodh Aditi le 12 leanbh (chun an uimhir draíochta 13 a chruthú), siombailí sa choróin órga de 12 réalta gleamhar a bhí uirthi. I gcás na Seapáine bhí an Déithe-Grian Omikami Amaterasu; do na hArabaigh luath bhí sí Atthar; bhí aithne ag na Ceilteannacha ársa uirthi mar Sulis; d'iarr na hIoruaigh uirthi mar Sol; d'iarr na Gearmánaigh uirthi Sunna; agus do na Rómhánaigh ársa bhí sí Minerva. Tá na bunús luath an Ghrian mar an Máthair Mór-Púr-Gan soiléir nuair a thuigeann muid go raibh sí adhradh ar fud an domhain ársa Ind-Eorpach mar "Mari", agus sin an fáth go bhfuil an chéad Tantric Búdaigh ar a dtugtar a n-Ghéine-Grian Marici. Go deimhin, ghlac miotagraifí luath-Giúdach agus Críostaí le Aditi, an Dia Ghrian Hindú agus d'athraigh siad í go "Mairéad na mBan". Sin é an fáth, go dtí an lá atá inniu ann, go bhfuil Máire le feiceáil i leabhar an nochta mar an "ban a bhí á chaitheamh leis an ghrian, agus an ghealach faoi a chosa, agus ar a cheann coróin de dhá réalta déag" (Acht 12:1). Conas a tháinig an dia pheacach na gréine chun bheith ina dia na gréine Críostaí Nuair a chuaigh an Chríostaíocht i lámha misogynists patriarchal agus chuaigh sé ó chultúr beag gréine mistéireach go reiligiún mór-thréimhseach tráchtálaithe (sa dara haois C.E. ), tháinig an focal "Sun" ina "Son". Ba é an t-am seo a bhí an ríocht na cumhachta fireann personified sa figiúr miotaseach de "Jesus", ar a dtugtar i amanna ársa do Chríostaithe mar an dá "Nár Sun Naofa", agus an "Mhic Dé". Fiú amháin an lá breithe naofa an Phagánach Sun-Goddess, Nollaig 25, a bhí ar iasacht ó na Pagánaigh agus a tugadh do Íosa. Ar a cheiliúradh le fada mar Natalis Sol Invictus ("Réabhlóid na Déithe na gréine neamhbhuailte"), ag na Rómhánaigh Pagánach, d'ath-ainmníodh Críostaithe orthodox an lá naofa Pagánach mar "Mise Chríost", nó "Nós". Cad a bhí chomh speisialta faoi 25 Nollaig? Is é seo an t-am a bhíonn na laethanta níos faide, agus is cosúil go bhfuil an Ghrian "athbheochan" mar a théann sé trí leagan astrological na Maighdean-Bhuide-Máthair-Bhéitheas, réalt na Maighdean ("an" Maighdean "). Trí na smaointe agus na cleachtais Pagan seo a chomhtháthú, d'éirigh leis na chéad Chríostaithe an Mhá-Mháire-Mháire, a nós prostitutes naofa, agus a ríthe ceangailte naofa, "Aois Mari", a athrú ina siombailí patriarchal. Mar thoradh air sin, leanann an chuid is mó de na mná ní amháin ag glacadh le hainmneacha agus le hainmneacha a bhfear céile tar éis an phósadh, ach ligtear dá leanaí ainmneacha an athar a thabhairt. (Ar dtús, ghlac fir ainmneacha a gcuid mná céile agus thug mná ainmneacha dá leanaí tar éis iad féin, nósanna a bhfuil doiciméad maith orthu i bhfásach lonnaíochtaí Neolaitic agus i dtráchtálacha stairiúla ársa.) Pósadh Is sanctioned prostitution Ach, trí chúrsaí a chur ar an éagóir faoin bhfocal "pósta", leanann ár sochaí atá bunaithe ar an Giúdachas agus ar an gCríostaíocht féin ag coinneáil trádáil na whore beo. Mar a luadh níos luaithe, tá dlíthe ag gach stát a éilíonn ar fhir phósadh tacú go airgeadais lena mná céile, agus ag an am céanna ag éileamh ar mhná seirbhísí gnéis a sholáthar dá bhfear céile. Sainmhíníonn Webster an fhoirm chaidrimh seo, mar a dhéanann an chuid is mó de na gnéas-eolaithe agus na mná féiniúla comhaimseartha, mar "féichiúnacht". Fiú sna tíortha ina bhfuil poliginia (an fear a bhfuil go leor mná ag an am céanna aige) i bhfeidhm, tá an cleachtas céanna bunaithe againn de "pósadh mar fhéile a chuirtear ar bun", rud a léiríonn nach bhfuil an gairm is sine ar domhan curtha ar ceal. Ní raibh ann ach ainmnithe agus ceadaithe faoin abairt "pósta aonphóstach". CÁIRLÉITHE & AN GINCHÉILLE Ar deireadh, is suimiúil a thabhairt faoi deara go bhfuil an eolaíocht nua-aimseartha chun an t-am a thomhas fós ar a dtugtar "horology" ag watchmakers nua-aimseartha, am-caomhnóirí, agus watchmakers eile. Ar an drochuair, is beag a fhios go raibh an t-ainm ag onóir an t-aois Whore-Mother-Goddess (Hor), an Wisdom whore Naofa (a bhaint amach soiléiriú spioradálta trí ghnéas), an t-seann dancing teampall-horses (sagairt Goddess), agus gach mná gnéas-oibrithe i gcoitinne. SOILIGH na Fírinne & Oidhreacht Shona agus Fada Go deimhin, tá oidhreacht fhada agus uasal ag oibrithe gnéis an lae inniu; ceann a thosaigh na milliúin bliain ó shin i measc ár sinsear primataí i bhfad i gcéin; ceann a lig ár speiceas hominid ar leith maireachtáil agus daoine eile ag fáil bháis. Ní bheadh muid anseo anois dá mba nach raibh na caidrimh prostitutory de phobail réamhstairiúla, ná ní bheadh pósadh monogamous in ann a bheith ag feidhmiú inniu dá mba nach raibh sé féin ar chineál prostituty. I gcás cé go bhfuil monogamy fadtéarmach neamhnádúrtha do dhaoine, monogamy gearrthéarmacha-i dteannta lena cháilíocht prostitutionary-tá sé bunaithe go daingean i ár n-am atá caite primate bitheolaíoch. Ná ligfimid dá bhrí sin do dhaoine a bhfuil a n-intinn faoi cheangal le heolas, fóibis phatriarcacha, fordomhurthana reiligiúnacha, agus dearcadh misogynistic, an oidhreacht sin a choirbhin. De réir mar is féidir bréaganna a theagasc agus a ghlacadh, is féidir iad a dhiúltú agus a dhiúltú freisin. In áit na bréaga seo, ní mór dúinn a mhúineadh do dhaoine eile na fíricí faoi prostitution trí shoilsiú oideachais. Mar trí an intinn a líonadh le solas na fírinne, cuirfimid amach dorchadas an neamh-fhulaingt, an eagla, agus an miondíol. Oibrithe gnéis mar iníonacha na déithe Tá oibrithe gnéis mná tar éis teacht ó thraidisiún mór agus cumhachtach ina raibh bean a mheas uair amháin mar embodiment talún na Déithe féin, íomhá síoraí atá, ag an am céanna, go domhain spioradálta agus go dian gnéasach. Sea, tá an traidisiún seo imithe go mór inniu. Ach is féidir é a athshlánú. Conas? Leis an oibrí gnéasach baineann aonair, a chaithfidh tosú ag féachaint uirthi féin mar dhuine a chomhlíonann ról an-tábhachtach sa tsochaí dhaonna; ról onóraithe; ról aristocráiteach; ról bitheolaíoch; fiú ról spioradálta. In ainneoin an chómharsaithe, debased, agus go hiomlán secular nádúr an coimhthionscanta Iarthar prostitution, mná gnéas oibrithe fós i ndáiríre a bheith ar an "iníonacha Dé" (mar mhalairt ar an patriarchal "Mhic Dé"). I gcás an dá a toilteanas a thabhairt cad a coinneáil daoine eile, agus a toilteanas a leanúint ar na dlíthe na bitheolaíochta seachas resist dóibh, a leagtar iad ar leith agus os cionn gach mná eile. Sin an fáth, ag cosaint an ghairm ríoga de Harlotry i gcoinne na dearbhuithe sanctonóideach na Caitliceachais meánaoise, scríobh an fealsamh Iodálach Lorenzo Valla sa 15ú haois: "Is fearr a thuigeann na whores agus na prostitutes ó chine daonna ná na maoine le a n-castacht agus a n-maighdeanas go léir!" Má tá aon cheist nó tuairimí agat a bhaineann leis an alt seo, leis an eagna whore naofa, nó leis an prostitution ársa go ginearálta, cuir do chuid fiosrúcháin chuig: Gabriel Loch-Lainn Seabrook C / O Coyote L.A. 1626 N. Wilcox Ave. 580 Hollywood, California 90028 USA Tá an Dr. Gabriel Loch-Lainn Seabrook PhD i ndíolú agus B.A páirteach in ananthropology. Is iad a réimsí saineolais ná reiligiún comparáideach agus miotaseolaíocht comparáideach; paleoanthropology agus antropoloige cultúrtha: bitheolaíocht éabhlóideach agus sóisiabhileog: abd archtypal, feimineach agus síceolaíocht Dé. Is scríbhneoir, taighdeoir, ensciclopedist, aire neamh-demoninacional ordaithe, scoláirí seanchaighdeáin, comhairleoir pósta, scríbhneoir scáileáin, cumadóir agus file é freisin. Is é an bunaitheoir agus uachtarán Collegium for Cognitive Numinology, comhchoiste beag a dhéanann iniúchadh ar reiligiún agus ar mhiotaseolaíocht ó thaobh anantrópaolaíochta de. Foilsíodh é i "Free Inquiry" Anthropology and Humanism Quarterly agus Skeptical Inquirer. Tá sé ag scríobh roinnt leabhair aonair faoi láthair, chomh maith le trí leabhar le húdair eile. I measc na n-ealaíon seo: An Mhonógamáid Nua: Athmhínithe ar Thréith an Gnéis agus an Rómánsáin Seabrook's Complete Encyclopedia of Dieties An Béarla The Bible The Bible The Bible The Bible The Bible The Bible The Bible The Bible The Bible An Fhealsú Naomh: Conas a Chronológaíonn an Bíobla an Chruinniú Dé agus na mBan Daughters of Joy: Agallaimh le whores, hookers and harlots In Praise of Prostitution: The Truth ABout the Sex Work Industry (In agallamh le whores, prostitutes and harlots in moladh an fhéile: An fhírinne faoi thionscal na hoibre gnéis) An tAontas Naofa (le Dr. Jane Goldberg, NY) Dé Céadaoin, 13 Bealtaine, 2009 Le Gabriel Loch-Lainn Seabrook Déardaoin, 8 Eanáir, 2009 Bhí amulets agus bas-reliefs péine coitianta go leor i ré déanach na Róimhe, go háirithe i réigiúin imeallacha na hImpireachta. Tá an amulet penis bronsaithe a thaispeántar anseo 2 "leith agus dátaithe go dtí an chéad haois AD. Fuarthas é i earrach ag sean-shocrú Rómhánach in aice le Eabhrac, Sasana: Cé go gcuireann an chuid is mó de chleachtóirí nua-aimseartha na draíochta agus cineálacha eile draíochta draíochta nó cineál éigin de mhír ghnéasach naofa in iúl láithreach nuair a fheiceann siad amulets mar seo, i amanna ársa baineadh úsáid as amulets den sórt sin go minic mar thairiscintí votive, a chuirtear isteach i bhfódanna nó foinsí naofa ar an mbealach céanna a d'fhéadfadh muid pingin nó dime a chaitheamh i bhfód mian le haghaidh luck nó nuair a dhéanaimid mian-guí chun leigheas a dhéanamh. Go raibh an amulet seo a dhéanamh chun a bheith i n-sexual magick deasghnátha is léir ag an bhfíric go bhfuil sé aon lúb nó poll le haghaidh crochadh; ina ionad sin, críochnaíonn sé i tang-chosúil síneadh, a thugann an tuiscint go bhféadfadh sé a bheith curtha isteach i terracotta, cloch, nó bronntanais figurine de fear nó dia. Tá glans an bod comhdhéanta de dhuilleog fíonchaor, tá na testes déanta suas de pomegranates, agus bunch of grapes simulate luxurious gruaige poiblí, ag tabhairt an amulet an cuma ar leith de charm torthúlachta talmhaíochta. B'fhéidir gur íobairt a bhí ann do Bacchus, dia na ndíoltóirí fíona. Is é an glans foliated freisin a mheabhrú ar an fhorbairt iar-Rómanach na Breataine ar an íomhá Green Man - fear a bhfuil a aghaidh déanta as duilleoga. Léiríonn amulets agus bas-reliefs eile de chuid na Rómhánach déanach an bod le hainsí leon, uaireanta ag caitheamh clog timpeall a mhuineál cosúil le hainmhí peataí beag, agus uaireanta le sciath cosúil le héin. Tá a gcuid féin de na peanní beagáinín ag go leor de na hainmhithe peanní seo a bhfuil peann orthu. Tá cosúlacht aisteach ag na haimiléidí seo le haimiléidí bronsa, copar, tinéara agus airgid a dhéantar ar phéinis na Téalainne, a dhéantar ón 8ú haois go dtí an lá atá inniu ann. Tá an greimniú a thaispeántar anseo ó "The Worship of the Generative Powers" le Thomas Wright (1866). Léiríonn sé bas-réim Rómhánach a fuarthas ar shéadchomhartha i Nimes, an Fhrainc i 1825. Sa phictiúr seo, tá an bod mar eireaball de éan a bhfuil a gcroí agus a gcroí ag suí ar nead de vulvas a bhfuil cuma uibhe orthu. Amulets Penis ó Theilís Is é an t-ainm Téalainnis ar amulet peann palad khik, rud a chiallaíonn "peann iontrálach onórach". Déantar na charms beaga seo, ar meán níos lú ná 2 ' ar fhad, a chaitheamh ag fir agus buachaillí óga ar shnáitheán cirt faoi na héadaí, as lár an fhíor-phéinis, agus iad ag súil go dtógfaidh siad agus go nglacfaidh siad aon ghortú draíochta a dhíreofar i dtreo na n-orgáin ghiniúnacha. Ní haon rud neamhchoitianta do dhuine roinnt palad khiks a chaitheamh ag an am céanna, ceann chun an t-ádh a mhéadú i gcluiche cearrbhachais, mar shampla, ceann eile chun mná a mhealladh, agus an tríú ceann chun neamhchlaontacht ó bhuillí agus sciatháin. Ní bhíonn Palad khiks ag mná sa Téalainn de ghnáth, agus níl aon chomhionann Téalainnis ar an amulet vulva le húsáid acu - cé go bhfuil amulet diosca ciorclach ar a dtugtar chaping á chaitheamh ag cailíní óga chun a gcuid gnéithe ghiniúna a chosaint ar fhórsaí olc. Cé nach mbíonn mná ag caitheamh iad de ghnáth, d'fhéadfadh siad a bheith i mbuisín mar chosaint ar cheilt nó ar thráchtóirí, nó a úsáid mar thairiscint ag tearmann má tugadh cead d'iarratais ar leith. Deirtear gur choinnigh banríon áilleachta sa Téalainn Palad Khik ina gruaig le linn comórtas áilleachta chun a tarraingt a fheabhsú. Is é an chéad stíl eile de palad khik an t-aon cheann a iompróidh mná, a chuireann sé ina gcuid málaí mar chineál cosanta draíochta chun robálaithe málaí a chosc agus ionsaithe ó fhir a chosc: Tá an amulet bod seo a leanas 2 "leithid agus a chuirtear i mhang. Léiríonn sé yogini naked san asana ar a dtugtar "an droichead", ina luí ar "ainmhí-pennis" le leon-haunched. Mar a tharla le gach ceann de na peannis a léiríonn yoginis naked, tá sé oiriúnach d'fhir ar mian leo díograis a chur in iúl do Sakti agus is féidir le mná iad féin a iompar chun iad féin a chosaint ó thugadóirí agus rapists: Seo a leanas amulet bod de bod leanbh beag i mheaisín, ach 1 "leithid. Mar a léirítear as a mhéid beag agus as a shuíomh neamh-ardaithe, is charm é a chuireann tuismitheoirí ar leanaí fireannacha agus ar bhuachaillí óga. Deirtear go gcosnaíonn sé a gníomhairí gnéis ó spells díobhálacha nó ó shúil éadúil na mban gan leanaí: Deirtear go ndeachaigh íomhá an Palad Khik ó Shiva Linga na gcreideamh Bhrámach luath na Téalainne agus thug manaigh Khmer iad go Téalainn sa 8ú haois AD. (Is féidir samplaí atá ann fós de na lingams seo a fheiceáil i dteampaill éagsúla timpeall Angkor Wat.) Deirtear freisin gur tháinig sé mar chuid de chult torthúlachta i stair luath na Téalainne. Tá stileanna luatha Palad Khik ag glaoch ar ghlaonna, ar éileamh agus ar moladh Shiva; na cinn níos déanaí iad seo a chomhcheangal le glaonna agus moladh idirlínte do Bhúda; tá scríbhinní Búdacha comhionanna ag na cinn nua-aimseartha, scríofa i gcónaí i seanfhoirm scríbhneoireachta nach féidir le Thais contemporaneous a léamh. Déantar amulets Palad khik a dhéantar as adhmad, cnámh nó corn ag manaigh a speisialaíonn ina ndéantúsaíocht, agus braitheann éifeachtúlacht amuleta áirithe ar charisma agus ar cháil a chruthaitheora. Is ábhar deasghnátha tromchúiseach é litreacha na n-inscríbhinní agus d'fhéadfadh sé go dtógfadh sé roinnt laethanta iad a chur i gcrích. Ní bhíonn scríbhinní i gcónaí ar palad khiks miotail teilgthe, ach d'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh siombalachas breise acu atá corpáilte i n-ainmhí a shealbhaíonn an bod. Tá Palad Khiks difriúil ó ghnáth-amhlaois Búdacha sa chiall gur féidir iad a chaitheamh faoi bhun leibhéal an chiúin, mar shampla i bpócaí trouser, agus tá sé éigeantach go gcaithfear amhlaois Búdacha a chaitheamh os cionn leibhéal an chiúin, mar shampla ar an muineál. Cé nach bhfuil amulets palad khik deartha go sonrach le húsáid i spells grá, i measc na bpagans, na witches, agus na máighistir eclectic Mheiriceá, is minic a úsáidtear iad ar an mbealach sin sa lá atá inniu ann. Tá a fhios go bhfuil an chumhacht speisialta ag Palad Khiks chun duine a dhéanamh charmant agus maith ag daoine timpeall air. Tá a fhios go bhfuil Palad Khiks in ann saibhreas mór a thabhairt don duine a chaitheann é le creideamh. Cuireann go leor úinéirí siopaí sa Téalainn íomhánna de Palad Khiks ar áit shuntasach ina siopaí chun gnó a mhealladh. Tá Palad Khiks in ann gach cineál olc a chosc freisin. Anois, tá a fhios againn, mar mháithreacha a bhfuil baint acu le draíocht agus le heagla cad ba cheart dúinn a thabhairt dár mic i láthair, ach cad faoi chosaint ár n-iníonacha óga? D'fhéadfadh amulet peann rúnda faoi an síolta a bheith ró-mhór do roinnt tuismitheoirí, agus sa chás sin, cad faoi amulet vulva? Cé go bhfuil aithne mhaith ar amulets peann Rómhánach ársa agus go bhfuil formhór de na foirmeacha ag amulets peann Thai comhaimseartha, tá charms nó amulets a léiríonn an vulva atá ceart go anatamaíoch réasúnta neamhchoitianta. Tá dhá chúis leis seo: Ar dtús, ó aimsir an Neolaitic, úsáideadh corp iomlán na mban (nó an torso ar a laghad) mar fhigiúr votaire - mar atá sna híomhánna cáiliúla Sheela-Na-Gig in Éirinn. Ar an dara dul síos, tá sé níos deacra na fillteanna subtle de na gnéithe gnéis baineann a léiriú ná na coinnle-cylinder-agus-sféar láidir den phéinis agus na testicles. Is é an vulva metafhoric an fhoirm is coitianta ina bhfuil an charm cosanta ársa seo le fáil. Deir na Breataine go bhfuil sean-siúlóidí fortune. Faigheann na hÁrabaigh luach cosanta sa ghrianchloch. Tá pláta balla cónca nó cónca cónca a úsáidtear ina sheasamh freisin don vulva, go háirithe nuair a léirítear é ag pointeadh síos, mar atá i bhformhór an domhain. Mar an gcéanna an buille Éigipteach ársa Isis nó amulett tit, cé nach bhfuil vulva per se an rud is gaire freisin - an pad menstrual an dia Isis. An sterling airgid vulva amulet thuas bhí coimisiúnú ag an Lucky Mojo Curio Cuideachta Occult Shopto iarratais a líonadh ó na Meiriceánach gnéas magick pobail do chomhghleacaithe siombalach le amharclann coimhdeach Thai comhaimseartha. Scultúrtha ag Oberon Zell de Mythic Images, tá siad múnlaithe ó shaol agus tá siad trom, lán-dimension, ealaín in airgead in-aistrithe. Tá dhá stíl ann, a thaispeántar ón taobh tosaigh agus ón taobh thiar. Léiríonn gach amulet vulva anatamaíoch cruinn bláthanna ó shell farraige naturalist.

|This article does not cite any sources. (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)| Pastel is the name given to different typical dishes of many countries of Hispanic or Portuguese origin. |Cookbook: Brazilian pastel Media: Brazilian pastel| In Brazil, pastel (pl. pastéis) is a typical fast-food Brazilian dish, consisting of half-circle or rectangle-shaped thin crust pies with assorted fillings, fried in vegetable oil. The result is a crispy, brownish fried pie. The most common fillings are ground meat, mozzarella, heart of palm, catupiry cream cheese, chicken and small shrimp. Pastéis with sweet fillings such as guava jam with Minas cheese, banana and chocolate also exist, but are not so common. The pastel is classified in Brazilian cuisine as a salgado (salty snack). It is traditionally sold on the streets or in fast-food shops known as pastelarias. It is popularly said to have originated when Japanese immigrants adapted Chinese fried wontons to sell as snacks at weekly street markets. This is the most likely hypothesis as even today many of the "pastelarias" are owned or run by Chinese and Japanese immigrants. Italian Brazilians have said the Brazilian dishes pastel and fogazza originated from fried calzones. It is possible, however, that pastel originated from Indian samosas when the dish became part of the Portuguese cuisine. A common beverage to drink with pastéis is sugarcane juice. In Puerto Rico, pastel is a dish which includes diced pork with olives, capers, raisins, chickpeas, and sweet peppers. This mixture is centered in dough made mainly of green bananas with a small portion of plantain, yautía, and potato. The dough is tinted with annatto oil. It is wrapped in palm leaf, tied with string, boiled and later served with arroz con gandules (yellow-rice with pigeon peas). The overall effect is very similar to Mexican and Peruvian tamales. In the Philippines, pastel may refer to any (usually chicken or meat) casserole dish baked in a pie crust. |Cookbook: Indonesian pastel Media: Indonesian pastel| In Indonesia pastel refer to pie of crust made of thin pastry filled with meat (usually chicken) mixed with vegetables (chopped carrot and beans), rice vermicelli and sometimes egg, then deep fried in vegetable oil. It is consumed as snack and commonly sold in Indonesian traditional markets. The similar North Sulawesi version replace thin flour pie crust with bread and filled with spicy cakalang (skipjack tuna) is called panada. - "Benhil Market, "Takjil" Heaven". Tempo.co. 13 July 2013. |Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pastries.|

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Níl aon fhoinsí luaite ag an alt seo. (Deireadh Fómhair 2014) (Féach conas agus cathain a ba chóir an teimpléad teachtaireacht seo a bhaint) Is é pastel an t-ainm a thugtar ar mhiasanna tipiciúla éagsúla i go leor tíortha de bhunadh Hispanic nó Portaingéile. Leabhar cócaireachta: Pastel na Brasaíle Meán: Pastel na Brasaíle Sa Bhrasaíl, tá pastel (pl. pastéis) is é an t-earraí tapa bia tipiciúil na Brasaíle é, ina bhfuil píosaí craiceann tanaí leath-ciorclach nó ceartchearnach le líonta éagsúla, friochta in ola glasraí. Is é an toradh é píosa friochta crúise, donn. Is iad na líonta is coitianta ná feoil mhionaithe, mozzarella, croí pailme, cáis uachtar catupiry, sicín agus creimíní beaga. Tá pastéis le fillteanna milis mar jam guava le cáis Minas, banana agus seacláide ann freisin, ach níl siad chomh coitianta. Sa chultúr na Brasaíle, déantar an pastel a aicmiú mar salgado (snack salach). Díoltar é go traidisiúnta ar na sráideanna nó i siopaí bia tapa ar a dtugtar pastelarias. Deirtear go coitianta gur tháinig sé nuair a oiriúnaigh inimircigh Seapánacha wontons friochta na Síne chun iad a dhíol mar bhricfeasta ag margaí sráide seachtainiúla. Is é seo an t-aiteamh is dóichí mar fiú inniu tá go leor de na "pastelarias" faoi úinéireacht nó á reáchtáil ag inimircigh Síneach agus Seapáine. Dúirt na hIodálaigh sa Bhrasaíl go bhfuil na miasa Bhrasaíleacha pastel agus fogazza bunaithe ar calzones friochta. Is féidir, áfach, go bhfuil pastel a tháinig ó samosas Indiach nuair a tháinig an miasa mar chuid den chistin na Portaingéile. Is deoch coitianta le ól le pastéis sú cainéil siúcra. I bPuerto Rico, is é pastel an miasa a chuimsíonn muiceoil diced le ológa, capers, raisíní, chickpeas, agus piobar milis. Déantar an meascán seo i dtost a dhéantar den chuid is mó de bhánán glas le codán beag plantain, yautía, agus prátaí. Tá an taos tinted le ola annatto. Tá sé fillte i duilleach pailme, ceangailte le sreang, bruite agus ina dhiaidh sin ar fáil le arroz con gandules (óis-giolla le pianta páipéar bába). Tá an éifeacht foriomlán an-chosúil le tamales Mheicsiceo agus Peirú. Sna hOileáin Fhilipíneacha, d'fhéadfadh pastel tagairt a dhéanamh do dhís casserole (de ghnáth sicín nó feoil) a bhácáiltear i gcoróin péire. Leabhar cócaireachta: pastel Indinéisis Meán: pastel Indinéisis In Indinéis, tagraíonn pastel do pháis crust déanta as pastry tanaí líonta le feoil (de ghnáth sicín) measctha le glasraí (carotán gearr agus pónairí), rís vermicelli agus uaireanta ubh, ansin friochta go domhain in ola glasraí. Déantar é a ithe mar bhia liathróid agus déantar é a dhíol go coitianta i margaí traidisiúnta na hIndinéise. Tugtar panada ar an leagan den chineál céanna i dTuaisceart Sulawesi a athraíonn crúis pá íseal plúr le aran agus a líonadh le cakalang spicy (tunas skipjack). - "Margadh Benhil, "Takjil" Heaven". Tempo.co. 13 Iúil 2013. Tá meáin ag Wikimedia Commons a bhaineann le Pastries.

Introducing the FCC’s Accessibility Regulations The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is implementing regulations that mandate that emerging technologies are accessible to users with disabilities. This affects a range of businesses, from broadcasters to TV manufacturers to smart phone producers. These businesses need to make sure that people with disabilities can use their product or service. But what exactly are these regulations? Will they affect your business? And what do you need to do to prepare for this change? In this blog post series, we will explore the fundamentals of the FCC’s 21st Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act (CVAA), its regulations and how they affect a range of businesses. This blog post will introduce you to the CVAA, an act you will become quite familiar with by the end of this blog series. The following blog posts will dive into more details about the 2 titles of the act before discussing what this means for businesses and how you need to prepare. Introduction – the 21st Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act In 2010, Congress passed the 21st Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act (CVAA) to ensure that new forms of communication and video are accessible to users with disabilities. This act follows a series of laws that were passed in the 1980s and 1990s to ensure that all telephone and television services were accessible to Americans with disabilities. However, these laws had not since been updated to account for the growing number of new technological devices and changes that we have witnessed since then. The daily use of mobile phones, tablets, laptops and other emerging technologies was not accounted for in the technology accessibility laws of the 20th century. So, the 21st Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act was created containing new regulations to enable people with disabilities to utilize emerging technologies of the 21st century. Overview of the CVAA The CVAA is rather long and somewhat dry, so we are going to break it down and present an overview the main titles and what this means for businesses. However, if you would like to learn more about the details of the act, every blog post in this series will finish with a Learn More section where you can find additional resources to help you in your research. Basically, the CVAA is broken down into 2 sections (titles) of regulations you need to be aware of. Title 1: Communication Access Title 1 aims to make products and services that use broadband fully accessible to people with disabilities. This means that any device that connects to the internet must be able to be used by people with disabilities. This includes smart phones, laptops, tablet, smart TVs, VoIP providers, gaming consoles and more. This title also mandates that these devices enable Text-to-911 functionality, so that all users with disabilities can contact and communicate with emergency services. Title 2: Video Programming Title 2 aims to make it easier for people with disabilities to view video programming on television and on the internet. For example, shows that are displayed on television and then uploaded to the internet will be required to have captioning when they are re-shown on the internet. The other main part of Title 2 requires the use of a secondary audio stream to be dedicated to the aural presentation of any emergency information that is presented in a purely visual format during a show. It is important to understand what disabilities the FCC is referring to when they define that your product or service must be able to be used by people with disabilities. The CVAA is designed to enable people with the following disabilities to utilize emerging forms of technology, such a tablets, smart phone and smart TVs. Emerging technologies must be operable: - Without vision - With low vision and limited or no hearing - With little or no color perception - Without hearing - With limited strength - With a prosthetic device - With limited manual dexterity - Without speech - With limited cognitive skills - Without time-dependent controls Learn More about the CVAA If you’d like to learn more about the CVAA, here short is a list of valuable resources: - The Official Guide to the CVAA - The main points of the CVAA (in downloadable word document form) - For a more detailed, legal perspective, take a look at this PowerPoint from Davis Wright Tremaine LLP Are you considering adding Text-to-Speech to your product or service? Need to get up to date with the CVAA? Learn more about NeoSpeech’s Text-to-Speech products here. Feel free to reach out to our friendly sales team by filling out our Sales Inquiry form and they’ll be happy to answer all your FCC and accessibility questions or help you add text-to-speech software to your product or service to get up to standard. Next Blog Post in the Series – Title 1: Communication Access The CVAA is broken down into 2 titles, the first of which is about communication access. Title 1 enforces producers of emerging technologies that have internet capabilities to enable their devices and services to be accessible to people with disabilities. In the next blog post, we’ll look at Title 1, who it applies to and what rules businesses will need to adhere to in order to get up to standard. We’ll be posting each post in this series every Monday – so stay tuned! Everything You Need to Know about the FCC Accessibility Regulations Introduction to the CVAA and its Regulations

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Rialacháin Inrochtaineachta an FCC a thabhairt isteach Tá an Coimisiún Cumarsáide Chónaidhme (FCC) ag cur rialacháin i bhfeidhm a chuireann i bhfeidhm go bhfuil teicneolaíochtaí atá ag teacht chun cinn inrochtana d'úsáideoirí faoi mhíchumas. Bíonn tionchar ag an méid sin ar réimse gnó, ó chraoltóirí go monaróirí teilifíse go monaróirí fón cliste. Ní mór do na gnólachtaí seo a chinntiú gur féidir le daoine faoi mhíchumas a gcuid táirgí nó seirbhísí a úsáid. Ach cad iad na rialacháin seo go díreach? An ndéanfaidh siad difear do do ghnó? Agus cad is gá duit a dhéanamh chun ullmhú don athrú seo? Sa tsraith seo post blag, beidh muid ag iniúchadh na bunscoileanna an FCC 21ú haois Cumarsáide agus Video Inrochtaineacht Acht (CVAA), a rialacháin agus conas a dhéanann siad tionchar ar raon de ghnólachtaí. Tabharfaidh an post seo isteach duit ar an CVAA, gníomh a mbeidh tú a bheith an-aitheanta leis ag deireadh na sraitheanna blag. Déanfaidh na postanna blog seo a leanas tuilleadh sonraí a fháil faoi na 2 theideal den Acht sula ndéanfaidh siad plé ar a chiallaíonn sé seo do ghnólachtaí agus ar an gcaoi a gcaithfidh tú ullmhú. Tús an tAcht um Inrochtaineacht Cumarsáide agus Físeáin don 21ú hAois Sa bhliain 2010, d'éirigh leis an gComhdháil an tAcht um Inrochtaineacht Cumarsáide agus Físeáin an 21ú haois (CVAA) a rith chun a chinntiú go bhfuil cineálacha nua cumarsáide agus físeáin inrochtana d'úsáideoirí faoi mhíchumas. Lean an gníomh seo sraith dhlíthe a ritheadh sna 1980idí agus sna 1990idí chun a chinntiú go raibh gach seirbhís teileafóin agus teilifíse inrochtana do Mheiriceánaigh faoi mhíchumas. Mar sin féin, ní raibh na dlíthe sin nuashonraithe ó shin chun cuntas a thabhairt ar an líon méadaitheach feistí nua teicneolaíochta agus athruithe a chonaic muid ó shin. Níor chuirtear úsáid laethúil fón póca, táibléad, ríomhairí glúine agus teicneolaíochtaí nua-aimseartha eile san áireamh i ndlíthe inrochtaineachta teicneolaíochta an 20ú haois. Mar sin, cruthaíodh an tAcht um Inrochtaineacht Cumarsáide agus Físeáin an 21ú haois ina bhfuil rialacháin nua chun daoine faoi mhíchumas a chumasú teicneolaíochtaí nua an 21ú haois a úsáid. Tuairim ar an CVAA Tá an CVAA fada agus beagán tirim, mar sin déanfaimid é a bhriseadh síos agus léargas a thabhairt ar na príomh-theideal agus ar a chiallaíonn sé seo do ghnólachtaí. Mar sin féin, más mian leat tuilleadh a fhoghlaim faoi mhionsonraí an ghnímh, beidh gach post ar an ngréasán seo ag críochnú le rannóg Foghlaim Níos Mó áit ar féidir leat acmhainní breise a fháil chun cabhrú leat i do thaighde. Go bunúsach, tá an CVAA roinnte ina dhá chuid (teidil) de na rialacháin a chaithfidh tú a bheith ar an eolas fúthu. Teideal 1: Rochtain ar Chumarsáid Tá sé mar aidhm ag Teideal 1 táirgí agus seirbhísí a úsáideann leathanbhanda a chur ar fáil go hiomlán do dhaoine faoi mhíchumas. Ciallaíonn sé seo go gcaithfidh daoine faoi mhíchumas a bheith in ann úsáid a bhaint as aon ghléas a nascadh leis an idirlíon. Áirítear leis seo fóin chliste, ríomhairí glúine, táibléad, teilifíseanna cliste, soláthraithe VoIP, consolaí cearrbhachais agus go leor eile. Éilíonn an teideal seo freisin go gcuireann na feistí seo feidhmiúlacht Téacs go 911 ar fáil, ionas gur féidir le gach úsáideoir faoi mhíchumas teagmháil a dhéanamh agus cumarsáid a dhéanamh le seirbhísí éigeandála. Teideal 2: Clárú Físeáin Tá sé mar aidhm ag Teideal 2 é a dhéanamh níos éasca do dhaoine faoi mhíchumas clár físe a fheiceáil ar an teilifís agus ar an idirlíon. Mar shampla, beidh sé de cheangal ar thaispeántais a thaispeántar ar an teilifís agus a uaslódáiltear ar an idirlíon a bheith faoi théacs nuair a thaispeántar iad arís ar an idirlíon. Éilíonn an chuid is mó eile de Theideal 2 go n-úsáidfear sruth fuaime tánaisteach a bheidh tiomanta do chur i láthair éisteachta aon fhaisnéis éigeandála a chuirtear i láthair i bhformáid fhíschríche amháin le linn seó. Tá sé tábhachtach a thuiscint cad iad na míchumais a bhfuil an FCC ag tagairt dóibh nuair a shainmhíníonn siad go gcaithfidh daoine faoi mhíchumas a bheith in ann do tháirge nó seirbhís a úsáid. Tá an CVAA deartha chun daoine a bhfuil na míchumais seo a leanas acu a chumasú chun cineálacha nua teicneolaíochta, mar táibléid, fóin chliste agus teilifíseanna cliste a úsáid. Ní mór go mbeadh teicneolaíochtaí atá ag teacht chun cinn in-oibríochtúil: - Gan radharc - Le dearcadh lag agus éisteacht theoranta nó gan éisteacht - Le beag nó gan aon bhreithniú dathanna - Gan éisteacht - Le neart teoranta - Le feiste próitéiseach - Le deictiúlacht lámhaigh theoranta - Gan labhairt - Le scileanna cognaíocha teoranta - Gan rialuithe atá ag brath ar am Tuilleadh eolais faoin CVAA Más mian leat tuilleadh eolais a fháil faoin CVAA, seo liosta gairid de na hacmhainní luachmhara: - An Treoir Oifigiúil don CVAA - Príomhphointí an CVAA (i bhfoirm doiciméad focail inléite) - Chun níos mionsonraithe, dearcadh dlíthiúil, a ghlacadh le breathnú ar an PowerPoint ó Davis Wright Tremaine LLP An bhfuil tú ag smaoineamh ar téacs-le-labhairt a chur leis an táirge nó an tseirbhís atá agat? Ní mór duit a fháil suas chun dáta leis an CVAA? Faigh tuilleadh eolais faoi tháirgí Téacs-go-Glao NeoSpeech anseo. Bíodh spraoi agat teagmháil a dhéanamh lenár bhfoireann díolacháin cairdiúil trí ár bhfoirm Iarratais Díolacháin a chomhlánú agus beidh siad sásta do chuid ceisteanna uile maidir le FCC agus inrochtaineacht a fhreagairt nó cabhrú leat bogearraí téacs-go-labhairt a chur le do tháirge nó seirbhís chun teacht ar chaighdeán. Next Blog Post in the Series Teideal 1: Rochtain ar Chumarsáid Tá an CVAA roinnte ina dhá theideal, agus baineann an chéad cheann acu le rochtain ar chumarsáid. Tá an tAcht seo bunaithe ar an bhfíric go bhfuil an t-idirlíon ag feidhmiú go héifeachtach agus go bhfuil sé ag feidhmiú go héifeachtach. Sa chéad phost eile ar an mblag, beimid ag féachaint ar Theideal 1, cé a bhfuil feidhm aige dó agus na rialacha a chaithfidh gnólachtaí cloí leo chun teacht ar an gcaighdeán. Beidh gach post sa tsraith seo á phostáil againn gach Dé Luain mar sin fan ar an eolas! Gach rud atá uait a fhios faoi Rialacháin Inrochtaineachta FCC Treoir maidir le CVAA agus a Rialacháin

odwin of Lugwardine, Herefordshire was founded in 1848, when William Godwin (1813-1883) took over a former brickworks. Within a few years, the firm had become a major supplier of encaustic tiles for churches, town halls, railway stations and other public places, and remained so throughout the Victorian period. Since Godwin focussed on reproducing "medieval patterns in their entirety, both as to facsimile of form and ornament, and antique appearance of surface" (qtd. in Fawcett 10), he was the supplier of choice for both George Gilbert Scott and G. E. Street. The output of these two major architects alone was so huge that Godwin's tiles, often inlaid with different coloured clays to form their designs, can be found in churches and cathedrals all over the country. In 1863, Godwin had to establish another factory in nearby Withington. In its heyday, the firm employed a hundred workmen (see "Parish History"). — Jacqueline Banerjee - Tiles at All Saints, Jesus Lane, Cambridge - Tiles at St Andrew's, Weaverthorpe, Yorks - Tiles at St Edith's, Bishop Wilton, East Riding of Yorkshire Fawcett, Jane. "Decorated Pavements and Floor Monuments in European Cathedrals and Churches." Historic Floors: Their Care and Conservation, ed. Fawcett. Pbk ed. Oxford: Butterworth/Heinemann, 2001. Parish History. Bartestree with Lugwardine Group Parish Council. Web. 14 August 2020. Created 14 August 2020

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Bunaíodh Odwin of Lugwardine, Herefordshire i 1848, nuair a ghlac William Godwin (1813-1883) iar-chomhchruthach bríce. Laistigh de chúpla bliain, bhí an chuideachta ina soláthraí mór de thilleanna encaustic d'eaglaisí, hallaí baile, stáisiúin iarnróid agus áiteanna poiblí eile, agus d'fhan sé mar sin i rith na tréimhse Victóire. Ós rud é go raibh Godwin dírithe ar "patrúin meánaoiseach a atáirgeadh ina iomláine, maidir le facsimile de fhoirm agus ornáid, agus cuma ársa na dromchla" (qtd. i Fawcett 10), ba é an soláthraí rogha do George Gilbert Scott agus GE Street araon. Bhí toradh na dá phríomh-ailtire seo ina n-aonar chomh mór sin gur féidir tíleanna Godwin, a chuirtear clay datha éagsúla orthu go minic chun a gcuid dearaí a chruthú, a fháil in eaglaisí agus i gcathaidrálacha ar fud na tíre. Sa bhliain 1863, bhí ar Godwin monarcha eile a bhunú i Withington in aice láimhe. I lá a rath, d'fhostaigh an chuideachta céad oibrí (féach "Scéal na Paróiste"). Jacqueline Banerjee - Tiles ag Na Naomh Uile, Jesus Lane, Cambridge - Tiles ag Naomh Andrew, Weaverthorpe, Yorks - Tiles ag Naomh Edith, Easpaig Wilton, East Riding of Yorkshire Fawcett, Jane. "Múnlaí stuama agus urláir á maisiú i gcathaidrálacha agus i heaglaisí na hEorpa". Stórchláir Stairiúla: A n-Cúram agus a gCaomhnú, ed. Fawcett. Pbk ed. Oxford: Butterworth/Heinemann, 2001. Stair na Paróiste. Bartestree le Comhairle Paróiste Ghrúpa Lugwardine. Líon. 14 Lúnasa 2020. Cruthaithe 14 Lúnasa 2020

During his visit to the World Meeting of Families in Milan at the weekend, Pope Benedict XVI gave a timely address on the relationship between Church and State and the essence of a just, wise and benevolent ruler. His words were relevant not only to the situation in the United States but also many other countries where the rights and freedoms of Catholics, especially when it comes to the protection of life and the family, are under threat. To help explain his arguments, the Holy Father, who was addressing civil and military authorities, industrialists and workers, and exponents of the world of culture in the Italian region of Lombardy, drew on the example and principles of St. Ambrose, the 4th century Bishop of Milan and Doctor of the Church, who also governed the Roman provinces of Liguria and Aemilia. Noting that the Saint was advised “to administer not as a judge but as a bishop,” the Pope said he was an effective governor, “a balanced and enlightened ruler” who handled questions “with wisdom, common sense and authority, knowing to overcome differences and reconcile divisions.” The Pope then recalled St. Ambrose's words, given in his commentary on the Gospel of Luke, that point to a central truth about the human person – words which the Pope said act as a solid foundation of social coexistence: “that no power of man can be considered divine, and therefore no man is master of another man.” St. Ambrose would courageously remember this, the Pope added, writing to the Emperor: "Even you, august Emperor, you are a man" (Epistola 51.11). The Pope continued: “There is another element we can derive from the teaching of St. Ambrose. The first quality of the ruler is justice, a public virtue par excellence, because it concerns the good of the whole community. Yet it is not enough. Ambrose says it must be accompanied by another quality: the love of freedom, which he considers a discriminatory factor between good and bad leaders, because, as one reads in another of his letters, "the good ones love freedom, the reprobates love servitude" (Epistola 40, 2). Freedom is not a privilege for some, but a right for all, a precious right that the civil authorities are to ensure. However, freedom does not mean the will of the individual but the responsibility of everyone. One of the principle elements of the secular State is to ensure freedom so that everyone can present their own vision of social life, but always while respecting others and in the context of laws which seek the good of all. On the other hand, insofar as the concept can be realized in a confessional state, it seems clear, in each case, that its laws must draw justification and strength from natural law, which is the foundation for a social order adapted to the dignity of the human person, going beyond a purely positivist conception from which it’s not possible to derive indications that are, in a certain way, of ethical character (the Pope cites here his address to the German Parliament on, September 22, 2011, when he noted that in Europe efforts are being made to ensure that only positivism is being recognized as a common culture and a common basis for law-making. This has meant, he explained, that “all the other insights and values of our culture are reduced to the level of subculture, with the result that Europe vis-à-vis other world cultures is left in a state of culturelessness and at the same time extremist and radical movements emerge to fill the vacuum.” This leaves society resembling “a concrete bunker with no windows,” the Pope said, “in which we ourselves provide lighting and atmospheric conditions, being no longer willing to obtain either from God’s wide world.”). The State is at the service of, and the guardian of, the individual and his “well-being" in its multiple aspects, beginning with the right to life, which must never be deliberately suppressed. Everyone can then see how the legislation, and the work of state institutions in particular, should be serving the family founded upon marriage and open to life, and also recognize the right of parents freely to choose the education and formation of their children, according to the plan for education they deem valid and relevant. It does no justice to the family if the State does not support the freedom of education for the common good of society. In this, the state exists for its citizens, in a valuable and constructive cooperation with the Church, certainly not confusing the different purposes and roles of civil power and the Church itself, but for the contribution that it [the Church] has provided and still can provide society with its experience, its teachings, its traditions, its institutions and its works, with which it is placed at the service of the people. It’s enough to think of the many shining figures of saints of charity, of schools and of culture, saints who cared for the sick and the marginalised with the same service and love with which we would serve and love the Lord. This tradition continues to bear fruit: the work of Lombardy Christians in each field is very much alive and perhaps even more significant than in the past. Christian communities promote these actions not as a substitute, but as a gratuitous superabundance of Christ's charity and of the all-embracing experience of their faith. Apart from courageous technical and political decisions, the crisis we are going through also has need of gratuitousness, as I had the occasion to observe: "The "city of man" is promoted not only by relationships of rights and duties, but still even more by relationships of gratuitousness, mercy and communion "(Encyclical Caritas in Veritate, 6). We can conclude with a last precious invitation from St. Ambrose, whose figure and solemn warning is woven into the banner of the City of Milan. To those who want to help the Government and Public Administration, St. Ambrose requires that they love. In the work De officiis he says: "That which love does can never be done by fear. Nothing is so useful as to be loved" (II, 29). On the other hand, the reasons that, in turn, move and keep your hardworking and industrious presence in various fields of public life cannot but be a desire to dedicate yourselves to the good of citizens, and therefore a clear expression and an evident sign of love. In this way, therefore, politics is ennobled and becomes an exalted form of charity. Distinguished Ladies and Gentlemen! Accept my simple considerations as a sign of my deep respect for the institutions that you serve and for your important work. May the continued protection of Heaven assist you in your responsibility… I impart the Apostolic Blessing to you, your employees and your families. Thank you! “

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Le linn a chuairte ar Chruinniú Domhanda na dTeaghlaigh i Mílan an deireadh seachtaine, thug an Pápa Benedikt XVI seoladh tráthúil ar an gcaidreamh idir an Eaglais agus an Stát agus ar bhunús rialóir cóir, ciallmhar agus carthanach. Bhí a chuid focal ábhartha ní amháin don staid sna Stáit Aontaithe ach freisin do go leor tíortha eile ina bhfuil cearta agus saoirsí na Caitliceach faoi bhagairt, go háirithe maidir le cosaint na beatha agus na teaghlaigh. Chun cabhrú lena argóintí a mhíniú, tharraing an Pápa Naofa, a bhí ag díriú ar údaráis shibhialta agus míleata, ar thionscalóirí agus ar oibrithe, agus ar fhorbróirí an domhain cultúrtha i réigiún na hIodáile Lombardy, ar shampla agus ar phrionsabail Naomh Ambróis, Easpag na Mílao sa 4ú haois agus Dochtúir na hEaglaise, a rialaigh freisin na cúigeanna Rómhánacha Liguria agus Aemilia. Ag tabhairt faoi deara go ndearnadh comhairle don Naofa "ní riaradh mar bhreitheamh ach mar easpag", dúirt an Pápa go raibh sé ina rialtóir éifeachtach, "ríomhoide cothrom agus soilsithe" a láimhseáil ceisteanna "le eagna, ciall coiteann agus údarás, ag déanamh amach conas difríochtaí a shárú agus díbhreitheanna a réiteach". Ansin chuimhnigh an Pápa ar bhriathra Naomh Ambróis, a tugadh ina thuairim ar Soiscéal Lucais, a thugann le fios fírinne lárnach faoin duine daonna - focail a dúirt an Pápa a fheidhmíonn mar bhunús láidir comh-fhuil shóisialta: - nach féidir aon chumhacht an duine a mheas mar Dhiaga, agus dá bhrí sin níl aon duine ina mháistir ar dhuine eile. - Cuimhnigh naomh Ambróis go cróga air seo, a dúirt an Pápa, ag scríobh chuig an Impire: "Fiú tú féin, a Impire august, is fear tú" (Epistola 51.11). Lean an Pápa: Tá gné eile ann is féidir linn a fháil ó theagasc Naomh Ambroise. Is é an chéad cháilíocht atá ag an uachtarán ná an ceartas, dea-ghné poiblí par excellence, toisc go mbaineann sé le leas an phobail ar fad. Ach níl sé go leor. Deir Ambrose gur gá cáilíocht eile a bheith ag gabháil leis: grá na saoirse, a mheasann sé mar fhachtóir idirdhealaithe idir ceannairí maithe agus droch-chathaoirleach, toisc, mar a léann duine i gceann eile dá litreacha, "is breá leis na daoine maithe saoirse, is breá leis na reprobates seirbhíseacht " (Epistola 40, 2). Ní pribhléid do roinnt daoine í an tsaoirse, ach ceart do chách, ceart luachmhar a chaithfidh na húdaráis shibhialta a chinntiú. Mar sin féin, ní chiallaíonn saoirse toil an duine aonair ach freagracht gach duine. Ceann de phríomhghnéithe an Stáit seiclaigh is ea saoirse a áirithiú ionas gur féidir le gach duine a fhís féin ar an saol sóisialta a chur i láthair, ach i gcónaí ag meas ar dhaoine eile agus i gcomhthéacs dlíthe a chuardaíonn leas na ndaoine go léir. Ar an láimh eile, a mhéid is féidir an coincheap a bhaint amach i stát coimhdeach, is cosúil go bhfuil sé soiléir, i ngach cás, go gcaithfidh a dlíthe údarú agus neart a fháil ón dlí nádúrtha, atá mar bhunús d'ord sóisialta atá oiriúnaithe le dínit an duine, ag dul thar coincheap fíorúil amháin nach féidir a thabhairt le fiosrúcháin a bhfuil, ar bhealach áirithe, de chineál eiticiúil (tá an Pápa ag tabhairt aird anseo ar a sheoladh chuig Parlaimint na Gearmáine an 22 Meán Fómhair 2011, nuair a thug sé faoi deara go bhfuil iarrachtaí á ndéanamh san Eoraip chun a chinntiú nach aithnítear ach an dearfach mar chultúr coiteann agus mar bhunús coiteann le haghaidh reachtaíochta. Tá sé mar thoradh air seo, a mhínigh sé, go bhfuil "ailt agus luachanna eile ár gcultúir á n-aistriú go leibhéal an fhochultúir, agus mar thoradh air sin tá an Eoraip i gcoinne chultúir eile an domhain i riocht neamhchultúrtha agus ag an am céanna tá gluaiseachtaí sár-easlaí agus radacacha ag teacht chun cinn chun an folúntas a líonadh. " Fágann sé seo go bhfuil an tsochaí cosúil le" buncar cóncréite gan fhuinneoga, "a dúirt an Pápa, "a sholáthraímid solas agus coinníollacha atmaisféireacha ann féin, gan a bheith sásta a fháil níos mó ó shaol leathan Dé. " Tá an Stát i seirbhís an duine aonair agus a "folláine" ina ghnéithe ilghnéitheacha, ag tosú leis an gceart chun beatha, nach féidir a chur faoi chois go stuama, agus is é an Stát a choimeádann an duine aonair agus a "folláine". Is féidir le gach duine a fheiceáil ansin conas ba cheart go mbeadh an reachtaíocht, agus obair institiúidí an stáit go háirithe, ag freastal ar an teaghlach atá bunaithe ar an bpósadh agus oscailte don saol, agus freisin ag aithint ceart na dtuismitheoirí oideachas agus foirmiú a gcuid leanaí a roghnú go saor, de réir an phlean oideachais a mheasann siad bailí agus ábhartha. Ní dhéanfaidh sé ceartas don teaghlach mura dtacóidh an Stát leis an tsaoirse oideachais ar mhaithe le leas coiteann na sochaí. Sa mhéid seo, tá an stát ann do na saoránaigh, i gcomhar luachmhar agus tógálach leis an Eaglais, gan a bheith ag meabhrú na gcuspóirí agus na róil éagsúla a bhaineann le cumhacht sibhialta agus leis an Eaglais féin, ach don ranníocaíocht a thug sé [an Eaglais] agus is féidir leis a chur ar fáil don tsochaí lena thaithí, lena theagasc, lena thraidisiúin, lena institiúidí agus lena saothair, lena gcuirtear i seirbhís na ndaoine. Is leor smaoineamh ar na figiúirí geal go leor de na naoimh carthanachta, na scoile agus an chultúir, naoimh a thug aire do na daoine tinn agus do na daoine atá ar imeall leis an tseirbhís agus an grá céanna a bheadh againn chun an Tiarna a sheirbheáil agus a ghrá. Tá toradh ag an traidisiún seo: tá obair Chríostaithe na Lombáire i ngach réimse an-bheo agus b'fhéidir go bhfuil sé níos suntasaí ná mar a bhí sé roimhe seo. Cuireann pobail Chríostaí na gníomhartha seo chun cinn ní mar ionad, ach mar ró-ord saor in aisce de ghrá Chríost agus den eispéireas uileghabhálach dá gcreideamh. Seachas cinntí daingean teicniúla agus polaitiúla, tá gá freisin le saor-thoil leis an ngéarchéim atá á rith againn, mar a bhí an deis agam a thabhairt faoi deara: "Ní amháin go gcuirtear caidreamh cearta agus dualgas chun cinn "chathair an duine", ach níos mó fós, caidreamh saor-thoil, trócaire agus comhchoiteanna " (Caritas in Veritate, 6). Is féidir linn a thabhairt chun críche le cuireadh luachmhar deireanach ó Naomh Ambrose, a bhfuil a figiúr agus a rabhadh urraim innte i mbratach Chathair Milan. Iad siúd ar mian leo cabhrú leis an Rialtas agus leis an Riarachán Poiblí, éilíonn Naomh Ambrose gur chóir dóibh grá a bheith acu. Sa saothar De officiis deir sé: "Ní féidir le eagla a dhéanamh riamh an méid a dhéanann grá. Níl aon rud chomh úsáideach le bheith i ngrá " (II, 29). Ar an láimh eile, ní féidir na cúiseanna a spreagann agus a choinníonn do láithreacht dúr agus díograiseach i réimsí éagsúla den saol poiblí a bheith ach mar mhian chun díriú ar mhaithe le saoránaigh, agus mar sin léiriú soiléir agus comhartha soiléir grá. Ar an mbealach seo, dá bhrí sin, déantar polaitíocht a nochtadh agus déantar foirm ard de charthanas í. A Mháirthí agus a Dlíthe! Glac mo chuid tuairimí simplí mar chomhartha ar mo urraim dhomhain do na hinstitiúidí a bhfuil tú ag fónamh dóibh agus do do chuid oibre tábhachtach. Go leanfaidh cosaint na bhflaitheas de chúnamh a thabhairt duit i do fhreagracht... cuirim an Beannacht Apostolach ar fáil duit, do chuid fostaithe agus do do theaghlaigh. Go raibh maith agat!

Czech dysplasia is an inherited condition that affects joint function and bone development. People with this condition have joint pain (osteoarthritis) that begins in adolescence or early adulthood. The joint pain mainly affects the hips, knees, shoulders, and spine and may impair mobility. People with Czech dysplasia often have shortened bones in their third and fourth toes, which make their first two toes appear unusually long. Affected individuals may have flattened bones of the spine (platyspondyly) or an abnormal spinal curvature, such as a rounded upper back that also curves to the side (kyphoscoliosis). Some people with Czech dysplasia have progressive hearing loss. The prevalence of Czech dysplasia is unknown; at least 11 families have been affected. Most of these families reside in the Czech Republic. Czech dysplasia is caused by a particular mutation in the COL2A1 gene. The COL2A1 gene provides instructions for making a protein that forms type II collagen. This type of collagen is found mostly in the clear gel that fills the eyeball (the vitreous) and in cartilage. Cartilage is a tough, flexible tissue that makes up much of the skeleton during early development. Most cartilage is later converted to bone, except for the cartilage that continues to cover and protect the ends of bones and is present in the nose and external ears. Type II collagen is essential for the normal development of bones and other connective tissues that form the body's supportive framework. Mutations in the COL2A1 gene interfere with the assembly of type II collagen molecules, which prevents bones and other connective tissues from developing properly. - Czech dysplasia, metatarsal type - progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia with hypoplastic toes - spondyloarthropathy with short third and fourth toes

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Is riocht oidhreachta é dysplasia na Seice a théann i bhfeidhm ar fheidhm chomhpháirteach agus ar fhorbairt cnámh. Bíonn pian i gcomhpháirteanna (osteoarthritis) ag daoine a bhfuil an riocht seo orthu a thosaíonn san óige nó go luath san aos fásta. Bíonn tionchar ag an pian i gcomhpháirteanna go príomha ar na hips, ar na glúine, ar na gualainn agus ar an gcnámh cnámh agus d'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh moilliúlacht lag. Is minic a bhíonn cnámha níos giorra ag daoine a bhfuil dysplasia na Seice i mbéal a tríú agus a gceathrú, rud a fhágann go bhfuil a gcéad dá mhéar ag breathnú thar a bheith fada. D'fhéadfadh cnámha cnámha an spine a bheith cothrom (platyspondyly) nó cúlú spinal neamhghnácha, mar shampla cúl uachtarach cruinn a chlúdaíonn go dtí an taobh (kyphoscoliosis). Tá caillteanas éisteachta ag dul i méid ag daoine áirithe a bhfuil dysplasia na Seice. Níl a fhios cé chomh coitianta is atá an dysplasia na Seice; tá tionchar ag 11 teaghlach ar a laghad. Tá an chuid is mó de na teaghlaigh sin ina gcónaí sa Phoblacht Sheiceach. Tá dysplasia na Seice de bharr mutaíocht ar leith sa ghéin COL2A1. Soláthraíonn an géin COL2A1 treoracha chun próitéin a dhéanamh a chruthaíonn collagen cineál II. Tá an cineál collagen seo le fáil den chuid is mó sa ghéil shoiléir a líonadh an gloine súl (an vitreous) agus sa chardlón. Is fíochán crua, solúbtha é cartilage a dhéanann cuid mhór den chnámh cnámh le linn na forbartha luath. Déantar an chuid is mó de chardlaig a thiontú ina chnámh ina dhiaidh sin, seachas an chardlaig a leanann ag clúdach agus ag cosaint dheireadh na gcnámha agus atá i láthair sa srón agus sna cluasa seachtracha. Tá collagen Cineál II ríthábhachtach d'fhorbairt ghnáth na gcnámha agus na fíocháin cheangailteacha eile a chruthaíonn creat tacaíochta an choirp. Cuireann mutaíochtaí sa ghine COL2A1 isteach ar chomhthiomsú móilíní collagen cineál II, rud a chuireann cosc ar chnámha agus fíocháin cheangail eile forbairt ceart a dhéanamh. - Dysplasia Seiceach, cineál metatarsal - dysplasia pseudorheumatoid forásach le méaraí hypoplastic - spondyloarthropathy le tríú agus ceathrú toes gearr

A Day Late and a Dollar Short: The Planning Fallacy Explained Why do we systematically underestimate the amount of time or money we are going to spend on a given project? One of the most universal and robustly demonstrated cognitive biases is the planning fallacy. If you’ve ever underestimated how long it would take you to finish writing that paper you’re working on or finish moving or get to your destination, then congratulations, first of all you’re a human being and that makes you subject to the planning fallacy. So why does this happen? Why do we systematically underestimate the amount of time or money we are going to spend on a given project? One piece of the puzzle is the fact that our intuitions aren’t very good at thinking about compound probabilities. So here’s what that means. If you think back to the last time you were late completing some errand that you were running and you also think back to how you formed your prediction of how long the errant would take – if you’re like most people, you probably thought briefly about the various steps that make up the task of running an errand like getting ready to go, driving to the store, finding the thing I’m looking for, waiting in line, getting in my car and coming back home. If you’re like most people you probably envisioned a typical occurrence of each of those steps - so a typical amount of time it takes you to get ready to go or a typical amount of time it takes you to find parking. That’s what formed your rough estimate of the amount of time the whole errand would take. And in most cases you’re going to be correct about your typical estimate. That’s what makes it typical. But the more steps you have in whatever project or task you’re working on, the greater the chance that in one of those steps you’re going to hit a snag and it’s going to turn out to be atypical. That probability that the whole thing is going to be atypical in some respect goes up the more steps you have in the process. And it goes up faster than our intuition would predict. One way to tell that this process is partly responsible for the planning fallacy is that when scientists ask people how long would you expect this project to take you if it progressed in a typical fashion, people give estimates that are almost identical to the estimates that they give when scientists ask how long would you expect this project to take if nothing goes wrong. In Their Own Words is recorded in Big Think's studio. Image courtesy of Shutterstock Malcolm Gladwell teaches "Get over yourself and get to work" for Big Think Edge. - Learn to recognize failure and know the big difference between panicking and choking. - At Big Think Edge, Malcolm Gladwell teaches how to check your inner critic and get clear on what failure is. - Subscribe to Big Think Edge before we launch on March 30 to get 20% off monthly and annual memberships. It's one of the most consistent patterns in the unviverse. What causes it? - Spinning discs are everywhere – just look at our solar system, the rings of Saturn, and all the spiral galaxies in the universe. - Spinning discs are the result of two things: The force of gravity and a phenomenon in physics called the conservation of angular momentum. - Gravity brings matter together; the closer the matter gets, the more it accelerates – much like an ice skater who spins faster and faster the closer their arms get to their body. Then, this spinning cloud collapses due to up and down and diagonal collisions that cancel each other out until the only motion they have in common is the spin – and voila: A flat disc. It turns out, that tattoo ink can travel throughout your body and settle in lymph nodes. In the slightly macabre experiment to find out where tattoo ink travels to in the body, French and German researchers recently used synchrotron X-ray fluorescence in four "inked" human cadavers — as well as one without. The results of their 2017 study? Some of the tattoo ink apparently settled in lymph nodes. Image from the study. As the authors explain in the study — they hail from Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, and the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment — it would have been unethical to test this on live animals since those creatures would not be able to give permission to be tattooed. Because of the prevalence of tattoos these days, the researchers wanted to find out if the ink could be harmful in some way. "The increasing prevalence of tattoos provoked safety concerns with respect to particle distribution and effects inside the human body," they write. It works like this: Since lymph nodes filter lymph, which is the fluid that carries white blood cells throughout the body in an effort to fight infections that are encountered, that is where some of the ink particles collect. Image by authors of the study. Titanium dioxide appears to be the thing that travels. It's a white tattoo ink pigment that's mixed with other colors all the time to control shades. The study's authors will keep working on this in the meantime. “In future experiments we will also look into the pigment and heavy metal burden of other, more distant internal organs and tissues in order to track any possible bio-distribution of tattoo ink ingredients throughout the body. The outcome of these investigations not only will be helpful in the assessment of the health risks associated with tattooing but also in the judgment of other exposures such as, e.g., the entrance of TiO2 nanoparticles present in cosmetics at the site of damaged skin." Do you have a magnetic compass in your head? SMARTER FASTER trademarks owned by The Big Think, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Lá Déanach agus Dollar Gorta: Míniú ar an Fhalach Pleanála Cén fáth go ndéanaimid mí-mheas go córasach ar an méid ama nó airgid a chaitear ar thionscadal áirithe? Ceann de na claontais chognaíocha is uilíoch agus is suntasaí is ea an bhréag pleanála. Má tá tú riamh underestimated cé chomh fada a thógfadh sé duit a chríochnú a scríobh go páipéar go bhfuil tú ag obair ar nó a chríochnú ag bogadh nó a fháil ar do cheann scríbe, ansin congratulations, ar dtús ar fad tá tú ina dhuine agus go ndéanann tú faoi réir an phlánaíocht fallacy. Mar sin cén fáth a tharlaíonn sé seo? Cén fáth go ndéanaimid mí-mheas go córasach ar an méid ama nó airgid a chaitear ar thionscadal áirithe? Ceann de na píosaí an pháisle is ea an fhíric nach bhfuil ár intuition an-mhaith ag smaoineamh ar dóchúlachtaí comhcheangailte. Mar sin, seo a chiallaíonn sé. Má smaoiníonn tú ar ais go dtí an uair dheireanach a bhí tú déanach ag críochnú roinnt errand go raibh tú ag rith agus má smaoiníonn tú freisin ar ais go dtí conas a rinne tú do thuarastal ar cé chomh fada a thógfadh an errant - má tá tú cosúil leis an chuid is mó daoine, is dócha go smaoinigh tú go hachomair faoi na céimeanna éagsúla a dhéanann suas an tasc a reáchtáil errand cosúil le ag ullmhú chun dul, ag tiomáint go dtí an siopa, ag lorg an rud mé ag lorg, ag fanacht i líne, ag dul isteach i mo charr agus ag teacht ar ais sa bhaile. Má tá tú cosúil leis an chuid is mó daoine is dócha go bhfuil tú ag samhlaíocht ar an gnáthchás a tharlaíonn do gach ceann de na céimeanna - mar sin, an gnáth-am a thógann sé ort a fháil réidh chun dul nó an gnáth-am a thógann sé ort páirceáil a fháil. Sin a shaothraigh do mheastachán garbh ar an méid ama a bheadh an errand iomlán a ghlacadh. Agus i bhformhór na gcásanna beidh tú ceart faoi do mheastachán tipiciúil. Sin an rud a dhéanann sé tipiciúil. Ach is mó na céimeanna atá agat in aon tionscadal nó tasc a bhfuil tú ag obair air, is mó an seans go mbeidh tú ag bualadh le casadh i gceann de na céimeanna sin agus go mbeidh sé neamhghnách. An dóchúlacht go bhfuil an rud ar fad ag dul a bheith atypical i roinnt gnéithe a théann suas na céimeanna níos mó a bhfuil tú sa phróiseas. Agus téann sé suas níos tapúla ná mar a thuarfadh ár dtuiscint. Bealach amháin chun a rá go bhfuil an próiseas seo freagrach go páirteach as an bhréag pleanála ná nuair a iarrann eolaithe ar dhaoine cé chomh fada a bheifeá ag súil go dtógfadh an tionscadal seo duit dá rachadh sé ar aghaidh ar bhealach tipiciúil, tugann daoine meastacháin atá beagnach comhionann leis na meastacháin a thugann siad nuair a iarrann eolaithe cé chomh fada a bheifeá ag súil go dtógfadh an tionscadal seo duit mura dtéann aon rud mícheart. Tá In Their Own Words taifeadta i stiúideo Big Think. Grianghraf de chúirtéis Shutterstock Múineann Malcolm Gladwell "Get over yourself and get to work" do Big Think Edge. - Foghlaim a aithint teip agus a fhios an difríocht mhór idir panicking agus suffocating. - Ag Big Think Edge, Malcolm Gladwell múineann conas a sheiceáil do criticeoir inmheánach agus a fháil soiléir ar cad é teip. - Sínigh go Big Think Edge sula seolfaimid é ar an 30 Márta chun 20% as ballraíocht mhíleata agus bliantúil a fháil. Tá sé ar cheann de na patrúin is comhsheasmhach sa unviverse. Cad a dhéanann é? - Tá dioscaí rothlach i ngach áit - ach féach ar ár gcóras gréine, na fáinní Saturn, agus na réaltraí spíreála go léir sa chruinne. - Tá dioscaí rothlach mar thoradh ar dhá rud: an fórsa na mearthanachta agus feiniméan sa fhisice ar a dtugtar caomhnú na momanta uillinne. - Cuireann gravity ábhar le chéile; an níos gaire a fhaigheann an t-ábhar, an níos mó a luathaíonn sé go leor cosúil le skater oighir a spins níos tapúla agus níos tapúla an níos gaire a n-arm a fháil ar a gcorp. Ansin, téann an scamall rothlach seo i ngleic mar gheall ar chollúis suas agus síos agus diagonal a chuirfidh deireadh lena chéile go dtí gurb é an t-aon ghluaiseacht atá acu i gcoiteann an rothlú agus voila: diosc phláta. Tá sé le feiceáil, gur féidir leis an inc tattoo taisteal ar fud do chorp agus socrú i nóid lymph. Sa turgnamh beagán macabre chun a fháil amach cá dtéann incu tatú isteach sa chorp, d'úsáid taighdeoirí na Fraince agus na Gearmáine fluorescence X-ghathanna sioncrótrón le déanaí i gceithre corp daonna "incuithe" chomh maith le ceann gan. Cad iad torthaí a gcuid staidéir in 2017? Is cosúil gur shuigh cuid den inc tatú i ngnóid limfe. Íomhá ón staidéar. Mar a mhíníonn na húdair sa staidéar tá siad ó Ollscoil Ludwig Maximilian i Munich, an Lárionad Radála Síncrotróin Eorpach, agus an Institiúid Chónaidhme Gearmánach um Mheasúnú Riosca ní bheadh sé éiticiúil é seo a thástáil ar ainmhithe beo ós rud é nach mbeadh na créatúir sin in ann cead a thabhairt chun tatú a dhéanamh. Mar gheall ar an líon mór tatúnna atá ann faoi láthair, bhí na taighdeoirí ag iarraidh a fháil amach an bhféadfadh an inc a bheith díobhálach ar bhealach éigin. "Thug an t-ardú atá ag teacht ar tatúis imní faoi shábháilteacht maidir le scaipeadh na bpáirtíní agus na héifeachtaí laistigh de chorp an duine", a scríobh siad. Oibríonn sé mar seo: Ós rud é go scagann nóid lymph an lymph, is é sin an sreabhach a iompraíonn cealla bána bána ar fud an chomhlachta i iarracht ionfhabhtuithe a thit i gcoinne, is ann a bhailíonn cuid de na cáithníní dúch. Íomhá ó údair an staidéir. Is cosúil go bhfuil dé-ocsaíd tíotáiniam an rud a thaistealaíonn. Is péigimint liath dubh tatú é a mheascann le dathanna eile i gcónaí chun tonna a rialú. Leanfaidh údar na staidéir ag obair ar an ábhar sin san am atá romhainn. I dtimthriallta amach anseo, féachfaimid freisin ar ualach pigment agus miotail throm orgáin agus fíocháin inmheánacha eile atá níos faide ó chéile d'fhonn aon bithdháileadh féideartha comhábhair inc tatú ar fud an choirp a rianú. Beidh toradh na n-imscrúdaithe sin cabhrach ní amháin i measúnú na mbaol sláinte a bhaineann le tatú, ach freisin i bhreithniú nochtadh eile, mar shampla, iontráil nanoparticles TiO2 atá i gcósmicí i láthair an chraiceann damáiste. " An bhfuil compás maighnéadach agat i do cheann? Trádmharcanna SMARTER FASTER faoi úinéireacht The Big Think, Inc. Gach ceart á gcur i gcúl.

The term Adverse Drug Event (ADE) refers to an injury caused to someone due to the intervention of medicine. Older people (65 years or older) go to emergency facilities about 450,000 times annually, twice as often as young people. Younger people are less likely to get admitted to the hospital after an emergency visit than the elderly. However, some of the hospitalizations are caused by a few drugs that should be monitored effectively to avoid complications. Some of these medications include; blood thinners like warfarin, diabetes medications like insulin, seizure treatments like Phenytoin icon, and opioid analgesics. Drugs guidelines from a pharmacist The following are some of the things that adults should put into consideration to avoid the risk of harm from adverse adult effects • Maintain a list of all medicines you have • Adhere to directions according to the prescription • Ask for clarifications from your doctor • Proceed with any other blood testing as instructed by your medic • Follow the doctor’s prescription The negative impact of Adverse Drug Events in Public health Annually, there are approximately 1.3 million emergency visits due to adverse drug events. About 350000 of these patients have to be admitted for further medications after the emergency visits for ADE. The older you get, the more you consume more medicines, which poses you to the risk of adverse events. Medicines which require blood test are likely to cause serious adverse events. For a doctor to get the appropriate dosage for you, getting a blood test is one of the best approaches to follow. According to recent studies, 40% of emergency visits require patients to be admitted due to the usage of a few drugs, which may only need standard test scanning. Takeaway: Inquire from your physician or chemist if you are using any drugs that need blood tests. Make sure you concentrate on adhering to the prescription, having blood tests regularly, and going for check-ups. Below are the examples of medicines that require strict surveillance • Blood thinners which reduce coagulation of blood (warfarin, Apixaban, and Endoxoban) • Diabetes medications (insulin icon) • Seizure medicines (phenytoin, carbamazepine, Ethosuximide) • Heart medications (digoxin, angiotensin receptor blockers) Involuntary overdose of painkillers as a cause of many deaths Taking opioid analgesics in excess has contributed to infections of a large proportion of people nationally. More than 15000 people died in 2015 as a result of taking excess opioids prescriptions. Medicines may not necessarily improve your health condition. Antibiotics are among the drugs that cause adverse drug events despite being immensely useful drugs for particular infections. According to statistics, about 150000 mature adults receive treatment in emergency facilities annually due to antibiotics’ adverse events. Antibiotics can effectively kill bacterial microorganisms. However, you can’t rely on them to kill or prevent the spread of viral infections like runny viruses, colds, flu, coughs, and sore throat. Takeaway: Always consult the medical practitioner to understand whether you have to use antibiotics. If a doctor gives you a prescription of antibiotics, always make sure that you finish the dosage even if you feel better. Avoid storing antibiotics for future use.

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Tagraíonn an téarma 'Torthaí Neamhfhoighnéasacha Leigheas' (ADE) do ghortú a tharlaíonn do dhuine mar gheall ar idirghabháil leigheas. Téann daoine scothaosta (65 bliain d'aois nó níos sine) chuig áiseanna éigeandála thart ar 450,000 uair sa bhliain, dhá uair níos minice ná daoine óga. Tá seans níos lú ann go gcuirfear daoine óga isteach san ospidéal tar éis cuairte éigeandála ná daoine scothaosta. Mar sin féin, is é cuid de na hoispidéilithe a tharlaíonn mar gheall ar roinnt drugaí a chaithfear a monatóireacht go héifeachtach chun deacrachtaí a sheachaint. I measc cuid de na cógais seo tá; mionsúirí fola cosúil le warfarin, cógais diaibéiteas cosúil le inslin, cóireálacha coigiltí cosúil le Phenytoin icon, agus analgesics opiate. Treoirlínte maidir le drugaí ó chógaiseoir Seo a leanas cuid de na rudaí ba chóir do dhaoine fásta a chur san áireamh chun an baol díobhála ó éifeachtaí díobhálacha daoine fásta a sheachaint • Coinnigh liosta de na cógais go léir atá agat • Lean na treoracha de réir an oideas • Iarr ar do dhochtúir é a mhíniú • Déan aon tástáil eile fola de réir treoracha do dhochtúir • Lean an oideas a thug an dochtúir duit An tionchar diúltach a bhíonn ag Imeachtaí Neamhfhoirfeacha Drugaí ar shláinte an Phobail Gach bliain, déantar thart ar 1.3 milliún cuairt éigeandála mar gheall ar iarmhairtí díobhálacha drugaí. Caithfear thart ar 350000 de na hothair seo a ligean isteach le haghaidh cógais bhreise tar éis na gcuairteanna éigeandála le haghaidh ADE. An níos sine a fhaigheann tú, an níos mó a itheann tú níos mó cógais, a chuireann tú ar an mbaol na n-eachtraí díobhálacha. Is dócha go dtarlóidh droch- imeachtaí tromchúiseacha le cógais a éilíonn tástáil fola. Chun go bhfaighidh do dhochtúir an dáileog cuí duit, is é ceann de na bealaí is fearr a leanann tú ná tástáil fola a fháil. De réir staidéir le déanaí, ní mór 40% de na cuairteanna éigeandála a chur isteach i gcás go bhfuil cúpla drugaí á n-úsáid acu, agus ní gá ach scanadh tástála caighdeánach a dhéanamh orthu. Takeaway: Iarr ar do dhochtúir nó ar do cheimiceoir má tá tú ag baint úsáide as aon drugaí a theastaíonn tástálacha fola uathu. Bí cinnte go ndéanann tú díriú ar cloí leis an oideas, tástálacha fola a dhéanamh go rialta, agus dul ar imscrúdaithe. Seo thíos samplaí de na cógais a éilíonn faireachán daingean • Meaisíní a mhaolú fola a laghdaíonn coagulation fola (warfarin, Apixaban, agus Endoxoban) • Leigheasanna diaibéiteas (icon inslin) • Leigheasanna coigilte (phenytoin, carbamazepine, Ethosuximide) • Leigheasanna croí (digoxin, coscairí gabhdóirí angiotensin) Ní mór an t-ábhar a bheith ar fáil go fóill. Tá an iomarca a glacadh le analgesics opiate tar éis cur le haigníochtaí de chuid cuid mhór de na daoine ar fud na tíre. Tá an méid sin de dhroch-úsáid opioid ag an duine a bhfuil an t-amhrán a bhí ar fáil dó. Ní gá go bhfeabhsódh cógais do riocht sláinte. Tá frithbhithghinicíocht i measc na gcógas a chuireann droch-eachtaí cógais i bhfeidhm in ainneoin go bhfuil siad ina gcógas an-úsáideach le haghaidh ionfhabhtuithe áirithe. De réir staitisticí, faigheann thart ar 150000 duine fásta aibí cóireáil i saoráidí éigeandála gach bliain mar gheall ar iarmhairtí díobhálacha antaibheathacha. Is féidir le frithbhéimicí micreorganismí baictéaracha a mharú go héifeachtach. Mar sin féin, ní féidir leat brath orthu chun ionfhabhtuithe víreasacha mar víris runny, fuar, fliú, coughs, agus sore throat a mharú nó a chosc. Takeaway: Iarr ar do dhochtúir i gcónaí chun a thuiscint an gá duit antaibheathaigh a úsáid. Má thugann dochtúir cógas antaibheathach duit, bí cinnte i gcónaí go gcuirfidh tú an dáileog go hiomlán, fiú má bhraitheann tú níos fearr. Ná stóráil antaibheathaigh le húsáid sa todhchaí.

Learn something new every day More Info... by email A sexual harassment policy is a document made available to employees at a place of work, students and teachers at a school, and other members of a group to indicate behaviors that are unacceptable. These types of behaviors are usually those that constitute sexual harassment, and though specific behaviors may vary among policies, many of them will have similar features. This type of policy will also typically indicate how violations of the policy can be reported, as well as possible consequences for such violations. A sexual harassment policy is usually posted in a visible area of a workplace, and is often given out to new employees or students. It is typically the responsibility of the owners of a business or those who are charged with operating a business or school to create and distribute a sexual harassment policy. In many countries, including the US, sexual harassment is illegal in the workplace, schools, and public institutions. The laws that identify and criminalize forms of sexual harassment also typically require that employers and educators clearly educate employees and students on what forms of behavior are unacceptable through the use of a sexual harassment policy. A sexual harassment policy will typically indicate what types of behaviors are considered forms of sexual harassment, often with specific examples. This will usually include words, images, and physical acts that are sexual in nature and cause someone else to feel threatened or emotionally distressed. Sexual harassment does not always have to include explicit or sexual language, however, and comments related to gender discrimination or gender-based harassment are often part of a sexual harassment policy. Actions taken by employees, managers, and other individuals in a workplace or other institution that create a hostile or threatening environment for someone based on gender or sexual preference or identity are also forms of sexual harassment. While a sexual harassment policy often serves to indicate what behaviors are considered forms of sexual harassment, it will also typically indicate how such harassment can be handled. The policy will usually indicate procedures for reporting sexual harassment, as well as indication of who such claims should be made to. A sexual harassment policy will also typically indicate the types of punishments that may be expected by anyone who sexually harasses someone else or someone who wrongfully accuses someone else of harassment. These punishments can include termination of employment, expulsion from a school or public institution, and criminal consequences for threats of violence or extreme behavior.

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Foghlaim rud éigin nua gach lá Tuilleadh eolais... trí ríomhphost Is éard atá i mbeartas um ionsaithe gnéis ná doiciméad a chuirtear ar fáil d'fhostaithe in áit oibre, do mhic léinn agus do mhúinteoirí in scoil, agus do bhaill eile de ghrúpa chun iompar a léiriú nach bhfuil inghlactha. Is iad na cineálacha iompair seo de ghnáth iad siúd a chruthaíonn ionsaíocht ghnéasach, agus cé go bhféadfadh iompar sonrach a bheith éagsúil idir beartais, beidh gnéithe den chineál céanna ag go leor acu. De ghnáth, léireoidh an cineál seo polasaí freisin conas is féidir sárú na polasaí a thuairisciú, chomh maith le hiarmhairtí féideartha maidir le sárú den sórt sin. De ghnáth, tá polasaí um ionsaithe gnéis postáilte i limistéar infheicthe d'áit oibre, agus is minic a thugtar iad do fhostaithe nó do mhic léinn nua. Is gnách go bhfuil sé de fhreagracht ar úinéirí gnó nó ar na daoine a bhfuil cúram orthu gnó nó scoil a oibriú chun polasaí um ionsaithe gnéis a chruthú agus a dháileadh. I go leor tíortha, lena n-áirítear na Stáit Aontaithe, tá sé mídhleathach gaineamh gnéis a dhéanamh ar an áit oibre, ar na scoileanna agus in institiúidí poiblí. De ghnáth, éilíonn na dlíthe a shainaithníonn agus a choiriúnaíonn cineálacha de ghnéasghnáthú go bhfuil fostóirí agus oideachasóirí ag oideachas go soiléir d'fhostaithe agus do mhic léinn ar na cineálacha iompair nach bhfuil inghlactha trí bheartas ghnéasghnáthú a úsáid. De ghnáth léiríonn beartas um ionsaíocht ghnéasach cén cineál iompraíochta a mheastar a bheith ina bhfoirm ionsaithe ghnéasach, go minic le samplaí sonracha. De ghnáth, beidh focail, íomhánna agus gníomhartha fisiciúla den chineál gnéis san áireamh agus cuirfidh sé i bhfeidhm ar dhuine eile go mbraitheann sé faoi bhagairt nó go bhfuil imní air. Ní gá go mbeadh teanga shaineolach nó gnéasach i gcónaí san áireamh i ngacmhainn ghnéasach, áfach, agus is minic a bhíonn tuairimí a bhaineann le hidirdhealú inscne nó le ngacmhainn inscne mar chuid de bheartas um ngacmhainn ghnéasach. Is foirmeacha de ghnéas nó de rogha gnéasach nó de aitheantas iad gníomhartha a dhéanann fostaithe, bainisteoirí agus daoine aonair eile in ionad oibre nó in institiúid eile a chruthaíonn timpeallacht naimhdeach nó bagairt do dhuine bunaithe ar inscne nó ar rogha gnéasach nó ar aitheantas. Cé go n-oibríonn beartas um ionsaíocht ghnéasach go minic chun a léiriú cad iad na hiompar a mheastar a bheith ina bhfoirmeacha ionsaíochta ghnéasach, léireoidh sé de ghnáth freisin conas is féidir déileáil le haonrú den sórt sin. De ghnáth, léirítear sa pholasaí na nósanna imeachta chun caitheamh tuairisc ar ionsaithe gnéis, chomh maith le léiriú ar cé a dhéanfar na haistí sin a dhéanamh dó. De ghnáth, léireoidh polasaí um ionsaíocht ghnéasach na cineálacha pionóis a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag súil le duine ar bith a ionsaíonn duine eile go gnéasach nó le duine a thugann cúisimh mícheart ar dhuine eile faoi ionsaíocht. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh deireadh le fostaíocht, díbirt ó scoil nó ó institiúid phoiblí, agus iarmhairtí coiriúla i measc na bpionnachta seo i gcás bagairtí foréigin nó iompair mhór.

Anton Stander on his arrival in New York had only one dollar and seventy-five cents on him and spoke no English. No one supposed that he was going to discover the richest creek in the world, later called Eldorado Creek. Anton Stander or actually Anton Prestopec was born in 1867, June 16, in Javorje, close to Litija, in Austro-Hungarian Empire (present Slovenia). He left his country in 1887 and came to New York. He walked on foot to Johnstone, Ohio, where he spent some time working on his uncle’s farm. Then he tried his luck working in the remote corners of the continent, working as a cowboy, sheep-herder, coal miner, servant, waiter and finally prospector. In early spring 1896 he spent all his founds on the trip north to Yukon, where the gold seekers were still trying to find some gold bearing streams. There was no Dawson City at this time and no one had ever heard about Klondike. There was just a bunch of hungry prospectors traveling along the Yukon river trying to find their own piece of ground producing enough gold to stake a placer claim. They knew that it was possible. Some of them remembered what had happened in Sacramento in 1849, and some of them traveled all the way along western gold rush trail through the Fraser River, Big Bend, Cariboo, Omineca, Cassiar and Atlin. There was no question for them if it was possible to find gold, there was just a question how many years they would need before someone struck again and new gold rush began. Anton Stander had no money in his pocket, but he had everything he needed to become rich - he was in the right place at the right time. By the time Anton Stander came to Klondike region, the central point of local community had been Forty Mile, a little town established in 1886 at the confluence of the Yukon and Fortymile rivers by prospectors and fortune hunters. In 1896 when Robert Henderson told George Carmack to go and check the valleys behind blue hills, north-east from the Yukon river, everything begun. Carmack with his two native friends - Skookum Jim and Tagish Dawson Charlie went there to check out the little stream called Rabbit Creek. Nobody believed that this side of the Yukon River could be promising. The experienced gold seekers, sourdoughs, as they were called on the Yukon, kept finding gold in Miller, Davis or Clacier Creek, on the bars of Indian or Steward rivers, but not beyond the hills on the other side of the Klondike River. That was probably the reason why even experienced prospectors staking claims on the Rabbit Creek still didn't believe there might be something spectacular. They were doing this more as a habit, not because they really believed that this could be the beginning of a new gold rush. Two thirds of the first claims' owners on the Rabbit Creek, later named Bonanza, decided to sell their claims straightaway for almost nothing. That was probably the biggest mistake of their life. When Stander showed up at Bonanza with four friends everything had already been claimed. They staked some claims far away from the Carmack's discovery, but they were predicting nothing there. The short Yukon summer was coming to an end and Standers knew that it was his last chance. In the act of desperation, he and his three companions rushed to check a little tributary creek called by that time Bonanza's pup. It would soon be known as Eldorado. Anton Stander, Jay Whipple – an old prospector from Sixtymile, Frank Keller – brakeman from California, J.J. Clements from New York and Frank Phiscator – a farm boy from Michigan were all broke. They picked up some sand and gravel from the bottom of the creek and started panning. There was more than six dollars’ worth of gold in the pan (around $177 today according to Consumer Price Index). Each of the claims staked by them on Eldorado Creek eventually produced one million dollars or more. Stander settled down in Dawson City on the confluence of the Klondike and Yukon rivers. Since 1897 he had lived with a dancer and opera singer, Violet Raymond and finally married her in 1901 in San Francisco, then they settled in Seattle. Since 1900 they had became the owners of the Seattle's Holyoke Building and from 1905 to 1906 also the owners of the newly built, a 250 room Stander's Hotel. Anton Stander was not mean. He bought all diamonds in Dawson for his girlfriend and gave her $20.000 in gold dust and $1000 monthly, and as a wedding gift to her, a box full of gold worth approximately $100.000. On their honeymoon they traveled to Japan and China before taking a trip to Paris. Stander was one of the legendary Klondike Kings, and like the others: Clarence Berry, Stanley, Great Alex, happy Sweden or Dick Low, he was the first one to buy a bottle of champagne for two ounces of gold. But his good luck didn’t last long. He had a problem with alcohol and eventually his wife left him. They divided the hotel worth approximately $900,000 and soon he went bankrupt. Stander decided to go north hoping to find another Klondike, but he did not find any gold this time. The Klondike King ended up in a shelter called Pioneers' Home at Sitka, Alaska. According to some sources he died there in April 1952, but some people said that he had just disappeared from there one day and no one had ever seen him again.

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en

Nuair a tháinig Anton Stander i Nua-Eabhrac ní raibh ach dollar amháin agus seacht gcinn déag air agus ní raibh aon Béarla aige. Níor cheap aon duine go raibh sé ag dul a fháil amach ar an creek is saibhre ar domhan, ina dhiaidh sin ar a dtugtar Eldorado Creek. Rugadh Anton Stander nó Anton Prestopec i 1867, an 16 Meitheamh, i Javorje, gar do Litija, in Impireacht na hOstaire-Ungáire (Slóivéin reatha). D'fhág sé a thír i 1887 agus tháinig sé go Nua-Eabhrac. Chuaigh sé ar shiúl go Johnstone, Ohio, áit a chaith sé tamall ag obair ar fheirm a uncail. Ansin rinne sé iarracht a fhortún a thriail ag obair i gcúigiúin iargúlta an mhór-roinn, ag obair mar chabhán bó, caomhnóir caorach, mianadóir guail, seirbhíseach, searbhónta agus ar deireadh mar shaothair. Go luath i bpríomh-am 1896 chaith sé a chuid faighte go léir ar an turas ó thuaidh go Yukon, áit a raibh na cuardaitheoirí óir fós ag iarraidh roinnt sruthanna a bhfuil ór iontu a fháil. Ní raibh Dawson City ag an am seo agus ní raibh aon duine riamh chuala faoi Klondike. Ní raibh ann ach bunch de prospectors ocras ag taisteal ar feadh na Yukon abhainn ag iarraidh a gcuid féin píosa talún a aimsiú táirgeadh go leor ór chun geall a éileamh placer. Bhí a fhios acu go raibh sé indéanta. Cuimhnigh cuid acu ar an méid a tharla i Sacramento i 1849, agus thaistil cuid acu ar feadh an tslí Rush Óir an iarthair tríd an Abhainn Fraser, Big Bend, Cariboo, Omineca, Cassiar agus Atlin. Ní raibh aon cheist dóibh má bhí sé indéanta a fháil ór, bhí ach ceist cé mhéad bliain a bheadh siad ag teastáil roimh duine éigin bhuail arís agus Rush ór nua thosaigh. Ní raibh aon airgead ag Anton Stander ina phóca, ach bhí gach rud a theastaigh uaidh chun a bheith saibhir - bhí sé san áit cheart ag an am ceart. Faoin am a tháinig Anton Stander go réigiún Klondike, ba é Forty Mile an pointe lárnach den phobal áitiúil, baile beag a bhunaigh i 1886 ag comhtháth na n-aibhneacha Yukon agus Fortymile ag tairbhithe agus sealgairí fortune. Sa bhliain 1896 nuair a dúirt Robert Henderson le George Carmack dul agus seiceáil na gleannta taobh thiar cnoic gorm, ó thuaidh ó abhainn Yukon, thosaigh gach rud. Chuaigh Carmack lena dhá chara dúchasacha - Skookum Jim agus Tagish Dawson Charlie ann chun an sruth beag ar a dtugtar Rabbit Creek a sheiceáil. Níor chreid aon duine go bhféadfadh an taobh seo den Abhainn Yukon a bheith geallta. Bhí na cuardaitheoirí ór a bhí taithí acu, sourdoughs, mar a bhí ar a dtugtar iad ar an Yukon, ag lorg óir i Miller, Davis nó Clacier Creek, ar bhaillí na n-aibhneacha Indian nó Steward, ach ní thar na cnoic ar an taobh eile den Abhainn Klondike. Ba é sin an fáth go raibh fiú le taithí prospectors staking éileamh ar an Rabbit Creek fós nach gcreideann d'fhéadfadh a bheith rud éigin iontach. Bhí siad ag déanamh seo níos mó mar ghnáthamh, ní mar go raibh siad i ndáiríre a chreidiúint go bhféadfadh sé seo a bheith ar an tús de Rush ór nua. D'éirigh le dhá thrian de na húinéirí na chéad éileamh ar Rabbit Creek, ar a dtugtar Bonanza ina dhiaidh sin, a gcuid éileamh a dhíol láithreach ar bheagnach rud ar bith. Is dócha gurb é sin an botún is mó dá saol. Nuair a thaispeáin Stander ar Bonanza le ceithre chairde bhí gach rud a éileamh cheana féin. Bhí siad ag cur roinnt éilimh i bhfeidhm i bhfad ó fhionnachtain an Carmack, ach ní raibh siad ag tuar aon rud ann. Bhí an samhradh gearr i Yukon ag teacht chun críche agus bhí a fhios ag Standers gurbh é seo a dheireanach deis. I ngníomh díomá, chuaigh sé féin agus a thrí chompánach chun seiceáil a dhéanamh ar an beag tributary creek ar a dtugtar ag an am sin Bonanza's pup. Go luath bheadh sé ar a dtugtar Eldorado. Anton Stander, Jay Whipple sean-ghlóir ó Sixtymile, Frank Keller brakeeman ó California, J.J. Clements ó Nua Eabhrac agus Frank Phiscator buachaill feirme ó Michigan bhí siad go léir briste. Thóg siad roinnt gaineamh agus greabhlann ó bhun an srothar agus thosaigh siad ag panáil. Bhí níos mó ná sé dollar de ór sa phann (thart ar $177 inniu de réir Innéacs Praghsanna Tomhaltóirí). Gach ceann de na éilimh a rinne siad ar Eldorado Creek a thug milliún dollar nó níos mó. Chuaigh Stander síos i gCathair Dawson ar chomhtháth na n-aibhne Klondike agus Yukon. Ó 1897 bhí cónaí air le damhsaí agus amhránaí óipéir, Violet Raymond agus phós sé í sa deireadh i 1901 i San Francisco, ansin socraigh siad i Seattle. Ó 1900 i leith bhí siad ina úinéirí ar Foirgneamh Holyoke i Seattle agus ó 1905 go 1906 bhí siad ina úinéirí ar an Óstán Stander nua-thogtha, 250 seomra. Ní raibh Anton Stander mean. Cheannaigh sé na diamonds go léir i Dawson dá chailín agus thug sí $ 20,000 i dtuis óir agus $ 1000 in aghaidh na míosa, agus mar bhronntanas bainise di, bosca lán de ór ar fiú thart ar $ 100,000. Ar a mí na meala, thaistil siad go dtí an tSeapáin agus an tSín sula ndeachaigh siad ar thuras go Páras. Bhí Stander ar cheann de na Klondike Rí legendary, agus cosúil leis na cinn eile: Clarence Berry, Stanley, Alex Mór, sásta an tSualainn nó Dick Low, bhí sé an chéad cheann a cheannach buidéal champagne le dhá unsaí óir. Ach níor mhair a ghort maith fada. Bhí fadhb aige le halcól agus sa deireadh d'fhág a bhean é. Roinn siad an t-óstán ar fiú thart ar $ 900,000 agus go luath chuaigh sé ar mhainneachtain. Chinn Stander dul ó thuaidh ag súil go bhfaigheadh sé Klondike eile, ach níor aimsigh sé aon ór an uair seo. Chríochnaigh Rí na Klondike i gcúlchiste ar a dtugtar Baile na bPianóirí i Sitka, Alaska. De réir roinnt foinsí fuair sé bás ann i mí Aibreáin 1952, ach dúirt daoine áirithe go raibh sé imithe ó ann lá amháin agus nár fheiceadh aon duine é arís.