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Since the eruption of the Syrian Civil War during the Arab Spring over four years ago, the country has been afflicted by violent chaos. The Syrian government, under President Bashar al-Assad and supported by troops and weapons from Russia, Iran, and the Iranian-backed Lebanese terrorist group Hezbollah, have been in tied down in bloody conflict with numerous insurgent groups, including moderate groups like the Free Syrian Army and radical groups like the Army of Conquest (which includes al-Nusra, al-Qaeda’s Syrian affiliate). Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and other Middle Eastern countries support these groups with arms and training, while the United States (US) and France support only the moderate groups. This struggle resulted in a vacuum that was filled by the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), the Islamic State (IS) or Daesh. In early 2014, ISIS rapidly gained strength, capturing large swaths of northwestern Iraq. Since then, ISIS has managed to extend direct or indirect control over roughly 2/3 of Syria and 1/4 of Iraq. ISIS is at war with both the aforementioned groups in the Syrian Civil War, and is also facing bombardment from two international coalitions: one under the US, including Britain, France, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and other European and Arab countries, and the other organized by Russia, including Iran and Hezbollah. The US also supports Kurdish forces fighting ISIS and the Syrian regime, recently deploying 50 special forces soldiers to buttress them, along with the soldiers of the Iraqi government fighting ISIS, supported by 3,500 American troops. These developments create a complex environment for creating policy, in which the US is both trying to degrade ISIS in Syria and Iraq and pushing for leadership that is more democratic and respectful of human rights in Syria. Both are monumental tasks, and thus cannot be both achieved in the short term; therefore, the US must choose which should be prioritized. Ultimately, American ambitions for a more fairly governed post-Assad Syria will have to take a backseat to defeating ISIS. The US and its allies have made the removal of Assad a precondition to restoring peace in the region, claiming moral and strategic reasons. Assad’s authoritarian regime has killed civilians indiscriminately throughout the conflict: leaving him in power spells further human rights abuses and a setback for the West’s hopes to democratize the country. Strategically, Assad’s grip on power is weakening rebel groups fighting ISIS, the primary enemy in the region. His brutality also enlarges the disaffected Sunni population from which ISIS draws supporters and fighters. Trying to remove Assad also appears impractical given the current level of support he has been receiving from his allies. Iran has been persistently funneling Shia militiamen to fight for the government and Russia has been conducting heavy air bombardments and cruise missile strikes against rebels since September 30. On September 15, President Vladimir Putin of Russia re-emphasized, “We support the government of Syria in its effort to counter terrorist aggression…We provide and will continue to provide military assistance.” The US, reluctant to take the controversial step of sending in ground troops, has attempted to strengthen rebel groups against Assad’s attacks. But this strategy has been slow and painfully ineffective, and rebels have had no choice but to continue to fight with limited resources and training. The civil war looks set to drag on for the foreseeable future, diverting attention on both sides from the existential threat of ISIS. Additionally, although keeping Assad is by no means ideal, his fall would result in a power vacuum that numerous rebel groups would try to fill. It is likely that ISIS, which has proven to be the most effective rebel group, would fill most or all of this vacuum. Although the Syrian regime and ISIS are both brutal, it is hard to argue that it would be preferable to have a terrorist group rather than a dictator ruling in Damascus. Given the consensus that ISIS must be destroyed, then the US, France, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Russia, Iran, and all other concerned nations must be rallied around this common cause. Currently, the intervention of the various powers is uncoordinated and to a large extent in opposition to one another; this has resulted in confusion and escalating clashes like Turkey’s shoot down of a Russian plane on November 24. The strategies of all intervening powers must be reconciled at least to a degree, and that will mean some concessions on all sides – for the US and its allies, that could be dropping demands that Assad step down. Having failed to train domestic rebel forces adequately and being unwilling to send in troops of our own, the US must make critical decisions about how to make progress in Syria. The US must recognize that Russia and Iran will not accede to the removal of Assad unless he is replaced with someone very similar who will enforce Russian and Iranian interests. The most important enemy at hand is ISIS – without its defeat, a regime change in Syria will always be too dangerous. French president Francois Hollande believes that “Bashar Assad cannot be the future of Syria,” and that is true; but if there is to be any hope of eventually seeing a peaceful, more democratic Syria, the US must do what it can redirect those actors against ISIS away from each other and toward the common enemy.

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en

Ó thús na Cogaidh Sibhialta sa tSiria le linn an Earraigh Arabach níos mó ná ceithre bliana ó shin, tá an tír buailte ag caos foréigneach. Tá rialtas na Siria, faoi Uachtarán Bashar al-Assad agus le tacaíocht ó thrúpaí agus arm ón Rúis, ón Iaráin, agus an grúpa sceimhlitheoireachta Lebanese Hezbollah, atá le tacaíocht ón Iaráin, ceangailte i gcathadh folach le go leor grúpaí insurgent, lena n-áirítear grúpaí measartha cosúil leis an Arm Saor na Siria agus grúpaí radacacha cosúil le Arm an Chóist (a chuimsíonn al-Nusra, cleamhnaithe Al-Qaeda sa tSiria). Tacaíonn an Araib Shádach, an Tuirc, agus tíortha eile san Oirthear Mheánmhuir leis na grúpaí seo le harms agus oiliúint, agus na Stáit Aontaithe (SAM) agus an Fhrainc tacaíocht ach amháin na grúpaí measartha. Mar thoradh ar an streachailt seo, tháinig an Stát Ioslamach san Iaráic agus sa tSiria (ISIS), ar a dtugtar Stát Ioslamach san Iaráic agus sa Levant (ISIL), an Stát Ioslamach (IS) nó Daesh, chun an folúntas a líonadh. Go luath i 2014, tháinig neart ar ISIS go tapa, ag glacadh le sráideanna móra de thuaidh thiar na hIaráic. Ó shin i leith, d'éirigh le ISIS smacht dhíreach nó indíreach a leathnú ar thart ar 2/3 de Shiria agus 1/4 den Iaráic. Tá ISIS i gcogadh leis an dá ghrúpa thuasluaite sa Chogadh Sibhialta na Siria, agus tá sé ag tabhairt aghaidh ar bhuamáil ó dhá chomhghuaillíocht idirnáisiúnta: ceann faoi na Stáit Aontaithe, lena n-áirítear an Bhreatain, an Fhrainc, an Araib Shádach, an Tuirc, agus tíortha Eorpacha agus Arabacha eile, agus an ceann eile arna eagrú ag an Rúis, lena n-áirítear an Iaráin agus Hezbollah. Tacaíonn na Stáit Aontaithe freisin le fórsaí Curdais atá ag troid le ISIS agus leis an gcóras sa tSiria, ag cur 50 saighdiúir de na fórsaí speisialta chun tacú leo le déanaí, in éineacht le saighdiúirí rialtas na hIaráige atá ag troid le ISIS, le tacaíocht ó 3,500 saighdiúir Mheiriceá. Cruthaíonn na forbairtí seo timpeallacht chasta chun beartas a chruthú, ina bhfuil na Stáit Aontaithe ag iarraidh ISIS a ídiú sa tSiria agus san Iaráic agus ag brú le haghaidh ceannaireachta atá níos daonlathais agus níos mó i meas ar chearta an duine sa tSiria. Is tascanna móra iad an dá cheann, agus dá bhrí sin ní féidir an dá cheann a bhaint amach sa ghearrthéarma; dá bhrí sin, ní mór do na Stáit Aontaithe a roghnú cén ceann ba cheart a chur ar dtús. Sa deireadh, beidh ar uaillmhianta Mheiriceá do shríocha iar-Assad a rialáil níos cothroime suí ar chúl chun ISIS a bhuachan. Rinne na Stáit Aontaithe agus a gcomhghuaillithe an t-aisghabháil Assad mar réamhchoinníoll chun an tsíocháin a athbhunú sa réigiún, ag éileamh cúiseanna morálta agus straitéiseacha. Tá an réimeas údarásach Assad tar éis sibhialtaigh a mharú gan idirdhealú le linn an choimhlint: ciallaíonn a fhágáil sa chumhacht go bhfuil sé ag sárú cearta daonna agus go bhfuil sé ina chúlchiste do dóchas an Iarthair an tír a dhaonlatú. Go straitéiseach, tá greim Assad ar chumhacht ag lagú grúpaí ceannairí atá ag troid le ISIS, an príomh-namhaid sa réigiún. Tá a chuid brutality chomh maith ag méadú ar an daonra Sunni míshásta as a ISIS tarraingíonn lucht tacaíochta agus troideanna. Is cosúil nach bhfuil sé praiticiúil iarracht a dhéanamh Assad a bhaint freisin ag féachaint ar an leibhéal tacaíochta atá á fháil aige óna chomhghuaillithe faoi láthair. Tá an Iaráin ag cur milicí Shiite i bhfeidhm go leanúnach chun troid ar son an rialtais agus tá an Rúis ag déanamh buamáil throm aer agus ionsaí mionscail cruise i gcoinne na reibiliúnaigh ó 30 Meán Fómhair. Ar 15 Meán Fómhair, chuir Uachtarán Vladimir Putin na Rúise béim arís, "Tacaímid le rialtas na Siria ina iarrachtaí dul i ngleic le hionsaí sceimhlitheoireachta... Soláthraímid agus leanfaimid ag tabhairt cúnamh míleata. " Rinne na Stáit Aontaithe, ag iarraidh an chéim conspóideach a dhéanamh trí thrasanna talún a sheoladh isteach, iarracht grúpaí ceannairí a neartú i gcoinne ionsaithe Assad. Ach tá an straitéis seo mall agus painfully neamhéifeachtach, agus rebelí nach raibh aon rogha ach chun leanúint ar aghaidh ag troid le acmhainní agus oiliúint teoranta. Is cosúil go bhfuil an cogadh cathartha ag dul i ngleic le todhchaí intuartha, ag díriú aird ar an dá thaobh ó bhagairt atá ann do ISIS. Ina theannta sin, cé nach bhfuil sé ar bhealach ar bith iontach Assad a choinneáil, bheadh easpa cumhachta mar thoradh air a bheadh ag grúpaí ceannairí iomadúla ag iarraidh a líonadh. Is dócha go mbeadh ISIS, a chruthaigh a bheith ar an grúpa rebel is éifeachtaí, a líonadh an chuid is mó nó go léir an folúntas. Cé go bhfuil an córas Siria agus ISIS araon brutalta, tá sé deacair a argóint go mbeadh sé níos fearr a bheith ag grúpa sceimhlitheoireachta seachas ar an rialaithe dicteora i Damascus. Ós rud é go bhfuil an comhthoil go gcaithfear ISIS a scriosadh, ansin ní mór na Stáit Aontaithe, an Fhrainc, an Araib Shádach, an Tuirc, an Rúis, an Iaráin, agus na náisiúin eile go léir a bhfuil imní orthu a chruinniú timpeall an chonspóid choitinn seo. Faoi láthair, níl an idirghabháil ó na cumhachtaí éagsúla comhordaithe agus go mór i gcoinne a chéile; tá sé seo mar thoradh ar chaochlú agus ar chothroime a mhéadú mar thuras na Tuirce ar eitleán na Rúise ar 24 Samhain. Ní mór straitéisí na gcumhachtaí idirghabhálacha go léir a chomhcheangal go pointe áirithe ar a laghad, agus ciallaíonn sé sin roinnt lamháltais ar gach taobh - do na Stáit Aontaithe agus dá gcomhghuaillithe, a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag cailleadh éilimh go dtiocfadh Assad as oifig. Tar éis di a bheith ag teip ar fhoireann na n-ionsaitheoirí baile a oiliúint go leordhóthanach agus gan a bheith toilteanach trúpaí a sheoladh isteach inár gcuid féin, ní mór do na Stáit Aontaithe cinntí criticiúla a dhéanamh maidir le conas dul chun cinn a dhéanamh sa tSiria. Ní mór do na Stáit Aontaithe a aithint nach n-aontaíonn an Rúis agus an Iaráin le cur as Assad mura n-athraíonn duine an-chosúil é a chuirfidh leasanna na Rúise agus na hIaráine i bhfeidhm. Is é an namhaid is tábhachtaí atá ar fáil ná ISIS gan a defeat, beidh athrú rialtais sa tSiria ró-chontúirteach i gcónaí. Creideann uachtarán na Fraince Francois Hollande nach féidir le Bashar Assad a bheith ina thodhchaí na Siria, agus tá sé sin fíor; ach má tá aon dóchas ann go bhfeicfear Síre níos daonlathais síochánta sa deireadh, ní mór do na Stáit Aontaithe a dhéanamh mar is féidir leis na haisteoirí sin i gcoinne ISIS a atreorú óna chéile agus i dtreo an namhaid choitinn.

The colour of a greenbottle fly Lucilia sericata is undeniably exquisite - an iridescent, metallic shade of green that, if it graced a beetle or maybe a damselfly, would be unreservedly admired. In sunlight the exoskeleton of the fly almost looks like polished brass. Unfortunately there's another side to greenbottles that's rather less attractive but nonetheless fascinating - and if you don't want to know about it, read no further.......... ...........but, on the other hand, if you can't contain your curiosity, read on ....... When an animal dies it's often a greenbottle that is the first fly to find the corpse, which it can detect over long distances. The rate of development of the eggs that it lays and the maggots that hatch have been well calibrated in laboratory studies, so forensic entomologists can say with some accuracy how long a body has been dead by looking at the stage of development of the maggots, which take around four days to develop (depending on temperature) before they crawl out of the corpse and pupate in the soil nearby. Greenbottle maggots feed on dead tissue and bacteria that contaminate it, so they have been used medicinally in maggot therapy, where sterile maggots preferentially eat necrotic tissue around wounds and also secrete a natural antibiotic, speeding up the healing of wounds. I don't know whether this treatment is available on the National Health Service yet but the NHS has certainly taken an interest in it and its use was debated in the House of Commons in 2007. If you click here you can read a scientific paper that describes the history of maggot therapy and its modern applications. You can also read a Wikipedia article on the subject by clicking here.

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Is cinnte go bhfuil dath an fhliuch glas-bhotella Lucilia sericata an-mhaith - scáth glas iriseach, miotalach, a d'fhéadfadh a bheith iontach dá mbeadh sé ag beithil nó b'fhéidir ag damhsa. I solas na gréine, is cosúil go bhfuil an exoskeleton an eitilt cosúil le copar scagtha. Ar an drochuair tá taobh eile de bhoill ghlas atá níos lú tarraingteach ach fós suimiúil - agus mura dteastaíonn uait a fháil amach faoi, ná léigh níos faide. ........... ach, ar an láimh eile, mura féidir leat a choinneáil ar do fiosracht, léigh ar ....... Nuair a fhaigheann ainmhí bás is minic gur é an bhotella glas an chéad eitilt a fhaigheann an corp, agus is féidir leis an corp a bhrath thar achar fada. Tá ráta forbartha na n-uibheacha a chuireann sé agus na maggots a chlúdaíonn a cailíbreadh go maith i staidéir saotharlainne, mar sin is féidir le entomologists forense a rá le cruinneas áirithe cé chomh fada a bhí corp marbh ag breathnú ar an gcéim forbartha na maggots, a thógann thart ar cheithre lá chun forbairt (ag brath ar an teocht) sula dtéann siad amach as an corp agus pupate sa ithir in aice láimhe. Tá na maggots glas-bhotella ag ithe fíochán marbh agus baictéir a chuireann truailliú air, mar sin úsáidtear iad go míochaine i gcóireáil maggot, áit a n-itheann maggots sterile fíochán necrotic timpeall na ngort agus a scaipeann antaibheathach nádúrtha freisin, ag luasghéilleadh leigheas na ngort. Níl a fhios agam an bhfuil an chóireáil seo ar fáil ar an tSeirbhís Sláinte Náisiúnta go fóill ach is cinnte go bhfuil suim ag an tSeirbhís Sláinte Náisiúnta ann agus díospóirt ar a úsáid sa Teach na dTeachtaí i 2007. Má chliceálann tú anseo is féidir leat páipéar eolaíoch a léamh a chuireann síos ar stair na teiripe maggot agus a fheidhmeanna nua-aimseartha. Is féidir leat alt Wikipedia a léamh ar an ábhar freisin trí chliceáil anseo.

What Do Kids Talk About If They're Not Reading The Same Book? |Stand Up-Hand Up-Pair Up at work| My classroom has independent reading as it's foundation. We read every single day, no questions asked. So, what then do kids have to talk about? Don't they have to be reading the same text to have meaningful conversations? My students actually have a lot to talk about. They also have a lot of individual responsibility in each conversation. They aren't in conversations to ride on anyone's coat tails; they're there to share coherently and to learn from others. This year I put my students into book groups in October. The groups of 3-4 students are consistent; they'll stay the same all year long. Students meet with their groups every other week. The structure is also consistent: the topic is based on what we're learning about at the time (characters, plot, setting, influence of any of these on each other, theme, strategies, etc.). Students begin by writing a reflection on their books and thinking in the reading section of our Writer's Notebook. This reflection helps them pull together the elements of their book that they are going to share with the group. When the group gets together, each member shares either his/her reflection or just talks about the topic based on the reflection. Group members listen to the speaker and are required to ask at least two follow up questions a piece. When the groups began, they were robotic. Students would read their reflections, and two mechanical questions would come out of their partners' mouths. Conversations felt forced and artificial. But they have improved tremendously over time. I walk around my classroom with my clipboard jotting quick notes on what is happening. What's going well? What needs improvement? At the beginning, I shared a lot. "I noticed that Timothy carefully planned what he'd share about how his main character's inner voice is developed," and "I liked how Emily asked Taryn to explain more when she was confused." As time has gone by, however, my students have taken over this reflection. They talk as small groups about what went well and what they struggled with, and then we share as a whole class - helping each other by offering suggestions about how to make the groups function better. The conversations now feel like genuine sharing and genuine curiosity. The bonds formed in these groups have helped our class a lot; the kids are comfortable with each other; they encourage and help each other; and they hold each other accountable. These authentic conversations have helped our culture grow from individuals who read into a community of readers. Gone are the days of conversations filled with some students passively listening to others interpret the reading for them. When we read and discussed whole-class texts, I would inevitably have some students more involved than others. Some had read, thought deeply about the text, and came prepared to discuss it. Others knew they could gain a lot just by listening and so they did not read or think about it at all. And when I tried those gotcha quizzes to make sure everyone was reading, it just promoted a culture of distrust, separation, and reading as a chore. Now conversations are filled with active participants. Each student is accountable for reading, thinking and sharing because they are the owners of the knowledge in their books. They are the experts. My students also get up out of their seats and share informally often. Our favorite right now is doing a Stand Up-Hand Up-Pair Up. I ask students to get up and find a partner to share with. Depending on the day, I might say, "Share the title of your book and one thing you love about it" or "Share the title of your book and one thing you think the author should have done differently." When the first partnership ends, they put their hands in the air signaling they are ready for new partners. I typically have them each share with three different partners. The kids love these informal shares - quick information giving and getting. As we finish, I remind them every time, "If you heard a book you liked, make sure you add the title to your Books I Might Read lists." I'm going to admit that this area is more of a plan right now than a reality. At the beginning of class first semester and well into second semester, class started with a daily book talk or a trailer by me. I talked books, sold books, pushed books, and encouraged readers to pick them up. My goal was to hand this over to students right away second semester, but I wasn't ready. It was totally a control thing; I'll admit that right away. Students just aren't as good at doing book talks as I am, and I was terrified that this whole independent reading thing would fall apart without me playing captain of the ship, master of the universe. I'm cringing now, even as I type this, but I'm all about honesty here. The goal is to do what Kelly Gallagher wrote about in In the Best Interest of Students where he has his kids take over and share a book minute at the beginning of class. They learn how to share in an effective, concise way. Turning Book Talks over to students is a goal, not a reality yet for me. But goals made public get achieved right? The talk in my classroom about individual books has been rich this year. Students are passionate to tell others about their books, to share their thinking, and to explore how they really feel about a book. With whole-class text, ownership and real thought were buried because I, the teacher, chose the book: Of course it's great literature. Guess we have to figure out what she already knows. Now we are free of that. If students want to explain why their books are not great literature or do not meet the topic of the day, they can because it hasn't been pre-determined. Through this process of authentically evaluating books, students are learning so much. They are actually analyzing, synthesizing, and evaluating books for themselves. And, ultimately, isn't that what we want - real thinkers and critics with authentic voices?

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Cad a Labhraíonn na Leanaí faoi Mura bhfuil siad ag Léamh an Leabhar céanna? Seas suas-Lámha suas-Pár suas ag an obair Tá léitheoireacht neamhspleách mar bhunús ar mo sheomra ranga. Léimid gach lá, gan aon cheisteanna a chur. Mar sin, cad a bhfuil leanaí a bheith ag caint faoi? Nach gá dóibh a bheith ag léamh an téacs céanna chun comhrá a dhéanamh a bhfuil brí leis? Tá a lán le labhairt ag mo mhic léinn i ndáiríre. Tá go leor freagrachta aonair acu freisin i ngach comhrá. Níl siad i gcomhráite chun dul ar chúl duine ar bith; tá siad ann chun a roinnt go comhsheasmhach agus chun foghlaim ó dhaoine eile. An bhliain seo chuir mé mo dhaltaí i ngrúpaí leabhair i mí Dheireadh Fómhair. Tá na grúpaí 3-4 mac léinn comhsheasmhach; fanfaidh siad mar an gcéanna ar feadh na bliana. Tagann mic léinn le chéile lena ngrúpaí gach seachtain eile. Tá an struchtúr comhsheasmhach freisin: tá an t-ábhar bunaithe ar an méid atá á fhoghlaim againn ag an am (carachtair, plota, suíomh, tionchar aon cheann díobh seo ar a chéile, téama, straitéisí, srl.). Tosaíonn mic léinn ag scríobh machnaimh ar a gcuid leabhair agus ag smaoineamh i rannán léitheoireachta ár dTeachtaire. Cabhraíonn an machnamh seo leo na heilimintí dá leabhar a tharraingt le chéile a bhfuil siad chun a roinnt leis an ngrúpa. Nuair a thagann an grúpa le chéile, roinnfidh gach ball a chuid machnaimh nó labhraíonn sé ach faoin ábhar bunaithe ar an machnaimh. Éistfidh baill an ghrúpa leis an cainteoir agus tá sé de cheangal orthu dhá cheist leantach ar a laghad a chur ar gach ceann. Nuair a thosaigh na grúpaí, bhí siad róbatach. Léann mic léinn a gcuid machnaimh, agus tagann dhá cheist mheicniúil as béal a bpáirtithe. Bhí an chuma ar chaidreamh éigeantach agus saorga. Ach tá feabhas mór tagtha orthu le himeacht ama. Siúilim timpeall mo rangleibhéal le mo chlárchlár ag cur nótaí tapa ar an méid atá ag tarlú. Cad atá ag dul go maith? Cad é a chaithfidh a fheabhsú? Ar dtús, roinn mé go leor. " Thug mé faoi deara go raibh Timothy ag pleanáil go cúramach cad a roinnfeadh sé faoi conas a fhorbraítear guth inmheánach a phríomhcharachtair, " agus "Is maith liom an chaoi a d'iarr Emily ar Taryn tuilleadh míniú a thabhairt nuair a bhí sí mearbhall. " De réir mar a chuaigh an t-am ar aghaidh, áfach, ghlac mo mhic léinn an machnamh seo. Labhraíonn siad mar ghrúpaí beaga faoi na rudaí a chuaigh go maith agus na rudaí a raibh deacracht acu leo, agus ansin roinnimid mar chlas iomlán - ag cabhrú lena chéile trí mholtaí a thabhairt faoi conas na grúpaí a dhéanamh ag feidhmiú níos fearr. Tá an comhrá anois cosúil le comhroinnt fíor agus fiosracht fíor. Tá na bannaí a cruthaíodh sna grúpaí seo tar éis cabhrú go mór lenár rang; tá na páistí compordach lena chéile; spreagann siad agus cabhraíonn siad lena chéile; agus bíonn siad freagrach as a chéile. Chabhraigh na comhráite fíor-fhíor seo lenár gcultúr fás ó dhaoine aonair a léann go pobal léitheoirí. Tá na laethanta ar fad ann ina raibh roinnt daltaí ag éisteacht go passive le daoine eile ag léiriú an léitheoireachta dóibh. Nuair a léigh muid agus a phléigh muid téacsanna an ranga ar fad, ní raibh mé in ann a bheith ag roinnt daltaí a bhí níos rannpháirtí ná daoine eile. Bhí cuid acu léite, smaoinithe go domhain ar an téacs, agus tháinig siad ullmhaithe chun plé a dhéanamh air. Bhí a fhios ag daoine eile go bhféadfaidís a lán a fháil ach amháin trí éisteacht agus dá bhrí sin níor léigh siad ná níor smaoinigh siad air ar chor ar bith. Agus nuair a rinne mé na ceisteanna sin chun a chinntiú go raibh gach duine ag léamh, chuir sé cultúr mí-iontaobhais, scaradh, agus léamh mar chore chun cinn. Anois tá comhráite lán le rannpháirtithe gníomhacha. Tá gach mac léinn freagrach as léamh, smaoineamh agus a roinnt toisc gurb iad úinéirí na faisnéise atá ina gcuid leabhair. Is iad na saineolaithe. Bíonn mo mhic léinn ag éirí as a suíocháin agus ag roinnt go neamhfhoirmiúil go minic. Is é ár rogha is fearr anois a dhéanamh ar seasamh suas-Lámh suas-Pár suas. Iarrann mé ar mhic léinn dul suas agus comhpháirtí a aimsiú le roinnt. Ag brath ar an lá, d'fhéadfainn a rá, "Cuir teideal do leabhair agus rud amháin a bhfuil grá agat air" nó "Cuir teideal do leabhair agus rud amháin a cheapann tú gur chóir don údar a bheith déanta ar bhealach difriúil". Nuair a bhíonn an chéad chomhpháirtíocht críochnaithe, cuireann siad a lámha san aer ag comharthaíocht go bhfuil siad réidh le haghaidh comhpháirtithe nua. De ghnáth, roinnim iad le trí pháirtí éagsúla. Is breá leis na páistí na comhroinn neamhfhoirmiúla seo - faisnéis a thabhairt agus a fháil go tapa. De réir mar a chríochnaíonn muid, cuirim i gcuimhne dóibh gach uair, "Má chuala tú leabhar a thaitin leat, déan cinnte go gcuirfidh tú an teideal le do liostaí Leabhair a D'fhéadfadh mé a Léamh". Táim chun a admháil go bhfuil an limistéar seo níos mó de phlean anois ná réaltacht. Ag tús an chéad séimeastar agus go maith sa dara séimeastar, thosaigh an rang le cainte leabhar laethúil nó le trealaimh ó mo chuid. Labhair mé le leabhair, dhíol mé leabhair, chuir mé leabhair ar aghaidh, agus spreag mé léitheoirí iad a phiocadh suas. Ba é mo sprioc é seo a thabhairt do mhic léinn láithreach sa dara leathchéad, ach ní raibh mé réidh. Bhí sé go hiomlán rud rialaithe; admhaím sin láithreach. Ní bhíonn mic léinn chomh maith le labhairt faoi leabhair agus atá mé, agus bhí eagla orm go dtitfeadh an rud seo uile faoi léitheoireacht neamhspleách as a chéile gan mé a bheith mar chaipitín an long, máistir na cruinne. Tá mé cringing anois, fiú mar a thapaim seo, ach tá mé go léir faoi onóir anseo. Is é an sprioc ná an rud a scríobh Kelly Gallagher faoi In the Best Interest of Students a dhéanamh, áit a bhfuil a chuid páistí ag glacadh leis agus nóiméad leabhar a roinnt ag tús na ranganna. Foghlaimíonn siad conas a bheith rannpháirteach ar bhealach éifeachtach, gearr. Is sprioc dom Book Talks a thabhairt do mhic léinn, ní réaltacht é fós domsa. Ach baintear amach spriocanna a nochtadh go poiblí, ceart? Bhí an cainte i mo sheomra ranga faoi leabhair aonair saibhir i mbliana. Tá sé dúil ag mic léinn a gcuid leabhair a insint do dhaoine eile, a gcuid smaointe a roinnt, agus a fhiosrú conas a bhraitheann siad i ndáiríre faoi leabhar. Le téacs an ranga ar fad, bhí úinéireacht agus smaoineamh fíor curtha faoi bhrón toisc gur roghnaigh mé, an múinteoir, an leabhar: Ar ndóigh is litríocht mhór é. Ceapaim go gcaithfidh muid a fháil amach cad a bhfuil a fhios aici cheana féin. Anois tá muid saor ó sin. Más mian le mic léinn a mhíniú cén fáth nach litríocht mhór iad a gcuid leabhair nó nach gcomhlíonann siad ábhar an lae, is féidir leo toisc nach bhfuil sé réamhchinnithe. Tríd an bpróiseas seo chun leabhair a mheas go fírinneach, tá an oiread sin ag foghlaim na mac léinn. Tá siad ag anailísiú, ag comhcheangal, agus ag meastóireacht leabhair dóibh féin. Agus, sa deireadh, nach é sin a theastaíonn uainn - smaointeoirí agus léirmheastóirí fíor le guthanna barántúla?

Zookeepers provide the day-to-day care for animals in zoological parks. They prepare the diets, clean and maintain the exhibits and holding areas, and monitor the behavior of animals that range from the exotic and endangered to the more common and domesticated. Zookeepers interact with visitors and conduct formal and informal educational presentations, they sometimes assist in research studies, and depending upon the species, may also train animals. Zookeeper Career History Humans have put wild animals on display since ancient times. About 1500 BC, Queen Hatshepsut of Egypt established the earliest known zoo. Five hundred years later, the Chinese emperor Wen Wang founded a zoo that covered about 1,500 acres. Rulers seeking to display their wealth and power established small zoos in northern Africa, India, and China. The ancient Greeks established public zoos, while the Romans had many private zoos. During the Middle Ages, from about 400 to 1500 AD, zoos became rare in Europe. By the end of the 1400s, European explorers returned from the New World with strange animals, and interest in zoos renewed. During the next 250 years, a number of zoos were established. Some merely consisted of small collections of bears or tigers kept in dismal cages or pits. They were gradually replaced by larger collections of animals that received better care. In 1752, what is now the oldest operating zoo, the Schonbrunn, opened in Vienna, Austria. Other European zoos followed. In the United States, the Central Park Zoo in New York City opened in 1864, followed by the Buffalo Zoo in New York in 1870 and Chicago’s Lincoln Park Zoo in 1874. Workers were needed to care for the animals in even the earliest zoos. However, this care probably consisted only of giving the animals food and water and cleaning their cages. Little was known about the needs of a particular species. If an animal died, it was replaced by another animal from the wild. Few zoos owned more than one or two animals of a rare species, so the keepers did not need to be involved in observations or research on an animal’s lifestyle, health, or nutrition. The modern zoo is a far cry from even the menageries of earlier eras. Today’s zoos are still in the entertainment field, but they have assumed three additional roles: conservation, education, and research. Each of these roles has become vital due to the increasing pressures on the world’s wildlife. Zookeeper Job Description Zookeepers are responsible for providing the basic care required to maintain the health of the animals in their care. Daily tasks include preparing food by chopping or grinding meat, fish, vegetables, or fruit; mixing prepared commercial feeds; and unbaling forage grasses. Administering vitamins or medications may be necessary as well. In addition, zookeepers fill water containers in the cages. They clean animal quarters by hosing, scrubbing, raking, and disinfecting. Zookeepers must safely shift animals from one location to another. They maintain exhibits (for example, by planting grass or putting in new bars) and modify them to enhance the visitors’ experience. They also provide enrichment devices for the animals, such as ropes for monkeys to swing on or scratching areas for big cats. They regulate environmental factors by monitoring temperature and humidity or water-quality controls and maintaining an inventory of supplies and equipment. They may bathe and groom animals. Zookeepers must become experts on the species—and the individuals—in their care. They must observe and understand all types of animal behaviors, including courtship, mating, feeding, aggression, sociality, sleeping, moving, and even urination and defecation. Zookeepers must be able to detect even small changes in an animal’s appearance or behavior. They must maintain careful records of these observations in a logbook and file daily written or computerized reports. Often, they make recommendations regarding diet or modification of habitats and implement those changes. In addition, they assist the veterinarian in providing treatment to sick animals and may be called upon to feed and help raise infants. Zookeepers may capture or transport animals. When an animal is transferred to another institution, a keeper may accompany it to aid in its adjustment to its new home. The professional zookeeper works closely with zoo staff on research, conservation, and animal reproduction. Many keepers conduct research projects, presenting their findings in papers or professional journals or at workshops or conferences. Some keepers participate in regional or national conservation plans or conduct field research in the United States and abroad. Keepers may assist an animal trainer or instructor in presenting animal shows or lectures to the public. Depending on the species, keepers may train animals to shift or to move in a certain way to facilitate routine husbandry or veterinary care. Elephant keepers, for example, train their charges to respond to commands to lift their feet so that they may provide proper foot care, including footpad and toenail trims. Zookeepers must be able to interact with zoo visitors and answer questions in a friendly, professional manner. Keepers may participate in formal presentations for the general public or for special groups. This involves being knowledgeable about the animals in one’s care, the animals’ natural habitat and habits, and the role zoos play in wildlife conservation. Keepers must carefully monitor activity around the animals to discourage visitors from teasing or harming them. They must be able to remove harmful objects that are sometimes thrown into an exhibit and tactfully explain the “no feeding” policy to zoo visitors. Taking care of animals is hard work. About 85 percent of the job involves custodial and maintenance tasks, which can be physically demanding and dirty. These tasks must be done both indoors and outdoors, in all types of weather. In addition, there is the risk of an animal- inflicted injury or disease. Although direct contact with animals is limited and strictly managed, the possibility for injury exists when a person is working with large, powerful animals or even small animals that possess sharp teeth and claws. Because animals require care every day, keepers must work weekends and holidays. They also may be called upon to work special events outside their normal working hours. In large zoological parks, keepers often work with a limited collection of animals. They may be assigned to work specifically with just one taxonomy, such as primates, large cats, or birds, or with different types of animals from a specific ecogeographic area, such as the tropical rainforest or Africa. In smaller zoos, keepers may have more variety and care for a wider range of species. Zookeeper Career Requirements If you are planning a career in zookeeping, take as many science classes while in high school as possible. A broad-based science education including courses in biology, ecology, chemistry, physics, and botany, coupled with mathematics and computer science, will be helpful. Courses in English and speech will help you to develop vocabulary and hone public speaking skills. Although practical experience may sometimes be substituted for formal education, most entry-level positions require a four-year college degree. Animal management has become a highly technical and specialized field. Zookeepers do much more than care for animals’ bodily comforts: Many of today’s zookeepers are trained zoologists. They must be able to perform detailed behavioral observations, record keeping, nutrition studies, and health care. Their increased responsibilities make their role an essential one in maintaining a healthy animal collection. Degrees in animal science, zoology, marine biology, conservation biology, wildlife management, and animal behavior are preferred. Electives are just as important, particularly writing, public speaking, computer science, education, and even foreign languages. Applicants with interdisciplinary training sometimes have an advantage. A few colleges and junior colleges offer a specialized curriculum for zookeepers. Those seeking advancement to curatorial, research, or conservation positions may need a master’s degree. Animal care experience such as zoo volunteer, farm or ranch worker, or veterinary hospital worker is a must. Smaller zoos may hire keeper trainees, who receive on-the- job training to learn the responsibilities of the zookeeper. Several major zoos offer formal keeper training courses, as well as on-the-job training programs, to students who are studying areas related to animal science and care; contact the American Zoo and Aquarium Association (AZA) for further information about which schools and animal facilities are involved in internship programs. Such programs could lead to full-time positions. Many institutions offer unpaid internships for high school and college students interested in investigating a career in animal care. Internships may involve food preparation, hands-on experience with the animal collection, interpretive services for the public, exhibit design and construction, or the collection and analysis of data. The length of the internships varies. The minimum age for most of these programs is 18. Some zoos require written aptitude tests or oral exams. Applicants must pass a physical exam, as keepers must be physically able to do such demanding work as lifting heavy sacks of feed or moving sick or injured animals. Union membership is more common at publicly operated zoos, but it is on the rise in privately run institutions as well. There is no single zookeepers’ union, and a variety of different unions represent the employees at various zoos and aquariums. Zookeepers must first and foremost have a fondness and empathy for animals. “I always had a passion for animals. I liked watching them and working with them,” says Ron Ringer, a senior keeper at the Zoological Society of San Diego, who has worked with elephants and rhinoceroses for 20 years. “I was always bringing home something I wasn’t supposed to.” The work of the zookeeper is not glamorous. It takes a special kind of dedication to provide care to captive animals that require attention 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Keepers need excellent interpersonal skills to work together and to interact with visitors and volunteers. Strong oral and written communication skills are also required. They should be detail-oriented and enjoy paperwork and record keeping. They must be able to work well independently and as part of a team. Keepers rely on each other to get their jobs done safely. A calm, stable nature, maturity, good judgment, and the ability to adhere to established animal handling and/or safety procedures is essential. Being in a bad mood can interfere with concentration, endangering the keeper and his or her coworkers. Keepers must have keen powers of observation. “The keepers that stand out develop a sixth sense that’s hard to describe and difficult to learn,” said Lucy Segerson, a zookeeper at the North Carolina Zoological Park in Asheboro. “Often, exotic animals don’t show that they’re in trouble until it’s too late. But with experience with different species and individuals, you learn to see those subtle little changes that indicate an animal is sick.” Due to the physical demands of the job, keepers must be physically fit. Psychological fitness is important too. Zookeepers have to be able to handle the emotional impact when animals with whom they have built a relationship go to another institution or die. They cannot be squeamish about handling body wastes or live food items or dealing with sick animals. Zookeeper Career Path High school students can explore the field of animal care in several ways. They can learn about animals by reading about them and taking classes in biology and zoology. Most zoos have Web sites containing information about the institution and its programs and career opportunities, as well as about the industry in general. Hobbies such as birding can expand your knowledge of animals. Many institutions offer classes about animals and conservation or educational programs, such as Keeper Encounters, where students can learn firsthand what a zookeeper’s job is like. Some have part-time or summer jobs that can give a good overview of how a zoo operates. Many zoos offer volunteer opportunities for teens, such as Explorers or Junior Zookeeper programs, which are similar to programs for adult volunteers but with closer supervision. Most volunteer programs require a specific time commitment. Opportunities vary between institutions and run the gamut from cleaning enclosures to preparing food to handling domesticated animals to conducting tours or giving educational presentations. Prospective zookeepers can volunteer or work part-time at animal shelters, boarding kennels, wildlife rehabilitation facilities, stables, or animal hospitals. They may get a feel for working with animals by seeking employment on a farm or ranch during the summer. Joining a 4-H club also allows hands-on experience with animals. Experience with animals is invaluable when seeking a job and provides opportunities to learn about the realities of work in this field. Professional organizations have special membership rates for nonprofessionals. Reading their newsletters provides an insider’s look at what zoo careers are like. Attending local workshops or national conferences offers an opportunity to network and gather information for charting a career path. Despite the low pay and challenging working conditions, competition for jobs at zoos is intense. There are many more candidates than available positions. Most zookeepers enjoy their work, and turnover is low. The majority of new jobs result from the need to replace workers who leave the field. A limited number of jobs are created when new zoos open. Entry-level applicants may find it easier to start out in small zoos in smaller communities, where the pay is usually low, and then move on once they have gained some experience. There are many such small-town zoos in the Midwest. The days when zookeepers were hired off the street and trained on the job are a thing of the past. Today, most institutions require a bachelor’s degree. Practical experience working with animals is a must. This experience can involve volunteering at a zoo or wildlife rehabilitation center, caring for animals in a kennel or animal hospital, or working on a farm or ranch. Part-time work, summer jobs, or volunteering at a zoo increases an applicant’s chances of getting full-time employment. Many zoos fill new positions by promoting current employees. An entry-level position, even if it does not involve working directly with animals, is a means of making contacts and learning about an institution’s hiring practices. “Start out working at guest services or driving the safari van,” Jane Ballentine, director of public affairs for the American Zoo and Aquarium Association (AZA), advises. “You get your foot in the door, meet the people, and find out if this is a place you would like to work.” Zoos that are municipally operated accept applications through municipal civil service offices. At other zoos, an application is made directly at the zoo office. Occasionally zoos advertise for personnel in the local newspapers. Better sources of employment opportunities are trade journals (AZA’s Communique or the American Association of Zoo Keepers Inc.’s Animal Keepers’ Forum), the Web sites of specific institutions, or special-interest periodicals. A few zoos even have job lines. Most zoos have internal job postings. People in the profession often learn about openings by word of mouth. Membership in a professional organization can be helpful when conducting a job search. Job advancement in zoos is possible, but the career path is more limited than in some other professions requiring a college degree. The possibility for advancement varies according to a zoo’s size and operating policies and an employee’s qualifications. Continuing professional education is a must to keep current on progress in husbandry, veterinary care, and technology, and in order to advance. AZA offers formal professional courses in applied zoo and aquarium biology, conservation education, elephant management, institutional record keeping, population management, professional management, and studbook keeping. Attending workshops and conferences sponsored by professional groups or related organizations, such as universities or conservation organizations, is another means of sharing information with colleagues from other institutions and professions. Most zoos have different levels of animal management staff. The most common avenue for job promotion is from keeper to senior keeper to head keeper, then possibly to area supervisor or assistant curator and then curator. On rare occasions, the next step will be to zoo director. Moving up from the senior keeper level to middle and upper management usually involves moving out to another institution, often in another city and state. In addition to participating in daily animal care, the senior keeper manages a particular building on the zoo grounds and is responsible for supervising the keepers working in that facility. An area supervisor or assistant curator works directly with the curators and is responsible for supervising, scheduling, and training the entire keeper force. In major zoological parks, there are head keepers for each curatorial department. The curator is responsible for managing a specific department or section within the zoo, either defined by taxonomy, such as mammals, birds, or reptiles, or by habitat or ecogeography, such as the Forest Edge or African savannah. The curator of mammals, for example, is in charge of all mammals in the collection and supervises all staff who work with mammals. Usually, an advanced degree in zoology and research experience is required to become a curator, as well as experience working as a zookeeper and in zoo management. Many zookeepers eschew advancement and prefer to remain in work where they have the most direct interaction with and immediate impact on the lives of animals. Most people who choose a career as a zookeeper do not do so for the money, but because they feel compassion for and enjoy being around animals. Salaries vary widely among zoological parks and depend on the size and location of the institution, whether it is publicly or privately owned, the size of its endowments and budget, and whether the zookeepers belong to a union. Generally, the highest salaries tend to be in metropolitan areas and are relative to the applicant’s education and responsibilities. The zookeeper’s salary can range from slightly above minimum wage to more than $40,000 a year, depending on the keeper’s background, grade, and tenure and the zoo’s location. Certain areas of the country pay higher wages, reflecting the higher cost of living there. City-run institutions, where keepers are lumped into a job category with less-skilled workers, pay less. On average, aquarists earn slightly more than zookeepers. According to a 2000 salary survey by the American Association of Zoo Keepers, the average salary for zookeepers was $24,925. Those with a college degree fared better, earning an average of $26,715. However, salaries as low as $15,000 and as high as $50,000 to $75,000 were also reported. Most zoos provide benefits packages that include medical insurance, paid vacation and sick leave, and generous retirement benefits. Keepers at larger institutions may also have coverage for prescription drugs, dental and vision insurance, mental health plans, and 401(k) plans. Those who work on holidays may receive overtime pay or comp time. A few institutions offer awards, research grants, and unpaid sabbaticals. Private corporate zoos may offer better benefits, including profit sharing. Cleaning, feeding, and providing general care to the animals are a necessity seven days a week, sometimes outdoors and in adverse weather conditions. The zookeeper must be prepared for a varied schedule that may include working weekends and holidays. Sick animals may need round-the-clock care. A large portion of the job involves routine chores for animals that will not express appreciation for the keeper’s efforts. Some of the work may be physically demanding and involve lifting heavy supplies such as bales of hay. The cleaning of an animal’s enclosure may be unpleasant and smelly. Between the sounds of the animals and the sounds of the zoo visitors, the work setting may be quite noisy. The zookeeper may be exposed to bites, kicks, diseases, and possible fatal injury from the animals he or she attends. He or she must practice constant caution because working with animals presents the potential for danger. Even though an animal may have been held in captivity for years or even since birth, it can be frightened, become stressed because of illness, or otherwise revert to its wild behavior. The keeper must know the physical and mental abilities of an animal, whether it be the strength of an ape, the reaching ability of a large cat, or the intelligence of an elephant. In addition, keepers must develop a healthy relationship with the animals in their care by respecting them as individuals and always being careful to observe safety procedures. Being a zookeeper is an active, demanding job. The tasks involved require agility and endurance, whether they consist of cleaning quarters, preparing food, or handling animals. Many keepers would agree that the disadvantages of the job are outweighed by the advantages. A chief advantage is the personal gratification of successfully maintaining wild animals, especially rare or endangered species. A healthy, well-adjusted animal collection provides a keeper with a deep sense of satisfaction. Zookeeper Career Outlook Zoos hire more animal keepers than any other classification. But this is still a very small field. For this reason, employment should grow at a slower rate than other occupations through 2014. According to the American Zoo and Aquarium Association, of the more than 32,000 full-time professionals working in zoos and aquariums, fewer than 5,000 are zookeepers. Each year, there are many more applicants than positions available. Competition for jobs is stiff in the fewer than 200 professionally operated zoological parks, aquariums, and wildlife parks in North America. Opportunities arise mainly through attrition, which is lower than in many other professions, or the startup of a new facility. The opening in 1998 of Disney’s Animal Kingdom and the Long Beach Aquarium created a ripple effect throughout the entire industry as experienced personnel migrated to Florida and California, respectively, and jobs for new hires and promotions opened up at dozens of institutions. Aspiring zookeepers are not the only ones who will benefit. “Ten years ago, there were no geneticists in zoos, and there were very few people working in conservation departments, public relations, or development,” said Anita Cramm, curator of birds at the Phoenix Zoo in Arizona. “Fifteen years ago, there were no education departments. As zoos continue to grow, new career opportunities will emerge.” As the preservation of animal species becomes more complicated, there will be a continuing need for zoo staff to work to preserve endangered wildlife and educate the public about conservation. The demand will increase for well-educated personnel who will be responsible for much more than simply feeding the animals and cleaning their enclosures. Zookeepers will need more knowledge as zoos expand and become more specialized. The amount of knowledge and effort necessary to maintain and reproduce a healthy animal collection will keep zookeepers in the front line of animal care. Pursuing a job in this area is well worth the effort for those who are dedicated to providing care for rapidly diminishing animal species and educating the public about the fate of endangered animals and the need to preserve their natural habitats.

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Tugann cúram laethúil d'ainmhithe i bpáirceanna seola cúram do sheoltóirí. Ullmhaíonn siad an bia, glanann siad agus coinníonn siad na taispeántais agus na limistéir choimeádta, agus monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar iompar ainmhithe a théann ó na ainmhithe coimhthíocha agus i mbaol go dtí na cinn is coitianta agus is tíolactha. Bíonn caomhnóirí seoltaí ag idirghníomhú le cuairteoirí agus ag seoladh cur i láthair oideachais foirmiúil agus neamhfhoirmiúil, cuireann siad cúnamh ar staidéir taighde uaireanta, agus ag brath ar an speiceas, d'fhéadfadh siad ainmhithe a oiliúint freisin. Stair gairme an choimeádtóra fiadhúlra Tá daoine ag cur ainmhithe fiáine ar taispeáint ó amanna ársa. Timpeall 1500 RC, bhunaigh Banríon Hatshepsut na hÉigipte an chéad ghairdín ainmhithe ar a dtugtar. Cúig chéad bliain ina dhiaidh sin, bhunaigh an t-impire Síneach Wen Wang seó a chlúdaigh thart ar 1,500 acra. D'fhostaigh rialtóirí a raibh a saibhreas agus a gcumhacht le taispeáint acu zóic bheaga i dtuaisceart na hAfraice, san India, agus sa tSín. Bhunaigh na Gréagaigh ársa seilbh ar sheomraí sú poiblí, agus bhí go leor seomraí sú príobháideacha ag na Rómhánaigh. Le linn na Meánaoise, ó thart ar 400 go 1500 AD, tháinig sé ar neamhchoitianta sa Eoraip. Faoi dheireadh na 1400idí, d'fhill imscrúdaitheoirí Eorpacha ón Domhan Nua le hainmhithe aisteach, agus athnuachan spéis i zún. Le linn na 250 bliain ina dhiaidh sin, bunaíodh roinnt zún. Ní raibh i gcuid acu ach bailiúcháin bheaga de bhéar nó de thitirí a choinníodh i gcliatháin nó i mboscaí diana. Bhí bailiúcháin níos mó ainmhithe a fuair cúram níos fearr ina n-ionad de réir a chéile. Sa bhliain 1752, osclaíodh an Schonbrunn, an t-ádh is sine atá ag feidhmiú anois, i Vín, san Ostair. Lean sé sin le seilbh ar sheomraí ainmhithe Eorpacha eile. Sna Stáit Aontaithe, d'oscail an Central Park Zoo i gCathair Nua Eabhrac i 1864, agus ansin d'oscail an Buffalo Zoo i Nua Eabhrac i 1870 agus Chicago's Lincoln Park Zoo i 1874. Bhí gá le hoibrithe chun aire a thabhairt do na hainmhithe fiú sna seandálaithe is luaithe. Is dócha, áfach, nach raibh ann ach bia agus uisce a thabhairt do na hainmhithe agus a n-cage a ghlanadh. Ní raibh mórán eolais ar fáil faoi riachtanais speiceas áirithe. Má fuair ainmhí bás, bhí ainmhí eile ó na fiadhúlachta ina ionad. Ní raibh níos mó ná ainmhí nó beirt de speiceas neamhchoitianta ag cúpla zó, mar sin ní raibh gá leis na coimeádtóirí a bheith páirteach i breathnuithe nó taighde ar stíl mhaireachtála, sláinte nó cothú ainmhí. Tá an tsú an lae inniu i bhfad ó na menageries de réamhacha roimhe sin. Tá sé de dhualgas ar dhaoine a bheith ag tabhairt aire do na hainmhithe agus do na hainmhithe a bhfuil siad ag tabhairt aire dóibh. Tá gach ceann de na róil seo ríthábhachtach mar gheall ar na brúí atá ag méadú ar fhéinbheatha na tíre. Tuairisc Phoist Tá cúram bunúsach a sholáthar do na hainmhithe atá faoina gcúram chun a sláinte a choinneáil ar fhreagracht ar chúramóirí seoltaí. I measc na ngníomhaíochtaí laethúla tá bia a ullmhú trí fheoil, iasc, glasraí nó torthaí a ghearradh nó a mhionlaigh; bia a ullmhaíodh a chur le chéile; agus féar a dhíghalrú. D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh gá le vitimíní nó cógais a thabhairt freisin. Ina theannta sin, líonadh coimeádáin uisce sna cages ag coimeádóirí na seó. Déanann siad cóiríocht na n-ainmhithe a ghlanadh trí shruthán a ghlanadh, a scuabadh, a ghlanadh, agus a dhíghalrú. Ní mór do shealbhóirí sáimh ainmhithe a aistriú go sábháilte ó áit amháin go háit eile. Coinníonn siad taispeántais (mar shampla, trí ghlas a phlandaíocht nó trí bhaill nua a chur isteach) agus déanann siad modhnú orthu chun taithí na gcuairteoirí a fheabhsú. Soláthraíonn siad fearais saibhrithe freisin do na hainmhithe, mar shampla rópaí do mhúncaí le swing ar nó áiteanna scratching do chait mhóra. Déanann siad fachtóirí comhshaoil a rialú trí thimpeallacht agus taise nó rialaithe cáilíochta uisce a mhaoirsiú agus stoc soláthairtí agus trealaimh a choinneáil. Féadfaidh siad ainmhithe a nigh agus a chló. Ní mór do shealbhóirí zó a bheith ina saineolaithe ar na speicis agus ar na daoine atá faoina gcúram. Ní mór dóibh gach cineál iompair ainmhithe a bhreathnú agus a thuiscint, lena n-áirítear corraitheacht, péireáil, bia, ionsaí, sochaí, codladh, bogadh, agus fiú urination agus defecation. Ní mór do shealbhóirí fionnraic a bheith in ann fiú athruithe beaga a bhrath i gcuma nó i ngníomh ainmhithe. Ní mór dóibh taifid chuí a choinneáil ar na breathnithe seo i leabhar loga agus tuairiscí i scríbhinn nó i ríomhaire a chomhdú go laethúil. Is minic a dhéanann siad moltaí maidir le haiste bia nó le hathrú na gnáthóga agus na hathruithe sin a chur i bhfeidhm. Ina theannta sin, cuireann siad le dochtúir na véinteár lena chóireáil a thabhairt d'ainmhithe breoite agus d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh glaoch orthu chun leanaí a chothú agus a chothú. Féadfaidh ciúnaithe ainmhithe a ghabháil nó a iompar. Nuair a aistrítear ainmhí chuig institiúid eile, féadfaidh coimeádtóir a bheith in éineacht leis chun cuidiú leis an ainmhí a oiriúnú dá theach nua. Oibríonn an cúramtóir ghairmiúil go dlúth le foireann an tsó maidir le taighde, caomhnú agus atáirgeadh ainmhithe. Tá go leor coimeádtóirí ag déanamh tionscadal taighde, ag cur a gcuid torthaí i bpáipéir nó i dtréimhse gairmiúla nó ag ceardlanna nó ag comhdhálacha. Glacann roinnt coimeádtóirí páirt i bpleananna caomhnaithe réigiúnacha nó náisiúnta nó déanann siad taighde allamuigh sna Stáit Aontaithe agus thar lear. Féadfaidh coimeádtóirí cúnamh a thabhairt do thraenálaí nó do mhúinteoir ainmhithe chun taispeántais ainmhithe nó léachtaí a chur i láthair an phobail. Ag brath ar an speiceas, d'fhéadfadh sealbhóirí ainmhithe a oiliúint chun gluaiseacht nó chun gluaiseacht ar bhealach áirithe chun cothú nó cúram tréidliachta rialta a éascú. Traenáil sealbhóirí elephants, mar shampla, a gcuid cailíní chun freagairt do threoracha a cosa a ardú ionas gur féidir leo cúram coirp ceart a sholáthar, lena n-áirítear trims chos agus toenail. Ní mór do sheirbhísigh na seó a bheith in ann idirghníomhú le cuairteoirí na seó agus ceisteanna a fhreagairt ar bhealach cairdiúil, gairmiúil. Féadfaidh sealbhóirí páirt a ghlacadh i láthair foirmiúil don phobal i gcoitinne nó do ghrúpaí speisialta. Baineann sé seo le bheith eolach ar na hainmhithe atá i gcúram duine, ar ghnáthóg agus ar nósanna nádúrtha na n-ainmhithe, agus ar an ról a imríonn seoltaí fiadhúlra i gcosanta na fiadhúlra. Ní mór do chaomhnóirí faire go cúramach ar ghníomhaíocht timpeall na n-ainmhithe chun cuairteoirí a dhíspreagadh ó na hainmhithe a shéanadh nó a ghortú. Ní mór dóibh a bheith in ann rudaí díobhálacha a chuirtear isteach i taispeántas uaireanta a bhaint agus an beartas 'gan beathaithe' a mhíniú go cúramach do chuairteoirí an tsó. Is obair chrua é aire a thabhairt d'ainmhithe. Baineann thart ar 85 faoin gcéad den phost le hoifigigh agus le hoibrithe cothabhála, rud a d'fhéadfadh a bheith dian go fisiciúil agus salach. Ní mór na tascanna seo a dhéanamh laistigh agus lasmuigh araon, in aon chineál aimsire. Ina theannta sin, tá an baol ann go ndéanfaidh ainmhí díobháil nó galar. Cé go bhfuil teagmháil dhíreach le hainmhithe teoranta agus go ndéantar rialú daingean orthu, tá an fhéidearthacht go ndéantar díobháil ann nuair a bhíonn duine ag obair le hainmhithe móra, láidre nó fiú le hainmhithe beaga a bhfuil fiacla agus greamaigh géara acu. Toisc go dteastaíonn cúram ó ainmhithe gach lá, ní mór do chaomhnóirí obair ag deireadh seachtaine agus ar laethanta saoire. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh gá leo freisin chun freastal ar imeachtaí speisialta lasmuigh dá gnáthuaireanta oibre. I bpáirceanna mór ainmhithe, is minic a oibríonn coimeádtóirí le bailiúchán teoranta ainmhithe. D'fhéadfaí iad a shannadh chun oibriú go sonrach le haon aicsean amháin, mar shampla primates, cait mhóra, nó éanlaith, nó le cineálacha éagsúla ainmhithe ó limistéar éiceo-gheografach ar leith, mar shampla an fhoraois thrópaiceach nó an Afraic. I zúnanna beaga, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh níos mó éagsúlachta ag coimeádóirí agus go gcaithfidh siad aire a thabhairt do raon níos leithne speiceas. Ceanglais Chairbheoireachta Coimeádtóir Zú Má tá tú ag pleanáil gairme i gcúrsaí cúram ainmhithe, glac an oiread ranganna eolaíochta agus is féidir le linn na scoile ard. Beidh oideachas eolaíochta leathanbhunaithe lena n-áirítear cúrsaí i bitheolaíocht, éiceolaíocht, ceimic, fisice agus luibheolaíocht, mar aon le matamaitic agus eolaíocht ríomhaireachta, ina chabhair. Cabhróidh cúrsaí Béarla agus labhairt leat focal a fhorbairt agus do scileanna labhairt i láthair an phobail a fheabhsú. Cé go bhféadfar taithí phraiticiúil a chur in ionad oideachas foirmiúil uaireanta, éilíonn formhór na bpoist iontrála céim coláiste ceithre bliana. Tá bainistiú ainmhithe tar éis éirí ina réimse ardteicniúil agus speisialaithe. Ní hamháin go ndéanann cúram ainmhithe cúram ar chomfort fisiciúil ainmhithe: Is zoologists oiliúna iad go leor de chúramóirí na n-ainmhithe in áiteanna sú. Ní mór dóibh a bheith in ann breathnuithe iompair mhionsonraithe, taifid a choinneáil, staidéir chothaithe agus cúram sláinte a dhéanamh. Tá a gcuid freagrachtaí méadaithe ag déanamh ról ríthábhachtach acu i mbaint le bailiúchán ainmhithe sláintiúil. Is fearr céimeanna i eolaíocht ainmhithe, sa tseolaíocht, sa bith-eolaíocht mhuirí, sa bith-eolaíocht caomhnaithe, i mbainistíocht fiadhúlra, agus i iompar ainmhithe. Tá roghachúrsaí chomh tábhachtach céanna, go háirithe scríbhneoireacht, labhairt go poiblí, eolaíocht ríomhaireachta, oideachas, agus fiú teangacha eachtracha. Uaireanta bíonn buntáiste ag iarratasóirí a bhfuil oiliúint idirdhisciplíneach acu. Cuireann cúpla coláiste agus coláiste sóisearach cúrsa speisialta ar fáil do choimeádtóirí seó. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh céim máistreachta ag teastáil ó dhaoine atá ag iarraidh dul chun cinn go poist cúraim, taighde nó caomhnaithe. Tá taithí i gcúram ainmhithe mar oibrí deonacha sa zoo, oibrí feirme nó feirme, nó oibrí ospidéil tréidliachta riachtanach. D'fhéadfadh sé go n-iarrfadh seónna beaga oiliúnóirí a bheith ina gcoimeádtóirí, a fhaigheann oiliúint ar an obair chun freagrachtaí an choimeádtóra a fhoghlaim. Tairgeann roinnt mór-chomhchultúir cúrsaí foirmiúla oiliúna coimeádtóra, chomh maith le cláir oiliúna ar an bpost, do mhic léinn atá ag staidéar ar réimsí a bhaineann le heolaíocht agus cúram ainmhithe; déan teagmháil le Cumann Zú agus Aquarium Mheiriceá (AZA) le haghaidh tuilleadh faisnéise faoi na scoileanna agus na saoráidí ainmhithe atá páirteach i gcláir intéirneachta. D'fhéadfadh cláir den sórt sin a bheith ina gcúis le poist lánaimseartha. Cuireann go leor institiúidí intéirneachtaí neamhíoctha ar fáil do mhic léinn ardscoile agus coláiste ar mian leo gairme i gcúram ainmhithe a iniúchadh. D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh i gceist le stáisiúin ullmhú bia, taithí phraiticiúil le bailiú ainmhithe, seirbhísí léirmhíniúcháin don phobal, dearadh agus tógáil taispeántais, nó bailiú agus anailís sonraí. Tá éagsúlacht ann maidir le fad na n-intreacha. Is é 18 bliain an aois íosta do chuid is mó de na cláir seo. Éilíonn roinnt zó tástálacha oilteachta i scríbhinn nó scrúduithe ó bhéal. Ní mór d'iarratasóirí scrúdú fisiceach a dhéanamh, mar ní mór do choimeádtóirí a bheith in ann obair éigeantach a dhéanamh mar sheacanna trom fóirdhealaithe a ardú nó ainmhithe breoite nó gortaithe a bhogadh. Tá ballraíocht sa tsochaí níos coitianta ag seónna atá á n-oibriú go poiblí, ach tá sé ag méadú in institiúidí a bhainistítear go príobháideach freisin. Níl aon aontacht amháin ag úinéirí na n-earraí, agus tá a lán aontachtaí éagsúla ag ionadaíocht do na fostaithe ag na sáitheanna agus na haiscéimeanna éagsúla. Ní mór do choimeádtóirí fiadhúlra go háirithe grámhar agus comhbhá le hainmhithe a bheith acu. Bhí paisean agam i gcónaí do ainmhithe. Is maith liom iad a fheiceáil agus a bheith ag obair leo, a deir Ron Ringer, caomhnóir sinsearach ag Cumann Seolóige San Diego, a d'oibrigh le fílíní agus le rínósóirí ar feadh 20 bliain. Bhí mé i gcónaí ag tabhairt abhaile rud éigin nach raibh mé ag ceapadh. Níl obair an chaomhnóir seó glamourous. Éilíonn sé cineál speisialta tiomantais cúram a thabhairt d'ainmhithe gabha a éilíonn aird 24 uair sa lá, 365 lá sa bhliain. Ní mór do chaomhnóirí scileanna idirphearsanta den scoth a bheith acu chun oibriú le chéile agus chun idirghníomhú le cuairteoirí agus le hoibrithe deonacha. Tá gá le scileanna cumarsáide béil agus scríofa láidre freisin. Ba cheart go mbeadh díriú ar mhionsonraí acu agus go mbeadh siad sásta páipéar a dhéanamh agus taifid a choinneáil. Ní mór dóibh a bheith in ann oibriú go maith go neamhspleách agus mar chuid d'fhoireann. Tá lucht coimeádta ag brath ar a chéile chun a gcuid oibre a dhéanamh go sábháilte. Tá sé riachtanach go mbeadh an duine socair, seasmhach, aibí, dea-bhreithiúnas agus an cumas cloí le nósanna imeachta um láimhseáil ainmhithe agus/nó sábháilteachta a bhfuil bunús acu. Is féidir le droch-chlaonadh cur isteach ar dhíriú, ag cur an chaomhnóir agus a chomhghleacaithe i mbaol. Ní mór do chaomhnóirí a bheith acu cumas géar breathnóireachta. 'Tá sé deacair an séú tuiscint a fhorbairt ag na coimeádtóirí a bhfuil cáil orthu agus atá deacair a fhoghlaim,' a dúirt Lucy Segerson, coimeádtóir i bPáirc Seológach Carolina Thuaidh in Asheboro. Go minic, ní thaispeánann ainmhithe coimhthíocha go bhfuil siad i dtrioblóid go dtí go bhfuil sé ró-dhéanach. Ach le taithí a bheith agat le speiceas agus le daoine éagsúla, foghlaimíonn tú na hathruithe beaga subtle sin a fheiceáil a léiríonn go bhfuil ainmhí tinn. Mar gheall ar éilimh fhisiciúla an phoist, ní mór do choimeádtóirí a bheith fónta go fisiciúil. Tá an folláine síceolaíoch tábhachtach freisin. Ní mór do shealbhóirí fiadhúlra a bheith in ann an tionchar mothúchánach a láimhseáil nuair a théann ainmhithe a bhfuil caidreamh tógtha acu leo chuig institiúid eile nó nuair a bháisíonn siad. Ní féidir leo a bheith scumble faoi imdhíonacha comhlacht nó earraí bia beo a láimhseáil nó déileáil le hainmhithe breoite. Bealach gairme an choimeádtóra fiadhúlra Is féidir le mic léinn ardscoile réimse cúram ainmhithe a iniúchadh ar roinnt bealaí. Is féidir leo foghlaim faoi ainmhithe trí léamh fúthu agus trí chúrsaí bithéolaíochta agus seolaíochta a ghlacadh. Tá suíomhanna Gréasáin ag formhór na n-úsáideoirí a bhfuil faisnéis acu faoin institiúid agus a chláir agus a deiseanna gairme, chomh maith leis an tionscal i gcoitinne. Is féidir le hoibrithe cosúil le breathnú ar éin eolas níos mó a fháil ar ainmhithe. Cuireann go leor institiúidí ranganna ar fáil faoi ainmhithe agus faoi chláir chaomhnaithe nó oideachais, mar shampla Cruinnithe Coimeádtóirí, áit ar féidir le mic léinn foghlaim go díreach cad é post coimeádtóirí. Tá post páirtaimseartha nó obair samhraidh ag cuid acu a thugann léargas maith ar an gcaoi a n-oibríonn an t-ádh. Cuireann go leor sú-chomharthaí deiseanna deonacha ar fáil do dhéagóirí, mar shampla cláir Taiscéalaithe nó Junior Zookeeper, atá cosúil le cláir d'oibrithe deonacha fásta ach le maoirseacht níos dlúithe. Éilíonn formhór na gclár deonacha tiomantas ama ar leith. Tá na deiseanna éagsúil ó institiúid go institiúid agus tá siad ag feidhmiú ó chúlraí a ghlanadh go bia a ullmhú go ainmhithe tí a láimhseáil go turais a stiúradh nó cur i láthair oideachais a thabhairt. Is féidir le daoine a bhfuil súil acu a bheith ina gcúramóirí fiadhúlra obair dheonach nó páirtaimseartha a dhéanamh i n-áit chónaithe ainmhithe, i gcúramáin, i saoráidí athshlánúcháin ainmhithe fiadhúlra, i stailc nó in ospidéil ainmhithe. B'fhéidir go bhfaighidh siad mothúchán maidir le bheith ag obair le hainmhithe trí bheith ag lorg oibre i bhfeirm nó i ranch i rith an tsamhraidh. Ag dul isteach i gclub 4-H cuireann sé taithí phraiticiúil ar ainmhithe ar fáil freisin. Tá taithí le hainmhithe luachmhar nuair a bhíonn post á lorg agat agus soláthraíonn sé deiseanna chun foghlaim faoi réaltachtaí na hoibre sa réimse seo. Tá rátaí ballraíochta speisialta ag eagraíochtaí gairmiúla do dhaoine neamh-ghairmiúla. Le léamh a gcuid nuachtlitreacha, tugtar léargas taobh istigh ar an gcúrsa a bhíonn ag daoine a bhíonn ag obair i nZOOanna. Tugann freastal ar cheardlanna áitiúla nó ar chomhdhálacha náisiúnta deis do líonraithe agus faisnéis a bhailiú chun cosán gairme a chaipitliú. In ainneoin na pá íseal agus na gcoinníollacha oibre dúshlánach, tá iomaíocht mhór le haghaidh post ag seónna ainmhithe. Tá i bhfad níos mó iarrthóirí ná poist atá ar fáil. Is breá le formhór na gcoimeádtóirí seó a gcuid oibre, agus ní bhíonn an t-athrú ar an obair. Is é is mó de na poist nua a thagann as an ngá atá le hoibrithe a fhágann an réimse a athsholáthar. Cruthaítear líon teoranta post nuair a osclaítear seónna ainmhithe nua. D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith níos éasca do iarrthóirí atá ag teacht isteach i mbun an chúrsa tosú i gciúirí beaga i bpobail bheaga, áit a mbíonn an pá íseal de ghnáth, agus ansin bogadh ar aghaidh nuair a bheidh taithí éigin faighte acu. Tá go leor de na zúanna sin i mbailte beaga sa Mheán-iarthair. Tá na laethanta nuair a bhí cúramóirí fiadhúlra a fhostú ón tsráid agus a oiliúint ar an obair rud atá caite. Sa lá atá inniu ann, éilíonn formhór na n-institiúidí céim bhaitsiléara. Tá taithí phraiticiúil ag obair le hainmhithe riachtanach. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh an taithí seo i gceist le deonach a dhéanamh i bhfásach nó i ionad athshlánúcháin fiadhúlra, cúram a thabhairt d'ainmhithe i gcinn nó ospidéal ainmhithe, nó ag obair i bhfeirm nó i ranch. Méadaíonn obair pháirtaimseartha, poist samhraidh nó obair dheonach ag seó seansanna an iarrthóra fostaíocht lánaimseartha a fháil. Tá go leor sú ag comhlánú poist nua trí fhostaithe reatha a chur chun cinn. Is bealach é post ar leibhéal tosaigh, fiú mura n-áirítear leis oibriú go díreach le hainmhithe, chun teagmhálacha a dhéanamh agus foghlaim faoi chleachtais fhostú institiúide. 'Tosaigh ag obair ag seirbhísí cuairteoirí nó ag tiomáint an bhán safari,' a thugann Jane Ballentine, stiúrthóir gnóthaí poiblí le haghaidh Cumann Zú agus Aquarium Mheiriceá (AZA), comhairle. Déanann tú do chos sa doras, buaileann tú leis na daoine, agus faigh amach an bhfuil an áit seo ina áit ar mhaith leat a bheith ag obair.Glacann na seónna atá á n-oibriú ag na cathracha iarratais trí oifigí seirbhíse poiblí na cathrach. I gciúirí eile, déantar iarratas go díreach ag oifig an gciúirí. Uaireanta, cuirtear fógraí i nuachtáin áitiúla maidir le foireann a fháil i gceantair fásta. Is foinsí níos fearr de dheiseanna fostaíochta irisí gairme (AZA's Communique nó American Association of Zoo Keepers Inc.'s Animal Keepers Forum), suíomhanna gréasáin institiúidí ar leith, nó tréimhsí spéise speisialta. Tá cúpla seoladh ag roinnt seoltaí fiadhúlachta fiú. Tá postálacha inmheánacha ag formhór na n-earraí. Is minic a fhoghlaimíonn daoine sa ghairm faoi oscailtí trí fhocal na meabhair. Is féidir le ballraíocht in eagraíocht ghairmiúil a bheith cabhrach nuair a bhíonn post á lorg agat. Is féidir dul chun cinn a dhéanamh i saotharlann ainmhithe, ach tá an bealach gairme níos teoranta ná i roinnt gairmeacha eile a éilíonn céim coláiste. Tá an fhéidearthacht chun dul chun cinn éagsúil de réir méid agus bheartais oibriúcháin an tsú agus cáilíochtaí an fhostaí. Tá sé riachtanach go leanfaí ar aghaidh le hoideachas gairmiúil chun dul chun cinn a dhéanamh i réim, i gcúram tréidliachta agus i dteicneolaíocht, agus chun dul chun cinn a dhéanamh. Cuireann AZA cúrsaí gairmiúla foirmiúla ar fáil i bitheolaíocht ghairmiúil an tsú agus an t-aicmeach, oideachas caomhnaithe, bainistíocht elephant, coimeád taifead institiúideach, bainistíocht daonra, bainistíocht ghairmiúil, agus coimeád leabhar stádas. Is bealach eile chun faisnéis a roinnt le comhghleacaithe ó institiúidí agus gairmeacha eile ná freastal ar cheardlanna agus ar chomhdhálacha a thacaíonn grúpaí gairmiúla nó eagraíochtaí gaolmhara leo, mar shampla ollscoileanna nó eagraíochtaí caomhnaithe. Tá leibhéil éagsúla foirne bainistíochta ainmhithe ag formhór na n-oileán. Is é an bealach is coitianta chun dul chun cinn post ná ó chaomhnóir go caomhnóir sinsearach go ceann caomhnóir, ansin b'fhéidir go maoirseoir limistéar nó cúramóir cúnta agus ansin cúramóir. I gcásanna neamhchoitianta, is é an chéad chéim eile a bheidh i stiúrthóir an tsú. Is gnách go mbíonn sé i gceist ag dul suas ó leibhéal an chaomhnóir sinsearaigh go dtí an bhainistiú lár agus uachtarach dul amach chuig institiúid eile, go minic i gcathair agus i stát eile. Chomh maith le bheith rannpháirteach i gcúram laethúil ainmhithe, déanann an t-aosach-chomh-aireachta tógáil ar leith ar thalamh an tsú agus tá sé freagrach as maoirseacht a dhéanamh ar na coimhdeoirí a oibríonn sa tséasúr sin. Oibríonn maoirseoir limistéir nó cúramóir cúnta go díreach leis na cúramóirí agus tá sé freagrach as maoirseacht, sceidealú agus oiliúint a dhéanamh ar an bhfoireann coimeádta ar fad. I bpríomh-pháirceanna seola, tá príomh-chomhchónaitheoirí do gach roinn cúraim. Tá an cúramóir freagrach as roinn nó rannán ar leith a bhainistiú laistigh den ghairdín, a shainmhínítear trí chánachas, mar shampla mamaigh, éanlaith nó le creimirí, nó trí ghnáthóg nó éiceo-cheiltireacht, mar shampla an Bord Foraoise nó savannah na hAfraice. Tá cúram ar na mamaigh, mar shampla, i gceannas ar na mamaigh go léir sa bhailiúchán agus tugann sé maoirseacht ar gach ball foirne a oibríonn le mamaigh. De ghnáth, teastaíonn céim ard in ealaíontóireacht agus taithí taighde chun a bheith ina cúirteoir, chomh maith le taithí ag obair mar choimeádtóir agus i mbainistiú ealaíontóir. Is fearr le go leor cúramóirí fiadhúlra dul chun cinn a sheachaint agus fanacht sa phost ina bhfuil an idirghníomhú is díreacha acu agus an tionchar láithreach acu ar shaol ainmhithe. Ní mar gheall ar an airgead a roghnaíonn formhór na ndaoine gairme mar choimeádtóir fiadhúlra, ach mar gheall ar an trua a bhraitheann siad do na hainmhithe agus mar gheall ar an taitneamh a bhaineann siad as a bheith in aice leo. Tá éagsúlacht mhór i meáin tuarastail idir páirceanna seola agus braitheann siad ar mhéid agus ar shuíomh na hinstitiúide, cibé acu is úinéireacht phoiblí nó príobháideach í, méid a dheontais agus a bhuiséid, agus cibé acu a bhaineann na cúramóirí seola le ceardchumainn. De ghnáth, is gnách go mbíonn na pá is airde i gceantair mhéadaigh agus tá siad i gcoibhneas le hoideachas agus freagrachtaí an iarrthóra. Is féidir le tuarastal an choimeádtóra sáruithe a bheith idir beagán os cionn an íosphá agus níos mó ná $40,000 sa bhliain, ag brath ar chúlra, grád, agus seilbh an choimeádtóra agus ar shuíomh an tsó. Tá pá níos airde ag ceantair áirithe den tír, rud a léiríonn an costas maireachtála níos airde ann. Tá níos lú pá ag institiúidí a bhainistítear sa chathair, áit a gcuirtear coimeádtóirí i gcatagóir poist le hoibrithe nach bhfuil an oiread scileanna acu. Ar an meán, tá tuarastal beagán níos mó ag aquarists ná ag cúramóirí zó. De réir suirbhé tuarastail 2000 a rinne Cumann Meiriceánach na gCúramóirí Zú, ba é $ 24,925 an meán-phá do chúramóirí zú. Bhí níos fearr ag na daoine a raibh céim coláiste acu, ag fáil meán-$26,715. Mar sin féin, tuairiscíodh pá chomh híseal le $ 15,000 agus chomh hard le $ 50,000 go $ 75,000 freisin. Cuireann formhór na seó pacáistí sochair ar fáil lena n-áirítear árachas leighis, saoire íoctha agus saoire breoiteachta, agus sochair mhór pinsin. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh clúdach ag caomhnóirí in institiúidí níos mó freisin le haghaidh cógais ar oideas, árachas fiacla agus fís, pleananna meabhairshláinte, agus pleananna 401 (k). Féadfaidh na daoine a oibríonn ar laethanta saoire pá thar am nó am comp a fháil. Tugann cúpla institiúid duaiseanna, deontais taighde, agus sabataiceanna neamhíoctha. D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh buntáistí níos fearr ag seónna príobháideacha corparáideacha, lena n-áirítear sciar brabúis. Tá gá le glanadh, le hithe, agus le cúram ginearálta a thabhairt do na hainmhithe seacht lá sa tseachtain, uaireanta lasmuigh agus i ndálaí neamhfhabhracha aimsire. Ní mór don choimeádtóir sáruithe a bheith ullamh do sceideal éagsúil a d'fhéadfadh deireadh seachtaine agus laethanta saoire oibre a áireamh. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh cúram ar feadh na hoíche agus na hoíche ag teastáil ó ainmhithe atá tinn. Baineann cuid mhór den obair le cúraimí gnáthamh d'ainmhithe nach léireoidh meas ar iarrachtaí an chaomhnóir. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh cuid den obair ag éileamh go fisiciúil agus go mbeadh sé i gceist go gcuirfí soláthairtí troma ar nós baill féasóg ar ardú. D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh glanadh árasán ainmhithe míshásta agus stinking. I measc fuaimeanna na n-ainmhithe agus fuaimeanna na gcuairteoirí ar an gciúird, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh an timpeallacht oibre go leor torann. D'fhéadfadh an cúramóir sú a bheith nochtaithe do ghrianghraif, do chorn, do ghalair, agus d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh díobháil marfach aige nó aici ó na hainmhithe a thugann sé aire dóibh. Ní mór dó nó di a bheith cúramach i gcónaí toisc go bhféadfadh riosca a bheith ann nuair a bhíonn sé nó sí ag obair le hainmhithe. Cé go bhféadfadh ainmhí a bheith i bpríosún ar feadh blianta nó fiú ó rugadh é, d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith eagla, a bheith i bhfianaise strus mar gheall ar ghalar, nó a bheith ag filleadh ar a iompar fiáin ar bhealach eile. Ní mór don chaomhnóir a bheith ar an eolas faoi chumas fisiceach agus mheabhrach ainmhí, bíodh sé neart an mhún, cumas a bhaint amach cat mór, nó cliste an eilifint. Ina theannta sin, ní mór do choimeádtóirí caidreamh sláintiúil a fhorbairt leis na hainmhithe atá faoina gcúram trína n-urramú mar dhaoine aonair agus trína bheith cúramach i gcónaí nósanna imeachta sábháilteachta a urramú. Is post gníomhach, éilitheach é a bheith i do sheanchóir. Éilíonn na hoibreacha a bhaineann leis seo solúbthacht agus seasmhacht, bíodh siad ag glanadh áiteanna, ag ullmhú bia, nó ag déileáil le hainmhithe. Aontaíonn go leor daoine a bhfuil an post seo acu go bhfuil na buntáistí níos mó ná na míbhuntáistí. Is é an buntáiste is mó ná an sásamh pearsanta a bhaineann le hainmhithe fiáine a chothabháil go rathúil, go háirithe speicis neamhchoitianta nó i mbaol. Tugann bailiúchán ainmhithe sláintiúil, dea-choigeartaithe mothú mór sásamh don chaomhnóir. Roinnt de na daoine a bhfuil taithí acu ar an obair seo Ghlacann seoltaí ainmhithe níos mó caomhnóirí ainmhithe ná aon aicmiú eile. Ach is réimse an-bheag é seo fós. Ar an gcúis sin, ba cheart go méadódh an fhostaíocht ag ráta níos moille ná gairmeacha eile go dtí 2014. De réir Chumann Zú agus Aquarium Mheiriceá, de na níos mó ná 32,000 gairmiúil lánaimseartha atá ag obair i zúanna agus in uiscí, is lú ná 5,000 cúramóir sú. Gach bliain, tá i bhfad níos mó iarratasóirí ná poist atá ar fáil. Tá iomaíocht láidir le haghaidh post sna páirceanna ainmhithe, sna haicmeacha uisce agus sna páirceanna fiadhúlra atá faoi bhainistiú gairmiúil i Meiriceá Thuaidh, atá faoi 200. Tagann deiseanna chun cinn go príomha trí dhíothú, atá níos ísle ná i go leor gairmeacha eile, nó trí bhunaíocht áis nua a thosú. D'oscail Ríocht Ainmhithe Disney agus an Long Beach Aquarium i 1998 éifeacht ribe ar fud na tionscail ar fad de réir mar a imirceadar pearsanra taithí go Florida agus California, faoi seach, agus d'oscail poist do fhostaithe nua agus chun cinn ag mórán institiúidí. Ní hé an lucht coimeádta atá ag iarraidh a bheith ina lucht coimeádta iad amháin a bheidh ag baint tairbhe as. 'Deich mbliana ó shin, ní raibh aon ghineolaithe géine i sáitheanna ainmhithe, agus ní raibh ach an-bheagán daoine ag obair i ranna caomhnaithe, caidrimh phoiblí, nó forbartha,' a dúirt Anita Cramm, cúirteoir éan ag an Séadchomhartha Phoenix i Arizona. Céag bliain ó shin, ní raibh aon ranna oideachais ann. De réir mar a leanann na zóí ag fás, beidh deiseanna gairme nua ag teacht chun cinn. De réir mar a éiríonn caomhnú speicis ainmhithe níos casta, beidh gá leanúnach ann le foireann an tsó a bheith ag obair chun ainmhithe fiáine atá i mbaol a chaomhnú agus an pobal a oideachas faoi chaomhnú. Beidh an t-éileamh ar fhoireann dea-oideachasithe ag méadú a bheidh freagrach as i bhfad níos mó ná an t-ainmhí a chothú agus a n-ionaid a ghlanadh. Beidh níos mó eolais ag teastáil ó chúntóirí fiadhúlra de réir mar a leathnóidh fiadhúlra agus a bheidh siad níos speisialaithe. Beidh an méid eolais agus iarrachta is gá chun bailiúchán ainmhithe sláintiúla a chothabháil agus a atáirgeadh ag coimeádann cúramóirí zó ar an líne tosaigh i gcúram ainmhithe. Tá sé fiú iarracht a dhéanamh obair a dhéanamh sa réimse seo dóibh siúd atá tiomanta do chúram a thabhairt d'eaglaí ainmhithe atá ag laghdú go tapa agus don phobal a oideachasú faoi chinniúint ainmhithe atá i mbaol agus an gá atá le a gnáthóga nádúrtha a chaomhnú.

There is nothing more rewarding than eating an apple grown in your own backyard. Growing fruit trees may seem challenging at first but is truly worth it in the end! Research is key when growing any sort of plant whether it be a small house plant or large fruit tree. Knowing what your tree needs is vital to its growth and development. Well, you are in luck! This week's blog contains beneficial information to help you start your own apple orchard at home. Provided below are items to consider before getting to pick an apple straight from your yard. Growing apple trees or any fruit trees can be difficult but as mentioned above research is key. Don't get ahead of yourself without proper preparation. Research what apples grow best in your area and climate. Make sure you have the proper amount of space, and your soil is the correct type for apples. Apples prefer sandy to loamy (a mixture of sand, silt, and clay) soils that are well drained. Apples are also prone to diseases, and larger growers spray chemicals to prevent such diseases. This isn't feasible for a few apple trees at home, and most home growers don't want to deal with spraying chemicals. Therefore, select disease resistant cultivars. These cultivars are less known and aren't the major types you see on grocery store shelves, but they are still delicious. Some disease resistant cultivars include Liberty, Freedom, Sweet Sixteen, and Pristine. Contact your local nursery to learn about other types that will grow well in your area while still resisting diseases! Another important consideration is whether the fruit tree you are selecting is self-pollinating. This means that it would not need another tree to produce fruit. Most apple trees are not self-pollinated and need more than one tree to produce a successful crop. Even if the tree is self-pollinating, with another tree nearby, these trees tend to produce more fruit that is often larger as well. The two apple cultivars you select to grow, must be compatible with each other and bloom at the same time to pollinate one another. Many plants are grown from seed; however, trees are not normally one of them. Grafted trees are the route to go. A grafted tree contains a rootstock and a scion. The rootstock is the bottom portion of the tree, primarily the roots and enough stem/trunk to attach it to the scion. The scion is the top portion of the tree, primarily the stem/trunk and the actual foliage of the tree where the apples will be produced. Grafting allows favorable characteristics from two trees to become one. For example, if a select apple tree's roots are disease resistant, but don't produce very flavorful apples, that tree could be grafted to a tree with flavorful apples. Grafting is a very difficult process, and grafted trees can be found at a nursery near you. Finally, another important consideration is pruning. Pruning is essential to the success of your tree. Within the first year of your apple tree, a central leader or a central branch needs to be selected through pruning. This stimulates fruit production while keeping the tree open and balanced. After the first year, regular pruning still needs to occur. If you don't prune, the apple tree can produce too many fruiting branches. While it may appear good to have a lot of fruiting branches, too many can weaken the tree resulting in fewer apples that are low quality over time. Eventually, the tree will stop producing fruit. In summary, here are some questions to ask yourself, research, or contact your nursery when deciding to grow apple trees. - Will the tree fit in my yard? How far apart do all the trees need to be spaced? - What climate does the tree grow best in? - Will my soil allow the growth of the tree? Is the pH correct? Is there enough drainage? - What are the tree's needs? How much water and fertilizer does it require? - Are the trees disease resistant, or will they require spraying for a successful apple crop? - Is the tree self-pollinating? If not, what trees bloom at the same time? - Do I have time to dedicate to pruning? It may appear like a lot of work at first to raise an apple tree but is very rewarding in the end. Give yourself time to research and prepare before jumping into growing any fruit tree. If growing trees doesn't seem to be for you, don't worry we've got you covered. Stop by the Apple Barn to pick up our apples. Visit our Facebook, Instagram, or website to find out what apples are in season and can be found in our store. Alyssa Rosenbaum - Education and Food Safety Intern

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Níl aon rud níos luachmhar ná úll a ithe a fhásann i do chúlchúrsa féin. D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh sé deacair crainn torthaí a fhás ar dtús ach is fiú é sa deireadh! Tá taighde ríthábhachtach nuair a bhíonn aon chineál plandaí á bhfás, bíodh sé ina phlandaí tí beag nó ina crainn torthaí móra. Tá sé ríthábhachtach go mbeadh a fhios agat cad a theastaíonn ó do chrann chun go bhfásfaidh sé agus go bhforbróidh sé. Bhuel, tá tú i luck! Tá faisnéis shochair sa bhlag na seachtaine seo chun cabhrú leat do ghairdín úll féin a thosú sa bhaile. Seo thíos na rudaí a chaithfear a mheas sula dtéann tú ag piocadh úll díreach ó do ghairdín. D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith deacair crainn úll nó aon crainn torthaí a fhás ach mar a luadh thuas tá taighde ríthábhachtach. Ná téigh roimh tú féin gan ullmhúchán cuí. Faigh amach cén cineál úlla a fhásann is fearr i do cheantar agus i dtimpeallacht. Déan cinnte go bhfuil an méid ceart spáis agat, agus go bhfuil an cineál ithreach ceart agat do phlandaí. Is fearr le híomhánna ithreach gaineamh ná ithreach loamy (meascán de ghaineamh, silt, agus cré) a bhfuil draenáil mhaith acu. Tá úllaí buailte freisin le galair, agus spraeann feirmeoirí níos mó ceimiceáin chun galair den sórt sin a chosc. Ní féidir é seo a dhéanamh le cúpla crann úll sa bhaile, agus ní mian le formhór na bhfeirmeoirí sa bhaile déileáil le ceimiceáin spraeála. Dá bhrí sin, roghnaigh cineálacha atá frithsheasmhach i gcoinne galair. Tá na cultivars níos lú ar eolas agus nach bhfuil na cineálacha is mó a fheiceann tú ar shreangáin siopa grósaera, ach tá siad fós delicious. I measc roinnt cineálacha atá frithsheasmhach i gcoinne galair tá Saoirse, Saoirse, Sweet Sixteen, agus Pristine. Déan teagmháil le do bhunscoil áitiúil chun eolas a fháil faoi chineálacha eile a fhásfaidh go maith i do cheantar agus a bheidh fós frithsheasmhach i gcoinne galair! Is é an smaoineamh tábhachtach eile ná an bhfuil an crann torthaí atá á roghnú agat féin-polláineach. Ciallaíonn sé sin nach mbeadh gá le crann eile chun torthaí a thabhairt. Ní bhíonn an chuid is mó de na crainn úll féin-pollinated agus ní mór níos mó ná crann amháin chun táirgeadh rathúil a dhéanamh. Fiú má tá an crann féin-polláine, le crann eile in aice láimhe, bíonn na crainn seo ag táirgeadh torthaí níos mó a bhíonn níos mó go minic freisin. Ní mór an dá speiceas úll a roghnaíonn tú a fhás, a bheith comhoiriúnach lena chéile agus bláthanna ag an am céanna a pollinate a chéile. Fásann go leor plandaí ó shíolta; áfach, ní bhíonn crainn de ghnáth ar cheann acu. Is é an bealach is fearr ná crainn phlandaithe a chur ar bun. Tá fréamh agus scion ag crann grafted. Is é an rootstock an chuid íseal den chrann, go príomha na fréamhacha agus go leor bun / trunk chun é a cheangal leis an scion. Is é an scion an chuid is airde den chrann, go príomha an stéim / an trán agus an duilleag iarbhír den chrann ina dtáirgeofar na híomhánna. Le grafting, is féidir le tréithe fabhracha ó dhá chrann a bheith ina gcrann amháin. Mar shampla, má tá fréamhacha crann úll roghnaithe frithsheasmhach i gcoinne galair, ach nach dtáirgeann uibheacha an-bhrásacha, d'fhéadfaí an crann sin a ghreamú go crann le uibheacha bbrásacha. Is próiseas an-deacair é greanta, agus is féidir crainn greanta a fháil ag bialann in aice leat. Ar deireadh, is é an smaoineamh tábhachtach eile ná an giota a ghlanadh. Tá sé riachtanach an crú a ghlanadh chun go n-éireoidh le do chrann. Laistigh den chéad bhliain de do chrann úll, ní mór ceannaire lárnach nó brainse lárnach a roghnú trí chorrú. Spreagann sé seo táirgeadh torthaí agus coinníonn sé an crann oscailte agus cothrom. Tar éis na chéad bliana, ní mór an t-eitleán a chorrú go rialta. Mura ndéanann tú an t-eapall a chlúdach, is féidir leis an gcrann úll ró-fhruchtmhar a tháirgeadh. Cé go bhféadfadh sé a bheith go maith go mbeadh go leor brainsí torthaí, is féidir le ró-chuid díobh an crann a lagú agus mar thoradh air sin níos lú úlla a bheidh de chaighdeán lag le himeacht ama. Sa deireadh, scoirfidh an crann as torthaí a thabhairt. Go hachomair, seo roinnt ceisteanna le cur ort féin, le taighde a dhéanamh, nó le dul i dteagmháil le do ghairdín nuair a shocraíonn tú crainn úll a fhás. - An mbeidh an crann a oireann i mo ghairdín? Cé chomh fada óna chéile is gá na crainn go léir a bheith ar an spás? - Cén aeráid a fhásann an crann is fearr ann? - An ligfidh mo thalamh don chrann fás? An bhfuil an pH ceart? An bhfuil go leor dránaithe ann? - Cad iad na riachtanais an crann? Cé mhéad uisce agus leasacháin a theastaíonn uaidh? - An bhfuil na crainn frithsheasmhach i gcoinne galair, nó an mbeidh gá le spraeáil chun go mbeidh an fómhar úll rathúil? - An bhfuil an crann féin-pollinating? Más rud é nach bhfuil, cad crainn bloom ag an am céanna? - An bhfuil am agam chun a thiomnú do pruning? D'fhéadfadh sé gur obair mhór é ag an tús cruthú crann úll a fhás ach tá sé an-bhrathmhar sa deireadh. Tabhair am duit féin taighde a dhéanamh agus ullmhú sula ndéanann tú aon chrann torthaí a fhás. Mura bhfuil sé de do chuid go leor crann a fhás, ná bíodh imní ort, tá muid ag clúdach duit. Stop ag an Apple Barn a phiocadh suas ár n-uibheacha. Tabhair cuairt ar ár Facebook, Instagram, nó ar ár suíomh Gréasáin chun a fháil amach cad iad na huibheacha atá san séasúr agus is féidir a fháil inár siopa. Alyssa Rosenbaum - Oideachas agus Sábháilteacht Bia

"But it's the ACA [Affordable Care Act] measure in this shutdown battle that has really roiled widespread protest against these tactics. In a CNN video editorial, Fareed Zakaria does a good job explaining why in simple terms. In short, his argument is that: Because this is settled law that has already passed through congress, already been signed by the President, and already even been confirmed as constitutional by the Supreme Court, for the House - a single legislative body - to use the threat of default to overrule agreement with the Senate and the President in prior lawmaking, is to extra-constitutionally usurp powers it does not enjoy. Essentially, the House asserts a new postfacto veto authority over prior Senate and conference committee deliberations after reconciliation and passage. Even a law agreed upon by all three branches of government, as is the case of the ACA, could - after the fact - be 'vetoed' by only the House of Representatives simply with the procedural move of refusing to pass a budget or continuing resolution. This appears unconstitutional. Article I Section VII requires that budgetary bills originate in the House, where they are debated in the Senate. Differences between House and Senate Bills are reconciled in conference committee. The final bill passed is then sent to the President for a signature or vetoed. Article IV Section I ('full faith and credit') of the US Constitution demands the financial solvency of states, and provides the judiciary with the authority to resolve private financial disputes. The Fourteenth Amendment clearly states that US Federal debt is sacrosanct and must be honored. This was affirmed in 1935 by the Supreme Court in Perry v. United States. The Fourteenth Amendment, in its fourth section, explicitly declares: 'The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, ... shall not be questioned.' While this provision was undoubtedly inspired by the desire to put beyond question the obligations of the government issued during the Civil War, its language indicates a broader connotation. We regard it as confirmatory of a fundamental principle which applies as well to the government bonds in question, and to others duly authorized by the Congress, as to those issued before the amendment was adopted. Nor can we perceive any reason for not considering the expression 'the validity of the public debt' as embracing whatever concerns the integrity of the public obligations." We conclude that the Joint Resolution of June 5, 1933, in so far as it attempted to override the obligation created by the bond in suit, went beyond the congressional power. There is absolutely no rational argument that either legislative body in congress has the authority to withhold fulfilling its constitutional fiduciary responsibilities for the sole purpose of exacting policy concessions otherwise unrealizable through normal legislative practice. Funding the government is explicitly their job. For one legislative body to refuse to fund government without policy concessions from either another legislative body, the Executive, or Judicial clearly expropriates authority in an extra-constitutional manner and thus violates the balance of powers our founders initially intended." [emphasis added]Not only that, but as we noted in our previous posting, Government Shutdown Crisis Planned in Secret, Months in Advance by Republican Anarchists: A Criminal Conspiracy? the criminal "conspirators against rights" in the House of Representatives and those outside of it should be sent to jail.

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"Ach is é an beart ACA [Acht Cúraim In-Éasca] sa chathrú seo a chuir i gcoinne na gcuma seo. I eagarthóireacht físe CNN, tugann Fareed Zakaria obair mhaith chun an fáth a mhíniú i dtéarmaí simplí. Go hachomair, is é a argóint: Toisc gur dlí socraithe é seo a rith an comhdháil cheana féin, a shínigh an tUachtarán cheana féin, agus a dhaingnigh an Chúirt Uachtarach cheana féin mar bhunreachtúil, don Teach - comhlacht reachtach amháin - an bagairt neamhchlaonta a úsáid chun comhaontú a shárú leis an Seanad agus an tUachtarán i ndlíthe roimhe seo, is é a bheith ag baint cumhachtaí neamhbhunreachtúla nach bhfuil sé ag baint taitneamh as. Go bunúsach, déanann an Teach údarás nua veta postfacto a dhearbhú thar pléiteanna roimhe seo an tSeanaid agus coiste comhdhála tar éis réitigh agus pas. Fiú amháin dlí a d'aontaigh na trí bhrainse rialtais, mar atá i gcás an ACA, d'fhéadfadh - tar éis na fírinne - a bheith 'vetoed' ag an Teach Ionadaithe amháin ach amháin le bogadh nós imeachta de dhiúltú buiséad a rith nó rún leanúnach. Is cosúil go bhfuil sé seo míbhunreachtúil. Éilíonn Alt I, Roinn VII go dtosóidh billí buiséid sa Teach, áit a ndéileálfar leo sa Seanad. Déantar difríochtaí idir Billeanna an Tí agus na Seanad a athmhuintearas i gcoiste comhdhála. Seoltar an bille deiridh a ritheadh chuig an Uachtarán le síniú nó le véit a chur air. Ba cheart do na Ballstáit a bheith in ann an t-airgead a íoc go hiomlán, agus ba cheart do na Ballstáit a bheith in ann an t-airgead a íoc go hiomlán, agus ba cheart dóibh a bheith in ann an t-airgead a íoc go hiomlán, agus ba cheart dóibh a bheith in ann an t-airgead a íoc go hiomlán, agus ba cheart dóibh a bheith in ann an t-airgead a íoc go hiomlán, agus ba cheart dóibh a bheith in ann an t-airgead a íoc go hiomlán. Deir an 14ú Leasú go soiléir go bhfuil fiach Chónaidhme na Stát Aontaithe sacrosanct agus ní mór é a urramú. D'athdhearbhaigh an Chúirt Uachtarach é seo i 1935 i gcás Perry v. United States. Dearbhaíonn an Ceathrú Leasú Déag, ina cheathrú alt, go sainráite: "Ní bheidh aon amhras ar bhailíocht fiach poiblí na Stát Aontaithe, a údarófar de réir dlí, ...". Cé gur gan amhras gur spreag an foráil seo an fonn a chur thar ceal na hoibleagáidí a d'eisigh an rialtas le linn an Chogaidh Shibhialta, léiríonn a theanga connotation níos leithne. Measamar go ndearbhaíonn sé prionsabal bunúsach a bhaineann leis na bannaí rialtais atá i gceist, agus le bannaí eile a d'údaraigh an Comhdháil go cuí, chomh maith leis na cinn a eisíodh roimh an leasú a ghlacadh. Ní fheicimid aon chúis ar bith freisin nach mbreathnófaí ar an abairt 'dáiríreacht an fhiachais phoiblí' mar rud a bhaineann le sláine na n-oibleagáidí poiblí". Táimid ag conclúid go bhfuil an Rún Comhpháirteach an 5 Meitheamh, 1933, chomh fada agus a rinne sé iarracht a chur thar an oibleagáid a cruthaíodh ag an banna i suit, chuaigh thar an chumhacht congress. Níl aon argóint réasúnach ar chor ar bith go bhfuil údarás ag aon chomhlacht reachtach sa chomhdháil a fhreagrachtaí iontaobhais bhunreachtúla a chomhlíonadh chun críche amháin chun éadrom a dhéanamh ar choimisinéirí beartais nach féidir a bhaint amach trí ghnáthchleachtas reachtach. Is é maoiniú an rialtais go sainráite a gcuid oibre. Chun comhlacht reachtach amháin a dhiúltú maoiniú a thabhairt don rialtas gan ceadanna beartais ó chomhlacht reachtach eile, an Feidhmiúcháin, nó Breithiúnach go soiléir údarás a expropriates ar bhealach extra-bhunreachtúil agus dá bhrí sin sárú ar chothromaíocht na gcumhachtaí ár bhunaitheoirí a bhí beartaithe ar dtús. " Ní hamháin sin, ach mar a thugamar faoi deara in ár postáil roimhe seo, An Chríosú Dúnadh Rialtais Pleanáilte i bhFáinne, Míonna roimh ré ag Aonachistí Poblachtánacha: Comhcheilg Coiriúil? Ba cheart na "conspirators i gcoinne cearta" coiriúla sa Teach Ionadaithe agus iad siúd lasmuigh de a sheoladh chuig an bpríosún.

How to Write a Tempest Essay Tips on How to Write Good Tempest Essays Tempest is a play written by William Shakespeare around 1611, it’s one among Shakespeare’s Romantic comedies, it has a simple story line, with very interesting characters some depicting supernatural powers. The Tempest essay is offered as an assignment to high school students who often have difficulty grappling with swift transit between the natural and supernatural scene in the play, aside from this writing Tempest essay promises to be an adventurous experience especially to skilled custom essay writers, the non-skilled writer also have the opportunity of been part of the venture by employing ProfEssays.com to write custom essays and projects at a very reasonable price. This article will expose little details needed to write Tempest essay. The Tempest is a story of evil and forgiveness; it dabbles into the world of spirits, witchcraft and white magic. Prospero (Duke of Milan) who happens to be the protagonist in the play was usurped and banished with his three year old daughter (Miranda) into an island by his brother Alonso with the help of the king of Naples, the king councilor Gonzalo stock his boat with food, water, clothes and most of his precious book collection, Prospero have two servants one is Ariel a spirit he rescued from Sycorax (a wicked witch who is said to be Satan worshipper) trap; the second servant to prospero is Caliban son of Sycorax a misshapen monster. Prospero devised by magical manipulation the wreck of a ship carrying his brother Alonso, king of Naples, Ferdinand (Prospero’s nephew and Alonso son) and others into the island. This spurred many chain reactions eventually leading to the marriage between Miranda and Ferdinand, Prospero forgiving his brother and others, Ariel freedom and so on. Do you need the Tempest? ProfEssays.com is ready and willing to meet your writing requirement at a good price, they hire the best writers in the industry who happen to be graduates of UK and US major universities and professionals in their field, that means a very talented and skillful literary essay writer is waiting to give you the best essay writing experience ever, no plagiarism, 24hrs customer care service, reference is according to MLA, APA, and Harvard format, and direct connection of client to writer. Call ProfEssays.com today to place your orders. Steps on writing Tempest essay First read the play and understand the intricacies, take note of; - Theme: try to identify the subject matter, or what lessons to learn - Background/settings: Trace the background story of the author, find out if there is a link or connection to the main story, what source influence the story for instance its said that the play was developed according to traditional Italian “commedia dell’arte” - Characters: list them starting from the main character to the minor ones, what are their role and did it affect the theme, quotation is necessary, adopt among this type of essay evaluation, analysis, descriptions, argumentative, controversial, compare and contrast essay. - Others are; literary device, and figure of speech. - The above investigation should be conducted extensively, do not depend solely on information from reading this play alone, read through other sources gotten from libraries, internet, journals etc. - 6. Find out the MLA, APA, and Harvard format for The Tempest - 7. Use rubrics tool for experimental grading - 8. Employ essay outlines in writing essay. Tempest essay is not so difficult to write if you follow the pattern in this article, seek other confirmatory source before writing the main essay. Check our sample essay papers which are free to download.

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Conas a Scríobh Ríomh-Acht Storm Leideanna ar Conas a Scríobh Rudaí Dea-Torm Is dráma é Tempest a scríobh William Shakespeare timpeall 1611, tá sé ar cheann de na coméidí rómánsúla Shakespeare, tá líne scéal simplí aige, le carachtair an-spéisiúla a léiríonn cumhachtaí tharnáisiúnta. Cuirtear an aiste Tempest ar fáil mar chúram do mhic léinn ardscoile a mbíonn deacracht acu go minic dul i ngleic le haistriú tapa idir an radharc nádúrtha agus tharnáisiúnta sa dráma, seachas an aiste scríbhneoireachta seo, geallaíonn sé go mbeidh taithí eachtrúil ag aisteoirí saincheaptha oilte, tá an deis ag an scríbhneoir neamh-oilte a bheith mar chuid den fhiontar trí ProfEssays.com a fhostú chun aisteanna agus tionscadail saincheaptha a scríobh ar phraghas an-réasúnta. Sa t-alt seo, léireofar na sonraí beaga is gá chun aiste Tempest a scríobh. Is scéal é an Tempest ar an olc agus ar mhaitheas; déanann sé dul isteach i saol na n-anam, na draíochta agus na draíochta bána. Prospero (Diúc Milan) a tharlaíonn a bheith ar an protagonist sa dráma a bhí usurped agus a dhíbirt lena iníon trí bliana d'aois (Miranda) isteach i oileán ag a dheartháir Alonso le cabhair ó rí na Naples, an rí chomhairleoir Gonzalo stoc a bhád le bia, uisce, éadaí agus an chuid is mó de a chuid bailiúchán leabhar luachmhar, Prospero dhá sheirbhísigh duine is é Ariel spiorad a shábháil sé ó Sycorax (witch olc a deir a bheith adhradh Satan); an dara seirbhíseach chun gaiste prospero is é Caliban mac Sycorax a monster deformed. D'fhoghlaim Prospero trí mheabhrúchán draíochta an bhróg long a bhí ag iompar a dheartháir Alonso, rí Naples, Ferdinand (neacht mac Prospero agus mac Alonso) agus daoine eile isteach san oileán. Chuir sé seo go leor imoibrithe slabhra chun cinn a d'fhág go raibh pósadh idir Miranda agus Ferdinand, Prospero ag maitheamh a dheartháir agus daoine eile, saoirse Ariel agus mar sin de. An gá duit an Tempest? Tá ProfEssays.com réidh agus toilteanach freastal ar do riachtanas scríbhneoireachta ar phraghas maith, fostaíonn siad na scríbhneoirí is fearr sa tionscal atá céimithe ó na hollscoileanna móra sa Ríocht Aontaithe agus sna Stáit Aontaithe agus gairmithe ina réimse, ciallaíonn sé go bhfuil scríbhneoir aiste liteartha an-tallainn agus sásúil ag fanacht chun an taithí scríbhneoireachta aiste is fearr a thabhairt duit riamh, gan aon phláigéar, seirbhís chustaiméireachta 24 uair an chloig, tagraíonn sé de réir MLA, APA, agus formáid Harvard, agus nasc díreach an chliaint le scríbhneoir. Glaoigh ar ProfEssays.com inniu chun do chuid orduithe a chur. Céimeanna maidir le aiste Storm a scríobh Ar dtús léigh an dráma agus tuiscint a fháil ar na intricacies, a thabhairt faoi deara; - Téama: déan iarracht an ábhar a aithint, nó cad iad na ceachtanna a fhoghlaim - Cúlra/suímh: Déan an scéal cúlra an údair a rianú, faigh amach an bhfuil nasc nó nasc leis an bpríomhscéal, cén foinse a raibh tionchar aige ar an scéal mar shampla, deirtear gur forbraíodh an dráma de réir traidisiúnta na hIodáile commedia dellarte - Carachtair: liosta iad ag tosú ón bpríomhcharachtar go dtí na cinn mhionlaigh, cad iad a ról agus an raibh tionchar aige ar an téama, tá luachan riachtanach, glac leis i measc an chineál seo de mheasúnú aiste, anailís, tuairiscí, argóintúil, conspóideach, cur i gcomparáid agus cur i gcoinne aiste. - Tá daoine eile; uirlis liteartha, agus figiúr cainte. - Ba cheart an t-imscrúdú thuas a dhéanamh go fairsing, ná bí ag brath go heisiach ar fhaisnéis ó léamh an dráma seo amháin, léigh trí fhoinsí eile a fuarthas ó leabharlanna, ó idirlíon, ó irisí srl. - Sé. Faigh amach an MLA, APA, agus Harvard formáid do The Tempest - Seacht. Úsáid uirlis rúbricí le haghaidh grádú turgnamhach - 8. - Tá sé. Úsáid forbhreathnú ar aiste i scríbhneoireacht aiste. Níl sé chomh deacair aiste stoirme a scríobh má leanann tú an patrún san alt seo, faigh foinse deimhniúcháin eile sula scríobhann tú an príomh-inscríbhinn. Féach ar ár bpáipéir aiste samplacha atá saor in aisce le híoslódáil.

The Coast Guard said Monday that a private team had located a World War II rescue plane that crashed on the southeast coast of Greenland 70 years ago with three service members on board. The plane, a single-engine amphibious Grumman Duck, disappeared near Koge Bay, Greenland, during a snowstorm in November 1942. The Coast Guard said searchers had found the plane, which was carrying Lt. John Pritchard, Petty Officer First Class Benjamin Bottoms, both of the Coast Guard, and Cpl. Loren Howarth, of the Army Air Forces, encased in a glacier. The discovery caps a two-year joint effort between the Coast Guard and North South Polar Inc., which specializes in glacier searches for the military, aimed at finding the plane before the men’s closest relatives died and the glacier moved out to sea. Nancy Pritchard Morgan, 89, was in college when her brother Lieutenant Pritchard disappeared. She said that the recovery team’s finding was “the answer to many years of my prayers.” After an attempt to locate the plane in 2010 failed, a 17-member team of scientists and safety personnel descended on the glacier again in August. Using historical records, ground-penetrating radar, a magnetometer and metal detectors, they scanned 10 sites before drilling where the equipment had picked up strong signals coming from beneath the ice. The recovery team dug two six-inch-wide holes into the ice and lowered a scope camera. At 38 feet, the team saw black cables consistent with wiring used in World War II-era planes like the Duck. Video from the engine area of the plane showed components similar to those of the plane. “We knew we had something down there,” said Cmdr. James F. Blow, who coordinated and oversaw the mission for the Coast Guard and went on both expeditions. The Grumman Duck crashed during a snowstorm on Nov. 29, 1942. Lieutenant Pritchard, the pilot, and Petty Officer Bottoms, the radio operator, were returning from the crash site of an Army Air Force B-17, where they picked up Corporal Howarth, the B-17’s radio operator. The Coast Guard said the men were trying to reach the Northland, a cutter in Comanche Bay, Greenland, when they encountered whiteout conditions and crashed. An Army air crew spotted the Duck’s wreckage a week later and said it saw no signs of life. The rest of the B-17 crew were rescued five months later. “The three men aboard this aircraft were heroes who made the ultimate sacrifice for their country,” Commander Blow said in a statement announcing the finding. “The story of the Grumman Duck reflects the history and the mission of the Coast Guard, and by finding the aircraft we have begun to repay our country’s debt to them.” Commander Blow said that recovering Lieutenant Pritchard and Petty Officer Bottoms would mean that all of the Coast Guard’s missing members from all wars would be accounted for. The Coast Guard said the plane is to be dug up and the men’s remains repatriated. “It would bring closure” if the men’s bodies were returned, Ms. Morgan said. “I hope it all happens.”

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Dúirt an Garda Cósta Dé Luain go raibh foireann phríobháideach tar éis eitleán tarrthála an Dara Cogadh Domhanda a aimsiú a thit ar chósta oirdheisceart na Groinnelainne 70 bliain ó shin le trí bhall den tseirbhís ar bord. An eitleán, Grumman Duck amphibian aon-inneall, imithe in éag in aice le Bà Koge, an Ghráinéil, le linn stoirm sneachta i mí na Samhna 1942. Dúirt an Garda Cósta go raibh lucht cuardaigh tar éis an eitleán a aimsiú, a bhí ag iompar an Leifteanant John Pritchard, Petty Officer First Class Benjamin Bottoms, an dá chuid den Garda Cósta, agus Cpl. Loren Howarth, de na Fórsaí Aeráide Arm, faoi chuimsiú i gleasán. Tá an fionnachtanas ag comhlánú iarrachtaí dhá bhliain idir an Garda Cósta agus North South Polar Inc., a speisialtóireacht i cuardach glasaire don mhíleata, a bhí dírithe ar an eitleán a aimsiú sula bhfuair na gaolta is gaire na bhfear bás agus gur bhog an glasaire amach ar muir. Bhí Nancy Pritchard Morgan, 89, sa choláiste nuair a scrios a deartháir, an Luchtanant Pritchard. Dúirt sí gurbh é an rud a fuair an fhoireann athshlánaithe ná "an freagra ar mo chuid blianta fada de na guí". Tar éis iarracht a dhéanamh an eitleán a aimsiú i 2010 agus é ag teip, tháinig foireann 17 duine de eolaithe agus foirne sábháilteachta síos ar an oighearshruth arís i mí Lúnasa. Ag baint úsáide as taifid stairiúla, radar a shroicheann an talamh, magnétaméadar agus braiteoirí miotail, scanadh siad 10 suíomh sula ndearnadh tochailt áit a raibh an trealamh tar éis comharthaí láidre a bhailiú ag teacht ó bhun an oighear. D'imigh an fhoireann um aisghabháil dhá pholl 6 orlach ar leithead isteach sa oighear agus chuir siad ceamara scóip síos. Ag 38 troigh, chonaic an fhoireann cáblaí dubh ag teacht le sreangú a úsáidtear i pláinéid ré an Dara Cogadh Domhanda cosúil leis an Duck. Léirigh físeán ó limistéar innill an eitleáin comhpháirteanna cosúil leis na comhpháirteanna den eitleán. "Bhí a fhios againn go raibh rud éigin againn ansin", a dúirt an t-Aire. James F. Blow, a chomhordú agus a mhaoirseacht ar an misean don Garda Cósta agus chuaigh sé ar an dá thuras. Thit an Grumman Duck le linn stoirm sneachta ar 29 Samhain, 1942. Bhí an Leifteanant Pritchard, an píolóta, agus an Petty Officer Bottoms, an t-oibreoir raidió, ag filleadh ó shuíomh tubaiste B-17 de chuid Air Force Air Force, áit a thóg siad an Corporal Howarth, oibreoir raidió B-17. Dúirt an Garda Cósta go raibh na fir ag iarraidh teacht ar an Northland, gearradh i gCúba Comanche, an Ghráin, nuair a tháinig siad i gcoinne coinníollacha bán agus thit siad. Chonaic foireann aeir Arm na Duck's wreckage seachtain ina dhiaidh sin agus dúirt sé nach bhfaca sé aon chomharthaí saoil. Cuireadh an chuid eile den fhoireann B-17 ar fáil cúig mhí ina dhiaidh sin. "Ba laochra iad na trí fhear ar bord an eitleáin seo a rinne an íobairt dheireanach dá dtír", a dúirt an Coimisinéir Blow i ráiteas ag fógairt an aimsithe. Is léiriú é scéal an Duck Grumman ar stair agus misean na Garda Cósta, agus trína n-aerárthach a aimsiú tá tús curtha againn le fiacha ár dtíre a aisíoc leo. Dúirt an Coimisinéir Blow go mbeadh an Leifteanant Pritchard agus an Petty Officer Bottoms a fháil ar ais go mbeadh na baill uile den Chúram Cósta a bhí ar iarraidh ó na cogaí go léir á gcur ar fáil. Dúirt an Garda Cósta go bhfuil an eitleán le díghrádú agus go bhfuil na fir fós ar ais. "Tógfadh sé deireadh leis an scéal" dá dtabharfaí aisghabháil na gcomhlachtaí, a dúirt an tUasal Morgan. Tá súil agam go dtarlóidh sé go léir.

Did you know? Safer Internet Day 2013 will be the tenth edition of the event, and will take place on Tuesday 5 February 2013. The theme for the day is ‘Online rights and responsibilities’, when we will encourage users to ‘Connect with respect’ Know that you do, do you plan to participate? There are all kinds of activities suited for students of all ages. Why do you know about internet safety? What do you tell your students and how do we make sure they have the knowledge needed to be safe and smart internet users. Take time to watch this video and visit their web-site. We plan to participate and would love comments from students and teachers! Look at the students websites listed here on my web-page. Safer Internet Day (SID) is organised by Insafe in February of each year to promote safer and more responsible use of online technology and mobile phones, especially amongst children and young people across the world.

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en

An raibh a fhios agat? Is é Lá Idirlín Sábháilte 2013 an deichú eagrán den ócáid, agus beidh sé ar siúl Dé Máirt 5 Feabhra 2013. Is é téama an lae ná Cearta agus freagrachtaí ar líne, nuair a spreagfaimid úsáideoirí Connect with respect Tá a fhios agam go bhfuil, an bhfuil tú ag pleanáil páirt a ghlacadh? Tá gach cineál gníomhaíochtaí ann atá oiriúnach do dhaltaí de gach aois. Cén fáth go bhfuil a fhios agat faoi shábháilteacht ar an idirlíon? Cad a insíonn tú do dhaltaí agus conas a dhéanaimid cinnte go bhfuil an t-eolas acu a theastaíonn chun a bheith ina n-úsáideoirí sábháilte agus cliste idirlín. Tóg am chun féachaint ar an bhfíseán seo agus cuairt a thabhairt ar a suíomh Gréasáin. Tá sé beartaithe againn páirt a ghlacadh agus ba mhaith linn tuairimí ó mhic léinn agus múinteoirí! Féach ar shuíomhanna gréasáin na mac léinn atá liostaithe anseo ar mo leathanach gréasáin. Eagraíonn Insafe Lá Idirlín Sábháilte (SID) i mí Feabhra gach bliain chun úsáid níos sábháilte agus níos freagrach a bhaint as teicneolaíocht ar líne agus fóin phóca, go háirithe i measc leanaí agus daoine óga ar fud an domhain.

How to Pronounce 'LIBERTINE' - English Pronunciation In this episode, we cover the pronunciation of the word "libertine". This word is a noun and either refers to a freethinker in religious matters or someone who disregards morals and leads a dissolute life. The word comes from the Latin word libertus, which referred to a slave who become a free man. Below you can read feedback from an ITTT graduate regarding one section of their online TEFL certification course. Each of our online courses is broken down into concise units that focus on specific areas of English language teaching. This convenient, highly structured design means that you can quickly get to grips with each section before moving onto the next. Thanks to the Unit 4, I have refreshed my knowledge of didactic materials, both authentic and non-authentic, and how to create my own materials to best serve their purpose. In addition, I remembered how to create a lesson plan and what should be in it. At the end of the chapter I found useful links on which I can find teaching materials which would help me design my lessons.It is my first time to know about some theories, methods and techniques for teaching children.Thank you for this lesson. It can help me a lot to improve my teaching.Thank you for sharing good ideas.I will try to apply it in teaching.I need to learn also to practice my tongue to speak fluently by doing the tongue-twister. I like all of those Ideas and engage phrase.Thank you.

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Conas 'LIBERTINE' a Fhualadh - Fuaimniú Béarla Sa eipeasóid seo, déanaimid cur síos ar fhuaimniú an fhocail "libertine". Is ainmfhocal é an focal seo agus tagraíonn sé d'aon duine a bhfuil a chuid smaointeoireachta féinmharaithe i gcúrsaí reiligiúnacha nó d'aon duine a dhéanann neamhaird ar mhoráltacht agus a bhfuil a shaol neamhshásta aige. Tagann an focal ón bhfocal Laidineach libertus, a thug tagairt do sclábhaí a tháinig chun bheith ina dhuine saor in aisce. Anseo thíos is féidir leat a léamh aiseolas ó chéimithe ITTT maidir le rannán amháin dá gcúrsa deimhniúcháin TEFL ar líne. Tá gach ceann dár gcúrsaí ar líne roinnte ina n-aonad chuimsitheach a dhíríonn ar réimsí sonracha teagaisc teanga Béarla. Ciallaíonn an dearadh áisiúil, ardstruchtúrtha seo gur féidir leat a fháil go tapa i ngleic le gach rannán sula dtéann tú ar aghaidh go dtí an chéad cheann eile. A bhuíochas leis an Aonad 4, tá eolas úrnua agam ar ábhair theagaisc, uathúla agus neamh-uathúla araon, agus conas mo chuid ábhair féin a chruthú chun freastal ar a gcuspóir ar an mbealach is fearr. Ina theannta sin, chuimhnigh mé ar conas plean ceachta a chruthú agus cad ba cheart a bheith ann. Ag deireadh na caibidle fuair mé naisc úsáideacha ar féidir liom ábhair teagaisc a fháil ar féidir leo cabhrú liom mo chuid ceachtanna a dhearadh.Is é seo an chéad uair dom eolas a fháil ar roinnt teoiricí, modhanna agus teicnící chun leanaí a theagasc.Go raibh maith agat as an ceacht seo. Is féidir leis cabhrú liom go mór chun mo theagasc a fheabhsú. Go raibh maith agat as smaointe maithe a roinnt. Is maith liom na smaointe agus na frásaí tarraingteacha sin go léir. Go raibh maith agat.

Each individual Council manages the aspects of the water distribution system within their local government area. This includes meter reading, finance and accounting, network design, system operation and maintenance. If you have any questions or concerns about water quality or water supply to your home please contact your local Council. Gosford and Wyong Councils aim to provide high quality, safe drinking water. Drinking water is treated to meet the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines. See our water treatment page for more information about the treatment process. Water quality testing and monitoring takes place throughout the water supply system. Samples are taken in the dams, after water is treated, in distribution pipes and at customers' taps. The Councils work closely with NSW Health to ensure the health of the community. From time to time, discoloured water alerts may be issued to the community. This means tap water may be dirty or discoloured. Discoloured water refers to a change in the appearance or colour of the drinking water supply. Although drinking water is usually colourless, it can sometimes appear yellow or reddish brown, black, milky white, or blue. This change in water colour can occur for a number of reasons. See our discoloured water video below to learn more about discoloured water in your home. Yellow, reddish/brown, or black water Yellow, reddish brown or black water is usually caused by minerals such as iron and manganese in the water supply system. While these elements are always present in low levels, changes in temperature, flow or water chemistry can cause them to become visible and discolour the water. If the water is brown or black this means there is a broken water main in the area that needs fixing. Do not drink this water and contact your council immediately. Milky or white water Water that appears milky or white can occur when air becomes trapped in water pipes. It usually means there has been a disruption to supply, for example after a water main break has been repaired. This water is harmless and will not stain your laundry. If you run the water for a few minutes it should clear. Blue stains in the water may be caused by corrosion of your internal plumbing. This is common if the hot water cylinder is made from copper. Discoloured water stains If you have a load of washing and the clothes are stained from discoloured water keep them wet and phone your council. Letting the clothes dry will set the stains. When the water clears you can try rewashing with clean water. If clothes are still stained keep them for inspection to verify damage. Don't use hot water if possible until the water is clear. If you have concerns about your water quality please contact your local Council. Is the water safe to drink? Councils' regular stringent testing indicates that the local water supply is safe and consistently complies with the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines. If you have any concerns about the colour of your water contact your local Council, and wait until the water becomes clear before you drink it. In the unlikely event that testing indicates the water supply may have an adverse affect on health, Council will implement emergency procedures to notify the community and protect public health. You will be informed of the nature of contamination and actions to take until drinking water quality has been restored. Protecting drinking water quality Gosford City and Wyong Shire Councils are committed to understanding and addressing discoloured water. The Councils are working to protect, manage and maintain drinking water quality through water supply system enhancements, regular maintenance and routine monitoring. Your feedback is an important and helps Council identify and resolve drinking water quality problems. Please report drinking water quality issues such as discoloured water to Council. Concerns or issues If you have any concerns or issues relating to Gosford or Wyong Councils water and sewer services please contact your local Council. If you suspect a water main break, sewage overflow or any other fault with the water supply or sewer network in your area - contact your local Council immediately. - Gosford City Council (24-hours a day, 7-days a week) on (02) 4325 8222. - Wyong Shire Council (24-hours a day, 7-days a week) on (02) 4350 5555.

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Déanann gach Comhairle aonair na gnéithe den chóras dáileacháin uisce laistigh dá limistéar rialtais áitiúil a bhainistiú. Áirítear leis seo léitheoireacht méadair, airgeadas agus cuntasaíocht, dearadh líonra, oibriú agus cothabháil an chórais. Má tá aon cheist nó imní agat faoi cháilíocht uisce nó faoi sholáthar uisce do do theach, déan teagmháil le do Chomhairle Áitiúil. Tá sé mar aidhm ag Comhairleanna Gosford agus Wyong uisce óil ardchaighdeáin, sábháilte a sholáthar. Déantar uisce óil a chóireáil chun na Treoirlínte um Uisce Óil na hAstráile a chomhlíonadh. Féach ár leathanach maidir le cóireáil uisce le haghaidh tuilleadh eolais faoin bpróiseas cóireála. Déantar tástáil agus faireachán ar cháilíocht an uisce ar fud an chórais soláthair uisce. Tógtar samplaí sna damha, tar éis uisce a chóireáil, i bpíopaí dáileacháin agus ag grianghraif na gcustaiméirí. Oibríonn na Comhairleanna go dlúth le NSW Health chun sláinte an phobail a chinntiú. Ó am go ham, d'fhéadfadh sé go dtabharfaí rabhaidh uisce athraithe don phobal. Ciallaíonn sé seo go bhféadfadh uisce an phláinéid a bheith salach nó a bheith dí-dathraithe. Tagraíonn uisce athraithe dath do athrú ar chuma nó ar dhath an tsoláthair uisce óil. Cé go mbíonn uisce óil gan dath de ghnáth, d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith buí nó donn dearg, dubh, bán bainne nó gorm uaireanta. Is féidir an t-athrú seo ar dhath an uisce a bheith ann ar chúiseanna éagsúla. Féach ar ár físeán uisce athraithe thíos chun tuilleadh a fhoghlaim faoi uisce athraithe i do theach. Uisce buí, dearg/dubh, nó dubh Is gnách go mbíonn uisce buí, donn dearg nó dubh mar thoradh ar mhionraí cosúil le iarann agus mangainéis sa chóras soláthair uisce. Cé go bhfuil na heilimintí seo i gcónaí i leibhéil ísle, is féidir le hathruithe ar thimpeachtra, ar shreabhadh nó ar cheimic an uisce iad a chur le feiceáil agus an t-uisce a athrú. Má tá an t-uisce donn nó dubh ciallaíonn sé seo go bhfuil príomh-uisce briste sa cheantar a theastaíonn a shocrú. Ná ól an t-uisce seo agus déan teagmháil le do chomhairle láithreach. Uisce bainne nó bán Is féidir uisce a bhfuil cuma bainne nó bán air a bheith ann nuair a bhíonn aer gafa i bpíopaí uisce. De ghnáth ciallaíonn sé go raibh cur isteach ar an soláthar, mar shampla tar éis do bhriste príomh-uisce a dheisiú. Tá an t-uisce seo neamhdhíobhálach agus ní dhéanfaidh sé do chuid éadaí a staint. Má ritheann tú an t-uisce ar feadh cúpla nóiméad ba chóir go mbeadh sé soiléir. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh na spotaí gorma san uisce mar thoradh ar chorrosion ar do phlúráil inmheánach. Tá sé seo coitianta má tá an siolandair uisce te déanta as copar. Stainsí uisce athdathraithe Má tá iomarca níocháin agat agus má tá na héadaí truaillithe ag uisce a d'athraigh a dath, coinnigh iad fliuch agus glaoigh ar do chomhairle. Cuirfidh fágáil na n-éadaí ag triomú na stains. Nuair a bheidh an t-uisce glan, is féidir leat iarracht a dhéanamh é a ní arís le huisce glan. Má tá éadaí fós ar éadaí, coinnigh iad le haghaidh cigireachta chun damáiste a fhíorú. Ná húsáid uisce te más féidir go dtí go mbeidh an t-uisce soiléir. Má tá imní ort faoi cháilíocht do uisce, déan teagmháil le do Chomhairle áitiúil. An bhfuil an t-uisce sábháilte le ól? Léiríonn tástáil rialta déine na gcomhairlí go bhfuil an soláthar uisce áitiúil sábháilte agus go gcomhlíonann sé go seasta Treoirlínte Uisce Óil na hAstráile. Má tá aon imní ort faoi dhath do uisce, déan teagmháil le do Chomhairle áitiúil, agus fan go dtí go mbeidh an t-uisce soiléir sula n-ólfaidh tú é. Sa chás nach dócha go léireoidh tástáil go bhféadfadh tionchar diúltach a bheith ag an soláthar uisce ar shláinte, cuirfidh an Chomhairle nósanna imeachta éigeandála i bhfeidhm chun an pobal a chur ar an eolas agus sláinte an phobail a chosaint. Cuirfear in iúl duit cineál an truaillithe agus na bearta atá le déanamh go dtí go mbeidh cáilíocht an uisce óil athbhunú. Cáilíocht uisce óil a chosaint Tá Comhairle Cathrach Gosford agus Comhairle Contae Wyong tiomanta do thuiscint agus do aghaidh a thabhairt ar uisce athraithe. Tá na Comhairleanna ag obair chun cáilíocht uisce óil a chosaint, a bhainistiú agus a chothabháil trí fheabhsuithe ar chóras soláthair uisce, cothabháil rialta agus faireachán rialta. Tá do thuairisceán tábhachtach agus cabhraíonn sé leis an gComhairle fadhbanna cáilíochta uisce óil a aithint agus a réiteach. Tabhair tuairisc ar shaincheisteanna maidir le cáilíocht uisce óil, amhail uisce athraithe, chuig an gComhairle. Cúiseanna imní nó saincheisteanna Má tá aon imní nó aon cheist agat a bhaineann le seirbhísí uisce agus salainn Chomhairleí Gosford nó Wyong, déan teagmháil le do Chomhairle áitiúil. Má tá amhras ort go bhfuil píobán uisce briste, go bhfuil drochamhras na dramhaíola nó aon bhfadhb eile i líonra soláthair uisce nó i líonra na sclábhaithe i do cheantar - déan teagmháil le do Chomhairle áitiúil láithreach. - Comhairle Cathrach Gosford (24 uair an chloig sa lá, 7 lá sa tseachtain) ar (02) 4325 8222. - Comhairle Contae Wyong (24 uair an chloig sa lá, 7 lá sa tseachtain) ar (02) 4350 5555.

WHEN YONGE STREET WAS AN "When I first knew Toronto there were not more than two or three brick buildings between the market and Yonge Street. There was not a building of any kind on the west side of Yonge between Queen and Bloor. Yonge Street north of Toronto was not then the straight highway it is now, but twisted and turned in all directions to avoid the hills. About Unionville the country was covered with magnificent pine. People wondered how they would ever get rid of it all, and trees, as straight as a ruler and as free from blemish as a race horse, were cut down and the logs burned in heaps. Ropes and harness were made from home-grown flax, and almost every home had its wheel and loom where clothing for the family was made. The first cooking stove seen in Markham, brought in by a Yankee peddler named Fish, did not have an oven attachment but only holes in which pots could be placed.. Bread was baked in pans set in coals. A black-ash swamp near Unionville was full of wolves. In the evenings bears came into the oat fields, and, gathering the heads together in their fore paws, feasted in peace on the ripening grain." All this was given from the personal recollections of Simon Miller, who was living in Unionville in 1898. Through his immediate ancestors Mr. Miller was connected with the very earliest stages in the history of what is now the metropolitan district of which Toronto is the centre. One of his most prized possessions was a document dated "Navy Hall, 29th of April, 1793," signed by J. G. Simcoe, the first governor of Upper Canada, and addressed to the officer commanding at Niagara. This document was a command to the officer in question "to permit Nicholas Miller, Asa Johnson, Jacob Phillips, Abraham and Isaac Devins, and Jacob Schooner" to bring in free of duty from the United States "such goods and effects as household furniture, chairs, tables, chests of clothing," etc. The Nicholas Miller mentioned in this document was the grandfather of Simon, and Isaac Devins was the grandfather of Simon's wife. The original home of the Millers was lot thirty-four on the first of Markham, the Yonge Street farm later on occupied by David James. This and the old John Lyon farm were the first two for which patents were issued in Markham. The log cabin built on the Miller lot was probably the first house erected in Markham, and the body of Grandfather Miller, who died in 1810, is believed to have been the first buried in the old cemetery at Richmond Three of Simon Miller's uncles on his mother's side took part in the War of 1812-15. These were Kennedys, after whose family the old "Kennedy Road" was named. One lost a leg at Queens-ton while charging with Brock in an effort to recapture the gun taken earlier in the morning by the Americans and then turned against the British. A Major, of the well known family of that name in Pickering, had a piece of flesh flicked from his leg by the same discharge. Mr. Miller's mother heard the explosion when the old fort at York was blown up as the Americans entered the town after capturing it, and Mr. Miller himself as a lad heard the boom of the first gun fired in the skirmish at Montgomery's Tavern in 'thirty-seven. "After school had been hastily dismissed on the latter occasion and 1 was on my way home," said Mr. Miller, "I met a company of Highlanders headed by skirling bagpipes coming out of Vaughan, on their way to join Mackenzie, but as the latter was already in retreat they were too late for the affair. For weeks afterwards loads of prisoners passed our door on Yonge Street on the way to Toronto to stand trial for high treason. Many of those in charge of the prisoners had themselves been implicated in the rising and took this means of turning aside suspicion from themselves. The worst of the direct effects of the rebellion was not the tearing of men from their families. It was the feuds, lasting for years, which originated at that time. Years afterwards, `you are a rebel' or `the son of a rebel' was the signal for a fight. When men gathered at grist-mill or for the annual `training day' the whiskey hardly started flowing before a fight commenced in some corner, and in a short time the row became general. "One of the worst consequences of the freedom with which liquor was to be obtained at this period," continued Mr. Miller, "was seen in the case of the Indians. All the Indians of that day from the Lake Simcoe and Georgian Bay country came to Toronto once a year to receive money and goods, which the Government gave them in return for the surrender of their lands. I have seen them coming down Yonge Street in twos and threes, magnificent specimens of manhood, their head-dresses decorated with eagle feathers, and carrying war spears in their hands. Too often they went back in a very different condition. The white man knew the Indian's fondness for whiskey, and whites waylaid these children of the forest and supplied them freely with firewater in exchange for the goods the Indians had received from the Government. Frequently, by the time the red men reached Thornhill on their way home, they had neither goods, blankets, nor money, and had to beg food for maintenance on the rest of the journey northward. Notwithstanding the manner in which they had been robbed, and the fact that they were armed, I never heard of a white man being killed by them. Eventually, however, the scandal became so great that the Government adopted the plan of carrying the annuities for the Indians to their reserves and paying them there. "In 1822, and again in 1823, grandfather and father found it necessary to go to Philadelphia to look after some property interests that had not been disposed of when the family left Pennsylvania. Both journeys were made on horseback. Three years later a third journey was made to the Quaker city, but this time in comparative comfort. From Buffalo to New York passage was taken by Erie Canal boats, and from New York to Philadelphia by ocean vessel. When I went to the States in 'forty-seven, I took boat from Toronto to Lewiston, from Lewiston to the Falls by horse-car with the horses driven tandem, and from the Falls to Buffalo by a train which ran on wooden rails covered with strips of iron." Henry Horne, for many years postmaster at Langstaff, in a pamphlet published in the last century, gave some particulars of the difficulties encountered in travel at a still later date than that mentioned by Mr. Miller. 'Tr. Horne made a trip to Toronto in the fall of 'fifty-two by the section of the old Northern Railway then open. There were no passenger cars on the line. Passengers had to stand up, and when the engine required water the train was held lip while the crew dipped the necessary water from open ditches beside the track. When the Millers and Devins first settled in Markham there was no grist-mill anywhere within reach and all the flour used in the neighbourhood was ground in a coffee-mill Grandfather Miller had brought with him from Philadelphia. At a later stage a man named Thorne established a hundred-barrel mill and general store at the place which bears his name. Big as his mill was, it was unable to cope with the trade that came to it. "I have seen," said Mr. Miller, "a procession of wagons loaded with wheat that kept the mil f. running until ten at night. Thorne was a kind-hearted man, and many poor settlers in Adjala, and Tecumseh were indebted to him for the flour necessary to carry them through until the following harvest. His end was an unhappy one, though. Embarrassed by unfortunate speculations in wheat he committed suicide. Burials were simple affairs among the pioneers. In one case the body of a man who had no relatives in the country, was enclosed in a coffin made of slabs split from a basswood tree and buried on his own farm. In fact a number of the first settlers were interred on the lots taken up by them. When the lots afterwards changed hands the bodies were in some cases removed. In others, agreements were made for the maintenance of the burial plots. But who is to enforce such agreements when even the descendants of the original owners of the property are far away? Inevitably the ground made sacred by the dust below will come under the plow, and some day, when a ditch is being dug or a foundation laid, men of a new generation will wonder what tragedy was hidden with the bones then brought to light." THE QUEEN'S BUSH When I was a boy "The Queen's Bush" was frequently mentioned in conversation in much the same way as "The Peace River Country" is now. The term was then -applied to the Huron tract, a territory stretching from about Goderich to Georgian Bay, and in which settlements were just beginning to be formed. The territorial description was a moving one, however, and was applied generally to any lands which were still largely in possession of the Crown; and, as lands passed from the Crown into the hands of settlers moving west, and still further west, the description moved with the tide The story that follows was told to me in 1906 by John Claughton, who remembered when the name of Queen's Bush covered territory as far east as the township of Uxbridge. The conditions under which I fell in with Mr. Claughton were in themselves a striking illustration of the marvellous change wrought in Ontario in the course of one lifetime. I was on my way from Barrie to Whitby, driving on that occasion, when night found me with a very tired horse, near Epsom, in the township of Reach. There was not a house of public accommodation within miles, and yet Mr. Claughton, who proved the Good Samaritan in a time of need, remembered when Epsom had two hotels; Prince Albert, three; and Utica and Manchester, two each—all the places named being within a few miles of each other. "At that time," said Mr. Claughton, "farmers from Georgina, Brock, Uxbridge, and Scott all teamed their wheat to Whitby or Oshawa. When this traffic was at its height there would be a string of teams stretching as far as the eye could reach and all moving south. It was almost impossible to drive north then because of the traffic moving in the opposite direction. That was when the old plank road extended from Manchester to Whitby. Much of the plank for that road was cut in the Paxton mill at Port Perry. There were five toll gates on the highway, and the toll for the round trip was three York shillings. [A York shilling, equivalent to twelve and one half cents, was a common unit of calculation in early days.] The wheat taken over it to Whitby was shipped to Oswego and thence to England. The wheat taken to Oshawa was ground in the Gibb's mill." Mr. Claughton's memory, and what he had heard from his parents, covered a period antedating even the time of the old plank road. He told how the Paxton's, when they first settled near the site of the Dryden farm, had to drive thirty miles to Toronto for household supplies. "I can remember," he said, "when what was practically a solid bush extended all the way from Epsom to Port Perry. I have seen mast timber, seventy to eighty feet long, taken out of Reach, four or five teams being required for the hauling. I have seen the best hardwood sold in Whitby at a dollar a cord. I have seen ten acres covered by great bonfires in which the best of pine, elm, and maple were burning. When, after such prodigal waste, timber began to grow scarce in the neighbourhood, people went to `The Queen's Bush' in Uxbridge township and helped themselves, there being no one there to say them nay. "One night, after having left Uxbridge at eight o'clock, I heard a pack of wolves howling in the Black River swamp. There were many wolves in the swamp on the thirteenth of Reach and sheep had to be penned up at night for protection. A man named Shaw was on his way home carrying a heavy Bible lie had borrowed from a neighbour when he meta bear. He dropped the Bible and ran, the sacred volume being recovered unharmed next day. One Sunday, when I was out walking near Epsom, three deer suddenly rose up in a small clearing almost in front of me. threshing-machine used in the neighbourhood was one of the old `pepper-mills.' One man raked the straw as it came from the cylinder, a second raked it a little further, and a third pitched it to one side. If there were more than one day's threshing, the grain on the floor had to be cleaned up before threshing could go on." "Where are the pioneers and their descendants`?" I asked. The answer came in something like a wail: "Gone, gone—gone almost to the last man and the last woman. The bodies of the pioneers lie in neglected or forgotten cemeteries. Their descendants have been scattered as if by the four winds of heaven. In many cases even the names are forgotten. Of the families living between Whitby and Oshawa in the 'forties I do not believe one remains to-day. Between Manchester and Whitby it is much the same. Only two or three remain between Epsom and Manchester." Still, although so few of the children or grandchildren remain where their families first settled, there is occasional evidence of a tie yet connecting them with the place where the light of day was first seen. One such evidence I found near Gamebridge while on this same journey. There a school library had been provided by the late Andrew Gunn, one of the founders of Gunns Limited, in memory of boyhood days spent in the bush when his father settled on the east side of Lake Simcoe. At Utica, again, I had seen "Memory Hall," which had been erected by T. W. Horne, one of the contractors for the building of the King Edward Hotel, Toronto, this being Mr. Horne's contribution to the community life of the section his parents had helped A STURDY YOUNG TRAVELLER This story has its beginning in Scotland; it touches North Carolina, and has its closing scenes in the township of Eldon. It begins with the eighteenth year of the past century, and almost the whole period is covered by a life that had not, when the story was told in 1910, run its course. Colin McFadyen, believed to be the oldest resident then in Eldon, at that time in his ninetieth year, but still bright of eye and with none of the ashen hue of age, gave the particulars. Shortly after the end of the Napoleonic wars times were desperately hard in the old land and men began to turn their eyes in the direction of the New World, where people were fewer and opportunities greater. Among those who looked abroad were Mr. McFadyen's father and some of his friends. They finally determined to start for Wilmington, Delaware, where an acquaintance was already engaged in the woollen industry. "It was no palace steamer in which father and his friends arranged to make the journey," said Mr. McFadyen. "It was an old sailing ship that had years before been condemned as unfit for the carrying of passengers. Our people did not know this at the time, and gladly paid the seven or eight pounds per head demanded for their passage to America. The vessel, although very old, was a fairly good sailer. Once during the voyage another craft was seen to be following. Fearing that she might be a pirate, the captain put on full sail and the possible enemy was left `hull down.' The old vessel proved more seaworthy than was expected, as she was able shortly afterwards to ride in safety through a West Indian hurricane. "At length Wilmington was reached, but the place did not suit the people, and they determined to go on to North Carolina, and it was there that I was born. Eventually they tired of Carolina. Although my uncle held slaves, my father objected strongly to the system, and he objected also to taking the oath of allegiance to the United States, as he was being constantly urged to do. Attention was thus naturally directed towards Canada and one of the party was sent to spy out the land. The investigation proved satisfactory and, in 1828, a party consisting of my father (Archie McFadyen), Archie McMillan, Colin Campbell, and their families determined to set out for the north. "It was a genuine trek. The whole distance was covered in wagons, the men and boys walking alongside the rude vehicles. I walked every foot of the way myself, although then only nine years old. The journey from Carolina to Hogg's Hollow, where we first located, occupied seven weeks, and on only two nights did we have the shelter of a roof. One of these two nights we spent in a vacant house. Where did we sleep the other nights? On the ground, with a blanket beneath and the blue sky above. If it looked like rain we crawled under the wagons, which were covered with canvas. One of my brothers was born on the way—that occurred in Virginia—but this was allowed to delay us for only one day. "Yes, the road was none too smooth," Mr. McFadyen went on. "We climbed mountains, up the face of which the horses could barely haul their loads. In going down the other side the men had to apply brakes to prevent the wagons from running on top of the animals. We crossed rivers, sometimes over bridges, but frequently at fords. In many cases bridge tolls were levied not only on teams, but on pedestrians as well. In order to reduce the charges we sent the wagons over the bridges, while the men and women in the party crossed on the backs of horses as these swam the streams. "We crossed the Niagara River at Black Rock, the crossing being made in a ferry worked by horses with treadmill power. When we reached the Humber River, six miles out from Little York, as Toronto was then called, we found the bridge gone, and we had to wade the stream. While crossing the water came into the boxes of the wagons, and in going up the opposite bank it seemed at times as if the horses would fall back on top of the vehicles." The party finally reached Hogg's Hollow and settled there for a year. Then they set out for their permanent home in the township of Eldon. This was the worst of the whole journey. Once, when they struck a cedar swamp, the wagons sank to the axles and a whole day was spent in going four miles. The Horses were barely able to pull the wagons through the slime, and the men had to carry the luggage on their shoulders. The wagons could not be taken beyond Uxbridge, the rest of the way to lot seven on the first of Eldon being a blazed trail. All told, five days were spent in making a journey that an automobile would cover now in less than two hours of a summer "There was not a tree cut on the place when we arrived," said Mr. McFadyen as he proceeded to tell of conditions in the new home, "but in three days we had a cabin built. It was of course made of logs, with the spaces between the logs filled with moss and the roof made of split basswood. As we had no feed left we had to get rid of the horses, and father traded one for a steer and twelve bushels of wheat. He borrowed a yoke of oxen to bring the wheat home. This was ground into flour between two grindstones that were made to revolve with a crank turned by hand. The wheat was poured by hand through a hole in the upper stone. Between dark and bedtime enough would be ground to provide for the next day's needs. Later on we thought we were well off when we got a coffee-mill to do the grinding. "It was hard enough to get along in the early days. Potatoes and corn were our chief reliance, and the only ready money was earned by sailing on the lakes. We found work enough at home, however,—cutting down trees in winter, splitting rails and fencing in spring, and burning fallows in summer. The last was hard work. I was my father's principal helper, and we had to keep moving the burning logs closer and closer together while the heat of fire and sun combined caused the perspiration to pour from its in streams. "It was a lawless time, too, in the early days. Dougall Carmichael, my mother's brother, came out to us in 1832. He walked from Sutton by the road, after having his goods landed at Beaverton. When he went to Beaverton to secure the goods, some men there began shooting and my uncle, fearing for his life, fled. Returning later he found a chest broken into and sixty sovereigns and some clothing stolen. Years afterwards, when I was returning from Mount Albert, where I had been with a load of grain, a man told me he knew of the robbery and that the robber had buried the gold under his hearthstone near Beaverton. "Another time when I was driving to Toronto with a load of grain l had with me a couple of wolf skins, which a man in Toronto had agreed to buy. I had stopped at Markham to feed the horses. That was in the days of the `Markham gang' and Markham had a bad name. Consequently while waiting in the hotel until my horses were through feeding, I kept my eye on my sleigh. But a cutter drove up alongside as i watched, my skins were whisked into it and the rig was out of sight, before I could pursue." ']'his reference to the wolf skins naturally brought up hunting stories, and once Mr. McFadyen got started on this line the stories came thick and fast. "When father killed the steer we had secured in exchange for one of our horses, he found it necessary to go to a neighbour's for salt with which to cure the heat. When on his way back, and in the middle of the `big swamp' of 'fhorah, there was a sudden and terrific howling from a pack of wolves—a howling that seemed to make the woods fairly tremble. Father dropped the salt and ran back to the neighbour's, where he stayed all night. W lien lie returned to the place where he had dropped the bag, he found the ground tramped up as if a herd of cattle had passed by. There must have been a large number of wolves in that pack. "The wolves were particularly destructive on domestic animals. A three-year-old steer belonging to the McMillans was pulled down in a swampy place, and all of the animal eaten except the portion under water. No less than eighteen sheep belonging to us were killed in one night. "In order to check the marauders I bought a trap and caught one wolf with it. I set it again, but the next wolf carried the trap away with him. I followed the trail with a dog, but could get no trace of either wolf or trap. I then secured another trap, fastened it with a trace-chain, and in this I captured a number of the beasts. Generally a wolf was badly cowed by being caught a.nd I could dispatch the brute with an axe; but one fellow that I found soon after the trap teeth had been sprung on him was very fierce, and I had to stand at a safe distance and shoot him with a rifle. Finally one big wolf actually smashed the trace-chain and got away with the second trap. I followed the trail until I could see the bushes shake in which the brute had hidden. I fired at the spot, and then, when I saw the bushes move a little further on, aimed at that point and fired again. Everything then seemed quiet and I got down on my knees and peered under the bushes. The wolf was lying there all right, but I fired another shot to make sure, and then brought him out. `Ve received a bounty of six dollars for each wolf killed, but one dollar had to be paid a magistrate for the certificate on which payment was made. The hides were of no value if taken in summer, but there was always sale for a good winter pelt." Mr. McFadyen's adventures were not confined to wolves. Many a bear also fell before his rifle. Once, he treed a bear in a big elm and with the first shot put a bullet through the animal's heart. On another occasion he wounded a bear, and, as it was getting dark, he was unable to follow the trail. Next morning the hunt was resumed and bruin was seen seated by a punk- log and using the powdered fibre as a salve for his wound. "It seemed almost cruel to kill the animal under such circumstances," said Mr. McFadyen in describing the adventure to a friend. "But when the excitement of the chase was on, and I remembered the havoc wrought by the black-coated enemy, I did not stop to think of this, and a second shot finished the Sometimes the hunter found himself hunted. One Sunday, as Mr. McFadyen was on his way to church, he saw a bear and two cubs in the oat field. The old bear ran off and Mr. McFadyen tried to catch one of the cubs, but lie was glad to abandon the effort when he found mother bruin after him. On another occasion Colin McLachlin, a neighbour, shot and wounded a bear. When he endeavoured to dispatch the animal with an axe, the bear knocked the axe to one side and grabbed McLachlin's thigh. A brother, who fortunately happened to be present, then seized the axe and killed the bear with a stroke. But even in death the animal held on, and it was necessary to pry the brute's jaws apart before the thigh on which they had fastened could be released. A little thing like lacerated flesh did not count in those days. People were inured to pain and all were qualified to render first aid to the wounded. Once, when a neighbour's head had been laid open with an axe, Mr. McFadyen himself sheared away- the hair and patched up the wound. On another occasion a settler was so badly frozen that a number of his fingers had to be amputated. A doctor from Newmarket was called in to perform the operation. The charge was forty dollars. Later on it was found that sufficient had not been taken off the little finger, but it was considered hardly worth while to risk having to pay another forty dollars for a trifle like that. Accordingly a neighbour sharpened a jack-knife and a chisel; with a few deft cuts the flesh was laid open with the knife, turned back with the fingers, and then, with one stroke of a hammer on the chisel, the protruding bone was cut off with neatness and dispatch. The skin was next put back in place and homemade salves did the rest. Mr. McFadyen's stories of hunting adventures did not all have the scene laid in the wilds of Eldon and Thorah. When he was living in North Carolina, great black snakes, not poisonous, played havoc with the family's flock of chickens. One night his sister heard a commotion in the poultry yard and on going out found a snake in possession of a chicken and in the act of climbing a tree with the prey. Miss McFadyen seized a pitch pine torch, and with this burned the snake so badly that it dropped the fowl and wriggled up the tree. Next morning the snake was still in the tree. At another time the mother of the family went to the meat-house for a piece of meat. As she was in the act of looking up, a rattlesnake struck at her foot. There was no fainting, not even a shriek; instead there was a quick motion of the hand, the rattler was seized by the tail, a motion as in "cracking" a whip followed, and net a very much surprised rattler lay on the ground with its back broken. TEAMING GRAIN AND "There were seven of us, father, mother, four boys and one girl, when we moved into Thorah in 1831," said Alex. McDougall. "It was September when we arrived, and the chill of autumn was already in the air. There was not a tree cut on the place, outside of the small space covered by a little shanty in which we were to lodge, and it was too late to produce food to carry us over the winter. In order to provide for his familv—I was then a lad of fourteen—father took jobs threshing grain with a flail. His lay was in wheat, and the nearest point at which wheat could be ground into flour was at Newmarket. We boys, in the meantime, were busy with our axes, and by spring we had chopped fifteen acres of bush. "Some of neighbours were worse off than ourselves. One man, with nine children, was forced to carry all the grain he used that first winter to Newmarket on his back, and to carry the flour back in the same way. He was kept going and coming all winter, because no sooner had he carried in one load of flour than he had to start back for another. "Even after we had begun to produce a surplus of grain on our place it was still hard enough for us to live. All of the first crops were cut with the sickle and threshed with a flail. The grain was cleaned by throwing it up in the air from a sheet. The surplus wheat was sold at fifty cents per bushel, but sometimes it, was so rusted that we could not sell it at all. A little later on Beaverton traffic was diverted from the Newmarket route towards Whitby, and our wheat was sold at Manchester at the end of the old sixteen-mile plank road leading north from Whitby. In order to make the journey in one day with a team it was necessary to start at four o'clock in the morning, and even then we did not reach Manchester until dark. The return journey was not made until next day. I have seen sixty teams in Manchester over night. There was plenty of stable room for the horses, but the men had to sleep two or three in a bed and, in some cases, on the floor of the bar or sitting-room. Frequently good wheat, marketed at such cost in hard labour, was sold at sixty cents per bushel. Grain of poorer quality, or not so well cleaned, sold for less. "Everything in the way of supplies was scarce in the early days. I have known people to drive up here from Cannington to get straw with which to carry their stock over until the cattle could get out and browse in the woods. Still there was no actual suffering from want of food. If one had a little surplus, those who were short were always welcome to share in the bounty. Then the woods were filled with deer, and Indians brought us fish from the lake, which they exchanged with us for flour and pork. "One of the great privations at the beginning was in the long intervals between regular religious observances. I remember when we were crossing the ocean, William Hunter, who afterwards settled in Chingacousy, came to our quarters and had prayers with us every night and morning. After we arrived at our new home the first regular services were held by the Rev. Mr. McMurchy, who came over from Eldon township for the purpose. John Gunn, father of the founders of Gunn's Limited, was a volunteer helper. He made a regular practice of reading Scriptures and praying with the old people of the settlement, who, owing to growing infirmities, were unable to attend the regular church services that were held. Daniel Cameron was another who helped in this same way." "When church services were held, people travelled as much as thirty miles to take part," said Angus McDougall, the son of the speaker. "I have known them, even in my time, to come in lumber-wagons from as far as Sutton on the south, Uptergrove on the north, and Woodville on the west to the old stone church at Beaverton. Their earnestness was shown not only in the distance they travelled but in the patience with which they sat through services lasting from eleven o'clock till four, while their simple faith and devout thankfulness were voiced in the Psalms which filled the old church with a stern melody. Duncan Gillespie was the precentor. He read the Psalms line by line, and then led the congregation as they sang in praise and thanksgiving. The favourite Psalms were the one hundred and third and one hundred and twenty-third: `Bless, O my soul, the Lord thy God And not forgetful be, Of all the gracious benefits He bath bestowed on thee. Who with abundance of good things Both satisfy thy mouth So that even as the eagle's age Renewed is thy youth.' " Those who had not met him outside of his Toronto home would never have dreamed that Donald Gunn, one of the first members of the firm that is now Gunn's Limited, had gone through an experience little different from that of Mr. McDougall. Straight and active as a man of thirty, when nearly seventy, and with the calm of one upon whom care had never rested, he was far from looking the part of a pioneer who had borne the burden of the old-time harvest and the fierce heat of the logging bee that preceded ii. Still there were few men who had a larger part in the trials and privations of the days that are gone. The John Gunn, referred to by Mr. McDougall, was his father, and Donald was one of nine sons whose axes cleared the old homestead that now forms the basis of Dunrobin farm north of Beaverton. Day after day he swung the cradle, leaving four or five acres of levelled grain to show for his day's work. In the beginning he did more than this. He put in ten hours a day cradling on the farm of Colonel Cameron, and did the cutting at home in the early morning and late evening. In all this he was well aided by another member of the family—Dr. Gunn, famous all over the Huron tract for his skill as a surgeon. "The flail had pretty well gone out before my time," said Mr. Gunn, "and the sickle was a thing of the past. But I have teamed a good many hundred bushels of grain to Manchester or Whitby that had been cut with a cradle. When we teamed all the way to Whitby, our practice was to make Manchester the first stage of the journey, and then double up the load there and let one team take it the rest of the way. The start from home was made at midnight, and Manchester was usually reached at daybreak. Fifty-five bushels was a load, and we frequently sold, for fifty or sixty cents per bushel, wheat that had been cut with a cradle and hauled all the way to market. I have seen as many as seventy of these grain teams at Manchester in a day, and a dozen men have frequently had to sleep on the floor in a room fifteen by fifteen. Manchester, which you might go through now almost without knowing it, was then the greatest grain market in Canada. Mr. Currie, father-in-law of Colonel Paterson, K.C., was one of the principal buyers; the father of Dr. Warren of Whitby was another; and Adam Gordon, who owned the farm afterwards belonging to 'Bay-side' Smith, and now part of the hospital site on the lake shore at Whitby, was a third. Mr. Perry was amongst the later buyers. Drinking was as common there as it was at other places in Ontario at the time, and few of those who marketed the grain, at such a cost in labour and for so little in return, went home sober. "I generally managed to have a load both ways," went on Mr. Gunn. "On my way back I picked up a cargo of oats, pork, etc., and brought it to our home in Thorah, on the way to the lumber camps in Magnetewan. The start from home for the lumber camps was usually made at four o'clock in the morning, in the midst of intense darkness, and with the thermometer not infrequently ranging around thirty below zero. I always carried shovels, because it was often necessary to dig through snow five feet deep in order to allow teams, met on the road, to get past. No, I never felt cold. I wore mocassins, and a plaid over the chest, and always walked when going up hill. These trips occupied three days going and three days returning." "I remember another kind of experience in the deep snow of the early days," put in Airs. Gunn, who had been listening to the story of hardships in which she shared. "It was shortly after we were married. We had gone down to Stormont on a visit to my old home. A great storm came up while we were there, and Mr. Gunn decided to leave me with my friends a while longer, but to start for home himself. He left at nine in the morning, and after plowing through the snow for a mile, managed to get back to where I was stopping at two in the afternoon, and had to remain there for a fortnight before the road was opened up." "As there were nine of us on the home place, and it was only a hundred acre farm, we had to engage in a lot of outside work in order to make money to keep things going," Mr. Gunn went on. "I made a heap of money with a team of horses taken into the lumber camps to skid logs in winter. After doing this I have come home in March and helped to cut down twelve or thirteen acres of bush before spring. Before the railway came through here I teamed store goods to Beaverton from Belle Ewart across Lake Simcoe on the ice, the goods having been carried as far as Belle Ewart by the old Northern. The first time we went to Toronto from here, we went by the old Emily May to Belle Ewart, and from there by Of Mr. Gunn's father and his work, I heard more from Mr. Gunn's old neighbours than from himself. Mr. Gunn, the elder, was not only a minister to the spiritual wants of the people in the days spoken of, but he cured the bodily ills of the afflicted as well. Although not a physician he had an extensive knowledge of medicine, possessed a rare skill in simple surgery, and cared for the sick and suffering over an area of twenty-five miles. He was, too, the first man to put an end to the use of liquor at logging bees. It was the practice at all loggings of that time to divide the fallow off in sections, and for each gang engaged in the work to try to get its section finished first. The whiskey pail was always at hand to keep the workers keyed up to the highest pitch. One day on the Gunn farm, while a particularly keen race was on between the rival gangs, a man shoved a log from his section to that of the rival gang, and was caught at it. The blood of all the gangs, hot with the race and still further heated with the liquor, was at the boiling point already and the attempted cheating started a fight on the spot. Mr. Gunn, then in his prime, jumped between the fighters, and holding each at the end of a powerful arm shook both into submission. Then, mounting on a log-heap, he gave all the men a quiet talk, and declared his intention of never again allowing liquor at a logging on his place. He kept his word, and by so doing helped not a little in the spread of temperance reform over the whole neighbourhood. On the Gunn farm there is a little "city of the dead," that dates even farther back than does that which lies under the shadow of the old stone church. In this older place of burial lie representatives of another people, who spoke another language. It is the resting place of Indians who had gone to the happy hunting grounds before the white man came. The graves are located along the banks of an old water-course, and are shaded by the cedar, elm, and balsam, which line one side of the driveway leading to the family residence. A great balsam marks the head of a grave in which rests a chief's daughter to whom the call came in girlhood's prime. Many years ago, before the Indians of the Lake Simcoe reserve were converted to Christianity, members of the tribe made regular pilgrimages to the place for the purpose of engaging in pagan rites in the presence of the dead. Later on, when the homes of the white men began to dot the cotuitr y the Indians ceased to visit the place. It was at that time a low, swampy neighbourhood, and before it, was cleared up there frequently appeared before the gaze of alarmed settlers a fitful phosphorescent glow dancing over decayed logs. The belief was spread that it was the spirits of departed red men looking for the mourning relatives who came no more. But, with the clearing of the land, the uneasy spirits of the woods disappeared, and now the dead lie silent and still while the night wind sighs in the swaying tops of the evergreens above. 'There they lie: "Unknown and unnoticed. Daily the tides of life go ebbing and flowing beside them; Thousands of throbbing hearts where theirs are at rest and forever, Thousands of aching brains, where theirs have ceased from their labours, Thousands of weary feet, where theirs have completed the journey." here and there over, nearly the whole of Ontario, the pioneers found traces of Indian occupation before the coming of the white man, Few localities had a richer store of reminders of a passing race than the township of Nottawasaga. When the Mad River covered the present site of Creemore and deer licks existed on the Currie farm near that village, this township was a favourite fishing and hunting ground for the Indians. On the Melville farm on the fourth concession, a plow one day struck a soft place in the ground and search revealed a collection of parched corn, and cakes burned hard as bricks. On almost every farm in the township tomahawks or Indian pipes have been plowed up. Regular Indian burying grounds were located on the town line of Nottawasaga and Sunnidale, and on the second and fourth of the former township. In these graveyards were found masses of bones, together with kettles, beads, and weapons. One of the strangest finds was in the Indian graveyard on the second concession of Nottawasaga, consisting of a number of sabres, tied together, which apparently had never been used. A pioneer took three of these sabres to serve as a trap for deer that had been feeding on his oat crop. He set the sabres point upwards, covered with light brush as a screen, at a place where the deer had been jumping into the field. Next morning an animal was found impaled, but unfortunately it was the best horse on the farm. It is said that another of these old sabres, which doubtless came from France, served for years as guard for the portals of an Orange lodge. It was surely a strange fate which caused this sword, probably blessed by a Jesuit priest for service in the hands of a soldier of Catholic France, to become a prized possession of a lodge devoted to the perpetuation of the memory of King William. BUILDING IN A HURRY At the beginning of June, 1899, one of the pioneers of the Islay settlement on the east side of Lake Simcoe was still in the flesh in the person of John Merry. At that time all the lots between one and five on the seventh of Eldon, save one, were in possession of direct descendants of the men who had settled on them sixty years before, at a time when the country for miles around was solid bush. Of the toil endured by the pioneers on the last stage of the journey to their destined home in Eldon I was told by Donald McArthur, a son of one of the original settlers. "From Toronto to Holland Landing teams were employed in carrying the belongings of our people," said Mr. McArthur. "But the people themselves walked every step of the way, the horses having all they could do to haul the freight over the great hills and across hollows where the mud was nearly knee deep. At every hill, indeed, teams had to be doubled up. From `The Landing' to Beaverton open boats were used. It was after Beaverton was left behind that the greatest toil was experienced. For fifteen miles through the bush there was nothing but an Indian trail, and over that distance our people carried their bedding and other belongings on their "Quick work was done, when the locations on which our people proposed to make their homes were finally reached. Rude shanties were put up on one day and equally rude fireplaces were constructed outside for cooking. Next day stone fireplaces were built inside and the smoke from these was allowed to escape through a hole in the roof, no chimneys being yet in place. The `chinking' of the log walls was not completed until the approach of winter made this imperative. "When the first grain crop was harvested, the nearest place at which it could be ground was the old `Red Drill' at Holland Landing, and the grain sent there had to be `packed' as far as Beaverton. The settlers generally went in couples, each man carrying a bushel of wheat on his back. On the return journey the carriers depended for food on bread made on the way from the flour they carried with them. "Wolves were a great source of worry and loss. One morning my mother turned our sheep out of the pen at daybreak and a belated wolf destroyed six of them before the flock could be rounded up. The brutes even attacked the cattle at times, but they made little by such attacks when a number of cattle were together. In these cases the cattle formed a circle with cows and calves in the centre, the oxen with lowered heads forming the outer circle. Against that defence wolves attacked in vain. "The first Presbyterian minister in the section was the Rev. Mr. McMurchy, and by him most of the children were baptised. Later on these same children formed new unions under his benediction. The usual practice in connection with weddings was to have banns published on three successive Sundays, and on the Wednesday following the last announcement the wedding would take place. All weddings were real community affairs. The women of the settlement went the day before to bake and assist the bride. On the evening following the ceremony the fiddler mounted his bench, and from before sunset until the sun rose again flying feet kept time to the MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT AND From James St. John, who was nearly ninety years of age and still with intellect wholly unimpaired when I interviewed him in the township of Brock in 1900, information was obtained concerning the annual township meetings of the "When it came to the making of laws," began Mr. St. John, "the general practice was for some one to propose a rough outline of what was desired. This was reduced to writing by a magistrate present, who afterwards mounted a wood-pile and read the formal document which was then submitted for ratification by the assembly. One of the first of the local laws in Brock provided that fowl, which continued to trespass after warning had been given to the owner, might be shot by the party on whose land the trespass occurred. When this measure was being read for the approval of the meeting someone asked what was to be done with the carcasses of the fowl shot. "`Eat them,' I said from a side bench. "`Eat them,' repeated the magistrate as if reading from the formal document. "At once there was a rush for the wood-pile on which the magistrate was standing, and the wood, the reader, and the crowd were thrown into one tumbled mass. But it was all done in good nature, and was merely one of the ways in which animal spirits expressed themselves at these annual meetings." Mr. St. John also told a story of an old-time parliamentary election that reads, in some respects, like a news item of U. F. O. activity of the present time. "We had," lie said, "been electing lawyers year after year and found that these hardly noticed us after election day was over. In order to devise means of changing all this we held a meeting in our township and decided, by almost unanimous vote, that we would elect a farmer in the then pending election. Two candidates were in the field, Hartman, a Reformer and farmer, and Scobic, a Conservative and lawyer. The latter was a very clever talker and succeeded in persuading all of those who had attended the meeting, except myself, to go back on the decision reached and to support him. Notwithstanding the defection of Brock, however, Hartman was elected, and he proved one of the best representatives who ever sat for the "Polling in that election took place at Newmarket and continued over two days. During that time both candidates kept open house. No strong liquor was supplied, but beer was as free as water. Still, notwithstanding the abundance of liquor and the excitement of the election, 1 did not see a single fight during the Telling of an incident of another kind, Mr. St. John said: "Indians- were numerous all over the Lake Simcoe district, and in early spring eight or ten camps were formed by these on my father's farm while the squaws engaged in basket-making. The -Indians were all ardent `Queen's Men' and would not hear a word spoken derogatory of Victoria the Good, who had then recently ascended the throne. One of the settlers, McMaster by name, for a joke, made some slighting remarks about royalty in the presence of a group of these Indians, and they threatened to kill him. Taking refuge in our house, he got me to hide him under a pile of straw in the sleigh and drive him past the Indian camp to his home. When driving past the camp an Indian jumped on the sleigh for a ride and sat down on the straw, not knowing I1 e Master was underneath. When McMaster at last got out near his own door, after the Indian had disappeared, he said he had been almost smothered under the straw. But he was cured; he never tried another joke with the Indians." When Mr. St. John entered Brock with his father, in 1821, there were only three other settlers in the township. Mr. St. John was then twelve years of age, and from that time until his ninetieth year he worked almost continuously. Part of his labours consisted of chopping the bush from three hundred acres with his Speaking of the early struggles, Air. St. John continued: "We worked hard, and for limited rewards, but never suffered want. My first crop of fall wheat had just nicely headed out when a foot of snow fell. Fortunately there was no frost and the wheat afterwards yielded an aver- age of forty bushels per acre. vI cut that crop with a reaping-hook, threshed it with a flail, cleaned the grain with a borrowed fanning-mill, and hauled it to Stouffville with oxen. And what do you think I got for the grain on deliver? Three York shillings a bushel, with half of that in store pay, and I had to wait three months for the `cash' half of it! "The very next year, however, the price of wheat went to two dollars and a half per bushel. Afterwards it sagged to between one and two dollars and then, when the Russian War came, it rose above two dollars and a half. One winter, when wheat was quoted at about a dollar a bushel, I arranged to market the twelve hundred bushels that I held from the previous season's crop. After hauling out one load one of my horses broke a leg while playing in the yard and I was not able to resume marketing before the following June. The loss of the horse, in the end, proved a most fortunate accident as, when I did sell my wheat, the price was one dollar and "These occasional high prices, and the uncertainty of them, were really a most unfortunate thing for the country. Farmers assumed obligations in order to buy more land for wheat growing, and this sent land prices up to speculative levels. I could have sold our farm then for one hundred dollars an acre, whereas, after prices dropped, I could hardly have secured sixty dollars, although in the meantime the farm had been greatly improved. The worst effects, however, were felt by merchants, many of whom went mad in grain speculation. One of the heaviest plungers was a man named Laing, in Whitby. I have seen him come from the bank with a stack of bills as big as a hand satchel, and this would not last him over three hours while his buying ventures were at their height. When wheat dropped to seventy-five cents, he failed and many failed with him. "In the period I speak of (this was before railways were built in Ontario, Victoria, and Peterboro Counties) Whitby was one of the greatest grain markets in the country. Wheat from all around the east side of Lake Simcoe was teamed there. The work of teaming was facilitated by the improvement of the road from Brechin to Manchester with the county's share of the Clergy Reserve Fund, and the building of the plank toll road from Manchester to Whitby. When that plank road was at its best a team could haul from one hundred to one hundred and forty bushels of wheat at a load, but the hard surface proved as injurious to the feet and legs of horses as concrete pavement does now. At that time as many as fifty teams might be seen in a string along the old Centre Road; at Manchester fully two hundred teams were assembled at one time; and at Whitby sleighs extended for a mile from the harbour front up into the town. Many a good horse was fatally chilled while waiting on the ice for the unloading of the grain "It was the opening of the main line of the Grand Trunk, combined with the existence of an excellent harbour, that made Whitby in the 'fifties and 'sixties the market for all the country tapped by roads leading to the north. I well remember the day when the line was opened. It seemed as if the whole surrounding country emptied itself into Whitby on that occasion. Every hotel—and there were then six in the town and three at the harbour—was filled to overflowing, and the streets were lined with empty wagons and buggies whose owners were off to Toronto on the excursion of their lives. "At a still earlier date than this, when the country was first being settled, wolves were numerous in the ravines about Sunderland. One day I heard some of these after our sheep. Without waiting to get my gun 1 rushed to the defence of the flock and jumped on the back of a wolf I found attacking a fine ewe. The brute was so surprised that he ran for the bush without waiting to see what had dropped on him. The ewe was somewhat mauled, but I doctored her with turpentine and not many days afterwards she gave birth to a pair of fine lambs. After I had released this ewe from the wolf, I went at a second of the marauders, which was attacking another of the flock, and beat him off with a fence rail. I was a little too late in this case and the second sheep died of her injuries." Nor were animals the only victims to be attacked by wolves. R. L. Huggard, when living in Whitby, told me that James Lytle was once treed by wolves near Kendal in Durham County. "After climbing the tree," said Mr. Huggard, "Mr. Lytle broke branches and, using these as clubs, tried to drive the wolves away, but when the animals snapped at his feet he was glad to climb back to safety and remain on his perch until the besiegers disappeared with daybreak. When at last Lytle, almost frozen, did get down lie found the snow around the base of the tree packed as hard as a sleigh track. "More fortunate was a man named Morrison who lived near Uxbridge in the early days. This Morrison was a famous fiddler and his services were in great demand at the winter dances. Frequently, after the dancers had gone he tramped home alone. One winter night, as he was trudging along with his fiddle tucked under his arm, he was surprised by a pack of wolves. A roofless old shack was near at hand, and up to the peak of the rafters scrambled Morrison. Whether from a sense of humour or riot I do not know, but, as the cold increased, Morrison bethought himself of playing a tune for the howling pack below. So he took his fiddle from his case and struck up a lively tune, when, to his utter astonishment away scampered the brutes at topmost speed into the bush. He had many a laugh afterwards as he thought of himself on that cold still night. beneath the bright winter stars fiddling away from his lofty perch. Unconsciously he had stuinbled upon what has become a well established fact that wolves are terrified by the strains of a violin. He never wanted for protection against wolves when on his lonely night tramps after that." It may very well be added here, in connection with reference to township meetings, that Colborne was one of the first townships to be municipally organized in the Huron Tract, convenience of access to the port of Goderich having facilitated early settlement there. In the last June of the past century, thanks to the courtesy of Henry Morris, of Loyal, I had the privilege of going over the first records of Colborne 's municipal governinent. These records began with the fourth of January, 1836, whn the pioneers of the township met at the Crown and Anchor )lotel kept by the father of Mr. Morris in the then village of Gairbraid, to start the municipal machine. The meeting was held in accordance with "the terms of Statute V, William IV, Chapter 8." Under the terms of that statute, the annual township meeting held at the beginning of the year not only elected commissioners, as the township councillors were then called, but the several township officers, from clerk to fence-viewers, as well. Election troubles of a kind for which Huron has since been famous began early in the county's history. At this first township meeting in Colborne, J. C. Tims and John McClean were candidates for the clerkship, and Daniel Lizars, who was in the chair, declared the latter elected. Thereupon three of the votes cast in this election were objected to and a scrutiny called for, the final result being that McClean was declared to have a majority of two. Even this did not end the matter, because later on proceedings were taken against one of those present for having voted "contrary to the terms of the statute in that case made and provided," and in due course a tea-pot belonging to the offender was seized to satisfy the law's demands, the said tea-pot being held until one of the commissioners put up security for the fine imposed. Troubles over the clerkship, having once begun, continued intermittently for a couple of years. McClean resigned the day after the meeting at which he had been elected, and the township commissioners appointed his rival Tims to fill the vacancy. On October 25th following, Tims resigned in turn, and James Forrest London was appointed. London served until April 25th following, and then he, too, resigned, and A. R. Christie was made clerk. The annual township meeting of the 'thirties of the last century did more than elect a local government and officials. It also made laws for the governance of the municipality. At the first township meeting for Colborne, one of the laws passed declared that "bulls and stallions shall not be free commoners," and that "stray dogs found at large should be liable to be impounded." A "legal fence" was defined as one six and a half feet high with not more than four inches space between the rails for the first two feet, and that for the next two feet the space should not be above five inches. At the third annual meeting, held in 1838, one of the laws passed in public meeting assembled declared that cattle of "the habit and repute of being breachy" should not be permitted to run at large. Shortly after the township government was organized, a commissioner complained of the blocking of certain roads through trees having fallen across the same. One of the cases of which complaint was made was that wherein a "large maple" had fallen from lot one, concession three. Two other complaints were also lodged concerning trees which had fallen from lands belonging to the Canada Company. In all cases complained of the owners of the land were called upon to remove the obstructions. The Canada Company, through Thomas Mercer Jones, claimed non-liability. The statute of the day, it appears, attached liability only to "enclosed lands," and as the Canada Company's lands were not "enclosed," and, in fact, had no improvements on them, exemption was claimed. Thus the actual settler, who was living on and making more valuable the hundred acres held by him, was liable for trees falling from his place blocking the highway. A great corporation, that held thousands of acres which were being made more valuable by the labour of others, claimed exemption from the same liability because its property was not enclosed. It is not surprising that the Canada Company was even more unpopular in the early days of Western Ontario than some other corporations operating have been since The Crown and Anchor Hotel in which Colborne's first municipal government was formed disappeared long since. The village of Gairbraid itself, like many other hamlets of pioneer times, has also disappeared, and for about half a century a one-time scene of bustling activity has been part of a plowed

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Nuair a bhí YONGE STREET AN "Nuair a bhí a fhios agam Toronto ní raibh níos mó ná dhá nó trí foirgnimh bríce idir an margadh agus Yonge Street. Ní raibh aon fhoirgneamh de chineál ar bith ar an taobh thiar de Yonge idir Banríona agus Bloor. Yonge Street ó thuaidh de Ní raibh Toronto ansin an mhórbhealach díreach tá sé anois, ach twisted agus D'fhill sé i ngach treo chun na cnoic a sheachaint. Maidir le Unionville an Bhí tír clúdaithe le pinsean iontach. Bhí daoine ag fiafraí conas a bheadh riamh fáil réidh leis go léir, agus crainn, chomh díreach mar riail agus mar saor ó blemish mar chapaill rás, bhí gearradh síos agus na lógaí dóite i heaps. Ropaí agus harness a rinneadh ó líon baile-fhás, agus beagnach Bhí a rothar agus a loam ag gach teach áit a raibh éadaí don teaghlach déanta. An chéad stól cócaireachta a fheictear i Markham, a thug Yankee isteach peddler ainmnithe Fish, ní raibh aon cheangal ar oigheann ach ach ach poll i cad iad na potaí a d'fhéadfaí a chur .. Bhí arán á bácáil i bpanna a bhí curtha i gcarbóil. A. A Bhí Swamp dubh-ash in aice le Unionville lán de wolves. Sa tráthnóna tháinig urnaí isteach sna réimsí oat, agus, ag bailiú na cinn le chéile i a n-paws tosaigh, feasted i síocháin ar an gráin aibí. " Tugadh seo go léir ó na cuimhní pearsanta de Simon Miller, a bhí ina gcónaí i Unionville i 1898. Trína sinsear díreach bhí nasc ag an tUasal Miller le na céimeanna is luaithe i stair na háite atá anois mar an metropolitan ceantar a bhfuil Toronto ina lár. Ceann de na is mó a luachmhar Bhí seilbh ar doiciméad dáta "Navy Hall, 29ú Aibreán, 1793," sínithe ag J. G. Simcoe, an chéad rialtóir ar Upper Canada, agus dírithe ar an oifigeach ag ordú ag Niagara. Ba é an doiciméad seo "a cheadú Nicholas Miller, Asa Johnson, Jacob Phillips, Abraham agus Isaac Devins, agus Jacob Schooner" "a thabhairt isteach saor ó dhleacht ó na Stáit Aontaithe" mar theach, cathaoir, táblaí, chiste éadaí, etc. An Nicholas Miller a luaitear sa doiciméad seo bhí an seanathair de Simon, agus Isaac Devins bhí an seantuismitheoirí de bhean chéile Simon. An baile bunaidh de na Mhillers a bhí an lán trí fiche a ceathair ar an chéad de Markham, an Sráid Yonge feirm a bhí á áitiú ag David James ina dhiaidh sin. Seo agus an sean-fheirm John Lyon ba iad an chéad dá cheann a ndearnadh paitinní a eisiúint ina leith i Markham. An log Bhí an teach a tógadh ar an lán Miller b'fhéidir an chéad teach a tógadh i Markham, agus an comhlacht an Grandfather Miller, a fuair bás i 1810, tá Creidtear go raibh an chéad adhlactha sa sean-chléibhéal ag Richmond Trí cinn de Simon Miller ghlac uncailí ar thaobh a mháthar páirt i gCogadh 1812-15. Ba iad seo Kennedy, tar éis a raibh an teaghlach sean "Kennedy Road" ainmnithe. An ceann a chaill cos ag Queens-ton agus ionsaí le Brock i iarracht a athghabháil an gunna a thógtar níos luaithe ar maidin ag na Meiriceánaigh agus ansin iompú i gcoinne na Breataine. A Mór, den teaghlach ar a dtugtar go maith ar an ainm sin i Pickering, bhí píosa feola flicked óna chos ag an gcéanna scaoileadh. D'éist máthair an tUasal Miller an pléasc nuair a bhí an daingne sean ag Bhí York ag blown suas mar a tháinig na Meiriceánaigh isteach sa bhaile tar éis é a ghabháil, agus an tUasal Miller féin mar bhuachaill chuala an boom an chéad gunna a thit i an scirmish ag Tavern Montgomery i '37 . "Tar éis scoile a bhí "Tá mé ag dul abhaile", a dúirt An tUasal Miller, "chonnaic mé cuideachta de Highlanders faoi stiúir ag bagpipes skirling ag teacht amach as Vaughan, ar a mbealach chun teacht ar Mackenzie, ach mar an dara ceann Bhí siad ró-dhéanach don affair. Le seachtainí ina dhiaidh sin thrasnaigh muintir na príosúnaigh ár doras ar Sráid Yonge ar an mbealach go Toronto chun seasamh ar chúirt as ard-thréigean. Go leor de na daoine atá i gceannas ar Bhí na príosúnaigh féin i gceist sa éirí amach agus ghlac siad an modhanna a chur ar shiúl amhras ó féin. An chuid is measa de na Ní raibh éifeachtaí díreach an rebellion an ragadh na fir ó a n- teaghlaigh. Bhí sé na feuds, a mhaireann ar feadh blianta, a tháinig chun cinn ag an am. Bliain ina dhiaidh sin, 'tá tú ina reibiliúnaí' nó 'bhí mac reibiliúnaí' an comhartha le haghaidh troid. Nuair a bhailíodh fir ag grist-mhil nó don 'lá oiliúna' bliantúil, ní raibh an uiscí ag sruthú go hard roimh throid thosaigh i gcúinne éigin, agus i am gearr tháinig an líne ginearálta. "Ar cheann de na is measa na hiarmhairtí a bhí ar an tsaoirse a bhí le deochanna alcóil a fháil ag an am seo tréimhse, "a lean an tUasal Miller", a bhí le feiceáil i gcás na hIndiaigh. Gach na hIndiaigh an lá sin ó Loch Simcoe agus tíre Bhaile na Seirbia tháinig go Toronto uair amháin sa bhliain chun airgead agus earraí a fháil, a bhfuil an Thug an Rialtas iad mar mhalairt ar a dtalamh a thabhairt. Tá mé chonaic siad ag teacht síos Yonge Street i dhá agus trí, iontach specimens fear, a ceann-deilbhíní deartha le plúir éadaí, agus ag iompar spears cogaidh ina lámha. An iomarca uaireanta chuaigh siad ar ais i staid an-difriúil. Bhí a fhios ag an fear bán fondness an Indiach do whiskey, agus bán ag cur báis ar na páistí na coille agus soláthraithe iad saor in aisce le firewater i malartú le haghaidh na n-earraí a bhí na hIndiaigh a fuair sé ón Rialtas. Go minic, ag an am a bhfuil na fir dearga Tharla Thornhill ar a mbealach abhaile, ní raibh siad aon earraí, clúdaigh, ná airgead, agus bhí bia a beg do chothabháil ar an chuid eile den turas thuaidh. D'ainneoin an tslí ina raibh siad robbed, agus an bhfíric go raibh siad armtha, ní chuala mé riamh de fear bán ag a bheith maraithe acu. Faoi dheireadh, áfach, tháinig an scandal chomh mór go nglacann an Rialtas leis an bplean chun na blianacha a iompar don Indians a gcuid cúlchistí agus iad a íoc ann. "Sa bhliain 1822, agus arís i 1823, fuair seanathair agus athair go raibh sé riachtanach chun dul go Philadelphia a go ndéanfaí cúram ar roinnt leasanna réadmhaoine nach ndearnadh díothú orthu nuair a d'fhág an teaghlach Pennsylvania. Rinneadh an dá thuras ar chúl na bhfear. Trí bliana ina dhiaidh sin a rinneadh an tríú turas go dtí an chathair Quaker, ach tá sé seo am i comparach compordach. Ó Buffalo go Nua-Eabhrac a bhí an bealach a glacadh ag báid Eirí Chanáil, agus ó Nua-Eabhrac go Philadelphia ag soitheach aigéin. Nuair a chuaigh mé go dtí na Stáit i 'cheithre is seacht, ghlac mé long ó Toronto go Lewiston, ó Lewiston go dtí na Falls ag carraig-cabalta leis na capaill thiomáint tandem, agus ó na Falls go Buffalo ag traein a rith ar adhmaid rianta clúdaithe le stiallacha iarann. " Henry Horne, do go leor na bliana postmaster ag Langstaff, i bpáipéar a foilsíodh sa bhliain dheireanach séasúr, thug sé roinnt sonraí faoi na deacrachtaí a bhí ag taisteal ag dáta níos déanaí fós ná an ceann a luaigh an tUasal Miller. 'Tr. Horne déanta turas go Toronto i titim '52 ag an rannóg den sean Iarnród Thuaidh ansin oscailte. Ní raibh aon charr paisinéirí ar an líne. Bhí ar phaisinéirí seasamh suas, agus nuair a theastaigh an t-uisce an t-inneall an traein Bhí lipí ar siúl agus an criú dipped an t-uisce riachtanach ó dtráchtanna oscailte taobh an rianta. Nuair a bhí na Millers agus Devins socraithe ar dtús i Markham ní raibh aon grist-mhil áit ar bith laistigh Reach agus an plúr go léir a úsáidtear sa chomharsanacht a bhí mionde i caifé-mhilseán Grandfather Miller a bhí air a thabhairt leis ó Philadelphia. Ag céim níos déanaí, bhunaigh fear ar a dtugtar Thorne muileann céad-bharra agus siopa ginearálta ag an áit a bhfuil a ainm. Mór mar a mhuileann Bhí, bhí sé in ann déileáil leis an trádáil a tháinig chun é. "Tá mé feicthe, "a dúirt an tUasal Miller", coróin de charr a lastaithe le cruithneacht go choinnigh an MILF ag rith go dtí deich a chlog san oíche. Thorne bhí a kindhearted fear, agus go leor lonnaitheoirí bochta i Adjala, agus Tecumseh bhí i dliteanas dó don phláinéid a theastaíonn chun iad a iompar go dtí an chéad bhliain eile an fómhar. Bhí deireadh míshásta aige, áfach. Ar a shon go bhfuil droch- speculations i cruithneacht rinne sé féinmharú. Bhí sé simplí a adhlacadh gnóthaí i measc na réamhtheachtaí. I gcás amháin an corp de dhuine nach raibh aon a ghaolta sa tír, bhí faoi cheangal i coffin déanta as slabhs scoilt ó chrainn basswood agus adhlactha ar a fheirm féin. Go deimhin, tá roinnt de na Bhí na chéad lonnaitheoirí curtha ar na lótaí a ghlac siad. Nuair a bheidh na lótaí tar éis é a athrú, baineadh na comhlachtaí i gcásanna áirithe. I i gcásanna eile, rinneadh comhaontuithe chun na plotaí adhlactha a chothabháil. Ach cé atá chun forfheidhmiú na comhaontuithe sin nuair a fiú na sliocht na Tá úinéirí bunaidh an mhaoin i bhfad ar shiúl? Go héasca an talamh a rinneadh naofa ag an deannaigh thíos beidh teacht faoi an plóga, agus lá éigin, nuair a Is é an t-am a bheidh an t-am a bheidh an t-am a bheidh an t-am a bheidh an t-am a bheidh an t-am a bheidh an t-am a bheidh an t-am wonder cad tragedy bhí i bhfolach leis na cnámha a tugadh ansin chun solais. " BUSH na Banríona Nuair a bhí mé ina bhuachaill "The Bhí Bush na Banríona "luaite go minic i gcomhrá i go leor den chineál céanna ar bhealach mar "an tír abhainn síochána" anois. Ba é an téarma a bhí in úsáid ansin - an trátha Huron, críoch a shíneann ó thart ar Goderich go dtí Seorgáis Bhaile, agus ina raibh lonnaíochtaí díreach ag tosú a bheith déanta. An Bhí tuairisc chríochach ina cheann ag gluaiseacht, áfach, agus cuireadh i bhfeidhm go ginearálta do na talún ar bith a bhí fós i seilbh an Cróna; agus, mar a thrasnaigh talún ó na Cróna i lámha na lonnaitheoirí ag bogadh siar, agus fós níos faide siar, an cur síos bhog leis an tide An scéal a leanann a dúradh liom i 1906 ag John Claughton, a chuimhnigh nuair a bhí an t-ainm an Bhóthar na Banríona chlúdaigh sé críoch chomh fada ó thuaidh le baile Uxbridge. Na coinníollacha faoi a thit mé isteach leis an tUasal Claughton bhí i féin léargas suntasach ar an athrú iontach a rinneadh i Ontario i rith saolré amháin. Bhí mé ar mo bhealach ó Barrie go Whitby, tiomáint ar an ócáid sin, nuair a fuair oíche dom le an-tuirseach "Féile", in aice le Epsom, i mbaile Reach. Ní raibh teach de cóiríocht poiblí laistigh de mhíle, agus fós an tUasal Claughton, a chruthaigh an Good Samaritan i am riachtanas, cuimhne nuair Epsom bhí dhá óstán; Prionsa Albert, trí; agus Utica agus Manchester, dhá gach ceann - na háiteanna go léir ainmnithe a bheith laistigh de chúpla míle óna chéile. "Ag an am sin", a dúirt an tUasal Claughton, "feirmeoirí ó Georgina, Brock, Uxbridge, agus Scott foirne go léir a gcuid cruithneachta go Whitby nó Oshawa. Nuair a bhí an trácht seo ar a airde bheadh sreang de na foirne a leathadh chomh fada agus a d'fhéadfadh an tsúil Reach agus gach ag bogadh ó dheas. Bhí sé beagnach dodhéanta tiomáint ó thuaidh ansin mar gheall ar an trácht ag gluaiseacht sa treo eile. Ba é sin nuair an seanbhóthar plank leathadh ó Manchester go Whitby. An chuid is mó den phláta don bhóthar sin a bhí gearradh sa muileann Paxton ag Port Perry. Bhí cúig geataí toll ar an mbóthar mór, agus an toll don turas ar ais a bhí trí Sillíní York. [A York sceileann, comhionann le dhá cheann déag agus leath cent, a bhí ina aonad ríomh coitianta sna laethanta tosaigh.] An cruithneacht a tógadh thar sé go Whitby a bhí seolta go Oswego agus ansin go Sasana. An cruithneacht "Tógadh go Oshawa bhí ag muileann na Gibb". Cuimhne an tUasal Claughton, agus cad a bhí chuala sé ó a thuismitheoirí, chlúdaigh tréimhse antedating fiú am an bóthar sean-bhalla. Dúirt sé conas an Paxton, nuair a socraithe ar dtús in aice leis an suíomh an feirm Dryden, bhí a thiomáint tríocha míle go Toronto le haghaidh soláthairtí tí. "Is féidir liom cuimhneamh", sé Dúirt, "nuair a bhí go praiticiúil Bush soladach leathadh ar an mbealach go léir ó Epsom go Port Perry. Tá mé le feiceáil tréimhsí mast, seacht déag go ochtó troigh fada, a thógtar amach Reach, ceithre nó cúig fhoireann ag teastáil le haghaidh an traenáil. Tá mé a fheiceáil ar an hardwood is fearr a dhíoltar i Whitby ar dollar a cords. Tá mé feicthe deich acra clúdaithe ag tinte mór ina bhfuil an chuid is fearr de phine, elm, agus maple bhí ag dó. Nuair, tar éis an oiread sin dramhaíl prodigal, Bhí an-tóir ar an gcraobh, agus bhí an-tóir ar an gcraobh. Bush na Banríona 'i Uxbridge township agus d'fhorbair siad féin, ní raibh aon duine ann chun a rá leo ná. "Oíche amháin, tar éis a bheith d'fhág Uxbridge ag ocht a chlog, chuala mé pack de wolves howling sa Marach Abhainn Dubh. Bhí go leor madraí sa swamp ar an déag Reach agus caorach a bhí le bheith penned suas san oíche chun cosaint. Fear ainmnithe Shaw bhí ar a bhealach abhaile ag iompar bréag Bíobla trom a bhí iasachta ó chomharsa nuair a dhéanann sé meta bear. Thit sé an Bíobla agus rith, an Tá an méid naofa á fháil ar ais gan dochar an lá dar gcionn. Lá amháin Dé Domhnaigh, nuair a bhí mé amach ag siúl in aice Epsom, thit trí deer go tobann suas i clearing beag beagnach i mo choinne. Bhí an meaisín threshing a úsáidtear sa chomharsanacht ar cheann de na sean ∀pepper-mills". Racked fear amháin an straw mar a tháinig sé as an sorcóir, a raked an dara beagán níos faide, agus a thríú caith sé ar thaobh amháin. Má bhí níos mó ná lá amháin threshing, bhí an gráin ar an urlár a a bheith glanta suas sula d'fhéadfadh thripping dul ar aghaidh. " "Cá bhfuil na ceannródaithe agus a sliocht ̋?" D'iarr mé. Tháinig an freagra isteach rud éigin cosúil le wail: "Imigh, imigh"imigh beagnach go dtí an fear deireanach agus an bean deireanach. Tá comhlachtaí na bpíolóirí i réim neamhaird nó dearmadta cladraí. Tá a sliocht scaipthe mar a bheadh ag na ceithre gaotha na bhflaitheas. I go leor cásanna déantar fiú na hainmneacha a dearmad. An teaghlaigh ina gcónaí idir Whitby agus Oshawa sna 'forties Ní féidir liom Creidim go bhfuil ceann fós sa lá atá inniu. Idir Manchester agus Whitby tá sé i bhfad an mar an gcéanna. Níl ach dhá nó trí fágáil idir Epsom agus Manchester. " Fós, cé go bhfuil an oiread sin beag de na leanaí nó na neanta a bheith ina gcónaí sa tír ar thosaigh a dteaghlaigh ag socrú, tá fianaise thráthúil ann go bhfuil ceangal fós á nascadh leo leis an áit áit a raibh solas an lae le feiceáil den chéad uair. Ceann de na fianaise sin a fuair mé in aice Gamebridge agus é ar an turas céanna. Bhí leabharlann scoile ann a thug an t-amhrán Andrew Gunn, ceann de bhunaitheoirí Gunns Limited, i gcuimhne ar laethanta óige a chaith sé sa bhus nuair a shocraigh a athair ar an taobh thoir de Lake Simcoe. Ag Utica, arís, chonaic mé "Hall Cuimhne", a bhí curtha suas ag T. W. Horne, ceann de na conraitheoirí do na foirgneamh an t-Óstán Rí Edward, Toronto, seo a bheith an tUasal Horne rannchuidiú le saol an phobail den rannán a chabhraigh a thuismitheoirí AÓFÁIN ÓG GLAOIG Tá an scéal a ag tosú in Albain; sroich sé Carolina Thuaidh, agus tá a dúnadh radhairc i township Eldon. Tosaíonn sé leis an ochtú bliain déag de an chéad bliain anuas, agus tá beagnach an tréimhse iomlán clúdaithe ag saol a ní raibh, nuair a bhí an scéal a insíodh i 1910, a rith a chúrsa. Colin McFadyen, chreidtear a bheith ar an cónaitheoir is sine ansin i Eldon, ag an am sin ina naoiú bliain, ach fós geal de shúil agus gan aon cheann de na teannadh ash d'aois, thug na sonraí. Go gairid tar éis dheireadh na cogaí Napoleonic bhí amanna crua go díomá sa tír d'aois agus fir thosaigh a casadh a súile i dtreo an Domhain Nua, áit a bhfuil daoine Bhí níos lú agus deiseanna níos mó. I measc na ndaoine a d'fhéach thar lear bhí An tUasal McFadyen athair agus roinnt dá chairde. Chinn siad ar deireadh chun tús a chur le haghaidh Wilmington, Delaware, áit a raibh aithne cheana féin a bhí ag gabháil don tionscal uachtar. "Ní raibh sé aon steamer palace i a d'eagraigh athair agus a chairde chun an turas a dhéanamh, "a dúirt an tUasal McFadyen. "Bhí sé sean-loingseoir a bhí blianta roimhe sin a ndearnadh a chiontú mar nach raibh sé oiriúnach do phaisinéirí a iompar. Ní raibh ár ndaoine a fhios ag an am, agus d'íoc go hálainn an seacht nó ocht punt in aghaidh ceann éileamh ar a gcuid pas go Meiriceá. An t-eitleán, cé go raibh sé an- sean, bhí seiler go leor maith. Uair amháin le linn an turais bhí craft eile feicthe a bheith ag leanúint. Ag eagla go bhféadfadh sí a bheith ina pirate, an captaen "Tá an t-eitleán ag dul i dtreo an chladaigh agus tá an namhaid féideartha fágtha 'shull síos.' An sean- Bhí an t-eitleán níos soiléire ná mar a bhíothas ag súil leis, mar a bhí sí in ann go gairid tar éis sin chun marcaíocht i sábháilteacht trí hurricane Indiach an Iarthair. "Ar fad Wilmington bhí tháinig, ach ní raibh an áit oiriúnach do na daoine, agus chinn siad a dul ar aghaidh go Carolina Thuaidh, agus bhí sé ann go raibh mé rugadh. Faoi dheireadh Tá siad tuirseach de Carolina. Cé go raibh mo uncail sclábhaithe, mo athair agóid go láidir leis an gcóras, agus bhí sé agóid freisin a ghlacadh an mionn de dílseacht do na Stáit Aontaithe, mar a bhí sé á spreagadh go leanúnach a a dhéanamh. Dá bhrí sin, bhí aird dírithe go nádúrtha ar Cheanada agus ar cheann de na tíortha is mó a bhfuil an-tóir orthu. Cuireadh páirtí chun an talamh a spying amach. D'fhiafruigh an fiosrúchán sásúil agus, i 1828, páirtí comhdhéanta de mo athair (Archie McFadyen), Archie McMillan, Colin Campbell, agus a dteaghlaigh cinneadh a dhéanamh chun a leagan amach don tuaisceart. "Bhí sé ina thríú fíor. An fad iomlán a bhí clúdaithe i carranna, na fir agus buachaillí ag siúl in éineacht leis na feithiclí rudmhar. Chuaigh mé gach céim den bhealach féin, cé nach raibh sé ach naoi mbliana d'aois. An turas ó Carolina go Hogg Hollow, áit a raibh muid ar dtús suite, áitithe seacht seachtaine, agus ar dhá amháin oíche ní raibh muid ag an teas. Ceann de na dhá oíche a chaith sé i teach folamh. Cá raibh muid ag codladh na hoícheanta eile? Ar an talamh, le blanket faoi agus an spéir gorm os cionn. Má tá sé cosúil báisteach crawled muid faoi na carranna, a bhí clúdaithe le canvas. Ceann de mo dheartháireacha a rugadh ar an mbealach a tharla i Virginia ach bhí sé seo cead a chur ar moill dúinn ar feadh lá amháin. "Tá, an bóthar a bhí aon ró-réasúnta, "Mr McFadyen chuaigh ar aghaidh. "Chuaigh muid sléibhte, suas an aghaidh a d'fhéadfadh na capaill a n-ualach a tharraingt go héasca. Ag dul síos an eile taobh na fir a bhí a chur i bhfeidhm na breacanna a chosc ar na carranna ó rith ar barr na n-ainmhithe. Thrasnaigh muid na haibhneacha, uaireanta thar droichid, ach go minic ag fords. I go leor cásanna, ní amháin ar na foirne, ach ar choisithe freisin. Chun na muirir a laghdú chuir na carranna thar na droichid, agus na fir agus na mná sa pháirtí trasna ar chúl na capaill mar a swam siad na sruthanna. "Cros muid an Niagara Abhainn ag Black Rock, an trasnú á dhéanamh i bfarraige a oibríonn le capaill le cumhacht treadmill. Nuair a shroich muid an Abhainn Humber, sé míle amach ó Little York, mar a bhí Toronto ar a dtugtar ansin, fuair muid ar an droichead imithe, agus bhí againn a wade an sruth. Agus ag trasnú an uisce tháinig isteach sa boscaí na carranna, agus ag dul suas an bhanc os coinne is cosúil go amanna amhail is dá mba na capaill a thit ar ais ar bharr na bhfeithiclí. " An pháirtí ar deireadh tháinig Hogg's Hollow agus socraíodh ann ar feadh bliana. Ansin chuir siad ar aghaidh go dtí a baile buan i mbaile Eldon. Ba é seo an ceann is measa ar fad turas. Uair amháin, nuair a bhuail siad swamp cédar, chuaigh na carranna go dtí an eicheacha agus chaith lá ar fad i ag dul ceithre mhíle. Bhí na Cailíní go bhfuil siad in ann a tharraingt na carranna trí na slime, agus bhí na fir a a iompar an bagáiste ar a ghualainn. Ní raibh na carranna a thógáil thar Uxbridge, an chuid eile den bhealach go dtí an lán seacht ar an gcéad de Eldon ag a bheith ina shlighe blazed. Ar an iomlán, chaith siad cúig lá ag déanamh taistil go mbeadh gluaisteán a chlúdach anois i níos lú ná dhá uair an chloig de samhradh "Ní raibh crann gearradh ar an áit nuair a tháinig muid, "a dúirt an tUasal McFadyen mar a chuaigh sé ar aghaidh a insint de na coinníollacha sa bhaile nua, "ach i dtrí lá bhí cabán againn tógtha. Bhí sé ar ndóigh déanta as lógó, leis na spásanna idir na lógó líonta le moss agus an díon déanta as basswood scoilte. Mar ní raibh aon bhia fágtha againn Bhí a fháil réidh leis na capaill, agus athair trádáil ceann amháin le haghaidh coir agus dhá cheann déag buicéad de cruithneacht. D'iarr sé goideó de na bóithre chun an cruithneacht a thabhairt abhaile. Bhí sé seo ar thras i plúr idir dhá chloch muilte a rinneadh chun rothlú le crank a thiomáint de láimh. Bhí an cruithneacht á líonadh de láimh trí thréimhse sa chloch uachtarach. Idir dorchadas agus go leor codlata bheadh bheith ar an talamh chun freastal ar riachtanais an lae dár gcionn. Níos déanaí shíl muid go Bhí muid go maith nuair a fuair muid caife-mhil chun an grind. "Bhí sé deacair go leor chun dul ar shiúl sna laethanta tosaigh. Bhí prátaí agus arbhar ár mbunaíocht is mó, agus an t-airgead réidh amháin a bhí tuillte ag seoltóireacht ar na lochanna. Fuair muid go leor oibre sa bhaile, áfach, crainn a ghearradh sa gheimhreadh, rianta agus fencing san earrach, agus ardaíonn fallows sa samhradh. Ba é an ceann deireanach obair chrua. Bhí mé ina phríomh-chomh-chúntóir ar m'athair, agus bhí orainn leanúint ar aghaidh ag bogadh na lógaí dóite níos dlúithe agus níos dlúithe le chéile agus an teas an tine agus sun comhcheangailte rinne an sweat a shruthú as a in sruthanna. "Bhí sé am gan dlí, chomh maith, sna laethanta tosaigh. Dougall Carmichael, mo mháthair ar an deartháir, tháinig amach chugainn i 1832. Chuaigh sé ó Sutton ag an mbóthar, tar éis a earraí a tháinig i dtír ag Beaverton. Nuair a chuaigh sé go dtí Beaverton a chinntiú go bhfuil an earraí, thosaigh roinnt fir ann ag lámhach agus mo uncail, ag eagla ar a shaol, éalaigh. Ag filleadh níos déanaí fuair sé ciste bhriste isteach agus seasca ceannasaí agus roinnt éadaí goidte. Blianta ina dhiaidh sin, nuair a bhí mé ag filleadh ó Mount Albert, áit a raibh mé le lasta gráin, dúirt fear dom go raibh sé Bhí a fhios ag an robáil agus go raibh an robálach adhlactha an t-ór faoi a hearthstone in aice le Beaverton. "Uaire eile nuair a bhí mé Ag tiomáint go Toronto le muirear gráin Bhí cúpla madra liom leatháin, a raibh fear i Toronto aontaithe a cheannach. Bhí mé stopadh ag Markham chun na capaill a chothú. Ba é sin i laethanta an ghrúpa 'Markham' agus Markham bhí droch-ainm. Dá bhrí sin, agus muid ag fanacht sa óstán go dtí go raibh mo chapaill ag feeding, choinnigh mé mo shúil ar mo sleigh. Ach a Cutter thiomáin suas in aice leis mar a d'fhéach mé, bhí mo chraiceann whisked isteach ann agus bhí an rig as radharc, sula bhféadfainn leanúint. " "]"a tagairt do na scaipthe madraí go nádúrtha a thug suas cainteanna fiach, agus uair amháin an tUasal McFadyen Thosaigh ar an líne seo tháinig na scéalta tiubh agus tapa. "Nuair a mharaigh athair an an t-each a bhí againn a bhí slán i malartú le ceann dár gcuid capaill, fuair sé é Ní mór dul go dtí comharsaí le haghaidh salann lena leigheas an teas. Nuair a bhí ar a bhealach ar ais, agus i lár an 'fhorah' 'fhora mór', Bhí uimhreacha agus uafásach ag uimhriú ó pack of wolves uimhreacha gur cosúil go bhfuil a dhéanamh ar an foraois fairly tremor. Chaith athair an salann agus rith ar ais go dtí an comharsa, áit a d'fhan sé ar feadh na hoíche. W lien lie d'fhill sé ar an áit a raibh sé thit an mála, fuair sé an talamh Trompar iad mar a bheadh caomhnán bó a chuaigh thart. Ní mór go raibh a líon mór de na madraí sa pack. "Bhí na madraí go háirithe ar ainmhithe tí. Bean tri bliana d'aois a bhaineann leis an McMillans a tharraingt síos i áit swampy, agus go léir an t-ainmhí a itheadh ach amháin an chuid atá faoi uisce. Ní lú ná ocht mbliana déag caorach a bhaineann linn a maraíodh i oíche amháin. "D'fhonn a sheiceáil an Marauders cheannaigh mé gaiste agus ghabh mé amháin wolf leis. Chuir mé ar ais é, ach thóg an chéad fhir eile an gaiste leis. Lean mé an rian le madra, ach d'fhéadfadh a fháil aon rian de na nó madra nó gaile. I ansin slán eile, fastened sé le slabhra rianú, agus sa I ghabháil roinnt de na beasts. Go ginearálta bhí wolf badly cowed ag ag a bheith gafa agus d'fhéadfainn a sheoladh ar an brute le hais; ach comhalta amháin go bhfuair mé go luath tar éis na fiacla gaiste a bhí sprung air a bhí an- fiery, agus bhí mé chun seasamh ar fad sábháilte agus shoot dó le gunna. Faoi dheireadh amháin mór-wiel i ndáiríre smashed an slabhra rianú agus fuair amach leis an dara trap. Lean mé an rian go dtí go raibh mé in ann a fheiceáil ar an Bushes shake i gcás a bhí an brute i bhfolach. Thóg mé ar an láthair, agus ansin, nuair a chonaic mé na bushes bogadh beagán níos faide ar aghaidh, ag díriú ar sin pointe agus thit arís. Gach rud ansin chuma ciúin agus fuair mé síos ar mo kneeled agus peered faoi na bushes. Bhí an madra luí ann go léir ceart go leor, ach shoot mé eile a dhéanamh cinnte, agus ansin thug sé amach. ŸVe Fuair bounty de shé dollar do gach madra maraíodh, ach dollar amháin Bhí a íocadh máistirín don deimhniú ar a raibh íocaíocht déanta. Bhí na hides aon luach má thógtar i samhradh, ach bhí "Tá sé i gcónaí ar díol le haghaidh leathar gheimhridh maith". An tUasal McFadyen's eachtraí Ní raibh siad teoranta do mhuc. Go leor bear thit freisin roimh a rifle. Uair amháin, treed sé ursa i elm mór agus leis an chéad shot put bullet trí chroí an ainmhí. Ar ócáid eile rinne sé gortaithe ar bear, agus, mar a bhí sé ag dul i dtimpeall, bhí sé in ann a leanúint ar an rian. An mhaidin dár gcionn an Hunt a bhí athghníomhaithe agus a bhí Bruin feicthe ina suí ag punk- log agus ag baint úsáide as an snáithín púdar mar salbh ar a ghort. "Bhí sé cosúil beagnach cruálach a "Tá sé de cheart ag an Aire an t-eagrán a chur i bhfeidhm ar an ngníomhaíocht a bhfuil sé beartaithe a dhéanamh chun an t-ainmhí a mharú faoi na cúinsí sin", a dúirt an tUasal McFadyen i ag cur cur síos ar an eachtra le cara. "Ach nuair a bhíonn an excitement an chase bhí ar, agus chuimhnigh mé ar an chaos a rinne an dubh-coated namhaid, ní raibh mé stop a chur chun smaoineamh ar seo, agus chríochnaigh an dara shot an Uaireanta an sealgaire fuair sé féin a chasadh. Domhnach amháin, mar a bhí an tUasal McFadyen ar a bhealach chun Eaglais, chonaic sé béar agus dhá cubs sa réimse oat. An t-aird d'fhan amach agus rinne an tUasal McFadyen chun a ghabháil ar cheann de na cubs, ach bréag bhí sásta a a thréigean an iarracht nuair a fuair sé máthair Bruin ina dhiaidh. Ar cheann eile ar ócáid Colin McLachlin, comharsa, shoot agus gortaigh ursa. Nuair a iarracht a sheoladh ar an ainmhí le haicéad, bhuail an t-éireaball an haicéad ar thaobh amháin agus greim ar McLachlin thigh. A deartháir, a fortunately tharla a bheith i láthair, ansin ghabh an cnoic agus maraíodh an t-ádh le stróc. Ach fiú i bás an t-ainmhí a choinníodh ar, agus bhí sé riachtanach a pry na béal brute ar leithligh roimh an thigh ar a raibh siad ceangailte d'fhéadfaí a scaoileadh. Rud beag cosúil le Ní raibh flesh lacerated a chomhaireamh sna laethanta sin. Bhí daoine a habituated chun pian agus bhí gach duine cáilithe chun an chéad chúnamh a thabhairt do na gortaithe. Uair amháin, nuair a Bhí ceann an chomharsa curtha ar oscailt le hais, an tUasal McFadyen é féin sheared amach- an gruaig agus patched suas an ghortú. Ar ócáid eile a Bhí socrúcháin chomh dona reoite go raibh roinnt de a mhéara a bheith amputated. Tugadh dochtúir ó Newmarket isteach chun an oibríocht. Ba é an táille daichead dollar. Níos déanaí fuair sé amach go go leor nach raibh a tógadh as an mhéara beag, ach bhí sé mheas nach bhfuil fiú a chur i mbaol ag a bheith ag íoc daichead eile dollar le haghaidh trifle den sórt sin. Dá réir sin, shlíodh comharsa jack-chniff agus ciseal; le cúpla gearradh deft cuireadh an flesh oscailte leis an scian, a chas ar ais leis na méara, agus ansin, le stróc amháin de hammer ar an chisel, bhí an cnámh protruding gearradh amach le neatness agus seoladh. An craiceann a bhí ina dhiaidh sin a chur ar ais in áit agus salves homemade rinne an chuid eile. Mr McFadyen 's scéalta de Ní raibh gach eachtraí fiach a leagan síos sa wilds de Eldon agus Thorah. Nuair a bhí sé ina chónaí i Carolina Thuaidh, nathracha mór dubh, nach bhfuil nimhiúil, bhí caos ag an teaghlach ar a scuaine de sicíní. Ceann oíche a deirfiúr chuala commotion sa chúlra éanlaithe agus ar dul amach Fuair snake i seilbh sicín agus san gníomh a dhreapadh ar crann leis an prey. Miss McFadyen seized tocha péire péine, agus le dó seo an nathair chomh dona sin gur thit an t-eòlach agus gur shroich sé suas an crann. An mhaidin dár gcionn bhí an nathair fós sa chrann. Ag am eile mháthair an teaghlaigh chuaigh sé go dtí an flesh-house le haghaidh píosa feola. Mar a Bhí sé i ngníomh ag féachaint suas, bhuail rattlesnake ar a chos. Anseo ní raibh aon fainting, ní fiú scream; ina ionad sin bhí gluaiseacht tapa de an lámh, bhí an rattler greimithe ag an eireaball, a ghníomh mar atá i "cracking" leanann Whip, agus líonra rattler i bhfad i bhfad iontas a leagan ar an talamh lena chúl briste. TEAMING GRAIN agus "Bhí seacht againn, athair, máthair, ceithre bhuachaill agus cailín amháin, nuair a bhog muid isteach i Thorah i 1831, "a dúirt Alex. McDougall. "Bhí sé Meán Fómhair nuair a tháinig muid, agus an chill an fhoghar bhí cheana féin san aer. Ní raibh crann gearradh ar an áit, lasmuigh den spás beag clúdaithe ag shanty beag ina bhfuil muid bhí a lóistín, agus bhí sé ró-dhéanach chun bia a tháirgeadh chun a iompar orainn thar an an gheimhridh. Chun a theaghlach a chothú bhí sé ina bhuachaill de ceathrú déag d'éirigh le h-athair post a fháil ag tratháil gráin le flail. Bhí a lay i arbhar, agus an pointe is gaire ag a bhféadfaí arbhar a mhilliú i bplúr Bhí sé ag Newmarket. Táimid buachaillí, san idirlíon, bhí gnóthach le ár hais, agus Faoi earrach bhí againn chopped cúig déag acra de Bush. "Bhí cuid de na comharsana níos measa ná sinn féin. Bhí fear amháin, le naoi leanbh, iallach a chur air a iompar go léir an gráin a d'úsáid sé an chéad gheimhreadh go Newmarket ar a chúl, agus chun an plúr a iompar ar ais ar an mbealach céanna. Bhí sé a choimeád ar bun agus ag teacht an gheimhreadh ar fad, mar gheall ar ní raibh sé chomh luath a rinneadh i aon lasta de plúr Ní raibh sé a thosú ar ais le haghaidh eile. "Fiú tar éis dúinn a bhí tosaithe a tháirgeadh ar an iomarca gráin ar ár áit bhí sé fós deacair go leor le haghaidh dúinn chun maireachtáil. Gach na chéad barra a bhí gearradh leis an sciathán agus threshed le flail. Bhí an gráin glanta ag caitheamh suas san aer ó sciath. An cruinniú níos mó fíon a dhíol ag caoga cent in aghaidh an buicéal, ach uaireanta, bhí sé chomh rósta sin nach bhféadfaimis a dhíol ar chor ar bith. Beagán Níos déanaí ar Beaverton dífhágadh trácht ó bhealach Newmarket i dtreo Whitby, agus ár n-airim a dhíol i Manchester ag deireadh na sean bóthar planc 16 míle ag dul ó thuaidh ó Whitby. Chun an turas in aon lá amháin le foireann bhí sé riachtanach chun tús a chur ag ceithre uair an chloig ar maidin, agus fiú ansin ní raibh muid ag teacht Manchester go dtí dorchadas. Ní raibh an turas ar ais déanta go dtí an lá dar gcionn. Chonaic mé seasca foirne i Manchester thar oíche. Bhí go leor seomra cobhsaí do na capaill, ach bhí na fir a chodladh dhá nó trí i leaba agus, i roinnt cásanna, ar urlár an bhára nó seomra suí. Go minic, fíon maith, Mar sin, tá an t-ábhar a bhí ar an margadh ag an gcostas sin i saothair chrua, a dhíoltar ag seasca cent in aghaidh an buicéal. Díoltar gráin de chaighdeán níos measa, nó nach raibh glanadh chomh maith, ar phraghas níos lú. "Tá gach rud ar an mbealach Bhí soláthairtí gann sna laethanta tosaigh. Tá a fhios agam daoine a thiomáint suas anseo ó Cannington a fháil straw leis a iompar a stoc thar go dtí go bhféadfadh an t-eallach a fháil amach agus brabhsáil sa choille. Fós bhí gan fhulaingt iarbhír ó easpa bia. Má bhí duine ar bith beagán níos mó, Bhí fáilte roimh na daoine a bhí gearr a roinnt i gcónaí ar an bounty. Ansin Bhí na coillte líonta le deer, agus Indians thug dúinn iasc ó na loch, a mhalartú leo linn le haghaidh plúr agus muiceoil. "Ar cheann de na mór Bhí an t-ádh ar an bpríomh-fhadhb ag tús na tréimhse fada idir na tréimhsí rialta urraimí reiligiúnacha. Is cuimhin liom nuair a bhí muid ag trasnú an aigéin, William Hunter, a socraíodh ina dhiaidh sin i Chingacousy, tháinig go dtí ár ceathrú agus bhí guí linn gach oíche agus maidin. Tar éis dúinn Tháinig muid go dtí ár dtithe nua, bhí an chéad sheirbhísí rialta á reáchtáil ag an Ré. An tUasal McMurchy, a tháinig thar ó Eldon baile don chuspóir. Eoin Bhí Gunn, athair bhunaitheoirí Gunn's Limited, ina chabhairí deonacha. Rinne sé gnáthghnáthaíocht na Scríbhinní a léamh agus guí leis an daoine scothaosta an lonnaíochta, a bhí, mar gheall ar ailíbhí ag fás, Ní raibh sé in ann freastal ar na hoibreacha eaglais rialta a bhí ar siúl. Daniel Bhí Cameron ina dhuine eile a chabhraigh ar an mbealach céanna". "Nuair a bhíonn seirbhísí eaglais "Tá an-chuid daoine ag dul ar thuras go dtí an t-oileán chun páirt a ghlacadh i dTithe na Gaeilge", a dúirt Angus McDougall, an mac an cainteoir. "Tá a fhios agam iad, fiú i mo am, a thagann i carranna-timmer ó chomh fada le Sutton ar an deisceart, Uptergrove ar an taobh ó thuaidh, agus Woodville ar an taobh thiar go dtí an charraig d'aois Eaglais ag Beaverton. Ní amháin sa fad a thrasnaigh siad ach sa foighne a shuigh siad tríd seirbhísí a mhaireann ó uair an chloig déag go dtí ceithre, agus a n-creideamh simplí agus buíochas devout bhí voiced i Salm a líonadh an sean Eaglais le melody stern. Bhí Duncan Gillespie an precentor. Léigh sé na Salm líne ar líne, agus ansin bhí an chomhthionól mar a chan siad i moladh agus buíochas a ghabháil. Bhí na Salm is fearr leat an céad agus tríú agus céad fiche an tríú: `Bless, O mo anam, an A Thiarna do Dhia Agus ná bí dearmadta, De na buntáistí grástacha go léir He bath bestowed upon thee. [An] bain a thug sé duit. A bhfuil go leor rudaí maithe Sásann an dá do bhéal Mar sin, fiú mar aois an eagle Tá athnuachan do óige. ' " Iad siúd nach raibh bualadh leis lasmuigh dá bhaile Toronto riamh a shamhlú go Donald Gunn, ceann de na chéad chomhaltaí den ghnólacht go bhfuil anois Gunn's teoranta, bhí Tá taithí beag difriúil ó an tUasal McDougall. Díreach agus gníomhach mar fear de thrí bliana déag, nuair a bhí beagnach seacht mbliana déag, agus le an socair ar dhuine ar a raibh cúram riamh a bhí ina gcónaí, bhí sé i bhfad ó fhéach an ról ar cheannródaí a bhí i ngnó an t-ualach an fómhar sean-am agus an teas fiery an beacha logging a chuaigh roimh II. Fós ann Bhí cúpla fear a bhí páirt níos mó i na trialacha agus privations an laethanta atá imithe. An John Gunn, dá dtagraítear ag an tUasal McDougall, bhí a athair, agus bhí Donald ar cheann de naoi mac a bhfuil aisí glan an sean teach a bhfuil anois mar bhonn feirme Dunrobin thuaidh de Beaverton. Lá i ndiaidh lae swung sé an cradle, ag fágáil ceithre nó cúig acra de ghráin cothrom le feiceáil le haghaidh a obair lae. Sa tús rinne sé níos mó ná seo. Chuir sé deich n-uaire lá cradling ar fheirm an Choláiste Cameron, agus rinne an gearradh ag abhaile go luath ar maidin agus go déanach san oíche. I ngach seo bhí sé go maith a bhí ag duine eile den teaghlach Gunn, cáiliúil ar fud an Huron tract as a chuid scileanna mar máinliacht. "Bhí an flail go hálainn go maith imithe amach roimh mo am, "a dúirt an tUasal Gunn", agus bhí an sickle rud den am atá caite. Ach tá mé foirne go maith go leor céad buille de gráin go Manchester nó Whitby go raibh a ghearradh le cradle. Nuair a bhíomar foirne go léir an ar bhealach go Whitby, bhí ár gcleachtas a dhéanamh Manchester an chéad chéim de an turas, agus ansin an t-ualach a dhúbailt suas ann agus lig foireann amháin a ghlacadh é an chuid eile den bhealach. An tús ó bhaile a rinneadh ag meán oíche, agus De ghnáth, bhí Manchester in ann teacht ann ag breacadh na gréine. Bhí cúig fiche cúig bushels lasta, agus a dhíol muid go minic, ar chúig nó sé cinntiúr an buicéal, cruithneacht go raibh a bhí gearradh le cradle agus a tharraing an bealach ar fad go dtí an margadh. Tá mé feicthe mar a lán mar seacht déag de na foirne gráin ag Manchester in aon lá, agus go minic bhí fear an tuiscean codladh ar an urlár i seomra cúig déag ag cúig bliana déag. Manchester, a d'fhéadfadh tú dul tríd anois beagnach gan a fhios ag sé, bhí ansin an margadh gráin is mó i gCeanada. An tUasal Currie, athair-i-dlí an Colún Paterson, KC, bhí ar cheann de na príomh ceannaitheoirí; bhí an t-athair an Dr. Warren de Whitby eile; agus Adam Gordon, a bhí i seilbh an fheirme ina dhiaidh sin a bhí de chuid 'Bay-side' Smith, agus anois Bhí an tríú cuid den láithreán ospidéal ar an trá loch ag Whitby. An tUasal Bhí Perry i measc na gceannaitheoirí níos déanaí. Bhí ól chomh coitianta ann mar a bhí in áiteanna eile i Ontario ag an am, agus cúpla de na daoine a mhargú an gráin, ag costas den sórt sin i saothair agus le haghaidh chomh beag i ar ais, chuaigh sé abhaile sober. "D'éirigh liom go ginearálta a bheith i do mhuirear sa dá bhealach, "a chuaigh ar an tUasal Gunn. "Ar mo bhealach ar ais thog mé suas lasta de oats, muiceoil, srl, agus thug sé go dtí ár dteach i Thorah, ar an bealach go dtí na campaí timire i Magnetewan. An tús ó bhaile don campaí timire a rinneadh de ghnáth ag ceithre a chlog ar maidin, sa i measc an dorchadas dian, agus leis an teirmiméadar nach minic ag dul thart ar tríocha faoi bhun nialas. Bhí mé i gcónaí a iompar scuabáin, toisc go bhfuil sé go minic bhí sé riachtanach chun cúlra trí sneachta cúig troigh domhain d'fhonn a cheadú foirne, bhuail ar an mbóthar, a fháil thart. Níl, ní raibh mé riamh fuar. Bhí mé mocassins, agus plaid thar an chistin, agus i gcónaí shiúil nuair a théann suas cnoc. Bhí trí lá ag na turais seo ag dul agus trí lá ag filleadh". "Is cuimhin liom cineál eile "Tá an t-eispéireas i mbéal an sneachta domhain sna laethanta tosaigh", a chuir Airs isteach. Gunn, Bhí sí ag éisteacht leis an scéal faoi na deacrachtaí a bhí aici. "Bhí sé go gairid tar éis dúinn pósadh. Bhí muid ag dul síos go Stormont ar cuairt a thabhairt ar mo shean bhaile. Tháinig stoirm mhór suas agus muid ann, agus an tUasal Gunn chinn a fhágáil dom le mo chairde ar feadh tamaill níos faide, ach chun tús le haghaidh baile é féin. D'fhág sé ag naoi ar maidin, agus tar éis ploughing trí an sneachta ar feadh míle, d'éirigh liom a fháil ar ais go dtí an áit a raibh mé ag stopadh ag dhá i ndiaidh a chéile, agus bhí a bheith ann ar feadh dhá sheachtain roimh an bóthar a bhí oscailte. " "Mar bhí naoi againn ar an áit bhaile, agus bhí sé ach céad feirme acra, bhí orainn dul i mbun a lán oibre lasmuigh d'fhonn a dhéanamh "Tá sé ag dul chun cinn, tá sé ag dul chun cinn, tá sé ag dul chun cinn, tá sé ag dul chun cinn, tá sé ag dul chun cinn". "D'fhág mé slua airgid le foireann capaill a thógtar isteach sna campaí tréithleachta chun lógaí a skid i an gheimhridh. Tar éis é seo a dhéanamh tá mé tháinig abhaile i mí an Mhárta agus chabhraigh a ghearradh síos dhá bhliain déag nó trí bliana déag acra de Bush roimh earrach. Roimh an iarnród Tháinig tríd anseo mé comhcheangailte earraí siopa go Beaverton ó Belle Ewart thar Lake Simcoe ar an oighear, an earraí tar éis a bheith i bhfad mar Belle Ewart ag an Sean Thuaidh. An chéad uair a chuaigh muid go Toronto ó anseo, chuaigh muid ag an sean Emily Bealtaine go Belle Ewart, agus ó ann ag An tUasal Gunn athair agus a chuid oibre, chuala mé níos mó ó sean-comharsana an tUasal Gunn ná ó féin. An tUasal Gunn, an sean, ní raibh ach ina aire do na riachtanais spioradálta de na daoine sna laethanta a labhraíodh, ach leigheas sé na galair choirp na a bhfuil an t-airgead seo ag dul i bhfeidhm orthu freisin. Cé nach dochtúir a bhí sé a bhí cuimsitheach eolas ar leigheas, bhí scileanna neamhchoitianta i máinliacht simplí, agus aire a thabhairt do na daoine tinn agus ag fulaingt thar limistéar fiche cúig mhíle. Bhí sé, freisin, an chéad fear a chur deireadh leis an úsáid de liqueur ag logging beacha. Bhí sé an cleachtas ag gach loggings an t-am sin a roinnt ar an a bheith ar an obair i gcodanna, agus do gach gang i mbun an obair a iarracht a dhéanamh a fháil ar a chuid críochnaithe ar dtús. Bhí an buidéal uiscí i gcónaí ar láimh a coinnigh na hoibrithe ag an bpíosa is airde. Lá amháin ar an Gunn go háirithe ag dul i mbun rás ard idir na ganganna iomaíocha, a fear shoved log óna chuid go dtí go bhfuil an gang iomaíoch, agus bhí gafa ag é. An fuil na gangs go léir, te leis an rás agus fós níos mó te leis an deoch, bhí ag an bpointe fiach cheana féin agus an iarracht cheating thosaigh troid ar an láthair. An tUasal Gunn, ansin ina príomh, léim idir na troideanna, agus a shealbhú gach ceann ag deireadh lámh chumhachtach shake araon isteach i submission. Ansin, mounted ar log-heap, thug sé gach fear ag caint ciúin, agus a dhearbhaigh a intinn riamh arís ag ligean deochanna alcóil ag logging ar a áit. D'fhág sé a fhocal, agus ag déanamh amhlaidh chabhraigh nach beag i scaipeadh an athchóiriú temperance thar an comharsanacht ar fad. Ar an Gunn feirm tá beag "cathair na marbh", go dátaithe fiú níos faide ar ais ná a dhéanann go a laigheann faoi scáth an eaglais charraig d'aois. Sa áit seo níos sine de adhlacadh luí ionadaithe de dhaoine eile, a labhair eile teanga. Is é an áit a bhfuil an chuid eile de na hIndiaigh a bhí imithe go dtí an sásta talamh seilge sula tháinig an fear bán. Tá na tuamaí suite ar feadh na bainc de sean-sreabhadh uisce, agus tá siad shaded ag an cédar, elm, agus balsam, a bhfuil taobh amháin den chosán a théann chuig an teaghlach cónaithe. Tá balsam mór marcann an ceann uaigh ina bhfuil a chuidíonn iníon an phríomh a tháinig an glaoch ar an bpríomh-girlhood. Le blianta fada i bhfad ó shin, sula raibh na hIndiaigh ar an gcoscáin Lake Simcoe a thiontú go Chríostaíocht, rinne baill den threibh piligrims rialta chuig an áit chun críocha a bheith páirteach i searmanas pagánach i láthair na marbh. Níos déanaí, nuair a thosaigh tithe na bhfear bán a dot an cotuitr y an Stop na hIndiaigh ag tabhairt cuairte ar an áit. Bhí sé ag an am sin íseal, comharsanacht swampy, agus roimh é, bhí glanadh suas ann a bhí le feiceáil go minic roimh an stánadh de lonnaitheoirí alarmed glow phosphorescent fádúil damhsa thar logs decayed. Bhí an creideamh scaipeadh go raibh sé ar na spiorad na fir dearga imithe ag lorg an gaol ag caoineadh nach raibh teacht níos mó. Ach, leis an clearing na talún, na spioraid neamhshásta na coillte imithe, agus anois an marbh luí ciúin agus fós cé go bhfuil an gaoth oíche sighs i na barr swinging an Evergreens thuas. 'Tá siad ina luí: "Ná raibh a fhios agus gan a thabhairt faoi deara. Gach lá an tide na beatha dul ebbing agus sruthú taobh leo; Na mílte croí throbbing áit a bhfuil a gcuid ag sos agus go deo, Na mílte de brains aching, áit a bhfuil a gcuid tar éis a scoir ó a gcuid saothair, Na mílte cosa tuirseach, nuair a bhfuil a gcuid críochnaithe an turas. " anseo agus ansin thar, beagnach ar fad de Ontario, fuair na ceannródaithe rianta de Indiach Bhí an t-amhrán seo ar fáil i ngach áit, ach ní raibh an t-amhrán seo ar fáil go hiomlán i ngach áit. stór níos saibhre de mheabhráin de rás ag dul ná an baile Nottawasaga. Nuair a bhí an abhainn Mad clúdaithe ar an suíomh reatha de Creemore agus Deer licks bhí i réim ar an fheirm Currie in aice leis an sráidbhaile, an baile seo Bhí an talamh iascaireachta agus fiach is fearr leat do na hIndiaigh. Ar an Melville feirm ar an gceathrú concession, plóga lá amháin bhuail bog áit sa talamh agus a léiríonn cuardach bailiúchán de arbhar triomaithe, agus cupcakes dóite crua mar brící. Ar beagnach gach feirm sa bhaile tomahawks nó píopaí Indiach a bheith plowed suas. Cúlghairm Indiach rialta Bhí na cúiseanna suite ar líne bhaile Nottawasaga agus Sunnidale, agus ar an dara agus an ceathrú den sean-chathair. Sna tuamaí seo fuarthas mais cnámha, chomh maith le kettles, beads, agus airm. Ceann de na findings strangest bhí sa chogairt Indiach ar an dara Concession Nottawasaga, comhdhéanta de roinnt sabres, ceangailte le chéile, a bhí go dealraitheach riamh a úsáidtear. Ghlac ceannródaí trí cinn de na sables a bheith mar ghabháil do deer a bhí ag ithe ar a go bhfuil an t-ábhar seo leagtha amach i mír 1 de mhír 2. Chuir sé ar an pointí sabres suas, clúdaithe le scuab éadrom mar scáileán, ag áit ina raibh an deer leapadh isteach sa réimse. An chéad cheann eile maidin fuair ainmhí impaled, ach ar an drochuair bhí sé an chuid is fearr an capall ar an bhfeirm. Deirtear go bhfuil ceann eile de na sean sabres, a gan amhras tháinig ó na Fraince, sheirbheáil ar feadh blianta mar chaomhnóir do na tairseacha de lóis Orange. Bhí sé cinnte aisteach an chinniúint a rinne an claíomh, is dócha beannaithe ag sagart Jesuit le haghaidh seirbhíse i lámha saighdiúir na Fraince Caitliceach, a bheith ina sheilbh luachmhar de lóis dírithe ar an perpetuation an chuimhne ar an Rí William. TÓGÁIL I NÍOS Ag tús mhí an Mheithimh, 1899, ceann de na ceannródaithe ar an lonnaíocht Islay ar an taobh thoir de Bhí Lake Simcoe fós i nglan i duine John Merry. Ag an am go léir na lótaí idir ceann amháin agus cúig ar an seachtú de Eldon, a shábháil ceann, bhí i seilbh sliocht dhíreach na bhfear a bhí socraithe orthu seasca bliain roimhe sin, ag am nuair a bhí an tír ar feadh míle timpeall Bhí Bush soladach. An toil a fhulaing na ceannródaithe ar an gcéim dheireanach de an turas go dtí a n-áitreabh i Eldon dúirt mé ag Donald McArthur, mac ar cheann de na lonnaitheoirí bunaidh. "Ó Toronto go dtí an Ísiltír Bhí foirne tuirlingthe fostaithe i iompar earraí ár ndaoine, " Dúirt an tUasal McArthur. "Ach an pobal iad féin shiúil gach céim den bhealach, na capaill ag gach a d'fhéadfadh siad a dhéanamh chun an lasta a tharraingt thar na cnoic mhór agus thar hollows áit a raibh an mud beagnach glúine go domhain. Ar gach cnoc, go deimhin, bhí sé riachtanach foirne a dhúbailt. Ó ŸThe Landing' go Beaverton báid oscailte a bhí in úsáid. Bhí sé tar éis Beaverton a bhí d'fhág sé taobh thiar go raibh an toil is mó taithí. Ar feadh cúig mhíle déag tríd an bush bhí aon rud ach rian Indiach, agus thar sin ar fad ár ndaoine a iompar a leaba agus earraí eile ar a gcuid "Rinneadh obair tapa, nuair a bhí na háiteanna ar a bhfuil ár ndaoine a mhol chun a gcuid tithe a dhéanamh ar deireadh thiar shroich. Bhí barracas rudma a chur suas ar lá amháin agus rudma céanna tógadh teasláin lasmuigh chun cócaireacht a dhéanamh. Lá eile cloch Bhí teasláir tógtha taobh istigh agus bhí cead ag an deatach ó na éalú trí poll sa díon, gan aon chimneys a bheith fós i bhfeidhm. An Ní raibh an "chinking" de na ballaí lógó críochnaithe go dtí go raibh an Rinne an gheimhreadh é seo riachtanach. "Nuair a bhíonn an chéad ghrán Bhí an áit is gaire a d'fhéadfaí é a mhilliú an sean 'Red Drill' ag Holland Landing, agus bhí an gráin a sheoladh ann 'a bheith pacáilte' chomh fada le Beaverton. Bhí na lonnaitheoirí i bpáirtithe de ghnáth, gach fear a iompar buicéal de cruithneacht ar a chúl. Ar an turas ar ais Bhí na hiompróirí ag brath ar bhia ar bhrú a rinneadh ar an mbealach ón plúr a bhí acu leo. "Bain na Wolves mór foinse imní agus caillteanas. Ar maidin amháin d'fhág mo mháthair ár n-aoin amach as an clúdach ag breacadh na gréine agus a throid an-deireadh wolf sé acu roimh an d'fhéadfadh an flock a bhailiú suas. Thit na brutais fiú ar an eallach uaireanta, ach rinne siad beagán le hionsaithe den sórt sin nuair a bhí líon na beithíoch le chéile. Sna cásanna seo, bhí na beacha i gciorcal le muca agus le muca i lár, na bóithre le cinn íslithe ag cruthú an chiorcail seachtrach. I gcoinne an chosaint Wolves ionsaí in vain. "An chéad Presbyterian Bhí an t-uachtarán sa rannóg an Rev. An tUasal McMurchy, agus ag dó an chuid is mó de Baisteadh na páistí. Níos déanaí bhí na páistí céanna seo ina bhfoireann nua ceardlanna faoi a bheannacht. An gnáthchleachtas i ndáil le bainise a bhí a bheith banns foilsithe ar thrí Domhnach as a chéile, agus ar an Dé Céadaoin tar éis an fógra deireanach a bheadh an pósadh a ghlacadh áit. Bhí gach bainise fíor-chúrsaí pobail. Na mná de Chuaigh socrú an lá roimh a bácáil agus cabhrú leis an bride. Ar an Oíche tar éis an searmanas an fiddler ar a mhonarcha, agus ó roimh an ghrian a bheith go dtí go dtosach an ghrian arís cosa ag eitilt choinnigh am go dtí an Rialtas Bardasach AGUS Ó James Naomh Eoin, a Bhí beagnach naoi mbliana d'aois agus fós le intleacht go hiomlán gan dochar nuair a rinne mé agallamh air i township de Brock i 1900, Baineadh amach faisnéis maidir le cruinnithe bliantúla na gcathair "Nuair a tháinig sé chun an "Is é an t-oideas ginearálta do roinnt ceann a mholadh ar an mbonn a bhí ag teastáil. Laghdaíodh é seo go scríbhneoireacht ag máistir atá i láthair, a bhí ina dhiaidh sin ar mounted píosa adhmaid-pialla agus an doiciméad foirmiúil a léigh a cuireadh isteach ansin le haghaidh daingniúcháin ag an tionól. Ceann de na chéad de na dlíthe áitiúla i Brock foráil go éan, a lean ar aghaidh ag cur isteach tar éis dó rabhadh a thabhairt don d'fhéadfadh an páirtí ar a dtír a tharla an t-easnamh a bheith ag lámhach ar an úinéir. Nuair a bhí an beart seo ag léamh don ceadú an chruinnithe d'iarr duine éigin cad a bhí le déanamh leis an carcáis na n-uainín a maraíodh. "Eat iad", a dúirt mé ó banc taobh. "Eat iad", a dúirt an máistreacht mar má léamh as an doiciméad foirmiúil. "Nuair a bhí rush Agus an chathán adhmaid ar a raibh an rialtóir ina sheasamh, agus an adhmaid, an léitheoir, agus an slua a bhí ar fáil i gceann amháin ollmhór tumbled. Ach bhí sé gach a rinneadh i nádúr maith, agus bhí ach amháin de na bealaí ina ainmhithe "bhí na spioradáltaí ag labhairt leo féin ag na cruinnithe bliantúla seo". Dúirt an tUasal Naomh Eoin freisin scéal de toghchán parlaiminte sean-am a léann, i roinnt respects, cosúil le mír nuachta de ghníomhaíocht UFO na huaire i láthair na huaire. "Bhí againn", a dúirt bréag, "a bhí ag roghnú dlíodóirí bliain i ndiaidh bliana agus fuair sé amach nach raibh na daoine seo a thabhairt faoi deara dúinn tar éis an lá toghcháin a bhí os a chionn. Chun modhanna a cheapadh chun gach rud a athrú seo bhí cruinniú againn inár mbaile agus chinn, ag beagnach d'aon toil vóta, go mbeadh feirmeoir againn a thoghadh san olltoghchán a bhí le teacht. Dhá iarrthóirí a bhí sa réimse, Hartman, Athchóiritheoir agus feirmeoir, agus Scobic, Coimeádach agus dlíodóir. Ba é an dara ceann a bhí ina labhraí an-cliste agus d'éirigh leo gach duine a bhí i láthair ag an gcruinniú a chur ina luí, ach mise féin, chun dul ar ais ar an gcinneadh a rinneadh agus chun tacú leis. In ainneoin an defecture de Brock, áfach, Hartman toghadh, agus bhí sé ar cheann de na hionadaithe is fearr a shuigh riamh do na "Polláil sa toghchán sin Bhí an t-imeacht ar siúl i Newmarket agus lean sé ar aghaidh ar feadh dhá lá. Le linn na tréimhse sin d'fhág an dá iarrthóir an teach oscailte. Ní raibh alcól láidir soláthraithe, ach beoir Bhí sé chomh saor in aisce mar uisce. Fós, in ainneoin an iomarca de liqueur agus an spreagadh an toghcháin, ní fhaca mé troid amháin le linn na Tuairisc a thabhairt ar eachtra cineál eile, dúirt an tUasal Naomh Eoin: "Indianas- bhí go leor ar fud an Lake Simcoe ceantar, agus go luath san earrach ocht nó deich campa a bhí cruthaithe ag na cinn seo ar fheirm mo athar agus na squaws i mbun basket-making. Bhí na -Indians ar fad ard ‘Queen's Men' agus ní bheadh éisteacht le focal labhair mí-thuairiscigh de Victoria an Dea, a bhí ansin le déanaí ardú an ríchathaoir. Ceann de na lonnaitheoirí, McMaster ag ainm, mar joke, rinne roinnt ráitis míshásta faoi ríchíosa i láthair grúpa de na Indians, agus d'fhrogadh siad a mharú air. Ag tabhairt tearmann inár dteach, tá sé fuair mé a cheilt sé faoi chúl na stoirm sa sleigh agus tiomáint dó thar an champa Indiach a theach. Nuair a thiomáint thart ar an campa Indiach léim ar an sleigh le haghaidh turas agus shuigh síos ar an straw, gan a fhios Bhí an Máistir 11 thíos. Nuair a fuair McMaster amach ar deireadh in aice lena doras, tar éis an Indiach a bhí imithe, dúirt sé go raibh sé beagnach smothered faoi an straw. Ach bhí sé leigheas; ní raibh sé iarracht greann eile leis na hIndiaigh. " Nuair a tháinig an tUasal Naomh Eoin Brock lena athair, i 1821, bhí ach trí lonnaitheoirí eile i an baile. Bhí an tUasal Naomh Eoin ansin dhá bhliain déag d'aois, agus ó sin am go dtí a naoú bliain d'aois d'oibrigh sé beagnach go leanúnach. Cuid dá saothair consisted de chopping an bush ó trí chéad acra lena Ag labhairt di ar an luath struggles, Air. Lean Naomh Eoin: "D'oibrigh muid go crua, agus le haghaidh teoranta luachanna, ach níor fhulaing siad riamh. Bhí mo chéad chómh de chlé titim díreach dul go deas amach nuair a thit cosa sneachta. Ar an dea-uair ní raibh aon Bhí an t-amhras ag an mbliain seo caite ag an mbliain seo caite ag an mbliain seo caite ag an mbliain seo caite ag an mbliain seo caite ag an mbliain seo caite ag an mbliain seo caite ag an mbliain seo caite ag an mbliain seo caite ag an mbliain seo caite ag an mbliain seo caite. acra. VI gearradh go bhfuil an barr le crochet-ghrú, threshed sé le flail, glan an gráin le fanning-mhil iasachta, agus a tharraingt sé go Stouffville le eallach. Agus cad a cheapann tú fuair mé don gráin ar a sheachadadh? Trí York shillings an bushel, leis an leath sin i íoc siopa, agus bhí mé ag fanacht trí mhí ar an leath "cash" de! "An bhliain chéanna ina dhiaidh sin, áfach, chuaigh praghas an cruithneachta go dhá dollar go leith an buicéal. Ina dhiaidh sin sagged sé go idir ceann amháin agus dhá dollar agus ansin, nuair a Tháinig Cogadh na Rúise, d'ardaigh sé os cionn dhá dollar go leith. An gheimhreadh amháin, nuair a Bhí luaite ar an cruithneacht ag thart ar dollar an buicéal, shocraigh mé a mhargú an dhá mhíle déag buicéal go raibh mé ó thorthaí an tséasúir roimhe. Tar éis a tharraingt amach lasta amháin ceann de mo chapaill bhris cos ag imirt i an iard agus ní raibh mé in ann a athchóirithe margaíocht roimh an méid seo a leanas June. Caillteanas an capall, sa deireadh, bhí an chuid is mó fortune de thaisme mar, nuair a rinne mé a dhíol mo cruithneacht, bhí an praghas dollar amháin agus "Na ard uaireanta praghsanna, agus an neamhchinnteacht de iad, bhí i ndáiríre an chuid is mó míshásta rud don tír. Ghlac feirmeoirí oibleagáidí chun níos mó a cheannach talamh le haghaidh fíon a fhás, agus chuir sé seo praghsanna talún suas go speicleach leibhéil. D'fhéadfainn ár bhfeirm a dhíol ansin ar 100 dollar an acra, de bhrí, tar éis na praghsanna titim, d'fhéadfadh mé a bheith ar éigean a fháil 60 dollar, cé go raibh an fheirm feabhsaithe go mór idir an dá linn. Bhí na héifeachtaí is measa, áfach, ar thrádálaithe, a chuaigh go leor acu go dtí an crazy i spéicleáil gráin. Ceann de na plungers is troime bhí fear ar a dtugtar Laing, i Whitby. Chonaic mé é ag teacht ón mbanc le stac de billí chomh mór le satchel láimhe, agus ní bheadh sé seo a mhaireann dó os cionn trí uair an chloig agus a chuid fiontair cheannach a bhí ar a airde. Nuair a thit an cruithneacht go seacht gcinn déag, theip air agus theip ar go leor leis. "Sa tréimhse a labhróidh mé (bhí sé seo sular tógadh iarnróid in Ontario, Victoria, agus Peterboro Bhí Whitby ar cheann de na margaí gráin is mó sa tír. Bhí cruithneacht ann ó gach cearn den taobh thoir de Loch Simcoe. An Bhí an obair a rinneadh ar an bhfoireann éascaithe ag feabhsú an bhóthair ó Brechin go Manchester le sciar an chontae den Chláir a Chúlchiste Ciste, agus tógáil an bhóthair táille pláta ó Manchester go Whitby. Nuair a bhí an bóthar planc ar a chuid is fearr d'fhéadfadh foireann a tharraingt ó céad go dtí céad agus daichead buidéal de fíon ag lasta, ach an crua an dromchla a bhí chomh díobhálach do chosa agus cosa na capaill mar chonraite Tá an pláta anois. Ag an am sin d'fhéadfadh a fheiceáil mar a lán mar a cúig fiche foirne i stróic ar feadh an sean-Carr Centre; i Manchester go hiomlán dhá chéad foirne a bhí cruinnithe ag am amháin; agus ag Whitby sleighs leathnaithe le haghaidh míle ó na harbor tosaigh suas go dtí an chathair. Cé chomh dea-chapaill a bhí fuar go mór agus iad ag fanacht ar an oighear chun an grán a dhíshuiteáil "Bhí sé an oscailt an príomhlíne ar an Grand Trunk, i dteannta le calafort den scoth, a rinne Whitby sna 'fifty agus 'sixties an margadh don tír ar fad a thapálann bóithre a théann go dtí an tuaisceart. Tá mé go maith cuimhnigh an lá nuair a osclaíodh an líne. Bhí sé cosúil le má an iomlán tír timpeall ar an eisiúint féin isteach Whitby ar an ócáid. Gach óstán agus ansin Bhí sé sa bhaile agus trí ag an gcalafort thar barr, agus bhí na sráideanna líonta le carranna folamh agus carranna a raibh úinéirí ar shiúl go Toronto ar an turas dá saol. "Ag dáta níos luaithe fós ná seo, nuair a bhí an tír ag socrú ar dtús, bhí wolves go leor sna cnáibí thart Sunderland. Lá amháin chuala mé cuid de na tar éis ár n-aoin. Gan fanacht a fháil ar mo gunna 1 rushed go dtí an chosaint an drong agus léim ar chúl an madra fuair mé ag ionsaí fíneáil uain. Bhí an brute chomh iontas go rith sé ar an bush gan fanacht a fheiceáil cad a bhí titim air. Bhí an uan beagán mailed, ach tá mé d'fhorlíonadh sí le terpentine agus ní raibh go leor laethanta ina dhiaidh sin a rugadh sí le péire de na huanchaora fíneáil. Tar éis a bhí scaoileadh mé an t-oibhe seo ó na wolf, mé chuaigh ag an dara ceann de na marauders, a bhí ag ionsaí eile de na dromchla, agus bhuail sé amach le raill fence. Bhí mé beagán ró-dhéanach i sa chás seo agus an dara caorach fuair bás as a gortuithe. " Ní raibh ainmhithe amháin Is é an t-am is fearr chun an t-am is fearr chun an t-am is fearr chun an t-am is fearr a fháil. R. L. Huggard, nuair a bhí cónaí i Whitby, Dúirt sé liom go raibh James Lytle uair amháin treathadh ag madraí in aice Kendal i Durham Contae. "Tar éis a dhreapadh ar an crann", a dúirt an tUasal Huggard, "bhris an tUasal Lytle brainsí agus, ag baint úsáide as na clubanna, iarracht a thiomáint na wolves amach, ach nuair a snapped na hainmhithe ag a chosa bhí sé sásta a dhreapadh ar ais go sábháilte agus fanacht ar a perch go dtí go bhfuil na siegeurs imithe le breacadh na maidine. Nuair ar deireadh Lytle, beagnach reoite, a rinne a fháil síos luí fuair an sneachta timpeall an bonn an crann pacáilte chomh crua le rian sleigh. "Ní raibh níos mó fortune fear ainmnithe Morrison a bhí ina gcónaí in aice Uxbridge sna laethanta tosaigh. Seo Morrison Bhí fiddler cáiliúil agus bhí éileamh mór ar a chuid seirbhísí ag an gheimhreadh damhsa. Go minic, tar éis na damhsa a bhí imithe shiúil sé abhaile ina n-aonar. Oíche amháin gheimhridh, mar a bhí sé ag trudging chomh maith lena fiddle tucked faoi a lámh, bhí sé iontas ag pack de wolves. Bhí sean-chaitchille gan díon gar ar láimh, agus suas go dtí an barr de na rafters scrambled Morrison. Cibé as ciall greann nó tumult Níl a fhios agam, ach, mar a bhíonn an fuar méadaithe, Morrison bethought é féin ag imirt tune do an howling pacáil thíos. Mar sin thóg sé a fiddle as a chás agus bhuail suas beoga tune, nuair a, chun a astonishment iomlán amach scampered na brutais ag luas uasta isteach sa bush. Bhí go leor gáire aige ina dhiaidh sin mar a shíl sé féin ar an oíche fuar fós. faoi bhun an réaltaí geimhridh geal fiddling amach as a perch ard. Subconsciously bhí stuinbled sé ar cad a bheith ina fhíric dea-bhunaithe go bhfuil wolves terrified ag an strains de violin. Níor theastaigh sé riamh le haghaidh cosaint i gcoinne madraí nuair a ar a tramps oíche uaigneach tar éis sin. " Is féidir é a chur leis go maith anseo, i ndáil le tagairt do chruinnithe baile, go Colborne Bhí sé ar cheann de na chéad bhaile a eagraíodh go bardaí i Huron Trácht, áisiúlacht na rochtana go dtí calafort Goderich tar éis é a éascú socrú luath ann. Sa mhí an Mheithimh seo caite den chéad bhliain anuas, a bhuíochas le an cúirtéis de Henry Morris, de dílis, bhí mé an phribhléid a bheith ag dul thar na chéad taifid de gobharnóir cathrach Colborne. Na Thosaigh taifid leis an ceathrú de Eanáir, 1836, nuair a bhí na ceannródaithe an Bhí an baile ag cruinniú ag an Crown and Anchor Hotel a bhí á reáchtáil ag athair an Uasail. Morris i sráidbhaile Gairbraid ansin, chun an meaisín cathrach a thosú. Bhí an cruinniú ar siúl de réir "téarmaí Reacht V, William IV, Caibidil 8". Faoi théarmaí an reacht sin, an cruinniú a bhí ar siúl ag tús na bliana ní amháin go toghadh coimisinéirí, mar a bhí na comhairleoirí baile ar a dtugtar ansin, ach an roinnt oifigigh baile, ó chléireach a fence-amharcóirí, chomh maith. Troubles toghcháin de cineál a bhfuil Huron ó shin a bhí cáiliúil thosaigh go luath i d'chontae stair. Ag an gcéad chruinniú baile i Colborne, J. C. Tims agus John McClean bhí iarrthóirí don clerkship, agus Daniel Lizars, a bhí i an chathaoirleach, a dhearbhú go raibh an dara ceann sin toghadh. Ar an gcaoi sin trí cinn de na vótaí Bhí agóidí ag na heagraíochtaí a bhí ag an toghchán seo agus iarradh scrúdú orthu, an Is é an toradh deiridh ná go ndearnadh a dhearbhú go raibh tromlach dhá chuid ag McClean. Ní raibh deireadh leis sin, mar bhí imeachtaí ina dhiaidh sin a glacadh i gcoinne duine de na daoine a bhí i láthair as vótáil "i gcoinne an téarmaí an reacht sa chás sin a rinneadh agus a fhoráiltear, "agus in am trátha Bhí cupán tae a bhaineann leis an ciontóir a seiceáil chun freastal ar an dlí éilimh, an t-tea-pot a bhí ar siúl go dtí go gcuirfidh ceann de na coimisinéirí an urrús a ghearradh. Troubles thar an clerkship, ag tar éis dó tosú, lean sé ar aghaidh go tréimhsiúil ar feadh cúpla bliain. McClean d'éirigh sé as an gcruinniú a toghadh é, agus Ceapadh coimisinéirí baile a iomaitheoir Tims chun an folúntas a líonadh. Ar Deireadh Fómhair 25 tar éis, Tims éirí as a chéile, agus James Forrest Londain ceapadh é. London sheirbheáil go dtí an 25 Aibreán tar éis, agus ansin sé, freisin, d'éirigh sé as, agus rinneadh A. R. Christie ina chléireach. An baile bliantúil Bhí an t-ionad seo ar cheann de na cinn is mó a bhí ag an gcruinniú de na 'thríúidí den chéad bhliain deireanach rialtas agus oifigigh. Rinne sé dlíthe freisin maidir le rialachas an an bhardas. Ag an gcéad chruinniú baile do Colborne, ceann de na D'fhógair dlíthe a rith go "ní bheidh bulls agus stallions saor in aisce "Ba cheart go mbeadh an t-éileamh ar chónaí a bheith ag na daoine seo go léir, agus ba cheart go mbeadh an t-éileamh ar chónaí a bheith ag na daoine seo go léir". impoisted. " "Fence dhlíthiúil" a shainmhíníodh mar cheann sé agus leath troigh ar airde le spás nach mó ná ceithre orlach idir na rianta don chéad dá cheann na cosa, agus nach le haghaidh an chéad dá chos eile ba chóir an spás a bheith os cionn cúig inches. Ag an tríú cruinniú bliantúil, a tionóladh i 1838, ceann de na dlíthe a ritheadh i gcruinniú poiblí a chruinniú a dhearbhaigh go bhfuil an t-eallach de "an nós agus cáil a bheith ag sárú" níor chóir a cheadú a reáchtáil ar saor. Go gairid tar éis an eagraíodh rialtas baile, rinne coimisinéir gearán faoi na cosc a chur ar bhóithre áirithe trí chrainn a thit thar an gcéanna. Ceann de na cásanna a ndearnadh gearán faoi ná go raibh " Bhí maple "thit ó lánúin amháin, ceadúnas trí. Dhá ghearán eile Bhí an-spéis ag an Aire i dtaca le na hearraí a bhí ar fáil. leis an gCuideachta Cheanada. I ngach cás gearán faoi úinéirí na talún d'iarradh orthu na bacainní a bhaint. An Chuideachta Cheanada, trí Thomas Mercer Jones, éileamh neamh-iarsmaíocht. An reacht an lae, tá sé le feiceáil, faoi cheangal dliteanas ach amháin le "tailte clúdaithe", agus mar a Ní raibh talún na cuideachta "ceangailte", agus, i ndáiríre, ní raibh aon feabhsuithe a leith, iarradh díolúine orthu. Dá bhrí sin an lonnaitheoir iarbhír, a bhí ina gcónaí ar agus a dhéanamh níos luachmhara an céad acra a bhí aige, bhí dlite le haghaidh crainn ag titim as a áit blocáil an mhórbhealach. An-mhór Corparáid, a bhí i réim na mílte acra a bhí á dhéanamh níos mó luachmhar ag saothair daoine eile, d'éiligh sé díolúine ón dliteanas toisc nach raibh a mhaoin faoi cheangal. Níl sé iontas go raibh an Cuideachta Ceanada níos neamh-tóir i laethanta tosaigh Tá an t-idirbheart a bhí ag an Oilthigh i nGaillimh ó shin An Coróin agus an t-Aingne Óstán ina bunaíodh an chéad rialtas cathrach de Colborne imithe i bhfad ó shin. An sráidbhaile Gairbraid féin, cosúil le go leor eile hamlets aimsir pionóireachta, tá imithe freisin, agus ar feadh thart ar leath a céad bliain tá radharc uair amháin de ghníomhaíocht bustling ina chuid de plowed

Use Data to Determine Need for Additional Support While a strong school-wide culture of attendance is an essential ingredient of academic success in all schools, it may not always be sufficient. Some students, especially those who are chronically absent, may need a higher level of intervention. Chronic absence is defined as missing 10 percent or more of school days, at any point in the school year. The good news is chronic absence can be turned around if data are used to identify and connect students–as early as possible–to positive, engaging support strategies that motivate them to attend school and address challenging barriers. As a principal, you can: Secure your school’s chronic absence data Review your school’s chronic absence data Use data to provide additional support for chronically absent students Establish data-informed goals and monitor progress 1. Secure your school’s chronic absence data The Arkansas Campaign for Grade-Level Reading has partnered with the Arkansas Department of Education (ADE) and Attendance Works to adapt several tools developed by Attendance Works - the School Attendance Tracking Tool (SATT) and the District Attendance Tracking Tool (DATT). The SATT is a diagnostic tool that you can use throughout the school year to assess which students and subgroups of students are on track for being chronically absent so you can proactively and positively identify and address the reasons they are absent. The DATT provides a similar analysis to help districts determine which schools need to focus on chronic absence and assess their progress on reducing chronic absence rates. ADE has developed several reports in Cognos that pull the data you need to use the SATT and DATT. The SATT report is called “ATT Works Absents,” and the DATT report is called “APSCN ATT Works Absence File - District Data.” We have developed step-by-step directions for pulling the “ATT Works Absents” report, downloading the SATT(s) that is/are appropriate for your school, uploading the “ATT Works Absents” data into the SATT, and reviewing the analyses that that SATT produces. You can also find similar step-by-step directions for the DATT. 2. Review your school’s chronic absence data The charts and tables in the SATT analyze chronic absence by grade, race/ethnicity, gender, income, geography, special education status, and whether or not a child is an English language learner. The data will help you determine whether chronic absence is a problem for your entire school, as well as for specific grades and student populations. The tool tracks attendance trends related to satisfactory attendance (missing less than 5 percent of school), at-risk attendance (missing 6-10 percent school), moderate chronic absence (missing 10-19 percent), and severe chronic absence (missing 20 percent or more). The SATT also creates a watch list you can use to identify students who are chronically absent or at risk of being so. The DATT provides similar analyses that help district administrators identify both schools and subgroups of students that have high chronic absence rates or are on track for doing so. School level chronic absence data is provided by grade and as a comparison to suspension rates. In addition to the subgroup analyses provided in the SATT, the DATT also includes an analysis of gender breakdowns within each race and ethnic group, and race and ethnic groups within each grade. 3. Use data to provide additional supports to chronically absent students Attendance records from past years and from the first month or two of school can identify students at-risk of chronic absence and can be used to connect these students to a higher tier of support. Chronic absence can be a sign that the family needs help to overcome a particular attendance barrier. Common Causes of Student Absenteeism Extra support typically involves helping students and their families build strong, positive, and caring relationships with school staff and other students, connect to engaging learning activities, and overcome any barriers to attendance. When implemented early in the school year, this approach can help students, with their family’s support, start the year with good attendance, rather than find themselves struggling because they have fallen behind as a result of too many absences. For more tools and resources see this toolkit from Attendance Works: The Power of Positive Connections: Reducing Chronic Absence Through PEOPLE (Priority Early Outreach through Positive Linkages and Engagement) If large numbers of students are affected by chronic absence, systemic barriers may be at play. Identifying these barriers can indicate the appropriate solutions, whether that involves establishing closets with school uniforms, improving access to health care, developing safe walking routes, tutoring, mentoring, offering morning or after-school care, or other approaches. In Arkansas, students who receive a free or reduced price lunch are twice as likely to be chronically absent. The challenges associated with limited financial resources directly contribute to whether students attend school regularly. Keeping in mind the barriers created by poverty can be important in addressing widespread chronic absence and generally requires involving city agencies and nonprofit and community partners. See these resources for tips on addressing specific barriers: 4. Establish data-informed goals and monitor progress A common saying is that what gets measured is what gets done. This is particularly true with chronic absence. It is not enough to say that attendance is a priority. An essential ingredient for change is building in shared accountability for reducing chronic absence into how you assess your work as a school. The Arkansas Campaign for Grade-Level Reading has set a statewide goal that no more than five percent of students will be chronically absent. Principals can create accountability by visibly recognizing contributions to improving attendance, as well as by building metrics into school-wide and individual performance measures. Set annual attendance goals with your teaching staff and measure your progress along the way Ensure attendance goals reflect multiple attendance measures: reductions in the percent of students who are chronically absent (absent more than 10 percent) and increases in students with satisfactory attendance (absent less than five percent) Establish goals that are school-wide and also group-specific based on needs, such as reducing chronic absence among special education students or increasing regular attendance among kindergartners Share classroom and school-wide attendance data with your teachers on a regular basis; recognize teachers and staff members who are making significant contributions toward achieving annual attendance goals Together, with the support of your staff, you can, in a relatively short-time frame, put in place the practices that research and experience from across Arkansas and in communities across the country have found to make a difference.

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Úsáid Sonraí chun Cinntiú go bhfuil Teastaíonn Tacaíocht Breise Cé gur comhábhar riachtanach é cultúr láidir freastal ar scoil ar fud na scoile le haghaidh rath acadúil i ngach scoil, b'fhéidir nach leor é i gcónaí. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh gá le leibhéal níos airde idirghabhála ag roinnt mac léinn, go háirithe iad siúd a bhíonn as láthair go seasta. Sainmhínítear easpa seasta mar easpa 10 faoin gcéad nó níos mó de laethanta scoile, ag aon bpointe sa bhliain scoile. Is é an dea-scéal ná gur féidir an easpa ainsealach a thiontú má úsáidtear sonraí chun mic léinn a aithint agus a nascadh - chomh luath agus is féidir - le straitéisí tacaíochta dearfacha, tarraingteacha a spreagann iad chun freastal ar scoil agus chun aghaidh a thabhairt ar bhacainní dúshlánacha. Mar phríomhoide, is féidir leat: Déan sonraí maidir le heaspa ainsealach ar scoil a shealbhú Déan athbhreithniú ar shonraí neamháireamh chrónach do scoile Úsáid sonraí chun tacaíocht bhreise a sholáthar do mhic léinn atá as láthair go seasta spriocanna a bhunú agus faireachán a dhéanamh ar an dul chun cinn 1. an t-am a bhí ann. Déan sonraí maidir le heaspa ainsealach ar scoil a shealbhú Tá an Feachtas Arkansas le haghaidh Léitheoireachta ar Leibhéal Grád i gcomhpháirtíocht le Roinn Oideachais Arkansas (ADE) agus Oibreacha Freastalaíochta chun roinnt uirlisí a d'fhorbair Oibreacha Freastalaíochta a oiriúnú - an Fhuirlis Rianaithe Freastalaíochta Scoile (SATT) agus an Fhuirlis Rianaithe Freastalaíochta Dúiche (DATT). Is uirlis dhiagnóiseach é an SATT is féidir leat a úsáid i rith na bliana scoile chun a mheas cé na mic léinn agus fo-ghrúpaí mic léinn atá ar an mbóthar chun a bheith as láthair go seasta ionas gur féidir leat na cúiseanna atá as láthair a aithint agus aghaidh a thabhairt orthu go réamhghníomhach agus go dearfach. Soláthraíonn an DATT anailís den chineál céanna chun cuidiú le ceantair a chinneadh cé na scoileanna a bhfuil gá leo díriú ar easpa ainsealach agus a gcuid dul chun cinn a mheas maidir le rátaí easpa ainsealach a laghdú. Tá ADE forbartha roinnt tuarascálacha i Cognos a tharraingt na sonraí is gá duit a úsáid an SATT agus DATT. Tugtar Faile Easpa Oibreacha Oibreacha - Sonraí Ceantair ar an tuarascáil SATT agus APSCN ATT Works Absence File - District Data ar an tuarascáil DATT. Tá treoracha céim ar chéim forbartha againn chun tuarascáil ATT Works Absents a tharraingt, na SATT (í) a íoslódáil atá oiriúnach do do scoil, na sonraí ATT Works Absents a uaslódáil isteach sa SATT, agus athbhreithniú a dhéanamh ar na hanailíse a tháirgeann an SATT sin. Is féidir leat treoracha céim ar chéim den chineál céanna a fháil don DATT freisin. 2. Athbhreithniú a dhéanamh ar shonraí neamháireamh crónach do scoile Déantar anailís ar an easpa ainsealach de réir grád, cine/eitnic, inscne, ioncaim, tíreolaíocht, stádas oideachais speisialta, agus cibé an bhfuil leanbh ag foghlaim Béarla nó nach bhfuil. Cabhróidh na sonraí leat a chinneadh an bhfuil fadhb ag easpa ainsealach do do scoil ar fad, chomh maith le gráid agus daonra dalta ar leith. Déanann an uirlis treochtaí freastalaíochta a rianú a bhaineann le freastalaíocht sásúil (ag fágáil níos lú ná 5 faoin gcéad den scoil), freastalaíocht i mbaol (ag fágáil 6-10 faoin gcéad den scoil), fágáil mheánmhéide ainsealach (ag fágáil 10-19 faoin gcéad), agus fágáil ainsealach tromchúiseach (ag fágáil 20 faoin gcéad nó níos mó). Cruthaíonn an SATT liosta faire freisin ar féidir leat a úsáid chun mic léinn a bhfuil siad as láthair go seasta nó atá i mbaol a bheith amhlaidh a aithint. Soláthraíonn an DATT anailíseanna den chineál céanna a chabhraíonn le riarthóirí ceantair scoileanna agus fo-ghrúpaí daltaí a aithint a bhfuil rátaí ard easnamh ainsealach acu nó atá ar an mbóthar chun é sin a dhéanamh. Soláthraítear sonraí ar easpa ainsealach ar leibhéal na scoile de réir grád agus mar chomparáid le rátaí fionraí. Chomh maith leis na hanailíseanna fo-ghrúpaí a chuirtear ar fáil sa SATT, cuimsíonn an DATT anailís ar mhiondealú inscne laistigh de gach ciníochas agus grúpa eitneach, agus grúpaí ciníocha agus eitneacha laistigh de gach grád. 3. Tá an t-am ann. Úsáid sonraí chun tacaíocht bhreise a sholáthar do mhic léinn a bhíonn as láthair go seasta Is féidir le taifid freastail ó bhlianta roimhe seo agus ón gcéad mhí nó dhó den scoil mic léinn a bhfuil baol ann go mbeidh siad as láthair go seasta a aithint agus is féidir iad a úsáid chun na mic léinn seo a nascadh le leibhéal tacaíochta níos airde. D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh sé ina chomhartha go bhfuil cabhair ag teastáil ón teaghlach chun bac ar leith a shárú. Cúiseanna Coitianta a bhaineann le hAlban Is gnách go gcuimsíonn tacaíocht bhreise cabhrú le mic léinn agus a dteaghlaigh caidreamh láidir, dearfach agus cúramúil a thógáil le foireann na scoile agus le mic léinn eile, ceangal le gníomhaíochtaí foghlama a bhaineann le rannpháirtíocht, agus aon bhacainní a shárú chun freastal. Nuair a chuirtear an cur chuige seo i bhfeidhm go luath sa bhliain scoile, is féidir leis na mic léinn, le tacaíocht a dteaghlaigh, an bhliain a thosú le freastal maith, seachas iad féin a aimsiú ag streachailt toisc go bhfuil siad tar éis titim siar mar thoradh ar ró-mhéad fhamháil. Chun tuilleadh uirlisí agus acmhainní a fháil féach an trealamh seo ó Attendee Works: The Power of Positive Connections: Reducing Chronic Absence Through PEOPLE (Priority Early Outreach through Positive Links and Engagement) Má bhíonn líon mór mac léinn i mbaol mar gheall ar easpa crónach, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh bacainní córais i gceist. Is féidir leis na bacainní seo a aithint na réitigh iomchuí a léiriú, cibé acu is é sin clóscríbhinní le héide scoile a bhunú, rochtain ar chúram sláinte a fheabhsú, bealaí coisithe sábháilte a fhorbairt, teagasc, meantóireacht, cúram maidin nó tar éis na scoile a thairiscint, nó cur chuige eile. In Arkansas, tá an dóchúlacht go mbeidh mic léinn a fhaigheann béile saor in aisce nó ar phraghas laghdaithe as láthair go seasta dhá oiread. Tá na dúshláin a bhaineann le hacmhainní airgeadais theoranta ag cur go díreach le go bhfuil daltaí ag freastal ar scoil go rialta. Is féidir leis na bacainní a chruthaíonn an bochtaineacht a choinneáil i gcuimhne a bheith tábhachtach chun aghaidh a thabhairt ar easpa ainsealach forleathan agus de ghnáth éilíonn sé gníomhaireachtaí cathrach agus comhpháirtithe neamhbhrabúis agus pobail a chur san áireamh. Féach na hacmhainní seo le haghaidh leideanna maidir le dul i ngleic le bacainní sonracha: 4. Tá an t-am spriocanna a bhunú agus faireachán a dhéanamh ar an dul chun cinn Is é an ráiteas coitianta go ndéantar an méid a dhéantar a thomhas. Tá sé seo fíor go háirithe maidir le heaspa crónach. Ní leor a rá go bhfuil an t-áireamhán mar thosaíocht. Is comhábhar riachtanach le haghaidh athraithe é cuntasacht chomhroinnte a thógáil chun easpa ainsealach a laghdú sa chaoi a ndéanann tú measúnú ar do chuid oibre mar scoil. Tá sprioc leagtha síos ag Feachtas Arkansas le haghaidh Léitheoireachta ar Leibhéal Grád go mbeidh ní níos mó ná cúig faoin gcéad de na mic léinn as láthair go seasta. Is féidir le príomhoideanna cuntasacht a chruthú trí ranníocaíochtaí a aithint go soiléir chun freastal a fheabhsú, chomh maith le méideanna a thógáil i mbearta feidhmíochta ar fud na scoile agus ar bhonn aonair. Socraigh spriocanna bliantúla maidir le bheith i láthair le do fhoireann teagaisc agus déan do dhul chun cinn a thomhas ar an mbealach Cinntigh go léiríonn spriocanna freastalachta bearta iomadúla freastalachta: laghdú ar an gcéadta de mhic léinn atá as láthair go seasta (as láthair níos mó ná 10 faoin gcéad) agus méaduithe ar mhic léinn a bhfuil freastalacht sásúil acu (as láthair níos lú ná cúig faoin gcéad) Cinntíon spriocanna atá ar fud na scoile agus atá sonrach do ghrúpaí bunaithe ar riachtanais, amhail laghdú ar easpa sealadach i measc daltaí oideachais speisialta nó freastal rialta a mhéadú i measc leanaí na scoile Déan sonraí maidir le hiontráil sa seomra ranga agus ar fud na scoile a roinnt le do mhúinteoirí go rialta; tabhair aitheantas do mhúinteoirí agus do bhaill foirne atá ag cur go suntasach le spriocanna iontrála bliantúla a bhaint amach Le chéile, le tacaíocht do chuid foirne, is féidir leat, i gcreat ama réasúnta gearr, na cleachtais a chur i bhfeidhm a fuair taighde agus taithí ó Arkansas agus ó phobail ar fud na tíre a dhéanann difríocht.

Impact of Climate Change on Banana Based Cropping Pattern in District Thatta, Sindh Province of Pakistan Ghulam Nabi Dahri, Basit Ali Talpur, Ghulam Mustafa Nangraj, Muhammad Hassan Channa, Imran Ali Jarwar and Journal of Economic Impact, 2020, vol. 2, issue 3, 103-109 Pakistan is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world due to changing climatic conditions. While a head facing the risk of food and nutrition insecurity. It is a land of variety both in terms of resources and people. The study focused on the district Thatta and its coastal district of Sindh province, to determine the complex problem-related climate change and effects; the district has received due to various climatic factors. Banana is known to be the most important fruit crop of Pakistan. It is cultivated over 34,800 hectares with the production of 154,800 tons. It is primarily grown in Sindh province because the soil and climatic conditions favour cultivating fruits and vegetables, further, this province shares 87 percent in the cultivation of the banana crop. The study aims to carry out the impact of climate change effect on banana cropping patterns. The present study aimed to observe the socio-economic characteristics of the farmers, review the present status of banana production in Sindh province, explore the status of cropping pattern in the study area, and examine climate change effect on banana cropping pattern, by using primary as well as secondary data. In Sindh province, Banana is cultivated in three main districts among them, Thatta shares 17.6 percent in the area and 17.1 percent production in the overall province. Furthermore, farmer’s perception regarding climate change, the majority proportion of farmers agreed temperature has raised and cropping pattern practices also effected and changed, while water-related issues are rising day by day in the study area. Keywords: Climate change; Banana; Cropping pattern; Practices; Sindh. (search for similar items in EconPapers) JEL-codes: Q1 Q54 (search for similar items in EconPapers) References: View complete reference list from CitEc Citations: Track citations by RSS feed Downloads: (external link) This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title. Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:adx:journl:v:2:y:2020:i:3:p:103-109 Access Statistics for this article More articles in Journal of Economic Impact from Science Impact Publishers Bibliographic data for series maintained by Iqbal Javed ().

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Tionchar na nDathú Aeráide ar Phrótacal Cruach Bhanana i gContae Thatta, Cúige Sindh na Pacastáine Ghulam Nabi Dahri, Basit Ali Talpur, Ghulam Mustafa Nangraj, Muhammad Hassan Channa, Imran Ali Jarwar agus Journal of Economic Impact, 2020, t. 2, eisiúint 3, 103-109 Tá an Phacastáin ar cheann de na tíortha is leochailí ar domhan mar gheall ar dhálaí aeráide atá ag athrú. Cé go bhfuil ceann ag tabhairt aghaidh ar an mbaol a bhaineann le heaspa slándála bia agus cothaithe. Is tír éagsúla í ó thaobh acmhainní agus daoine araon. Díríodh an staidéar ar cheantar Thatta agus ar cheantar cósta de chuid chúige Sindh, chun an t-athrú aeráide agus na héifeachtaí casta a bhaineann leis an bhfadhb a chinneadh; fuair an cheantar mar gheall ar fhachtóirí aeráide éagsúla. Is eol go bhfuil an banana ar an gcothabháil is tábhachtaí de na torthaí sa Phacastáin. Tá an t-oideas seo ar 34 800 heicteár agus tá 154, 800 tonna táirgeachta ann. Tá sé tógtha go príomha i gcathair Sindh toisc go bhfuil na coinníollacha ithreach agus aeráide fabhrach do tharchur torthaí agus glasraí, ina theannta sin, tá scaireanna 87 faoin gcéad ag an gcathair seo i gcreathadh na banana. Tá sé mar aidhm ag an staidéar tionchar na hathraithe aeráide a dhéanamh ar na patrúin atá ag fás banana. Ba é aidhm an staidéir seo ná tréithe socheacnamaíocha na bhfeirmeoirí a bhreathnú, staid reatha táirgeachta banana i gcathair Sindh a athbhreithniú, staid an chultúir i limistéar an staidéir a iniúchadh, agus tionchar an athraithe aeráide ar an gcultúr banana a scrúdú, trí shonraí bunscoile chomh maith le sonraí meánscoile. I gcathair Sindh, tá banana ar fáil i dtrí phríomhchontae, agus tá 17.6 faoin gcéad de tháirgeadh i gcathair Thatta agus 17.1 faoin gcéad sa chúige ar fad. Ina theannta sin, an tuiscint atá ag feirmeoirí ar athrú aeráide, aontaigh formhór na bhfeirmeoirí go bhfuil an teocht tar éis ardú agus go bhfuil tionchar agus athrú tagtha ar chleachtais patrúin an chothúcháin, agus go bhfuil saincheisteanna a bhaineann le huisce ag ardú lá ó lá sa limistéar staidéir. Eochairfhocail: Athrú aeráide; Banana; Patrúin bhréige; Cleachtais; Sindh. (cuardach a dhéanamh ar earraí comhchosúla in EconPapers) Códanna JEL: Q1 Q54 (cuardach a dhéanamh ar earraí comhchosúla in EconPapers) Tagraíochtaí: Féach liosta iomlán tagairtí ó CitEc Citations: Track citations by RSS feed Íoslódálacha: (nasc seachtrach) Is féidir an mír seo a fháil in áiteanna eile in EconPapers: Cuardach ar earraí leis an teideal céanna. Tagartha onnmhairithe: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) Ceangail leanúnach: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:adx:journl:v:2:y:2020:i:3:p:103-109 Staitisticí Rochtain don alt seo Tuilleadh alt i Journal of Economic Impact ó Science Impact Publishers Sonraí leabharlainneacha do shraith arna chothabháil ag Iqbal Javed ().

Does your preschooler yearn for outer space? The Virginia Air & Space Center can help with that. This summer, the center in downtown Hampton will launch a new permanent exhibit called Space Racers: Adventures in Space Exploration, designed for kids ages 3 to 6. The center is creating this interactive exhibit in partnership with a new animated children’s series, also called “Space Racers,” that follows young space cadets at the Stardust Academy. According to the center, tykes can become spaceship cadets, try on a spacesuit, explore the moon’s surface and manipulate a lunar rover. They can learn about the solar system, cool space facts and how to work together as a team. The exhibit is set to launch in July, but the public can help create it on May 6 by participating in Give Local 757, the local version of the national Day of Giving. On that day, folks can sign in to the online giving page at vasc.org and donate. About 100 non-profits in the community have registered under Give Local 757, and the one that garners the most donations on May 6 will also win a cash prize of $7,570.00. To learn more about the new exhibit, go to vasc.org or spaceracers.org.

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An bhfuil do pháiste réamhscoile ag iarraidh dul go dtí an spás? Is féidir le Virginia Air & Space Center cabhrú leis sin. An samhradh seo, seolfaidh an t-ionad i lár Hampton taispeántas buan nua ar a dtugtar Rásaithe Spáis: Adventures in Exploration Spáis, atá deartha do pháistí idir 3 agus 6 bliana d'aois. Tá an t-ionad ag cruthú an taispeántais idirghníomhach seo i gcomhpháirtíocht le sraith nua beochana do leanaí, ar a dtugtar freisin 'Space Racers', a leanann cadets spáis óga ag Acadamh Stardust. De réir an ionaid, is féidir le tykes a bheith ina cadets spásárthach, triail a bhaint as spáis-suit, iniúchadh a dhéanamh ar an luas an ghealach agus a ionramháil a rover ghealach. Is féidir leo foghlaim faoin gcóras gréine, fíricí fionnuar spáis agus conas a bheith ag obair le chéile mar fhoireann. Tá an taispeántas le seoladh i mí Iúil, ach is féidir leis an bpobal cabhrú leis an taispeántas a chruthú ar 6 Bealtaine trí bheith rannpháirteach i Give Local 757, an leagan áitiúil den Lá Náisiúnta na Tabhair. Ar an lá sin, is féidir le daoine clárú isteach ar an leathanach deonaithe ar líne ag vasc.org agus a dheonú. Tá thart ar 100 eagraíocht neamhbhrabúis sa phobal cláraithe faoi Give Local 757, agus an ceann a bhailíonn an chuid is mó deontais an 6 Bealtaine bhuaigh duais airgid de $ 7,570.00. Chun tuilleadh eolais a fháil faoin taispeántas nua, téigh go vasc.org nó spaceracers.org.

enzyme defined in 1951 yearenzyme - enzyme; enzyme - A protein which is a catalyst (i.e. a substance which in minute amounts promotes chemical change without itself being used up in the reaction), by virtue of its power of increasing the reactivity of a specific substance or specific substances (called the Substrate). There are many different kinds, each kind directly promoting only a very limited range of chemical reactions. Within all living things a large number of chemical reactions are always in progress. See also: Metabolism. Most of the reactions of metabolism would not occur perceptibly in the absence of enzymes, at the temperature and in the other conditions in which living things exist; and so metabolism is entirely dependent on enzymes. An enzyme produces its effect on the substrate by combining with it and activating it. so that the substrate undergoes further chemical change, at the same time losing its combination with the enzyme. (The substrate molecule being usually small in relation to the enzyme molecule, only a specific small part of the latter, the active site, takes part in the combination.) As die result of such a process, therefore, the enzyme is not consumed, but at the end of the process is free to deal with more substrate. Since the activation of the substrate is rapid, a very small amount of enzyme can produce a very great effect. One molecule of catalase can decompose 40,000 molecules of hydrogen peroxide per second at freezing point. Most enzymes are in fact present in relatively minute amounts. Most enzymes activate only one kind of substrate each. Other enzymes are less highly specific, but even so each reacts only with chemically related substrates. There is correspondingly a large number of different enzymes, for all the different reactions of metabolism. Each enzyme requires certain definite conditions for optimum performance, particularly as regards pH, the presence of specific accessory substances (co-enzymes, activators) and the absence of specific inhibiting substances. Enzymes are unstable substances, and are easily destroyed or inactivated, e.g. by high temperature, or by a great range of chemical substances. Although they are not consumed by the reaction, enzymes slowly break down and have to be synthesized. Many of the micro-nutrients required by organisms probably go to regenerating certain enzymes and co-enzymes. Enzymes are all produced within living cells and most of them do their work there, though they can often be extracted and can be studied outside the cell. Some enzymes (e.g. digestive enzymes of vertebrates) are normally secreted to the outside of cells. In metabolic processes of cells, and also in digestion, enzymes work very much as systems, the products of one reaction becoming the substrate of another. The effective amount of any particular enzyme within a cell seems to be controlled in two main ways, (1) The synthesis of new enzyme molecules may be repressed or permitted through control of the activity of the gene ultimately responsible for their formation. Enzyme induction is the production of active enzyme, by removal of the repression of the relevant gene, when a metabolite, often a substrate for the enzyme, is administered to the cells (See also: Adaptive Enzyme). (2) The activity of already existing enzyme molecules may be inhibited, often by a product, not of the enzyme's own activity, but of the activity of another enzyme farther along the chain of enzymes which constitutes the enzyme system; thus providing an automatic self-limitation of the activity of the whole system. (See also: End-product inhibition). Closely similar enzymes, and enzyme systems, have been found in a wide variety of organisms, including plants, animals, and bacteria, and they account for the fundamental similarities of many aspects of their metabolism. Several enzymes have been obtained pure and crystalline. Some of these are entirely protein (e.g. proteolytic enzymes); some are protein plus a prosthetic group (e.g. many concerned with oxidation and reduction). Enzymes are usually named by attaching the suffix -ase to a root indicating the nature of the substrate or of the reaction. See also: Amylase, Dehydrogenase, Proteolytic Enzymes Adaptive Enzyme, Isoenzyme. near enzyme in Knolik definition of word "enzyme" was readed 615 times

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enzyme a shainmhíníodh i 1951 yearenzyme - enzyme; Enzyme - Próitéin atá ina chatalailitheoir (i.e. substaint a chuireann athrú ceimiceach chun cinn i méideanna mionsonraithe gan é féin a úsáid sa imoibriú), de bhua a chumhachta imoibriú a mhéadú ar substaint shonrach nó substaintí shonracha (ar a dtugtar an Substaint). Tá go leor cineálacha éagsúla ann, agus ní chuireann gach cineál ach raon an-teoranta imoibrithe ceimiceacha chun cinn go díreach. I ngach rud beo, tá líon mór imoibrithe ceimiceacha i gcónaí ar siúl. Féach freisin: Metaboism. Ní tharlaíonn an chuid is mó de na frithghníomhartha meitibileachta go deimhneach i ndearmad na n-ainmhithe, ag an teocht agus sna coinníollacha eile ina bhfuil na rudaí beo; agus mar sin tá meitibileacht ag brath go hiomlán ar ainmhithe. Táirgeann einsím a éifeacht ar an substrát trí chomhcheangal leis agus é a ghníomhachtú. go ndéantar athruithe ceimiceacha breise ar an substrát, ag an am céanna ag cailliúint a chomhcheangal leis an einsím. (De bhrí go mbíonn an móilín substrát de ghnáth beag i gcomparáid leis an móilín einsím, ní ghlacann ach cuid bheag sonrach den dara ceann, an suíomh gníomhach, páirt sa chomhcheangal.) Mar thoradh ar phróiseas den sórt sin, dá bhrí sin, ní ídítear an einsím, ach ag deireadh an phróisis tá sé saor in aisce déileáil le níos mó substrate. Ós rud é go bhfuil gníomhachtú an tsubstairt tapa, is féidir le méid an-bheag d' einsím éifeacht an-mhór a tháirgeadh. Is féidir le móilín amháin catalase 40,000 móilín perósaíd hidrigine a dhoilliú in aghaidh an tsoicind ag pointe reoite. Tá an chuid is mó de na heinsímí i láthair i méideanna réasúnta beag. Ní ghníomhaíonn an chuid is mó de na heinsímí ach cineál amháin substrát in aghaidh an tsoláthair. Tá einsímí eile nach bhfuil chomh sonrach, ach fiú mar sin ní imoibríonn gach ceann acu ach le substaintí a bhaineann go ceimiceach. Tá líon mór einsímí éagsúla ann dá réir sin, do na frithghníomhartha éagsúla meitibileachta go léir. Éilíonn gach einsím coinníollacha áirithe ar leith le haghaidh feidhmíochta is fearr, go háirithe maidir le pH, láithreacht substaintí cúnta sonracha (co-insímí, gníomhaitheoirí) agus easpa substaintí coscála sonracha. Is substaintí éadúla iad ainmhithe, agus is furasta iad a scriosadh nó a neamhghníomhachtú, e.g. ag teocht ard, nó ag raon mór de substaintí ceimiceacha. Cé nach n-ithtear iad sa imoibriú, déantar einsímí a bhriseadh síos go mall agus caithfear iad a shintéisiú. Is dócha go dtéann go leor de na miocrothaigh a éilíonn orgánaigh chun ensímí agus comh-insímí áirithe a athghiniúint. Déantar einsímí go léir laistigh de chealla beo agus déanann an chuid is mó díobh a gcuid oibre ann, cé gur féidir iad a bhaint go minic agus is féidir staidéar a dhéanamh orthu lasmuigh den chealla. Tá roinnt einsímí (e.g. Tá an t-ábhar seo (a úsáidtear mar chuid de na heinsímí díleácha de na vertebrates) a scaiptear go gnáth go taobh amuigh de chealla. I bpróisis meitibileach na gcealla, agus i díleá freisin, oibríonn einsímí go mór mar chórais, agus tá táirgí imoibrithe amháin ag éirí ina substrát do cheann eile. Is cosúil go rialaítear méid éifeachtach aon einsím ar leith laistigh de chealla ar dhá bhealach is mó, (1) Is féidir sintéis mhóilíní ensím nua a chur faoi chois nó a cheadú trí rialú a dhéanamh ar ghníomhaíocht an ghéin atá freagrach as a gcruthú sa deireadh. Is éard atá i n-indúchadh einsím ná táirgeadh einsím gníomhach, trí dhíghalrú an ghéin ábhartha a bhaint, nuair a chuirtear meitibileach, a bhíonn go minic ina substrát don einsím, isteach sna cealla (Féach freisin: Innsím Incháilithe). (2) Is féidir gníomhaíocht mhóilíní einsím atá ann cheana féin a chosc, go minic le táirge, ní gníomhaíocht na einsímí féin, ach gníomhaíocht einsím eile níos faide ar feadh slabhra na n-insímí a chruthaíonn an córas einsím; dá bhrí sin féin-teorannú uathoibríoch ar ghníomhaíocht an chórais ar fad a sholáthar. (Féach freisin: Cosc ar tháirge deiridh). Tá einsímí dlúthchosúla, agus córais einsímí, le fáil i réimse leathan orgánaigh, lena n-áirítear plandaí, ainmhithe, agus baictéir, agus is iad a chuireann na cosúlachtaí bunúsacha i go leor gnéithe dá meitibileacht. Tá roinnt einsímí faighte íon agus criostalach. Tá cuid acu próitéine go hiomlán (m.sh. Ensaimí próitéiliseacha); cuid acu próitéin móide grúpa próitéiseach (m.sh. Tá an t-ábhar seo ag cur le heaclaíocht agus le laghdú). De ghnáth ainmnítear einsímí trí an suffix -ase a cheangal le fréamh a léiríonn nádúr an tsubstráit nó an imoibrithe. Féach freisin: Amylase, Dehydrogenase, Proteolytic Enzymes Adaptive Enzyme, Isoenzyme. in aice le enzyme i Knolik sainmhíniú an fhocail "ainmeas" a léamh 615 uair

Coffee is brewed from ground coffee beans. These beans come from little red cherries that grow on coffee trees. These trees are often grown on plantations located in tropical areas near the equator. The cherries are harvested and washed, removing the outer part of the cherry, leaving only the inner bean. The beans are dried, packed in bags, and shipped to a roaster. Coffee beans are roasted as light, medium, or dark roasts. Different varieties of beans are roasted to different degrees. The coffee beans are then ground for the type of coffee desired. The ground coffee is sold as Turkish, espresso, fine, or specialty grinds. Coffee roasters often have their own blend of beans and grind settings to market their brand. Today we find ground coffees in bags, pods, and cups. Also available are decaffeinated coffees and flavored coffees. Coffee may be served hot or cold, optionally with cream and/or sugar. Some coffee connoisseurs add various syrups and flavorings to their coffee beverages. Authored by jeh. Last updated 2019-06-12 15:35:24. The way in which coffee is brewed can mean the difference between a delicious cup of coffee and one that's disappointing. The coffee that we drink is essentially a mixture of ground coffee beans and water. Visit this coffee mills directory to find coffee mill suppliers throughout the United States. The photograph on this page depicts a coffee grinder and roasted coffee beans. Rich, dark brown coffee beans are photographed in a small burlap sack on a white background. Before they can be enjoyed as a beverage, these coffee beans will be ground using a burr coffee grinder. Visit this gourmet coffee page to find gourmet coffee suppliers throughout the United States. The photo on this page shows a cup of gourmet coffee and a piece of chocolate cake. White crockery used for breakfast, including a pitcher, a creamer, and coffee and teacups, sit on a wooden folding table. The folding table allows meals to be conveniently served and removed in areas otherwise not set up for eating. There are various small kitchen appliances that help make our lives easier. Learn more about toasters, bread machines, waffle irons, coffee makers, and other popular small kitchen appliances. When you think of Kung-Fu, coffee and fast food might not be next to the image of Bruce Lee, but that's what Si-Fu (Master) Julian Sitch and Leon's CEO, John Vincent, utilised to quadruple their company. By Paul Armstrong, Contributor. Forbes. Sun, 17 Nov 2019 14:10:00 +0000. Zizzi, Pizza Express and Bella Italia are all releasing festive menus this year, with burger chains such as Shake Shack, Bills and Giraffe getting in on the action too. Daily Mail. Fri, 15 Nov 2019 10:53:47 +0000.

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Déantar caife a bhruith ó bhroinn caife mhile. Tagann na pónairí seo ó chriosaí beaga dearga a fhásann ar chrainn caife. Is minic a fhástar na crainn seo ar phlandaí atá suite i gceantair thrópaiceacha in aice leis an easbhreatach. Déantar na criosanna a bhailiú agus a ní, ag baint an chuid seachtrach den crios, gan ach an bean istigh a fhágáil. Déantar na pónairí a thriomú, a phacáil i málaí, agus a sheoladh chuig róstaire. Déantar pónairí caife a thriomú mar thriomú éadrom, meánmhéide nó dorcha. Tá cineálacha éagsúla pónairí rósta go céimeanna éagsúla. Ansin, déantar na pónairí caife a mhilliú chun an cineál caife atá ag teastáil a fháil. Díoltar an caife miotail mar thúrcach, espresso, fíneáil nó miotail speisialta. Is minic a bhíonn meascán féin de bhéanna agus socruithe miotail ag róstairí caife chun a mbranda a mhargú. Sa lá atá inniu ann, tá caife talún i málaí, i bpáistí agus i gcúbanna. Tá caife dí-caiféinithe agus caife blasáilte ar fáil freisin. Is féidir caife a sheirbheáil te nó fuar, de rogha le uachtar agus/nó siúcra. Cuireann roinnt lucht a bhfuil aithne acu ar cháilíocht caife síoróipí agus blasanna éagsúla lena n-ól caife. Scríobh jeh. Nuashonrú deireanach 2019-06-12 15:35:24. Is féidir leis an mbealach a ndéantar caife a bhrú an difríocht idir cupán caife blasta agus cupán a bhfuil díomá air. Is é an caife a ólaimid go bunúsach meascán de bhuíonna caife miotail agus uisce. Tabhair cuairt ar an t-eolaire muilte caife seo chun soláthraithe muilte caife a fháil ar fud na Stát Aontaithe. Sa phictiúr ar an leathanach seo tá muileann caife agus pónairí caife rósta. Tá póilíní ag cur báistí caife dorcha, saibhir, i mála beag ar chúlra bán. Sula bhféadfar taitneamh a bhaint as mar dheoch, déanfar na pónairí caife seo a mhionnú ag baint úsáide as mionn caife burr. Tabhair cuairt ar an leathanach caife gourmet seo chun soláthraithe caife gourmet a fháil ar fud na Stát Aontaithe. Taispeánann an grianghraf ar an leathanach seo cupán caife gourmet agus píosa cáise seacláide. Tá crocháin bhána a úsáidtear le haghaidh bricfeasta, lena n-áirítear pitcher, creamer, agus caife agus cupáin tae, suite ar tábla fillte adhmaid. Is féidir leis an tábla fillte béilí a sheirbheáil agus a bhaint go háisiúil in áiteanna nach bhfuil socraithe ar shlí eile le haghaidh ithe. Tá go leor fearais bheaga cistine ann a chabhraíonn lenár saol a dhéanamh níos éasca. Faigh tuilleadh eolais faoi toasóirí, meaisíní arán, uachtar waffle, meaisíní caife, agus fearais bheaga cócaireachta eile a bhfuil tóir orthu. Nuair a smaoiníonn tú ar Kung-Fu, ní fhéadfaidh caife agus bia tapa a bheith in aice le íomhá Bruce Lee, ach is é sin a úsáid Si-Fu (Master) Julian Sitch agus POF Leon, John Vincent, chun a gcuideachta a cheathrú. Le Paul Armstrong, Comhoibrí. Forbes. Dé hAoine, 17 Samhain 2019 14:10:00 +0000. Tá Zizzi, Pizza Express agus Bella Italia ag scaoileadh roghchlár féile i mbliana, agus tá slabhraí burgáir mar Shake Shack, Bills agus Giraffe ag dul isteach sa ghníomh freisin. Daily Mail. Fri, 15 Samhain 2019 10:53:47 +0000.

For America’s low-income families, the single biggest driver of economic opportunity could be owning their own vehicle. Recent research suggests a strong link between car ownership and access to longer-lasting employment and a higher household income. A new study published in the Journal of Planning Education and Research in February examines how car ownership affects income opportunity and finds that over the last 50 years, households without vehicles have lost income, both in absolute terms and relative to households with vehicles. For example, a household with a car in 1955 had about twice the income as those without. By 2013, those same households had more than three times as much income as their car-less counterparts. “We commonly talk about American cities as being automobile dependent, and a consequence of that is that people without cars are not able to access the economy as well as people with cars,” said David King, assistant professor at Arizona State University and one of the authors of “The Poverty of the Carless: Toward Universal Auto Access.” “It’s very expensive to be poor. And not having reliable transportation could mean that you lose your job.” For America’s working poor, owning a car can also mean access to better jobs and safer neighborhoods. In 2014, the Urban Institute published “Driving to Opportunity” and found that low-income residents of high-poverty neighborhoods who owned their own cars were twice as likely to find a job and four times as likely to remain employed. They were also more likely to seek out better neighborhoods. “Families with access to cars found housing in neighborhoods where environmental and social quality consistently and significantly exceeded that of the neighborhoods of households without cars. Especially noteworthy, families with car access felt safer in their neighborhoods and were less likely to live in neighborhoods with high crime rates than those without car access,” according to the report. “Even as highly educated Millennials and Baby Boomers fantasize about car-free-cities, car access is still indispensable for many families seeking safety and economic security,” wrote Rolf Pendall, one of the Urban Institute study’s co-authors. And as we know, personal vehicle ownership remains significantly less expensive than ride-hailing, even in dense urban areas where the services have seen the most growth. In August 2018, August, the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety released a study finding that the cost of relying on ride-hailing services as a primary mode of transportation in 20 of the biggest metro areas in the U.S. was, at minimum, more than twice as much as the cost of owning a personal vehicle. The benefits of owning a car are particularly obvious for low-income single parents, who have to manager their families schedules and tend to make multiple trips a day--to go to work, take children to school and doctors’ appointments, and shop for the family. Charles L. Baum, an economics and finance professor at Middle Tennessee State University, used National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data to examine the effectiveness of vehicle ownership for single mothers with no more than a high school education. Baum found that regardless of whether the single mother lived in a city or a suburb, the effect of having a car was the same: increased employment. “In some cases, the effects of vehicles are large,” Baum wrote in the Journal of Urban Economics. “Owning a vehicle often doubles the probability of employment and the number of hours worked, increasing the probability of employment by roughly 30 percentage points and work hours by about 13 per week.” So while many of us know that owning a car represents freedom and the ability to come and go as you please, for many low-income households, owning a car is a family essential that can be the key to a better job, a better neighborhood and a much better life.

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I gcás teaghlaigh íseal-ioncaim Mheiriceá, d'fhéadfadh an tiománaí is mó de dheis eacnamaíoch a bheith ina úinéir ar a bhfeithicil féin. Tugann taighde le déanaí le fios go bhfuil nasc láidir idir úinéireacht gluaisteán agus rochtain ar fhostaíocht níos buan agus ioncam níos airde teaghlaigh. Scrúdaíonn staidéar nua a foilsíodh sa Journal of Planning Education and Research i mí Feabhra conas a théann úinéireacht gluaisteán i bhfeidhm ar dheiseanna ioncaim agus faigheann sé amach go bhfuil ioncam caillte ag teaghlaigh gan gluaisteán le 50 bliain anuas, i dtéarmaí abhlóideacha agus i gcomparáid le teaghlaigh a bhfuil gluaisteán acu. Mar shampla, bhí ioncam teaghlaigh a raibh carr acu i 1955 thart ar dhá oiread ná iad siúd nach raibh. Faoi 2013, bhí ioncam na dteaghlaigh chéanna sin níos mó ná trí huaire níos mó ná a gcomhghleacaithe gan carr. "Is minic a labhraímid faoi chathracha Mheiriceá mar atá siad ag brath ar mhótarfheithiclí, agus is é an iarmhairt sin nach bhfuil daoine gan gluaisteáin in ann rochtain a fháil ar an ngeilleagar chomh maith le daoine a bhfuil gluaisteáin acu", a dúirt David King, ollamh cúnta in Ollscoil Stáit Arizona agus ceann de na húdair ar "The Poverty of the Carless: Toward Universal Auto Access". "Tá sé an-daor a bheith bocht. Agus gan iompar iontaofa a bheith agat d'fhéadfadh sé go gcaillfí do phost. I gcás na Meiriceánach atá ag obair bochta, is féidir le carr a bheith acu rochtain a fháil ar phoist níos fearr agus comharsanachtaí níos sábháilte. I 2014, d'fhoilsigh an Institiúid Cathrach "Driving to Opportunity" agus fuair sé go raibh cónaitheoirí ar ioncam íseal i gcomharsanachtaí ard-bhochtaineachta a raibh a gcuid gluaisteán féin acu dhá oiread níos dóchúla post a fháil agus ceithre huaire níos dóchúla fostaíocht a choinneáil. Bhí seans níos mó acu freisin comharsanachtaí níos fearr a lorg. Fuair teaghlaigh a raibh rochtain acu ar charr tithíocht i gcomharsanachtaí ina raibh cáilíocht chomhshaoil agus sóisialta níos fearr go comhsheasmhach agus go suntasach ná an ceantar sin de theaghlaigh gan carr. Is fiú a thabhairt faoi deara go háirithe, go mbraitheann teaghlaigh a bhfuil rochtain acu ar charr níos sábháilte ina gcomharsanachtaí agus go raibh seans níos lú acu maireachtáil i gcomharsanachtaí a bhfuil rátaí ard coireachta acu ná iad siúd nach bhfuil rochtain acu ar charr, de réir na tuarascála. "Fiú má tá Millennials ard-oideachais agus Baby Boomers ag fantasú faoi chathracha saor ó charr, tá rochtain ar charr fós riachtanach do go leor teaghlaigh atá ag lorg sábháilteachta agus slándála eacnamaíoch", a scríobh Rolf Pendall, duine de chomh-údair an staidéir Institiúid Uirbeach. Agus mar a fhios againn, tá úinéireacht feithiclí pearsanta i bhfad níos saoire ná turas-ghlactha, fiú i gceantair uirbeacha dlúth ina bhfuil an fás is mó ar na seirbhísí. I mí Lúnasa 2018, d'eisigh AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety staidéar a fuair amach go raibh an costas a bhaineann le bheith ag brath ar sheirbhísí turas-ghlactha mar phríomhmhodh iompair i 20 de na limistéir mhéatracha is mó sna Stáit Aontaithe, ar a laghad, níos mó ná dhá oiread ná an costas a bhaineann le feithicil phearsanta a bheith agat. Tá na buntáistí a bhaineann le bheith ina úinéir carr soiléir go háirithe do thuismitheoirí aonair ar ioncam íseal, a chaithfidh a sceidil teaghlaigh a bhainistiú agus a mbíonn claonadh acu turais iomadúla a dhéanamh in aghaidh an lae - chun dul ag obair, leanaí a thabhairt ar scoil agus le hainmneachtaí dochtúirí, agus siopadóireacht a dhéanamh don teaghlach. D'úsáid Charles L. Baum, ollamh eacnamaíochta agus airgeadais in Ollscoil Stáit Mheán Tennessee, sonraí Suirbhé Náisiúnta Leithleithleach na nÓg chun iniúchadh a dhéanamh ar éifeachtacht úinéireacht feithiclí do mháithreacha aonair nach bhfuil níos mó ná oideachas ardscoile acu. Fuair Baum go raibh an éifeacht chéanna ag carr a bheith aige, bíodh an máthair aonair ina chónaí i gcathair nó i mbruachbhaile, ná: fostaíocht mhéadaithe. I roinnt cásanna, tá éifeachtaí na bhfeithiclí mór, a scríobh Baum in Journal of Urban Economics. Is minic a dhéantar an dóchúlacht fostaíochta agus líon na n-uaireanta oibre a dhúbailt le bheith i do úinéir feithicle, ag méadú dóchúlacht fostaíochta thart ar 30 pointe céatadáin agus uaireanta oibre thart ar 13 in aghaidh na seachtaine. Mar sin cé go bhfuil a fhios ag go leor againn go léiríonn úinéireacht gluaisteáin saoirse agus an cumas teacht agus dul mar is mian leat, do go leor teaghlaigh íseal-ioncaim, is é úinéireacht gluaisteáin riachtanas teaghlaigh a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina eochair chun post níos fearr, comharsanacht níos fearr agus saol i bhfad níos fearr.

Wake County topographic map Click on the map to display elevation. About this map Name: Wake County topographic map, elevation, terrain. Average elevation: 96 m Minimum elevation: 30 m Maximum elevation: 218 m Wake County is located in the northeast central region of North Carolina, where the North American Piedmont and Atlantic Coastal Plain regions meet. This area is known as the "fall line" because it marks the elevation inland at which waterfalls begin to appear in creeks and rivers. As a result, most of Wake County features gently rolling hills that slope eastward toward the state's flat coastal plain. Its central Piedmont location situates the county about three hours west of Atlantic Beach, North Carolina, by car and four hours east of the Great Smoky Mountains. Other topographic maps Click on a map to view its topography, its elevation and its terrain.

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Cárta topagrafach Chontae Wake Cliceáil ar an léarscáil chun an airde a thaispeáint. Maidir leis an léarscáil seo Ainm: Léarscáil topagrafach Chontae Wake, airde, tírdhreach. Meán-ardú: 96 m Uasmhéid íosta: 30 m Uas-ardú: 218 m Tá Contae Wake suite i lár-réigiún an oirthuaiscirt de Carolina Thuaidh, áit a gcloíonn réigiúin Mheiriceá Thuaidh Piedmont agus an Chosta Atlantach. Tugtar "líne na tuite" ar an limistéar seo toisc go marcálann sé an airde intíre ag a dtosaíonn tuiteamh uisce i gcarraigí agus aibhneacha. Mar thoradh air sin, tá cnoic bheaga clóisithe ag formhór Chontae Wake a shleamhnaíonn i dtreo an oirtheach i dtreo chladach clóis an stáit. Tá a shuíomh lárnach i Piamont suite thart ar thrí uair an chloig siar ó Atlantic Beach, Carolina Thuaidh, i gcarr agus ceithre uair an chloig soir ó na Sléibhte Smoky Mór. Léarscáileanna topagrafacha eile Cliceáil ar léarscáil chun a topagrafaíocht, a airde agus a thírfhír a fheiceáil.

June 22, 2009 Brain Represents Tools As Temporary Body Parts Researchers have what they say is the first direct proof of a very old idea: that when we use a tool"”even for just a few minutes"”it changes the way our brain represents the size of our body. In other words, the tool becomes a part of what is known in psychology as our body schema, according to a report published in the June 23rd issue of Current Biology, a Cell Press publication. "Since the origin of the concept of body schema, the idea of its functional plasticity has always been taken for granted, even if no direct evidence has been provided until now," said Alessandro Farn of INSERM and the Universit© Claude Bernard Lyon. "Our series of experiments provides the first, definitive demonstration that this century-old intuition is true." In the new study, Farn, Lucilla Cardinali, and their colleagues reasoned that if one incorporates a used tool into the body schema, his or her subsequent bodily movements should differ when compared to those performed before the tool was used. Indeed, that is exactly what they saw. After using a mechanical grabber that extended their reach, people behaved as though their arm really was longer, they found. What's more, study participants perceived touches delivered on the elbow and middle fingertip of their arm as if they were farther apart after their use of the grabbing tool. People still went on using their arm successfully following after tool use, but they managed tasks differently. That is, they grasped or pointed to object correctly, but they did not move their hand as quickly and overall took longer to complete the tasks. It's a phenomenon each of us unconsciously experiences every day, the researchers said. The reason you were able to brush your teeth this morning without necessarily looking at your mouth or arm is because your toothbrush was integrated into your brain's representation of your arm. The findings help to explain how it is that humans use tools so well. "We believe this ability of our body representation to functionally adapt to incorporate tools is the fundamental basis of skillful tool use," Cardinali said. "Once the tool is incorporated in the body schema, it can be maneuvered and controlled as if it were a body part itself." On The Net:

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22 Meitheamh, 2009 Léiríonn an Féin-Aimsir Uirlisí mar Chuid Choigríche den Choirp Tá an chéad fhianaise dhíreach ag taighdeoirí ar an smaoineamh an-sean: nuair a úsáideann muid uirlis "cé nach bhfuil ann ach cúpla nóiméad" athraíonn sé an bealach a léiríonn ár n-inchinn méid ár gcorp. I bhfocail eile, bíonn an uirlis mar chuid den rud a dtugtar ar an síceolaíocht mar ár scéim choirp, de réir tuarascála a foilsíodh i dtionól an 23 Meitheamh de Current Biology, foilseachán Cell Press. "Ó tháinig an coincheap de scéim an chomhlachta ar bun, tugadh an smaoineamh ar a phlaistíocht fheidhmiúil mar gheall air, fiú mura bhfuil aon fhianaise dhíreach curtha ar fáil go dtí seo", a dúirt Alessandro Farn ó INSERM agus an Université Claude Bernard Lyon. "Léiríonn ár sraith turgnaimh an chéad léiriú cinnte go bhfuil an intuition céad bliain d'aois seo fíor". Sa staidéar nua, réitigh Farn, Lucilla Cardinali, agus a gcomhghleacaithe go má chuimsíonn duine uirlis úsáideach isteach sa scéim choirp, ba cheart go mbeadh a ghluaiseachtaí comhlachta ina dhiaidh sin difriúil i gcomparáid leis na gluaiseachtaí a rinneadh sula n-úsáidtear an uirlis. Go deimhin, sin go díreach a chonaic siad. Tar éis greimire meicniúil a úsáid a leathnaigh a shíneadh, bhí daoine ag iompar amhail is dá mba i ndáiríre a lámh níos faide, fuair siad. Ina theannta sin, d'aithin rannpháirtithe an staidéir go raibh teagmháil a rinneadh ar an gcúlú agus ar thinneas lár a lámh amhail is dá mba níos faide óna chéile iad tar éis dóibh an uirlis greamaithe a úsáid. Bhí daoine ag leanúint ar aghaidh ag úsáid a gcuid lámh go rathúil tar éis úsáid uirlisí, ach bhain siad tascanna go difriúil. Is é sin, d'éirigh leo an rud a ghabháil nó a chur in iúl i gceart, ach níor bhog siad a lámh chomh tapa agus thóg sé níos mó ama ar an iomlán chun na tascanna a chur i gcrích. Is feiniméan é a bhíonn ag gach duine againn go neamhfhiosach gach lá, a dúirt na taighdeoirí. An chúis a raibh tú in ann do chuid fiacla a scuabadh ar maidin gan féachaint go riachtanach ar do bhéal nó do lámh ná go raibh do scuab fiacla comhtháite le léiriú do chroí ar do lámh. Cabhraíonn na torthaí seo le míniú a thabhairt ar an gcaoi a n-úsáideann daoine uirlisí chomh maith sin. "Creidimid gurb é an cumas seo atá ag ár n-ionadaíocht coirp oiriúnú go feidhmiúil chun uirlisí a ionchorprú an bunús bunúsach d'úsáid uirlisí sásúil", a dúirt Cardinali. "Nuair a chuirtear an uirlis san áireamh sa scéim choirp, is féidir é a mheabhrú agus a rialú amhail is dá mba cuid de chorp é féin". Ar an Líonra:

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Bhí modhanna éiceolaíocha mar léarscáileanna sibhialtachta anailíseacha ar dtús i Chicago freisin, tar éis dóibh fás amach as an iomlán ar an réigiún mórthrópail, go háirithe i bpatrúin neamhshóisialta a tháinig as an chuid is measa de dhaonra, gnólachtaí, ticéid, cónaithe agus institiúidí mar a thóg gach ceann áiteanna níos buntáistí. Ón Dara Cogadh Domhanda, tá an cage tar éis cuid mhór dá chuid ama, modheolaíochta, agus a dhéanamh a onnmhairiú chuig rannáin eile den obair, uaireanta chun a míbhuntáiste féin. Ghlac go leor imreoirí páirt sna staidéir agus d'athraigh siad modhanna agus ábhair. Tá éiceolaíocht an duine fós ina chuid bheag ach amháin de shocheolaíocht inniu. Nocht a chuid iontais meicníochtaí a d'éirigh le scaradh agus dí-eagraíocht i bpobail Laidineach Mheiriceá. I bhfad níos mó ná mar a bhí, athbheochan teoiric choimhlinte smaointeoireacht chriticiúil Scoil Frankfurt a dhiúltaigh go ciúin do gach teoiric thábhachtach den am mar go leor den status quo. Meadand Will H. Bhí ráitis stratification agus socheolaíocht eagraíochta deceived a áireamh feiniméin eacnamaíocha ar nós margaí íseal agus an chríochnú gnólachtaí. D'iarr socheolaithe a stádas a bheith acu mar go leor trí thaighde empiriciúil a leanúint agus trí anailís cháiliúil coiriúil a dhéanamh ar fhadhbanna sóisialta suntasacha. Thurstone sa níos s a fuair úsáid coitianta i socheolaíocht. Tá teicnící bailiúcháin na gciúirí difriúil ó bhreathnú rannpháirtí, anailís titim, agallamh, agus bog faisnéise. Déantar míreanna ar a bhfuil comhaontú bunúsach ann a athordú ansin chun scéal a chruthú. Rinneadh go leor rátaí den mhéadarbhaile agus dá fho-réimsí a rangú faoi thuairim Robert E. Ciallaíonn sé seo go n-oibríonn an féin, cé chomh athraitheach is atá sé, mar chomhartha leathan d'iompar sóisialta. Lasmuigh den domhan, spreag na modhanna empiriciúla agus an constaic shóisialaigh gníomhaireachtaí rialtais chun dearcadh criticiúil a ghlacadh. Bhí siad ag teastáil go mbeadh athrú ar aon chineál eilimint a tháirgeadh suaitheadh ginearálta sa fháil iomlán. Bhí a n-díograis ag teacht le chéile ar feadh 30 bliain, ag titim leis an scéal faoin gcóras Sóivéadach agus an chuid is fearr de na teagasc iar-ghnóthionsclaíocha nach raibh ach córais aicme go dtí ré tionsclaíoch níos airde. Ar deireadh, is cosúil go bhfuil an t-aistriú idir socheolaithe príomhshrutha agus iad siúd atá ríthábhachtach d'anailís cháilíochtúil domhain agus unbridgeable. Feictear sa tsocheolaíocht chomhlachtanacht mar a thagraíonn daoine do fhírinne, murab ionann agus sa tsocheolaíocht dhearfach a dhéanann fírinne oibiachtúil "sin amuigh ansin". Ba é an chéad eochair iarracht ar scála mór a bhí ann, a raibh modheolaíocht agus torthaí ag teacht le chéile i bpróiseas breise. Ach is féidir coiriúla casta a bheith ann. Le linn an Chéim Chontae, áfach, rinne Robert agus May Lynd, ina gcuid staidéir ar Middletown, an difríocht idir an teanga agus na ranganna gnó a dhoiciméadú i ngach ceann de na saol mór pobail. Ní féidir a bheith ina leithéid de dhícháilitheacht, is féidir a mhéid a mheas uaireanta trí mhodhanna amhairc, lena n-áirítear anailís dian ar smaointe níos lú. Mar shampla, ní fhéadfaidh 50 ceist nó seó éagsúla dífhostaithe oibre ach seacht nó ocht n-uaire de dhífhostaíocht a léiriú i mí Feabhra. Tá modhanna staidrimh neamhghaolmhara ag socheolaithe ó disciplíní eile. Chuir an dá cheann i bhfios conas a chuireann daoine brí le n-iomláine agus leis an domhan sóisialta níos leithne. D'úsáid Greg agus Ellsworth Faris teoiric idirghníomhaíochta ársa chun a mbord empiriúil a threorú i dtrádáil Robert E. Rinneadh imní ar eitic freisin, go háirithe maidir le breathnuithe agus turgnaimh ina bhféadfadh tábhacht na n-ábhar a bheith defeatist a thoirmeasc. Tá an maireachtáil atá ag an éagothroime shóisialta agus an-chontúirteach anois mar thoradh casta ar fhachtóirí, faoi inscne, ciníochas, agus réigiún, chomh maith le trádáil agus cruinniú náisiúnta a chuireann iontas orainn. Is féidir fiú an bealach a shainmhínítear foirmeálta a bheith ina tionchar orainn bailiú. Bhí speisialtóirí geal saibhrithe ag triail le heolaíochtaí sóisialta eile, eolaíocht pholaitiúil agus sonrach meallta. Is agus i a bhí ní raibh tú i de sé a bheith sé a chuid ach le haghaidh tá sé seo go ar ar iad leis an bhfuil sí nó ó ní beidh againn a cad a bhí amháin más mian leis a bhfuil sí. Chuir an post seo béim ar bhunchuspóir an tionscadail taighde ná tuiscint níos fearr a fháil agus a roinnt ar thaithí shaoil chliaint sa tionscal gnéis. CRIMINOLOGICAL VERSTEHEN: INNTEAR NA CRIMENTACHE* JEFF FERRELL Northern Arizona University Tá go leor staidéir a rinneadh roimhe seo agus atá á ndéanamh faoi láthair i gcríimineolaíocht tógtha as an en. Is cur chuige teoiriciúil, modheolaíoch agus idirghabhálach é coiriúlacht chultúrtha chun staidéar a dhéanamh ar choireacht a fhéachann le coireacht a thuiscint i gcomhthéacs a chultúir. Breathnaíonn sé ar an gcoireacht agus ar na gníomhaireachtaí rialaithe [soiléiriú ag teastáil ] mar tháirgí cultúrtha. Is cur chuige teoiriciúil, modheolaíoch agus idirghabhálach é coiriúlacht chultúrtha chun staidéar a dhéanamh ar choireacht a fhéachann le coireacht a thuiscint i gcomhthéacs a chultúir. Breathnaíonn sé ar an gcoireacht agus ar na gníomhaireachtaí rialaithe [tá gá le soiléiriú] mar tháirgí cultúrtha. Tá an coireachtolaíocht chultúrtha ag iarraidh a chur i bhfios conas a théann cumhacht i bhfeidhm ar thogaisc choiriúlachta, mar shampla dlíthe a cruthaítear, dlíthe a bhriseann, agus an idirghníomhú. Úsáidtear Verstehen (Fuaimniú Gearmáinis: [fɛɐˈʃteːən], go litriúil: "a thuiscint") i gcomhthéacs fealsúnacht na Gearmáine agus eolaíochtaí sóisialta i gcoitinne, ó dheireadh an 19ú haois i mBéarla mar a bhí sa Ghearmáinis leis an tuiscint ar leith ar scrúdú "téarmach nó rannpháirtíoch" ar fheiniméin shóisialta.

Neurological diseases are estimated to impact 100 Million Americans every year, with health care costs estimated to reach $600 Billion a year by 2030. There is a lot of evidence that shows that CBD may protect brain cells from diseases like ALS, Alzheimer’s and Huntington's, and may potentially help these patients retain their quality of life and function longer. In fact, the United States government held a patent on cannabinoids as “neuroprotectants”. These chemicals in cannabis can disable certain things in the body, which can cause tissue damage that can make many health conditions worse, or even cause some disorders. How CBD May Help Manage Alzheimer's Alzheimer’s is the fastest growing degenerative neurological condition in the United States, impacting an estimated 5.8 million US citizens in 2019. Despite its high prevalence, treatments are limited to symptom management. In Alzheimer’s Disease, brain cells are damaged by buildup of plaques. When those tissues get damaged, the brain cells cannot communicate with one another as well, leading to symptoms like memory issues, dementia, and confusion. Modern research shows that cannabidiol, or CBD, may be particularly effective at protecting healthy brain cells from this type of damage. Animal studies have also demonstrated that CBD holds some promise for treating Alzheimer’s disease, especially when you used during the early stages of the disease. How CBD May Help Manage Huntington's Disease Huntington's Disease is an inherited neurological disorder affecting an estimated 30,000 people in the United States. Huntington’s Disease progression is caused by destruction of neuron cells in the brain, which changes the ability to move, process emotions, cognitive function. It also leads to jerky movements and mental health problems. Research is still emerging, as is our understanding of how CBD may provide neurological protective benefits. Regardless, there are case study outcomes supporting CBD for Huntington’s disease, such as this 1986 trial that saw Huntington’s Disease symptom improvement in patients taking 600 mg/day over 6 weeks. Another chemical found in hemp called cannabigerol, or CBG, has also been found to protect neurons in mice with Huntington’s disease. How CBD May Help Manage ALS ALS is a progressive neurological condition that affects the brain and spinal cord, and results in losing physical abilities like walking, writing, speaking, swallowing, and breathing. Despite a shortened lifespan of 2-5 years from diagnosis, it’s estimated that 16,000 in the US are diagnosed with ALS each year. A review of preclinical data supports that CBD may address many underlying imbalances present in ALS, through its proven antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neurological protective effects. In this mouse study, treatment of ALS with cannabis resulted in improved brain cell survival, later onset of symptoms, and slower disease progression. If you have questions about CBD for degenerative neurological conditions, click here to reach out to our Live Nurse line.

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Meastar go mbíonn tionchar ag galair néareolaíocha ar 100 milliún Meiriceánach gach bliain, agus meastar go sroichfidh costais cúraim sláinte $ 600 billiún in aghaidh na bliana faoi 2030. Tá go leor fianaise ann a léiríonn go bhféadfadh CBD cealla inchinne a chosaint ó ghalair mar ALS, Alzheimer agus Huntington, agus go bhféadfadh sé cabhrú leis na hothair seo a gcáilíocht saoil agus a bhfeidhm a choinneáil níos faide. Go deimhin, bhí paitinn ag rialtas na Stát Aontaithe ar chanábinoidí mar neuroprotectants. Is féidir leis na ceimiceáin seo i cannabais rudaí áirithe sa chorp a dhíghníomhachtú, rud a d'fhéadfadh damáiste fíocháin a chur ar fáil a d'fhéadfadh go leor riochtaí sláinte a dhéanamh níos measa, nó fiú roinnt neamhoird a chur ar bun. Conas is Féidir le CBD Cuidiú le Rialú Alzheimer Is é Alzheimer an riocht néareolaíoch díghiniúnach is mó fáis sna Stáit Aontaithe, ag dul i bhfeidhm ar thart ar 5.8 milliún saoránach SAM in 2019. In ainneoin a raontacht ard, tá cóireálacha teoranta do bhainistiú comharthaí. I ghalair Alzheimer, déantar damáiste do chealla inchinne trí phlácaí a thiomsú. Nuair a dhéantar damáiste do na fíocháin sin, ní féidir leis na cealla inchinne cumarsáid a dhéanamh lena chéile chomh maith, rud a fhágann go bhfuil comharthaí cosúil le fadhbanna cuimhne, díomhaoin, agus mearbhall. Léiríonn taighde nua-aimseartha go bhféadfadh cannabidiol, nó CBD, a bheith go háirithe éifeachtach chun cealla sláintiúla na hinchinne a chosaint ar an gcineál seo damáiste. Tá sé léirithe freisin i staidéir ainmhithe go bhfuil gealltanas ag CBD chun galar Alzheimer a chóireáil, go háirithe nuair a úsáidtear é le linn chéim luath na galair. Conas is Féidir le CBD Cuidiú le Galar Huntington a Rialú Is neamhoird néareolaíoch oidhreachta í galar Huntington a théann i bhfeidhm ar thart ar 30,000 duine sna Stáit Aontaithe. Huntington's Tá dul chun cinn galar mar gheall ar scrios cealla neuron sa inchinn, a athraíonn an cumas chun bogadh, mothúcháin próiseáil, feidhm chognaíoch. Mar thoradh air sin, bíonn gluaiseachtaí saighdiúrtha agus fadhbanna meabhairshláinte ann freisin. Tá taighde fós ag teacht chun cinn, mar atá ár dtuiscint ar an gcaoi a bhféadfadh CBD sochair chosanta néareolaíocha a sholáthar. Is beag beann ar sin, tá torthaí staidéir cás ann a thacaíonn le CBD le haghaidh galar Huntington, mar shampla an triail seo i 1986 a chonaic feabhas ar chomharthaí galar Huntington i n-othair a ghlac 600 mg / lá thar 6 seachtaine. Tá ceimiceán eile a fhaightear i gcanabais ar a dtugtar cannabigerol, nó CBG, le fáil freisin chun néaróin a chosaint i mhadraí a bhfuil galar Huntington orthu. Conas is Féidir le CBD Cuidiú le ALS a Rialú Is galar néareolaíoch é ALS a théann i bhfeidhm ar an inchinn agus ar an méarchlár, agus a fhágann go gcailltear cumais choirp mar siúl, scríobh, labhairt, inghlacadh agus anáil. In ainneoin saolré gearr 2-5 bliana ó dhiagnóisiú, meastar go ndéantar 16,000 de dhaoine sna Stáit Aontaithe a dhiagnóisiú le ALS gach bliain. Tacaíonn athbhreithniú ar shonraí réamhchliniciúla leis go bhféadfadh CBD aghaidh a thabhairt ar go leor míchothromaíochtaí bunúsacha atá i láthair i ALS, trína éifeachtaí frith-ocsaideacha, frith-athlastacha agus cosaint na néareolaíocha cruthaithe. Sa staidéar seo ar na lucha, bhí feabhas ar mhaireachtáil cealla inchinne mar thoradh ar chóireáil ALS le cannabais, tús níos déanaí na hairíonna, agus dul chun cinn níos moille na galar. Má tá ceisteanna agat faoi CBD le haghaidh riochtaí néareolaíocha díghrádúla, cliceáil anseo chun teagmháil a dhéanamh lenár líne Iníon Beo.

The term open science is generally understood to mean scientific practice in which others can participate and contribute. Open Science includes dimensions that are sometimes defined differently, with the Goethe University currently following focused: - Open Data (controls open data that can be redistributed and used by others) - Open access (controlled open access to scientific literature and other materials) - Open Methodology (controlled open methodology documents the methods used and discloses them for reproducibility) - Open Educational Resources (open educational resources are freely accessible teaching and learning materials that can be reused) - Citizen Science supports research projects or carries them out with the help of interested laypersons The specialist information service for linguistics is also located at the Goethe University (FiD Linguistik).

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De ghnáth, tuigtear go gciallaíonn an téarma eolaíocht oscailte cleachtas eolaíoch inar féidir le daoine eile páirt a ghlacadh agus cur leis. Áirítear ar an Eolaíocht Oscailte gnéithe a shainmhínítear go difriúil uaireanta, agus tá Ollscoil Goethe dírithe ar na nithe seo a leanas faoi láthair: - Sonraí Oscailte (rialaíonn sonraí oscailte is féidir a athdháileadh agus a úsáid ag daoine eile) - Rochtain Oscailte (rochtain oscailte rialaithe ar litríocht eolaíoch agus ar ábhair eile) - Mhodheolaíocht Oscailte (méideolaíocht oscailte rialaithe a dhoiciméid na modhanna a úsáidtear agus a nochtann iad le haghaidh atáirgeachta) - Acmhainní Oideachais Oscailte (is iad na hacmhainní oideachais oscailte ábhair teagaisc agus foghlama atá inrochtana go saor agus is féidir iad a athúsáid) - Tacaíonn Eolaíocht na Saoránach le tionscadail taighde nó déanann sí iad a chur i gcrích le cabhair ó dhaoine neamhspleácha a bhfuil suim acu iontu Tá an tseirbhís faisnéise speisialaithe le haghaidh teangacha suite freisin in Ollscoil Goethe (FiD Linguistik).

An Overview of the City of Florence up on the hills. Florence is also known as "Cradle of the Renaissance" or "Athens of Italy" We arrived in the morning hours still feeling rather sleepy. A place with very good view of the city. Here in the centre of the square is Michelangelo's David One of the world's most reproduced statue. Giotto's Belltower and Cathedral This belltower started it's construction in 1334 by Giotto but was completed only after his death by Andrea Pisano and Francesco Talenti. This tower is 85 metres tall. The Cathedral construction started in 1289 and since many alterations have been added. At the bell tower! The streets around it is also quite busy, full of people walking around... Piazza Della Signoria This is a lively square and have many statues on display. A very artistic place. At the south side of the square that has three great arches of Loggia Della Signoria. Built in 1380s by Benci Di Cione and Simone Talenti for public ceremonies and later became an open air sculpture museum. Streets in Florence, Italy The Leaning Tower of PISA Construction begun in 1174 by Bonanno Pisano and completed only in 99 years later by Giovanni di Simone. This monument is 55.863 meter high. Has 8 floors and a slope of 4.500mt. Pizza del Duomo The "Square of Miracles" consist os the Cathedral, the Tower, the Baptistry and the Monument Cemetery. Built by different people over a time span of more than 300 years from the 11th to 14th century. The Cathedral at Pisa Tower was built from 1063 by Buscheto. Consecrated in 1118 by Pope Jealaus II and only finished in the late 18th century by Rainaldo. Picture from a Postcard

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Léargas ar Chathair Phlóirse ar na cnoic. Tá aithne ar Florence freisin mar "Cradle of the Renaissance" nó "Athens na hIodáile" Tháinig muid ar maidin agus bhí muid fós ag mothú go raibh codlata orainn. Áit le radharc an-mhaith ar an gcathair. Anseo i lár na cearnóg tá David Michelangelo Ceann de na deilbh is mó a athrá sa domhan. Túr Ghluach Giotto agus an Chaitidéal Thosaigh Giotto ag tógáil an tslábhaithe seo i 1334 ach níor chríochnaigh Andrea Pisano agus Francesco Talenti é ach tar éis a bháis. Tá an túr seo 85 méadar ar airde. Tosaíodh le tógáil na Cathedrale i 1289 agus ó shin i leith tá go leor athruithe curtha leis. Ag an túr cloiche! Tá na sráideanna timpeall air an-ghnóthach freisin, lán de dhaoine ag siúl timpeall... Piazza Della Signoria Is cearnóg beoga é seo agus tá go leor de na deilbh ar taispeáint ann. Áit an-ealaíne. Ar an taobh theas den chearnóg a bhfuil trí áirse móra de Loggia Della Signoria. Tógadh é sna 1380í ag Benci Di Cione agus Simone Talenti le haghaidh searmanais phoiblí agus ina dhiaidh sin tháinig sé ina mhúsaem dealbhíochta faoin aer. Sráideanna i Florence, an Iodáil Túr Íseal PISA Thosaigh Bonanno Pisano an tógáil i 1174 agus ní chríochnaigh sé ach 99 bliain ina dhiaidh sin ag Giovanni di Simone. Tá an séadchomhartha seo 55.863 méadar ar airde. Tá 8 urlár aige agus claonadh de 4.500mt. Pizza del Duomo Is éard atá i "Cearnóg na nIonad" an Caitidéal, an Túr, an Baisteoir agus an Tír Chumhacht. Tógadh é ag daoine éagsúla thar thréimhse ama de níos mó ná 300 bliain ón 11ú go dtí an 14ú haois. Tógadh an Ardeaglais ag Túr Pisa ó 1063 ag Buscheto. Sainghníodh é i 1118 ag an Pápa Jealaus II agus níor chríochnaigh Rainaldo é ach ag deireadh an 18ú haois. Grianghraf ó Phostchárta

Software Testing Basics Q) What is software testing? A- Software testing is a process used to identify the correctness, completeness, and quality of developed computer software. In other words software testing is an activity to check whether the actual results match the expected results and to ensure that the software system is defect free. Q) What is need software testing? A- There are many reasons that we need software testing- To check the reliability of the software. To be ensured that the software does not contain any bug which can become a reason for failure. To check the software was made according to its specification. To check that the software meets its requirements. To check that users are capable of using the software. To check software works with other software and hardware it needs to work with Q) What are the types of testing? - Black Box Testing - White box Testing - Gray Box Testing Q) What is White box testing? A- White box testing is a process of testing in which we do code level testing. White box testing is performed based on the knowledge of how the system is implemented. White box testing includes analyzing data flow, control flow, information flow, coding practices, and exception and error handling within the system. White box testing requires access to the source code. Though white box testing can be performed any time in the life cycle after the code is developed, it is a good practice to perform white box testing during the unit testing phase. Q) What is Black Box testing? A- Black-box testing is a method of testing that examines the functionality of an application (e.g. what the software does) without knowing the internal structure of the application. The types of testing under this strategy are totally based/focused on the testing for requirements and functionality of the work product/software application. Q) What is Gray Box testing? A- Gray Box Testing is a software testing method which is a combination of Black Box Testing method and White Box Testing method. In Black Box Testing, the internal structure of the item being tested is unknown to the tester and in White Box Testing the internal structure in known. In Gray Box Testing, the internal structure is partially known. This involves having access to internal data structures and algorithms for purposes of designing the test cases, but testing at the user, or black-box level. Gray Box Testing is named so because the software program, in the eyes of the tester is like a gray/semi-transparent box; inside which one can partially see. An example of Gray Box Testing would be when the codes for two units/modules are studied (White Box Testing method) for designing test cases and actual tests are conducted using the exposed interfaces (Black Box Testing method). Q) What is Alpha testing? A- Alpha testing is executed after completion of the formal test plan, but before the software is deployed in the market, and this can encompass white box as well as black box testing. The purpose of alpha testing is to measure the real users’ abilities to use and navigate the software application, and this is typically performed by internal employees and done in a lab environment so that user actions can be measured and analyzed. Q) What is Beta testing? A- Beta testing comes after alpha testing and primarily utilizes black box tactics. Beta testing is where real users outside the organization are solicited to play around with the software. This is normally the final “check and balance” system before the software is released en masse, although sometimes the beta version of a software application is released to the general public during this phase. This process helps identify and mitigate defects that were missed during the formal test plan, and helps configure the customer support resources and processes that will be needed post-launch. Q) Who does white box testing? A- White box testing is done by both Developer & tester. But tester should have coding knowledge. White box testing helps testers to find the location of bugs! When they look inside the code. Testers find the location of bugs, where the bug is & Developer debugs & fixes the bug .Finds why the bug has occurred. White box testing helps the tester to write test cases, remove unnecessary test cases, and add more required test cases which can cause the software to crash. Q) What is unit testing? A- The primary goal of unit testing is to take the smallest piece of testable software in the application, isolate it from the remainder of the code, and determine whether it behaves exactly as you expect. Each unit is tested separately before integrating them into modules to test the interfaces between modules. Unit testing has proven its value in that a large percentage of defects are identified during its use. Unit Testing is a level of the software testing process where individual units/components of a software/system are tested. The purpose is to validate that each unit of the software performs as designed. Q) Who does unit testing? A- Unit tests should ideally be the Developer’s responsibility, since the tests are designed to validate methods/functionality as designed/desired by the developer. They would be short tests to validate that what he/she meant to do, is indeed what the code is doing. In addition, changes to the code will be made by the developer in most cases, so it would be his /her responsibility to ensure that the unit tests are updated and reflect accurately the intended changes. Q) Any unit testing tool? A- Junit, Nunit, Aunit, TtestNG Q) What is Agile testing? A- Agile as the name refers implies something to do very quickly. Hence Agile Testing refers to validate the client requirements as soon as possible and make it customer friendly. As soon as the build is out, testing is expected to get started and report the bugs quickly if any found. As a Tester, you need to provide your thoughts on the client requirements rather than just being in the audience at the other end. Emphasis has to be laid down on the quality of the deliverable in spite of short time frame which will further help in reducing the cost of development and your feed backs will be implemented in the code which will avoid the defects coming from the end user. Q) What is Sanity testing? A- When there are some minor issues with software and a new build is obtained after fixing the issues then instead of doing complete regression testing a sanity is performed on that build. You can say that sanity testing is a subset of regression testing. Sanity testing is done after thorough regression testing is over, it is done to make sure that any defect fixes or changes after regression testing does not break the core functionality of the product. It is done towards the end of the product release phase. Sanity testing follows a narrow and deep approach with detailed testing of some limited features. Sanity testing is like doing some specialized testing which is used to find problems in particular functionality. Sanity testing is done with an intent to verify that end user requirements are met with not. Sanity tests are mostly non scripted. Q) What is Smoke testing? A- In software testing, a smoke test is a collection of written tests that are performed on a system prior to being accepted for further testing. This is also known as a build verification test. Smoke test refers to the first test made after repairs or first assembly to provide some assurance that the system under test will not catastrophically fail. This is a “shallow and wide” approach to the application. The tester “touches” all areas of the application without getting too deep, looking for answers to basic questions like, “Can I launch the test item at all?”, “Does it open to a window?”, “Do the buttons on the window do things?”. There is no need to get down to field validation or business flows. If you get a “No” answer to basic questions like these, then the application is so badly broken, there’s effectively nothing there to allow further testing. Q) What is Integration testing? A- In integration testing the individual tested units are grouped as one and the interface between them is tested. Integration testing identifies the problems that occur when the individual units are combined i.e. it detects the problem in the interface of the two units. Integration testing is done after unit testing. There are mainly three approaches to do integration testing. Top down approach tests the integration from top to bottom, it follows the architectural structure. Example: Integration can start with GUI and the missing components will be substituted by stubs and integration will go on. In the bottom up approach testing takes place from the bottom of the control flow, the higher level components are substituted with drivers Big bang approach With the big bang approach most or all of the developed modules are coupled together to form a complete system and then used for integration testing. Q) What is Regression testing? A- Regression testing is the process of testing changes to computer programs to make sure that the older programming still works with the new changes. Regression testing is a normal part of the program development process and, in larger companies, is done by code testing specialists. Test department coders develop code test scenarios and exercises that will test new units of code after they have been written. These test cases form what becomes the test bucket. Before a new version of a software product is released, the old test cases are run against the new version to make sure that all the old capabilities still work. The reason they might not work is because changing or adding new code to a program can easily introduce errors into code that is not intended to be changed. Q) What is the difference between regression and retesting? Re-Testing: Testing some functions, Feature or module again and again is called re-testing. It is usually done using a different set of data each time. Example: like if you are testing some login form with different combination of data then it is Re-testing. This term is generally used when we perform the test (re-test) after some changes (changes can be either in the form of Bug fixing or enhancement). Regression testing: It is same as re-testing but it is done to check if any changes made to code (again it can be bug fixing, enhancement or some code clean up) doesn’t bring some abnormal changes to other un-changed part. See Re-testing is regression testing in itself but just differ in the intent it used to perform. Lets take an example: There is project P. It has some modules say M1, M2, M3…. And so on Now you found some bug in M2 (or there are some changes in any form) Now after bug fixing when you test M2 to verify that bug is called Re-testing but when you test M1 & M3 (or other modules as well) then it is called Regression testing because here you are testing for some IMPACT that M2 is making on M1 & M3. Q) What is a bug? A- A software bug is an error in the program that prevents it from operating properly. Some bugs may only affect a program under specific circumstances. Others may be more serious and cause the program to be unstable or even unusable. A simple mistake in the software code can cause major problems. For example, if the programmer accidentally coded a program to multiply two numbers together when it should only add them, the rest of the program will give a faulty result. Q) What is the difference between bug and defect? A- A bug is getting a problem at the time of testing, whereas a defect is a problem that got from the customer in production time. A bug is a fault in a program which causes it to behave abruptly. Bugs are usually found either during unit testing done by the developer of module testing by testers. A defect is found when the application does not conform to the requirement specification. A defect can also be found when the client or user is testing. Q) What is bug/defect life cycle? A- Click Here. Q) Any tool to document bug life cycle? A- Jira, Bugzila, qTest Q) What is test case? A- Click Here. Q) What is boundary value analysis? In boundary value analysis we check the range of the values. We select the set of data and check how the application behaves. For each range we set upper and lower boundaries. If an application gives the expected result after giving the upper and lower values than we make sure the application will work for all the values given. A user ID text box has to accept alphabet characters ( a-z ) with a length of 4 to 10 characters. BVA is done like this, max value:10 pass; max-1: 9 pass; max+1=11 fail ;min=4 pass;min+1=5 pass;min-1=3 fail; Like wise we check the corner values and come out with a conclusion whether the application is accepting correct range of values. Equivalence testing is normally used to check the type of the object. Ex. A user ID text box has to accept alphabet characters ( a – z ) with length of 4 to 10 characters. In +ve condition we have test the object by giving alphabets. i.e a-z char only, after that we need to check whether the object accepts the value, it will pass. In -ve condition we have to test by giving other than alphabets (a-z) i.e A-Z,0-9,blank etc, it will fail. Q) What is equivalence partitioning? A- Dividing the test input data into a range of values and selecting one input value from each range is called Equivalence Partitioning. This is a black box test design technique used to calculate the effectiveness of test cases and which can be applied to all levels of testing from unit, integration, system testing and so forth. We cannot test all the possible input domain values, because if we attempted this, the number of test cases would be too large. In this method, input data is divided into different classes, each class representing the input criteria from the equivalence class. We then select one input from each class. This technique is used to reduce an infinite number of test cases to a finite number, while ensuring that the selected test cases are still effective test cases which will cover all possible scenarios. Let’s take a very basic and simple example to understand the Equivalence partitioning concept: If one application is accepting input range from 1 to 100, using equivalence class we can divide inputs into the classes, for example, one for valid input and another for invalid input and design one test case from each class. In this example test cases are chosen as below: One is for valid input class i.e. selects any value from input between ranges 1 to 100. So here we are not writing hundreds of test cases for each value. Any one value from this equivalence class should give you the same result. One is for invalid data below lower limit i.e. any one value below 1. One is for invalid data above upper limit i.e. any value above 100. Q) What severity and priority of the bug? A– Click Here Q) What is System testing? A- System testing is performed after integration testing. Using system testing we verify the functionality of the whole application. Also by performing system testing as whole we confirm the system or software is fulfilling all the functional and non-functional requirements. Q) What is Performance testing? A- Using performance testing we check the performance, behavior, stability and scalability of the application. Performance testing is very important and assure that the application is ready to go to market. Without performance testing, software is likely to suffer from issues such as: running slow while several users use it simultaneously, inconsistencies across different operating systems and poor usability. Performance testing will determine whether or not their software meets speed, scalability and stability requirements under expected workloads. Applications sent to market with poor performance metrics due to nonexistent or poor performance testing are likely to gain a bad reputation and fail to meet expected sales goals. Also, mission critical applications like space launch programs or lifesaving medical equipment should be performance tested to ensure that they run for a long period of time without deviations. Q) What is Load testing? A– Load testing is nothing but monitoring the behavior of the application by different increasing or decreasing load on the application. Increasing or decreasing number of loads mean increasing or decreasing number of users. So using load test we confirm application is behaving as expected even after increasing or decreasing loads on the server. Generally load testing is performed by automation tools such as Jmeter or Neoload etc. Q) What is Test metrics? The objective of Test Metrics is to capture the planned and actual quantities the effort, time and resources required to complete all the phases of Testing of the Software Project, software Metric is a measure of some property of a piece of software or its specification. Metrics generally of 2 types: (1) Process Metric & (2) Product Metric Process Metric: Measuring the characteristics of the method, tools and techniques employed in developing, implementing and maintaining the software system. Product Metric: A metric used to measure the characteristics of the documentation & code. Q) What is Test plan? Test plan: A document describing the scope, approach, resources and schedule of intended test activities. It identifies amongst others test items, the features to be tested, the testing tasks, who will do each task, degree of tester independence, the test environment, the test design techniques and entry and exit criteria to be used, and the rationale for their choice, and any risks requiring contingency planning. It is a record of the test planning process. Master test plan: A test plan that typically addresses multiple test levels. Phase test plan: A test plan that typically addresses one test phase. Q) What is release detail? A- Whenever we do some changes in the application or software we send the release details to the user of to our team members that describe what additional feature are added or if any bug has been fixed. Also sometimes we keep tracking information in release details so that if any changes have to be done next time we can track a review that what changes were done on last release. Q) What is negative testing? A- Ensures that your application can gracefully handle invalid input or unexpected user behavior. For example, if a user tries to type a letter in a numeric field, the correct behavior in this case would be to display the “Incorrect data type, please enter a number” message. The purpose of negative testing is to detect such situations and prevent applications from crashing. Also, negative testing helps you improve the quality of your application and find its weak points. Q) What is usability testing? A- Usability testing is a technique used in user-cantered interaction design to evaluate a product by testing it on users. This can be seen as an irreplaceable usability practice, since it gives direct input on how real users use the system. This is in contrast with usability inspection methods where experts use different methods to evaluate a user interface without involving users. Usability testing focuses on measuring a human-made product’s capacity to meet its intended purpose. Examples of products that commonly benefit from usability testing are foods, consumer products, web sites or web applications, computer interfaces, documents, and devices. Usability testing measures the usability, or ease of use, of a specific object or set of objects, whereas general human-computer interaction studies attempt to formulate universal principles. Q) What is difference between bug defect and error? Bug: Assume that the programmer has actually understood the intended requirement correctly but has declared/stored the result as an integer to show a result of 5 instead of 5.75 – this is called a Bug. Here the programmer has to declare the variable as “double or float” and not “int”. Defect: A defect is any of the above but found/un-covered in the “released-application” – running in the “Production Servers” [gone “Live”] or may be in “Beta-Release”. “Defect Trackers” have been christened as such, because they are used to report “Defects” in the software post-release; whereas the issues reported by the Testing Team are predominantly called “Incident Reports” and not “Defect Reports”! However each organization follows its own terminologies for different contexts and processes; many individuals, may want to contradict and confront me with his/her opinion, on this. But that is a fact-of-life in Software Industry and an Occupational Hazard at that!!! Error: When the application runs without any issues in the intended Production Environment under normal circumstances, but misbehaves after continuously running for about a month or after performing about a million transactions, then we call this condition as Error. Let me explain this with an example – Let’s say an ‘Order Entry cum Processing’ application has been deployed in a server accessed by public to place orders for movie tickets. Initially when the application starts running – that is when the Application Server is re-started with old log files trashed/removed – the application runs with a throughput of 100 transactions per minute. But after about one million transactions, if the application’s throughput reduces to about 50 transactions per minute, then, we call this condition as an Error. Q) What is testing tool? A- We use testing tool to automate software testing. It makes easy testing and report could be generated automatically. There are several tools that could be used to test unit testing, functional testing, load testing etc. Q) What is End to End testing? A- End-to-End Testing is when you take a process from the very beginning all the way to the end – like accepting an order from a customer and then processing that order all the way through fulfilment, accounting and shipping. This is basically exercising an entire “workflow”. Although System Testing is similar, in System Testing you do not have to complete the entire workflow but may exercise individual interfaces one at a time. However by the end of System Testing most test environments will exercise (or should exercise) an entire end-to-end test. Q) What is V model? A– Click Here Q) What is Spiral model? A– Click Here Q) What is validation? A– In validation we confirm we are doing the right thing. In simple word we can say Validation ensures that functionality, as defined in requirements, is the intended behavior of the product; validation typically involves actual testing and takes place after verifications are completed. Q) What is verification? A- In verification we confirm we are doing the thing right. In simple word we can say Verification makes sure that the product is designed to deliver all functionality to the customer; it includes reviews and meetings to evaluate documents, plans, code, requirements and specifications; this can be done with checklists, walkthroughs, inspection meetings, etc. Q) Give the example of Verification and Validation? A- Example: Let’s say we are writing a program for addition. a+b = c Verification: Are we getting some output for a+b? 1+1 = 6 Validation: Are we getting correct output for a+b? 1+1=2? Verification basically asks if the program is correct. To use your simple example, a=x + Y is correct if x=1 and y=2 yields a = 3. Validation asks if the correct program was produced. For example, calculate the area of a rectangle with length x and width y. If x=1 and y =2, the result should be 2. The first program is correct but not valid given the requirement. It is not the right program. Q) What is Ad-Hoc testing? A- Ad-Hoc testing is the process of testing in which testing is performed without any plan or test cases. In this testing process we don’t follow any rules. So this testing is generally followed by the tester who has good knowledge about the product which tester is going to test. Q) What is compatibility testing? Using the compatibility test we test and confirm whether software is compatible with other elements of a system with which it should operate, e.g. browsers, Operating Systems, or hardware Compatibility testing means the application is test with software and hardware site. Software site than “How can working for different browsers and operating systems” and Hardware based testing into Changed for configuration for resource. Test the application is worked in different environmental is called compatibility. Ex: test app will work in diff browsers and different OS. Q) Can you list few open source software testing tools? Q) Any open source load testing tool? Q) What is security testing? A- Security testing is the testing the application for unauthorized access. Means application should not be accessible without proper authentication and authorization. And Smoke Testing is the testing an application for testability. In Smoke testing we check whether the application is capable enough to test further or not. Security testing is perhaps the most conclusive determinant of whether a system is configured and continues to be configured to the correct security controls and policy. If the following testing activities are followed they can be highly cost-effective in preventing incidents and uncovering unknown vulnerabilities. Q) What is top down approach? A- Top down Testing is an approach to integrated testing where the top integrated modules are tested and the branch of the module is tested step by step until the end of the related module. This allows high-level logic and data flow to be tested early in the process and it tends to minimize the need for drivers. However, the need for stubs complicates test management and low-level utilities are tested relatively late in the development cycle. The advantages of top down testing can be - Does not require drivers to be written - Provides early working module of the program and so design defects can be found and corrected early - The disadvantages can be summarized as - It enables testing only for the limited functionality - Stubs are required in a way that it takes care of the integrated functionality - Performed by Developers, which wastes time. Q) What is bottom up approach? A- Bottom Up testing is an approach to integrated testing where the lowest level components are tested first, then used to facilitate the testing of higher level components. The process is repeated until the component at the top of the hierarchy is tested. The advantages of the Bottom-Up Testing are: - The objects to be tested are known to the developer. So, it is easy to understand the scope of the test case creation and test data. - Psychologically more satisfying because the tester can be certain that the foundations for the test objects have been tested in full detail. - Does not require stubs to be created The disadvantages are summarized below: - The quality of the software can be guaranteed only when the testing is fully completed. Issue is, defects in the upper levels are detected very late. - Drivers creates complication in the test management. - Testing individual levels also inflicts high costs for providing a suitable test environment. Q) What is acceptance testing? A- Acceptance testing is a final stage of testing that is performed on a system prior to the system being delivered to a live environment. Systems subjected to acceptance testing might include such deliverables as a software system or a mechanical hardware system. Acceptance tests are generally performed as “black box” tests. Black box testing means that the tester uses specified inputs into the system and verifies that the resulting outputs are correct, without knowledge of the system’s internal workings. User acceptance testing (UAT), is the term used when the acceptance tests are performed by the person or persons who will be using the live system once it is delivered. If the system is being built or developed by an external supplier, this is sometimes called customer acceptance testing (CAT). The UAT or CAT acts as a final confirmation that the system is ready for go-live. A successful acceptance test at this stage may be a contractual requirement prior to the system being signed off by the client. In some industries, such as manufacturing, factory acceptance testing (FAT), is the term usually used for the formal acceptance test stage. A factory acceptance test may be performed by the vendor or supplier of the system and observed by the client. This is often done in a very formal manner, with each factory or site acceptance test being documented in detail, and each portion of the test signed off. Q) What is test scenario? A- Test scenario is the approach to created step by step process to reproduce the issues so that anyone could easily understand and could reproduce the bugs by following the steps. Q) What is walkthrough? A- Walkthrough is overall idea of an application. Before development or testing we just walk through or discuss about possible errors, violation of development standards, and other problems present the documents both within and outside the software discipline in order to gather the information regarding the topic under documentation. The goal of walk through is to explain or do the knowledge transfer and evaluate the contents of the document .To achieve a common understanding and to gather feedback. To examine and discuss the validity of the proposed solutions. Q) What is the purpose of the testing? A- Software testing provide and assure the quality of the product whether it is usable or not. Also it assures the software meets the requirements or not. Analyzing and finding the bugs and reporting to the development can make the software more usable, reliable and compatible. Q) How do you scope, organize, and execute a test project? To SCOPE the project- 1) Learn as much about the application as possible by studding the Business Requirements Document (BRD), Technical Specifications, Work-Flow Diagrams, Wireframes, System Architectural Diagrams, Marketing and Legal documents, and any other relevant information that is available. 2) Request additional information from expert stakeholders internal and external to the company if necessary. 3) Estimate the amount of time it will take to create test cases and to execute them. 4) Determine how the test environment should be configured. 5) Determine whether any test tools are needed. 6) Create a Test Plan that covers test strategies, test scope, etc. 7) Request that expert stakeholders review my Test Plan and provide feedback to improve it. 8) Revise the Test Plan. To ORGANIZE the project- 1) Break the application down into functional areas. 2) Create a test suite that includes folders for each functional area to be tested. 3) Create test cases corresponding to each functional area and place them under their proper folders. 4) Map the requirements to test cases. 5) Prioritize the test cases. To EXECUTE the project – 1) Ensure the test environment is ready for test. 2) Ensure the test tools are ready for test. 3) Ensure I have all supporting documentation required for testing. 4) Access my test suite and begin testing! Q) How do you determine what to test? A- It depends on the specification given for the application. Before determining what to test we need to understand the project or module thoroughly so that we could understand the dependencies of the module on other modules or project. Also first we should try to determine the production level impact of the module and then we could decide which part of the module should be tested first. Q) Describe the basic elements you put in defect report? General defect report elements: 1. Defect ID 2. Defect title 3. Defect Description 4. Build Version ID 9. Reported by 10. Assigned to Q) When should testing start in a project? A- QA is involved in the project from the beginning. This helps the teams communicate and understand the problems and concerns, also gives time to set up the testing environment and configuration. On the other hand, actual testing starts after the test plans are written, reviewed and approved based on the design documentation. Q) What is the difference between a test strategy and test planning? A Test Strategy is a higher-level document, it defines the overall scope of a test project, the overall approach, the levels of testing to be performed, the procedures to be followed, the tools to be used, the reporting structure, and the key stakeholders. It sets the scene and defines all the material that would otherwise need to be repeated across each individual Test Plan. The real aim of the Test Strategy though is to get ‘buy-in‘ from all the stakeholders. You can have a test strategy across the whole project that defines the levels of testing, e.g., unit, integration, systems defining what is to occur at each level. This is often an enterprise wide standard in large organizations. You can also have a level specific test strategy, e.g., a test strategy just for systems testing, this would happen when you have a large project and the particular testing level may require multiple test plans. A Test Plan provides more detail about the particular items and their features to be tested. It describes the approach to be taken to testing those features, the schedule, the resources, the pass/fail criteria for those features. In cases where you do not need to prepare a separate Test Strategy document the information is instead incorporated into the Test Plan. Every project must have a strategy. Q) How do you decide when you have tested enough? A- Testing is a never ending process. Testing can be stopped when maximum number of test cases are executed and have been passed, when deadlines are reached, when testing budget depletes, when basic functionalities are working. This is usually not a difficult decision. When all critical, serious and blocking issues have been fixed we have to test until the product is shipped and even after. The testing cycle is an endless process. Only the type of testing might vary from one stage to another in the development cycle of the product. Q) What is test log? A- A test log is nothing but, what are the test cases we have been executed, in what order we executed, who executed that test cases and what is the status of the test case(pass/fail). Q) What are the types of Black box testing? - Equivalence portioning - Boundary Value Analysis - Error Guessing Q) What is boundary Value Analysis? A- Boundary Value Analysis (BVA) is a test Functional Testing technique where the extreme boundary values are chosen. Boundary values include maximum, minimum, just inside/outside boundaries, typical values, and error values. Test both sides of each boundary Look at output boundaries for test cases too. Test min, min-1, max, max+1, typical values. Q) What does URL stand for? A- URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator or Universal Resource Locator is a specific character string that constitutes a reference to an Internet resource. Q) What is SDLC? A– Click Here Q) What is Stress Testing? A- Stress testing is a form of testing that is used to determine the stability of a given system or entity. It involves testing beyond normal operational capacity, often to a breaking point, in order to observe the results. Q) What is a Software bug? A software bug is the common term used to describe an error, flaw, mistake, failure, or fault in a computer program or system that produces an incorrect or unexpected result, or causes it to behave in unintended ways. Q) What is unit testing? Unit testing is a method by which individual units of source code are tested to determine if they are fit for use. A unit is the smallest testable part of an application. Q) What are the Unit Testing Techniques? - Loop Coverage - Path Coverage - Conditional Coverage - Function Coverage Q) What is waterfall model? A– Click Here

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Bunriachtanais Thástála Bogearraí C) Cad é tástáil bogearraí? A- Is próiseas é tástáil bogearraí a úsáidtear chun ceartas, iomláine agus cáilíocht bogearraí ríomhaire forbartha a aithint. Is éard atá i scrúdú bogearraí, i bhfocail eile, ná gníomhaíocht chun a sheiceáil an bhfuil na torthaí iarbhír ag teacht leis na torthaí a bhfuil súil leo agus chun a chinntiú go bhfuil an córas bogearraí saor ó lochtanna. C) Cad é tástáil bogearraí riachtanas? A- Tá go leor cúiseanna go bhfuil muid ag teastáil tástáil bogearraí- Chun iontaofacht an bogearraí a sheiceáil. Déanfar a chinntiú nach bhfuil aon bug sa bhrabhsálaí a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina chúis le teip. Chun an bogearraí a sheiceáil a rinneadh de réir a shonraíocht. Chun a sheiceáil go gcomhlíonann an bogearraí a riachtanais. Chun a sheiceáil go bhfuil úsáideoirí in ann an bogearraí a úsáid. Chun a sheiceáil oibríonn bogearraí le bogearraí eile agus crua-earraí ní mór dó a bheith ag obair le C) Cad iad na cineálacha tástála? - Tástáil an Bhocsa Dubha - Tástáil bosca bán - Tástáil Bhosca liath C) Cad é tástáil bosca bán? A- Tá tástáil bosca bán próiseas tástála ina ndéanaimid tástáil leibhéal cód. Déantar tástáil bosca bán bunaithe ar an eolas maidir le conas a chuirtear an córas i bhfeidhm. Áirítear ar thástáil bosca bán anailís a dhéanamh ar shreabhadh sonraí, shreabhadh rialaithe, shreabhadh faisnéise, cleachtais chódúcháin, agus láimhseáil eisceacht agus earráide laistigh den chóras. Éilíonn tástáil bosca bán rochtain ar an gcód foinse. Cé gur féidir tástáil bosca bán a dhéanamh ag am ar bith sa timthriall saoil tar éis an cód a fhorbairt, is dea-chleachtas é tástáil bosca bán a dhéanamh le linn chéim tástála na n-aonad. C) Cad é tástáil Bhosca Dubh? Is éard atá i dtástáil bhosca dubh ná modh tástála a scrúdaíonn feidhmiúlacht iarratais (m.sh. Cad a dhéanann an bogearraí) gan struchtúr inmheánach an iarratais a fhios. Tá na cineálacha tástála faoin straitéis seo bunaithe/lorg díriú go hiomlán ar thástáil ar riachtanais agus ar fheidhmiúlacht an táirge oibre/an fheidhmchlár bogearraí. C) Cad é tástáil Bhosca liath? A- Is modh tástála bogearraí é tástáil Bhosca liath, atá ina chomhcheangal idir modh tástála Bhosca Dubh agus modh tástála Bhosca Bán. I dtástáil bhosca dubh, níl struchtúr inmheánach an earra atá á thástáil ar eolas ag an tástálaí agus i dtástáil bhosca bán tá struchtúr inmheánach ar eolas. I dTástáil Bhosca liath, tá an struchtúr inmheánach ar eolas go páirteach. Ba cheart go mbeadh rochtain ag an gCoimisiún ar na sonraí a bhaineann le hiarratais ar chustaiméirí agus ar na sonraí a bhaineann le hiarratais ar chustaiméirí. Tugtar tástáil Bhosca liath mar sin toisc go bhfuil an clár bogearraí, i súile an tástálaithe cosúil le bosca liath / leath-trédhearcach; taobh istigh ar féidir le duine a fheiceáil go páirteach. Is sampla de Thástáil Bhosca liath é nuair a dhéantar staidéar ar chód dhá aonad/mhodúl (mhodh Thástála Bhosca Bán) chun cásanna tástála a dhearadh agus déantar tástálacha iarbhír ag baint úsáide as na comhéadan nochtaithe (mhodh Thástála Bhosca Dubha). C) Cad é tástáil Alfa? A- Déantar tástáil Alfa tar éis an plean tástála foirmiúil a chur i gcrích, ach sula ndéantar an bogearraí a imscaradh sa mhargadh, agus is féidir leis seo tástáil bosca bán a chuimsiú chomh maith le tástáil bosca dubh. Is é cuspóir tástála alfa cumas fíorúsáideoirí a thomhas chun an feidhmchlár bogearraí a úsáid agus a nascleanúint, agus is gnách go ndéanann fostaithe inmheánacha é seo agus go ndéantar é i dtimpeallacht saotharlainne ionas gur féidir gníomhartha úsáideora a thomhas agus a anailísiú. C) Cad é tástáil Bhéite? Tagann tástáil A-Beta tar éis tástáil alfa agus úsáideann sé tacticí bosca dubh go príomha. Is é tástáil béite áit a n-úsáideoirí fíor lasmuigh den eagraíocht a éileamh chun imirt timpeall leis an bogearraí. De ghnáth is é seo an córas deiridh "seiceáil agus cothromaíocht" sula scaoiltear an bogearraí go mór, cé go scaoiltear leagan béite d'iarratas bogearraí don phobal i gcoitinne uaireanta le linn na céime seo. Cuidíonn an próiseas seo le lochtanna a aithint agus a mhaolú a bhí caillte le linn an phlean tástála foirmiúil, agus cuireann sé le hacmhainní agus próisis tacaíochta custaiméirí a bheidh ag teastáil tar éis an seoladh a chumrú. C) Cé a dhéanann tástáil bosca bán? A- Déantar tástáil bosca bán ag Forbróir agus tástálaí araon. Ach ba chóir go mbeadh eolas códaithe ag an tástálaí. Cabhraíonn tástáil bosca bán le tástálaithe suíomh bugs a aimsiú! Nuair a fhéachann siad taobh istigh den chód. Faightear le tástálaithe suíomh na mboganna, áit a bhfuil an bug & Déantar an bug a dheabú & a shocrú ag an Forbróir .Féachann sé cén fáth a tharla an bug. Cabhraíonn tástáil bosca bán leis an tástálaí cásanna tástála a scríobh, cásanna tástála neamhriachtanacha a bhaint, agus cásanna tástála níos mó a theastaíonn a chur leis a d'fhéadfadh an bogearraí a chur ar chrua. C) Cad é tástáil aonad? A- Is é príomhchuspóir tástála aonad an píosa is lú de bhrabhsálaí in-athbhreithnithe a thógáil san iarratas, é a leithdháileadh ón gcuid eile den chód, agus a chinneadh an ndéanann sé an iompar go díreach mar a bhfuil súil agat. Déanfar gach aonad a thástáil ar leithligh sula gcuirtear isteach iad i modúl chun na comhéadan idir modúl a thástáil. Tá a luach cruthaithe ag tástáil aonad sa mhéid go bhfanann céatadán mór díobhálacha le linn a úsáid. Is éard atá i tástáil aonad leibhéal den phróiseas tástála bogearraí ina ndéantar tástáil ar aonad/comhpháirteanna aonair bogearraí/chórais. Is é an cuspóir ná a fhíorú go bhfeidhmíonn gach aonad den bogearraí mar a deartha. C) Cé a dhéanann tástáil aonad? A- Ba cheart go mbeadh tástálacha aonad mar fhreagracht ar an Forbróir, ós rud é go bhfuil na tástálacha deartha chun modhanna/fheidhmiúlacht a bhailíochtú mar a dhearadh/a theastaíonn ón bhforbróir. Ba mhaith leo a bheith tástálacha gearr a bhailíochtú go bhfuil an méid a bhí sé / sí a dhéanamh, is é i ndáiríre an méid atá ag an cód. Ina theannta sin, is é an forbróir a dhéanfaidh na hathruithe ar an gcód i bhformhór na gcásanna, agus dá bhrí sin is é a fhreagracht a chinntiú go bhfuil na tástálacha aonad nuashonraithe agus go léiríonn siad go cruinn na hathruithe atá beartaithe. C) Aon uirlis tástála aonad? A- Junit, Nunit, Aunit, TtestNG C) Cad é tástáil Agile? A- Agile mar a thagraíonn an t-ainm le rud éigin a dhéanamh go han-tapa. Dá bhrí sin, tagraíonn tástáil Agile do riachtanais an chliaint a bhailíochtú a luaithe is féidir agus é a dhéanamh cairdiúil do chliaint. Chomh luath agus a bheidh an tógáil amach, táthar ag súil go dtosóidh tástáil agus go dtabharfar tuairisc ar na buganna go tapa má aimsítear aon cheann acu. Mar Thástálaí, ní mór duit do chuid smaointe a chur ar fáil maidir le riachtanais an chliaint seachas a bheith i láthair ag an gcluichí ar an taobh eile. Ní mór béim a leagan ar cháilíocht an deliverable in ainneoin an chreat ama gearr a chabhróidh le laghdú breise a dhéanamh ar chostas na forbartha agus cuirfear do chuid aisghabhála i bhfeidhm sa chód a sheachnóidh na lochtanna a thagann ón úsáideoir deiridh. C) Cad é tástáil Sanity? A- Nuair a bhíonn roinnt saincheisteanna beaga le bogearraí agus go bhfaightear tógáil nua tar éis na saincheisteanna a shocrú ansin in ionad tástáil athchóirithe iomlán a dhéanamh déantar saincheist ar an tógáil sin. Is féidir leat a rá go bhfuil tástáil sanity is fo-sóite de tástáil aisghabhála. Déantar tástáil shláintiúlachta tar éis tástáil athchóirithe críochnúil a bheith críochnaithe, déantar é chun a chinntiú nach ndéanann aon cheartú nó athrú locht tar éis tástála athchóirithe bpríomhfheidhmiúlacht an táirge a bhriseadh. Déantar é i dtreo dheireadh chéim scaoilte an táirge. Tá an tástáil sanity ag leanúint cur chuige caol agus domhain le tástáil mhionsonraithe ar roinnt gnéithe teoranta. Tá tástáil sanity cosúil le roinnt tástáil speisialaithe a dhéanamh a úsáidtear chun fadhbanna a aimsiú i bhfeidhmíocht ar leith. Déantar tástáil shláintiúlachta d'fhonn a fhíorú go gcomhlíontar riachtanais an úsáideora deiridh. Tá tástálacha sanity go príomha neamhscríobh. C) Cad é tástáil deataigh? A- I dtástáil bogearraí, is éard atá i dtástáil deataigh ná bailiúchán de thástálacha scríofa a dhéantar ar chóras sula nglacfar leis le haghaidh tuilleadh tástála. Tugtar tástáil fíoraithe tógála air seo freisin. Tagraíonn tástáil deataigh don chéad tástáil a dhéantar tar éis a dheisiú nó a chéad chomhthiomsú chun cinnteacht a thabhairt nach ndéanfaidh an córas atá faoi thástáil teip mhór. Is cur chuige "réidh agus leathan" é seo maidir leis an iarratas. Tá an tástálaí ag "baint" le gach réimse den iarratas gan dul ró-fhada, ag lorg freagraí ar cheisteanna bunúsacha mar, "An féidir liom an t-earra tástála a sheoladh ar chor ar bith?"",An osclaíonn sé le fuinneog?"",An ndéanann na cnaipí ar an fhuinneog rudaí?" Ní gá dul síos go dtí fíoraithe réimse nó sreabha gnó. Má fhaigheann tú freagra "Níl" ar cheisteanna bunúsacha mar seo, ansin tá an t-iarratas chomh dona sin briste, níl aon rud ann chun tuilleadh tástála a cheadú. C) Cad é tástáil chomhtháthaithe? A- I dtástáil chomhtháthaithe, grúpáiltear na haonaid aonair atá á dtástáil mar aonad amháin agus déantar an comhéadan eatarthu a thástáil. Déantar tástáil chomhtháthaithe chun na fadhbanna a aithnítear a tharlaíonn nuair a chuirtear na haonaid aonair le chéile, i.e. faigheann sé an fhadhb i comhéadan an dá aonad. Déantar tástáil chomhtháthaithe tar éis tástála aonad. Tá trí chur chuige ann go príomha chun tástáil chomhtháthaithe a dhéanamh. Déanann cur chuige ó thús síos iniúchadh ar an gcomhtháthú ó thús go bun, leanann sé an struchtúr ailtireachta. Sampla: Is féidir le comhtháthú tosú le GUI agus cuirfear na comhpháirteanna atá ar iarraidh in ionad stubs agus leanfaidh an comhtháthú ar aghaidh. I tástáil cur chuige bun suas a tharlaíonn ó bhun an sreabhadh rialaithe, tá na comhpháirteanna leibhéal níos airde a chur in ionad le tiománaithe Bealach an Bhuaille Mhór Le cur chuige an bhrú mór, déantar an chuid is mó nó na modúl forbartha go léir a lánú le chéile chun córas iomlán a chruthú agus ansin a úsáidtear chun tástáil chomhtháthaithe a dhéanamh. C) Cad é tástáil Athbhunaithe? A- Is é tástáil aisghabhála an próiseas chun athruithe ar chláir ríomhaire a thástáil chun a chinntiú go n-oibríonn an sean-chlárú fós leis na hathruithe nua. Is cuid gnáth den phróiseas forbartha cláir é tástáil aisghabhála agus, i gcuideachtaí níos mó, déantar é ag speisialtóirí tástála cód. Forbraíonn códaitheoirí na Roinne Tástála cásanna agus cleachtaí tástála cód a dhéanfaidh tástáil ar aonad nua cód tar éis dóibh a bheith scríofa. Is iad na cásanna tástála seo a chruthaíonn an buidéal tástála. Sula scaoiltear leagan nua de tháirge bogearraí, reáchtáiltear na cásanna tástála d'aois i gcoinne an leagan nua chun a chinntiú go bhfuil na cumais d'aois go léir ag obair fós. Is é an chúis nach n-oibreoidh siad ná go bhféadfadh athrú nó cód nua a chur le clár earráidí a thabhairt isteach go héasca i gcód nach bhfuil sé i gceist a athrú. C) Cad é an difríocht idir aisghabháil agus aththástáil? Aththástáil: Tugtar aththástáil ar roinnt feidhmeanna, Feidhm nó modúl a thástáil arís agus arís eile. De ghnáth déantar é ag baint úsáide as tacar sonraí difriúil gach uair. Sampla: mar má tá tú ag tástáil foirm logála isteach le teaglaim dhifriúil sonraí ansin tá sé ag aththástáil. Úsáidtear an téarma seo de ghnáth nuair a dhéanaimid an tástáil (ath-thástáil) tar éis roinnt athruithe (is féidir le hathruithe a bheith i bhfoirm ceartú bug nó feabhsú). Tá tástáil aisghabhála: Tá sé mar an gcéanna le haththástáil ach déantar é chun a sheiceáil an ndéanann aon athruithe ar chód (arís is féidir é a bheith ina réiteach bug, feabhsú nó roinnt cód a ghlanadh) nach dtarlaíonn roinnt athruithe neamhghnácha ar chuid eile gan athrú. Féach Tá aththástáil tástáil aisghabhála ann féin ach tá difríocht ann ach sa rún a d'úsáid sé chun a dhéanamh. Déanaimis sampla a ghlacadh: Tá tionscadal P. Tá sé roinnt modúl a rá M1, M2, M3.... Agus mar sin de Anois fuair tú roinnt bug i M2 (nó tá roinnt athruithe i bhfoirm ar bith) Anois tar éis bug a shocrú nuair a dhéanann tú tástáil M2 a fhíorú go bhfuil bug ar a dtugtar Ath-thástáil ach nuair a dhéanann tú tástáil M1 & M3 (nó modúl eile chomh maith) ansin tá sé ar a dtugtar tástáil Athchóirithe toisc go bhfuil tú ag tástáil anseo le haghaidh roinnt IMPACT go bhfuil M2 ag déanamh ar M1 & M3. C) Cad é an bug? A- Is earráid sa chlár é bug bogearraí a chuireann cosc air oibriú i gceart. Ní fhéadfaidh roinnt buganna difear a dhéanamh do chlár ach faoi chúinsí sonracha. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh cuid eile níos tromchúisí agus go mbeadh an clár neamhsheasmhach nó gan úsáid. D'fhéadfadh botún simplí sa chód bogearraí fadhbanna móra a chur ar bun. Mar shampla, má chódáil an cláróir clár go neamhchinnte chun dhá uimhir a iolrú le chéile nuair nach raibh le déanamh aige ach iad a chur le chéile, tabharfaidh an chuid eile den chlár toradh locht. C) Cad é an difríocht idir bug agus locht? A- Is fadhb é bug a fháil ag an am tástála, ach is fadhb é locht a fuair an custaiméir i am táirgeachta. Is earráid é bug i gclár a fhágann go nglaonn sé go tobann. De ghnáth, aimsítear bugs le linn tástála aonad a dhéanann an forbróir nó le linn tástála modúl ag tástálaithe. Is é an locht a fhaightear nuair nach bhfuil an t-iarratas ag teacht leis an sonraíocht riachtanas. Is féidir locht a fháil freisin nuair a bhíonn an cliant nó an t-úsáideoir ag tástáil. C) Cad é timthriall saoil bug/defect? A- Cliceáil anseo. C) Aon uirlis chun saolré bug a dhoiciméadú? A- Jira, Bugzila, qTest C) Cad é cás tástála? A- Cliceáil anseo. C) Cad é anailís luach teorann? I anailís ar luach teorann seiceálann muid raon na luachanna. Roghnaímid an tacar sonraí agus seiceálann muid conas a fheidhmíonn an t-iarratas. I gcás gach raon socraímid teorainneacha uasta agus íseal. Má thugann feidhmchlár an toradh a bhfuil súil leis tar éis na luachanna uachtaracha agus íseal a thabhairt, ansin déanfaimid cinnte go n-oibreoidh an feidhmchlár do na luachanna uile a tugadh. Ní mór do cheathrú téacs ID úsáideora carachtair aibítir (a-z) a ghlacadh le fad 4 go 10 carachtar. Déantar BVA mar seo, luach uasta:10 pas; uasta-1: 9 pas; max+1=11 fail;min=4 pass;min+1=5 pass;min-1=3 fail; Mar a bheadh sé ciallmhar déanaimid seiceáil ar na luachanna coirnéil agus teacht amach le conclúid an bhfuil an t-iarratas ag glacadh raon ceart luachanna. Úsáidtear tástáil chomhionannais de ghnáth chun cineál an ábhair a sheiceáil. Ex. Ní mór do bhosca téacs ID úsáideora carachtair aibítir (a z) a ghlacadh a bhfuil fad 4 go 10 carachtar orthu. I +ve staid tá muid tástáil an réad ag tabhairt aibítir. i.e. a-z char amháin, tar éis sin ní mór dúinn a sheiceáil an nglacann an réad an luach, beidh sé a rith. I -ve riocht ní mór dúinn a thástáil ag tabhairt eile ná alphabets (a-z) ie A-Z, 0-9,blank etc, beidh sé ag teip. C) Cad é an deighilt chomhionannas? A- Tugtar Rannpháirtíocht Comhionannais ar na sonraí ionchuir tástála a roinnt ina raon luachanna agus luach ionchuir amháin a roghnú ó gach raon. Is teicníc dearadh tástála bosca dubh é seo a úsáidtear chun éifeachtacht cásanna tástála a ríomh agus is féidir é a chur i bhfeidhm ar gach leibhéal tástála ó aonaid, comhtháthú, tástáil chórais agus mar sin de. Ní féidir linn na luachanna féideartha réime ionchuir go léir a thástáil, mar má rinneamar iarracht é seo, bheadh an líon cásanna tástála ró-mhór. Sa mhodh seo, roinntear sonraí ionchuir i gcláranna éagsúla, agus léiríonn gach rang na critéir ionchuir ón rang coibhéiseachta. Roghnaímid ionchur amháin ó gach rang ansin. Ba cheart an t-ábhar a bheith in ann a bheith ina chuid den chóras tástála a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a scriosadh. Déanaimis sampla an-bhunaidh agus simplí a ghlacadh chun coincheap na deighilte Comhionannais a thuiscint: Má tá feidhmchlár amháin ag glacadh le raon ionchuir ó 1 go 100, ag baint úsáide as rang coibhéise is féidir linn ionchuir a roinnt ina gclasanna, mar shampla, ceann le haghaidh ionchuir bhailí agus ceann eile le haghaidh ionchuir neamhbhailí agus cás tástála amháin a dhearadh ó gach rang. Sa sampla seo roghnaítear cásanna tástála mar a leanas: Tá ceann amháin le haghaidh rang ionchuir bailí i.e. roghnaíonn sé aon luach ó ionchur idir réimsí 1 go 100. Mar sin, nílimid ag scríobh na céadta cásanna tástála do gach luach. Ba chóir go dtabharfadh aon luach amháin ón aicme coibhéise seo an toradh céanna duit. Is é ceann amháin do shonraí neamhbhailí atá faoi bhun an teorainn íochtarach, i.e. luach ar bith amháin faoi bhun 1. Is é ceann amháin le haghaidh sonraí neamhbhailí os cionn an teorainn uasta, i.e. aon luach os cionn 100. C) Cén déine agus cén tosaíocht atá ag an mbog? A Cliceáil anseo C) Cad é tástáil Córais? A- Déantar tástáil an chórais tar éis tástáil chomhtháthaithe. Ag baint úsáide as tástáil chórais, déanaimid feidhmiúlacht an iarratais ar fad a fhíorú. Chomh maith leis sin, trí thástáil an chórais ina iomláine a dhéanamh, déanaimid a dheimhniú go bhfuil an córas nó an bogearraí ag comhlíonadh na gceanglais fheidhmiúla agus neamhfheidhmiúla go léir. C) Cad é tástáil Feidhmíochta? A- Trí thástáil feidhmíochta a úsáid, seiceálann muid feidhmíocht, iompar, cobhsaíocht agus in-leastú an iarratais. Tá tástáil feidhmíochta an-tábhachtach agus cinntíonn sé go bhfuil an t-iarratas réidh le dul ar an margadh. Gan tástáil feidhmíochta, is dócha go mbeidh fadhbanna ag bogearraí mar shampla: rith mall agus roinnt úsáideoirí á n-úsáid ag an am céanna, neamhréireachtaí idir córais oibriúcháin éagsúla agus inúsáidteacht lag. Déanfaidh tástáil feidhmíochta a chinneadh an gcomhlíonann a gcuid bogearraí ceanglais luas, in-leibhéil agus cobhsaíochta faoi ualach oibre ionchasach. Is dócha go bhfaighidh iarratais a seoltar chuig an margadh le méadrachtaí drochfheidhmíochta mar gheall ar thástáil neamh-fhiú nó drochfheidhmíochta drochcháil agus go dtuigeann siad na spriocanna díolacháin a bhfuil súil leo a chomhlíonadh. Chomh maith leis sin, ba cheart feidhmíocht iarratais atá ríthábhachtach do misean mar chláir seolta spáis nó trealamh leighis a shábhálann beatha a thástáil chun a chinntiú go rithfidh siad ar feadh tréimhse fada gan díoltaí. C) Cad é tástáil ualaigh? A Ní bhíonn tástáil ualaigh ach monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar iompar an iarratais trí ualach éagsúil a mhéadú nó a laghdú ar an iarratas. Is éard is ciall leis an méadú nó an laghdú ar líon na n-ualach ná líon na n-úsáideoirí a mhéadú nó a laghdú. Mar sin ag baint úsáide as tástáil ualaigh a dheimhníonn muid feidhmchlár ag iompar mar a bhfuil súil fiú tar éis a mhéadú nó a laghdú ualaí ar an freastalaí. De ghnáth déantar tástáil ualaigh trí uirlisí uathoibrithe mar Jmeter nó Neoload etc. C) Cad é tástáil mheánmhéide? Is é cuspóir na Méadracha Tástála na méideanna pleanáilte agus iarbhír a ghabháil an iarracht, an t-am agus na hacmhainní a theastaíonn chun gach céim den Tionscnamh ar an Tionscadal Bogearraí a chríochnú, Is tomhas é Meitric bogearraí de mhaoin éigin de phíosa bogearraí nó dá shonraíocht. Meitricí de dhá chineál de ghnáth: (1) Meitricí Próiseála & (2) Meitricí Táirge Meáncháil Chórais: Measann sé saintréithe an mhodha, na n-uirlisí agus na dteicneolaíochtaí a úsáidtear chun an córas bogearraí a fhorbairt, a chur chun feidhme agus a chothabháil. Meánmhéid an táirge: Meánmhéid a úsáidtear chun tréithe an doiciméid agus an chód a thomhas. C) Cad é plean tástála? Plean tástála: Doiciméad ina ndéantar cur síos ar raon feidhme, ar an gcur chuige, ar na hacmhainní agus ar an sceideal a bhaineann le gníomhaíochtaí tástála atá beartaithe. Tá sé beartaithe go gcuirfear an t-ábhar a bheidh le tástáil ar fáil don chomhlacht tástála agus go gcuirfear an t-ábhar a bheidh le tástáil ar fáil don chomhlacht tástála. Is taifead é ar an bpróiseas pleanála tástála. Tá an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an tástáil a dhéanamh ar an gcineál tástála a bhfuil an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an tástáil a dhéanamh ar an gcineál tástála. Plean tástála chéim: Plean tástála a thugann aghaidh de ghnáth ar chéim tástála amháin. C) Cad é mionsonraí scaoilte? A- Aon uair a dhéanaimid roinnt athruithe ar an iarratas nó ar an bogearraí seolfaimid na sonraí scaoilte chuig an úsáideoir nó chuig baill ár bhfoireann a chuireann síos ar na gnéithe breise a chuirtear leis nó má tá aon bug socraithe. Chomh maith leis sin uaireanta coinnímid rianú faisnéise i mionsonraí scaoileadh ionas go má tá aon athruithe a dhéanamh an chéad uair eile is féidir linn a rianú athbhreithniú a dhéanamh ar cad athruithe a rinneadh ar scaoileadh deireanach. C) Cad é tástáil dhiúltach? A- Cinntíonn sé gur féidir le do chur i bhfeidhmchlár ionchur neamhbhailí nó iompar úsáideora gan choinne a láimhseáil go grinn. Mar shampla, má dhéanann úsáideoir iarracht litir a chlóscríobh i réimse uimhriúil, is é an iompar ceart sa chás seo an teachtaireacht Incorrect data type, please enter a number a thaispeáint. Is é cuspóir na tástála diúltach cásanna den sórt sin a bhrath agus cosc a chur ar iarratais a thitim. Ina theannta sin, cabhraíonn tástáil dhiúltach leat cáilíocht d'iarratas a fheabhsú agus a chuid pointí laige a aimsiú. C) Cad é tástáil inúsáidteachta? A- Is teicníc í tástáil inúsáidteachta a úsáidtear i ndearadh idirghníomhaíochta a dhéantar ag úsáideoirí chun táirge a mheas trí thástáil a dhéanamh air ar úsáideoirí. Is féidir é seo a fheiceáil mar chleachtas inúsáidteachta dochloíte, ós rud é go dtugann sé ionchur díreach ar an gcaoi a n-úsáideann fíorúsáideoirí an córas. Tá sé seo i gcodarsnacht le modhanna iniúchta inúsáidteachta ina n-úsáideann saineolaithe modhanna éagsúla chun comhéadan úsáideora a mheas gan rannpháirtíocht úsáideoirí. Tá tástáil inúsáidteachta dírithe ar chumas táirge de dhéantús an duine a thomhas chun a chuspóir atá beartaithe a chomhlíonadh. Is samplaí de tháirgí a fhaigheann tairbhe go coitianta as tástáil inúsáidteachta bia, táirgí tomhaltóra, suíomhanna gréasáin nó feidhmchláir gréasáin, comhéadan ríomhaireachta, doiciméid agus feistí. Déantar tástáil inúsáidteachta chun inúsáidteacht, nó éascaíocht úsáide, réad nó sraith réad ar leith a thomhas, ach déantar staidéir ghinearálta idirghníomhaíochta idir an duine agus an ríomhaire chun prionsabail uilíoch a fhoirmiú. C) Cad é an difríocht idir locht bug agus earráid? Bug: Glac leis go dtuigeann an cláróir an riachtanas atá beartaithe i ndáiríre i gceart ach go ndearna sé an toradh a dhearbhú / a stóráil mar intéir chun toradh 5 a thaispeáint in ionad 5.75 glactar le Bug air seo. Anseo ní mór don chláraitheoir an t-athraitheach a dhearbhú mar double nó float agus ní int. Defect: Is é locht aon cheann de na rudaí thuas ach a fuarthas/nach bhfuil clúdaithe sa iarratas scaoilte ag rith sna Seirbhísigh Táirgthe [imigh Live] nó d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith i Beta-Release. Tá na "Defect Trackers" baisteadh mar sin, toisc go n-úsáidtear iad chun "Defects" a thuairisciú sa bogearraí iar-eisiúint; ach is é an príomh-ainm atá ar na saincheisteanna a thuairisciú ag an bhfoireann tástála ná "Incident Reports" agus ní "Defect Reports"! Mar sin féin leanann gach eagraíocht a téarmaíocht féin do chomhthéacsanna agus próisis éagsúla; d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh go leor daoine aonair ag iarraidh a chéile a chur in aghaidh agus a thuairim a chur i láthair domsa ar an ábhar seo. Ach is fírinne é sin sa tionscal bogearraí agus is contúirtí ceirde iad sin!! Tá sé! Earráid: Nuair a rithann an t-iarratas gan aon fhadhbanna san Imthosca Táirgthe atá beartaithe faoi chúinsí gnáth, ach má dhéanann sé mí-iompar tar éis rith go leanúnach ar feadh thart ar mhí nó tar éis thart ar milliún idirbheart a dhéanamh, glaoimid ar an gcoinníoll seo mar Earráid. Lig dom é seo a mhíniú le sampla A ligean ar a rá Ordú Iompar cum Próiseáil Tá feidhmchlár curtha i bhfeidhm i bhfreastalaí a bhfuil rochtain ag an bpobal chun orduithe a dhéanamh ar thiceáin scannáin. Ar dtús nuair a thosaíonn an t-iarratas ag rith is é sin nuair a ath-thosaítear an Freastalaí Iarratas le sean-chlárchlár a scriosadh / a bhaint ritheann an t-iarratas le trí-thrácht 100 idirbheart in aghaidh an nóiméid. Ach tar éis thart ar milliún idirbheart, má laghdaíonn an t-iomlán feidhmchláir a thart ar 50 idirbheart in aghaidh an nóiméid, ansin, glaoimid ar an riocht seo mar Earráid. C) Cad é uirlis tástála? A- Úsáidimid uirlis tástála chun tástáil bogearraí a uathoibriú. Déanann sé tástáil éasca agus d'fhéadfaí tuarascáil a ghiniúint go huathoibríoch. Tá roinnt uirlisí ann a d'fhéadfaí a úsáid chun tástáil aonaid tástála, tástáil fheidhmiúil, tástáil ualaigh srl. a thástáil. C) Cad é an tástáil Deireadh go Deireadh? A- Is é tástáil deireadh-go-Críoch nuair a ghlacann tú próiseas ón tús go dtí an deireadh cosúil le ordú a ghlacadh ó chustaiméir agus ansin an t-ordú sin a phróiseáil go léir tríd an gcomhlíonadh, cuntasaíocht agus loingseoireacht. Is é seo go bunúsach ag feidhmiú ar workflow iomlán. Cé go bhfuil tástáil chórais cosúil leis, i tástáil chórais ní gá duit an sreafaí oibre iomlán a chríochnú ach is féidir leat comhéadan aonair a fheidhmiú aon uair amháin. Mar sin féin, faoi dheireadh Thástáil an Chórais, déanfaidh an chuid is mó de na timpeallachtaí tástála tástáil iomlán deireadh go deireadh (nó ba cheart dóibh a dhéanamh). C) Cad é an tsamhail V? A Cliceáil anseo C) Cad é an tsamhail Spíreála? A Cliceáil anseo C) Cad is bailíochtú ann? A I bhfianaise an bhréagúcháin, deimhnímid go bhfuil an rud ceart á dhéanamh againn. I bhfocal simplí is féidir linn a rá go gcinntíonn bailíochtú go bhfuil feidhmiúlacht, mar a shainmhínítear i riachtanais, i ngníomh ceaptha an táirge; de ghnáth bíonn tástáil iarbhír i gceist le bailíochtú agus déantar é tar éis na fíoraithe a bheith críochnaithe. C) Cad é fíoraíocht? A- I bhfíorú deimhníonn muid go bhfuil an rud á dhéanamh againn i gceart. I bhfocal simplí is féidir linn a rá go ndéanann an fhíorú cinnte go bhfuil an táirge deartha chun gach feidhmiúlacht a sheachadadh don chustaiméir; áirítear leis athbhreithnithe agus cruinnithe chun doiciméid, pleananna, cód, riachtanais agus sonraíochtaí a mheas; is féidir é seo a dhéanamh le seiceálacha, seoltaí, cruinnithe cigireachta, srl. C) Tabhair sampla de fhíorú agus bailídeacht. A- Sampla: Abair go bhfuil clár á scríobh againn le haghaidh cur le chéile. a+b = c Fíorú: An bhfuil muid ag fáil roinnt aschur do a + b? 1+1 = 6 Fíoraithe: An bhfuil an toradh ceart á fháil againn do a+b? 1+1=2? I bhfírinne, iarrann fíoraíocht an bhfuil an clár ceart. Chun an sampla simplí a úsáid, tá a = x + Y ceart má tá x = 1 agus y = 2 ag a = 3. Iarrann fíoraíocht an táirgeadh an clár ceart. Mar shampla, ríomh limistéar ceartchearnach le fad x agus le leithead y. Má tá x = 1 agus y = 2, ba chóir go mbeadh an toradh 2. Tá an chéad chlár ceart ach ní bhailí ag féachaint don riachtanas. Ní hé sin an clár ceart. C) Cad é tástáil Ad-Hoc? Is éard atá i A-Ad-Hoc tástáil an próiseas tástála ina ndéantar tástáil gan aon phlean nó cásanna tástála. Sa phróiseas tástála seo ní leanann muid aon rialacha. Mar sin de ghnáth leanann an tástáil seo an tástálaí a bhfuil eolas maith aige faoin táirge a bhfuil an tástálaí ag dul a thástáil. C) Cad é tástáil chomhoiriúnachta? Ag baint úsáide as an tástáil chomhoiriúnachta déanaimid tástáil agus deimhníonn muid an bhfuil bogearraí comhoiriúnach le heilimintí eile de chóras a ba cheart go n-oibreofaí leis, e.g. brabhsálaithe, Córais Oibríocha, nó crua-earraí Ciallaíonn tástáil chomhoiriúnachta go ndéantar an t-iarratas a thástáil le háit bogearraí agus crua-earraí. Tá an suíomh ag feidhmiú go hiomlán ar an suíomh Gréasáin, agus tá sé ar fáil go hiomlán ar an suíomh Gréasáin. Tugtar comhoiriúnacht ar thástáil a dhéantar ar an iarratas i dtimpeallacht dhifriúil. Mar shampla: oibreoidh an aip tástála i bhrabhsálaithe éagsúla agus i gcóras oibriúcháin éagsúla. C) An féidir leat roinnt uirlisí tástála bogearraí foinse oscailte a liostáil? C) Aon uirlis tástála ualaigh foinse oscailte? C) Cad é tástáil slándála? A- Is é tástáil slándála tástáil an iarratais ar rochtain neamhúdaraithe. Ciallaíonn sé nach féidir rochtain a fháil ar iarratas gan fíordheimhniú agus údarú cuí. Agus is é an tástáil deataigh an tástáil ar iarratas ar testability. I dtástáil deataigh seiceálann muid an bhfuil an t-iarratas in ann tuilleadh tástála a dhéanamh nó nach bhfuil. Is dócha gurb é tástáil slándála an cinneadh is cinntitheacha maidir le cibé an bhfuil córas cumraithe agus an leanann sé de bheith cumraithe leis na rialuithe agus na beartais slándála cearta. Má leanfar na gníomhaíochtaí tástála seo a leanas, is féidir leo a bheith an-éifeachtach ó thaobh costais de chun teagmhas a chosc agus leochaileachtaí anaithnid a nochtadh. C) Cad é an cur chuige ó thús síos? A- Is cur chuige é tástáil ó thús síos maidir le tástáil chomhtháite ina ndéantar tástáil ar na modúil chomhtháite is airde agus déantar brainse an mhódúla a thástáil céim ar chéim go dtí deireadh an mhódúla gaolmhara. Ligeann sé seo go ndéantar loighic ardleibhéil agus sreafa sonraí a thástáil go luath sa phróiseas agus bíonn sé ag laghdú an gá le tiománaithe. Mar sin féin, cuireann an gá le stubs bainistiú tástála i gcómh deacair agus déantar fearais leibhéal íseal a thástáil go réasúnta déanach sa timthriall forbartha. Is féidir na buntáistí a bhaineann le tástáil ó thús go - Ní gá tiománaithe a bheith scríofa - Soláthraíonn sé modúl oibre luath an chláir agus mar sin is féidir lochtanna dearadh a aimsiú agus a cheartú go luath - Is féidir na míbhuntáistí a achoimre mar - Ní chuireann sé ar chumas tástáil ach amháin le haghaidh na feidhmiúlacht teoranta - Tá Stubs riachtanach ar bhealach go bhfuil sé cúram a ghlacadh de na feidhmiúlacht comhtháite - Iompraíodh é ag Forbróirí, rud a chaitheann am. C) Cad é an cur chuige ó bhun suas? A- Is cur chuige é tástáil Bottom Up maidir le tástáil chomhtháite ina ndéantar na comhpháirteanna is ísle a thástáil ar dtús, agus a úsáidtear ansin chun tástáil chomhpháirteanna níos airde a éascú. Déantar an próiseas a athdhéanamh go dtí go ndéantar tástáil ar an gcomhpháirt atá ag barr an ordlathas. Is iad na buntáistí a bhaineann leis an tástáil ó bhun suas: - Tá na rudaí atá le tástáil ar eolas ag an bhforbróir. Mar sin, tá sé éasca a thuiscint ar an raon feidhme an cás tástála a chruthú agus sonraí tástála. - Níos sásúla ó thaobh na síceolaíochta de toisc gur féidir leis an tástálaí a bheith cinnte go bhfuil na bunús do na rudaí tástála tástáilte go mion. - Ní gá stúbaí a chruthú Tá achoimre ar na míbhuntáistí thíos: - Ní féidir cáilíocht an bogearraí a ráthú ach amháin nuair a bheidh an tástáil críochnaithe go hiomlán. Is é an fhadhb, go bhfuil lochtanna sna leibhéil uachtaracha a bhrath an-deireadh. - Tá tiománaithe ag cruthú deacrachtaí i mbainistíocht na tástála. - Tá costais ard ag baint le tástáil leibhéil aonair chun timpeallacht tástála oiriúnach a sholáthar. C) Cad é tástáil glactha? A- Is céim dheireanach den tástáil glacadh é a dhéantar ar chóras sula gcuirtear an córas i bhfeidhm i dtimpeallacht beo. Féadfaidh córais a bheidh faoi réir tástála glactha a bheith ina measc de na deliverables sin mar chóras bogearraí nó córas crua-earraí meicniúil. De ghnáth déantar tástálacha glactha mar thástálacha 'ciste dubh'. Ciallaíonn tástáil bosca dubh go n-úsáideann an tástálaí ionchuir shonraithe sa chóras agus go ndéanann sé a fhíorú go bhfuil na torthaí a thagann as ceart, gan eolas a bheith aige ar oibriú inmheánach an chórais. Is é an téarma a úsáidtear nuair a dhéanann an duine nó na daoine a bheidh ag úsáid an chórais beo nuair a sheachadfar é na tástálacha glactha. Má tá an córas á thógáil nó á fhorbairt ag soláthróir sheachtrach, tugtar tástáil inghlactha custaiméirí (CAT) air seo uaireanta. Feidhmíonn an UAT nó CAT mar dhearbhú deiridh go bhfuil an córas réidh le dul i ngníomh. Féadfaidh go mbeidh tástáil glactha rathúil ag an gcéim seo mar cheanglas conarthach sula ndéanfaidh an cliant an córas a shíniú. I roinnt tionscail, mar shampla déantúsaíocht, is é tástáil inghlactha monaraí (FAT) an téarma a úsáidtear de ghnáth don chéim tástála inghlactha foirmiúil. Féadfaidh díoltóir nó soláthraí an chórais tástáil glactha sa mhonarcha a dhéanamh agus féadfaidh an cliant breathnú air. Is minic a dhéantar é seo ar bhealach an-fhoirmiúil, agus gach tástáil glactha monarcha nó láithreáin á dhoiciméadú go mion, agus gach cuid den tástáil á shíniú. C) Cad é an cás tástála? Is é A-Scenario tástála an cur chuige a cruthaíodh céim ar chéim próiseas chun na saincheisteanna a atáirgeadh ionas go bhféadfadh duine ar bith a thuiscint go héasca agus d'fhéadfadh na buganna a atáirgeadh trí na céimeanna a leanúint. C) Cad é an t-imeacht? A- Is é an t-alt seo an smaoineamh foriomlán ar iarratas. Sula bhforbrófar nó sula ndéantar tástáil, ní dhéanaimid ach siúl tríd nó plé a dhéanamh faoi earráidí féideartha, sárú ar chaighdeáin forbartha, agus fadhbanna eile a chuireann na doiciméid i láthair laistigh agus lasmuigh den disciplín bogearraí d'fhonn an fhaisnéis a bhailiú maidir leis an ábhar atá faoi dhoiciméadú. Is é aidhm an chúrsa seo aistriú eolais a mhíniú nó a dhéanamh agus ábhar an doiciméid a mheas. Fíor-mheas a dhéanamh ar na réitigh a mholtar agus a phlé. C) Cad é cuspóir na tástála? A- Soláthraíonn tástáil bogearraí agus cinntíonn sé cáilíocht an táirge cibé an féidir é a úsáid nó nach féidir. Chomh maith leis sin, déanann sé a chinntiú go gcomhlíonann an bogearraí na ceanglais nó nach gcomhlíonann. Is féidir leis an bogearraí a bheith níos inúsáidte, níos iontaofa agus níos comhoiriúnaí trí anailís a dhéanamh agus na buganna a aimsiú agus tuairisciú don fhorbairt. C) Conas a dhéantar raon feidhme, eagraíocht agus cur i gcrích tionscadail tástála? Chun scóip an tionscadail a chur i bhfeidhm 1) Foghlaim an oiread agus is féidir faoin iarratas trí staidéar a dhéanamh ar an Doiciméad Riachtanais Gnó (BRD), Sonraíochtaí Teicniúla, Diagramaí Sliocht Oibre, Wireframes, Diagramaí Ailtireachta an Chórais, doiciméid Margaíochta agus Dlíthiúla, agus aon fhaisnéis ábhartha eile atá ar fáil. 2) Iarraidh faisnéis bhreise ó pháirtithe leasmhara saineolaithe laistigh agus lasmuigh den chuideachta más gá. 3) Meas an méid ama a thógfaidh sé cásanna tástála a chruthú agus iad a chur i gcrích. 4) Déanfar a chinneadh conas ba cheart an timpeallacht tástála a chumrú. 5) Déan cinneadh an gá aon uirlisí tástála. 6) Plean tástála a chruthú a chlúdaíonn straitéisí tástála, raon feidhme tástála, srl. 7) Iarr ar na páirtithe leasmhara saineolaithe athbhreithniú a dhéanamh ar mo Phlean Tástála agus aiseolas a thabhairt chun é a fheabhsú. 8) Athbhreithniú a dhéanamh ar an bPlean Tástála. Chun an tionscadal a EORGANÁISÍ 1) An t-iarratas a bhriseadh síos i réimsí feidhmiúla. 2) Suíomh tástála a chruthú ina bhfuil foldair do gach limistéar feidhmiúil atá le tástáil. 3) Cásanna tástála a chruthú a fhreagraíonn do gach limistéar feidhmiúil agus iad a chur faoi na foldair cuí. 4) Mapeáil na riachtanais le cásanna tástála. 5) Na cásanna tástála a chur ar thús. Chun an tionscadal a chur i gcrích 1) Déan cinnte go bhfuil an timpeallacht tástála réidh le haghaidh tástála. 2) Déan cinnte go bhfuil na huirlisí tástála réidh le haghaidh tástála. 3) Déan cinnte go bhfuil an doiciméad tacaíochta uile agam a theastaíonn le haghaidh tástála. 4) Téigh isteach i mo sheomra tástála agus tosú ag tástáil! C) Conas a shocraíonn tú cad atá le tástáil? A- Braitheann sé ar an sonraíocht a thugtar don iarratas. Sula gcinnfear cad atá le tástáil ní mór dúinn an tionscadal nó an mhodúl a thuiscint go críochnúil ionas gur féidir linn brath na mhodúla ar mhodúla nó tionscadail eile a thuiscint. Chomh maith leis sin, ba cheart dúinn iarracht a dhéanamh an tionchar a bheidh ag an modúl ar leibhéal táirgeachta a chinneadh ar dtús agus ansin d'fhéadfaimis cinneadh a dhéanamh ar an gcuid den modúl ba cheart a thástáil ar dtús. C) Déan cur síos ar na príomhghnéithe a chuireann tú i dtuarascáil locht? Eileamaint ghinearálta tuairisc locht: 1. an t-am a bhí ann. ID locht 2. Seachadadh. Teideal an locht 3. Tá an t-am ann. Tuairisc ar an locht 4. Tá an t-am ID Leagan a Thógáil 9. Naoi. Tuairiscíodh ag 10. Tá sé seo fíor? Ceaptha chun C) Cén uair ba cheart tástáil a thosú i dtionscadal? A- Tá QA páirteach sa tionscadal ó thús. Cabhraíonn sé seo leis na foirne cumarsáid a dhéanamh agus na fadhbanna agus na hábhair imní a thuiscint, agus tugann sé am freisin chun an timpeallacht tástála agus an chumraíocht a chur ar bun. Ar an láimh eile, tosaíonn an tástáil iarbhír tar éis na pleananna tástála a scríobh, a athbhreithniú agus a cheadú bunaithe ar an doiciméadacht dearaidh. C) Cad é an difríocht idir straitéis tástála agus pleanáil tástála? Is doiciméad ar leibhéal níos airde é Straitéis Thástála, sainmhíníonn sé raon feidhme foriomlán tionscadail tástála, an cur chuige foriomlán, na leibhéil tástála atá le déanamh, na nósanna imeachta atá le leanúint, na huirlisí atá le húsáid, an struchtúr tuairiscithe, agus na príomhpháirtithe leasmhara. Tá an t-ábhar a leagtar síos sa phlean tástála agus a shainmhínítear ann, a chaithfear a athdhéanamh ar fud gach Plean tástála aonair. Is é fíorchuspóir na Straitéise Tástála, áfach, "cáilíocht a fháil" ó na páirtithe leasmhara go léir. Is féidir leat straitéis tástála a bheith agat ar fud an tionscadail ar fad a shainmhíníonn na leibhéil tástála, mar shampla, aonad, comhtháthú, córais a shainmhíníonn cad atá le tarlú ag gach leibhéal. Is minic gur caighdeán é seo ar fud na fiontar in eagraíochtaí móra. Is féidir straitéis tástála leibhéal-sonracha a bheith agat freisin, mar shampla, straitéis tástála ach amháin le haghaidh tástála córais, tharlaíonn sé seo nuair a bhíonn tionscadal mór agat agus d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh plean tástála iomadúla ag teastáil ó leibhéal tástála ar leith. Soláthraíonn Plean Tástála tuilleadh mionsonraithe faoi na míreanna ar leith agus a gcuid gnéithe atá le tástáil. Déantar cur chuige a thuairisciú maidir leis na gnéithe sin a thástáil, an sceideal, na hacmhainní, na critéir pas/fhás do na gnéithe sin. I gcásanna nach gá doiciméad Straitéis Tástála ar leithligh a ullmhú, déantar an fhaisnéis a ionchorprú sa Phlean Tástála ina ionad sin. Ní mór straitéis a bheith ag gach tionscadal. C) Conas a chinnfidh tú nuair a bheidh tástáil go leor déanta agat? A- Is próiseas gan deireadh é tástáil. Is féidir an tástáil a stopadh nuair a dhéantar agus a rithfar an líon uasta cásanna tástála, nuair a shroicheann spriocdhátaí, nuair a bhíonn an buiséad tástála ag dul in olcas, nuair a bhíonn feidhmiúlachtaí bunúsacha ag obair. De ghnáth ní cinneadh deacair é seo. Nuair a bheidh na saincheisteanna criticiúla, tromchúiseacha agus bhacanta go léir socraithe ní mór dúinn tástáil a dhéanamh go dtí go seolfar an táirge agus fiú ina dhiaidh sin. Is próiseas gan deireadh é an timthriall tástála. Ní fhéadfaidh an cineál tástála a bheith éagsúil ó chéim amháin go chéim eile i dtimthriall forbartha an táirge. C) Cad é an lógó tástála? A- Tá log tástála rud ar bith ach, cad iad na cásanna tástála a rinneamar, i cén ord a rinneamar, a rinne an cás tástála agus cad é stádas an cás tástála (pass / fail). C) Cad iad na cineálacha tástála bosca dubh? - Cuidithe coibhéise - Anailís ar Luach Teorann - Meabhrúchán earráide C) Cad é Anailís Luach Teorainneacha? Is teicníc tástála feidhme í Anailís ar Luach Teorann (BVA) nuair a roghnaítear na luachanna teorann is forimeallaí. Áirítear ar luachanna teorann uasta, íosta, díreach laistigh de theorainneacha / lasmuigh de theorainneacha, luachanna tipiciúla, agus luachanna earráide. Déan tástáil ar an dá thaobh de gach teorainn Féach ar theorainneacha aschuir do chásanna tástála freisin. Déan tástáil ar luachanna tipiciúla min, min-1, max, max+1. C) Cad a chiallaíonn URL? Is sreang carachtair sonrach é A-URL a sheasann do Aithreoir Acmhainní Aonair nó Aithreoir Acmhainní Uilíoch a dhéanann tagairt do acmhainn Idirlín. C) Cad é SDLC? A Cliceáil anseo C) Cad é an Tástáil Stres? A- Is cineál tástála é tástáil strus a úsáidtear chun cobhsaíocht chóras nó eintiteas áirithe a chinneadh. Baineann sé le tástáil thar acmhainneacht oibríochtúil gnáth, go minic go pointe briseadh, chun na torthaí a bhreathnú. C) Cad é bug Bogearraí? Is é bug bogearraí an téarma coiteann a úsáidtear chun mícheart, locht, botún, teip nó locht a chur in iúl i gclár ríomhaire nó i gcóras ríomhaire a tháirgeann toradh mícheart nó gan choinne, nó a fhágann go ndéanann sé iompar ar bhealaí neamhbheartaithe. C) Cad é tástáil aonad? Is modh é tástáil aonad trína ndéantar tástáil ar aonad aonair cód foinse chun a chinneadh an bhfuil siad oiriúnach le húsáid. Is é an t-aonad an chuid is lú in ann tástáil a dhéanamh ar iarratas. C) Cad iad na Teicneolaíochtaí um Thástáil Aonair? - Clúdach Loop - Clúdach an tslí - Clúdach coinníollach - Clúdach Feidhme C) Cad é an tsamhail uiscebhealach? A Cliceáil anseo

Chapter 7 Challenges From Linux Shell Scripting Tutorial - A Beginner's handbook - Decide whether the following sentence is true or false: - Linux is rich with filter programs. - A filter is a program that gets most of its data from its standard input and writes its main results to its standard ouput. - A set of processes chained by their standard streams, so that the output of each process feeds directly as input to the next one is called Linux pipeline. - You can run commands one after the other using ; operator. - You can run commands one after the other using && operator. - Second command only runs if first is successful when you use conditional or (||) operator. - A filter is very useful as part of Linux pipes.

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Caibidil 7 Dúshláin Ó Linux Shell Scripting Tutorial - Leabhrán don Thosaí - Déan cinneadh an bhfuil an abairt seo a leanas fíor nó bréagach: - Tá Linux saibhir le cláir scagála. - Is clár é scagaire a fhaigheann an chuid is mó dá chuid sonraí óna ionchur caighdeánach agus a scríobhann a chuid príomhthorthaí chuig a aschur caighdeánach. - Tá sraith próisis lánsreangaithe ag a sruthanna caighdeánacha, ionas go n-itheann aschur gach próisis go díreach mar ionchur don chéad cheann eile ar a dtugtar píopailín Linux. - Is féidir leat orduithe a reáchtáil ceann i ndiaidh a chéile ag baint úsáide as oibreoir ; . - Is féidir leat a reáchtáil na horduithe ceann i ndiaidh a chéile ag baint úsáide as && oibreoir. - Ní ritheann an dara ceann amháin má tá an chéad rath nuair a úsáideann tú oibreoir coinníollach nó (ritheann) oibreoir. - Tá scagaire an-úsáideach mar chuid de phíopaí Linux.

Last week’s Supreme Court decision about the use of race in drawing election districts, in the case of Cooper v. Harris, will have important political consequences, especially in southern states. The court emphatically held that except in the most extraordinary circumstances, the government cannot use race in drawing districts. The composition of the court’s majority was unusual: it was a 5-3 decision, with Justice Elena Kagan writing for the majority, joined by Justices Clarence Thomas, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer and Sonia Sotomayor. Rarely in his 26 years on the court has Thomas joined with the liberal justices to create a majority. The Supreme Court has decided many cases about when the government may use race in drawing election districts, and great confusion had developed in the law. In the 1990s, the court considered a number of instances where the government had used race to create more election districts where African Americans or Hispanics were a majority so as to increase political power for racial minorities. In a series of 5-4 rulings split along ideological lines, the conservatives on the court disapproved this. Reflecting their opposition to all forms of affirmative action, the conservatives held that the government cannot use race as the predominant factor in drawing election districts unless it met a very heavy burden, showing that its action was necessary to achieve a compelling government purpose. But in 2001, the court made the law in this area far more confusing when it held that the government may use race in drawing election districts if race is employed as a proxy for political party affiliation. In that case, the court said the North Carolina Legislature could use race as a way of identifying who was likely to vote Democratic because African Americans in that state overwhelmingly vote Democratic. This reflects the law that partisan gerrymandering — drawing districts to maximize safe seats for the political party that controls the legislature — is permissible, while racial gerrymandering is not. For the past 15 years, the lower courts and the Supreme Court have struggled with how to decide if race or party is responsible for drawing the election districts. It is important to keep in mind that the political context of litigation over the use of race in drawing election districts has changed greatly over the last 25 years. In the 1990s, the litigation concerned challenges to using race to create districts where racial minorities were the majority to increase the likelihood of electing minority representatives. Liberals favored this and the conservative majority of the court disapproved. The cases now, like the one decided last week concerning North Carolina and one last year involving Alabama, involve the use of race to achieve partisan gerrymandering that benefits Republicans, such as by packing African Americans into fewer election districts. Cooper v. Harris involved two congressional districts in North Carolina. Both were drawn to create an African American majority. In one of these, the state argued that it looked to race as a proxy for political party, that it was engaged in permissible partisan gerrymandering seeking to maximize congressional seats for Republicans. Kagan wrote that race cannot be used in drawing election districts even if the goal is giving an advantage to the incumbent party. The court declared: “In other words, the sorting of voters on the grounds of their race remains suspect even if race is meant to function as a proxy for other (including political) characteristics.” This is a very significant change in the law; no longer can racial gerrymandering be justified on the grounds that it is done as a proxy for political party affiliation. No longer do courts need to engage in the impossible inquiry of whether it is race or party that caused the legislature to draw election districts because those two considerations are often intertwined, given that African Americans overwhelmingly vote Democratic. It is striking that the conservative justices who usually condemn government decisions based on race — John Roberts, Anthony Kennedy and Samuel Alito — were willing to allow this here. Apparently, their usual opposition lessens when it is the use of race in districting to help the Republican party. But Thomas, a fierce opponent of the government’s use of race in decision-making in all circumstances, joined with the liberals to create the majority. This decision is going to matter enormously in voting litigation. In many states, especially in the South, legislatures used race in drawing election districts and justified this by saying that they were acting to help the political party that was in the majority: Republicans. Racial minorities were the losers in their political strength. But the court’s decision in Cooper v. Harris means that no longer is this an excuse for using race as the predominant factor in districting. The court’s ruling will provide a constitutional basis for challenging districting in many states and should create a much fairer election process. Erwin Chemerinsky is dean of the UC Irvine School of Law.

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Beidh iarmhairtí tábhachtacha polaitiúla ag cinneadh na Cúirte Uachtaraí an tseachtain seo caite maidir le ciníochas a úsáid i gceantair toghcháin a tharraingt, i gcás Cooper v. Harris, go háirithe i stáit theas. D'áitigh an chúirt go láidir nach féidir leis an rialtas ciníochas a úsáid i gceantair tharraingt, ach amháin i gcúinsí an-eisceachtúla. Bhí comhdhéanamh tromlach na cúirte neamhghnách: cinneadh 5-3, leis an gCúirt Elena Kagan ag scríobh don tromlach, le breithiúna Clarence Thomas, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer agus Sonia Sotomayor. Is annamh a chuaigh Thomas le breithiúna liobrálacha chun tromlach a chruthú ina 26 bliain ar an gcúirt. Tá an Chúirt Uachtarach tar éis go leor cásanna a chinneadh maidir le cathain is féidir leis an rialtas ciníochas a úsáid chun ceantair toghcháin a tharraingt, agus bhí mearbhall mór tagtha chun cinn sa dlí. Sna 1990idí, mheas an chúirt roinnt cásanna inar úsáid an rialtas ciníochas chun níos mó ceantair toghcháin a chruthú ina raibh Meiriceánaigh Afracacha nó Hispanics ina gcuid is mó d'fhonn cumhacht pholaitiúil a mhéadú do mhionlaigh chineálacha. I sraith de chinntí 5-4 a roinnte ar feadh línte idéalaíocha, níor thoil na coimeádach ar an gcúirt é seo. Ag léiriú a n-aghaidh ar gach cineál gníomhaíochta dearfacha, bhí na coimeádach ag rá nach féidir leis an rialtas ciníochas a úsáid mar an fachtóir is mó i dtógáil cheantair toghcháin mura raibh sé ag freastal ar ualach an-trom, ag léiriú go raibh gá lena ghníomh chun cuspóir ríthábhachtach rialtais a bhaint amach. Ach i 2001, rinne an chúirt an dlí sa réimse seo i bhfad níos mearbhall nuair a chinn sé gur féidir leis an rialtas ciníochas a úsáid i dtréimhseanna toghcháin a tharraingt má úsáidtear ciníochas mar ionadaithe do cheangal páirtí polaitiúil. Sa chás sin, dúirt an chúirt go bhféadfadh reachtaíocht Carolina Thuaidh ciníochas a úsáid mar bhealach chun a aithint cé a d'fhéadfadh vóta a chaitheamh ar an Daonlathach toisc go vótálann Meiriceánaigh Afracacha sa stát sin go mór ar an Daonlathach. Léiríonn sé seo an dlí go bhfuil ceadaithe ag gearrymandering páirtí ceantair a tharraingt chun suíocháin shábháilte a uasmhéadú don pháirtí polaitiúil a rialaíonn an reachtas , ach níl ceadaithe ag gearrymandering ciníoch. Le 15 bliain anuas, tá na cúirteanna íseal agus an Chúirt Uachtarach ag streachailt le cinneadh a dhéanamh an bhfuil ciníochas nó páirtí freagrach as na ceantair toghcháin a tharraingt. Tá sé tábhachtach a choinneáil i gcuimhne go bhfuil athrú mór tagtha ar an gcomhthéacs polaitiúil maidir le díospóireacht maidir le ciníochas a úsáid i dtráth na dtoghchán le 25 bliain anuas. Sna 1990idí, baineann an dlíthíocht le dúshláin maidir le ciníochas a úsáid chun ceantair a chruthú ina raibh mionlaigh chineasacha den chuid is mó chun an dóchúlacht a mhéadú go dtoghfaí ionadaithe mionlaigh. Bhí na liobrálaigh i bhfabhar seo agus níor aontaigh tromlach coimeádach na cúirte leis. Na cásanna anois, cosúil leis an gceann a chinn an tseachtain seo caite maidir le Carolina Thuaidh agus ceann an bhliain seo caite lena mbaineann Alabama, a bhaineann le húsáid cine chun a bhaint amach partisan gerrymandering go tairbhí Poblachtánaigh, mar shampla ag pacáil Meiriceánaigh Afracacha i níos lú ceantair toghcháin. Bhí baint ag Cooper v. Harris le dhá cheantar coigríche i Carolina Thuaidh. Bhí an dá tharraingt chun tromlach Afracach Meiriceánach a chruthú. I gceann acu seo, mhaígh an stát go raibh sé ag féachaint ar rás mar ionadaí do pháirtí polaitiúil, go raibh sé ag gabháil do ghéar-ghéarú páirteach inghlactha ag iarraidh suíocháin choigríche a uasmhéadú do Phoblachtánaigh. Scríobh Kagan nach féidir ciníochas a úsáid chun ceantar toghcháin a tharraingt fiú má tá an sprioc chun buntáiste a thabhairt don pháirtí atá i seilbh. Dúirt an chúirt: Ar bhealach eile, tá amhras fós ar rangú na vótálaithe ar bhonn a n-easaontais fiú má tá an ciníochas i gceist a bheith ag feidhmiú mar ionadaithe do shaintréithe eile (lena n-áirítear polaitiúla). Is athrú an-tábhachtach é seo sa dlí; ní féidir le gearmandering ciníoch a bheith ceartaithe níos mó ar an bhforas go ndéantar é mar ionadaí ar cheangal páirtí polaitiúil. Ní gá do chúirteanna dul i mbun an fhiosrúcháin dodhéanta a thuilleadh an bhfuil sé rás nó páirtí a chuir leis an reachtóir ceantar toghcháin a tharraingt toisc go mbíonn an dá mheas sin idirghaolta go minic, ós rud é go vótálann Meiriceánaigh Afracacha go mór Daonlathach. Tá sé suntasach go raibh na breithiúna coimeádach a cháiníonn de ghnáth cinntí rialtais bunaithe ar chine - John Roberts, Anthony Kennedy agus Samuel Alito - sásta é seo a cheadú anseo. Is cosúil go laghdaíonn a n-agóid is gnách nuair a úsáidtear ciníochas i gceantar chun cabhrú leis an bpáirtí Poblachtach. Ach chuaigh Thomas, a bhí ina fhreasúraí géar ar úsáid an rialtais ar chine i ndéanamh cinntí i ngach cás, le na liobrálaithe chun an tromlach a chruthú. Beidh tábhacht mhór ag an gcinneadh seo i gcúisíocht vótála. I go leor stáit, go háirithe sa Deisceart, d'úsáid reachtanna ciníochas i gceantair toghcháin a tharraingt agus d'fhógair siad é seo trí rá go raibh siad ag gníomhú chun cuidiú leis an bpáirtí polaitiúil a bhí sa tromlach: Poblachtánaigh. Ba iad mionlaigh rás na daoine a chaill a neart polaitiúil. Ach ciallaíonn cinneadh na cúirte i Cooper v. Harris nach bhfuil sé seo ina leithscéal a thuilleadh chun ciníochas a úsáid mar fhachtóir forleathan i gcriosú. Soláthróidh an breithiúnas cúirte bunús bunreachtúil chun dúshlán a chur ar cheantar i go leor stáit agus ba cheart go gcruthófaí próiseas toghcháin i bhfad níos cothroime. Is é Erwin Chemerinsky dean Scoil Dlí UC Irvine.

Teaching about Canada. Today is Federal elections in Canada. I have been following the news and I am interested to see who wins. However, not one of my student workers in the library was aware of this! Mind you, we live in Michigan and Canada is real close by. For example, the CBC is on the basic cable package. The level of ignorance about this just shocked me. My students seem to know very little about Canada. With this thought, I found this nice ERIC Digest which has tips and suggestions for teaching American students about Canada. I hope some teachers use this and get the students educated about Canada before they arrive on campus. From the site: The United States and Canada share the world's longest undefended border. The United States also trades more with Canada (exports and imports) than with any other country. Yet, the American public is largely uninformed about Canada, Canadians, and their unique culture. This digest considers (1) why United States students should study about Canada, (2) where content on Canada belongs in the curriculum, and (3) what useful strategies and resources can be used to improve the teaching of Canadian Studies.

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Ag múineadh faoi Cheanada. Tá toghcháin Chónaidhme sa Cheanada inniu. Táim ag leanúint na nuachta agus tá suim agam a fheiceáil cé a bhuaigh. Mar sin féin, ní raibh aon duine de mo chuid fostaithe mac léinn sa leabharlann ar an eolas faoi seo! Cuimhnigh, tá cónaí orainn i Michigan agus tá Ceanada i ndáiríre in aice láimhe. Mar shampla, tá an CBC ar an bpacáiste cábla bunúsach. Chuir an leibhéal aineolais faoi seo ionadh orm. Is cosúil nach bhfuil mórán eolais ag mo mhic léinn faoi Cheanada. Agus é seo á smaoineamh agam, fuair mé an t-eagarthóir maith seo ERIC Digest a bhfuil leideanna agus moltaí ann chun mic léinn Mheiriceá a theagasc faoi Cheanada. Tá súil agam go n-úsáidfidh roinnt múinteoirí é seo agus go gcuirfear oideachas ar na mic léinn faoi Cheanada sula dtiocfaidh siad ar an gcampas. Ón suíomh: Tá an teorainn is faide gan chosaint ar domhan ag na Stáit Aontaithe agus i gCeanada. Tá níos mó trádála ag na Stáit Aontaithe freisin leis an gCeanada (onnmhairí agus allmhairí) ná le haon tír eile. Ach, níl mórán eolais ag an bpobal Meiriceánach faoi Cheanada, faoi Cheanadaigh, agus faoina gcultúr uathúil. Déantar san áireamh sa dígeast seo (1) cén fáth ar chóir do mhic léinn na Stát Aontaithe staidéar a dhéanamh ar Cheanada, (2) cá háit a bhfuil ábhar ar Cheanada sa chúrsa, agus (3) cad iad na straitéisí agus na hacmhainní úsáideacha is féidir a úsáid chun teagasc Staidéar Cheanada a fheabhsú.

Follow The JC on Twitter 1960: Eichmann's capture In 1958, David Ben-Gurion made a decision that Israel would bring the major Nazi war-criminals to justice, so that the world would see and learn about the Holocaust, and so that the survivors in Israel, who before then had been ashamed of talking about their experiences, would have a chance to give testimony. As head of operations in the Mossad, I was part of a small team that decided on the targets. We narrowed the list down to four. One was Adolf Eichmann, who had headed the SS Jewish department and been in charge of all deportations. After getting a lot of unreliable information as to his whereabouts, we thought we had found him, living as Rikardo Klement in the San Fernando neighbourhood of Buenos Aires. The photographic evidence made me 90 per cent sure it was him, so we assembled our team, the necessary documents and equipment, and left for Argentina in April 1960. I was the operational commander. On a mission, you never let yourself get excited. You have to concentrate and shut out your feelings, and this time was no different. But on the night before we left, I told my wife that we were going on a historic mission. When we snatched Eichmann off the street, next to his home, we held him down on our knees on the back seat. Tzvi Malhin gripped his legs, and I held his head and covered his mouth. Tzvi Aharoni ordered him in German to be quiet if he valued his life, and Eichmann whispered: “Jawohl.” He understood German! At that moment, we realised that we had the right man. Me and Malhin shook hands over Eichmann. I found myself humming the Jewish Partisans’ Song, and the last line going over in my mind — “we are here”.

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Lean An JC ar Twitter 1960: Eichmann a ghabháil Sa bhliain 1958, rinne David Ben-Gurion cinneadh go gcuirfeadh Iosrael na coiriúla cogaidh Naitsithe móra os comhair an cheartais, ionas go bhfeicfeadh an domhan agus go dtuigeann sé faoin Holocaust, agus ionas go mbeadh deis ag na mairbh in Iosrael, a bhí náire orthu roimhe sin labhairt faoina dtaithí, fianaise a thabhairt. Mar cheann oibríochtaí sa Mossad, bhí mé mar chuid d'fhoireann bheag a chinn na spriocanna. Rinneamar an liosta a laghdú go ceithre. Ceann acu ba é Adolf Eichmann, a bhí i gceannas ar an roinn Giúdach SS agus a bhí i gceannas ar na díbirtithe go léir. Tar éis a lán faisnéise neamh-iontaofa a fháil maidir lena áit a raibh sé, shíl muid go raibh sé le fáil againn, ag maireachtáil mar Rikardo Klement i gcomharsanacht San Fernando i Buenos Aires. Rinne an fhianaise ghrianghrafadóireachta mé 90% cinnte gurbh é, mar sin chuir muid ár bhfoireann le chéile, na doiciméid agus an trealamh riachtanach, agus d'fhág muid an Airgintín i mí Aibreáin 1960. Ba mise an ceannasaí oibríochtúil. Ar mhisean, ní lig tú duit féin a bheith spreagúil. Ní mór duit díriú agus do chuid mothúchán a dhúnadh amach, agus ní raibh an uair seo difriúil. Ach an oíche sula ndeachaigh muid, dúirt mé le mo bhean chéile go raibh muid ag dul ar mhisean stairiúil. Nuair a thógamar Eichmann as an tsráid, in aice lena theach, bhí muid ag gabháil dó ar ár gcloí ar an suíochán cúl. Tzvi Malhin greim a chosa, agus ghlac mé a cheann agus chlúdaigh a bhéal. D'ordaigh Tzvi Aharoni dó i nGearmáinis a bheith ciúin má mheasann sé a shaol, agus dúirt Eichmann: Jawohl. Thuig sé Gearmáinis! Ag an nóiméad sin, thuig muid go raibh an fear ceart againn. Mé féin agus Malhin shake lámh thar Eichmann. Fuair mé mé féin ag canadh an t-amhrán Partisans Giúdach, agus an líne dheireanach ag dul thar mo intinn táimid anseo .

Merger between two galaxies (artist’s impression) This artist’s impression shows the merger between two galaxies leading to the formation of a disc galaxy. Upon merging, the shape of the galaxies is disturbed by their mutual gravitational interaction and results in a galaxy with a disc structure. Gas that is moving away from us appears red while the blue colour shows gas that is approaching. The contours together with the transition from red to blue indicate a gaseous disc that is rotating about the centre of the galaxy. The movie shows the collision of two disc galaxies, but the actual shape of galaxies prior to the collision in this study is not known.Źródło: |Data publikacji:||17 września 2014 03:00| |Czas trwania:||02 m 02 s| |Frame rate:||30 fps|

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Comhcheangal idir dhá réaltra (aistritheoir) Taispeánann an léargas ealaíontóra seo an cumasc idir dhá réaltra a fhágann go gcruthófar réaltra diosca. Nuair a bhíonn na réaltraí ag cumasc, bíonn tionchar a chéile mearbhall orthu ag cur isteach ar chruth na réaltraí agus bíonn réaltra le struchtúr diosca mar thoradh air. Tá gáis atá ag bogadh ar shiúl uainn le feiceáil i ndath dearg agus léiríonn an dath gorm gáis atá ag teacht chugainn. Léiríonn na contúirtí mar aon leis an aistriú ó dhearg go gorm diosca gásach atá ag casadh timpeall lár an réaltra. Taispeánann an scannán timpiste dhá réaltra diosca, ach níl a fhios ag an staidéar seo an cruth iarbhír réaltraí roimh an timpiste. Źródło: Data fhoilseachán: Cad a bhí á lorg agam: ráta fráma:

About This Project Salt is dangerous to most plants, as it quickly disrupts their ionic homeostasis and their physiology. Most studies on plant adaptation to soil salinisation focus on the root, the part of the plant directly exposed to the salt. However, my recent recent work shows that application of salt to the roots induce long-distance electrical signals that quickly travel to the leaves via the phloem. These data open new questions regarding the role of systemic electrical signals in salt adaptation. Ask the ScientistsJoin The Discussion What is the context of this research? The root is the part of the plant that is affected first by salt, and its cells are known to react electrophysiologically to it. Wouldn't it be advantageous if the entire plant was informed about it? Would that increase its chance of survival in high salt conditions? My previous Experiment project showed that the roots of Azolla send fast electrical signals to the leaves via the phloem. And, the more concentrated the salt solution, the larger the electrical response in the leaves (project DOI: 10.18258/4845). These result pose a number of interesting questions: What is the role of these signals? How do they contribute to adapting the whole plant to high salt concentrations? In the future I intend to continue to investigate this phenomenon in the model angiosperm Arabidopsis thaliana. What is the significance of this project? Studying the physiological responses to salt only in the root is likely insufficient for understanding how plants adapt to salinisation as whole organisms. Soil salinisation is a current concern, as it affects over 20% of the agricultural land. Understanding the responses of plants to salt increase may be important to ensure the optimal growth of plants which will be necessary to feed an increasingly growing world population. My research may change the way we think about the phloem and about plant physiology. A new concept of the phloem may emerge, one in which its electrical features figure prominently, and play fundamental roles in phloem function and in the function of other plant cells. What are the goals of the project? The main goal of this campaign is to gather enough funds to present these novel and potentially important data at a conference. I have gathered extensive data on the dose-dependent responses salt-induced systemic electrical signals in the aquatic fern Azolla filiculoides, and now I am performing similar experiments on Arabidopsis thaliana. The biophysical analyses of these data will be important for understanding how these electrical signals are incorporated into the full response of the plant to salt. My goal in the long term is to find new genes that are necessary for the systemic salt-induced electrical signals. For this goal, I use cabbage aphids to record intracellularly from phloem cells of wild type and mutant Arabidopsis plants lacking expression of specific ion channel genes. Currently, I am not supported financially, and there is not grant for this project either. I am requesting funds for presenting the data on salt-induced systemic electrical signals in Azolla and Arabidopsis at a conference. This will further this research by networking, exposing the research within the scientific community, finding potential collaborators, and learning about the newest techniques that I can implement in my research. For publishing, I will choose a peer-reviewed journal that publishes high qualitative research and that is inexpensive for authors. All donations will be warmly appreciated, regardless of the amount. Meet the Team Since I can remember, I have always been fascinated by plants and animals. I am a biologist (B.Sc. University of Valencia, Spain) with a Ph.D. in Physiology (University of Alberta, Canada). I have researched the molecular biophysics of ion channels for over 14 years. Past projects include: the molecular biophysics of cardiac potassium channels from the sea squirt Ciona intestinalis (Ph.D. work) and the biophysics and modulation of calcium channels from schistosomes (post-doctoral work). In 2011, I made a transition from animal to plant electrophysiology with a challenging project on whole-plant electrophysiology. For this project, I conceptualised a new type of intracellular electrode that selectively targets the cells of the plant vasculature. I validated this tool by using it to characterising the long-distance electrical signals in the phloem of the model species Arabidopsis thaliana. In my free time, I enjoy hiking and nature walks, films, music, and reading. - $2,100Total Donations - $86.96Average Donation

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Maidir leis an Tionscadal seo Tá salann contúirteach don chuid is mó plandaí, toisc go gcuireann sé isteach go tapa ar a homeostasis ionic agus a fisiceolaíocht. Díríonn an chuid is mó de na staidéir ar oiriúnú plandaí le saláineadh ithir ar an gcroí, an chuid den phlanda a bhíonn nochtaithe go díreach don salann. Mar sin féin, léiríonn mo chuid oibre le déanaí go gcuirtear salann ar na fréamhacha le comharthaí leictreacha fad-achair a théann go tapa chuig na duilleoga tríd an phloem. Osclaíonn na sonraí seo ceisteanna nua maidir le ról na gcomharthaí leictreacha córais i oiriúnú salainn. Iarr ar na SaineolaitheCuir isteach sa Phlé Cad é comhthéacs an taighde seo? Is é an fréamhacha an chuid den phlanda a mbíonn tionchar ag salann air ar dtús, agus tá a fhios go ndéanann a chealla imoibriú leictreach-fhisiolaíoch air. Nach mbeadh sé buntáisteach dá mbeadh an gléasra ar fad ar an eolas faoi? An méadódh sin a seans maireachtála i gcoinníollacha salainn ard? Léirigh mo thionscadal Turgnamh roimhe sin go seolann fréamhacha Azolla comharthaí leictreacha tapa chuig na duilleoga tríd an phloem. Agus, is é an réiteach salann níos tiubhaithe, is mó an freagra leictreach sna duilleoga (DOI tionscadail: 10.18258/4845). Tá roinnt ceisteanna suimiúla ag teacht chun cinn de bharr na dtorthaí seo: Cad é ról na comharthaí seo? Conas a chuireann siad le hoiriúnú an phlanda ar fad do thiúchan salainn ard? Sa todhchaí tá sé ar intinn agam leanúint ar aghaidh ag déanamh imscrúdaithe ar an bhfeiniméan seo sa tsamhail angiosperm Arabidopsis thaliana. Cad é an tábhacht a bhaineann leis an tionscadal seo? Is dócha nach leor staidéar a dhéanamh ar na freagraí fiseolaíocha ar salann sa fhréamh amháin chun tuiscint a fháil ar an gcaoi a n-oiriúnaíonn plandaí le salannú mar orgánaigh iomlána. Tá imní faoi láthair ar saláineacht ithreach, toisc go mbíonn tionchar aige ar níos mó ná 20% den talamh talmhaíochta. D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh sé tábhachtach tuiscint a fháil ar fhreagraí plandaí ar mhéadú salainn chun fás is fearr plandaí a chinntiú a bheidh riachtanach chun daonra domhanda atá ag fás i gcónaí a chothú. D'fhéadfadh mo thaighde athrú ar an mbealach a smaoinímid ar an phloem agus ar fhisiolaíocht na bplandaí. D'fhéadfadh coincheap nua den phloem teacht chun cinn, ceann ina bhfuil a ghnéithe leictreacha go suntasach, agus a bhfuil ról bunúsach acu i bhfeidhm phloem agus i bhfeidhm chealla plandaí eile. Cad iad spriocanna an tionscadail? Is é príomhchuspóir na feachtais seo maoiniú leordhóthanach a bhailiú chun na sonraí nua agus a d'fhéadfadh a bheith tábhachtach seo a chur i láthair ag comhdháil. Tá mé a bhailiú sonraí fairsing ar an dáileog-ag brath ar fhreagraí salann-spreagtha comharthaí leictreacha córais i Azolla filiculoides fern uisceach, agus anois tá mé ag déanamh turgnaimh den chineál céanna ar Arabidopsis thaliana. Beidh anailís bithfheisíochta na sonraí seo tábhachtach chun tuiscint a fháil ar an gcaoi a gcuirtear na comharthaí leictreacha seo isteach i bhfreagra iomlán an phlanda ar an salann. Is é mo sprioc san fhadtéarma géiní nua a aimsiú atá riachtanach do na comharthaí leictreacha córais-salann a spreagtar. Chun an aidhm seo a bhaint amach, bainim úsáid as aphids cabbage chun taifeadadh intracilléadach a dhéanamh ó chill phloem de chineál fiáine agus plandaí Arabidopsis mutant a bhfuil géiní ar leith chainéil ian gan léiriú orthu. Faoi láthair, níl tacaíocht airgeadais agam, agus níl deontas ann don tionscadal seo freisin. Táim ag iarraidh maoiniú chun na sonraí a chur i láthair ar shínithe leictreacha córais a spreagann salann in Azolla agus Arabidopsis ag comhdháil. Cuirfidh sé seo an taighde seo chun cinn trí líonraíocht a dhéanamh, an taighde a nochtadh laistigh den phobal eolaíochta, comhoibritheoirí ionchasacha a aimsiú, agus foghlaim faoi na teicnící is nuaí is féidir liom a chur i bhfeidhm i mo thaighde. Chun foilseachán a fhoilsiú, roghnóidh mé iris a ndéantar athbhreithniú piaraí air a fhoilsíonn taighde ardcháilíochta agus atá saor do na húdair. Beidh meas mór ag gach tabhartas, is cuma cé mhéad atá ann. Faigh amach an Foireann Ós rud é go gcuimhneoimid, bhí spéis agam i gcónaí i bplandaí agus ainmhithe. Tá mé ina bithéileog (B.Sc. Ollscoil Valencia, an Spáinn) le Ph.D. in Fhisiolaíocht (Ollscoil Alberta, Ceanada). Tá taighde déanta agam ar bithfhiosaic mhóilíneach na gcainéal ian le breis agus 14 bliana. I measc na dtionscadal roimhe seo tá: bithfisice mhóilíneach na gcainéal potaisiam cardasacha ón scairt farraige Ciona intestinalis (oibre Ph.D.) agus bithfisice agus modhnú na gcainéal cailciam ó sceistóisóim (oibre iar-dochtúireachta). Sa bhliain 2011, rinne mé aistriú ó leictreafisiolaíocht ainmhithe go plandaí le tionscadal dúshlánach ar leictreafisiolaíocht plandaí iomlána. Chun an tionscadal seo, rinne mé cineál nua leictreóid intracilléir a chur i gcrích a spriocann go roghnach cealla an vasculature plandaí. Rinne mé an uirlis seo a bhailíochtú trína úsáid chun na comharthaí leictreacha fad-achair a charachtarú i floem na speiceas samhail Arabidopsis thaliana. I mo chuid ama saor, is maith liom siúl agus siúl sa nádúr, scannáin, ceol agus léamh. - $ 2,100Total Dotaíochtaí - $ 86.96Meán-Thronnadh

More Than 3 Million Have Dementia Nearly 1 in 7 Adults Aged 71 and Older Have Dementia; Alzheimer's Is the Most Common Type of Dementia Oct. 31, 2007 -- Almost one in seven U.S. adults aged 71 and older -- about 3.4 million people -- have dementia, a new study shows Most of those elders with dementia -- 2.4 million people -- have Alzheimer's disease, according to Duke University's Brenda Plassman, PhD, and They reviewed data on a nationally representative group of 856 people aged 71 and older, including people in nursing homes. The elders took tests of mental skills including memory, language, and attention to screen for dementia. They also provided blood samples and noted their depression, medications, medical history, and family history of memory - Almost 14% of the participants had dementia. - About 10% had Alzheimer's disease. - Dementia became more likely with age. Dementia was more likely for people with a gene glitch linked to Alzheimer's disease, less likely for highly educated people, and equally likely for men and Plassman and colleagues also combined their findings with results from previous dementia and Alzheimer's disease statistics in people as young as "This resulted in an estimated total of 3.8 million individuals with dementia and just over 2.5 million with Alzheimer's disease in the USA," write the researchers. They note that the only previous national estimate of dementia prevalence was 2.9 million people with dementia. As the U.S. population ages, dementia will likely become more common, Plassman's team predicts. However, dementia isn't a normal part of aging. The dementia statistics study appears online in

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Níos Mó ná 3 Mhilliún atá ag Folláine Tá díomhaoin ag beagnach 1 as 7 duine fásta atá 71 bliain d'aois nó níos sine; is é Alzheimer an cineál díomhaoin is coitianta 31 Deireadh Fómhair, 2007 - Beagnach duine as gach seacht duine fásta sna Stáit Aontaithe atá 71 bliain d'aois nó níos sine - thart ar 3.4 milliún duine - tá díomhaoin acu, léiríonn staidéar nua Tá Alzheimer ag formhór na ndaoine scothaosta sin - 2.4 milliún duine - galar, de réir Brenda Plassman, PhD, Ollscoil Duke, agus Rinne siad athbhreithniú ar shonraí ar ghrúpa ionadaíoch náisiúnta de 856 duine a bhí in aois 71 agus níos sine, lena n-áirítear daoine i dtithe altranais. Ghlac na seanóirí tástálacha ar scileanna meabhrach lena n-áirítear cuimhne, teanga, agus aird a thabhairt ar scagadh le haghaidh díomhain. Thug siad samplaí fola freisin agus thug siad faoi deara a n-éileamh ar dhúlagar, cógais, stair leighis, agus stair chuimhne teaghlaigh - Bhí díomhaoin ag beagnach 14% de na rannpháirtithe. - Bhí galar Alzheimer ag thart ar 10% acu. - Bhí seans níos mó ann go mbeadh díomhaoin leis an aois. Bhí seans níos mó ag daoine a raibh glitch géin a bhaineann le galar Alzheimer Is é an t-am is mó a bhíonn daoine ag fulaingt ó mheabhair-eipidéimí ná amanna eile. Chomh maith leis sin, d'aontaigh Plassman agus a chomhghleacaithe a gcuid torthaí le torthaí ó Staitisticí roimhe seo ar dhéimintis agus ar ghalar Alzheimer i ndaoine chomh óg le "Mar thoradh air sin, meastar go raibh 3.8 milliún duine aonair "Tá níos mó ná 2.5 milliún duine ag fulaingt ó mheabhair-chlaonadh agus níos mó ná 2.5 milliún duine ag fulaingt ó ghalair Alzheimer sna Stáit Aontaithe", scríobh na taighdeoirí. Tugann siad faoi deara nach raibh ach meastachán náisiúnta roimhe seo ar thréithe na ndeamhainneacht Bhí 2.9 milliún duine le tinneas díomhaoin. De réir mar a théann daonra na Stát Aontaithe in aois, is dócha go mbeidh an díomhaoin níos coitianta, Tá foireann Plassman ag tuar. Mar sin féin, ní cuid gnáth den aosú é díomhaoin. Tá an staidéar staidrimh dhimmíní ar líne i

1.5 Kilometers Equals How Many Meters Converting 1.5 Kilometers to Meters To convert 1.5 kilometers to meters, all you need to do is follow a simple formula and multiply the number by 1000. If you want to convert 1.5 kilometers to other units, you can also use the following conversion tables. You can also use this tool to convert units of length from one unit to another. The result will be displayed in either scientific or decimal form. The scientific form is also called the standard index form and is used in the United Kingdom. You can use fractions if you wish to get more precise results. If you are not sure which format to use, simply input the value of 1.5 km into the space provided. The meter is the base unit of length in the metric system. The length of a meter is the length traveled by light in a vacuum in a time interval of 1/299,792,458 seconds. To convert 1.5 kilometers to meters, multiply the distance in kilometers by the conversion factor of 1000. Make sure you round your numbers to four significant figures and the fractions to the eighth-smallest fraction. The mile, also known as the statute mile, is the unit of length used mostly in the United States. It is equal to 1,760 yards or 5,280 feet. Therefore, 1.5 kilometers is equal to 1.609344 miles. A mile is also written as 1.5 mi. If you want to write 1.5 miles in either format, the metric system has a system that uses a different metric system.

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1.5 Ciliméadar Comhionann Cé mhéad Méadraí Aistrithe 1.5 Ciliméadar go Méadraí Chun 1.5 ciliméadar a thiontú go méadar, ní gá duit ach foirmle simplí a leanúint agus an uimhir a iolrú le 1000. Más mian leat 1.5 ciliméadar a thiontú go haonaid eile, is féidir leat na táblaí tiontaithe seo a leanas a úsáid freisin. Is féidir leat an uirlis seo a úsáid freisin chun aonaid fad a thiontú ó aonad amháin go ceann eile. Taispeánfar an toradh i bhfoirm eolaíoch nó i bhfoirm dheichimealach. Tugtar an fhoirm eolaíoch mar fhoirm innéacs chaighdeánach agus úsáidtear í sa Ríocht Aontaithe. Is féidir leat braictí a úsáid más mian leat torthaí níos cruinne a fháil. Mura bhfuil tú cinnte cén formáid a úsáid, cuir luach 1.5 km isteach sa spás a sholáthraítear. Is é an méadar an bunaonad fad sa chóras méadrach. Is é fad an méadar an fad a thurasann solas i bhfuaim i dtráth an ama 1/299,792,458 soicind. Chun 1.5 ciliméadar a thiontú go méadar, déan an fad i ciliméadar a mhéadú leis an fhachtóir tiontaithe 1000. Bí cinnte go ndéanann tú do chuid uimhreacha a bhabhtaithe go dtí ceithre fhigiúr suntasacha agus na hachomair go dtí an hochtú hachomair is lú. Is é an míle, ar a dtugtar an míle reachtúil freisin, an t-aonad fad a úsáidtear den chuid is mó sna Stáit Aontaithe. Tá sé comhionann le 1,760 slat nó 5,280 troigh. Dá bhrí sin, 1.5 ciliméadar is ionann agus 1.609344 míle. Scríobhtar míle mar 1.5 mi freisin. Más mian leat 1.5 míle a scríobh in aon fhormáid, tá córas ag an gcóras méadrach a úsáideann córas méadrach difriúil.

We are passionate about making the world a better place and we hope to inspire you to come on this journey with us to live a healthier life while raising awareness for the necessity to adopt a more sustainable lifestyle for the future of our children and Planet. There are small things that you can do to reduce the amount of waste that you use that can make such a huge impact to our Environment! We are so fortunate to now live in such a time where there are so many great brands doing great things with reusable solutions for us, replacing thousands of single use products to help lighten our footprint on our Earth. We have a responsibility to look after the Planet and all of it’s inhabitants, and the time to do it is now. Contrary to what you may think, plastics don’t get recycled as often as we are led to believe, and despite what you hear, plastics don’t get broken down. In fact, once a plastic item is made, it is here forever! It takes at least 450 years to decompose and up to 1000 years to break down fully. If anything, they just become micro plastics in our ocean wreaking havoc on our eco systems and endangering our wildlife. The concept of living entirely waste-free takes a bit of getting used to, especially as our modern lifestyles constantly demands that our attention is focused on consuming for the sake of consuming. Just know that it’s not reasonable to expect that you can adopt a totally zero waste free lifestyle overnight. Just implement small maintainable changes over time and know that even the smallest of changes are making a HUGE difference to the future of our Planet. Before we go any further, if you already have plastic containers for storage, plastic straws, cutlery, serving spoons and the like around your home, don’t throw them out and add to our already overflowing landfill. See if you can reuse it in your home or give it away or donate it. We recommend purchasing zero waste alternatives progressively as your non-zero waste items run out. Living without waste doesn’t mean you have to live without life’s luxuries. It just means a more conscious approach to your consumer choices. You’ll be doing yourself a favour by saving money on unnecessary purchases and ultimately reducing your own ecological footprint and doing the planet a favour by reducing the amount of waste ending up in landfill. Going zero waste is a journey. Weigh up all of your options and be a conscious consumer. Reducing your consumption is the most important thing you can do. 1. Ditch plastic bags.. for life If you do nothing else, start using shopping bags made from mesh, cloth or recycled/recyclable plastic and boycott the bags available at the checkout. Stop using the plastic produce bags available at the supermarket and take your own reusable bags for buying and storing produce. You could also bring reusable containers to the deli counter, allowing those behind the counter to use your own containers rather than plastic that will be thrown away soon after it gets to your home. 2. Ditch disposable straws It's just a little bit of plastic, right? But those small straws add up! We use more than 500 million plastic straws each day. Straws are too small to be easily recycled, so they become trash, often in the ocean. Invest in a reusable straw and ask for no straw with your drinks. 3. Stop buying bottled water Whilst it can be tempting to get into the habit of buying bottled water for the convenience, you only have to think about the amount of bottles you are consuming every week, multiply that by the rest of the planet doing it and the reality is quite scary. There are so many great varieties of reusable bottles that you can easily switch to nowadays. There are so many fabulous options for filtering your water if clean water is a necessity for you. If you are caught short and have to buy bottled water elect for the glass bottles over plastic and if you absolutely have to go plastic, reuse it as much as possible instead of throwing it away as soon as its empty. 4. Stop using disposable coffee cups. Invest in a reusable cup Did you know that your average coffee cup can’t be recycled? There’s a plastic lining in them that often stops them from being processed. Coffee cups are responsible for such a huge volume of rubbish that clogs up landfill, rivers and the ocean that it’s truly shocking. Invest in a reusable cup that you can keep in the car and take with you wherever you go. 5. Only buy food with minimal packaging. There is nothing worse than supporting these big supermarket chains that wrap a single item such as a sweet potato or cucumber in plastic wrap. Send them a message by not supporting their products regardless of the convenience. Did you know that you actually have the power to vote for the type of world we want to live in by using our dollars? If you don’t want a world littered with rubbish, stop supporting the brands responsible for it and shop elsewhere. 6. Eliminate disposable paper products Rather than paper towels and napkins, choose reusable cloth versions. You’ll quickly save money over costly disposables. 7. Stop buying single use plastics Here’s a simple rule for any household trying to go greener and become more sustainable: stop buying any product that’s meant to be used once and then thrown away. That means stuff like yogurt cups and one serve popcorn/chip packets. The answer is to buy larger amounts of stuff in bulk—like a bigger container of yogurt or organic popcorn and dish out portions into reusable containers. If you are fortunate to live in the regions that offer wonderful waste free shopping stores such as The Source Bulkfoods then shop there! 8. Recycle everything you can Check with your local council to learn what’s accepted and required. Learning more about what you can and can’t recycle easily will likely influence your purchasing decisions. 9. Minimise food wastage It’s hard to talk about creating a zero waste lifestyle without talking about food. Food is perishable, which causes more opportunity for waste. That’s why it’s so important to have some standards when buying food to eliminate this daily waste and using all the food that you have purchased. Only buy perishable food that you know you will eat that week to avoid throwing anything out. Freeze left overs, don’t let it go off in your fridge. Invest in a home composter. Every day we have a choice to make this world a little less wasteful. What can you do today?

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Tá paisean againn an domhan a dhéanamh ina áit níos fearr agus tá súil againn go spreagfaimid sibh chun teacht linn ar an turas seo chun saol níos sláintiúla a chaitheamh agus ár gcuid leanaí agus an Domhan a chur ar an eolas faoi na riachtanais atá le stíl mhaireachtála níos inbhuanaithe a ghlacadh. Tá rudaí beaga is féidir leat a dhéanamh chun an méid dramhaíola a úsáideann tú a laghdú a d'fhéadfadh tionchar mór a bheith aige ar ár dtimpeallacht! Tá an t-ádh orainn a bheith beo anois i am mar sin ina bhfuil an oiread sin brandaí móra ag déanamh rudaí móra le réitigh in-athúsáidte dúinn, ag malartú na mílte táirge a úsáidtear aon uair amháin chun cabhrú lenár mbraighdean ar an Domhan a éascú. Tá freagracht orainn aire a thabhairt don phláinéid agus dá áitritheoirí go léir, agus is é an t-am é a dhéanamh anois. In ainneoin na rudaí a cheapann tú, ní athchúrsáiltear plaisteach chomh minic agus a mheastar, agus in ainneoin na rudaí a chloiseann tú, ní dhéantar plaisteach a bhriseadh síos. Go deimhin, nuair a dhéantar earra phlaisteacha, tá sé anseo go deo! Tógann sé 450 bliain ar a laghad chun dul i gcontúirt agus suas le 1000 bliain chun titim go hiomlán. Mura ndéanann siad aon ní, is micreaplaisteach iad inár n-aigéan ag cur báis ar ár gcórais éiceolaíocha agus ag cur ár n-ainmhithe fiáine i mbaol. Tógann an coincheap go bhfuil cónaí go hiomlán saor ó dhramhaíl beagán a fháil a úsáidtear, go háirithe mar ár stíl mhaireachtála nua-aimseartha éilíonn go leanúnach go bhfuil ár n-aird dírithe ar tomhaltú ar mhaithe le tomhaltú. Ní féidir leat a bheith cinnte go bhfuil an t-am ar fad le haghaidh an t-am ar fad. Just a chur i bhfeidhm athruithe inbhuanaithe beag thar am agus a fhios go bhfuil fiú an chuid is mó de na hathruithe ag déanamh difríocht ollmhór do thodhchaí ár bPláinéid. Sula dtéann muid ar aghaidh, má tá coimeádáin plaisteach agat cheana féin le haghaidh stórála, straws plaisteach, cótaire, spúnóg seirbhíse agus a leithéidí timpeall do theach, ná caith iad amach agus cuir leis an bhfolláine atá ag dul thar fóir againn cheana féin. Féach an féidir leat é a athúsáid i do theach nó é a thabhairt ar shiúl nó a bhronnadh. Moltar duit roghanna eile a cheannach go comhleanúnach de réir mar a bhíonn do chuid earraí dramhaíola neamh-amhriachtanacha ag éirí as. Ní chiallaíonn saol gan dramhaíl go gcaithfidh tú maireachtáil gan só na beatha. Ciallaíonn sé ach cur chuige níos ciallmhar i leith do roghanna tomhaltóra. Beidh tú ag déanamh taitneamhachta duit féin trí airgead a shábháil ar cheannacháin neamhriachtanacha agus ar deireadh thiar do chuid caighdeánacha éiceolaíocha féin a laghdú agus an phláinéid a dhéanamh trí mhéid an dramhaíola a chríochnaíonn i líonadh talún a laghdú. Is turas é dul go dtí an fuíoll. Déan measúnú ar do chuid roghanna go léir agus bíodh tú ina thomhaltóir feasach. Is é an rud is tábhachtaí is féidir leat a dhéanamh ná do thomhaltas a laghdú. 1. an t-am a bhí ann. Dump málaí plaisteacha .. ar feadh an tsaoil Má tá tú ag déanamh aon rud eile, tosaigh ag úsáid málaí siopadóireachta a dhéantar as líomóide, éadach nó plaisteach athchúrsáilte / in-athchúrsáilte agus boicéad na málaí atá ar fáil ag an seiceáil. Stop le málaí plaisteacha a bhíonn ar fáil sa mhárgadh a úsáid agus tóg do chuid málaí athúsáidte féin chun táirgí a cheannach agus a stóráil. D'fhéadfá coimeádáin in-athúsáidte a thabhairt chuig an gcuntar deli freisin, rud a ligfidh dóibh siúd atá taobh thiar den chuntar do choimeádáin féin a úsáid seachas plaisteach a chaithfear amach go luath tar éis dó teacht chuig do theach. 2. Seachadadh. Stáillí inúsáidte Níl ann ach beagán plaisteach, ceart? Ach cuireann na straws beaga sin suas! Úsáidimid níos mó ná 500 milliún straws plaisteacha gach lá. Tá na straws ró-bheag le hathchúrsáil go héasca, mar sin bíonn siad ina dramhaíl, go minic san aigéan. Infheistíocht i straws in-athúsáidte agus ní iarrann straws le do chuid deochanna. 3. Tá an t-am ann. Stop le huisce i mbotellaí a cheannach Cé go bhféadfadh sé a bheith mealltach chun dul isteach sa nós a cheannach uisce i mbotellacha le haghaidh an áisiúlacht, ní mór duit ach smaoineamh ar an méid de bhuidéil a bhfuil tú ag tomhaltú gach seachtain, a iolrú go leis an gcuid eile den phláinéid a dhéanamh agus tá an réaltacht go leor scary. Tá an oiread sin cineálacha éagsúla de bhuidéil athúsáidte ann gur féidir leat aistriú go héasca inniu. Tá go leor roghanna iontach ann chun do uisce a scagadh má tá gá le huisce glan agat. Má bhíonn tú ag caitheamh go leor uisce agus má cheannaíonn tú uisce i mbotellaí, roghnaigh buidéal gloine seachas buidéal plaisteacha agus má tá ort go hiomlán dul i bplaisteacha, é a athúsáid chomh fada agus is féidir in ionad é a chaitheamh amach chomh luath agus a bheidh sé folamh. 4. Tá an t-am Stop le cupáin caife a úsáidtear agus a scriosadh. Infheistíocht i gcúig in-athúsáidte An raibh a fhios agat nach féidir do chupa caife meán a athchúrsáil? Tá cló plaisteach iontu a chuireann cosc ar phróiseáil a dhéanamh orthu go minic. Tá cupáin caife freagrach as méid mór dramhaíola a chlúdaíonn líonadh talún, aibhneacha agus an fharraige go bhfuil sé i ndáiríre scanrúil. Infheistíocht a dhéanamh i gcúig in-athúsáidte is féidir leat a choinneáil sa charr agus a thabhairt leat cibé áit a théann tú. 5. Tá an t-am ann. Ní gá go mbeadh an méid bia atá i bpacáistíocht íseal agat. Níl aon rud níos measa ná tacú leis na slabhraí ollmhargaí móra seo a phéinteann earra amháin mar bhratach milis nó uachtar reoite i bpacáiste plaisteach. Seol teachtaireacht dóibh trína gcuid táirgí a dhiúltú, is cuma cé chomh áisiúil is atá sé. An raibh a fhios agat go bhfuil an chumhacht agat i ndáiríre vóta a chaitheamh ar an gcineál domhan a theastaíonn uainn maireachtáil ann trí ár dollar a úsáid? Mura dteastaíonn uait go mbeadh an domhan lán le dramhaíl, stop le tacú leis na brandaí atá freagrach as agus siopadóireacht in áit eile. 6. Ceacht. Seachadadh táirgí páipéir a úsáidtear agus a scriosadh In ionad tuáillí páipéir agus napkins, roghnaigh leaganacha éadaí in-athúsáidte. Sábhálfaidh tú airgead go tapa thar earraí inúsáidte costasacha. 7. Ceacht. Stop le plaisteach aon-úsáid a cheannach Seo riail shimplí do gach tí atá ag iarraidh dul níos glaine agus a bheith níos inbhuanaithe: stop a cheannach aon táirge atá ceaptha a úsáid uair amháin agus ansin a chaitheamh amach. Ciallaíonn sé sin rudaí cosúil le cupáin iógart agus ceann a sheirbheáil pacáistí popcorn / chips. Is é an freagra ná méideanna níos mó rudaí a cheannach go mórchruinn - cosúil le coimeádán níos mó iógart nó popcorn orgánach agus codanna a chur i gcoimeádáin in-úsáidte. Má tá tú ádh chun cónaí i réigiúin a thairgeann siopaí iontach saor ó dhramhaíl mar The Source Bulkfoods ansin siopadóireacht ann! 8. Ceacht. Déan gach rud is féidir leat a athchúrsáil Déan seiceáil le do chomhairle áitiúil chun a fháil amach cad é a nglactar leis agus a theastaíonn. Is dócha go mbeidh tionchar ag do chinntí ceannach ar níos mó a fhoghlaim faoi na rudaí is féidir leat a athchúrsáil agus nach féidir leat a athchúrsáil go héasca. 9. Naoi. Saothrú bia a íoslaghdú Tá sé deacair labhairt faoi stíl mhaireachtála neamhdhramhachta a chruthú gan labhairt faoi bhia. Tá bia in-athraitheach, rud a fhágann go bhfuil níos mó deiseanna ann chun dramhaíl a dhéanamh. Sin é an fáth go bhfuil sé chomh tábhachtach go mbeadh roinnt caighdeáin agat nuair a bhíonn bia á cheannach chun an dramhaíl laethúil seo a dhíchur agus an bia go léir a cheannaigh tú a úsáid. Ní cheannaíonn tú ach bia a chailleann go luath agus a bhfuil a fhios agat go n-itheann tú an tseachtain sin chun aon rud a chaitheamh amach. Cuir na hionchais i reoite, ná lig dó dul ar aghaidh i do chuisneoir. Infheistíocht i compostóir baile. Gach lá tá rogha againn an domhan seo a dhéanamh beagán níos lú dramhaíola. Cad is féidir leat a dhéanamh inniu?

The Vocabulary Book Learning & Instruction Michael F. Graves Invaluable and highly recommended. — Midwest Book Review This book presents a comprehensive plan for vocabulary instruction from kindergarten through high school—a plan broad enough for students with small or with exceptional vocabularies, and every child in between. Written by one of the top experts in the field, The Vocabulary Books offers a research-based program with plenty of classroom examples and strategies that teachers can use. You’ll get sound advice and models of exemplary instruction as well as portraits of comprehensive vocabulary programs in primary, elementary, middle, and high school classrooms. Use this book’s four-part vocabulary curriculum to provide your students with rich and varied language experiences, to teach individual words and word-learning strategies, and to foster word consciousness. © 2006 | 192 pp. IRA stock no. 9214 Copublished with Teachers College Press and the National Council of Teachers of English IRA Members: $13.20 Members save $8.75!

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An Leabhar Foclaíochta Foghlaim agus Teagasc Michael F. Graves Is luachmhar agus an-mholta. Athbhreithniú Leabhar an Mheán-Iarthar Cuireann an leabhar seo plean cuimsitheach ar fáil le haghaidh teagaisc focal ó na páistí óige go dtí an scoil ard - plean atá fairsing go leor do dhaltaí a bhfuil foclóir bheag nó eisceachtúil acu, agus gach leanbh idir an dá linn. Scríobh duine de na saineolaithe is fearr sa réimse, Cuireann Leabhair Fuaimneachta clár bunaithe ar thaighde ar fáil le go leor samplaí agus straitéisí sa seomra ranga ar féidir le múinteoirí a úsáid. Gheobhaidh tú comhairle fónta agus samhlacha ar theagasc samplach chomh maith le portráidí de chláir fhocail chuimsitheacha i seomraí ranga bunscoile, bunscoile, meánaoise agus ardscoile. Úsáid an clár teagaisc fhocal ceathrar-roinn atá sa leabhar seo chun taithí shaibhir agus éagsúil teanga a chur ar fáil do do mhic léinn, chun focail aonair agus straitéisí fhoghlaim focal a mhúineadh, agus chun feasacht focal a chothú. © 2006 192 pp. Stoc IRA gan. 9214 an t-earrach Co-fhoilsithe le Teachers College Press agus le Comhairle Náisiúnta Múinteoirí Béarla Comhaltaí IRA: $13.20 Sábhálann baill $8.75!

Notan is a Japanese word for the interaction between light and dark. This project uses paper and pen to create some simple but stunning Notan paper art. What is Notan paper art? Notan is a Japanese design concept that relates to the play of light and dark and how they are placed next to each other. The positive shapes (main objects) in a work of art should balance or complement the negative shapes (the empty space around the main objects.) Notan art traditionally uses paint, ink or cut paper. In this case we will be using cut paper with a few non traditional doodles thrown in for fun! What you need…. I adore the simplicity of this project’s supply list. It is perfect for those days when you have a short time to fill or just cannot stand one more mess. All you need is a piece of standard 8.5 x 11 drawing paper , a piece of black construction paper half that big or about 4.25 x 11, a glue stick, scissors, and a ultra fine tip black ink pen. Checkout this Notan paper art project that uses a watercolor background to create a Notan snowflake. The big idea…. The big idea here is the narrow piece of black paper will be centered on the larger white piece of paper. Pieces of the black paper will be cut out and placed mirror image style from the spot where they were cut. I find it simplest to cut one black piece at a time and lay in the approximate spot they will go. Take turns cutting shapes from one side to the other to achieve a “mostly” balanced look. When all shapes are cut glue the long black column in it’s spot down the middle of the white paper. Lay each cut shape exactly in it’s spot, as if you were filling it in like a puzzle. The side that is facing up can have glue applied with a glue stick. Then flip it to it’s mirror image and glue down. Laying them all in the spot they were cut out of means the right side is automatically to receive glue is automatically up and there is no accidentally applying glue to the wrong side. It’s a bit of an extra step bit it’s worth it! An nontraditional addition to Notan paper art…. At this point your Notan art is already striking and no doubt has many interesting shapes. Play with the balance of light and dark even further by adding some “zentangle-ish” doodles to the white spaces in the center column. A true zentangle is only black and white. It is a small square and is completely non representative. This project doesn’t truly qualify as a “zentangle.” We are just borrowing from the spirit of the doodle here. Fill each white space with a doodle all it’s own that also portrays a balanced mix of black and white. Encourage your students to consider all different types of line qualities; fat, thin, curvy, spiky. Play with the lines. Add a little at a time till balance is achieved. Check out this post for more ideas on how to incorporate Zentangle doodles into your art lessons. Thanks Keisha! 😊

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Is focal Seapánach é Notan le haghaidh idirghníomhaíocht idir solas agus dorchadas. Úsáideann an tionscadal seo páipéar agus peann chun ealaín páipéir Notan simplí ach iontach a chruthú. Cad é an ealaín páipéir Notan? Is coincheap dearaidh Seapánach é Notan a bhaineann le himreoireacht an tsolais agus an dorchadais agus an chaoi a gcuirtear iad in aice lena chéile. Ba cheart go gcuirfeadh na cruthanna dearfacha (príomh-ábhar) i saothar ealaíne na cruthanna diúltacha (an spás folamh timpeall na bpríomh-ábhar) i gcomharsanacht nó go gcuirfeadh siad leis. Úsáidtear péint, inc nó páipéar gearrtha go traidisiúnta in ealaín Notan. Sa chás seo beidh muid ag úsáid páipéar gearradh le cúpla doodles neamhthraidisiúnta a chaitheadh isteach le haghaidh spraoi! Cad is gá duit.... Is breá liom simplíocht liosta soláthair an tionscadail seo. Tá sé foirfe do na laethanta sin nuair a bhíonn go leor ama agat chun a líonadh nó nach féidir leat a bheith ag seasamh le mess amháin eile. Gach is gá duit is é píosa de chaighdeán 8.5 x 11 páipéar líníochta , píosa de pháipéar tógála dubh leath chomh mór sin nó faoi 4.25 x 11, stick greamaithe, sciatháin, agus peann dubh dubh pointí ultra-fhin. Seiceáil an tionscadal ealaíne páipéir Notan seo a úsáideann cúlra uisce-léine chun sneachta Notan a chruthú. An smaoineamh mór.... Is é an smaoineamh mór anseo an píosa caol de pháipéar dubh a bheidh i lár ar an píosa níos mó páipéar bán. Déanfar píosaí den pháipéar dubh a ghearradh amach agus a chur ar an suíomh ina ndearnadh iad a ghearradh. Is dóigh liom go bhfuil sé is simplí chun píosa dubh amháin a ghearradh ag an am agus a leagan i láthair thart ar a rachaidh siad. Déan taos a ghearradh ar chruthanna ó thaobh amháin go taobh eile chun cuma "an chuid is mó" cothrom a bhaint amach. Nuair a ghearrtar na cruthanna go léir, greamaigh an colún dubh fada ina láthair síos i lár an pháipéir bhána. Cuir gach cruth gearradh go díreach ina áit, amhail is dá mba tú ag líonadh isteach é mar pháisle. Is féidir le greama a chur ar an taobh atá os cionn le bata greamaithe. Ansin cas sé go dtí an íomhá scáthán agus greamaigh síos. Ag cur iad go léir sa láthair a bhí siad gearradh amach de réir mar a bhíonn an taobh ceart go huathoibríoch a fháil greamaigh go huathoibríoch suas agus níl aon greamaigh a chur i bhfeidhm go neamhghnách ar an taobh mícheart. Tá sé beagán de céim bhreise bit it's fiú é! Leasú neamhthraidisiúnta ar ealaín páipéir Notan.... Ag an bpointe seo tá do chuid ealaíne Notan suntasach cheana féin agus gan amhras tá go leor cruthanna suimiúla aige. Imríonn tú leis an chothromaíocht idir an solas agus an dorchadas níos faide fós trí roinnt doodles zentangle-ish a chur leis na spásanna bána sa cholún lár. Ní bhíonn fíor-Zentangle ach dubh agus bán. Is cearnóg beag é agus níl sé ionadaíoch go hiomlán. Ní cháilíonn an tionscadal seo i ndáiríre mar zentangle. Níl againn ach ag iasacht ó spiorad an doodle anseo. Líon gach spás bán le doodle féin a léiríonn meascán cothrom dubh agus bán freisin. Spreag do mhic léinn gach cineál cáilíochta líne a mheas; saille, tanaí, cúl, spicy. Seinn leis na línte. Cuir beagán ag an am go dtí go mbaintear cothrom. Féach ar an bpost seo le haghaidh níos mó smaointe ar conas do dhreapadh Zentangle a ionchorprú i do chuid ceachtanna ealaíne. Go raibh maith agat Keisha! 😊

The Bering Sea (Russian, Beringovo More) is an enclosed sea adjacent to northernmost part of the Pacific Ocean at the surface. Therefore it called marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean. It connects with the Arctic Ocean through the Bering Strait which separates two continents by 85 kilometers. It is located to the south of the Arctic Circle. The Bering Sea is covering around 775,000 square miles (two million square kilometers) and it is bordered in the east by Alaska; in the west by Russia and the Kamchatka Peninsula, and in the south by the Aleutian Islands. The Bering Sea is one of the most productive fishing grounds and the interaction between currents, sea ice, and weather makes a productive ecosystem to varieties fishes such as salmon and king crab. In addition, it’s home to vast quantities of wildlife, including many species of whales, walrus, and millions of seabirds. The resources of the Bering Sea are within the jurisdiction of the United States and Russia. The above image is generated from MODIS band 2 (0.85 µm) at 250 m spatial resolution from the Bering Sea, Bering Strait and southern Arctic Ocean on May 7th, 2000. This image shows ice flow from the Bering Strait southward to the Bering Sea. Image created by George Riggs, using data provided courtesy of NASA/GSFC; Caption by Masih Rajaei.

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Is farraige dúnta é Muir Bheiringe (Rúisis, Beringovo More) atá in aice leis an gcuid is faide ó thuaidh den Aigéan Ciúin ag an dromchla. Dá bhrí sin, tugtar farraige imeall an Aigéin Chiúin air. Nascann sé leis an Aigéan Aircach trí Sráid Bering a scarann dhá mhór-roinn le 85 ciliméadar. Tá sé suite ó dheas den Chiorcal Artach. Tá an Mhuir Bering thart ar 775,000 míle cearnach (dhá mhilliún ciliméadar cearnach) agus tá teorainn aige san oirthear le Alasca; san iarthar le Rúis agus Leithinis Kamchatka, agus sna hOileáin Aleutian sa deisceart. Tá Muir Bering ar cheann de na háiteanna iascaireachta is táirgiúla agus is é an idirghníomhaíocht idir sruthanna, oighear farraige agus aimsir éiceachóras táirgiúil do shainmhíonna iasc mar shalmon agus crab rí. Ina theannta sin, tá go leor fiadhúlra ann, lena n-áirítear go leor speiceas baill, walrus, agus na milliúin éan mara. Tá acmhainní Mhuir Bering faoi dhlínse na Stát Aontaithe agus na Rúise. Tá an íomhá thuas gineáilte ó bhaint 2 (0.85 μm) MODIS ag réiteach spásúil 250 m ó Mhuir Bering, Sráid Bering agus ó dheas na hIodáile Artaigh ar an 7 Bealtaine, 2000. Taispeánann an íomhá seo sreabhadh oighear ó Sráid Bering ó dheas go dtí Muir Bering. Íomhá a chruthaigh George Riggs, ag baint úsáide as sonraí a sholáthraíonn NASA / GSFC; Teideal le Masih Rajaei.

Digging over the soil in winter and early spring time will bring slug’s eggs to the surface where they are more likely to be killed by frosts or eaten by birds. The slug eggs are pearly white and about 3 mm in diameter and are found in clusters. In April, increasing temperatures and wet weather provided good conditions for slugs to grow and multiply. No single method of control will be completely effective so you should try several strategies. Here are a few ideas: Hunt for slugs at dusk or dawn with a flashlight. During the day slugs congregate in moist dark places. Create suitable hiding spots such as overturned grapefruit halves and then gather slugs from them. Remove debris from your plot to remove slug hiding places. Place beer traps around the edges of beds. Place sugary beer into a container so that the slug is able to crawl into the container easily. Raise seedlings indoors and plant out when they are more able to sustain attack.

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Nuair a bhíonn na sluganna ag tochailt thar an ithir sa gheimhreadh agus go luath sa earrach, cuirtear uibheacha na sluganna ar an dromchla agus is dóichí go mbraitheann an giotán iad nó go n-itheann éan iad. Tá na huibheacha slug bán pearla agus thart ar 3 mm ar trastomhas agus tá siad le fáil i ngrúpaí. I mí Aibreáin, bhí an teocht ag ardú agus an aimsir fliuch ag soláthar dea-choinníollacha do slugs fás agus iomadaíocht. Ní bheidh aon mhodh amháin rialaithe go hiomlán éifeachtach agus mar sin ba cheart duit roinnt straitéisí a thriail. Seo cúpla smaoineamh: Ag dul i ngleic le slugs ag an am atá caite nó ag an am atá caite le flashlight. Le linn an lae, bíonn slugs ag bailiú i n-áiteanna taise dorcha. Déan spots cúlchiste oiriúnach mar leathanna greipfrutha a thit ar a chéile agus ansin slugs a bhailiú uathu. Déan scriosadh ar do phláta chun ionaid i bhfolach slug a bhaint. Cuir gaistí beorach timpeall imeall na leaba. Cuir beoir siúcrach i gcoimeádán ionas go mbeidh an slug in ann crawl isteach sa choimeádán go héasca. Tóg síolta laistigh agus plandáil amach nuair is fearr a bhíonn siad in ann ionsaí a sheasamh.

The Clean Water Protection Act overturns a 2002 rule change by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that allows coal mining companies to create enormous valley fills, burying thousands of miles of streams, to make the practice of mountaintop removal mining cheaper. That rule change also allows other industries to dump waste in waters under the guise of renaming the waste material as "fill." Already, more than 60 other members of the U.S. House of Representatives have co-sponsored the bill. "I'm proud to have reintroduced this bill, which protects streams and watersheds and addresses a serious environmental justice concern," Representative Frank Pallone said. "The federal government should protect the environment and the people living around mountaintop mining operations, not give massive mining companies a free pass to dump fill into waterways." "It is my hope this legislation signals to the EPA that Congress will not sit silently by as our environment is destroyed," says Representative Chris Shays. "We cannot afford to waste another day, another hour, another minute if we want our children and our children's children to enjoy clean water. We simply won't have a world to live in if we continue our neglectful ways." More than 1,200 miles of streams already have been destroyed in Appalachia by the coal companies that have been flouting the Clean Water Act for years while the EPA and the Corps looked the other way. When citizens took state and federal agencies to court to ensure our environmental laws are enforced, coal companies sought -- and were granted -- a legal loophole from the Bush administration. In May 2002, the Army Corps of Engineers repealed the 25-year-old ban under their regulations against allowing waste to be treated as "fill" material that is allowed to be placed in waters. "Nothing is more inconsistent with the goal of the Clean Water Act -- which is intended to protect and preserve the health of our nation's waters -- than allowing mining companies and other industries to bury streams, rivers, lakes, and wetlands under enormous piles of waste and debris. Yet, that is exactly what the Bush administration has allowed," said Joan Mulhern, Senior Legislative Counsel for Earthjustice. "The Clean Water Protection Act would reverse this travesty and restore sense to our clean water laws. We commend Congressman Pallone and Congressman Shays for their strong defense of clean water, our most precious natural resource." "Burying Appalachia's streams in mining waste is one of the most egregious forms of environmental destruction taking place in America," said Ed Hopkins, Sierra Club's Director of Environment Quality Program. "It is threatening communities, damaging drinking water supplies, causing flooding and ruining habitat for fish and wildlife. Congress should put a stop to it now." "Mountaintop removal buries streams, devastates communities and serves as a reminder that there is no such thing as 'clean coal,'" said Sara Zdeb, Legislative Director at Friends of the Earth. "It is critical that Congress enact this much-needed legislation, particularly as it considers proposals that could expand coal production under the guise of combating global warming." The Clean Water Protection Act is supported by a large coalition of organizations that includes national groups such as Earthjustice, Friends of the Earth, and Sierra Club, and regional leaders to stop mountaintop removal coal mining, such as the Ohio Valley Environmental Coalition (OVEC).

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Cuireann an tAcht um Chosaint Uisce Glan athrú rialacháin 2002 ag Cór Innealtóirí Arm na Stát Aontaithe agus Gníomhaireacht Chosaint Comhshaoil na Stát Aontaithe (EPA) a cheadaíonn do chuideachtaí mianadóireachta guail fillteanna báistí ollmhóra a chruthú, ag adhlacadh na mílte míle sruthanna, chun an cleachtas mianadóireachta bainistithe barr sléibhte a dhéanamh níos saoire. Ceadaíonn an t-athrú rialacháin sin do thionscail eile dramhaíl a dhumpáil in uiscí faoi mhacasamhail an ábhair dramhaíola a ath-ainmnithe mar "líonadh". Tá níos mó ná 60 comhalta eile de Theach Ionadaithe na Stát Aontaithe tar éis an bille a chomh-urraíochtú cheana féin. "Táim bródúil as an bpíosa seo a thabhairt isteach arís, a chosnaíonn sruthanna agus uisceacha agus a thugann aghaidh ar imní thromchúiseach maidir le ceartais chomhshaoil", a dúirt an tIonadaithe Frank Pallone. "Ba cheart don rialtas cónaidhme an comhshaol agus na daoine a chónaíonn timpeall oibríochtaí mianadóireachta barr na sléibhte a chosaint, ní cead saor in aisce a thabhairt do chuideachtaí mianadóireachta ollmhóra líonadh a dhumpáil isteach i dtuairiscí". "Tá súil agam go léiríonn an reachtaíocht seo don EPA nach suífidh an Comhdháil go ciúin agus ár gcomhshaol á scriosadh", a deir an tIonadaí Chris Shays. "Ní féidir linn lá eile, uair an chloig eile, nó nóiméad eile a chaitheamh más mian linn go mbainfeadh ár leanaí agus ár gclann leanaí taitneamh as uisce glan. Ní bheidh domhan againn le maireachtáil ann má leanann muid ar aghaidh lenár mbealaí neamhthromchúiseacha". Tá níos mó ná 1,200 míle de sruthanna curtha i dtuillte cheana féin in Appalachia ag na cuideachtaí guail a bhí ag flouting an tAcht Uisce Glan ar feadh blianta agus an EPA agus an Corps ag breathnú ar an mbealach eile. Nuair a thóg saoránaigh gníomhaireachtaí stáit agus cónaidhme chun cúirte chun a chinntiú go gcuirtear ár ndlíthe comhshaoil i bhfeidhm, d'iarr cuideachtaí guail - agus tugadh - bearna dlí ó rialtas Bush. I mí na Bealtaine 2002, d'éirigh le Coiste Innealtóirí na hAeráide an toirmeasc 25 bliain d'aois a aisghairm faoi a rialacháin i gcoinne ligean do dhramhaíl a chóireáil mar ábhar "líonta" a cheadaítear a chur in uiscí. "Níl aon rud níos neamhréireacha le sprioc an Achta Uisce Glan - a bhfuil sé i gceist chun sláinte uisce ár náisiúin a chosaint agus a chaomhnú - ná ligean do chuideachtaí mianadóireachta agus d' tionscail eile sruthanna, aibhneacha, lochanna agus tailte fliuch a adhlacadh faoi mhóideanna ollmhóra dramhaíola agus scriosanna. Ach, is é sin go díreach a cheadaigh riarachán Bush, "a dúirt Joan Mulhern, Sean-Chairleoir Reachtaíochta do Earthjustice. "D'athródh an tAcht um Chosaint Uisce Glan an t-iomaíocht seo agus chuirfeadh sé ciall ar ais dár dlíthe uisce glan. Molaimid an tUasal Pallone agus an tUasal Shays as a n-éileamh láidir ar uisce glan, ár n-acmhainn nádúrtha is luachmhaire. " "Tá sé ar cheann de na cineálacha is mó de scrios comhshaoil a tharlaíonn i Meiriceá ná srutháin Appalachia a adhlacadh i dramhaíl mianadóireachta", a dúirt Ed Hopkins, Stiúrthóir Clár Cáilíochta Comhshaoil Chlub Sierra. "Tá sé ag bagairt ar phobail, ag damáiste do sholáthar uisce óil, ag cruthú tuile agus ag cur báis ar áit chónaithe iasc agus fiadhúlra. Ba cheart don Choinchead deireadh a chur leis anois. " "Cuireann an t-aistriú barr na sléibhte sliocht faoi bhráid, déanann sé pobail a scriosadh agus cuireann sé i gcuimhne nach bhfuil aon rud mar 'ghual glan' ann", a dúirt Sara Zdeb, Stiúrthóir Reachtach Cairde na Talún. "Tá sé ríthábhachtach go dtabharfaidh an Comhdháil an reachtaíocht an-riachtanach seo, go háirithe toisc go bhfuil sé ag smaoineamh ar mholtaí a d'fhéadfadh táirgeadh guail a leathnú faoi mhacasamhail an téimh domhanda a chomhrac". Tacaíonn comhghuaillíocht mhór eagraíochtaí leis an Acht um Chosaint Uisce Glan lena n-áirítear grúpaí náisiúnta mar Earthjustice, Cairde an Domhain, agus Sierra Club, agus ceannairí réigiúnacha chun stop a chur le mianadóireacht guail a bhaint ó bharr na sléibhte, mar shampla Comhghuaillíocht Comhshaoil Gleann Ohio (OVEC).

Longitudinal data from adolescents and young adults show no evidence that social media use predicts later depressive symptoms, according to research published in Clinical Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science. However, the findings do show that relatively higher depressive symptoms predicted later social media use among adolescent girls. This research stands in contrast with recent claims that adolescents’ use of social media may lead to depression, claims based primarily on studies that examined associations between average social media use and average well-being measured at a single point in time. “You have to follow the same people over time in order to draw the conclusion that social media use predicts greater depressive symptoms,” says lead author Taylor Heffer of Brock University. “By using two large longitudinal samples, we were able to empirically test that assumption.” Beginning in 2017, Heffer and coauthors surveyed 6th, 7th, and 8th graders in Ontario, Canada once a year for two years. The researchers also conducted annual surveys of undergraduate participants, beginning in their first year of university over a span of 6 years. To measure depressive symptoms, the researchers used the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for the young adults and an age-appropriate version of the same scale for the adolescents. All participants answered two questions about their average daily hours spent on social media — one measuring weekday use and the other measuring weekend use. The participants also answered questions about other screen time, such as watching TV, and non-screen activities including doing homework and exercising. Heffer and colleagues analyzed the data separately for each age group and gender. The results showed that social media use did not predict later depressive symptoms among adolescents or college undergraduates. Rather, greater depressive symptoms predicted more social media use over time, but only among adolescent girls. “This finding contrasts with the idea that people who use a lot of social media become more depressed over time. Instead, adolescent girls who are feeling down may turn to social media to try and make themselves feel better,” says Heffer. Overall, the research suggests that the fear surrounding social media use and its impact on mental health may be premature. “When parents read media headlines such as ‘Facebook Depression,’ there is an inherent assumption that social media use leads to depression. Policymakers also have recently been debating ways to tackle the effects of social media use on mental health,” says Heffer. Evaluating whether fears about the impacts of social media have merit requires prospective longitudinal studies that allow researchers to examine whether it is social media use that predicts depressive symptoms (rather than the other way around), while controlling for other potential influences. As Heffer and colleagues note, individual differences in personality, motivation, and current well-being are likely to play a critical role in the relationship between media use and future well-being. “There may be different groups of people who use social media for different reasons,” Heffer explains. “For example, there may be a group of people who use social media to make social comparisons or turn to it when they are feeling down, while another group of people may use it for more positive reasons, such as keeping in contact with friends.” Examining the role that these differences play will help clarify the ways in which social media interacts with mental health, with implications for parents, policymakers, and healthcare professionals alike. Source: Read Full Article

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Ní léiríonn sonraí fadtéarmacha ó dhéagóirí agus ó dhaoine fásta óga aon fhianaise go bhfuil úsáid na meán sóisialta ag tuar comharthaí dúlagar níos déanaí, de réir taighde a foilsíodh i Eolaíocht Síceolaíoch Chliniciúil, iris den Chumann um Eolaíocht Síceolaíoch. Mar sin féin, léiríonn na torthaí go raibh comharthaí tromchúiseacha réasúnta níos airde ag tuar úsáid níos déanaí na meán sóisialta i measc cailíní déagóirí. Tá an taighde seo i gcodarsnacht le héilimh le déanaí gur féidir le húsáid na meán sóisialta ag déagóirí díomá a bheith mar thoradh orthu, éilimh atá bunaithe go príomha ar staidéir a rinne scrúdú ar na comhlachais idir meánúsáid na meán sóisialta agus meánfolláine a thomhas ag pointe amháin ama. 'Ní mór duit na daoine céanna a leanúint thar am chun an chonclúid a tharraingt go bhfuil úsáid na meán sóisialta ag tuar comharthaí dúlagar níos mó,' a deir an t-údar tosaigh Taylor Heffer ó Ollscoil Brock. De réir dhá sampla fada fada, bhíomar in ann an tuairim sin a thástáil go heimpiriciúil. Ag tosú i 2017, d'fhiafraigh Heffer agus comh-údair de mhic léinn 6ú, 7ú, agus 8ú grád i Ontario, Ceanada uair sa bhliain ar feadh dhá bhliain. Rinne na taighdeoirí suirbhéanna bliantúla ar rannpháirtithe fochéime, ag tosú ina gcéad bhliain san ollscoil thar thréimhse 6 bliana. Chun comharthaí dúlagar a thomhas, d'úsáid na taighdeoirí an Scalar Truailleachta i dToradh na Meán-Eipidéimeolaíochta do na daoine fásta óga agus leagan aois-oiriúnach den scála céanna do na déagóirí. D'fhreagair na rannpháirtithe go léir dhá cheist maidir lena n-am meán laethúil a chaitear ar na meáin shóisialta ceann a thomhas úsáid lá na seachtaine agus an ceann eile a thomhas úsáid deireadh seachtaine. D'fhreagair na rannpháirtithe ceisteanna freisin faoi am scáileáin eile, mar shampla féachaint ar an teilifís, agus gníomhaíochtaí neamh-scáileáin lena n-áirítear obair bhaile a dhéanamh agus aclaíocht a dhéanamh. Rinne Heffer agus a chomhghleacaithe anailís ar na sonraí ar leithligh do gach grúpa aoise agus inscne. Léirigh na torthaí nach raibh úsáid na meán sóisialta ag tuar comharthaí dúlagar níos déanaí i measc déagóirí nó fochéime coláiste. Ina áit sin, léiríodh go raibh comharthaí níos déine de chuid na meáin shóisialta níos mó le himeacht ama, ach amháin i measc cailíní déagóirí. Tá an toradh seo i gcodarsnacht leis an smaoineamh go mbíonn daoine a úsáideann go leor meáin shóisialta níos dúshlánaí le himeacht ama. Ina áit sin, d'fhéadfadh cailíní óga atá ag mothú síos dul chuig na meáin shóisialta chun iarracht a dhéanamh iad féin a dhéanamh níos fearr, a deir Heffer. Ar an iomlán, tugann an taighde le fios go bhféadfadh go mbeadh an eagla a bhaineann le húsáid na meán sóisialta agus a thionchar ar shláinte mheabhrach roimh am. Nuair a léann tuismitheoirí ceannlínte sna meáin mar Depression Facebook, tá an tuairim nádúrtha ann go dtagann úsáid na meán sóisialta le dúlagar. Tá lucht déanta beartas ag díospóireacht le déanaí freisin ar bhealaí chun dul i ngleic le héifeachtaí úsáid na meán sóisialta ar shláinte mheabhrach, a deir Heffer. Chun a mheas an bhfuil luach ag eagla faoi thionchar na meán sóisialta, teastaíonn staidéir fhadtéarmacha ionchasacha a ligeann d'fhorbraitheoirí scrúdú a dhéanamh ar an gcaoi a n-úsáideann na meáin shóisialta comharthaí dúlagar (seachas an bealach eile timpeall), agus tionchar féideartha eile á rialú acu. Mar a thugann Heffer agus a chomhghleacaithe faoi deara, is dócha go mbeidh ról ríthábhachtach ag difríochtaí aonair i bpearsantacht, spreagadh, agus folláine reatha sa chaidreamh idir úsáid na meán agus folláine sa todhchaí. B'fhéidir go bhfuil grúpaí éagsúla daoine ann a úsáideann na meáin shóisialta ar chúiseanna éagsúla, a mhíníonn Heffer. Mar shampla, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh grúpa daoine ann a úsáideann na meáin shóisialta chun comparáidí sóisialta a dhéanamh nó dul chuige nuair a bhíonn siad ag mothú síos, agus d'fhéadfadh grúpa eile daoine iad a úsáid ar chúiseanna níos dearfacha, mar shampla teagmháil a choinneáil le cairde. Cuideoidh scrúdú a dhéanamh ar an ról a imríonn na difríochtaí seo le soiléiriú a thabhairt ar na bealaí ina n-idirghníomhaíonn na meáin shóisialta le sláinte meabhrach, agus impleachtaí acu do thuismitheoirí, do lucht déanta beartas, agus do ghairmithe cúraim sláinte araon. Foinse: Léigh an t-alt iomlán

There was considerable time spent on my part on the release of this new feature that teachers can incorporate into their workflow if they are using Google Classroom. It’s called “Originality reports” and it’s Google’s spin on checking for plagiarism in student work. It’s not the only player in the field. Just do a search in your favourite internet search engine for “plagiarism checker” and check out the results. In Ontario, another product has been licensed by the Ministry of Education. The genesis of that licensing happened about the same time that online learning became popular. The logic was that since you couldn’t see the student face to face working on a project, there was no way that you could guarantee that the works submitted were her or his. I remember discussing the product with our eLearning teachers at the time. Their response was pretty negative. Particularly those that were teaching English, they claimed that their professional judgement was better than any program. By working with the student for a semester, they were able to identify writing styles and literacy skills and could see it grow throughout their time together. Consequently, while the licensed product was available to them, none of them said that they had used it. Now, to be honest, this was long before there was an “app for that” mentality for computer users. It would be interesting to have that conversation today. Collaboration is something that I promoted when teaching Computer Science. Granted, we didn’t write long essays but I’d argue that any programmer develops their own individual coding style much like writers develop a writing style. When there were times when I questioned original work, it was a matter of sitting down next to the student and have her or him explain the program to me. Between that and my insistence on written documentation for each problem, I think I did an OK job of making sure that things were original. Like many of the other products, Google starts off by promoting this product as an aid to help students submit their best work. In the next breath though, the article indicates that Google has access to billions of resources online. That makes sense – that’s one of the things that it does best. So, it’s not a huge leap to make the claim that work that isn’t properly cited is easily identified. We live in a day and age of privacy concerns and Google addresses it in the announcement, claiming that the student work remains the student’s. Unless of course, they blog about it! But the announcement also indicates that there is a plan to expand this to creating a repository of past assignments for checking things already submitted at the school. I think it’s going to be an interesting follow to see the success of this product. - will die-hard users of other products make the switch? - will it only be available in Google Classroom? - if a teacher was hesitant to use another product because of professional judgement, will they try this one? - will a demo at the beginning of the semester frighten everyone enough that it’s not needed throughout the course? - how will parents react to their child’s work being used by a Google product? - how many submissions for conference presentations will be focused on promoting this tool? I’d be interested in reading your initial reaction to this product. Are you in or out? Why?

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Chaith mé go leor ama ar mo chuid féin ar an ngné nua seo a scaoileadh ar féidir le múinteoirí a ionchorprú ina sreabhadh oibre má tá Google Classroom á úsáid acu. Tugtar "Tuarascálacha Bunús" air agus is é Google a dhéanann seiceáil ar phláigíocht i saothar na mac léinn. Ní hé an t-aon imreoir sa réimse. Déan cuardach ar do bhrabhsálaí is fearr leat ar an idirlíon ar "seictóir plagiarism" agus féach ar na torthaí. I Ontario, tá táirge eile ceadúnaithe ag an Aireacht Oideachais. Tharla gineas an cheadúnaithe sin ag an am céanna a tháinig an fhoghlaim ar líne chun cinn. Bhí an loighic ann go raibh sé indéanta, ós rud é nach raibh tú in ann an mac léinn a fheiceáil ag obair ar thionscadal os comhair a chéile, nach raibh aon bhealach ann go bhféadfá a ráthú gurbh í nó gurbh é an t-oibrí a cuireadh isteach. Is cuimhin liom an táirge a phlé le múinteoirí ár n-e-oideachas ag an am. Bhí a bhfreagra go leor diúltach. Go háirithe iad siúd a bhí ag múineadh Béarla, d'éiligh siad go raibh a gcúirteachas gairmiúil níos fearr ná aon chlár. Trí bheith ag obair leis an mac léinn ar feadh seimeastar, bhí siad in ann stíleanna scríbhneoireachta agus scileanna litearthachta a aithint agus d'fhéadfaidís a fheiceáil ag fás le linn a gcuid ama le chéile. Dá bhrí sin, cé go raibh an táirge ceadúnaithe ar fáil dóibh, níor dúirt aon duine acu gur bhain siad úsáid as. Anois, chun a bheith macánta, bhí sé seo fada sula raibh "app" ann don mheon sin d'úsáideoirí ríomhaire. Bheadh sé suimiúil an comhrá sin a bheith againn inniu. Is é an comhoibriú rud a chuir mé chun cinn nuair a bhí mé ag múineadh Eolaíocht Ríomhaireachta. De réir mar a bhí, ní raibh muid ag scríobh aisteanna fada ach ba mhaith liom a argóint go bhfuil aon ríomhchláraitheoir a fhorbairt a stíl códaithe aonair féin i bhfad cosúil le scríbhneoirí a fhorbairt stíl scríbhneoireachta. Nuair a bhí amanna ann nuair a bhí amhras agam ar obair bhunaidh, bhí sé ina ábhar suí síos in aice leis an mac léinn agus é nó í a mhíniú an clár dom. Idir sin agus mo éiginnteacht ar dhoiciméadacht scríofa do gach fadhb, sílim go ndearna mé post maith chun a chinntiú go raibh rudaí bunaidh. Cosúil le go leor de na táirgí eile, tosaíonn Google ag cur an táirge seo chun cinn mar chabhair chun cabhrú le mic léinn a gcuid oibre is fearr a chur isteach. Ach sa chéad bhéal eile, léiríonn an t-alt go bhfuil rochtain ag Google ar na billiúin acmhainní ar líne. Tá sé sin ciallmhar sin ar cheann de na rudaí go bhfuil sé a dhéanamh is fearr. Mar sin, ní léim mhór é an t-éileamh a dhéanamh go bhfuil obair nach bhfuil luaite go cuí á aithint go héasca. Tá muid ag maireachtáil i lá agus aois imní príobháideachta agus déileálann Google leis san fhógra, ag éileamh go bhfuil obair na mac léinn fós ar na mic léinn. Mura ndéanann siad blog faoi, ar ndóigh! Ach léiríonn an fógra freisin go bhfuil plean ann é seo a leathnú go dtí go gcruthófar stór de chúraimí a rinneadh roimhe seo chun rudaí a cuireadh isteach cheana féin ag an scoil a sheiceáil. Sílim go mbeidh sé suimiúil leanúint ar aghaidh chun rath an táirge seo a fheiceáil. - an ndéanfaidh úsáideoirí crua-chrua táirgí eile an t-athrú? - an mbeidh sé ar fáil i Google Classroom amháin? - má bhí amhras ag múinteoir táirge eile a úsáid mar gheall ar bhreithiúnas gairmiúil, an ndéanfaidh siad an ceann seo a thriail? - an mbeidh taispeántas ag tús na seimeastair ag eagla go leor ar gach duine nach mbeidh gá leis ar feadh an chúrsa? - conas a dhéanfaidh tuismitheoirí freagairt ar obair a bpáiste a bheith á úsáid ag táirge Google? - cé mhéad aighneacht a chuirfear isteach le haghaidh cur i láthair comhdhála a bheidh dírithe ar an uirlis seo a chur chun cinn? Ba mhaith liom do bhreithniú ar an táirge seo a léamh. An bhfuil tú ann nó amach? Cén fáth?

The topic discussed here is something on which considerable serious mathematical literature has published by P.J Davis, W. Gautschi and others. This partly historical narration is just a personal account of our journey through the same as a non-mathematician. As for the detour on the Gamma function its allure has been so much that everyone from the ordinary college lecturer to the Fields medalist Manjul Bhargava has written something about it. Its invisible hand is felt in science especially in the form of various statistical distributions that show up in as disparate phenomena as the distribution of the number of molecules of widely expressed proteins or the distribution of positions in a protein’s sequence evolving at different rates. Thus, we could not pass up the opportunity for a little mention of it. The story begins with a problem which one might have encountered in the context of elementary geometric puzzles that one is asked to solve as a youth: If you have a circle of radius then how do you dissect it into concentric circular rings of equal area using just a compass and straight edge? Of course the first “ring” would be disc rather than a ring. It is achieved by means of the below construction (Figure 1): 1) Let point A be the center of the circle of radius which we seek to dissect into rings. 2) Construct a unit of length of . 3) Draw . Then draw a segment of the same unit length perpendicular to at point B. Join A to the free end B1 of this new segment. 4) Draw a further segment of length perpendicular to and join its free end to A. 5) Repeat this procedure times; in figure 1. Draw circles with A as center with each of the segments beginning with A as their respective radii. This completes the required dissection. One can see from the figure that the construction results in a sequence of side-sharing right triangles whose hypotenuses increase successively as the square roots of the natural numbers. Their legs of unit length trace out a spiral path. Hence, this figure might be termed the square root spiral (SRS). One may also see that as the number of dissections we are left with thinner and thinner rings that are essentially the circumference of the circle: . In the above construction we used because adding one more unit results in the spiral going past the first turn (Figure 2). Thus, 17 is the whole number in turn 1; 54 in turn 2; 110 in turn 3. Now, based on this number 17 it has been claimed on flimsy evidence that this figure might have been constructed by Plato’s teacher Theodorus in Greek antiquity. Plato, with his characteristic eye for interesting mathematics, records the following conversation (at ~360 BCE) between Socrates and his friend the mathematician Theaetetus who laid the foundations of some key aspects of Greek mathematics. Here Theaetetus is telling Socrates regarding his study of square roots with another mathematician Theodorus (Theaetetus, Jowett translation): Theaet.: Theodorus was writing out for us something about roots, such as the roots of three or five, showing that they are incommensurable by the unit: he selected other examples up to seventeen — there he stopped. Now as there are innumerable roots, the notion occurred to us of attempting to include them all under one name or class. Soc.: And did you find such a class? Theaet.: I think that we did; but I should like to have your opinion. Soc.: Let me hear. Theaet.: We divided all numbers into two classes: those which are made up of equal factors multiplying into one another, which we compared to square figures and called square or equilateral numbers — that was one class. Soc.: Very good. Theaet.: The intermediate numbers, such as three and five, and every other number which is made up of unequal factors, either of a greater multiplied by a less, or of a less multiplied by a greater, and when regarded as a figure, is contained in unequal sides;-all these we compared to oblong figures, and called them oblong numbers. It is clear from what Theaetetus tells Socrates that they were talking about dividing all natural numbers into perfect squares like 1, 4, 9, 16, … which yield a root which is measurable as units and all other numbers in between which do not. These Theaetetus considered oblong numbers for they needed unequal factors to constitute them. The question is when Theodorus wrote out those numbers to illustrate the non-perfect squares why did he stop at 17? It has been speculated that in establishing their being “incommensurable by the unit” Theodorus had made use of a construction as in figure 1 and he stopped at 17 because he had reached maximum number of natural numbers that can be accommodated in a single turn of the spiral. Of course there is no evidence that this was the real reason for his choice of 17 (17 had some importance in Indo-European tradition so there could be other reasons). Interestingly, while we drew out this figure of the SRS for ourselves as part of the geometric constructions we indulged in in our youth, it has sparked much mathematical activity only in the last 3 decades. As is clear from figure 2 this spiral is a discrete spiral in that the radius increases in jumps of the square roots of the natural numbers. The mathematician Davis (also a historian of Euler’s and Gauss’ studies on special functions) asked an interesting question: Can one find a smooth, analytic curve that describes the square root spiral and interpolates all the intermediate values between the discrete square root radii of the discrete spiral? Davis the solved this question rather remarkably following the footsteps of Leonhard Euler. Before we get to that we shall first create a further generalization of the discrete SRS: After having constructed the initial discrete SRS as described above, reflect (invert) the point B which initiates the spiral on the hypotenuse to get a new point. Then reflect the outer end of the hypotenuse on the hypotenuse; then reflect the outer end of the hypotenuse on the 2 hypotenuse, so on. This yields the second branch of the discrete SRS (in red in figure 2). So the Davis problem in its more general form requires one to interpolate a smooth curve through both the branches of of the discrete SRS. The approach taken by Davis to solve it along with the solution has some striking parallels the story one of the great problems in the history of modern mathematics (described by Davis himself). Hence, we shall take detour to look a bit at that famous problem. The factorial function was originally discovered by Hindu mathematicians. For instance, it is clearly provided by the Kashmirian polymath finance minister of the Seuna Yādava rulers Śārṅgadeva in his work on the theory of Hindu music the Saṃgīta-Ratnākara in 1225 CE. This original form of the factorial function is organically described as the serial product of natural numbers: . In the first half of the 1700s it was noticed that these discrete points of the factorial function seemed to define a curve. But the question was how does one find the intermediate points of the curve like say 2.5!. The interest in this type of interpolation problem was likely initiated by Newton in England and passed on to his junior associate, the Frenchman de Moivre. In course of his study of probability de Moivre discovered the first continuous function that was an approximate fit to the discrete factorials: ; where is a constant. His junior associate Stirling after some experimentation refined the value of the constant as leading to many people wrongly attributing the formula to him instead of de Moivre. In this context we might note that Srinivasa Ramanujan discovered another close approximation for the factorial function: This formula of de Moivre indicated how the curve fitting the discrete factorials should approximately look at intermediate values. However, the precise fitting function was a problem baffled all attempts made by Stirling, Daniel Bernoulli and Goldbach. Finally, in 1729 CE Goldbach brought the problem to the 22 year old Leonhard Euler’s attention in his letter from Moscow to the latter at St. Petersburg. Euler, giving a taste of his unrivaled greatness, solved the problem in his letters responding to Goldbach the same year and the next year published a detailed paper on his use of “higher” calculus to solve the problem. Answer to the general interpolation problem was the Gamma function ; In modern notation and the values of the function at intermediate positions provides the smooth interpolation between the discrete factorial values. One of Euler’s definitions of was the Eulerian integral: While there is no general way of solving this integral one can see the following: Now, if we make the substitution then we get: ; on which we use integration by parts, thus for the above we have: Since, in the above expression the exponential function in the denominator will always catch with the power function in the numerator that limit will be 0. Thus we get, One will notice right away that this captures the discrete factorial function when is a natural number. Further, all we need to do is to somehow obtain the values for from 0:1 then we can use the above relationship to extend it for other positive intervals. Thus, Euler’s provides a function to extrapolate the factorial for the intermediate values but the question remains as the how do we get the values from 0:1. One of those values can be obtained using relatively straightforward means from the Eulerian integral: We resort to the substitution Remarkably, the core of above integral is the one specifying half the area under a Gaussian Bell curve; so it evaluates to This is one of those deep results that when you see and imbibe for the first time it produces a profound effect on you — how the problem of generalizing the factorial function leads you to the squaring of the circle and the limit from the famed central limit theorem i.e. the normal distribution. Thus, in the least we can get etc trivially using the above recurrence relationship. However, Euler himself obtained by using a product formula. It was such product formulae and other series which Euler, Gauss and their successors used to provide the other values of . Gauss with his student, the astronomer Friedrich Nicolai, who was a calculating prodigy, prepared tables of the which served the mathematical community throughout the 1800s. In his investigations on Gauss, building on Euler’s product formula developed the famous product formula: This formula is quite slow in converging and rakes up huge numbers in the calculation: e.g. with we get correct to 2 places after the decimal point when rounded. It is this kind of product formulae that bring us back to our original question of interpolation of the square root spiral. Armed with his deep knowledge of the history of the methods of Euler and Gauss in attacking the Gamma function, Davis solved the SRS problem by producing a product formula, which for a given number , which corresponds to the natural numbers 0,1,2,3… or any value between them, produces the exact coordinates of the SRS in the complex plane. This remarkable formula is: Here This captures the basic square root radius or hypotenuse seen in the discrete SRS. Strikingly, analogous to the Gamma function the SRS equation also has a recurrence formula: From these relationships we get: This captures the basic relationship of the successive natural numbers in the discrete SRS. Like with all we need to do is to calculate the values of from 0:1. Then using the recurrence relationship we can extend it for all other values. Like the Gauss product formula for the formula is also slow converging. To get reasonable accuracy we need to calculate at least 20000 terms of the above product. E.g. with this computation we get . Thankfully, this can be done quite fast with even your modern laptop and thus we get the continuous SRS in figure 3. With this in place we can look at a few other things. For example, if one plots the positions of the perfect squares (those which Theaetetus mentions to Socrates) on the SRS we surprisingly find them to lie on a triradiate pattern of gently curving spirals radiating from the number 1. The three arms have respectively: The next question is how does one capture the second branch of the SRS which was obtained in its discrete form via reflection on the subsequent hypotenuse. For this Davis figured out that one could use a generalized reflection formulation which gives i.e. the position in the complex plane for the second branch: Thus once we have we can now use this reflection formula to get the points on second branch. The thus computed complete continuous SRS is shown in Figure 4. Here again one can see a parallel to the : How does one gets its values for negative . This brings out a remarkable connection between the and the trigonometric functions in analogous reflection formula: Thus, once we know the for positive values we can get the negative ones by this reflection formula. Unlike the positive for which grows explosively we see oscillations in negative arising from the trigonometric connection. Davis then investigated the slope of tangent to the SRS at the point where it cuts the x-axis for the first time after the origin, i.e. the derivative of at 1, . Gautschi termed this number in the honor of Theodorus and it is given by the simple but interesting series: This is an awfully slow converging series: by computing the above sum for 1000000 terms we obtain rounded off to two places after decimal point , which is correct for those two places. There are complicated, faster-converging methods which have been published in computer science studies. One such discovered by Phillips involves getting the sum as above till where is relatively small and then adding a monstrous remainder term derived from the Euler summation formula: Plugging we now effortlessly get which is correct to 9 decimal places after the point. Again there is a parallel to the . Euler discovered that the slope of the tangent to at is . This is the famous Euler’s constant and is similarly given by an infinite sum: This sum converges more quickly: with 100 terms we get rounded of to 4 places which is correct for that many places after the decimal point. This is an important constant in science coming up a lot not just in the calculation of but also the famed zeta function and various statistical distributions. Euler with his prodigious mental computational abilities attacked it several times in his life computing it to 16 decimal places before his death. Later the Mascheroni computed it to more places. Gauss himself capable of extraordinary numeration found that Mascheroni had made a mistake in the 21st place and asked his student, the astronomer Nicolai, who was a human computer of his age to to verify his result. Nicolai obtained the value correct to 40 decimal places, a record which stood for 50 years. Ramanujan discovered some really dramatic looking formulae relating to , including those with fast convergence; however we shall not talk about them here. In figure 5 we see that each successive turn of the SRS is greater than the previous one by a value of nearly . The SRS turn separation indeed converges towards asymptotically. This leads to the question of whether there is a way to calculate the number of discrete radii that lie within each turn of the SRS. For this Hlawka calculated something called Schneckenkonstante based on which Kochiemba/Wilson have computed the sequence of the number of discrete radii ( ; OEIS: A072895) contained within the turn of the SRS thus: This yields the sequence: 0, 17, 54, 110, 186, 281, 396, 532, 686, 861, 1055… as the number of discrete radii per turn. The difference between the square roots of successive terms of this sequence (Figure 6) fluctuates around with the fluctuations decreasing in amplitude as the number of turns increase. The value can come quite close to . For the first 100 turns , which comes within of . Finally, coming back to where we started, there is a simple a map in the complex plane discovered by Davis that produces discrete points of all manner of spirals including the SRS: Here and are constants or vary with each iteration. When we get the discrete points on the SRS (Figure 7). When we get discrete points on the logarithmic spiral discovered by Rene Descartes. When we get an Archimedean spiral. When we get something that grows like the SRS but has a more complex wave like internal pattern (Figure 7). This is reminiscent of the convergences seen in the Henon map, only that these are divergences. When the map shows chaotic behavior but the attractor is localized to 4 concentric circular shells (Figure 7). Finally, when and varies with each iteration as we get a complex braided spiral arrangement of the points (Figure 7).

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Is é an t-ábhar a pléadh anseo rud éigin ar a bhfuil litríocht mheitimeach tromchúiseach suntasach foilsithe ag P.J Davis, W. Gautschi agus daoine eile. Is é an scéal go páirteach stairiúil ach cuntas pearsanta ar ár turas tríd an gcéanna mar neamh-mathamaiticeach. Maidir leis an dífhostú ar fheidhm Gamma bhí an-tóir air go bhfuil gach duine ó léachtóir coláiste gnáth go dtí an medalist Fields Manjul Bhargava tar éis rud éigin a scríobh faoi. Tá a lámh dofheicthe le feiceáil san eolaíocht go háirithe i bhfoirm dáileadh staidrimh éagsúla a léiríonn i bhfeiniméin chomh neamhspleách le dáileadh líon na móilíní próitéiní a léirítear go forleathan nó dáileadh na suíomhanna i sraith próitéiní ag teacht chun cinn ag rátaí éagsúla. Dá bhrí sin, ní raibh muid in ann a chailleadh an deis chun tagairt beag air. Tosaíonn an scéal le fadhb a d'fhéadfadh duine a bheith ag teacht ar chomhthéacs na bhfreagraí géimeatracha bunúsacha a iarrtar ar dhuine a réiteach mar óige: Má tá ciorcal radaigh agat ansin conas a dhéantar é a dheascú i bhfithis chiorclacha comhchruinnithe de limistéar comhionann ag baint úsáide as ach compás agus imeall díreach? Ar ndóigh, bheadh an chéad ring diosca seachas fáinne. Baintear é amach trí na tógálacha thíos (Figiúr 1): 1) Lig dúinn pointe A a bheith i lár an chiorcail radaigh a theastaíonn uainn a dheighilt i fáinní. 2) Aonad fad a thógáil de . 3) Tarraing . Ansin tarraingigh codán den fhad aonad céanna go perpendicular go pointe B. Cuir A le deireadh saor B1 den chuid nua seo. 4) Tarraingigh codán eile de fhad perpendicular go A agus a chur le chéile a deireadh saor in aisce go A. 5) Déan an nós imeachta seo arís agus arís eile; i bhfigiúr 1. Tarraing ciorcail le A mar lár le gach ceann de na codanna ag tosú le A mar a radaigh faoi seach. Críochnaíonn sé seo an díbhreathnú riachtanach. Is féidir le duine a fheiceáil ón bhfigiúr go dtagann an tógáil i sraith triantán ceart-chomhroinnte a bhfuil a hypotenuses ag méadú go leanúnach mar fréamhacha cearnach na n-uimhreacha nádúrtha. Déanann a cosa de fhad aonad cosán spíreála. Dá bhrí sin, d'fhéadfaí an figiúr seo a ghairm mar spireal fréamh cearnach (SRS). Is féidir le duine a fheiceáil freisin go bhfuil líon na n-imscrúdaithe againn le fáinní níos tanaí agus níos tanaí atá i ndáiríre imlíne an chiorclaigh: . Sa chumadh thuas, d'úsáid muid toisc go dtagann aonad amháin eile a chur leis go dtéann an spireal thar an gcéad casadh (Figiúr 2). Dá bhrí sin, is é 17 an líon iomlán i gcúl 1; 54 i gcúl 2; 110 i gcúl 3. Anois, bunaithe ar an uimhir 17 tá sé a éileamh ar fhianaise flawful go bhféadfadh an figiúr a bheith tógtha ag Plato Theodorus múinteoir i seandálachas na Gréige. Scríobh Platón, lena shúil shaincheaptha ar mhatamaitic spéisiúil, an comhrá seo a leanas (ag ~ 360 BCE) idir Sócráid agus a chara an matamaiticeoir Theaetetus a leag bunús roinnt gnéithe tábhachtacha de mhatamaitic na Gréige. Anseo tá Theaetetus ag insint do Sócráit maidir lena staidéar ar fréamhacha cearnach le matamaiticeoir eile Theodorus (Theaetetus, aistriúchán Jowett): Theaet. Bhí Theodorus ag scríobh rud éigin dúinn faoi fréamhacha, mar shampla fréamhacha trí nó cúig, ag taispeáint go bhfuil siad neamh-in-chomhréireach leis an aonad: roghnaigh sé samplaí eile suas go dtí seacht mbliana déag stop sé ansin. Anois mar go bhfuil fréamhacha innumerable, an notion tharla dúinn a iarracht a chur leo go léir faoi ainm amháin nó rang. Soc. Agus an bhfaca tú rang den sórt sin? Theaet. Sílim go ndearna muid; ach ba mhaith liom a fháil ar do thuairim. Soc. Lig dom éisteacht. Theaet. : roinn muid na huimhreacha go léir ina dhá rang: iad siúd atá déanta suas de fhachtóirí comhionanna a mhéadú i gceann eile, a chuir muid i gcomparáid le figiúirí cearnach agus ar a dtugtar cearnach nó uimhreacha cothromach sin rang amháin. Soc. : An-mhaith. Theaet. : Na huimhreacha idirmheánacha, amhail trí agus cúig, agus gach uimhir eile a dhéantar suas de fhachtóirí neamhchothrom, cibé acu níos mó a iolrú le níos lú, nó níos lú a iolrú le níos mó, agus nuair a mheastar mar fhigiúr, tá sé i taobh neamhchothrom - - chuir muid na huimhreacha seo go léir i gcomparáid le figiúirí oblong, agus d'iarramar orthu uimhreacha oblong. Tá sé soiléir óna bhfuil Theaetetus ag rá le Socrates go raibh siad ag caint faoi roinnt gach uimhir nádúrtha i gcearnóga foirfe cosúil le 1, 4, 9, 16, ... a thugann fréamh atá in-mheasta mar aonad agus gach uimhir eile idir a bhfuil nach bhfuil. Shíl na Theaetetus seo go raibh uimhreacha oblong mar go raibh tosca neamhchothrom ag teastáil uathu chun iad a bhunú. Is é an cheist nuair a scríobh Theodorus amach na huimhreacha chun léargas a thabhairt ar na cearnóga neamh-iompraite cén fáth a stopadh sé ag 17? Tá spéaclaíocht déanta go raibh Theodorus ag úsáid tógála mar atá i bhfigiúr 1 agus stop sé ag 17 toisc go raibh sé tar éis an líon uasta uimhreacha nádúrtha a bhaint amach is féidir a chur in áit i dtimpeallacht amháin den spireal. Ar ndóigh níl aon fhianaise ann gurb é seo an fíorchúis a roghnaigh sé 17 (17 bhí tábhacht éigin ag traidisiún Ind-Eorpach mar sin d'fhéadfadh cúiseanna eile a bheith ann). Is suimiúil, cé gur tharraing muid an figiúr seo den SRS dúinn féin mar chuid de na tógálacha geoimeatracha a bhí againn inár n-óige, tá a lán gníomhaíochta matamaiticeach ar siúl ach le 3 scór bliain anuas. Mar a léirítear ó Figiúr 2, is spíreáil dhifriúil í an spíreáil seo sa mhéid go méadaíonn an raidió i léimí fréamh cearnach na n-uimhreacha nádúrtha. Chuir an matamaiticeoir Davis (a bhfuil ina staireoir ar staidéir Eulers agus Gauss ar fheidhmeanna speisialta) ceist suimiúil: An féidir le duine géarchéim shleachta, anailíseach a aimsiú a chuireann síos ar an spireal fréamh cearnach agus a chuireann na luachanna idirmheánacha go léir idir raidiam fréamh cearnach eisiach an spireal eisiach? D'fhág Davis an cheist seo go suntasach ag leanúint le céimeanna Leonhard Euler. Sula dtéann muid go dtí sin, cruthaímid ginearálta breise den SRS diathúil ar dtús: Tar éis an SRS diathúil tosaigh a thógáil mar a thuairiscítear thuas, léiríonn (a inbhéartaíonn) an pointe B a thosaíonn an spireal ar an hypotenuse chun pointe nua a fháil. Ansin léiríonn an deireadh seachtrach ar an hypotenuse ar an hypotenuse; ansin léiríonn an deireadh seachtrach ar an hypotenuse ar an 2 hypotenuse, agus mar sin de. Tugann sé seo an dara brainse den SRS diathúil (in éadrom i bhfigiúr 2). Mar sin, éilíonn fadhb Davis ina fhoirm níos ginearálta duine chun curva réidh a idirphlé trí na brainsí araon den SRS eisiach. Tá roinnt comhthreomhar suntasach ag an gcur chuige a ghlac Davis chun é a réiteach mar aon leis an réiteach ar cheann de na fadhbanna móra i stair na matamaitice nua-aimseartha (a thuairiscigh Davis féin). Dá bhrí sin, déanfaimid seachbhóthar chun breathnú beagán ar an bhfadhb cáiliúil sin. D'aimsigh matamaiticeoirí Hindu an fheidhm fhachtórach ar dtús. Mar shampla, tá sé ar fáil go soiléir ag an Aire airgeadais polymath Kashmirian de na ceannairí Seuna Yādava Śārṅgadeva ina chuid oibre ar an teoiric ceoil Hindu an Saṃgīta-Ratnākara i 1225 CE. Déantar cur síos orgánach ar an bhfoirm bhunaidh seo den fheidhm fhachtóiriúil mar tháirge sreangúil uimhreacha nádúrtha: . Sa chéad leath de na 1700idí, thugadh faoi deara go raibh an chuma ar na pointí diongbháilte seo den fheidhm fhachtórach go sainmhínítear cúil. Ach bhí an cheist conas a aimsiú ceann de na pointí idirmheánacha an chiorcal mar a rá 2.5!. Is dócha gur chuir Newton tús leis an leas sa chineál seo de fhadhb idirphlé i Sasana agus a thug sé ar aghaidh chuig a chomhpháirtí níos óige, an Fraincéiseach de Moivre. Le linn a chuid staidéir ar dóchúlacht, d'aimsigh de Moivre an chéad fheidhm leanúnach a bhí ina oiriúnú gar do na fachtóireacha diathúla: ; áit a bhfuil sé seasmhach. D'athshlánuigh a chomhghleacaí óige Stirling luach an choinbhinsiúin tar éis roinnt turgnaimh agus mar thoradh air sin chuir go leor daoine an fhoirmle air go mícheart in ionad de Moivre. Sa chomhthéacs seo d'fhéadfaimis a thabhairt faoi deara gur aimsigh Srinivasa Ramanujan garbh-mheas eile don fheidhm fhachtóiriúil: Léirigh foirmle de Moivre seo conas ba cheart don chúrsa a oireann do na factóireacha diana breathnú thart ar luachanna idirmheánacha. Mar sin féin, bhí an fheidhm oiriúnaithe beacht ina fhadhb a chuir bac ar gach iarracht a rinne Stirling, Daniel Bernoulli agus Goldbach. Faoi dheireadh, i 1729 CE thug Goldbach an fhadhb chuig aird Leonhard Euler 22 bliain d'aois ina litir ó Moscó go dtí an dara ceann i St. Petersburg. D'fhág Euler, ag tabhairt blas ar a mhórthréimhse gan choibhneas, an fhadhb ina litreacha ag freagairt do Goldbach an bhliain chéanna agus an bhliain ina dhiaidh sin d'fhoilsigh sé páipéar mionsonraithe ar a úsáid de chúlghluaiseacht níos airde chun an fhadhb a réiteach. Ba é freagra ar an bhfadhb idirphóilíochta ginearálta an fheidhm Gamma; i nótaíocht nua-aimseartha agus soláthraíonn luachanna an fheidhm ag suíomhanna idirmheánacha an idirphóilíocht shleachta idir na luachanna factóireacha diana. Ceann de shainmhínithe Euler ar an integral Eulerian: Cé nach bhfuil aon bhealach ginearálta ann chun an comhtháite seo a réiteach, is féidir leis an méid seo a leanas a fheiceáil: Anois, má dhéanaimid an chur in ionad ansin faigheann muid: ; ar a n-úsáidimid comhtháthú de réir codanna, mar sin le haghaidh na n-uasluaite tá: Ós rud é, sa léiriú thuas go mbeidh an fheidhm fhigiúrtha sa ainmníocht i gcónaí ag gabháil leis an fheidhm chumhachta sa mhéadair go mbeidh an teorainn 0. Dá bhrí sin, a fhaighimid, Tabharfaidh duine faoi deara láithreach go bhfuil sé seo a ghabháil ar an bhfeidhm factorial discréideach nuair is uimhir nádúrtha. Ina theannta sin, ní mór dúinn ach a fháil ar bhealach ar na luachanna ó 0: 1 ansin is féidir linn a úsáid an chaidreamh thuas chun é a leathnú le haghaidh eatraimh dearfacha eile. Mar sin, soláthraíonn Eulers feidhm chun an fhachtóirial a eascraigh ar na luachanna idirmheánacha ach fanann an cheist mar an conas a fhaighimid na luachanna ó 0:1. Is féidir ceann de na luachanna sin a fháil trí mheán réasúnta díreach a úsáid ón chomhtháite Eulerian: Tá an t-aistriúchán Go hiontach, is é croí an chomhtháite thuas an ceann a shonraíonn leath an limistéir faoi choirb Gaussian Bell; mar sin meastófar é go Tá sé seo ar cheann de na torthaí domhain sin nuair a fheiceann tú agus imbibe don chéad uair a tháirgeann sé éifeacht domhain ar tú conas an fhadhb de ghinearálú an fheidhm factorial a thugann tú chun an cearnóg an chiorcal agus an teorainn ó an teorama teorama lárnach cáiliúil ie. an dáileadh gnáth. Dá bhrí sin, is féidir linn etc a fháil go trivial ag baint úsáide as an gcaidreamh athfhillteach thuas. Mar sin féin, fuair Euler é féin trí fhoirmle táirge a úsáid. Ba fhoirmlí táirge den sórt sin agus sraitheanna eile a d'úsáid Euler, Gauss agus a n-iarmhairtí chun luachanna eile de . Ullmhaigh Gauss lena dheisceabal, an réalteolaí Friedrich Nicolai, a bhí ina bhróidire ríomh, táblaí den a sheirbheáil an pobal matamaiticiúil i rith na 1800í. Ina imscrúduithe ar Gauss, ag tógáil ar fhoirmle táirge Euler, d'fhorbair sé an fhoirmle táirge cáiliúil: Tá an fhoirmle seo sách mall i gcruinniú agus racas suas uimhreacha ollmhóra sa ríomh: e.g. le faighimid ceart go dtí 2 áiteanna tar éis an pointe deichiméil nuair a thiomána. Is é an cineál foirmlí táirge seo a thugann ar ais dúinn ar ár gceist bunaidh de idirphóladh an spireal fréamh cearnach. Armed with his deep knowledge of the history of the methods of Euler and Gauss in attacking the Gamma function, réitigh Davis an fhadhb SRS trí fhoirmle táirge a tháirgeadh, a thugann, le haghaidh uimhir áirithe , a fhreagraíonn do na huimhreacha nádúrtha 0,1,2,3... nó aon luach eatarthu, comhordanáidí cruinn an SRS sa phláinéid casta. Is é an fhoirmle suntasach seo: Anseo, glacann sé seo an raidió bunúsach fréamh cearnach nó an hypotenuse a fheictear sa SRS diathúil. Go hiontach, cosúil leis an ngníomh Gamma tá foirmle athfhillteach ag an gcineál céanna SRS freisin: Óna gcaidrimh seo faigheann muid: Is é seo a ghabháil an bun-chaidreamh na n-uimhreacha nádúrtha i ndiaidh a chéile sa SRS diathúil. Cosúil le gach ní mór dúinn a dhéanamh is é a ríomh na luachanna ó 0:1. Ansin ag baint úsáide as an caidreamh athfhillteach is féidir linn a leathnú do gach luach eile. Cosúil leis an bhfoirmle táirge Gauss don fhoirmle chomh maith le comhtháthú mall. Chun cruinneas réasúnta a fháil, ní mór dúinn 20000 téarma den táirge thuas a ríomh ar a laghad. Mar shampla: leis an ríomh seo a fhaighimid . Go raibh maith agat, is féidir é seo a dhéanamh go leor tapa fiú le do ríomhaire glúine nua-aimseartha agus mar sin a fhaighimid an SRS leanúnach i bhfigiúr 3. Agus é seo ar bun, is féidir linn féachaint ar roinnt rudaí eile. Mar shampla, má phlátaíonn duine na cearnóga foirfe (na cinn a luaigh Theaetetus do Sócrates) ar an SRS, faigheann muid go hiontach go bhfuil siad suite ar patrún triradiate de spíoráin chlúdaithe go réidh ag radaíocht ón uimhir 1. Tá na trí bhratach faoi seach: Is é an chéad cheist eile ná conas a ghabháil an dara brainse den SRS a fuarthas ina fhoirm dhifriúil trí léiriú ar an hypotenuse ina dhiaidh sin. Chun seo Davis figured amach go bhféadfadh duine a úsáid a ghinearálaithe léiriú foirmliú a thugann ie. an suíomh sa phláinéid choimpléasc don dara brainse: Dá bhrí sin nuair a bhfuil muid anois is féidir linn úsáid a bhaint as an fhoirmle seo léiriú a fháil ar na pointí ar an dara brainse. Léirítear an SRS leanúnach iomlán a ríomhtar sa Figiúr 4. Anseo arís is féidir le duine comhthreomhar a fheiceáil leis an: Conas a fhaigheann duine a luachanna le haghaidh diúltach . Tugann sé seo nasc suntasach amach idir an agus na feidhmeanna triginimeatracha i bhfoirmle léiriú analógach: Dá bhrí sin, nuair a fhios againn an luachanna dearfacha is féidir linn a fháil ar na cinn diúltacha ag an fhoirmle seo léiriú. Murab ionann agus an dearfach a fhásann go hiontach feicimid oscillations i diúltach a eascraíonn as an nasc trigonometric. Ansin rinne Davis imscrúdú ar an gconair a bhaineann leis an SRS ag an bpointe ina ndéanann sé an t-aise x a ghearradh den chéad uair tar éis an bhunús, i.e. an díorthaigh de ag 1, . D'ainmnigh Gautschi an uimhir seo in onóir Theodorus agus tugtar an tsraith shimplí ach suimiúil: Is sraith comhghabhálach uafásach é seo: trí shúim thuas a ríomh le haghaidh 1000000 téarma faigheann muid cruinnithe amach go dhá áit tar éis an phointe dheichimealaigh, atá ceart do na dhá áit sin. Tá modhanna casta, níos tapúla ag teacht le chéile a foilsíodh i staidéir eolaíochta ríomhaireachta. Is éard atá i gceist le ceann den sórt sin a d'aimsigh Phillips ná an suim a fháil mar atá thuas go dtí go bhfuil sé réasúnta beag agus ansin téarma fágtha ollmhór a chur leis a dhíorthaítear ó fhoirmle suim Euler: Plugging a fhaighimid anois effortlessly a bhfuil ceart go 9 áiteanna deisceach tar éis an pointe. Arís tá comhthreomhar leis an . Fuair Euler amach go bhfuil an claonadh ar an tangent go at . Is é seo an Euler s leanúnach cáiliúil agus tá sé mar an gcéanna a thugtar ag suim gan teorainn: Tá an suim seo ag teacht le chéile níos tapúla: le 100 téarma faighimid thart ar 4 áit a bhfuil ceart do go leor áiteanna tar éis an phointe deichiméil. Is é seo an seasmhach tábhachtach sa eolaíocht ag teacht suas go leor ní amháin i ríomh ach freisin an fheidhm Zeta cáiliúil agus dáileadh staidrimh éagsúla. Euler lena cumas ríomhaireachta meabhrach mhindéalach ionsaí sé é roinnt uaireanta ina shaol ríomhaireacht sé go dtí 16 áit dheicheamacha roimh a bháis. Níos déanaí an Mascheroni ríomhaire sé go dtí níos mó áiteanna. Fuair Gauss féin, a bhí in ann uimhreacha a dhéanamh go neamhghnách, gur rinne Mascheroni botún sa 21ú háit agus d'iarr sé ar a dheisceacht, an réalteolaí Nicolai, a bhí ina ríomhaire daonna dá aois, a thorthaí a fhíorú. Fuair Nicolai an luach ceart go 40 áit dheichealaigh, taifead a sheas ar feadh 50 bliain. Fuair Ramanujan roinnt foirmlí a bhfuil cuma iontach orthu a bhaineann le , lena n-áirítear iad siúd a bhfuil comhtháthú tapa orthu; áfach, ní labhróidh muid fúthu anseo. Sa phictiúr 5 feicimid go bhfuil gach cas de SRS níos mó ná an ceann roimhe seo ag luach beagnach . Déantar an scarthaíocht cas SRS a chomhtháthú i ndáiríre i dtreo asymptotically. Mar thoradh air sin, tá an cheist ann an bhfuil bealach ann chun líon na radaigh dhifriúla a bhíonn laistigh de gach cas den SRS a ríomh. Chun seo, rinne Hlawka rud éigin ar a dtugtar Schneckenkonstante a ríomh, bunaithe ar a bhfuil Kochiemba/Wilson tar éis ordú líon na radaigh dhlíshealaithe (; OEIS: A072895) atá i gcúl an SRS a ríomh mar seo: Tugann sé seo an seicheamh: 0, 17, 54, 110, 186, 281, 396, 532, 686, 861, 1055 ... mar líon na radaigh dhifriúla in aghaidh an chiorcail. Tá an difríocht idir fréamhacha cearnach téarmaí comhleanúnacha an t-sreang seo (Figiúr 6) ag athrú timpeall leis na hathruithe ag laghdú i leithead mar a mhéadaíonn líon na n-uaireanta. Is féidir leis an luach teacht go leor gar do . Chun an chéad 100 casadh , a thagann laistigh de . Ar deireadh, ag teacht ar ais go dtí an áit a thosaigh muid, tá léarscáil shimplí sa phláinéid chasta a d'aimsigh Davis a tháirgeann pointí diathúla de gach cineál spireála lena n-áirítear an SRS: Anseo agus tá buan nó athrú le gach athdhéanamh. Nuair a fhaighimid na pointí diongbháilte ar an SRS (Figiúr 7). Nuair a fhaighimid pointí diathúla ar an spireal logaritmic a fuair Rene Descartes. Nuair a fhaighimid spireal Archimedean. Nuair a fhaighimid rud éigin a fhásann cosúil leis an SRS ach tá tonn níos casta cosúil le patrún inmheánach (Figiúr 7). Is cuimhní é seo ar na comhtháthú a fheictear i léarscáil Henon, ach is difríochtaí iad seo. Nuair a léiríonn an léarscáil iompar chaotic ach tá an tarraingteoir lonnaithe i 4 scáth ciorclach comhchruinnithe (Figiúr 7). Ar deireadh, nuair a athraíonn agus le gach athdhéanamh mar a fhaighimid socrú casta spíreála braided na pointí (Figiúr 7).

Bluetooth is best known as the wireless technology that powers hands-free earpieces. Depending on your point of view, people who wear them either: a) Look ridiculous (especially if shining a bright blue LED from their ear); b) Appear mad (when apparently talking to themselves); or c) Are sensible, law-abiding, safety-conscious drivers. Whichever letter you pick, insidious security issues remain around Bluetooth attacks and mobile devices. While most of the problems identified five to 10 years ago have been straightened out by now, some still remain. And there’s also good reason to be cautious about new, undiscovered problems. Here are a few examples of the mobile security threats in which Bluetooth makes us vulnerable, along with tips to secure your mobile workforce devices. Software in Bluetooth devices – especially those using the newer Bluetooth 4.0 specification – will not be perfect. It’s unheard of to find software that has zero security vulnerabilities. As Finnish security researchers Tommi Mäkilä, Jukka Taimisto and Miia Vuontisjärvi demonstrated in 2011, it’s easy for attackers to discover new, previously unknown vulnerabilities in Bluetooth devices. Potential impacts could include charges for expensive premium-rate or international calls, theft of sensitive data or drive-by malware downloads. To combat this threat: Switch off your Bluetooth when you’re not using it. Bluetooth – named after the Viking king, Harald Bluetooth Gormsson, thanks to his abilities to make 10th-century European factions communicate – is all about wireless communication. Just like with Wi-Fi, Bluetooth encryption is supposed to stop criminals listening in to your data or phone calls. In other words, eavesdropping shouldn’t be a problem. However, older Bluetooth devices use versions of the Bluetooth protocol that have more security holes than a tasty slice of Swiss. Even the latest specification (4.0) has a similar problem with its low-energy (LE) variant. To combat this threat: Ban devices that use Bluetooth 1.x, 2.0 or 4.0-LE. Malicious attackers can crash your devices, block them from receiving phone calls and drain your battery. To combat this threat: Again, switch off your Bluetooth when you’re not using it. Bluetooth is designed to be a “personal area network.” That is to say, devices that are more than a few feet away should not be accessible via Bluetooth. However, you’re not safe if you simply ensure there’s distance between you and a potential attacker; hackers have been known to use directional, high-gain antennae to successfully communicate over much greater distances. For example, security researcher Joshua Wright demonstrated the use of such an antenna to hack a Bluetooth device in a Starbucks from across the street. To combat this threat: Once again, switch off your Bluetooth! Wright has also demonstrated serious flaws in many popular Bluetooth headsets. By exploiting these vulnerabilities, attackers can eavesdrop on your conversations with the people around you, not just your phone calls. Built-in hands-free car kits can also be vulnerable. The device becomes, in effect, a mobile bugging device, transmitting everything it hears to an attacker. To combat this threat: Make sure you change the default PIN code to something hard to guess. And yup… switch off the headset. It’s vital to develop and communicate company policies for mobile device security – including Bluetooth – so that your business’s data aren’t compromised and your users can work safely when mobile. While all mobile devices present risks that need to be addressed, Bluetooth security is one often-overlooked piece of the mobile security puzzle. By Richi Jennings

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Is fearr aithne ar Bluetooth mar an teicneolaíocht gan sreang a chuireann cumhachtaí ar chluigíní gan lámha. Ag brath ar do thaobh de, daoine a bhfuil iad a chaitheamh nó: a) Breathnú greannmhar (go háirithe má tá LED gorm geal ag lasadh óna chluas); b) Is cosúil go bhfuil siad buile (cé gur cosúil go bhfuil siad ag caint leo féin); nó c) Is tiománaithe ciallmhar, dlí-chomhlíontach, atá comhfhiosach faoi shábháilteacht. Cibé litir a roghnaíonn tú, tá fadhbanna slándála insidious fós i dtaca le hionsaithe Bluetooth agus le feistí soghluaiste. Cé go bhfuil an chuid is mó de na fadhbanna a aithníodh cúig go deich mbliana ó shin curtha ar an mbealach anois, tá cuid acu fós ann. Agus tá cúis mhaith ann freisin a bheith cúramach faoi fhadhbanna nua nach bhfuil le fáil. Seo cúpla sampla de na bagairtí slándála soghluaiste ina ndéanann Bluetooth muid leochaileach, chomh maith le leideanna chun do ghléasanna saothair soghluaiste a chosaint. Ní bheidh bogearraí i bhfeistí Bluetooth - go háirithe iad siúd a úsáideann an sonraíocht Bluetooth 4.0 níos nuaí - foirfe. Tá sé gan éisteacht le bogearraí a aimsiú nach bhfuil aon leochaileachtaí slándála acu. Mar a léirigh taighdeoirí slándála na Fionlainne Tommi Mäkilä, Jukka Taimisto agus Miia Vuontisjärvi in 2011, tá sé éasca do ionsaitheoirí leochaileachtaí nua, nach raibh ar eolas acu roimhe seo, a fháil i bhfeistí Bluetooth. D'fhéadfadh tionchar a bheith ag na hiarmhairtí a bheadh ann ná muirir a ghearradh ar ghlaonna ardráta nó idirnáisiúnta, goid sonraí íogaire nó íoslódáil malware tiománaithe. Chun an bagairt seo a chomhrac: Cuir do Bluetooth as nuair nach bhfuil tú á úsáid. Bluetooth ainmnithe i ndiaidh rí na Víocaíochta, Harald Bluetooth Gormsson, a bhuíochas dá chumas chun frithghníomhaíochtaí Eorpacha an 10ú haois a chur in iúl tá sé ar fad faoi chumarsáid gan sreang. Díreach mar a tharla le Wi-Fi, ceaptar go gcuirfeadh criptiú Bluetooth cosc ar choiriúla éisteacht le do chuid sonraí nó glaonna teileafóin. I bhfocail eile, níor cheart go mbeadh fadhb ar bith le hais-éisteacht. Mar sin féin, úsáideann feistí Bluetooth níos sine leaganacha den phrótacal Bluetooth a bhfuil níos mó poll slándála acu ná slice milis na hEilvéise. Tá fadhb den chineál céanna ag an sonraíocht is déanaí (4.0) lena leagan íseal-fhuinnimh (LE). Chun an bagairt seo a chomhrac: Cuir cosc ar fheistí a úsáideann Bluetooth 1.x, 2.0 nó 4.0-LE. Is féidir le haispéirisí malleable do ghléasanna a chur i ngleic, iad a bhac ó ghlaonna teileafóin a fháil agus do chadhnraí a dhíothú. Chun an bagairt seo a chomhrac: arís, cuir do Bluetooth as feidhm nuair nach bhfuil sé á úsáid agat. Tá Bluetooth deartha chun a bheith ina líonra ceantair phearsanta. Is é sin le rá, níor cheart go mbeadh feistí atá níos mó ná cúpla troigh ar shiúl inrochtana trí Bluetooth. Mar sin féin, ní bheidh tú sábháilte mura ndéanann tú ach a chinntiú go bhfuil achar idir tú féin agus ionsaitheoir ionchasach; tá a fhios go n-úsáideann hackers antennaí treoracha ard-gháinne chun cumarsáid a dhéanamh go rathúil thar achar i bhfad níos mó. Mar shampla, léirigh taighdeoir slándála Joshua Wright úsáid antenna den sórt sin chun feiste Bluetooth a hackáil i Starbucks ó thrasnú an tsráid. Chun an bagairt seo a chomhrac: arís eile, cuir do Bluetooth as feidhm! Taispeáin Wright lochtanna tromchúiseacha i go leor cluasáin Bluetooth tóir. Trí na leochaileachtaí seo a shaothrú, is féidir le hionsaitheoirí éisteacht le do chuid comhráite leis na daoine timpeall ort, ní hamháin do chuid glaonna teileafóin. Is féidir le trealamh carr saor ó lámha a bheith leochaileach freisin. Is cosúil go bhfuil an gléas seo ina ghléas clóite, ag cur gach rud a chloiseann sé ar an ionsaí. Chun an bagairt seo a chomhrac: Bí cinnte go n-athraíonn tú an cód PIN réamhshocraithe go rud éigin a bhfuil sé deacair a thuiscint. Agus yup... casadh amach an headset. Tá sé ríthábhachtach beartais cuideachta a fhorbairt agus a chur in iúl maidir le slándáil feistí soghluaiste, lena n-áirítear Bluetooth, ionas nach gcuirfear sonraí do ghnó i mbaol agus gur féidir le do úsáideoirí oibriú go sábháilte nuair a bhíonn siad soghluaiste. Cé go bhfuil rioscaí ag gach gléas soghluaiste a chaithfear aghaidh a thabhairt orthu, is píosa de na píosaí slándála soghluaiste a bhfuil dearmad déanta orthu go minic é slándáil Bluetooth. Le Richi Jennings

Robert, 3rd Lord Semple, (c. 1505-1573) was known as The Great Lord Semple. He lived in unsettled, violent times and was involved in on-going local feuds, battles between Scotland and England and religious conflict within Scotland engendered by the reformation. As a young man, Robert fought in numerous skirmishes with local families. These often entailed criminal offences such as reiving, spoliation and even murder, but perpetrators as influential and powerful as the Semples were seldom called to account. After the death of King James V in 1542, Mary, his six day old daughter, became Queen and Scotland was ruled for some years by regents. Robert Semple was a staunch supporter of the House of Stuart and frequently attended court. A Catholic by faith, he seems at times to have found it politically expedient to give some tacit support to Protestant views. In 1544 Robert had a violent skirmish with two monks in the Paisley Abbey because he wanted ‘adequate cautioners’ (verification of authenticity) for the relics and ornaments held in the St Mirin Aisle. However, this action was not regarded as untoward, apparently, for in April of the following year he was granted by charter the Bailliary of Regality of Paisley for defending the monks of Paisley Abbey from heretics and tyrants. Another more serious incident occurred in 1550, when in a heated argument at a gathering of nobles in the house of the Regent in Edinburgh, Robert Semple, who was said to have been supporting the new religion, became so incensed that he drew his dagger and stabbed William, 3rd Lord Crichton of Sanquhar, through the heart. With help of influential friends his death sentence for this murderous offence was reduced to a contract to pay compensation to Lord Crichton’s family. On the international scene, conflict between England and France led Henry VIII to declare war on the Scots to force a marriage between his son Edward and the infant Mary Queen of Scots. The ensuing war was known as The Rough Wooing (1543-1550). In 1547 Robert fought at the Battle of Pinkie and, despite a rescue attempt by his friends, was taken prisoner by the English. In the 1550s Robert, now 3rd Lord Semple and a staunch supporter of Mary of Guise, decided to build a fortified tower where his family and retainers could find refuge from the threat of marauding local or government attackers. This defensive structure, known as the Peel Tower, was built on a small rocky island on Castle Semple Loch. In October, 1560, the 2nd Earl of Arran, besieged the Semple castle. Held up for a week by violent storms, the Earl eventually set up his artillery and attacked the castle. The next day, the gatehouse tower fell and the castle was surrendered on the following day. Semple’s son was taken prisoner and the Semple Castle and Peel Tower were occupied by Arran’s forces. However, in 1567 after the murder of Darnley, Queen Mary’s husband, Lord Semple changed sides. He fought against the Queen’s forces at the Battle of Carberry Hill in that year and at the Battle of Langside in 1568, when Mary was defeated and subsequently fled to England. He was appointed Commendator (the secular equivalent of Abbot) of Paisley Abbey and was a member of Regent Moray’s secret council. However, after Moray was murdered in 1570, Semple was captured by the Hamiltons and imprisoned in Argyll for a year in the custody of Lord Boyd. Robert, the Great Lord Semple, died around 1573, most probably at Castle Semple in Lochwinnoch. Although no evidence of his burial stone exists today, a drawing of part of a complete stone (c.5 x 2 feet) which lay in Lochwinnoch Churchyard in the late 19th century shows the Semple Arms and the initials of Robert, 3rd Lord Semple and his first wife Isabel Hamilton. No date or other inscription appeared on the stone. The Great Lord Semple certainly was strong, influential and powerful and could endure hardship – but was he really ‘Great’? © 2012 Helen Calcluth

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Bhí Robert, an 3ú Tiarna Semple, (c. 1505-1573) ar a dtugtar An Tiarna Mór Semple. Bhí sé ina chónaí i amanna neamhshocraithe, foréigneacha agus bhí baint aige le feodaí áitiúla leanúnacha, cathanna idir Albain agus Shasana agus coimhlint reiligiúnach laistigh den Albain a d'eascair as an athchóiriú. Mar fhear óg, throid Robert i go leor scrimmage le teaghlaigh áitiúla. Is minic a bhí cionta coiriúla mar reiving, spoliation agus fiú dúnmharú, ach is annamh a ghlaoitear ar choirpigh chomh tionchair agus cumhachtach leis na Semples chun cuntas a thabhairt. Tar éis bháis an Rí Seumas V i 1542, tháinig Máire, a iníon sé lá d'aois, ina Banríon agus bhí na hAlban faoi rialú le roinnt blianta ag réigintí. Ba thacaí daingean é Robert Semple de Theach Stuart agus bhí sé ag freastal ar an gcúirt go minic. Is Caitliceach de réir creidimh é, is cosúil gur aimsigh sé go raibh sé oiriúnach go polaitiúil uaireanta tacaíocht a thabhairt do thuairimí Protastúnach go ciúin. I 1544 bhí scáileán láidir ag Robert le dhá mhaonlaigh in Abbey Paisley toisc gur theastaigh uaidh "caomhnú leordhóthanach" (triail a dhéanamh ar fhírinneacht) do na haimsire agus na maisiúcháin a bhí i gCúl St Mirin. Mar sin féin, ní raibh an gníomh seo á mheas mar neamh-iompórtúil, de réir dealraimh, mar i mí Aibreáin na bliana ina dhiaidh sin tugadh Bailliary of Regality of Paisley dó trí chairt as manaigh Abbey Paisley a chosaint ó heretics agus tirans. Tharla eachtra níos tromchúisí eile i 1550, nuair a bhí argóint te ag cruinniú uasal i dteach an Rialtóra in Odinburgh, bhí Robert Semple, a deirtear go raibh sé ag tacú leis an reiligiún nua, chomh furious gur tharraing sé a dagger agus stacked William, 3ú Tiarna Crichton de Sanquhar, tríd an croí. Le cabhair ó chairde tionchair, laghdaíodh a phionós báis as an gcion dúnmharfach seo go conradh chun cúiteamh a íoc le teaghlach an Tiarna Crichton. Ar an ardán idirnáisiúnta, ba chúis le coinbhleacht idir Shasana agus an Fhrainc a dhearbhaigh Henry VIII cogadh ar na hAlban chun pósadh a fhorchur idir a mhac Edward agus an leanbh Mary Queen of Scots. Bhí an cogadh a tháinig ina dhiaidh sin ar a dtugtar The Rough Wooing (1543-1550). Sa bhliain 1547, throid Robert i gCath Pinkie agus, in ainneoin iarracht a chairde é a shábháil, ghlac na Sasanaigh é ina phríosúnach. Sna 1550idí, shocraigh Robert, anois an 3ú Tiarna Semple agus tacaí dílis de Mháry de Guise, túr daingne a thógáil áit ar féidir lena theaghlach agus a sheirbhísigh tearmann a fháil ó bhagairt ionsaitheoirí áitiúla nó rialtais maraudála. Tógadh an struchtúr cosanta seo, ar a dtugtar an Túr Peel, ar oileán beag carraig ar Castle Semple Loch. I mí Dheireadh Fómhair, 1560, chuir an 2ú Iarla Arran, faoi léigear an chaisleán Semple. Ar a choimeád ar bun ar feadh seachtaine ag stoirmeacha foréigneacha, chuir an Iarla a airteallach ar bun sa deireadh agus rinne sé ionsaí ar an gcastell. An lá dar gcionn, thit an túr teach geata agus tugadh an caisleán suas an lá dar gcionn. Gabhadh mac Semple i bpríosún agus bhí Caisleán Semple agus Túr Peel á n-ocáid ag fórsaí Arran. Mar sin féin, i 1567 tar éis dúnmharú Darnley, fear céile na Banríona Mary, d'athraigh an Tiarna Semple taobhanna. Throid sé i gcoinne fórsaí na Banríona ag Cath Carberry Hill sa bhliain sin agus ag Cath Langside i 1568, nuair a bhí Máire buailte agus theith sé go Sasana ina dhiaidh sin. Ceapadh é mar Commendator (an coibhéis labhartha le Abbot) d'Abhacht Paisley agus bhí sé ina bhall de chomhairle rúnda Regent Moray. Mar sin féin, tar éis do Moray a bheith dúnmharú i 1570, gabhadh na Hamiltons Semple agus cuireadh i bpríosún é in Argyll ar feadh bliana i gcúram an Tiarna Boyd. Fuair Robert, an tArd-Aon Semple, bás timpeall 1573, is dócha ag Caisleán Semple i Lochwinnoch. Cé nach bhfuil aon fhianaise ann inniu ar a chloch adhlactha, léiríonn líníocht de chuid de chloch iomlán (c.5 x 2 troigh) a bhí i gClé Churchyard Lochwinnoch ag deireadh an 19ú haois na hAirm Semple agus na chéadfhocail de Robert, an 3ú Tiarna Semple agus a chéad bhean Isabel Hamilton. Ní raibh dáta ná instealladh eile ar an gcloch. Is cinnte go raibh an Tiarna Mór Semple láidir, tionchair agus cumhachtach agus d'fhéadfadh sé fhulaingt ar dhúshláin ach an raibh sé i ndáiríre Mór? © 2012 Helen Calcluth

Learn about this Newbery Award winning author and her most frequently challenged book. Several years ago I sat in a Catholic school librarians' meeting and heard a discussion of how librarians had pulled The Giver from their shelves. I sat stunned. This book is one of my favorites. I eagerly anticipate the point in the school year when I can teach The Giver to my sixth grade students. I spent the next half hour discussing the merits of the book and how it is in line with The Theology of the Body According to John Paul II: Human Love in the Divine Plan. Since then whenever I speak to groups about children's literature I include a discussion of why we need to embrace Lowry's work instead of hiding it away. Too often this is the reaction to Lois Lowry's works. In her Newbery Awarding winning book Number the Stars young Annemarie risks her life to save her Jewish friend, Ellen during the Nazi occupation of Denmark. Parents have objected to the use of drugs to throw the Nazis' dogs off the scent of the escaping girl. Who is this writer who inspires great devotion and also is one the most challenged authors in the United States? Lois Lowry is an "Army Brat." Her father was a dentist serving in the United States Army. Consequently she has lived in many varied locations. Lowry has stated that as a child she was not very comfortable with people and not very athletic. She turned to books. She read. She spent time imagining and noticing the world around her.These every day details that she notices add depth to her stories. The engraved identification tag that her father gave her when they lived in New York City was utilized in her novel Autumn Street. The emotional details of her life have been included as well. The grief and loss Lois Lowry experienced when her sister died of cancer became the basis for her first novel A Summer to Die Lowry addresses the guilt that children often feel at the death of a sibling. In A Summer to Die "ordinary" Meg and her family move to a small country house and she is forced to room with her perfect older sister, Molly. Then Molly gets sick. The feelings of fear and anger are real. Students believe them. Part of Lowry's purpose is to help young people look for and find answers to their questions about life. In The Giver Lowry, through the characters, passes on the need for strong emotions such as fear, pain, sorrow, guilt, anger, joy, and love. She encourages young writers to think about the live changing events they have experienced. She asks them to write stories grounded in those life-changing events. Lowry believes that, "Every time you place a book in the hands of a child, you [pass on these feelings]." By Placing any of the many, many books written by Lois Lowry in your library and into the hands of youth and adults you will share literature which will be passed on from parent to child, friend to friend, and teacher to student.

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Foghlaim faoi an t-údar a bhuaigh Duais Newbery agus a leabhar is mó a bhfuil dúshlán air. Roinnt blianta ó shin shuigh mé i gcruinniú leabharlanna scoile Caitliceach agus chuala mé plé ar an gcaoi a tharraing leabharlanna an Treoir óna seilfeanna. Shuigh mé stunned. Tá an leabhar seo ar cheann de na leabhair is fearr liom. Táim ag súil go mór leis an bpointe sa bhliain scoile nuair is féidir liom The Giver a mhúineadh do mo mhic léinn séú grád. Chaith mé an leathuair a chuaigh romhainn ag plé le luachanna an leabhair agus conas a bhíonn sé i gcomhréir le Theology of the Body According to John Paul II: Human Love in the Divine Plan. Ó shin i leith, aon uair a labhraím le grúpaí faoi litríocht leanaí cuirim plé ar an gcúis ar chóir dúinn saothar Lowry a ghlacadh in ionad é a cheilt. Go minic is é seo an imoibriú ar saothair Lois Lowry. Ina leabhar a bhuaigh Duais Newbery Number the Stars, tá Annemarie óg ag cur a shaol i mbaol chun a cairde Giúdach, Ellen, a shábháil le linn na n-áitigh na Náisiúnaigh ar an Danmhairg. Tá agóid déanta ag tuismitheoirí i gcoinne drugaí a úsáid chun madraí na Naitsithe a chur ar ais ó bholadh an chailín imithe. Cé hé an scríbhneoir seo a spreagann díograis mhór agus freisin tá sé ar cheann de na húdair is dúshlánach sna Stáit Aontaithe? Is Lois Lowry "Army Brat". Ba fiaclóir í a hathair a bhí ag feidhmiú in Arm na Stát Aontaithe. Dá bhrí sin, tá cónaí uirthi i go leor áiteanna éagsúla. Dúirt Lowry nár raibh sí an-chomhfhurtail le daoine agus nach raibh sí an-aisteolaíoch mar leanbh. D'fhill sí ar leabhair. Léigh sí. Chaith sí am ag samhlú agus ag tabhairt faoi deara an domhain timpeall uirthi. Baineadh úsáid as an lipéad aitheantais inghlactha a thug a hathair di nuair a bhí siad ina gcónaí i gCathair Nua Eabhrac ina úrscéal Sráid an Fhómhair . Tá na sonraí mothúchánach dá saol á gclárú freisin. Bhí an brón agus an caillteanas a d'fhulaing Lois Lowry nuair a fuair a deirfiúr bás de ghalar ailse mar bhunús dá chéad úrscéal A Summer to Die Lowry a thugann aghaidh ar an ciontacht a bhraitheann leanaí go minic ag bás deartháir nó deirfiúr. I Samhradh chun bás a fháil bogann Meg "gnáth" agus a teaghlach go teach contae beag agus déantar í a chur iallach seomra a chaitheamh lena deirfiúr níos sine foirfe, Molly. Ansin Molly a fháil tinn. Tá na mothúcháin eagla agus fearg fíor. Creideann mic léinn iad. Is é cuid de chuspóir Lowry cabhrú le daoine óga freagraí a lorg ar a gcuid ceisteanna faoin saol agus iad a fháil. I The Giver, cuireann Lowry, trí na carachtair, an gá le mothúcháin láidre mar eagla, pian, brón, ciontacht, fearg, áthas agus grá ar aghaidh. Spreagann sí scríbhneoirí óga smaoineamh ar na himeachtaí a d'athraigh a saol a raibh taithí acu orthu. Iarrann sí orthu scéalta a scríobh bunaithe ar na himeachtaí seo a d'athraigh a saol. Creideann Lowry, "I ngach uair a chuireann tú leabhar i lámha leanbh, [chuir tú na mothúcháin seo ar aghaidh]". Trí aon cheann de na leabhair go leor, go leor a scríobh Lois Lowry a chur i do leabharlann agus i lámha na n-óige agus na ndaoine fásta roinnfidh tú litríocht a rachaidh ar aghaidh ó thuismitheoir go leanbh, cara go cara, agus múinteoir go mac léinn.

Five hundred million years ago, the land that is now called Illinois was covered by a shallow tropical ocean, filled with corals, cephalopods, and trilobites. The soil, plant, and animal matter that settled into the earth created today's layers of sandstone and limestone. Over the next few hundred millions of years, the ocean transformed into a muddy swamp, with giant trees that died and compacted into coal. The mud. seashells and sand from this era became shale, as the land became drier. Starting about two million years ago, several waves of glaciers came down from the north, covering the land with thick layers of ice. As the ice flowed and then retreated, it piled up ridges of rocks and clay at the edges of ice sheets. These moraines are some of Chicago area’s highest points today. Glaciers also carved out and melted into a large lake covering all of what would become Chicago's metropolitan area with a flat bed of terrain. About 10,000 years ago as the last glacier melted, water in the lake drained out to make it much smaller than it is now, and the level of the lake fluctuated over the next several thousand years until the shoreline settled around 2,500 years ago. The shoreline then became a smooth curve of sandy beaches fronted with low dunes up to 15 feet high. Stretching under the water was sand for up to a mile off the shore, covering a layer of clay. Humans have always shaped this environment, but settlers have transformed the Chicago lakefront in ways that were previously unimaginable, harming the natural environment and violating agreements with the Native people of this land in order to create profit. Click on the buttons to learn more: By Frank B. Taylor, Frank Leverett - The Pleistocene of Indiana and Michigan, History of the Great Lakes; Chapter XVI, Glacial Lake Arkona; Frank B. Taylor; Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, Vol LIII; Frank Leverett and Frank B. Taylor; Washington, D.C,; Government Printing Office; 1915, Public Domain.

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Cúig chéad milliún bliain ó shin, bhí an talamh a dtugtar Illinois anois clúdaithe ag aigéan trópaiceach lom, lán le corail, cephalopods, agus trilobites. An ithir, an phlanda agus an ainmhí a shocraigh isteach sa talamh chruthaigh na sraitheanna sa lá atá inniu ann de charraig ghorm agus carraig chraicinn. Le cúpla céad milliún bliain ina dhiaidh sin, d'athraigh an fharraige go marsh muddy, le crainn ollmhór a fuair bás agus a thiomáint i gcarbóin. An muir. seashells agus gaineamh ó na ré seo tháinig shale, mar a tháinig an talamh níos tirim. Ag tosú thart ar dhá mhilliún bliain ó shin, tháinig roinnt tonnta oighearshruth ó thuaidh, ag clúdach an tailte le sraitheanna tiubh oighear. De réir mar a bhí an oighear ag sreabhadh agus ag éirí siar, chuir sé cnuasaigh carraigeacha agus cré ar imeall na sciatháin oighear. Tá na morains seo ar chuid de na pointí is airde i gceantar Chicago inniu. Bhí na gileasaigh cartháilte amach agus leáite i loch mór a chlúdaigh gach rud a bheadh ina limistéar cathrach Chicago le leaba cothrom talún. Timpeall 10,000 bliain ó shin nuair a thaobhadh an ghlasraí deireanach, scaoileadh uisce sa loch amach chun é a dhéanamh i bhfad níos lú ná mar atá sé anois, agus tháinig athrú ar leibhéal an loch thar na mílte bliain ina dhiaidh sin go dtí go socraíodh an chósta thart ar 2,500 bliain ó shin. Tháinig an chósta ansin ina chúlra réidh de thráin ghaineamh a bhí faoi bhráid dún íseal suas le 15 troigh ar airde. Bhí gaineamh ag síneadh faoin uisce suas go míle ón gcósta, ag clúdach sraith cré. Daoine a bhí i gcónaí cruth an timpeallacht seo, ach tá lonnaitheoirí tar éis athrú ar an loch Chicago ar bhealaí a bhí roimhe inimaginable, dochar don chomhshaol nádúrtha agus ag sárú comhaontuithe leis na daoine Dúchasacha an talamh chun brabús a chruthú. Cliceáil ar na cnaipí chun tuilleadh a fhoghlaim: Le Frank B. Taylor, Frank Leverett - The Pleistocene of Indiana and Michigan, History of the Great Lakes; Caibidil XVI, Glacial Lake Arkona; Frank B. Taylor; Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, Vol LIII; Frank Leverett and Frank B. Taylor; Washington, D.C.,; Oifig Chlódóireachta an Rialtais; 1915, Domhan Poiblí.

by Barbara Minton Portland, Oregon has joined at least seven other cities in banning the usage of neonicotinoids, a class of insecticides that many scientists think is behind colony collapse disorder and the premature death and dysfunction of many bees and other pollinating insects. The ban applies to all city lands and will be enforced despite the opposition of some nearby farmers who claim neonicotinoids are critical for producing their food crops. The ever-expanding number of members of the neonicotinoid family are all relative newcomers in the insecticide world. The first commercial neonicotinoid, imidacloprid, appeared in 1985 and is still in use today. Neonicotinoids are highly neurotoxic, sharing a common mode of action that affects the central nervous system of insects, resulting in their paralysis and death. Pollinating insects are essential for the growth of numerous crops, including apples, plums, broccoli, peppers, cabbage, Brazil nuts, and cashews. In 2008, neonicotinoids were scrutinized for their environmental impact in Germany, where they were linked with several adverse ecological effects. In 2013, the EU and some other European countries banned use of certain members of the neonicotinoid family.

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ag Barbara Minton Tá Portland, Oregon tar éis teacht le seacht gcathracha eile ar a laghad chun cosc a chur ar úsáid neonicotinoids, aicme inseicticídí a cheapann go leor eolaithe go bhfuil sé taobh thiar de neamhoird an cholóimigh agus bás agus mífheidhm go luath a bhaineann le go leor beacha agus inseictí pollinálacha eile. Baineann an toirmeasc le talún na cathrach go léir agus cuirfear i bhfeidhm é in ainneoin frithsheasmhacht roinnt feirmeoirí in aice láimhe a mhaíonn go bhfuil neonicotinoids ríthábhachtach chun a gcuid barra bia a tháirgeadh. Is daoine nua i gcónaí i saol na n-inseictimíd iad baill an teaghlaigh neonicotinoid atá ag méadú i gcónaí. Tháinig an chéad neonicotinoid tráchtála, imidacloprid, i 1985 agus tá sé fós in úsáid inniu. Tá neonicotinoids an-neurotoxic, ag roinnt modh gníomhaíochta coiteann a théann i bhfeidhm ar chóras lárnach néaróg na n-inseictí, rud a fhágann go bhfuil a gcuid paraisítí agus bás. Tá na h-ionsaitheoraí pollinála ríthábhachtach chun go leor barra a fhás, lena n-áirítear úlla, plumaí, brocailí, piobar, cabáiste, cnónna na Brasaíle, agus cashew. Sa bhliain 2008, rinneadh scrúdú ar neonicotinoids maidir lena dtionchar ar an gcomhshaol sa Ghearmáin, áit a raibh baint acu le roinnt éifeachtaí díobhálacha éiceolaíocha. In 2013, chuir an AE agus roinnt tíortha Eorpacha eile cosc ar úsáid baill áirithe den teaghlach neonicotinoid.

National School Choice Week The National School Choice Week (NSCW) is held every January to raise awareness of all the types of education options for children. Some of these options include public schools, charter schools, magnet schools, online learning, private schools and homeschooling. Every January NSCW shines a light of positivity on effective schooling and options of education open to every child. They encourage schools, organizations, and even individuals to hold positive events that celebrate their schooling options and the positive impact they are having on children.

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Seachtain Náisiúnta Roghnach Scoile Déantar Seachtain Náisiúnta Roghnaithe na Scoile (NSCW) gach Eanáir chun feasacht a ardú maidir le gach cineál roghanna oideachais do leanaí. I measc na roghanna seo tá scoileanna poiblí, scoileanna cairte, scoileanna maighnéadacha, foghlaim ar líne, scoileanna príobháideacha agus oideachas sa bhaile. Gach Eanáir, tugann NSCW léargas dearfach ar scoil éifeachtach agus ar roghanna oideachais atá ar fáil do gach leanbh. Spreagann siad scoileanna, eagraíochtaí, agus fiú daoine aonair chun imeachtaí dearfacha a reáchtáil a cheiliúrann a gcuid roghanna scoile agus an tionchar dearfach atá acu ar leanaí.

Subliminal persuasion explained Subliminal recordings were made possible only by the invention of motion pictures and sound recordings. Subliminal technology and its power to change people can be read in Vance Packard’s book “The Hidden Persuaders.” The book tells the story of what happened when the word’s ‘popcorn’ and drink Coke were inserted into single frames of motion picture film. At 25 frames per second, the messages popped on the screen so briefly they were not even seen by the conscious mind. But, the subconscious mind picked them up. By the time they had flashed on the screen about two dozen times, the impressions they had made on the subconscious caused that part of the mind to send an urgent message to the appetite, You are hungry for popcorn. Before the film was over, most of the audience was munching happily on popcorn and drinking Coke; they had no intention of buying! Examples of using Subliminal’s During World War II, tacticians found that pilots and gunners were unable to distinguish the silhouettes of planes seen at a distance. In some instances, pilots and gunners even shot down friendly planes. To solve this problem, Air Force psychologists developed the tachistoscope, which is simply a machine that flashes words, numbers, or images for varying instants of time on a visible screen. By flashing fairly large pictures of friendly and enemy aircraft at slow speeds, while gradually increasing the exposure speed and decreasing the size of the aircraft image, pilots could be quickly trained to recognize even speck-like representations of different planes when flashed at only 1/100th of a second. In fact, U.S. Navy ship gunners were trained to identify more than 2,000 silhouettes at one sitting without a mistake. The human brain takes in all the information it needs to build a response from even an image flashed at 1/100th of a second. Keith E. Barenklau at the International Safety Academy, Houston, TX, uses tachistoscopic instruction to teach student drivers to recognize and respond quickly to potential, vehicle-collision situations. In Time magazine, Sept. 10, 1979, an article ran concerning Secret Voices. The article mentioned that about 50 department stores in the U.S. and Canada have installed a device that commingles the music of Musak system broadcasts with subliminal anti-theft messages (I am honest. I will not steal. If I do steal, I will be caught and sent to jail.). The words changed slightly now and then, but the basic message remained the same and repeated itself 9,000 times every hour. Professor Hal C. Becker invented the little black box to deliver the technique through speeding up, barely audible messages (2 1/2 times normal speed) in conjunction with the pleasant background music of the department store (see U. S. patent no. 3,278,676 by Hal C. Becker). (Using a Variable Speech Controller (VSC), recorded speech can be speeded up without increasing the pitch and sounding like Donald Duck.) Results indicated that theft and internal, inventory shrinkage was actually reduced by up to 37% in stores using subliminal messages. Using Becker’s honesty reinforcement and theft deterrent system, one department store company saved more than half a million dollars in only 10 months through cutting shoplifting and employee pilferage. Such success prompted other store chains to order their own secret installations of the system as well. The fact that subliminal suggestions can reach the subconscious through audio – as well as through visual stimulation – is a much more recent discovery. Medical students taught by George Lozanov M.D. in Sofia, Bulgaria first tried it. Where it was used to enhance the foreign language vocabulary and increase the mathematical ability of the students. With few exceptions, it takes less than 30 days to make a change in your life. If, after 30 days of using a program, you have not made the change you desire return the tape for a full refund. Some tapes like Natural Bust Enlargement, improving your Vision, and Hearing Loss Restored will take longer than 30 days for a complete change. If more time is required, the tape will say so. But you will still experience some differences after 30 days of use. The scientific research on subliminal persuasion. In a way, what we consciously see is all there is to see, but all there is to see is much more than what we see. What do we perceive on a subconscious level that we do not see on a conscious level? Since we can perceive more with an attentive expectation mindset, is attentiveness consciousness? Listen to a Lecture Click Here See Modern Day Examples Click Here

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Mínítear an t-aistriú subliminal Ní raibh taifid subliminal indéanta ach amháin trí fhigiúr na scannáin ghluaiseachta agus taifid fuaime a chruthú. Is féidir teicneolaíocht subliminal agus a chumhacht chun daoine a athrú a léamh i leabhar Vance Packard The Hidden Persuaders. Insíonn an leabhar an scéal a tharla nuair a cuireadh an focal popcorn agus an deoch Coke isteach i frámaí aonair scannán pictiúr gluaisrothar. Ag 25 frámaí in aghaidh an tsoicind, d'éirigh na teachtaireachtaí ar an scáileán chomh gearr nach bhfaca an intinn chonaic iad fiú. Ach, an intinn subconscious thóg siad suas. Faoin am a bhí siad ag flash ar an scáileán thart ar dhá dhosaen uair, na híomhánna a rinne siad ar an neamhfhiosach d'fhág go raibh an chuid sin den intinn ag seoladh teachtaireacht phráinneach chuig an appetite, Tá ocras ort ar popcorn. Sula raibh an scannán críochnaithe, bhí an chuid is mó den lucht féachana ag caitheamh popcorn agus ag ól cola go sona sásta; ní raibh aon intinn acu é a cheannach! Samplaí de úsáid Subliminals Le linn an Dara Cogadh Domhanda, fuair taicticí amach nach raibh píolótaí agus gunnairí in ann na siléití eitleáin a fheictear ar shiúl a idirdhealú. I roinnt cásanna, rinne píolótaí agus gunnairí eitleáin chairde a thit síos fiú. Chun an fhadhb seo a réiteach, d'fhorbair síceolaithe an Air Force an tachistoscóp, nach bhfuil ach meaisín a léiríonn focail, uimhreacha, nó íomhánna ar feadh nóiméad éagsúla ama ar scáileán infheicthe. Trí phictiúir bhréagacha a thaispeáint ag luasanna mall, agus luas an fhéile ag méadú de réir a chéile agus méid an phictiúir ag laghdú, d'fhéadfaí píolótaí a oiliúint go tapa chun léiriúí cosúil le speckle a aithint d'eitleáin éagsúla nuair a thaispeántar iad ag 1/100 den dara ceann de soicind amháin. Go deimhin, bhí gunnairí long Cabhlach na Stát Aontaithe oiliúnaithe chun níos mó ná 2,000 sílóide a aithint ag suí amháin gan botún. Glacann an inchinn daonna leis an bhfaisnéis go léir a theastaíonn uaidh chun freagairt a thógáil fiú ó íomhá a léiríonn ag 1/100 den dara ceann. Baineann Keith E. Barenklau ag an Acadamh Sábháilteachta Idirnáisiúnta, Houston, TX, le treoir tachistoscopic chun tiománaithe mac léinn a mhúineadh chun cásanna féideartha, carranna-ionsaithe a aithint agus freagairt go tapa. I iris Time, 10 Meán Fómhair 1979, d'eisigh alt faoi Gutháin Rúnda. Dúirt an t-alt go bhfuil gléas suiteáilte ag thart ar 50 siopa mór i SAM agus i gCeanada a chuireann ceol na craoltaí córas Musak le teachtaireachtaí subliminal frith-ghlactha (Táim macánta. Ní bheidh mé a ghoid. Má ghoidim, gheobhaidh siad mé agus cuirfidh siad i bpríosún mé. ) Athraíodh na focail beagán anois agus ansin, ach d'fhan an teachtaireacht bhunúsach mar an gcéanna agus athdhéanaíodh é féin 9,000 uair gach uair an chloig. D'fhorbair an tOllamh Hal C. Becker an bosca dubh beag chun an teicníc a sheachadadh trí theachtaireachtaí a mhúscailt, a d'fhéadfaí a chloisteáil go héasca (2 1/2 uair an luas gnáth) i gcomhar le ceol cúlra taitneamhach an stór (féach paitinn na Stát Aontaithe uimh. 3,278,676 le Hal C. Becker). (Le húsáid Rialtóir Cainte Athraitheach (VSC), is féidir labhairt taifeadta a luathachadh gan an t-uimhir a mhéadú agus gan a bheith cosúil le Donald Duck.) Léirigh na torthaí gur laghdaíodh go 37% go deimhin goid agus meath ar stoc inmheánach i siopaí ag baint úsáide as teachtaireachtaí subliminal. Ag baint úsáide as Becker's dearcadh onórachta agus córas cosc-ghlaodála, shábháil cuideachta siopaí móra níos mó ná leath mhilliún dollar i gceann 10 mhí amháin trí ghoid siopa agus robáil fostaí a ghearradh. Chuir an rath sin i bhfios do slabhraí siopaí eile a suiteálacha rúnda an chórais a ordú freisin. Is fionnachtán i bhfad níos déanaí é an fíric gur féidir le moltaí subliminal an t-ainneoin a bhaint amach trí fhuaim chomh maith le spreagadh amhairc . Daltaí leighis a mhúineann George Lozanov M.D. i Sofia, an Bhulgáir, rinne siad triail as ar dtús. An áit a raibh sé a úsáid chun feabhas a chur ar an foclóir teanga iasachta agus a mhéadú ar an cumas matamaiticiúil na mac léinn. Ach amháin i gcásanna áirithe, tógann sé níos lú ná 30 lá chun athrú a dhéanamh ar do shaol. Má tá tú tar éis clár a úsáid ar feadh 30 lá, agus nach bhfuil an t-athrú is mian leat déanta agat, cuir an téip ar ais chun go n-aisíocfar an méid iomlán duit. Beidh roinnt teipí cosúil le Breiseadh Bust nádúrtha, feabhas a chur ar do radharc, agus caillteanas éisteachta Athchóirithe a ghlacadh níos faide ná 30 lá le haghaidh athrú iomlán. Má tá níos mó ama ag teastáil, déanfaidh an téip é sin a rá. Ach beidh roinnt difríochtaí fós agat tar éis 30 lá d' úsáid. An taighde eolaíoch ar chur ina luí subliminal. Ar bhealach, is é an rud a fheicimid go comhfhiosach an rud is féidir a fheiceáil, ach is é an rud is féidir a fheiceáil i bhfad níos mó ná an méid a fheicimid. Cad a fheiceann muid ar leibhéal fo-chomhfhiosach nach bhfeicimid ar leibhéal comhfhiosach? Ós rud é gur féidir linn níos mó a thuiscint le meon ag súil le súil, an bhfuil aird ar an bhfhios? Éist le Léacht Cliceáil anseo Féach Ar Samplaí Nua-Aimsire Cliceáil Anseo

What the “ZIP” in “ZIP Code” Stands For and What the Numbers Signify Today I found out what the “ZIP” in “ZIP Code” stands for and what the numbers signify. ZIP Code or “Zone Improvement Plan Code” was a system put in place by the U.S. Postal Service on July 1, 1963. The hope was that these ZIP codes would allow the postal service to more efficiently and therefore more quickly route mail. Before the official nation-wide ZIP code system, the U.S. Postal Service had a system of postal zones for large cities as far back as 1943. This postal zone number would be added to the address after the city name, but before the state name. (e.g. Bilbo Baggins, 3421 Bagend, Hobbiton 27, Eriador; where “27” is the postal zone within the city of Hobbiton) This allowed for more efficient sorting of mail and, thus, quicker deliver times in high volume areas. In 1944, post office employee, Robert Moon, submitted a proposal for a nation-wide postal zone system. In Moon’s system, which was eventually slightly modified and then adopted, the first three digits would stand for the sectional center facility (SFC); an SFC is just a central mail processing facility in a certain region. Specifically, the first digit ends up standing for a group of U.S. states (0-9 numbered from east to west, ascending) with the second and third digits representing a region in that group that is covered by some SFC. The Postal System then added on to Moon’s system two extra numbers which indicate the post office or postal zone, within the region, the mail should go to. Starting around 1983, the U.S. Postal service introduced the ZIP+4 system. In this system, the 5 digit ZIP code number signifies the same thing as before and the extra 4 digits at the end signify an area within a certain post office’s coverage area. Specifically, the six and seventh digits indicate a “delivery sector”, such as a group of streets; a group of office buildings; etc. The last two numbers then indicate a “delivery segment” which could indicate a floor of an office building; the side of the street the address is on; etc. This allows for more efficient sorting within a single post office that deals in high volumes of mail. The new ZIP+4 system never really caught on with the general public and is somewhat superfluous as mail today is read by a multi-line optical character reader (MLOCR) that can almost always determine the correct ZIP+4 code for an address. This machine also sprays a Postnet barcode on the face of the mail that corresponds to the full ZIP+4 code; thus, writing it in by hand before you mail something is generally no more efficient than not writing it in, because the automatic sorting systems the Postal Service has use this Postnet barcode, rather than the specific written address for sorting. - The Origin of the Term “Going Postal” - Most Streets in Japan Don’t Have Names - Post-It Notes Were Invented by Accident - The Founder of FedEx Once Saved the Company By Taking the Remaining Funds from the Company and Gambling With it In Vegas - UPS was Founded by Two Teenagers with a Bike and $100 Borrowed from a Friend - Once the ZIP code system was put in place, the U.S. Postal Service only required that bulk mailers use the ZIP codes, though they wanted everyone to use them. The Postal Service struggled, in the beginning, to get the general public to start using the zip codes. They eventually more or less decided to give up on convincing adults and instead they created a cartoon character “Mr. ZIP” in order to try to get kids to start using ZIP codes. They figured that the kids would then encourage parents to use the ZIP codes when they saw their parents leaving the ZIP codes out on mail. Further, when the kids grew older, they would teach their kids to use ZIP codes. - Mr. ZIP was based on a design by Howard Wilcox, who was the son of a letter carrier. This was a design done for a New York bank that was a child-like sketch of a postman delivering a letter. After AT&T acquired the rights to the design, they made it available to the Postal Service to use at no cost. The Postal Service then made a few minor modifications and Mr. ZIP was born. - The term “ZIP code” was originally registered as a servicemark, which is a type of trademark, by the U.S. Postal Service, but the registration has since expired allowing companies like UPS and FedEx to use the term freely. - You can actually print the Postnet barcode directly onto your mail piece to make it slightly easier for the Postal Service to sort your mail (mainly skipping the step where they have to scan your mail and print the barcode on it). Many word-processing programs, such as Microsoft Word, include a feature for doing this. - Before the 1970s, the United States Postal Service (USPS) was named the United States Post Office Department (USPOD). - Interestingly, the ZIP code system was first introduced because the Postal Service was beginning to be overwhelmed with the volume of mail they needed to process in a timely manner, most of which originally was processed by hand. The ZIP code system made a handy way to increase efficiency in that way. However, only a few years after the ZIP code system was introduced in the 1960s, the Postal Service began using the MLOCR system for automatic sorting. Given the address, even without the ZIP code, the MLOCR system is almost always perfectly capable of assigning the ZIP+4 code to the address, with very little mail needing to be human-read to determine the correct address/ZIP code. So in most cases, including the ZIP or ZIP+4 code with the written address doesn’t really increase mail efficiency much at all as the Postal Service’s initial scanning system can come up with those numbers for your written address on its own. |Share the Knowledge!|

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Cad a léiríonn an ZIP i Cód Costas agus cad a chiallaíonn na huimhreacha Sa lá atá inniu fuair mé amach cad a seasann an ZIP i Cód CIP agus cad a léiríonn na huimhreacha. Cód CIP nó Cód Plean Feabhsaithe Limistéar bhí córas curtha i bhfeidhm ag na Stáit Aontaithe. Seirbhís Phoist ar an 1 Iúil, 1963. Bhí an dóchas go ligfeadh na cóid zip seo don tseirbhís phoist an post a chur ar bhealach níos éifeachtaí agus dá bhrí sin níos tapúla. Roimh an córas cód zip náisiúnta oifigiúil, bhí an U.S. Bhí córas criosanna poist ag an tSeirbhís Phoist do chathracha móra chomh fada siar le 1943. Cuirfear an uimhir chrios poist seo leis an seoladh tar éis ainm na cathrach, ach roimh ainm an stáit. (m.sh. Bilbo Baggins, 3421 Bagend, Hobbiton 27, Eriador; áit a bhfuil 27 an crios poist laistigh de chathair Hobbiton) Thug sé seo deis do sheòrsaíocht níos éifeachtaí a dhéanamh ar phost agus, dá bhrí sin, amanna seachadta níos gasta i gceantair ardluach. Sa bhliain 1944, chuir fostaí oifig phoist, Robert Moon, togra isteach le haghaidh córas crios poist ar fud na tíre. I gcóras Moons, a mhodhnaíodh go beag agus a glacadh ansin, bheadh na chéad trí dhigit in ann seasamh don áis lárn-alt (SFC); níl in SFC ach saoráid phróiseála post lárnach i réigiún áirithe. Go sonrach, tagann an chéad dhigit suas le seasamh do ghrúpa stáit na SA (0-9 uimhrithe ó oirthear go siar, ag dul suas) leis an dara agus an tríú dhigit a léiríonn réigiún sa ghrúpa sin atá clúdaithe ag roinnt SFC. Chuir an Córas Póstála dhá uimhir breise le córas Moon's a léiríonn an oifig phoist nó an crios poist, laistigh den réigiún, ar chóir an post a chur chuige. Ag tosú thart ar 1983, na Stáit Aontaithe Chuir an tseirbhís phoist an córas ZIP+4 isteach. Sa chóras seo, léiríonn an uimhir cód zip 5 dhigit an rud céanna agus a bhí roimhe sin agus léiríonn na 4 dhigit bhreise ag an deireadh limistéar laistigh de limistéar clúdach oifig phoist áirithe. Go sonrach, léiríonn an séú agus an seachtú dhigit 'earnáil seachadta', mar shampla grúpa sráideanna; grúpa foirgnimh oifige; etc. Léiríonn an dá uimhir dheireanach ansin "roinn seachadta" a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina léargas ar fhoirgneamh oifige; an taobh den tsráid ina bhfuil an seoladh; etc. Ligeann sé seo rangú níos éifeachtaí laistigh d'oifig phoist amháin a dhéileálann le méideanna móra post. Níor ghlac an córas nua ZIP + 4 leis an bpobal i gcoitinne riamh agus tá sé ró-riachtanach go leor mar léann léitheoir carachtair optúil illíne (MLOCR) an ríomhphost inniu a fhéadann an cód ZIP + 4 ceart a chinneadh do sheoladh beagnach i gcónaí. Spreagann an meaisín seo barchód Postnet ar aghaidh na poist a fhreagraíonn don chód ZIP + 4 iomlán; dá bhrí sin, ní bhíonn sé níos éifeachtaí é a scríobh de láimh sula gcuireann tú rud éigin isteach ná gan é a scríobh, toisc go n-úsáideann na córais sortaithe uathoibríoch a bhfuil ag an tSeirbhís Phoist an barchód Postnet seo, seachas an seoladh scríofa sonrach le haghaidh sortaithe. - Bunús an Téarma Going Postal - Níl Ainm ag formhór na sráideanna sa tSeapáin - Bhí Nótaí Post-It Invented ag Accident - An bunaitheoir FedEx uair amháin shábháil an chuideachta ag a ghlacadh na cistí atá fágtha ó na cuideachta agus gambling leis i Vegas - Bunaíodh UPS ag dhá dhéagóir le rothar agus $ 100 Iarrtar ó chara - Nuair a cuireadh an córas cód zip i bhfeidhm, na Stáit Aontaithe Ní raibh ar Sheirbhís na bPósta ach na cóid phósta a úsáid ag postóirí mórchruinn, cé gur theastaigh uathu go n-úsáidfeadh gach duine iad. Bhí deacracht ag an tSeirbhís Phoist, ar dtús, chun an pobal i gcoitinne a chur ag úsáid na gcód zip. Faoi dheireadh shocraigh siad níos mó nó níos lú a thabhairt suas ar dhaoine fásta a chur ina luí agus ina ionad sin chruthaigh siad carachtar cartúin Mr. ZIP chun iarracht a dhéanamh páistí a chur ag baint úsáide as cóid zip. Shíl siad go spreagfadh na páistí tuismitheoirí na cóid zip a úsáid nuair a chonaic siad a dtuismitheoirí ag fágáil na cóid zip ar an bpost. Ina theannta sin, nuair a d'fhás na páistí níos sine, d'fhoghlaim siad a gcuid páistí cóid poist a úsáid. - Bhí an tUasal ZIP bunaithe ar dhearadh ag Howard Wilcox, a bhí ina mhac postóir. Bhí sé seo ar dhearadh a rinneadh do bhanc i Nua Eabhrac a bhí cosúil le sceitse leanbh de postman ag seachadadh litir. Tar éis do AT&T na cearta ar an dearadh a fháil, chuir siad ar fáil é don tSeirbhís Phoist le húsáid gan aon chostas. Rinne an tSeirbhís Phoist roinnt modhanna beaga agus rugadh an tUasal ZIP. - Cláraíodh an téarma "cód CIP" ar dtús mar mharc seirbhíse, cineál trádmharc, ag na Stáit Aontaithe. Seirbhís Phoist, ach tá an clárú imithe in éag ó shin ag ligean do chuideachtaí cosúil le UPS agus FedEx an téarma a úsáid go saor. - Is féidir leat an barchód Postnet a phriontáil go díreach ar do phéintéireacht a dhéanamh beagán níos éasca don tSeirbhís Phoist do phost a shocrú (go príomha ag scipeáil an chéim nuair a chaithfidh siad do phost a scanadh agus an barchód a phriontáil air). Tá gné ann do go leor cláir phróiseála focal, mar shampla Microsoft Word, chun é seo a dhéanamh. - Roimh na 1970idí, ainmníodh Seirbhís Phoist na Stát Aontaithe (USPS) mar Roinn Oifig Phoist na Stát Aontaithe (USPOD). - Go suimiúil, tugadh isteach an córas cód zip den chéad uair toisc go raibh an tSeirbhís Phoist ag tosú ag dul i ngleic leis an méid poist a theastaigh uathu a phróiseáil go tráthúil, a phróiseáladh an chuid is mó acu de láimh ar dtús. Rinne an córas cód zip bealach áisiúil chun éifeachtúlacht a mhéadú ar an mbealach sin. Mar sin féin, ní raibh ach cúpla bliain tar éis an córas cód zip a thabhairt isteach sna 1960idí, thosaigh an tSeirbhís Phoist ag úsáid an chórais MLOCR le haghaidh rangú uathoibríoch. Ag tabhairt an seolta, fiú gan an cód zip, tá córas MLOCR beagnach i gcónaí in ann an cód zip + 4 a shannadh don seoladh, agus ní mór an-bheagán ríomhphoist a léamh ag an duine chun an seoladh / cód zip ceart a chinneadh. Mar sin, i bhformhór na gcásanna, ní chuireann an cód CIP nó CIP+4 leis an seoladh scríofa éifeachtúlacht ríomhphoist i bhfad níos mó ná mar is féidir leis an gcóras scanadh tosaigh na Seirbhíse Póstála na huimhreacha sin a fháil don seoladh scríofa agat ar a chuid féin. Comhroinn an Eolais!

Read these 9 Tires and Fuel Efficiency Tips tips to make your life smarter, better, faster and wiser. Each tip is approved by our Editors and created by expert writers so great we call them Gurus. LifeTips is the place to go when you need to know about Tires tips and hundreds of other topics. Rolling Resistance is a factor in fuel efficiency as it relates to your tires. The phrase means the amount of force needed to keep tires moving at a constant speed. The greater the force needed, the higher your gasoline consumption. Some kinds of fuel efficient tires are engineered to utilize lower rolling resistance and reduce the strain on the engine. In some states, there are studies underway to rate tires for their rolling resistance to assist consumers in finding the most fuel efficient tires they can afford. Proper tire inflation is an important part of optimizing your vehicle for good gas mileage. Under inflated tires can cut your mileage by as much as 6 percent, according to some studies. Add to that 6 percent the one mile per gallon you lose when you operate your air conditioner and it's clear that you really want to check your tire pressure to increase gas mileage. Other ways to use your tires to increase mileage include driving steadily, with no jackrabbit starts or sudden braking. Fuel efficient tires are also an excellent way to improve gas mileage even more. Fuel efficient tires are made with innovative combinations of materials that generate less heat during the drive. These tires also have a reduced tread depth to further decrease the resistance factor. Of course, many people overlook another way they can help even fuel efficient tires save even more precious fuel; reducing the weight of your vehicle. Are you lugging around tools, equipment, and other heavy objects you might not need right at that moment? Removing them and lightening your load means less work for your engine, plus a cleaner vehicle. Fuel efficient tires are designed to roll with less resistance, which in turn puts less strain on the engine. Original equipment tires are generally more efficient than about 60 percent of the replacement tires on the market today. When you switch from the original tires to the replacements, chances are you are losing gas mileage unless you take care to purchase tires with better rolling resistance. Some states are pushing for legislation that could better inform tire buyers as to the nature of their potential new tire purchases. Are those tires in the "60 percent less" crowd, or are they actual, bona fide fuel efficient tires? New labeling requirements for tires could change just how informed the public is when it comes time to replace those original tires. Your car's original equipment tires may not have been manufactured during the advent of fuel efficient tires, but they do feature better rolling resistance, and hence, better gas mileage. Why? Automobile makers know that first impressions are very important, right down to the performance of the tires. Those original tires will most likely do what they are designed to do--help to impress you with the vehicle's gas mileage or at least hold their own in that department. Unfortunately, when it comes time to replace those tires, many replacements are not fuel efficient models, and hence a reduced performance in terms of fuel economy. When you approach your dealer for replacement tires, be sure to ask for fuel efficient tires. It's better to ask up front and know you are getting the best gas mileage for the money rather than take chances with what is in stock if fuel efficiency is one of your main concerns. Informed drivers know that you can improve gas mileage by about 3.3 percent with properly inflated tires. Those in the know understand that in the summer, tire pressure goes up when a tire gets hot, and you should never trust a tire gauge reading after you have been driving around. Let the tires cool for a few hours before getting a reading. In the winter, of course, the inverse goes into effect. Cold weather will lower your pressure. Just letting your tires sit unused you will see a reduction in pressure month to month. This will affect your gas mileage in the end, unless you check your tire pressure regularly and keep tires inflated to their proper psi. Fuel efficient tires are not exempt from any of this-the same conditions can reduce your air pressure and gas mileage even with improved rolling resistance from fuel efficient tires. When it comes to under inflation, you will lose 0.4 percent for every single pound per square inch of air in all four tires. This may not sound like much at first, but running your tires low will add up. On top of this, don't forget the gas mileage reduction factor for air conditioning or heating, plus any losses for running tires with bad rolling resistance. If your vehicle is in need of a tune up and an oil change, you will see potential gas mileage reduction here as well. All of these numbers add up to a lot of miles per gallon lost. The little things really do mean a lot! Consult your owner's manual to determine your optimal gas mileage, check your tire pressure, get a tune up, and consider investing in fuel efficient tires for additional savings at the gas pump. Studies conducted on fuel efficient tires with better rolling resistance have shown that the fuel efficient tires are just as safe and effective as any other kind of tire. The California Energy Commission's study concludes that safety factors on the more efficient tires equal any other tire on the road rated in the same categories. There aren't enough of these tires in use at present; only about 12 percent of the tires on the road in some areas are considered fuel efficient. If these tires were used nationwide, it is estimated that up to seven billion dollars a year could be saved if all replacement tires were fuel-efficient. Some believe that gas mileage and tire size seem to be related in terms of how you measure the mileage factor. Your odometer may reflect better mileage with bigger tires. Some experts refute this by pointing out that larger tires will make the odometer read a greater distance traveled-unless the odometer is recalibrated for the larger tires. Your actual gas mileage and tire size issues may have more to do with the fact that your odometer isn't calibrated for the bigger size than an actual savings. Your best bet to increase gas mileage is to use fuel efficient tires with better rolling resistance, and keep those tires properly balanced and inflated.

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Léigh na 9 Leideanna um Chothabháil Tiomáin agus Gás chun do shaol a dhéanamh níos cliste, níos fearr, níos tapúla agus níos ciallúla. Gach barr a cheadaítear ag ár n-eagarthóirí agus a cruthaíodh ag scríbhneoirí saineolaithe chomh mór glaoimid orthu gurus. Is é LifeTips an áit le dul nuair is gá duit eolas a fháil faoi mholtaí maidir le tairbhí agus na céadta ábhar eile. Tá Frithsheasamh Rollaithe ina fhachtóir ar éifeachtúlacht breosla agus é ag baint le do threacaí. Ciallaíonn an frása an méid fórsa a theastaíonn chun na boinn a choinneáil ag gluaiseacht ag luas coibhéiseach. An níos mó an fórsa a theastaíonn, an níos airde do thomhaltas gásailín. Déantar roinnt cineálacha taidhreacha a úsáideann níos lú breosla a úsáid chun friotaíocht rollta níos ísle a úsáid agus an brú ar an inneall a laghdú. I roinnt stáit, tá staidéir ar siúl chun rátaí a chur ar dhreamáin dá gcosaint rollaithe chun cabhrú le tomhaltóirí na dátaí is éifeachtaí ó thaobh breosla a fháil is féidir leo a fháil. Tá an t-uisce a bhíonn i do threalamh a úsáid go maith mar chuid thábhachtach de do fheithicil a chur ar an mbealach is fearr chun go mbeidh gáis mhaith ag an gcarr. De réir roinnt staidéir, is féidir le taidhrichean faoi bhláth a laghdú do chileáilíocht chomh mór le 6 faoin gcéad. Cuir leis an 6 faoin gcéad sin an míle amháin in aghaidh an gallún a chailleann tú nuair a oibríonn tú do aerchóirithe agus is léir go bhfuil tú ag iarraidh go mór do bhrú na mbreiseán a sheiceáil chun an míleáil gáis a mhéadú. I measc na bealaí eile chun do threacaí a úsáid chun an míleáil a mhéadú tá tiomáint go seasta, gan tosú ar an gcraobh nó braking tobann. Is bealach iontach iad na táiríní a úsáideann níos lú breosla freisin chun an míleáil gáis a fheabhsú. Déantar taidhrichean a úsáideann níos lú breosla a dhéanamh le hairíonna nuálacha de ábhair a ghineann níos lú teasa le linn na tiomána. Tá doimhneacht an tread laghdaithe ag na tairbhí seo freisin chun an fachtóir friotaíochta a laghdú tuilleadh. Ar ndóigh, déanann go leor daoine dearmad ar bhealach eile ar féidir leo cabhrú fiú le taidhreacha a bhfuil éifeachtúlacht breosla acu breosla níos luachmhaire a shábháil; meáchan do ghluaisteáin a laghdú. An bhfuil tú ag tarraingt uirlisí, trealamh, agus rudaí trom eile nach mbeadh gá agat ag an nóiméad sin? Má thógtar iad agus má éiríonn an t-ualach níos éadroime leat, ní bheidh an t-inneall ag obair chomh fada agus a bheidh an fheithicil níos glaine. Tá na taidhreacha a úsáideann níos lú breosla ceaptha chun rollaíocht a dhéanamh le níos lú friotaíocht, rud a chuireann níos lú brú ar an inneall. De ghnáth, tá cumas níos fearr ag taidhrichean bunaidh ná thart ar 60 faoin gcéad de na taidhrichean athsholáthair atá ar an margadh inniu. Nuair a athraíonn tú ó na boinn bunaidh go dtí na boinn athsholáthair, is dócha go bhfuil tú ag cailliúint míle gáis mura ndéanann tú cúram boinn a cheannach a bhfuil friotaíocht níos fearr acu. Tá roinnt stáit ag brú le haghaidh reachtaíochta a d'fhéadfadh a chur ar an eolas níos fearr ceannaitheoirí tairbhí maidir le nádúr a gceannacháin tairbhí nua féideartha. An bhfuil na taidhreacha sin i measc an lucht "60 faoin gcéad níos lú", nó an bhfuil siad fíor, taidhreacha iontaofa a úsáideann níos lú breosla? D'fhéadfadh ceanglais lipéadaithe nua do threair athrú ar an méid eolais a bhíonn ag an bpobal nuair a thagann sé in am na taidhreacha bunaidh sin a athsholáthar. B'fhéidir nár mhonaraíodh na taidhreanna bunaidh do charr le linn teacht na taidhreanna íseal-dhuine, ach tá friotaíocht níos fearr ag an gcuma iad, agus dá bhrí sin, tá míleáil níos fearr gás iontu. Cén fáth? Tá a fhios ag déantúsóirí gluaisteán go bhfuil an chéad tuiscint an-tábhachtach, go díreach faoi fheidhmíocht na mbreatain. Is dócha go ndéanfaidh na taidhreacha bunaidh sin an rud a ceapadh iad a dhéanamh - cuidiú leat cur iontas a dhéanamh ort le míleáil gás an fheithiclí nó ar a laghad a gcuid féin a choinneáil sa roinn sin. Ar an drochuair, nuair a thagann sé in am na taidhreacha sin a athsholáthar, ní samhlacha éifeachtacha breosla iad go leor athsholáthar, agus dá bhrí sin feidhmíocht laghdaithe i dtéarmaí geilleagar breosla. Nuair a théann tú chuig do dhíoltóir chun feadáin athsholáthair a fháil, bí cinnte go n-iarrfaidh tú feadáin a úsáideann níos lú breosla. Is fearr a iarraidh roimh ré agus a fhios agat go bhfuil tú ag fáil an míleáil gáis is fearr le haghaidh an airgid seachas a chur ar rioscaí leis an méid atá i stoc má tá éifeachtúlacht breosla ar cheann de do phríomhchúiseanna. Tá a fhios ag tiománaithe eolacha gur féidir leat mileage gáis a fheabhsú thart ar 3.3 faoin gcéad le taidhrichean a bhfuil an t-uisce acu go cuí. Tuigeann na daoine atá ar an eolas go dtéann brú na mbratanna suas sa samhradh nuair a bhíonn an mbrat te, agus níor cheart duit muinín a bheith agat as léargas tomhais na mbratanna tar éis duit a bheith ag tiomáint timpeall. Lig na taidhreanna fuarú ar feadh cúpla uair an chloig sula bhfaighidh siad léitheoireacht. Sa gheimhreadh, ar ndóigh, bíonn an t-aistriú ag dul i bhfeidhm. Laghdóidh aimsir fuar do bhrú. Ní mór duit do threacaí a fhágáil gan úsáid agus feicfidh tú laghdú ar an brú ó mhí go mí. Beidh tionchar ag seo ar do mhíleáil gáis sa deireadh, mura ndéanann tú do phreas rudaí a sheiceáil go rialta agus na rudaí a choinneáil ag dul suas go dtí a gcuid psi ceart. Ní bhíonn taidhreacha éifeachtúla breosla díolmhaithe ó aon cheann de seo - is féidir leis na coinníollacha céanna do bhrú aeir agus do chileáil gáis a laghdú fiú le friotaíocht rollaithe feabhsaithe ó taidhreacha éifeachtúla breosla. Nuair a thagann sé chun faoi-inflaíocht, beidh tú a chailleadh 0.4 faoin gcéad do gach punt amháin in aghaidh an orlach cearnach de aer i gach ceithre taidhre. B'fhéidir nach bhfuil sé seo cosúil le go leor ar dtús, ach beidh sé ag cur suas go mbeidh do thinneas íseal. Ar bharr seo, ná déan dearmad ar an gcarachtar laghdaithe míleála gáis le haghaidh aerchóirithe nó téimh, móide aon chaillteanais le haghaidh rothaí a reáchtáil le droch-choimeádacht rollaithe. Má tá gá le do charr a chur ar an ardán agus ola a athrú, feicfidh tú laghdú féideartha ar mhíleáil gáis anseo freisin. Gach na huimhreacha seo a chur suas go leor míle in aghaidh an gallún caillte. Is mór an tábhacht atá le rudaí beaga! Déan do lámhleabhar a léamh chun an míleáil gáis is fearr a chinneadh, seiceáil do bhrú rothar, déan tuning suas, agus smaoinigh ar infheistíocht a dhéanamh i rothair a úsáideann níos lú breosla chun sábháil breise a dhéanamh ag an bpompa gáis. Léirigh staidéir a rinneadh ar threacaí a úsáideann níos mó breosla agus a bhfuil friotaíocht níos fearr acu le rollaíocht go bhfuil na tairbhí a úsáideann níos mó breosla chomh sábháilte agus chomh héifeachtach le haon chineál eile tairbhí. Tá an t-ábhar seo le feiceáil sa tuarascáil maidir le feithiclí a bhfuil an-éifeachtúlacht acu. Níl go leor de na taidhreacha seo in úsáid faoi láthair; ní mheastar go bhfuil ach thart ar 12 faoin gcéad de na taidhreacha ar an mbóthar i gceantair áirithe a bhfuil éifeachtúlacht breosla acu. Má úsáidtear na boinn seo ar fud na tíre, meastar go bhféadfaí suas le seacht billiún dollar a shábháil in aghaidh na bliana dá mbeadh gach boinn athsholáthair éifeachtach ó thaobh breosla de. Creideann cuid acu go bhfuil baint ag an gcáilíocht gáis agus le méid na mbonn le conas a thomhas tú an fachtóir ciallíochta. D'fhéadfadh go léireodh do odometer míle níos fearr le taidhrichean níos mó. Tá roinnt saineolaithe ag cur an fhírinne i bhfolach trína rá go léireoidh na tairbhí níos mó an fad a thrasnaigh an odometer - mura ndéantar an odometer a athchalabrú do na tairbhí níos mó. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh níos mó le déanamh ag na fadhbanna a bhaineann le do mhíleáil gás agus le méid na mbratach ná go bhfuil do odometer gan a bheith cailíbrithe don mhéid níos mó ná an t-airgead a shábháil. Is é an rogha is fearr chun an míleáil gáis a mhéadú ná feithiclí a úsáid a chaitheann níos lú breosla agus a bhfuil friotaíocht níos fearr acu, agus na feithiclí sin a choinneáil cothrom agus le huimsiú ceart.

Cavities are one of the most common dental problems in toddlers and children. Also referred to as tooth decay, a cavity is a permanently damaged area in a tooth. They can develop in your child’s primary or baby teeth, and if so, you might shrug it off — your child will eventually lose these teeth, right? So what does it matter? But you shouldn’t ignore a cavity. Here’s what you need to know about cavities in kids, including common causes, treatment options, and prevention tips. Cavities occur when a buildup of dental plaque eats at tooth enamel and causes a hole. Plaque is a sticky substance that covers teeth, and it forms when bacteria in the mouth combines with food, acid, and saliva. Since regular brushing and flossing can prevent a buildup of plaque, cavities often develop when children don’t properly brush their teeth. Children should brush their teeth for at least 2 minutes twice a day. Yet, some children only brush once a day. Or worse, they forget to brush entirely. Children are unable brush well by themselves until they’re around 6 years old. It’s important that an adult brushes for a child, or supervises their brushing, until they’re old enough to do a thorough job. Also, some children don’t floss their teeth or they floss incorrectly. Cavities can also develop when plaque and food particles aren’t removed from in between teeth. Flossing can be very hard for kids, so again parents need to help with this important step. Remember, too, that good dental hygiene includes regular dental checkups. The same way adults see a dentist every 6 months, you should make dental appointments for your children. Since baby teeth typically erupt around 6 months old, schedule your child’s first dental visit shortly after their first tooth becomes visible. But, of course, poor dental hygiene isn’t the only cause of cavities — diet also plays a role. So there’s a higher risk for tooth decay if your child eats a lot of sweet, sugary or even starchy foods that are high in carbohydrates (ice cream, cakes, candy, crackers, chips, etc). And although more research is needed, some people might be genetically predisposed to cavities due to a softer enamel. Tooth decay doesn’t always cause pain, so recognizing a cavity in your kid can be difficult. Signs that indicate a possible cavity include: - dark spots on the tooth - white spots on the tooth - crying or fussiness - sensitivity to cold foods or drinks - mouth swelling - avoiding food If you suspect a cavity, make an appointment with a pediatric dentist. They can examine your child’s teeth for signs of decay and then recommend treatment based on the extent of tooth decay. A dental filling is common for toddlers and children who have one or more cavities. Fillings can take place on permanent teeth, as well as on baby teeth. During the procedure, the dentist removes the tooth decay and then fills the hole with a white composite or metal material. Filling a cavity that forms on a baby tooth can save or preserve the tooth. Saving the tooth is important because losing baby teeth prematurely can cause a permanent tooth to improperly come in. Baby teeth also help with your child’s chewing and speaking. Dentists perform dental fillings on children and toddlers, sometimes as young as 1 or 2 years old. In cases of severe tooth decay, your dentist might recommend a dental crown, which is typically silver in color. Sometimes if the tooth is badly damaged or has an infection, the baby tooth may need to be extracted. If your dentist extracts the tooth, they’ll keep the gap open with a space maintainer, which helps permanent teeth grow in properly. Of course, getting young children to sit for a dental procedure is challenging, to say the least. Some dentists will use nitrous oxide or laughing gas to help children relax during the procedure. Dentists still have to give an injection to numb their gums, but laughing gas typically makes it much easier. Your dentist can also orally sedate your child before the procedure. If your child has multiple cavities, your dentist might recommend breaking up the appointments. While this means more back-and-forth for you, it can put your child at ease, as they don’t have to sit in the dental chair for an extended period of time. Your dentist may recommend putting your child to sleep for dental treatment. This is called general anesthesia, and it’s usually recommended when children are very young, if they have multiple cavities, and if they have trouble staying still. The best way to prevent cavities in your child is to teach good oral hygiene. We know you hate to feel like you have to police their efforts, but it’s important to closely monitor your child as they brush and floss their teeth. Make sure they know the proper technique, and that they brush for the recommended amount of time. They should brush their teeth twice a day and floss at least once a day. The more effective order is to floss before brushing. Also, make sure you schedule dental appointments every 6 months. Parents of younger babies: Don’t forget about infant oral care! Even if your baby doesn’t have teeth, their mouth still has germs. So wipe their gums with a soft cloth after each feeding, and gently brush their teeth twice a day with a pea-size amount of kid-friendly fluoride toothpaste. If your child has a sweet tooth, offer healthier alternatives to satisfy their cravings and maintain good dental health. Alternatives to cake, ice cream, cookies, or candy include: - low glycemic fruits (blackberries, blueberries, and raspberries) - trail mix, with nuts - frozen bananas - cheese sticks - unsweetened applesauce - dried fruits with no sugar added - carrots and dip Cavities aren’t only an adult problem — they can also develop in children and toddlers. So it’s important to recognize the early signs of a cavity and then speak with your child’s dentist. Fillings can prevent tooth decay from getting worse, which helps save a child’s tooth. Between less sugar and good dental hygiene, you can protect your child’s teeth, thus preventing the likelihood of future cavities.

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Tá cavites ar cheann de na fadhbanna fiacla is coitianta i leanaí óga agus i leanaí. Is é an cavitas, a dtugtar cailliúint fiacla air freisin, limistéar dochair buan i fiaclóir. D'fhéadfadh siad a bheith i mbéal do pháiste nó i mbéal do pháiste, agus má tá, d'fhéadfadh tú é a shrug off - beidh do leanbh ag cailleadh na fiacla seo sa deireadh, ceart? Mar sin, cad a dhéanann sé ábhar? Ach níor cheart duit cavitas a neamhaird. Seo an méid is gá duit a bheith ar an eolas faoi chaitíní i leanaí, lena n-áirítear cúiseanna coitianta, roghanna cóireála, agus leideanna coscála. Tarlaíonn cavites nuair a bhíonn plaic fiacla ag ithe ar emal den fiaclóir agus go mbíonn poll ann. Is substaint greamaitheach é pláta a chlúdaíonn fiacla, agus cruthaítear é nuair a bhíonn baictéir sa bhéal ag teacht le bia, aigéad agus saill. Ós rud é gur féidir le brushing agus flossing rialta cosc a chur ar chathú plaic, is minic a thagann cavities chun cinn nuair nach ndéanann leanaí a gcuid fiacla a bhrústáil i gceart. Ba chóir do leanaí a gcuid fiacla a scuabadh ar feadh 2 nóiméad ar a laghad dhá uair sa lá. Ach ní bhíonn roinnt páistí ag scuabadh ach uair amháin sa lá. Nó níos measa, déanann siad dearmad a scuabadh go hiomlán. Ní féidir le páistí a gcuid gruaige a scuabadh go maith go dtí go bhfuil siad thart ar 6 bliana d'aois. Tá sé tábhachtach go ndéanfaidh duine fásta an bróisteoireacht do pháiste, nó go mbeidh sé i gceannas ar a bhróisteoireacht, go dtí go mbeidh siad sean go leor chun obair chuimsitheach a dhéanamh. Chomh maith leis sin, ní dhéanann roinnt páistí a gcuid fiacla a floss nó ní dhéanann siad floss mícheart. Is féidir cavites a fhorbairt freisin nuair nach ndéantar pláta agus coirp bia a bhaint as idir fiacla. Is féidir le flossing a bheith an-deacair do leanaí, mar sin arís ní mór do thuismitheoirí cabhrú leis an gcéim thábhachtach seo. Cuimhnigh freisin go gcuimsíonn sláine fiacla maith seiceálacha fiacla rialta. Ar an mbealach céanna a fheiceann daoine fásta fiaclóir gach 6 mhí, ba cheart duit coinneáil le haghaidh do pháistí. Ós rud é go mbíonn fiacla na mbanna ag teacht amach de ghnáth timpeall 6 mhí d'aois, déan clár le haghaidh chéad chuairt fiacla do do pháiste go gairid tar éis a gcéad fiaclóir a bheith le feiceáil. Ach, ar ndóigh, ní hé droch-ghlíonú fiacla an t-aon chúis le caitrící - tá ról ag an aiste bia freisin. Mar sin, tá riosca níos airde ann go mbeidh cailliúint fiacla ann má itheann do leanbh go leor bia milis, siúcrach nó fiú crochta atá ard i gcarbaihiodráití (oighreamh, cácaí, candy, creacáin, chips, srl.). Agus cé go bhfuil gá le tuilleadh taighde, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh daoine áirithe claonta go géiniteach le cavities mar gheall ar an emal níos bog. Ní bhíonn pian i gcónaí ag cailliúint fiacla, mar sin d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith deacair cailliúint a aithint i do pháiste. I measc na comharthaí a léiríonn go bhféadfadh cavitas a bheith ann: - spotaí dorcha ar an fiaclóir - spotaí bána ar an fiaclóir - ag caoineadh nó ag caoineadh - íogaireacht do bhia nó deochanna fuar - tuirseach na bhéil - bia a sheachaint Má tá amhras ort go bhfuil cavitas ann, déan coinne le fiaclóir leanaí. Féadfaidh siad fiacla do pháiste a scrúdú le haghaidh comharthaí creimeadh agus ansin cóireáil a mholadh bunaithe ar mhéid na creimeadh fiacla. Tá fillteanna fiacla coitianta do na páistí agus do leanaí a bhfuil cavities amháin nó níos mó acu. Is féidir fillteanna a dhéanamh ar fhiacla buan, chomh maith le fiacla na mbanna. Le linn an nós imeachta, baineann an fiaclóir an cailleacht as an fiaclóir agus ansin líonann sé an poll le comhdhéanamh bán nó le hábhar miotail. Is féidir le cavity a fhoirmiú ar fiaclóir leanbh a líonadh an fiaclóir a shábháil nó a chaomhnú. Tá sé tábhachtach an fiaclóir a shábháil toisc go bhféadfadh fiaclóir bainne a chailleadh go luath go dtiocfadh fiaclóir buan isteach go míchuí. Cabhraíonn fiacla na mban le caitheamh agus labhairt do pháiste freisin. Déanann fiaclóirí fillteanna fiacla ar leanaí agus ar leanaí óga, uaireanta chomh hóg le bliain nó dhá bhliain d'aois. I gcásanna a bhfuil cailliúint fiacla tromchúiseach, d'fhéadfadh do dhochtúir fiacla coróin fiacla a mholadh, a bhíonn de ghnáth de dhath airgid. Uaireanta, má tá an fiaclóir go dona nó má tá ionfhabhtaithe ann, b'fhéidir go mbeidh gá leis an fiaclóir a bhaint. Má eisiann do dhochtúir fiacla an fiaclóir, coinneoidh sé an bhearna oscailte le coinneálaí spáis, rud a chabhraíonn le fiacla buan a fhás isteach i gceart. Ar ndóigh, is dúshlán é a bheith ag iarraidh ar leanaí óga suí le haghaidh nós imeachta fiacla, a rá go híseal. Úsáidfidh roinnt fiaclóirí ocsaíd nítreach nó gáis gáis chun cabhrú le páistí scíth a ligean le linn an nós imeachta. Caithfear instealladh a thabhairt do dhochtúirí fiacla chun a gcianta a numbadh, ach is gnách go ndéanann gáis gáire an-éasca é. Is féidir le do dhochtúir fiacla do leanbh a shéanadh ó bhéal roimh an nós imeachta. Má tá go leor cavities ag do pháiste, d'fhéadfadh do dhochtúir fiacla a mholadh go gcuirfí na coinneálacha ar athló. Cé go gciallaíonn sé seo níos mó dul agus teacht duit, is féidir leis do leanbh a chur go suaimhneach, toisc nach gá dóibh suí ar chathaoir an fiaclóireachta ar feadh tréimhse fada ama. Féadfaidh do dhochtúir fiacla a mholadh go gcuirfear do leanbh a chodladh le haghaidh cóireála fiacla. Tugtar anesthesia ginearálta air seo, agus de ghnáth moltar é nuair a bhíonn leanaí an-óg, má tá go leor cavities acu, agus má bhíonn deacracht acu fanacht go fóill. Is é an bealach is fearr chun cavities a chosc i do leanbh ná sláinteachas gutha a theagasc. Tá a fhios againn nach maith leat go gcaithfidh tú a gcuid iarrachtaí a rialú, ach tá sé tábhachtach monatóireacht a dhéanamh go dlúth ar do leanbh agus é ag scuabadh a fiacla agus ag úsáid sreang fiacla. Déan cinnte go bhfuil a fhios acu an teicníc cheart, agus go ndéanann siad an méid ama a mholtar dóibh a scuabadh. Ba chóir dóibh a gcuid fiacla a scuabadh dhá uair sa lá agus floss uair amháin sa lá ar a laghad. Is é an t-ordú is éifeachtaí ná floss a dhéanamh sula ndéantar brushing. Chomh maith leis sin, déan cinnte go ndéanann tú coinneáil le d'fhiacla gach 6 mhí. A thuismitheoirí le páistí níos óige: Ná déan dearmad faoi chúram béil naíonáin! Fiú mura bhfuil fiacla ag do leanbh, tá micreabail fós ina bhéal. Mar sin, scrios a ghuí le clú bog tar éis gach beathaithe, agus scuab a fiacla go socair dhá uair sa lá le méid pea-mhór de phaiste fiacla flúiríde atá oiriúnach do leanaí. Má tá fiacla milis ag do pháiste, tabhair roghanna níos sláintiúla chun a ngrá a shásamh agus sláinte fiacla a choinneáil. I measc na roghanna eile a úsáidtear in ionad cáca, oighir, fianáin nó candy tá: - torthaí a bhfuil glicéimic íseal acu (blackberries, blueberries, agus raspberries) - meascán sráide, le cnónna - bananaí reoite - bataí cáise - an-súcra - torthaí triomaithe gan siúcra a chur leis - carróidí agus díp Ní fadhb dhaoine fásta amháin é cavites, ach is féidir leo a bheith ag leanaí agus ag leanaí óga freisin. Tá sé tábhachtach, mar sin, na comharthaí luath a bhaineann le cavitis a aithint agus ansin labhairt le fiaclóir do pháiste. Is féidir le fillteanna cosc a chur ar chárta fiacla dul in olcas, rud a chabhraíonn le fiaclóir leanbh a shábháil. Idir níos lú siúcra agus sláinteachas fiacla maith, is féidir leat fiacla do pháiste a chosaint, agus ar an gcaoi sin an dóchúlacht go mbeidh cavities ann amach anseo a chosc.

A team of researchers at the University of Cambridge have developed a game which may improve the lives of those living with schizophrenia. Among other symptoms - more easily treated with traditional medicines - those diagnosed with schizophrenia can have difficulty with cognition and memory. Wizard, which was designed with input from patients and game designers, tasks player with entering rooms, finding items in boxes and then recalling where the items were placed. For the study, the researchers assigned 22 participants who had been given a diagnosis of schizophrenia to either the cognitive training group or a control group at random. Wizard is primitive stuff in terms of game design, but those who played the game over a period of weeks subsequently performed better at tests which measured brain functioning and memory, compared to those who didn't play it. From these results, the team speculates participating patients would be better equipped to function independently in real life, and without suffering the side effects of traditional medication. The discovery of alternative treatments for schizophrenia is important, as progress towards developing drugs that treat the cognitive symptoms of the illness has been slow. The researchers are cautious about their results for now, however, and believe that further studies are required with a larger group of patients in order to draw firmer conclusions. Any use of games to treat patients would likely need to continue alongside existing traditional treatment as well. If you want to take a look at Wizard for yourself, you'll need to first of all grab the Peak app from the App Store, then download the team's project as a module within the game.

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Tá foireann taighdeoirí in Ollscoil Cambridge tar éis cluiche a fhorbairt a d'fhéadfadh feabhas a chur ar shaol na ndaoine a bhfuil scítheafrainneacht orthu. I measc comharthaí eile - a bhfuil cóireáil níos éasca orthu le cógais thraidisiúnta - d'fhéadfadh deacrachtaí a bheith ag na daoine a ndearnadh diagnóis sceitseofrainneas orthu le cogníocht agus cuimhne. Cuirtear Wizard, a dearadh le hionchur ó othair agus dearthóirí cluiche, iallach ar imreoir seomraí a iontráil, míreanna a aimsiú i mboscaí agus ansin cuimhneamh ar an áit a cuireadh na míreanna. Maidir leis an staidéar, chuir na taighdeoirí 22 rannpháirtí a ndearnadh diagnóis sceitseafrainneachta orthu chuig an ngrúpa oiliúna cognaíoch nó grúpa rialaithe go randamach. Is rud primitive é Wizard i dtéarmaí dearadh cluiche, ach rinne na daoine a d'imir an cluiche thar thréimhse seachtaine níos fearr ina dhiaidh sin i dtástálacha a thomhas feidhmiú agus cuimhne an inchinn, i gcomparáid leo siúd nach raibh ag imirt é. Óna thorthaí seo, meastar go mbeadh othair rannpháirteacha níos fearr in ann feidhmiú go neamhspleách sa saol fíor, agus gan fo-iarsmaí na cógais thraidisiúnta a fhulaingt. Tá sé tábhachtach cóireálacha malartacha a aimsiú le haghaidh sceitseafrainneacht, toisc go bhfuil dul chun cinn mall i dtreo drugaí a fhorbairt a chóireálann comharthaí cognaíocha an ghalair. Tá na taighdeoirí cúramach faoi na torthaí atá acu faoi láthair, áfach, agus creideann siad go bhfuil gá le tuilleadh staidéir le grúpa níos mó othair chun conclúidí níos daingean a tharraingt. Is dócha go mbeadh gá le haon úsáid a bhaint as cluichí chun othair a chóireáil a leanúint chomh maith leis an gcóireáil thraidisiúnta atá ann cheana. Más mian leat breathnú ar Wizard le do thoil, ní mór duit an aip Peak a fháil ón App Store ar dtús, ansin an tionscadal ón bhfoireann a íoslódáil mar mhódúl laistigh den chluiche.

V-A-C-A-T-I-O-N! A time we all look forward to. No matter where we go or what we do, in cars or recreational vehicles, on boats or relaxing at the beach or at camp, there is a common denominator that runs through all of our summer travels and relaxation — it’s called F-O-O-D! The “road” to food safety, however, can either be a bumpy one or smooth — depending on what precautions are taken handling meals as we travel this summer. So, some general rules: If you are traveling with perishable food, place cold food in a cooler with ice or freezer packs. Pack a separate cooler for the beverages and the food. That way, the cooler with the food is not opened so often. Have plenty of ice or frozen gel-packs on hand before starting to pack food. If you take perishable foods along (for example, meat, poultry, eggs, and salads) for eating on the road or to cook at your vacation spot, plan to keep everything at 40 degrees or below to prevent bacterial growth. Pack perishable foods directly from the refrigerator or freezer into the cooler. Meat and poultry may be packed while still frozen; that way it stays colder longer. Keep raw meat, poultry and seafood well wrapped to keep juices from contaminating other foods in the cooler. If taking fruit and melons whole, be sure that you can wash them well under running cool water and scrub well before you leave. Once you cut the melons, they are perishable and need to be kept cold for safety, so plan some space for the cut melons if you have leftovers or are transporting the melons cut. A full cooler will maintain its cold temperatures longer than one that is partially filled. If the cooler is only partially filled, pack the remaining space with more ice or with fruit and some nonperishable foods such as peanut butter and jelly and perhaps some hard, cheddarlike cheeses. For long trips, take along two coolers — one for the day’s immediate food needs, such as lunch, drinks or snacks, and the other for perishable foods to be used later in the vacation. Keep the cooler in the air-conditioned passenger compartment of your car, rather than in a hot trunk. Limit the times the cooler is opened. Open and close the lid quickly. Now, follow these food safety tips: • Hand washing: Remember, clean hands are the No. 1 way to stay healthy. So before preparing food and before ever picking up that burger, be sure to wash your hands with soap and water. If none is available, then use hand sanitizer, making sure you rub it in until it is dry! • When camping: Keep the cooler in a shady spot, covered with a blanket, tarp or poncho, preferably one that is light in color to reflect heat. Keep adding more ice as needed; the cooler itself will not keep food cold. If you won’t have good access to ice, then consider meals using shelf-stable food to ensure food safety. Bring along bottled water or other canned or bottled drinks. Always assume that streams and rivers are not safe for drinking. If camping in a remote area, bring along water purification tablets or equipment. These are available at camping supply stores. Keep hands and all utensils clean when preparing food. Wash your hands using soap and water whenever possible. Use disposable towelettes to clean hands until soap and water is available. Hand sanitizers are meant to clean germs off the hands once they are clean. • When boating: Don’t let perishable food sit out while swimming or fishing. Remember, food sitting out for more than two hours is not safe. The time frame is reduced to just one hour if the outside temperature is above 90. Now, about that “catch” of fish — assuming the big one did not get away. For fin fish: scale, gut and clean the fish as soon as they are caught. Wrap both whole and cleaned fish in water-tight plastic and store on ice. Keep 3-4 inches of ice on the bottom of the cooler. Alternate layers of fish and ice. Cook the fish in one two days, or freeze and use it within six months. After cooking, eat within three to four days. Make sure the raw fish stays in its own cooler and separate from cooked foods. Crabs, lobsters and other shellfish must be kept alive until cooked. Store in a bushel or laundry basket under wet burlap. Crabs and lobsters are best eaten the day they are caught. Live oysters can keep seven to 10 days; mussels and clams, four to five days. • When at the beach: Plan ahead. Take along only the amount of food that can be eaten to avoid having leftovers. Bring the cooler! Partially bury it in the sand, cover with blankets, and shade with a beach umbrella. Again, try to have water and soap for hand washing or bring along moist towelettes for cleaning hands. If dining along the boardwalk, make sure the food stands frequented look clean, and that hot foods are served hot and cold foods cold. Don’t eat anything that has been sitting out in the hot sun — a real invitation for food-borne illness and a spoiled vacation. • When in the vacation home or the RV: If a vacation home or a recreational vehicle has not been used for a while, check leftover canned food from last year. WSU Extension recommends that canned foods which may have been exposed to freezing and thawing temperatures over the winter be discarded. Also, check the refrigerator. If unplugged from last year, thoroughly clean it before using. Make sure all food preparation areas in the vacation home or in the recreational vehicle are thoroughly cleaned. So, if you plan a vacation at the beach, or a road trip or just a mini vacation to the local park, remember to keep hot foods hot and cold foods cold, don’t cross-contaminate, and wash your hands. Sandra Brown is the food safety and nutrition expert for the Washington State University Cooperative Extension in Clark, Cowlitz and Wahkiakum counties. Reach her at 360-397-6060, ext. 5700 or firstname.lastname@example.org.

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V-A-C-A-T-I-O-N! Am a bhfuil súil againn go léir leis. Is cuma cá rachaimid nó cad a dhéanaimid, i gcarranna nó i bhfeithiclí áineasa, ar bhád nó ag scíth a ligean ar an trá nó ag campa, tá ainmneoir choiteann ann a théann tríd ár gcuid taistil agus scíth a ligean i rith an tsamhraidh is F-O-O-D é! Is féidir leis an bóthar chun sábháilteachta bia, áfach, a bheith buartha nó réidh ag brath ar na réamhchúraimí a dhéantar i gcaitheamh béilí agus muid ag taisteal an samhradh seo. Mar sin, roinnt rialacha ginearálta: Má tá bia atá in ann dul in olcas agat, cuir bia fuar i gcúlra le oighear nó pacáistí reoite. Cuir an t-oideas i gcúlra ar leithligh do na deochanna agus don bhia. Ar an mbealach sin, ní osclaítear an fuaraitheoir leis an mbia chomh minic. Bíodh go leor oighear nó pacáistí géil reoite ar fáil sula dtosaíonn tú ag pacáil bia. Má thógann tú bia atá in-dhorbaithe leat (mar shampla, feoil, éanlaith, uibheacha, agus saladach) le hithe ar an mbóthar nó le cócaireacht ag do áit saoire, déan plean go gcoinníonn tú gach rud ag 40 céim nó faoi bhun chun cosc a chur ar fhás baictéir. Cuir bianna a chailleann go díreach ón reoiteoir nó ón reoiteoir isteach sa chilléir. Is féidir feoil agus éanlaith a phacáil agus iad fós reoite; ar an mbealach sin fanann siad níos fuar níos faide. Coinnigh feoil amh, éanlaithe agus bia mara pacáilte go maith chun a choinneáil ó shuainí truailliú bianna eile sa chilléir. Má thógann tú torthaí agus melons iomlán, bí cinnte go bhféadfá iad a ní go maith faoi uisce fuar ag rith agus scrub go maith sula dtéann tú. Nuair a ghearrann tú na melons, tá siad inchoiscthe agus ní mór iad a choinneáil fuar chun sábháilteachta, mar sin déan pleanáil ar roinnt spás do na melons gearrtha má tá fágtha agat nó má tá na melons gearrtha á n-iompar agat. Coinneoidh fuaraire lán a thimpeallachtaí fuar níos faide ná ceann atá lán go páirteach. Mura bhfuil an fuaraitheoir líonta ach go páirteach, cuir níos mó oighear nó torthaí agus roinnt bianna neamh-dhleathacha mar bhota agus seilf pheanut agus b'fhéidir roinnt cáise crua, cosúil le cheddar, sa spás atá fágtha. I gcás turais fada, tabhair dhá chilléir leat féin - ceann amháin le haghaidh riachtanais bhia láithreach an lae, mar shampla lóin, deochanna nó greimíní, agus an ceann eile le haghaidh bia in-dhorbaithe le húsáid níos déanaí sa laethanta saoire. Coinnigh an fuaraitheoir i gcathair paisinéirí aerchóirithe do charr, seachas i mbosca te. Déan teorainn leis an am a osclaítear an fuaraire. Oscail agus dún an clúdach go tapa. Anois, lean na leideanna sábháilteachta bia seo: • Láimhe a ní: Cuimhnigh, tá lámha glan an Ní. 1 bhealach chun fanacht sláintiúil. Mar sin sula ndéanann tú bia a ullmhú agus sula ndéanann tú an burger sin a phiocadh suas, bí cinnte go n-éireoidh leat do lámha a ní le gallúnach agus le huisce. Má tá aon cheann ar fáil, ansin úsáid a bhaint as sláintíocht láimhe, ag cinntiú go bhfuil tú a rub i go dtí go bhfuil sé tirim! • Nuair a bhíonn tú ag campaíocht: Coinnigh an fuaraitheoir in áit scáthúil, clúdaithe le cuisneog, tarán nó poncho, b'fhearr ceann a bhfuil dath éadrom air chun teas a léiriú. Coinnigh níos mó oighir ag cur leis de réir mar is gá; ní choinníonn an fuaraitheoir bia fuar. Mura mbeidh rochtain mhaith agat ar oighear, ansin smaoinigh ar bhéilí a úsáid bia atá seasmhach ar sheilf chun sábháilteacht bia a chinntiú. Tabhair uisce i mbotella nó deochanna eile i gcinn nó i mbotella. Glacann tú i gcónaí leis nach bhfuil sruthanna agus aibhneacha sábháilte le haghaidh ól. Má tá tú ag campaíocht i gceantar iargúlta, tablaí nó trealamh íonú uisce a thabhairt leat. Tá na cinn seo ar fáil ag siopaí soláthairtí campaíochta. Coinnigh do lámha agus gach uirlis glan agus bia á ullmhú agat. Nigh do lámha le gallúnach agus le huisce nuair is féidir. Úsáid toileáin inúsáidte chun glan lámha go dtí go mbeidh sábhán agus uisce ar fáil. Tá sé i gceist le sláintitheoirí láimhe gérime a ghlanadh as na lámha nuair a bhíonn siad glan. • Nuair a bhíonn tú ag báid: Ná lig bia a chailleann amach agus tú ag snámh nó ag iascaireacht. Cuimhnigh, ní bhíonn bia sábháilte má fhanann sé amuigh ar feadh níos mó ná dhá uair an chloig. Laghdaítear an tréimhse ama go díreach uair an chloig má tá an teocht lasmuigh os cionn 90. Anois, faoi sin "gabháil" de iasc "ar a glacadh leis nach raibh an ceann mór a fháil ar shiúl. I gcás iasc le sciathán: scáileáil, easpa agus glan an t-iasc a luaithe a ghabhadh iad. Déan an t-iasc iomlán agus an t-iasc glan a phascadh i bplaisteach uisce-dhlúth agus é a stóráil ar oighear. Coinnigh 3-4 orlach oighir ar bhonn an chilléir. Ciseal de iasc agus oighear a mhalartú. Coimeád an t-iasc i gceann lá nó dhó, nó cuir i ngrian é agus bain úsáid as laistigh de shé mhí. Tar éis cócaireachta, ithe laistigh de thrí nó ceithre lá. Déan cinnte go bhfanann an t-iasc amh ina chilléir féin agus go bhfuil sé ar leithligh ó bhia cócaráilte. Ní mór crabs, lobsters agus crúcaí eile a choinneáil beo go dtí go n-oibreofar iad. Coinnigh i mbosca nó i gcorba éadaí faoi chraobh-chraobh fliuch. Is fearr crabs agus lobsters a ithe an lá a gabhadh iad. Is féidir le oisrí beo fanacht seacht go deich lá; mol agus muiceola, ceithre go cúig lá. • Nuair atá tú ar an trá: Pleanáil roimh ré. Ná bí ag dul ach leis an méid bia is féidir a ithe chun nach mbeidh fágtha agat. Tabhair an fuaraithe! Cuir cuid den bhéile sa ghaineamh, clúdaigh é le clóis, agus cuir scáth air le parasól trá. Arís, déan iarracht uisce agus gallúnach a bheith agat chun lámha a ní nó tóg tuáilleanna taise le do láimh a ghlanadh. Má tá bia ag ithe ar feadh an bhóthar, déan cinnte go bhfuil an stán bia a bhíonn ag teacht go minic glan, agus go ndéantar bianna te a sheirbheáil te agus bianna fuar fuar. Ná ithe aon rud a bhí amuigh sa ghrian te - fíor-glacadh le galar a d'eitilt ó bhia agus saoire scriosadh. • Nuair atá tú sa teach saoire nó sa RV: Mura bhfuil teach saoire nó feithicil áineasa á úsáid ar feadh tamaill, seiceáil bia i gcánacha atá fágtha ón mbliain seo caite. Molann WSU Extension go gcaithfear bianna cannaithe a d'fhéadfadh a bheith nochtaithe do thimpeallachtaí reoite agus díghalraithe i rith an gheimhridh a dhiúscairt. Chomh maith leis sin, seiceáil an reoiteoir. Má tá sé dípláistithe ón mbliain seo caite, glan é go maith sula n-úsáidtear é. Déan cinnte go bhfuil gach áit a ndéantar bia a ullmhú sa teach saoire nó sa fheithicil álainn glan go maith. Mar sin, má tá tú ag pleanáil saoire ar an trá, nó turas ar an mbóthar nó ach saoire mhion-aimsire chuig an bpáirc áitiúil, cuimhnigh bia te a choinneáil te agus bia fuar fuar, ná déan tras-thruailliú, agus ní mór duit do lámha a ní. Is í Sandra Brown an saineolaí sábháilteachta bia agus cothaithe do Fheabhsú Comhoibritheach Ollscoil Stáit Washington i gcontaeanna Clark, Cowlitz agus Wahkiakum. Faigh í ag 360-397-6060, ext. 5700 nó firstname.lastname@example.org.

Chiricahua National Monument Stone columns at Chiricahua National Monument Chiricahua National Monument is in southeastern Arizona. This is a rugged mountainous area full of imposing rock spires. These rock spires are what's left after 27 million years of erosion working on layers of ash deposited by the Turkey Creek Volcano. Chiricahua National Monument includes 11,985 acres in a "sky island": a 20-mile-by-40-mile inactive volcanic mountain range surrounded by large desert grasslands. There is an 8-mile paved scenic drive through the property wih another 18 miles of developed hiking trails. 87% of the monument has been designated as wilderness in order to preserve and protect this wild and wondrous countryside. The Chiricahua Mountains are part of the Mexican Highlands region of the Basin and Range Biogeographical Province. The mountains present a dramatic rise from the desert floor to more than 9,000', peaking in a series of jagged, volcano-looking summits. The northern end of the mountain range (where Chiricahua National Monument is) is an area of enormous biodiversity and wild geology. The Apache name for this area translates as "The Land of Standing Rocks." Chiricahua National Monument is at a biological crossroads. This is where the Chihuahuan and Sonoran Deserts meet and where the Sierra Madres and the Rocky Mountains converge. The monument contains 5 major drainages that support heavy forestation in these deep canyons. You'll find Engelmann spruce and Ponderosa pine rising above Soap tree yuccas in some areas. In other areas you'll find Douglas and white fir, Arizona cypress and Chihuahua pine standing over clumps of prickly pear and cane cholla. Living in these woodlands you'll find white-tailed deer, javelina, black bear, mountain lion, bobcat, grey fox, coatimundi, and more than 300 species of birds. Most folks who visit Chiricahua National Monument make the visitor center their first stop. Depending on how much time you have to spend, there are a number of places to go from there. The 8-mile scenic drive sees a significant amount of the monument's traffic but does not allow RV's or trailers longer than 29 feet. There are several scenic overviews and some excellent loops and other hikes. Within the boundaries of the national monument are shallow caves, mountain formations, ground faults, lava flows, and the Turkey Creek Caldera. A danger to be aware of is the rock pinnacles and spires: some of them rise hundreds of feet in the air but are balanced on a base that is smaller than the body of the rock. While a lot of them look like a good breeze will blow them over, most of those with names were named by members of the CCC back in the 1930's. There is also the Faraway Ranch Historic District: Faraway Ranch was first settled in the late 1880's by a Swedish immigrant couple: Neil and Emma Erickson. Their simple homestead in Bonita Canyon evolved over the years into a busy guest ranch that was in operation from 1917 to 1972. You can tour the property on your own but tours of the house must be with an official guide. Before you come to visit check your gas gauge: the nearest gas is 27 miles to the southwest or 37 miles to the northwest. There are also no vending machines at the monument so you'll want to bring your own food, snacks and drinks. March and April are the busiest months while summer can see the monument almost devoid of people. A balanced rock at Chiricahua National Monument Map of Chiricahua National Monument Chiricahua National Monument area map

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Túnad Náisiúnta Chiricahua Colúin cloiche ag Múnla Náisiúnta Chiricahua Tá Mhonamún Náisiúnta Chiricahua i ndeisceart Arizona. Is limistéar garbh shléibhe é seo atá lán de spíleanna carraigeacha uafásacha. Is iad na spireanna carraige seo an méid atá fágtha tar éis 27 milliún bliain de éadrom ag obair ar shraith de ghaineamh a thaisceadh ag Volcán Turkey Creek. Cuimsíonn sé 11,985 acra i "oileán spéir": sraith sléibhte volcán neamhghníomhach 20 míle ar 40 míle atá timpeallaithe ag féaraí mór fásach. Tá tiomáint radharc 8 míle asfaltaithe tríd an maoin le 18 míle eile de shlíbhealaí siúlóide forbartha. Tá 87% den séadchomhartha ainmnithe mar fhásach d'fhonn an tírdhreach fiáin agus iontach seo a chaomhnú agus a chosaint. Tá na Sléibhte Chiricahua mar chuid de réigiún na hArd-Tír Mheicsiceo den Choimisiún Bith-Ghreannagraíochta. Tá na sléibhte ag ardú go suntasach ó bhun na bhfásach go dtí níos mó ná 9,000 ', ag bualadh i sraith de bharranna gearra, cosúil le bolcán. Is limistéar é an deireadh thuaidh den tslabhra sléibhe (an áit a bhfuil Mhonamór Náisiúnta Chiricahua) de bithéagsúlacht ollmhór agus de gheolaíocht fiáin. Is é an t-ainm Apache don limistéar seo a aistrítear mar "Tír na n-iarsmaí Seasmhach". Tá Mhonamún Náisiúnta Chiricahua ag croisbhealach bitheolaíoch. Is é seo an áit a mbuaileann an Chihuahuan agus Sonoran Deserts agus an áit a dtagann na Sierra Madres agus na Sléibhte Carraig le chéile. Tá 5 mhór-dránaíocht sa séadchomhartha a thacaíonn le foraoiseacht throm sna canyons domhain seo. Gheobhaidh tú spruce Engelmann agus péine Ponderosa ag ardú os cionn yuccas crainn an tSeapáin i roinnt ceantair. I réimsí eile gheobhaidh tú Douglas agus fir bán, ciprus Arizona agus pinsean Chihuahua ag seasamh thar clúbaí péire prickly agus cholla canna. Sa choille seo, gheobhaidh tú éin bán-d'eireaball, javelina, méar dubh, leon sléibhe, bobcat, fox liath, coatimundi, agus níos mó ná 300 speiceas éan. Déanann an chuid is mó daoine a thugann cuairt ar Mhunamhla Náisiúnta Chiricahua an t-ionad cuairteoirí mar a gcéad stad. Ag brath ar an méid ama a chaithfidh tú a chaitheamh, tá roinnt áiteanna ann le dul ó sin. Faigheann an tiomáint radharc 8 míle méid suntasach de thrácht an oidhreachta ach ní cheadaíonn sé RVanna nó leantóirí níos faide ná 29 troigh. Tá roinnt léaráidí léargas agus roinnt lúb den scoth agus siúlóidí eile ann. Laistigh de theorainneacha an séadchomhartha náisiúnta tá uaimhí lom, foirmiú sléibhte, lochtanna talún, sruthanna lábha, agus an Caldera Creek na Tuirce. Is é an baol a bhfuil a fhios acu ná na pinnacles agus na spireanna carraig: téann cuid acu na céadta troigh san aer ach tá siad cothrom ar bhonn atá níos lú ná corp na carraige. Cé go bhfuil cuma ar go leor acu go bhfuil siad ag dul a bheith ina n-aird mhaith, ainmníodh an chuid is mó de na cinn a bhfuil ainmneacha orthu ag baill den CCC ar ais sna 1930idí. Tá an Ceantar Stairiúil Faraway Ranch ann freisin: Bunaíodh Faraway Ranch den chéad uair ag deireadh na 1880í ag lánúin inimirceach na Sualainne: Neil agus Emma Erickson. D'athraigh a teach simplí i Bonita Canyon thar na blianta go dtí feirm ghost gnóthach a bhí i bhfeidhm ó 1917 go 1972. Is féidir leat cuairt a thabhairt ar an maoin leat féin ach ní mór cuairt a thabhairt ar an teach le treoir oifigiúil. Sula dtéann tú ar cuairt, seiceáil do mheán gás: tá an gás is gaire 27 míle go dtí an iarthuaisceart nó 37 míle go dtí an iarthuaisceart. Níl aon áiseanna díolacháin ag an séadchomhartha chomh maith mar sin beidh tú ag iarraidh a thabhairt do bhia féin, snacks agus deochanna. Is iad Márta agus Aibreán na míonna is gnóthaí agus sa samhradh is féidir an t-amharc a fheiceáil beagnach gan daoine. Creag cothrom ag Mhionsacht Náisiúnta Chiricahua Léarscáil de Chiricahua Náisiúnta Cuimhneachán Léarscáil limistéar an Chuimhneacháin Náisiúnta Chiricahua

Let your 3rd grade kids have fun with these mystery picture coloring worksheets as they practice rounding numbers to the nearest 10 or 100. These are no-prep worksheets -- just print and you're ready to go! To use, your students should answer the questions about rounding numbers. Then, they match their answers to a list to get the letter and color combination in order to uncover the mystery picture. You will receive the printable file, divided into sets. Each set has a questionnaire, a coloring page, and the corresponding answer key. The sets included in this product are: Sets 1 and 2: Rounding to the Nearest 10 Sets 3 and 4: Rounding to the Nearest 100 Sets 5 and 6: Rounding to the Nearest 10 or 100 If answered correctly,the mystery pictures to be uncovered are: This is part of the All 3rd Grade Math Mystery Pictures bundle, which includes other topics such as place value, addition, multiplication and more.

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Lig do pháistí 3ú grád spraoi a bheith acu leis na bileoga oibre dathúcháin pictiúr mistéireach seo agus iad ag cleachtadh uimhreacha a thiomáint go dtí an 10 nó an 100 is gaire. Níl aon obair ullmhúcháin ag na bileoga seo - ní gá ach iad a phriontáil agus tá tú réidh le dul! Chun é a úsáid, ba cheart do mhic léinn na ceisteanna faoi uimhreacha a bhailiú a fhreagairt. Ansin, déanann siad a gcuid freagraí a mheaitseáil le liosta chun an comhcheangal litreacha agus dathanna a fháil chun an pictiúr mistéireach a nochtadh. Gheobhaidh tú an comhad inphriontáilte, roinnte ina shraith. Tá ceistneoir, leathanach dathúcháin, agus an eochair fhreagra comhfhreagrach ag gach sraith. Is iad na tacaranna atá san áireamh sa táirge seo: Sraith 1 agus 2: Ag cuimilt go dtí an 10 is gaire Sraith 3 agus 4: Ag cuimilt go dtí an 100 is gaire Sets 5 agus 6: Ag cuardach go dtí an 10 nó 100 is gaire Má fhreagraítear go ceart, is iad na pictiúir mistéireach a bheidh le nochtadh: Tá sé seo mar chuid den bhandail Pictiúir Mícheál Matamaitice Gach 3ú Grád, a chuimsíonn ábhair eile mar luach áit, cur, iolrú agus go leor eile.

Did You Know…? - In the past thirty years, the population nearly doubled. However, in that same period, public demand for water more than tripled! We use an average of 100 gallons of water each day — enough to fill 1,600 drinking glasses! - It takes a substantial amount of energy to distribute and care for the water you use every day. The public water supply and treatment facilities consume about 56 billion kilowatt-hours (kWh) per year—enough electricity to power more than 5 million homes for an entire year. For example, letting your faucet run for five minutes uses about as much energy as letting a 60-watt light bulb run for 14 hours. - If all households installed water-efficient appliances, the country would save more than 3 trillion gallons of water and more than $18 billion dollars per year! - If one out of every 100 homes was replaced with water-efficient fixtures, we could save about 100 million kilowatt-hours of electricity per year — avoiding 80,000 tons of greenhouse gas emissions. The greenhouse gas savings would be equal to getting rid of nearly 15,000 automobiles from the road for one year! - If they laid all the glass bottles and jars collected through recycling next to each other in a straight line, it would reach the moon and halfway back to earth. The Big Eco-Green Impact – It’s Time to Make a Difference There are tons of ways we can make our lives greener. Below are just a couple of tips on how to start greening your life. Use these tips to help you travel down a greener path. Niche the Staples and go staple-free Staples have become an environmental hazard to our environment. Amazingly, Staple Free Staplers use absolutely no staples. Therefore, you don’t have to worry about anymore torn papers, hooked clothing, painful fingers caused by the poking of a sharp metal staple, and no more stressing yourself over a jammed stapler either. Staple Free Staplers is an environmentally friendly device for the home or even for your office, which simply cuts a little flap in the corner of your papers, folds the flap back and tucks it into a tiny slit, and it doses it as quickly and easily as an old regular stapler. It is not as permanent as a staple, and the limit is five pages, but for what it does, it is a great product to have in the comforts of your own home. The pages can be pulled apart without tearing, under ordinary circumstances they hold together very well. The Staple Free Stapler is safe for all ages, and maintenance-free. There are no metal prongs to catch your finger, sweater, or important documents on, and you will not have to spend your valuable time undoing a staple jam. Stop Spending Your Money On Toxic Products for the Home Do you know what is in the household cleaning products you are using? The fact is, most household cleaning products on market shelves today contain many harmful and hazardous toxins and chemicals. These hazardous toxic substances can enter the body through ingestion, inhalation, or absorption through the skin, which can affect the heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, and the brain and have the potential to cause many serious health problems. Natural cleaning products, on the other hand, are non-toxic and much safer to use because they are made from natural, wholesome, ingredients. When it comes to cleaning and disinfecting your home, they work just as effectively if not better than the chemical products that sell in thousands of stores. Natural cleaning products are not only safer to use, but they also save you money because they last longer and cost less. If you want to have a pretty scent in your home add 100% natural essential oils to your homemade recipes such as tea tree oil, lavender or lemon oil, which not only provide a fresh aroma and scent, but also have natural antiseptic, antifungal, and disinfectant properties contained within them.

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An raibh a fhios agat...? - Sna tríocha bliain anuas, tá an daonra beagnach dúbailte. Ach, sa tréimhse chéanna sin, mhéadaigh an t-éileamh poiblí ar uisce níos mó ná trí huaire! Úsáidimid 100 galún uisce ar an meán gach lá - go leor chun 1,600 gloine óil a líonadh! - Tógann sé méid suntasach fuinnimh an t-uisce a úsáideann tú gach lá a dháileadh agus a chúram. Déantar an t-uisce a sholáthar agus a chóireáil i saoráidí poiblí agus déantar thart ar 56 billiún kilowatt-uair (kWh) de leictreachas a chaitheamh in aghaidh na bliana - leictreachas leordhóthanach chun níos mó ná 5 mhilliún teach a chumhachtú ar feadh bliana ar fad. Mar shampla, má fhágann tú do chraobh ag rith ar feadh cúig nóiméad, úsáideann sé thart ar an oiread fuinnimh agus a fhágann tú bolg 60 watt ag rith ar feadh 14 uair an chloig. - Má shuiteáil gach teaghlaigh fearais uisce-éifeachtach, an tír a shábháil níos mó ná 3 trilliún galún uisce agus níos mó ná $ 18 billiún dollar in aghaidh na bliana! - Má athraíodh teach amháin as gach 100 le trealaimh éifeachtúla uisce, d'fhéadfaimis thart ar 100 milliún kilowatt-uair de leictreachas a shábháil in aghaidh na bliana ag seachaint 80,000 tonna astaíochtaí gáis cheaptha teasa. Ba cheart go mbeadh an coigiltis gáis cheaptha teasa comhionann le beagnach 15,000 gluaisteán a bhaint as an mbóthar ar feadh bliana! - Má chuirfí na buidéil agus na jaranna gloine go léir a bhailíodh trí athchúrsáil in aice lena chéile i líne dhíreach, shroichfeadh sé an ghealach agus leathbhealach ar ais go dtí an Domhan. An Tionchar Mór Éiceo-Ghluaiste Tá sé in am difríocht a dhéanamh Tá go leor bealaí ann chun ár saol a dhéanamh níos glaine. Seo thíos cúpla leideanna ar conas tosú ag cur níos mó greenachta ar do shaol. Bain úsáid as na leideanna seo chun cabhrú leat taisteal ar bhealach níos glaine. Niche an Staples agus dul staple-saor in aisce Tá Staples tar éis a bheith ina bhagairt chomhshaoil dár dtimpeallacht. Go hiontach, ní úsáideann Staple Free Staplers aon staples ar chor ar bith. Dá bhrí sin, ní gá duit a bheith buartha faoi pháipéir scartha, éadaí crochta, méaraí pianmhar a tharlaíonn de bharr cnagadh meatailt géar, agus ní gá duit a bheith buartha faoi chnagadh cnagálaithe. Is feiste neamhdhíobhálach don chomhshaol é Staple Free Staplers do theach nó fiú do do oifig, nach ndéanann ach cnapán beag a ghearradh i gcúinne do pháipéir, an cnapán a fhilleadh ar ais agus é a chur isteach i slit beag, agus déanann sé dó a dháileadh chomh tapa agus chomh héasca le sean-staipéir rialta. Níl sé chomh buan le staple, agus tá an teorainn cúig leathanach, ach mar gheall ar a dhéanann sé, is táirge iontach é a bheith agat i gcómhdach do theach féin. Is féidir na leathanaigh a tharraingt ar leith gan a scriosadh, faoi chúinsí gnáth coinníonn siad le chéile go han-mhaith. Tá an Stapler Saor in Aisce sábháilte do gach aois, agus saor ó chothabháil. Níl aon phornóg miotail ann chun do mhéar, do bhrú, nó do dhoiciméid thábhachtacha a ghabháil, agus ní bheidh ort do chuid ama luachmhar a chaitheamh ag cur isteach ar ghreamaí. Stop a Dhéanamh do Airgead ar Tháirgí Tocsaineacha don Theach An bhfuil a fhios agat cad atá sna táirgí glantacháin tí atá á n-úsáid agat? Is é fírinne an scéil go bhfuil go leor tocsainí agus ceimiceán díobhálach agus contúirteach sa chuid is mó de na táirgí glantacháin tí atá ar na seilfeanna sa mhargadh inniu. Is féidir leis na substaintí tocsaineacha contúirteacha seo dul isteach sa chorp trí inghlacadh, a anailís, nó a ionsú tríd an gcraiceann, rud a d'fhéadfadh dul i bhfeidhm ar an gcroí, ar na scamhóga, ar na duáin, ar an ae, agus ar an inchinn agus a d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh go leor fadhbanna sláinte tromchúiseacha acu. Ar an láimh eile, níl aon tocsaineacht ag táirgí glantacháin nádúrtha agus tá siad i bhfad níos sábháilte le húsáid toisc go ndéantar iad ó chomhábhair nádúrtha sláintiúla. Nuair a thagann sé chun do theach a ghlanadh agus a dhíghalrú, oibríonn siad chomh héifeachtach agus a oibríonn siad, más rud é nach bhfuil siad níos fearr ná na táirgí ceimiceacha a dhíoltar i na mílte siopa. Ní amháin go bhfuil táirgí glantacháin nádúrtha níos sábháilte le húsáid, ach sábhálann siad airgead freisin toisc go maireann siad níos faide agus go bhfuil costas níos lú orthu. Más mian leat go mbeadh cumhrán álainn i do theach cuir olaí riachtanacha 100% nádúrtha le do chóireálacha tí mar ola crainn tae, ola lavender nó ola líomóide, nach soláthraíonn ach cumhrán agus cumhrán úr, ach a bhfuil airíonna antiseptic, frith-fungach agus díghalrúcháin nádúrtha iontu.

By Dottie Dewberry For the WPT MABEN — Did you know? “The saltshaker and pepper shaker (or in the UK, salt and pepper pots) are condiment holders used in Western culture that are designed to allow diners to distribute edible salt and ground peppercorns. “Since more people use salt than pepper (and most people are right- handed), the saltshaker is placed to the right of the pepper shaker, in a position closer to the right hand. Because salt is finer than pepper, the lid of the saltshaker is punctured with smaller, more numerous holes than a pepper shaker. “When salt is requested at a meal, as a courtesy to the diner, the salt and pepper shaker are passed together (Wikipedia).” On July 9 at the Maben Public Library, Mrs. Jimmie Cooper graciously allowed the library to put a selection of her 250 sets of salt and pepper shakers on display for the public to appreciate. Mrs. Cooper says her Aunt Peggy Potter had a large display of shakers that she had always admired. So, one year her aunt gave her a sizeable collection of shakers to get her started. Over the years, friends and family have added to her compilation. According to Jimmie, she has shakers from 24 states and a few countries (Canada, Jamaica). She has collected sets of animals (dogs, cats, pigs, mice, sock monkeys, roosters, turtles, birds, fish, elephants, chickens), and several with holiday motifs: Christmas Santa and boots, Thanksgiving pumpkins, Halloween scarecrows. Many are made of glass, some of wood and a few metal. All are unique. A number have special meanings: Mr. James Soller donated to her a bird with a nest set that had been in his family for a long time. Jimmie’s daughter and son-in-law brought her one set that was made by prisoners in Alcatraz. She has one that is a MSU bulldog with two bones that are the shakers. Many of the sets have unique pieces: a mouse with two pieces of cheese; a squirrel with two acorns; a moonshiner with a jug; a raccoon and a trashcan; a bird with tree stump and many more that are duplicates of each other. One special one comes from Monterey, Calif., which was brought to her when her husband, Bootsie, was stationed there with the National Guard in 1967. She also has a set that looks like wooden cook pots that are stamped “Eupora, MS”; she thinks she got them from the TWL store. The display will be available for viewing for the month of July.

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Le Dottie Dewberry Do WPT MABEN An raibh a fhios agat? Is sealbhóirí condiment iad saltshaker agus peipéar (nó sa Ríocht Aontaithe, potaí salann agus piobar) a úsáidtear i gcultúr an Iarthair atá deartha chun ligean do dhineálóirí salann inite agus piobar meilte a dháileadh. Ós rud é go n-úsáideann níos mó daoine salann ná piobar (agus tá formhór na ndaoine ceart-láimhe), cuirtear an saltshaker ar dheis an piobar-shaker, i riocht níos gaire don lámh dheis. Toisc go bhfuil salann níos fíneáil ná piobar, tá poill níos lú agus níos mó ag an gclúdach den saltshaker ná an píobar. Nuair a iarrtar salann ag béile, mar chúrsaíocht don dinnéir, déantar an salann agus an piobar a chur ar aghaidh le chéile (Wikipedia). Ar 9 Iúil ag Leabharlann Poiblí Maben, d'fhág Mrs. Jimmie Cooper go grámhar go gcuirfeadh an leabharlann rogha de a 250 tacar salann agus piobar ar taispeáint chun meas a bheith ag an bpobal. Mrs Cooper deir a aintín Peggy Potter Bhí taispeáint mór de shakers go raibh sí i gcónaí admired. Mar sin, bliain amháin thug a aintín bailiúchán suntasach de shakeers di chun tús a chur léi. Le blianta anuas, tá cairde agus teaghlach curtha leis an gcruinniú. De réir Jimmie, tá shakers aici ó 24 stát agus cúpla tír (Ceanada, Iamáice). Tá sraitheanna ainmhithe (dui, cait, muc, luch, múnlaí stocaí, coirceanna, turtar, éin, iasc, eilifint, sicíní) agus roinnt le móitíf saoire á mbailiú aici: Santa Nollag agus buataisí, pumpkins Thanksgiving, scarecrows Halloween. Tá go leor déanta as gloine, cuid de adhmad agus cúpla miotail. Tá gach ceann acu uathúil. Tá brí speisialta ag roinnt acu: Thug an tUasal James Soller éan le seata nead a bhí ina theaghlach ar feadh i bhfad. Jimmie's iníon agus mac-in-dlí thug sí ar cheann de na sraitheanna a rinneadh ag príosúnaigh i Alcatraz. Tá ceann aici a bhfuil MSU bulldog le dhá chnámha go bhfuil na shakers. Tá píosaí uathúla ag go leor de na tacair: luch le dhá phíosa cáise; sciathán le dhá eicín; moonshiner le crú; racoon agus trashcan; éan le stump crann agus go leor eile atá dúbailte de gach ceann eile. Tagann ceann speisialta ó Monterey, California, a tugadh di nuair a bhí a fear céile, Bootsie, suite ann leis an nGarda Náisiúnta i 1967. Tá tacar aici freisin a bhfuil cuma ar phota cócaireachta adhmaid a bhfuil stampaí orthu Eupora, MS; sí a cheapann go bhfuair sí iad ó siopa TWL. Beidh an taispeántas ar fáil le feiceáil i mí Iúil.

The 21st chapter of the “Inhabitants of the microworld” series is called “Contractible trumpets”. Stentor is a very special ciliate. Its trumpet-like shape, with the ciliated Crown on its anterior region, makes him easily recognizable, and its size (can reach 2 mm in length) makes him stand out from the other tiny protozoans. One of the more studied characteristics of Stentor is its extraordinary speed of contraction, measured in about 15 milliseconds. Such amazing speed of contraction allows Stentor to literally disappear when some danger is detected in the surroundings of the cell. This is the 21st chapter of a series that will bring to us a video per day during this confinement forced by COVID-19. We hope that you enjoy this initiative, which gives access to a documentary series for free to the world, and you share it with everyone you think will possibly be interested. Science into Images’s team.

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Tugtar an 21ú caibidil den tsraith Inhabitants of the microworld ar Trumpets contractible. Is stentor ciliate an-speisialta. Tá sé éasca a aithint mar gheall ar a fhoirm cosúil le trumpa, leis an Coróin ciliated ar a réigiún tosaigh, agus tá a mhéid (is féidir a shroicheann 2 mm ar fhad) a dhéanann sé seasamh amach ó na protozoaí beaga eile. Ceann de na tréithe is mó a ndearnadh staidéar orthu ná an luas neamhghnách a bhíonn ag an stentor a ghreamú, a dhéantar a thomhas i thart ar 15 milleaséacnam. De bharr an luas iontach seo a bhíonn ag an gcineál seo de chúnamh, is féidir leis an Stentor dul ar neamh go liteartha nuair a fhaightear bagairt ar bith i dtimpeallacht an chealla. Is é seo an 21ú caibidil de shraith a thabharfaidh físeán dúinn gach lá le linn an choimeádáin éigeanta COVID-19. Tá súil againn go mbainfidh tú taitneamh as an tionscnamh seo, a thugann rochtain ar shraith faisnéise saor in aisce don domhan, agus go roinnfidh tú é le gach duine a cheapann tú a d'fhéadfadh a bheith suim acu. Eolaíocht isteach i bhfoireann na hIomhánna.

The Annals of Internal Medicine recently published online a study of the effectiveness of influenza vaccination on the likelihood of subjects 65 and older being hospitalized or dying. The study’s objective was: “To determine the effectiveness of the influenza vaccine in reducing hospitalizations and mortality among elderly persons by using an observational research design that reduces the possibility of bias and confounding.” The paper reporting data obtained from the United Kingdom is rather densely written and requires a little more effort than usual to decipher, but reaches the conclusion that flu vaccination does not reduce hospitalizations or mortality among elderly people. The figure below from the study shows hospitalizations against age and mortality rates against age. The breakdown for each curve is shown on the figure. Routine flu vaccination in the UK starts at age 65. As can easily be seen there was no change in the expected rates of hospitalizations or death before or after age 65. While the conclusions of the authors of this study regarding admission to hospital and death appear substantiated by the data, the finding do not completely exclude a beneficial effect of flu vaccination. The authors are aware of this possibility and discuss it. The most vulnerable population to hospitalizations and death from the flu or related complications are those who have an ongoing illness and who are immunocompromised. These are the same people who will likely not get a good immune response from vaccination and thus would have the same rate of hospitalization and death before and after vaccination. Even after considering the scenario just outlined, the authors say their “findings raise questions, however, about the overall effectiveness of a vaccination that is limited to standard vaccines and which focuses too much on elderly persons.” They suggest that a more target approach to the use of the flu vaccine would be a better strategy than vaccinating everyone irrespective of their overall health status. Such a targeted regimen would certainly save money. It would also likely have no effect on medical outcomes.

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D'fhoilsigh Annals of Internal Medicine staidéar ar éifeachtacht vacsaínithe an fhliú ar an dóchúlacht go gcuirfí daoine 65 bliain d'aois agus níos sine san ospidéal nó go bhfaighidh siad bás. Ba é cuspóir an staidéir: Eifeachtúlacht an vacsaín fliú a chinneadh maidir le hiospitáil agus básmhaireacht a laghdú i measc daoine scothaosta trí dhearadh taighde breathnóireachta a úsáid a laghdaíonn an fhéidearthacht claontachta agus mearbhall. Tá na sonraí tuairiscithe páipéir a fuarthas ón Ríocht Aontaithe scríofa go leor go dlúth agus éilíonn siad beagán níos mó iarrachta ná mar is gnách a dhíchriptiú, ach tagann siad ar an gconclúid nach laghdaíonn vacsaíníocht an fhliú ospidéil nó básmhaireacht i measc daoine scothaosta. Taispeánann an figiúr thíos ón staidéar na hiospitálúcháin i gcoinne aois agus na rátaí báis i gcoinne aois. Léirítear an miondealú do gach cuardach sa phiogra. Tosaíonn vacsaínú rialta an fhrionsa sa RA ag aois 65. Mar a fheictear go héasca, ní raibh aon athrú ar na rátaí ionchasacha ospidéilithe nó báis roimh nó tar éis 65 bliain d'aois. Cé go bhfuil na torthaí a rinne údair an staidéir seo maidir le ligean isteach san ospidéal agus bás bunaithe ar na sonraí, ní fhágann an toradh go hiomlán go bhfuil éifeacht tairbheach ag vacsaínú an fhliú. Tá na húdair ar an eolas faoin bhféidearthacht seo agus pléann siad é. Is iad na daoine atá ag fulaingt go mór ó ospidéil agus ó bhás mar gheall ar an ngalar nó ar choimhlintí gaolmhara ná iad siúd a bhfuil galar leanúnach acu agus a bhfuil imdhíol acu. Is iad seo na daoine céanna nach dócha go bhfaighidh siad freagra inmheánach maith ón vacsaínú agus dá bhrí sin go mbeadh an ráta céanna ospidéilithe agus báis acu roimh agus tar éis vacsaínithe. Fiú amháin tar éis an cás atá leagtha amach a mheas, deir na húdair go bhfuil a gcuid torthaí ag cur ceisteanna, áfach, maidir le héifeachtúlacht foriomlán vacsaínithe a theorannú ar vacsaíní caighdeánacha agus a dhíríonn ró-mhór ar dhaoine scothaosta. Tugann siad le fios go mbeadh cur chuige níos spriocdhírithe maidir le húsáid an vacsaín fliú ina straitéis níos fearr ná gach duine a vacsaínú beag beann ar a riocht sláinte foriomlán. Is cinnte go sábhálfadh regimen spriocdhírithe den sórt sin airgead. Ní dócha go mbeadh aon éifeacht aige ar thorthaí leighis.

Scientists head to Congo in search of Ebola source of infection 27 June 2017 Antwerp scientists head to remote province in Congo with an international team in search of the source of the recent Ebola infection. A small-scale Ebola epidemic, which broke out in northern Congo in May, was contained relatively quickly. Now, at the request of the Congolese authorities, an international team including scientists from the University of Antwerp and the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences are heading to the remote province of Bas-Uélé in search of the source of the infection. More than 11 000 people died during a major Ebola epidemic in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone in 2014 and 2015. So when an outbreak was reported in a very remote village in northern Congo in May, alarm bells started ringing immediately. Thanks to speedy interventions by the health authorities, and also to the village’s remote location, the consequences of the outbreak were limited. A few dozen suspected cases have been reported. The virus appears to have been prevented from spreading further. To know more about the origin of this outbreak, the Congolese Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale is assembling an international team who will carry out ecological research into the source of the infection. Bats under the microscope “That Congolese institute also contacted the University of Antwerp,” explains biologist Herwig Leirs. He and his colleagues Erik Verheyen and Sophie Gryseels are due to start their three-week posting to Congo on Wednesday 28 June. Verheyen, who works for the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (KBIN), is a long-time collaborator of the Université de Kisangani and is familiar with the area and its fauna. Gryseels left for Guinea in 2014, where she spent a month analysing patients’ blood and urine in a mobile lab during the major Ebola outbreak. UAntwerp and KBIN have both allocated funding for the research. “What’s unusual about this epidemic is that the infection of the first patient is well-documented”, explains Leirs. “It was a fisherman who found a dead wild boar in the woods and decided to take some of its meat home with him. We know where this happened. What we don’t yet know is which species ‘hosts’ the virus in the wild, although there are strong indications that bats could be responsible.” The three Flemish scientists will be working with a team of researchers from Kisangani’s Centre de Surveillance de la Biodiversité to collect tissue samples from mammals, and especially from bats, rodents, shrews and bushmeat – game hunted by the local population for consumption and trade. Erik Verheyen: “We’ll take samples of blood and different organs from all of the animals we collect. During this fieldwork, biosafety concerns will be of paramount importance. It goes without saying that we don’t want to take any chances when it comes to avoiding infection.” Picture UAntwerp: Sophie Gryseels, Herwig Leirs en Erik Verheyen

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Ritheann eolaithe go dtí an Chongó ag cuardach foinse ionfhabhtaithe Ebola 27 Meitheamh 2017 Tá eolaithe as Antwerp ag dul go dtí an chúige iargúlta sa Chongó le foireann idirnáisiúnta chun foinse na hailse Ebola le déanaí a lorg. Bhí an t-eipidéim Ebola ar scála beag, a thit amach i dtuaisceart an Chongó i mí na Bealtaine, faoi smacht go réasúnta tapa. Anois, ar iarratas ó údaráis Chongó, tá foireann idirnáisiúnta lena n-áirítear eolaithe ó Ollscoil Antwerp agus ó Institiúid Ríoga na Beilge um Eolaíochtaí Nádúrtha ag dul go dtí an chúige iargúlta Bas-Uélé chun foinse an ionfhabhtaithe a chuardach. Bhí níos mó ná 11 000 duine marbh le linn eipidéim mhór Ebola i Libéir, sa Ghuine agus i Sierra Leone in 2014 agus 2015. Mar sin nuair a tuairiscíodh ráig i sráidbhaile iargúlta i dtuaisceart na Cóige i mí na Bealtaine, thosaigh cloganna rabhaidh ag cnagadh láithreach. A bhuíochas le hiontrálacha tapa na n-údarás sláinte, agus freisin le háit iargúlta an bhaile, bhí iarmhairtí an ráig teoranta. Tuairiscíodh cúpla dosaen cás amhrasta. Is cosúil gur cosc a chur ar an víreas scaipeadh níos faide. Chun tuilleadh eolais a fháil faoi bhunús an ráig seo, tá foireann idirnáisiúnta á chur le chéile ag Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale na Cóngó a dhéanfaidh taighde éiceolaíoch ar fhoinse an ionfhabhtaithe. Bláthanna a scrúdú faoi mhicreascóp D'iarr an institiúid Chongó ar Ollscoil Antwerp teagmháil a dhéanamh leis freisin, a mhíníonn an bitheolaí Herwig Leirs. Tá sé agus a chomhghleacaithe Erik Verheyen agus Sophie Gryseels le tosú ar a phostáil trí seachtaine go dtí an Chongó Dé Céadaoin 28 Meitheamh. Tá Verheyen, a oibríonn don Institiúid Ríoga na Beilge um Eolaíochtaí Nádúrtha (KBIN), ina chomhoibrí fadtéarmach de chuid Université de Kisangani agus tá aithne aige ar an gceantar agus ar a fhéin. D'fhág Gryseels go dtí an Ghiné in 2014, áit a chaith sí mí ag anailísiú fola agus fual othair i saotharlann soghluaiste le linn na ráige Ebola móra. Tá maoiniú curtha ar fáil ag an Ollscoil Antwerp agus ag an KBIN don taighde. 'Is é an rud neamhghnách faoin eipidéim seo ná go bhfuil an t-ionfhabhtú ar an gcéad othar dea-chomhachtaithe', a mhíníonn Leirs. Ba iascaire é a fuair muiceál fiáine marbh sa choille agus a chinn cuid dá fheoil a thógáil abhaile leis. Tá a fhios againn cá tharla sé seo. Is é an rud nach bhfuil ar eolas againn go fóill ná cén speiceas a bhfuil an víreas sa fhiadhúlra aige, cé go bhfuil comharthaí láidir ann go bhféadfadh na féileoga a bheith freagrach. Beidh na trí eolaí Filamhacha ag obair le foireann taighdeoirí ó Lár Faireála na Bithéagsúlachta i Kisangani chun samplaí fíocháin a bhailiú ó mhamaigh, agus go háirithe ó bhaill, ó ghránna, ó shreabháin agus ó shaoil fichille a bhíonn ag an daonra áitiúil le haghaidh tomhaltais agus trádála. Erik Verheyen: Tógfaimid samplaí fola agus orgáin éagsúla ó na hainmhithe go léir a bhailímid. Le linn na hoibre sa réimse seo, beidh imní maidir le bithshlándáil ar an mbarr. Ní gá a rá nach dteastaíonn uainn aon riosca a ghlacadh maidir le heinsí a sheachaint. Pictiúr UAntwerp: Sophie Gryseels, Herwig Leirs agus Erik Verheyen

The bladderworts (Utricularia spp.) belong to the family Lentibulariaceae. Most of them are aquatic, while some of them have chosen for wet terrestrial environments, like coastal swamp forests and savannahs. The Trésor reserve, with its wet savannahs, supplies a wonderful ecosystem for the bladderworts. The bladderwort is a carnivorous plant. It lacks roots, but it has found some clever solutions that let it survive in oligotrophic (very poor soil) environments. Bladderworts produce two type of leaves: ‘classical’ leaves (for photosynthesis) and alternative leaves that are situated on the ground or under water. These alternative leaves, also called ‘bladders’ measure between one and several millimetres. They function like traps. They attract their prey with small ‘branched hairs’, that could be mistaken for algae. Special glands in the bladders create a vacuum. If a hair is touched, the bladder will be opened instantly through the movement of a valve. All sufficiently small organisms will be sucked into the vacuum once they touch the hairs of the bladderwort. The bladders contain enzymes that will digest the prey, once sucked in. Once soluble, the plant can assimilate the nutrients of its captured prey. Once the feast is finished, the bladderwort reactivates its trap.

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An t-eitleán (Utricularia spp.) is iad na daoine a bhaineann leis an teaghlach Lentibulariaceae. Tá an chuid is mó acu uisceach, cé go bhfuil cuid acu roghnaithe le haghaidh timpeallachtaí taise talún, cosúil le foraoisí muiceálach cósta agus savannahs. Tá an cúlchiste Trésor, lena savannahs fliuch, ina éiceachóras iontach do na bladerworts. Is planda carnáitheach é an bladderwort. Níl fréamhacha aige, ach fuair sé roinnt réitigh cliste a ligeann dó maireachtáil i dtimpeallachtaí oligotrophic (talamh an-bocht). Táirgeann Bladderworts dhá chineál duilleoga: duilleoga clasaiceacha (le haghaidh fotosintéis) agus duilleoga malartacha atá suite ar an talamh nó faoi uisce. Tá na duilleoga malartacha seo, ar a dtugtar blaidíní freisin, idir milliméadar amháin agus roinnt milliméadar. Feidhmíonn siad mar thriomáin. Tarraingíonn siad a n-íobair le 'fhéithe brainseacha' beaga, a d'fhéadfaí a mheabhrú mar algaí. Cruthaíonn glúine speisialta sna bláthanna folctha folctha folctha folctha folctha folctha folctha folctha folctha folctha folctha folctha folctha folctha folctha folctha folctha folctha folctha folctha folctha folctha folctha folctha folctha folctha folctha folctha folctha folctha folctha folctha folctha folctha folctha Má dhéantar teagmháil le gruaig, osclaítear an bolgán láithreach trí ghluaiseacht bhalbón. Beidh gach orgánach atá beag go leor a sucked isteach sa vacsaín nuair a dhéanann siad teagmháil leis na gruaige an bladderwort. Tá einsímí sna bláthanna a dhéanfaidh digest an díon, nuair a chuirtear isteach é. Nuair a bhíonn an planda solúbtha, is féidir leis na cothaithigh a fhaigheann sé óna chreach a chomhtháthú. Nuair a bhíonn an féile críochnaithe, athghníomhaíonn an bladderwort a ghabháil.

Every year, when February rolls around, you hear the same questions: Why do we need a Black History Month? When is White History Month? (The answer to that second question is January through December, by the way.) For the answer to the first, look no further than the movie that just picked up the top award from the Screen Actors Guild. “Hidden Figures” is about the African-American female mathematicians who helped propel the U.S. space program, and who were mostly left out of the history books and previous film accounts of NASA and the talents who made it soar. (John Glenn wouldn’t leave home without their trajectory equations.) When people of color and women play more than token roles in the telling of this nation’s history, there will no longer be a need to remedy omissions with a designated month here and there. In 2017, we are far from that moment. At what was billed as a “listening session” on Wednesday, Donald Trump, surrounded by African-American supporters and staff, said: “During this month, we honor the tremendous history of the African-Americans throughout our country — throughout the world if you really think about it. … This story is one of unimaginable sacrifice, hard work and faith in America.” It was reported that he also pledged better schools, jobs and wages before detouring to complain, yet again, about the “biased” media. So much for listening from the world leader whose vision of blacks in America is skewed toward stereotype and generalizations — and that’s putting it mildly. The first step would be to repeal and replace the dark history of Donald Trump, as well as some in his inner circle and in his ear. The month definitely needs to move beyond the speedy timeline of Rosa Parks sat on a bus, the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. preached “I Have a Dream” and President Barack Obama was elected. Ta-da! In reality, the fight for inclusion in this aspirational yet contentious country has always been a few steps forward followed by pushback: a Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision that declared segregated schools unconstitutional in 1954, but was blocked and obstructed by massive resistance for years after; or laws promoting civil rights and voting rights passed in the 1960s after a president was assassinated, but are still being argued over in the courts. Always, part of the justification for justice delayed is that those who seek it, fight for it and die for it are undeserving in some way — haven’t achieved enough or worked hard enough. Our new president has a history that is part of the pushback. When presented with the reality of an African-American president, a man whose achievements had to be respected, even when his worldview might not be, Trump tried to delegitimize everything Barack Obama had earned — his election as president of the Harvard Law Review, his citizenship, his right to be president of the United States. That those ideas gained traction among many in Trump’s base proved how fertile the American soil remains for such toxic notions to grow. We know Trump’s opinion of any neighborhood where minorities reside, a view that was mocked when he incorporated the prosperous and well-educated Atlanta of John Lewis into a “hell scape” scenario. But does the president know that many of America’s neighborhoods remain divided by race because racist mortgage and real-estate rules deliberately structured them that way? Trump owns a piece of that history, too. After the passage of the Fair Housing Act of 1968, which, for example, made restrictive deeds like the ones that still taint my Charlotte, North Carolina, neighborhood unenforceable, the real-estate and building management firm of Trump and his father was still marking “C” for “colored” on the rejected rental applications of African-Americans. After fighting a 1973 Justice Department lawsuit, they eventually agreed to a consent decree that admitted no guilt, but included a list of stringent stipulations. As it makes its decisions, will a Trump Department of Justice, headed by Sen. Jeff Sessions of Alabama, who has his own checkered past on race, be mindful of that history? With a Secretary Ben Carson, who has called the Obama administration’s fair housing efforts “failed socialist experiments,” will the Department of Housing and Urban Development care? As for Trump whisperer Steve Bannon, during his tenure leading Breitbart, the news site ran the headline, “Hoist It High and Proud: The Confederate Flag Proclaims a Glorious Heritage,” weeks after white supremacist Dylann Roof murdered nine black parishioners in a historic church in Charleston, South Carolina. Rather than celebrating heritage, those who raised the flag over the statehouse in 1961 were pledging defiance to the civil rights movement, as speeches from the time make clear, if that’s the kind of history you’re interested in learning. A president won’t get much credit for a shout-out to the “amazing” Frederick Douglass when your policies and policymakers have shown that equality and justice are not at the top of the administration’s “to-do” list while an unvetted travel ban is rolled out, flaws and all. In one of many moving scenes in “Hidden Figures,” Octavia Spencer as NASA’s first African-American manager, Dorothy Vaughan, is not allowed to borrow a book from the “white” section of the library, one that would help her become an expert FORTRAN programmer. After she slips the book into her purse, she explains to her children on the bus ride home that it’s not stealing because her tax money is paying for that library. It’s a quiet history lesson, the understanding that for generations, African-Americans paid for schools and buses, roads and pools, every manner of public facility they were prevented by law from using — paying a literal as well as psychological black tax to prop up the lifestyle of others who lapped it up as their due. Only 28 days of cramming for a billionaire president who won’t reveal his own tax returns. Roll Call columnist Mary C. Curtis has worked at The New York Times, The Baltimore Sun and The Charlotte Observer. Follow her on Twitter @mcurtisnc3.

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Gach bliain, nuair a thagann Feabhra thart, éisteann tú na ceisteanna céanna: Cén fáth a bhfuil Mí Stair an Duine Dubh ag teastáil uainn? Nuair a bhíonn mí Stair Bán? (Is é an freagra ar an dara ceist sin Eanáir go Nollaig, ar an mbealach.) Chun an freagra ar an gcéad cheann, ní gá breathnú níos faide ná an scannán a bhuaigh an duais is fearr ó Chónaidhm na nAchtóirí Scáileáin. Hidden Figures is faoi na matamaiticeoirí mná Afracach-Mheiriceánach a chabhraigh le clár spáis na Stát Aontaithe a thiomáint, agus a bhí fágtha den chuid is mó as leabhair staire agus cuntais scannáin roimhe seo de NASA agus na buanna a rinne é a ardú. (Ní bheadh John Glenn fhágáil baile gan a n-eagrán treochta.) Nuair a bhíonn níos mó ná ról teachtaireachta ag daoine d'ainneoin dath agus ag mná i scéal stair na náisiúin seo, ní bheidh gá le leigheas a dhéanamh ar eisiamh le mí ainmnithe anseo agus ansin. In 2017, tá muid i bhfad óna nóiméad sin. Ag an rud a fógraíodh mar "seisiún éisteachta" Dé Céadaoin, dúirt Donald Trump, timpeallaithe ag lucht tacaíochta agus foireann Afraic-Mheiriceánach: "Le linn na míosa seo, déanaimid onóir do stair mhór na n-Afraic-Mheiriceánaigh ar fud ár dtír" ar fud an domhain má smaoiníonn tú air i ndáiríre. ... Tá an scéal seo ar cheann de íobairt inimaginable, obair chrua agus creideamh i Meiriceá. Bhí sé tuairiscíodh go raibh sé geallta freisin scoileanna níos fearr, poist agus pá sula ndeachaigh sé ar shlí eile chun gearán a dhéanamh, arís eile, faoi na meáin biased . Go leor chun éisteacht ó cheannaire an domhain a bhfuil a fhís de blacks i Meiriceá skewed i dtreo stereotype agus generalizations agus thats cur é mildly. Ba é an chéad chéim ná an stair dorcha de chuid Donald Trump, chomh maith le cuid dá chuaird inmheánach agus dá chluas, a aisghairm agus a chur ina ionad. Ní mór don mhí bogadh thar an amlíne tapa Rosa Parks ina shuí ar an mbus, an Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. preached "I Have a Dream" agus toghadh an tUachtarán Barack Obama. Ta-da! I ndáiríre, bhí an troid le haghaidh cuimsiú sa tír ionchas ach conspóideach seo cúpla céim ar aghaidh agus ansin brú ar ais: cinneadh na Cúirte Uachtaraí Brown v. Bord Oideachais a dhearbhaigh go raibh scoileanna idirdhealaithe neamhbhunreachtúil i 1954, ach a bhacadh agus a bhacadh le friotaíocht ollmhór ar feadh blianta ina dhiaidh sin; nó dlíthe a chuir chun cinn cearta sibhialta agus cearta vótála a ritheadh sna 1960idí tar éis uachtarán a mharú, ach tá siad fós á phlé sna cúirteanna. I gcónaí, cuid den údar le haghaidh ceartais a chur siar ná go bhfuil na daoine a éilíonn, a throid agus a bháis air neamhdhírithe ar bhealach éigin nach bhfuil go leor bainte amach acu nó nach bhfuil obair chrua déanta acu. Tá stair ag ár n-uachtarán nua atá mar chuid den bhrú siar. Nuair a cuireadh i láthair dó réaltacht uachtarán Afracach-Mheiriceánach, fear a raibh a chuid éachtaí le meas, fiú nuair nach bhféadfadh a chuid tuairim ar an domhan a bheith, rinne Trump iarracht gach rud a d'fhuair Barack Obama a dhílseanachtú - a thoghadh mar uachtarán ar Harvard Law Review, a shaoránacht, a cheart a bheith ina uachtarán ar na Stáit Aontaithe. Go raibh na smaointe sin ag gabháil le go leor i mbonn Trump, chruthaigh sé cé chomh torthúil is atá ithir Mheiriceá le haghaidh smaointe tocsaineacha den sórt sin a fhás. Tá a fhios againn tuairim Trump ar aon chomharsanacht ina bhfuil mionlaigh ina gcónaí, dearcadh a bhí mocked nuair a chuimsíodh sé Atlanta rathúil agus go maith oideachas John Lewis i 'hell scape' cás. Ach an bhfuil a fhios ag an uachtarán go bhfuil go leor de na ceantair Mheiriceá a bheith roinnte ag ciníochas toisc morgáiste ciníoch agus rialacha eastát réadach struchtúrú go stuama iad ar an mbealach sin? Tá cuid den stair sin ag Trump freisin. Tar éis an Acht um Thithíocht Cheart 1968 a rith, a rinne, mar shampla, gníomhartha sriantacha mar na cinn a bhfuil mo Charlotte, Carolina Thuaidh, in aice láimhe fós neamh-infheidhmithe, bhí cuideachta bhainistíochta eastáit réadaigh agus foirgníochta Trump agus a athar fós ag marcáil C le haghaidh datha ar iarratais ar chíos diúltaithe Mheiriceánaigh Afracacha. Tar éis dóibh dul i ngleic le cás dlí ón Roinn Dlí agus Cirt i 1973, d'aontaigh siad ar deireadh le deonú toiliú nach raibh aon chiontacht á admháil acu, ach a bhí liosta de fhorálacha dian san áireamh. Agus a chinntí á ndéanamh aige, an mbeidh Roinn Dlí agus Cirt Trump, faoi cheannas an Seanadóir Jeff Sessions as Alabama, a bhfuil a stair féin sceite aige ar chine, ag cuimhneamh ar an stair sin? Le rúnaí Ben Carson, a d'iarr iarrachtaí tithíochta cóir riarachán Obama "téamaí sóisialacha theip", an dtabharfaidh an Roinn Tithíochta agus Forbartha Cathrach cúram? Maidir le Trump whisperer Steve Bannon, le linn a chuid aimsire ag stiúradh Breitbart, d'eisigh an suíomh nuachta an ceannteideal, "Hoist It High and Proud: The Confederate Flag Proclaimes a Glorious Heritage", seachtainí tar éis an supremacist bán Dylann Roof naoi paróiste dubh a mharú in eaglais stairiúil i Charleston, Carolina Theas. Seachas a bheith ag ceiliúradh oidhreachta, bhí na daoine a thóg an bratach thar an teach stáit i 1961 ag gealltanas díospóireachta don ghluaiseacht chearta sibhialta, mar a dhéanann óráidí ón am soiléir, más é sin an cineál stair a bhfuil suim agat a fhoghlaim. Ní bheidh uachtarán a fháil go leor creidmheas le haghaidh shout-out chun an "iontach" Frederick Douglass nuair a bhfuil do bheartais agus polasaithe polasaí léirithe nach bhfuil comhionannas agus ceartais ar bharr an riaracháin 's "a dhéanamh" liosta agus tá sé neamh-scrúdaithe toirmeasc taistil rolladh amach, lochtanna agus go léir. I gceann de na radharcanna móra i Hidden Figures, Octavia Spencer mar an chéad bhainisteoir Afracach-Mheiriceánach de chuid NASA, Dorothy Vaughan, ní cheadaítear leabhar a fháil ar iasacht ó roinn bán na leabharlainne, ceann a chabhródh léi a bheith ina ríomhchláraitheoir FORTRAN saineolach. Tar éis di an leabhar a chur ina mála, míníonn sí dá leanaí ar an mbus ag taisteal abhaile nach bhfuil sé ag goid toisc go bhfuil a chuid airgid cánach ag íoc as an leabharlann sin. Is ceacht staire ciúin é, an tuiscint go bhfuil na hAfraice-Meiriceánaigh, le blianta, ag íoc as scoileanna agus busanna, bóithre agus linnte, gach cineál saoráide poiblí a chuir an dlí cosc orthu a úsáid - cáin dhubh a íoc go litriúil chomh maith le cáin dhubh síceolaíoch chun stíl mhaireachtála daoine eile a chur ar bun a d'ith sé mar a bhí de dhualgas orthu. Níl ach 28 lá de chramming do uachtarán billiúnaí nach nochtann a thuairisciú cánach féin. D'oibrigh colúnóir Roll Call Mary C. Curtis ag The New York Times, The Baltimore Sun agus The Charlotte Observer. Lean í ar Twitter @mcurtisnc3.

Bike riding is a hobby for millions of kids and teenagers across the United States. In addition to being fun, cycling is an excellent source of exercise, and many parents and doctors encourage such activity as part of living a healthy life. While bicycles serve many positive purposes, they also come with inherent dangers and risk. For starters, cyclists run the risk of getting hurt if they fall off the bike or crash into someone or something else. Without safety mechanisms in place, injured victims can suffer broken bones, road rash, or permanent scarring. In addition to causing physical pain, these conditions can force a child to miss school and extracurricular activities as part of the healing process.Risks of Children and Bicycles Of the millions of children and teenagers that ride bicycles each year, did you know that over 240,000 riders under the age of 19 are taken to the emergency room for bicycle-related injuries each year? This statistic is according to Safe Kids Worldwide, who also reports that more than 26,000 kids are treated for traumatic brain injuries related to bike riding each year. Males seem to have more risk than females, as their bike-related fatality rate is almost six times higher than for females.Safety Tips to Prevent Bicycle Injuries For children involved in a bicycle crash, if they are lucky, they will walk away with nothing more than some scrapes and bruises. However, many are not nearly that fortunate. Children injured on bicycles can suffer permanent injuries, including traumatic brain injuries. These conditions can negatively affect cognitive abilities, causing developmental issues. Further, they can cause behavioral issues, memory loss, and emotional distress. What can be done to promote bicycle safety among our youth and prevent life-altering injuries from taking place? Fortunately, certain steps can be implemented by parents and kids alike. - Purchase a bicycle that fits the rider. The bike should not be too big or too small. Younger children may need training wheels. The bicycle should come with reflectors and/or lights. - At all times, riders should wear a helmet that fits. - A helmet can reduce the risk of head injury by 45%, brain injury by 33%, facial injury by 27%, and fatality by 29%. - Look for the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) sticker on the helmet. - The helmet should fit firmly and comfortably. It should also be strapped under the chin. More information on how a helmet should fit can be found here. - Follow the rules of the road by obeying traffic signs and street lights, looking both ways before crossing the street, using designated crosswalks when crossing, and riding in bike lanes when possible. - Wear clothing that fits. Clothing that is too loose can get caught in the handlebars, chains, or pedals of the bicycle. - Wear proper riding gear, such as reflectors, neon clothing, or bright clothing. Otherwise, car or truck drivers may not notice the cyclist, and this could lead to an unfortunate accident. Reflective gear is particularly important while riding early in the morning or at night. - Maintain the bicycle in good working order. Proper maintenance measures may include inflating the tires and making sure the chains and gears work properly. More information on bicycle safety can be found here:

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Is caitheamh aimsire é rothaíocht do na milliúin páiste agus déagóirí ar fud na Stát Aontaithe. Chomh maith le bheith spraoi, is foinse iontach aclaíochta é rothaíocht, agus molann go leor tuismitheoirí agus dochtúirí gníomhaíocht den sórt sin mar chuid de shaol sláintiúil a bheith acu. Cé go bhfuil go leor cuspóirí tairbheacha ag rothair, tá contúirtí agus rioscaí bunúsacha ann freisin. Chun tús a chur leis, tá baicéirí i mbaol go ndéanfaidh siad díobháil má thiteann siad as an rothar nó má thiteann siad isteach i duine nó i rud éigin eile. Gan meicníochtaí sábháilteachta i bhfeidhm, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh cnámha briste, rash bóthair nó scarring buan ag íospartaigh gortaithe. Chomh maith le pian fisiciúil a chur ar fáil, is féidir leis na coinníollacha seo leanbh a chur iallach ar scoil agus ar ghníomhaíochtaí seach-churaclaim a chailleadh mar chuid den phróiseas leigheas. I measc na milliúin leanaí agus déagóirí a thiománaíonn rothair gach bliain, an raibh a fhios agat go dtógtar níos mó ná 240,000 rothair faoi bhun 19 bliana d'aois chuig an seomra éigeandála le haghaidh gortuithe a bhaineann le rothaí gach bliain? Tá an staitistic seo de réir Safe Kids Worldwide, a thuairiscíonn freisin go gcaitear níos mó ná 26,000 páiste le haghaidh gortaithe inchinn traumatic a bhaineann le rothaíocht gach bliain. Is cosúil go bhfuil riosca níos mó ag fir ná mná, toisc go bhfuil an ráta báis a bhaineann le rothar beagnach sé huaire níos airde ná mná. I gcás leanaí a bhfuil baint acu le timpiste rothar, má tá siad fortanach, ní fhágfaidh siad ar shiúl ach roinnt scratches agus bruises. Mar sin féin, níl an t-ádh sin ag go leor. Is féidir le páistí a gortaítear ar rothair díobhálacha buan a fháil, lena n-áirítear díobhálacha traumatacha inchinn. Is féidir leis na coinníollacha seo tionchar diúltach a bheith acu ar chumas cognaíocha, ag cruthú saincheisteanna forbartha. Ina theannta sin, d'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh fadhbanna iompraíochta, caillteanas cuimhne agus strus mothúchánach ann. Cad is féidir a dhéanamh chun sábháilteacht rothaíochta a chur chun cinn i measc ár n-óige agus chun cosc a chur ar ghortú a athrú ar shaol? Ar an dea-uair, is féidir le tuismitheoirí agus leanaí céimeanna áirithe a chur i bhfeidhm. - Bíodh rothar agat a oireann don rothair. Níor chóir go mbeadh an rothar ró-mhór ná ró-bheag. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh rothaí oiliúna ag teastáil ó leanaí níos óige. Ba cheart go mbeadh léaráidí agus/nó soilse ag an rothar. - I gcónaí, ba chóir do rothaithe casc a oireann a chaitheamh. - Is féidir le casc an baol go ndéantar díobháil ar an gcloigeann a laghdú 45%, go ndéantar díobháil ar an inchinn a laghdú 33%, go ndéantar díobháil ar an aghaidh a laghdú 27%, agus go ndéantar bás a laghdú 29%. - Féach ar an gcláraitheoir ar an gComhchiste um Shábháilteacht Táirgí Tomhaltóirí (CPSC) ar an tsraith. - Ba chóir go mbeadh an casúr oiriúnach go daingean agus go compordach. Ba chóir é a cheangal faoi an chin freisin. Tá tuilleadh eolais ar an gcaoi ar chóir do chlogfort a bheith oiriúnach le fáil anseo. - Coinnigh rialacha na bóthair trí chomharthaí tráchta agus soilse sráide a chomhlíonadh, ag féachaint ar an dá thaobh sula dtéann tú trasna na sráide, ag úsáid trasna cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois cois - Bain úsáid as éadaí a oireann. D'fhéadfadh éadaí atá ró-scaoilte dul i ngleic le stiall, slabhraí nó peadail an rothar. - Bain úsáid as trealamh marcaíochta cuí, mar shampla athshruthaithe, éadaí neon, nó éadaí geal. Seachas sin, b'fhéidir nach bhfeicfidh tiománaithe gluaisteán nó trucail an rothair, agus d'fhéadfadh seo dul i ngleic le timpiste míshásta. Tá trealamh athshruthaithe tábhachtach go háirithe agus tú ag marcaíocht go luath ar maidin nó san oíche. - Coinnigh an rothar i riocht maith oibre. D'fhéadfadh go n-áireofaí le bearta cuí cothabhála na boinn a bhlaiseadh agus a chinntiú go n-oibreoidh na slabhraí agus na gearrtha go ceart. Tá tuilleadh eolais ar shábháilteacht rothaí le fáil anseo:

The following article is written using AI and information gathered from the internet. This is just the first iteration and there will be more coming! Please subscribe below if you’d like to see more of these kinds of posts 🙂 I run this site to help you and others like you find cool projects and practice software skills. If this is helpful for you and you enjoy your ad free site, please help fund this site by donating below! If you can’t donate right now, please think of us next time. The technology can then accurately extract information and insights contained in the documents as well as categorize and organize the documents themselves. 1950s: The Georgetown experiment in 1954 involved fully automatic translation of more than sixty Russian sentences into English. The authors claimed that within three or five years, machine translation would be a solved problem. However, real progress was much slower, and after the ALPAC report in 1966, which found that ten-year-long research had failed to fulfill the expectations, funding for machine translation was dramatically reduced. 1960s: When the “patient” exceeded the very small knowledge base, ELIZA might provide a generic response, for example, responding to “My head hurts” with “Why do you say your head hurts?”. 1970s: During this time, the first many chatterbots were written (e.g., PARRY). 1980s: An important development (that eventually led to the statistical turn in the 1990s) was the rising importance of quantitative evaluation in this period. 1990s: As a result, a great deal of research has gone into methods of more effectively learning from limited amounts of data. 2000s: These algorithms take as input a large set of “features” that are generated from the input data. The following is a list of some of the most commonly researched tasks in natural language processing. A coarse division is given below. Given a sound clip of a person or people speaking, determine the textual representation of the speech. This is the opposite of text to speech and is one of the extremely difficult problems colloquially termed “AI-complete” (see above). Speech segmentation Given a sound clip of a person or people speaking, separate it into words. A subtask of speech recognition and typically grouped with it. Text-to-speech Given a text, transform those units and produce a spoken representation. For a language like English, this is fairly trivial, since words are usually separated by spaces. Sometimes this process is also used in cases like bag of words (BOW) creation in data mining. Lemmatization Lemmatization is another technique for reducing words to their normalized form. But in this case, the transformation actually uses a dictionary to map words to their actual form. Morphological segmentation Separate words into individual morphemes and identify the class of the morphemes. Part-of-speech tagging Given a sentence, determine the part of speech (POS) for each word. For example, “book” can be a noun (“the book on the table”) or verb (“to book a flight”); “set” can be a noun, verb or adjective; and “out” can be any of at least five different parts of speech. Stemming The process of reducing inflected (or sometimes derived) words to a base form (e.g., “close” will be the root for “closed”, “closing”, “close”, “closer” etc.). Stemming yields similar results as lemmatization, but does so on grounds of rules, not a dictionary. Grammar induction Generate a formal grammar that describes a language’s syntax. Given a chunk of text, find the sentence boundaries. Distributional semantics For example, German capitalizes all nouns, regardless of whether they are names, and French and Spanish do not capitalize names that serve as adjectives. It is especially useful for identifying trends of public opinion in social media, for marketing. Terminology extraction The goal of terminology extraction is to automatically extract relevant terms from a given corpus. Entity linking Relationship extraction semantic roles).Coreference resolution Anaphora resolution is a specific example of this task, and is specifically concerned with matching up pronouns with the nouns or names to which they refer. etc.).Implicit Recognizing textual entailment Given two text fragments, determine if one being true entails the other, entails the other’s negation, or allows the other to be either true or false. Topic segmentation and recognition Given a chunk of text, separate it into segments each of which is devoted to a topic, and identify the topic of the segment. Argument mining Book generation The first machine-generated book was created by a rule-based system in 1984 (Racter, The policeman’s beard is half-constructed). The first published work by a neural network was published in 2018, 1 the Road, marketed as a novel, contains sixty million words. Both these systems are basically elaborate but non-sensical (semantics-free) language models. The first machine-generated science book was published in 2019 (Beta Writer, Lithium-Ion Batteries, Springer, Cham). Question answering Given a human-language question, determine its answer. , it is possible to extrapolate future directions of NLP. systems)Most Cognition refers to “the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.” For example, consider the English word “big”.

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Scríobhadh an t-alt seo a leanas ag baint úsáide as AI agus faisnéis a bailíodh ón idirlíon. Is é seo ach an chéad athdhéanamh agus beidh níos mó ag teacht! Cuir do bhallraíocht le do thoil thíos más mian leat tuilleadh de na foilseacháin seo a fheiceáil 🙂 Tá an suíomh seo á reáchtáil agam chun cabhrú leat féin agus le daoine eile cosúil leat tionscadail fionnuar a aimsiú agus scileanna bogearraí a chleachtadh. Má tá sé seo cabhrach duit agus má tá tú ag taitneamh a bhaint as an suíomh saor ó fhógraí, cabhraigh le do thoil leis an suíomh seo a mhaoiniú trí dheonú thíos! Mura féidir leat a bhronnadh anois, déan smaoineamh orainn an chéad uair eile. Is féidir leis an teicneolaíocht an fhaisnéis agus na léargas atá sna doiciméid a bhaint amach go cruinn chomh maith leis na doiciméid féin a chatagóirithe agus a eagrú. 1950í: Baineann an turgnamh i Georgetown i 1954 le haistriú iomlán uathoibríoch níos mó ná seasca abairt Rúiseacha go Béarla. Dúirt na húdair go mbeadh an fhadhb a bhaineann le haistriúchán meaisín réitithe laistigh de thrí nó cúig bliana. Bhí an dul chun cinn i ndáiríre i bhfad níos moille, áfach, agus tar éis don tuarascáil ALPAC i 1966, a fuair amach nach raibh na hionchais á gcomhlíonadh ag taighde deich mbliana, laghdaíodh an maoiniú le haghaidh aistriúcháin meaisín go suntasach. 1960í: Nuair a sháraigh an othar an bonn eolais an-bheag, d'fhéadfadh ELIZA freagra ginearálta a sholáthar, mar shampla, ag freagairt do My head hurts le Why do you say your head hurts?. 1970í: Le linn na tréimhse seo, scríobhadh na chéad chatterbots (e.g., PARRY). 1980í: Ba é forbairt thábhachtach (a d'fhág go ndeachaigh an cas staidrimh sna 1990í) tábhacht mhéadaithe an mheastóireachta cainníochtúil sa tréimhse seo. 1990í: Mar thoradh air sin, tá go leor taighde déanta ar mhodhanna chun foghlaim níos éifeachtaí ó chainníochtaí teoranta sonraí. 2000í: Glacann na halgartaim seo mar ionchur sraith mór de features a ghintear ón bhfaisnéis ionchuir. Seo thíos liosta de chuid de na tascanna is coitianta a ndéantar taighde orthu i bpróiseáil teanga nádúrtha. Tugtar roinnteacht garbh thíos. Má thugtar clipe fuaime de dhuine nó daoine ag labhairt, déan cinneadh ar ionadaíocht téacsúil an chainte. Is é seo an t-aonar atá i gcoinne téacs le cainte agus tá sé ar cheann de na fadhbanna an-deacair a dtugtar go coitianta AI-comhlán (féach thuas). Comhroinnt cainte Má fhaightear clipe fuaime de dhuine nó daoine ag labhairt, scaradh é i bhfocail. Fo-tasc de aitheantas cainte agus de ghnáth a bhailítear leis. Téacs-go-cainte Le téacs a thabhairt, athraigh na haonaid sin agus léiriú cainte a tháirgeadh. I gcás teanga mar an Béarla, is rud beag é seo, ós rud é go mbíonn spásanna idir focail de ghnáth. Uaireanta úsáidtear an próiseas seo freisin i gcásanna cosúil le bag de focail (BOW) a chruthú i mianadóireacht sonraí. Lemmatization Is teicníc eile é lemmatization chun foirmeacha gnáthchaighdeánaithe a laghdú. Ach sa chás seo, úsáideann an t-athrú foclóir i ndáiríre chun na focail a mhapáil dá bhfoirm iarbhír. Deighilt mhorfholaíoch Focail a scaradh i mhorféimí aonair agus aicme na mhorféimí a aithint. Cláraitheacht páirteanna cainte Má thugtar abairt, déan an chuid cainte (POS) a chinneadh do gach focal. Mar shampla, is féidir le book a bheith ina ainmfhocal ( an leabhar ar an tábla) nó ina bhriathar ( eitilt a chur in áirithe); is féidir le set a bheith ina ainmfhocal, ina bhriathar nó ina hairíonna; agus is féidir le out aon cheann de chúig chuid éagsúla cainte ar a laghad a bheith ann. Stemming An próiseas chun focail infleachtaithe (nó a dhíorthaítear uaireanta) a laghdú go foirm bhunúsach (e.g., beidh close mar bhunús le haghaidh closed, closing, close, closer etc.). Tugann stemming torthaí den chineál céanna le lemmatization, ach déanann sé amhlaidh ar bhonn rialacha, ní foclóir. Iondúchán gramadaí Gramadaí foirmiúil a ghiniúint a chuireann síos ar shintase teanga. Ag tabhairt píosa téacs, faigh teorainneacha na habairte. Semantics dáileadh Mar shampla, déantar gach ainmfhocal a chaipitliú sa Ghearmáinis, is cuma an bhfuil siad ainmneacha, agus ní dhéantar ainmneacha a fheidhmíonn mar aidiachtí sa Fhraincis agus sa Spáinnis a chaipitliú. Tá sé úsáideach go háirithe chun treochtaí tuairimí poiblí sna meáin shóisialta a aithint, le haghaidh margaíochta. Eisiúint téarmaíochta Is é aidhm eisiúna téarmaíochta téarmaí ábhartha a bhaint go huathoibríoch ó chorpús áirithe. Is sampla sonrach den tasc seo é réitigh Anaphora, agus baineann sé go sonrach le pronomes a mheaitseáil leis na hainmneacha nó na hainmneacha lena mbaineann siad. etc. Is féidir leis an gcineál a bhfuil an téacs i gceist a aithint a bheith ina chuid de na focail atá leagtha amach sa mhír seo. Roinnteacht agus aithint téama Le píosa téacs a thabhairt, scarthaigh é ina chuid a bhfuil gach ceann acu tiomanta do théama, agus sainaithint téama an chuid. Tá an chéad leabhar a cruthaíodh le meaisín bunaithe ar chóras i 1984 (Racter, The policeman's beard is half-constructed). Foilsíodh an chéad obair a foilsíodh le líonra néarólach i 2018, 1 an Bóthar, a mhargú mar úrscéal, ina bhfuil seasca milliún focal. Tá an dá chóras seo i bpríomh-mhodhanna teanga forleathan ach neamh-sintéiseach (saor ó séamaintice). Foilsíodh an chéad leabhar eolaíochta a ghintear le meaisín i 2019 (Beta Writer, Lithium-Ion Batteries, Springer, Cham). Ceist a fhreagairt Nuair a chuirtear ceist i dteanga an duine, déan a fhreagra a chinneadh. , is féidir treoracha NLP sa todhchaí a eascraigh. Is éard atá i gceist le mórchuid na gcóras cognaíochta ná an gníomh nó an próiseas meabhrach chun eolas agus tuiscint a fháil trí smaointeoireacht, taithí agus na braiteoirí. Mar shampla, smaoinigh ar an bhfocal Béarla big.

Typically in an art history class the main essay students will need to write for a final paper or for an exam is a formal or stylistic analysis. A formal analysis is just . Art History Resources. Papers and Projects · Guidelines for Analysis of Art · Formal Analysis Paper Examples · Guidelines for Writing Art History Research. Students in art history survey and upper-level classes further develop this skill. Use this sheet as a guide when writing a formal analysis dealproresearch.comer the. Art history analysis paper - agree Coates speaks for the poor black Americans and essentially the overwhelming sentiments of most African Americans. Typically in an read more the society. Why heavy brushstrokes? This is a significant theme that appears quite histoty in classic and renaissance art. The disciples of socrates surround analyssi in his dying moment pwper looks of agony and grief, some can not bare to look, while others https://dealproresearch.com/how-to-tell-the-difference-between-active-and-passive-voice.html simply arh the room due to the overall intensity of the scene. She had earrings that were brutally stolen, ripping her ears away. Next TriCo Shuttles. What does it look like? Top of this stele shows the relief image of Hammurabi receiving the law code from Shamash, god of justice, Code of Babylonian social law, only two figures shown, different area and time period, etc. Having something like this figure in the foreground ties the chaos together giving me as the viewer time a place to rest my eyes from time to time. It was an oil on canvas piece of work crafted during the mid 17th century during the baroque era. Depending on the assignment, this analysis may be the basis for an assignment or incorporated into a paper as support to contextualize an argument. This something can range from the horses in the background who almost get lost amidst all of the chaos to the man standing in the left foreground of the painting who seems to be looking into all of the chaos with probably the calmest demeanor of everybody present.

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De ghnáth i rang stair ealaíne is é an príomh-insint a chaithfidh mic léinn a scríobh le haghaidh páipéar deiridh nó le haghaidh scrúdaithe anailís fhoirmiúil nó stílisteach. Tá anailís foirmiúil ach . Acmhainní Stair Ealaíne. Páipéir agus Tionscadail · Treoirlínte le haghaidh Anailís Ealaíne · samplaí páipéir anailíse foirmiúla · Treoirlínte le haghaidh taighde staire ealaíne a scríobh. Forbraíonn mic léinn i suirbhé stair ealaíne agus ranganna leibhéal uachtaraí an scileanna seo tuilleadh. Úsáid an bileog seo mar threoir nuair a bhíonn anailís foirmiúil á scríobh agat. Páipéar anailíse stair ealaíne - aontaím Labhraíonn Coates thar ceann na Meiriceánaigh dhubh bochta agus go bunúsach ar son na mbraith mhór de chuid is mó de Mheiriceánaigh Afracacha. De ghnáth i léigh níos mó an tsochaí. Cén fáth go bhfuil sé trom? Is téama suntasach é seo a léiríonn go leor histoty in ealaín clasaiceach agus athbheochana. Tá deisceabail Sócráit timpeall ar analyssi ina nóiméad bás a fháil agus cuma agóine agus brón orthu, ní féidir le cuid acu breathnú, agus ní féidir le daoine eile https://dealproresearch.com/how-to-tell-the-difference-between-active-and-passive-voice.html Ní raibh sé ach an seomra a chur ar bun mar gheall ar an déine iomlán an radharc. Bhí cluaise aici a ghoid go brutally, ag tarraingt a n-ears amach. An chéad TriCo Shuttles eile. Cad é mar a fhéachann sé? Ar bharr an steil seo tá íomhá reáchtála de Hammurabi ag fáil an chód dlí ó Shamash, dia an cheartais, Cód Dlí Sóisialta na Bablóine, ní thaispeántar ach dhá fhigiúr, limistéar agus tréimhse ama éagsúla, srl. Ag rud éigin cosúil leis an figiúr seo sa chéad scoth nascann an chaos le chéile ag tabhairt dom mar am am an lucht féachana áit chun mo shúile a chur ar scor ó am go ham. Ba é an t-ola ar chanabas píosa oibre a rinneadh i rith lár an 17ú haois le linn ré na baróca. Ag brath ar an tasc, d'fhéadfadh an anailís seo a bheith mar bhunús le haghaidh tasc nó a ionchorprú i bpáipéar mar thacaíocht chun argóint a chuntas. Is féidir leis an rud seo a bheith ó na capaill sa chúlra a chailleann beagnach i measc an chaos go dtí an fear atá ina sheasamh ar chúlra chlé den phictiúr a bhfuil an chuma air go bhfuil sé ag féachaint isteach sa chaos le hiompar is suaimhneach de gach duine atá i láthair.

Rhizoremediation is a complex type of green clean-up technology that involves both plants and the rhizosphere-associated microorganisms to decompose hazardous compounds. The success of the strategy strongly depends on plant tolerance towards the pollutant, as well as plant's interactions with the rhizospheric microbes. The microorganisms may be stimulated by the secreted root exudates, which results in an increased breakdown of contaminants in the rhizosphere. The main goal of this study was to establish a potential rhizoremediation combination for a diesel-polluted site. Inoculation of plant roots or seeds with indigenous rhizospheric populations is a common approach in the rhizoremediation. However, we introduced hydrocarbon-degrading consortia (M10, R3, and K52) that were previously isolated from crude oil-contaminated soil instead of indigenous microbes. Bioaugmentation with these petroleum degraders was applied to screen four high biomass crop species (Indian mustard, alfalfa, high erucic acid rapeseed, HEAR, and low erucic acid rapeseed, LEAR) for their tolerance towards diesel oil. At no pollution, a promoting effect of M10 bacteria could be observed on germination and root elongation of all plant species. Moreover, M10 consortiums increased the germination index at 6,000 mg diesel oil per kilogram dry soil in the case of Indian mustard, alfalfa, and HEAR. The latter species was found to increment its dry weight upon bioaugmentation with M10 bacteria and all diesel oil treatments (6,000 and 24,000 mg diesel oil per kilogram dry soil). The initial results indicate HEAR and the M10 bacterial consortium as a promising plant–microbe tandem for a long-term rhizoremediation process.

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Is cineál casta teicneolaíochta glanadh glas é Rhizoremediation a chuimsíonn plandaí agus na miocrorgánaigh a bhaineann leis an rhizosphere chun comhdhúile contúirteacha a dhíscaoileadh. Braitheann rath na straitéise go mór ar fhulaingt plandaí i leith an truailleora, chomh maith le hidirghníomhaíochtaí plandaí leis na miocróbanna rhizospheric. D'fhéadfadh na exudates fréamhacha a scaoiltear na micreorganismí a spreagadh, rud a fhágann go bhfuil níos mó truaillithe sa rhizosphere. Ba é príomhchuspóir an staidéir seo meascán rhizoremediation a bhunú do shuíomh atá truaillithe le díosail. Is cur chuige coitianta é i rhizoremediation ná fréamhacha plandaí nó síolta a ionchóiriú le pobail rhizospheric dúchasacha. Mar sin féin, chuir muid comhchoistí a thrasnaíonn hiodráitcarbóin isteach (M10, R3 agus K52) a bhí ar leithligh roimhe seo ó ithir atá truaillithe le ola amh in ionad micribí dúchasacha. Cuireadh bioaugmentation leis na díghrádóirí peitriliam seo i bhfeidhm chun scagadh a dhéanamh ar cheithre speiceas barra ard-bhia-mhaise (múnastair Indiach, alfalfa, rapsa ard-aigéad erucic, HEAR, agus rapsa aigéad erucic íseal, LEAR) maidir lena n-intolerances i leith ola díosail. Gan aon thruailliú, d'fhéadfaí éifeacht chothaitheach baictéir M10 a fheiceáil ar fhéithriú agus ar fhadú fréamhacha speiceas plandaí go léir. Ina theannta sin, d'ardaigh comhchoilíthe M10 an t-innéacs géarmhíola ag 6,000 mg ola díosail in aghaidh an chileagram ithir thirim i gcás mustard Indiach, alfalfa, agus HEAR. Fuarthas amach go méadaíonn an speiceas deireanach a mheáchan tirim ar bith-uasmhéadú le baictéir M10 agus gach cóireáil ola díosail (6,000 agus 24,000 mg ola díosail in aghaidh an chileagram talún tirim). Léiríonn na chéad torthaí go bhfuil HEAR agus an comhchoiste baictéarach M10 ina dlúthpháirtí plandán-míocróbais gealltanach le haghaidh próiseas rhizoremediation fadtéarmach.

Dr. Jivtesh Garg and his graduate students are exploring a new class of ultra-hard boron-carbide materials such as BC2N and BC5 for ultra-high thermal conductivity values. Their goal is to achieve thermal conductivity values higher than diamond and graphene (> 5000 W/mK). They are using quantum-mechanical calculations based on density-functional theory to predict thermal transport properties. Simultaneously the group is using laser-based frequency-domain thermoreflectance measurements (FDTR) to experimentally measure these high thermal conductivity values. Ph.D. students Rajmohan Muthaiah, Avinash Nayal, and Roshan Annam are conducting this research. The group has also developed advanced functionalization schemes to more efficiently couple graphene with polymers for thermal transport applications. Graphene is a wonder material with extraordinary thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties. By efficiently coupling graphene with polymer, a large enhancement in properties can be achieved. Initial experimental results suggest dramatic improvement in the thermal conductivity of polymers such as polyetherimide. Developed functionalization schemes are being applied to a wide range of polymers. Ph.D. students Fatema Tarannum and Swapneel Danayat are involved in this research. They are further exploring non-equilibrium phonon effects for the design of high-efficiency hot carrier solar cells and thermoelectric materials. Electrons in solar cells thermalize through interactions with lattice vibrations (phonons). By engineering non-equilibrium phonon effects to generate hot phonons, the thermalization of electrons can be inhibited, thereby enhancing solar cell efficiency. Non-equilibrium phonon effects also enhance the efficiency of thermoelectrics by mitigating heat loss through lattice vibrations. Fundamental first-principles techniques coupled with Monte-Carlo simulations are being used to study non-equilibrium phonon effects. Through advanced simulations and state-of-the-art experimental measurements, the group aims to develop the next generation of advanced composite materials for thermal management and energy conversion applications and is a world leader in thermal management technologies.

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Tá Dr. Jivtesh Garg agus a mhic léinn iarchéime ag iniúchadh aicme nua de ábhair boron-carbide ultra-dona mar BC2N agus BC5 le haghaidh luachanna treoluithe teasa ultra-ard. Is é a sprioc luachanna seoltachta teirice a bhaint amach atá níos airde ná diamond agus graphene (> 5000 W / mK). Tá siad ag úsáid ríomhanna meicniúlacha uimhreacha bunaithe ar theoiric dlúth-fheidhmiúil chun airíonna iompair teirmeacha a thuar. Ag an am céanna tá an grúpa ag úsáid tomhais thermoreflectance raon minicíochta (FDTR) bunaithe ar léasair chun na luachanna ard-chaidéalaithe teasa seo a thomhas go turgnamhach. Tá na mic léinn Ph.D. Rajmohan Muthaiah, Avinash Nayal, agus Roshan Annam ag déanamh an taighde seo. Tá scéimeanna feidhmiúlachta chun cinn forbartha ag an ngrúpa freisin chun graphene a lánúineáil níos éifeachtaí le polaiméir d'iarratais iompair teirmeacha. Is ábhar iontach é graphene a bhfuil airíonna teiriúla, meicniúla agus leictreacha neamhghnácha aige. Trí graphene a chóipeáil go héifeachtach le polaiméir, is féidir feabhas mór a bhaint amach ar airíonna. Tugann torthaí turgnamhacha tosaigh le tuiscint go bhfuil feabhas suntasach tagtha ar threalamh teasa polaiméara amhail polyetirimid. Tá scéimeanna feidhmiúlaithe forbartha á gcur i bhfeidhm ar raon leathan polaiméirí. Tá mic léinn Ph.D. Fatema Tarannum agus Swapneel Danayat páirteach sa taighde seo. Tá siad ag iniúchadh níos mó éifeachtaí fónón neamhchothrom le haghaidh dearadh cealla gréine iompróra te ardéifeachtúlachta agus ábhair teirmeileictreacha. Téarmaíonn leictreoin i gcealla gréine trí idirghníomhaíochtaí le cithfholcadh gréasán (phonons). Trí éifeachtaí fonón neamhchothromaíochta a innealtóireacht chun fonónna te a ghiniúint, is féidir teasú leictreon a chosc, rud a fheabhsaíonn éifeachtúlacht cille gréine. Feabhsaíonn éifeachtaí fonón neamhchothromaíochta éifeachtúlacht teirmeileictreacha freisin trí chaillteanas teasa trí thrioblóidí gréasán a mhaolú. Tá teicnící bunúsacha chéad-phrionsabail in éineacht le samhlacha Monte-Carlo á n-úsáid chun éifeachtaí fónón neamhchothromaíochta a staidéar. Trí shamhlaíochtaí chun cinn agus tomhais thrialacha ceannródaíocha, tá sé mar aidhm ag an ngrúpa an chéad ghlúin eile de ábhair chomhdhéanta chun cinn a fhorbairt d'iarratais bhainistíochta teirmeacha agus tiontaithe fuinnimh agus is ceannaire domhanda é i dteicneolaíochtaí bainistíochta teirmeacha.

The Manaia is a mythological creature in Māori culture, and is a common motif in Māori carving and jewellery. The Manaia is usually depicted as having the head of a bird and the tail of a fish and the body of a man. Other interpretations include a seahorse and a lizard. The Manaia is traditionally believed to be the messenger between the earthly world of mortals and the domain of the spirits, and its symbol is used as a guardian against evil. In this form, it is usually represented in a figure-of-eight shape, the upper half culminating in a bird-like beak. This form was also widely used in designs of door and window lintels and other architectural features, as well as in ceremonial hafts of weapons.

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Is créatúr miotaseolaíochta é an Manaia i gcultúr Māori, agus is móitíf coitianta é i n-ealaín agus i seodra Māori. De ghnáth léirítear an Manaia mar cheann éan agus eireaball éisc agus corp fear. I measc na n-aistriúcháin eile tá seahorse agus lizard. Creidtear go traidisiúnta gurb é an Manaia an teachtaire idir domhan na ndaoine marbh agus réimse na n-anam, agus úsáidtear a shiombail mar chaomhnóir i gcoinne an olc. Sa fhoirm seo, is gnách go léirítear é i bhfoirm figiúr ocht, an leath uachtarach ag teacht chun cinn i mbeac cosúil le héin. Baineadh úsáid go forleathan as an bhfoirm seo freisin i ndearadh lintels doras agus fuinneog agus gnéithe ailtireachta eile, chomh maith le hafts ceiliúradh arm.

The original Batavia was a Dutch East India Company sailing ship built in Amsterdam in 1628. she was shipwrecked on her maiden voyage on the Houtman Abrolhos islands off Western Australia in 1629. the ship has been recreated in a replica that is based in Lelystad in the Netherlands. The replica was built using traditional materials and traditional shipbuilding techniques and tools. The ship features a striking figurehead of a lion. The ship is on display to visitors at the Bataviawerf (Batavia Yard) in Lelystad. The Batavia replica was built at Batavia Wharf in Lelystad, the Netherlands between 1985 and 1995 when she was christened and launched by Queen Beatrix. Batavia was transported to Australia in 1999 and moored at the Australian National Maritime Museum in Sydney. The ship was the flagship for the Dutch team at the Sydney Olympic Games in 2000, and returned to the Netherlands in 2001. |Built by:||Batavia Yard, Lelystad, the Netherlands|

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Is long seolta de chuid na hOllscoile Oiltíre na hOllscoile a tógadh sa bhliain 1628 in Amstardam é an Batavia bunaidh. Bhuail sí ar a turas maighdeana ar oileáin Houtman Abrolhos ó Oirthear na hOstaire i 1629. tá an long athchruthaithe i mhodh atá bunaithe i Lelystad san Ísiltír. Tógadh an cóipchirt ag baint úsáide as ábhair thraidisiúnta agus teicnící agus uirlisí traidisiúnta tógála long. Tá figiúr suntasach de lionsa ar an long. Tá an long ar taispeáint do chuairteoirí ag Bataviawerf (Batavia Yard) i Lelystad. Tógadh an cóipcheart Batavia ag Batavia Wharf i Lelystad, an Ísiltír idir 1985 agus 1995 nuair a bhaisteadh agus a seoladh í ag an mBanríon Beatrix. I 1999, d'iompaigh Batavia go dtí an Astráil agus chuir sé i gcathair an Mhúsaem Náisiúnta Muirí na hAstráile i Sydney. Ba é an long an ceannródaíoch d'fhoireann na hÍsiltíre ag na Cluichí Oilimpeacha i Sydney i 2000, agus d'fhill sé ar an Ísiltír i 2001. ☐ Ní mór an t-ordú a bheith curtha ar fáil go fóill

Fall Gardening 101 Ready to take your garden to the next level? Autumn is the time to make it happen. You may have seen and felt the signs already: cooler nights, the dulling of summer leaves, and of course, pumpkin spice everything. Fall is officially on the way. With the kids back in school and holidays right around the corner, yardwork can get pushed to the back burner. But take note: a small amount of planning in the fall can make your gardening life easier and more productive come spring. We spoke with Adrienne Roethling, Director of Curation and Mission Delivery at Paul J. Ciener Botanical Garden—an urban oasis in neighboring Kernersville—about how to prepare your garden now for the winter weather ahead. Why Plant in the Fall? Just like humans, plants can get a bit sluggish during the dog days of summer. “Plants and people are a lot alike,” says Roethling.” “When you have 90+ degree days, plants kind of shut down—it’s too hot for them, too.” That’s why it’s best to do fall planting in late September or October. Contrary to the “April showers” myth, North Carolina typically gets the most rain during these two months, which means the soil is cooler and holds moisture longer. Cool soil means happy roots. What to Plant “I like diversity in the garden,” says Roethling. For her, that means having a wide variety of native, non-native, and ornamental species growing together. A wide variety of flora can be planted throughout North Carolina during fall, just remember: mountainous regions (zones 6a and 6b) experience ground freeze sooner and more often than the rest of the state. Seeds: In late September, scatter annual seeds such as larkspur, poppies, pansies, and Johnny-jump-ups wherever you want pops of color next spring. “You don’t need to bury or water them,” says Roethling. Annuals are important to help feed pollinators, which is why she encourages a mix of native and non-native plants—that way, something’s always in bloom! Veggie lovers can plant kale, carrots, beets, radishes, leafy greens, broccoli, cauliflower, and lettuce in raised beds, containers, or in-ground. “If it is still warm enough, they might grow and produce early enough to do a second round,” says Roethling. Bulbs: Bulbous plants like tulips and daffodils can be planted anytime from September through mid-January, as long as the ground doesn’t freeze. Bury bulbs two to six inches deep, depending on their size. Transplants: Fall is the best time to dig and divide plants and ornamental grasses like Eulalia grass, ribbon grass, and fescue. If your plants aren’t flowering as heavily or have lost their form, thinning can help them take on a better shape and encourage new blooms. How to Plant It Annual seeds can be scattered along the ground, mimicking Mother Nature. They will come back year after year. For shrubs and trees, prepare a hole twice the size of the plant you want to relocate (a 10-gallon hole for a 5-gallon plant, for example). Make horizontal ridges along the sides of the hole to allow roots to spread, then fill with compost mixed with the soil from the hole. Have a Watering Plan After planting, keep an eye on moisture levels. North Carolina is known for fickle weather, so if it is hot, dry, or windy, plants will need supplemental watering. “For trees and shrubs, I recommend supplemental watering for four to six weeks,” says Roethling. “Perennials typically need two to three weeks of supplemental watering—about every other day—right after planting.” Tip: In containers, use potting soil and expect to water more often. “Even if the pot is concrete, sunlight can still penetrate that narrow border and dry out the soil,” says Roethling. Mulch It Up Mulch blocks light, which helps suppress weeds. It also adds nutrients to the soil and helps keep it cool and moist longer. “The best time to mulch is in the dead of winter when the ground is frozen and most plants are dormant,” says Roethling. “That way you don’t have to worry about crushing plants and ruining beds.” But if you are planting, quickly put a bit down then, too. Roethling suggests a shredded hardwood mulch like oak or maple at a depth of two inches. Tip: Leaves are a free source of mulch and nutrients! Simply run them over with a mower and dump them straight onto your garden. Make sure the material is shredded—whole leaves can hold too much water and suppress growth. Sage Advice “I treat every season like a full-on display,” says Roethling. “In the fall, it’s mums, gourds, pumpkins—you can really play up the season.” Fall planting doesn’t have to be intimidating, expensive, or overwhelming—it’s all about giving Mother Nature a helping hand and mimicking her natural processes. So go ahead: dig up those bulbs, scatter some seeds and share a few transplants with your plant-loving friends. Then kick back with a hot cider and enjoy the crisp fall air…you’ve earned it. —Davina van Buren For more information on all of Winston-Salem’s historic gardens, view our Historic Gardens Guide.

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Gairdíníocht an Earraigh 101 Tá tú réidh chun do ghairdín a thógáil go dtí an chéad leibhéal eile? Is é an fhómhar an t-am chun é a dhéanamh. B'fhéidir go bhfaca tú agus go bhraith tú na comharthaí cheana féin: oícheanna níos fuaraí, duilleoga samhraidh ag dul i ngleann, agus ar ndóigh, spíosra pumpkin gach rud. Tá an titim ar an mbealach go hoifigiúil. Agus na páistí ar ais ar scoil agus na laethanta saoire díreach timpeall an choirnéal, d'fhéadfadh obair chúl a chur ar an mbarr. Ach tabhair faoi deara: is féidir le beagán pleanála sa titim do shaol gairdíníochta a dhéanamh níos éasca agus níos táirgiúla an earrach. Labhair muid le Adrienne Roethling, Stiúrthóir Curation agus Seachadadh Misean ag Gairdín Bótánach Paul J. Ciener - oasis uirbeach i Kernersville comharsanachta - faoi conas do ghairdín a ullmhú anois don aimsir gheimhridh atá romhainn. Cén Fáth a Dhéanann Tú Plandáil sa Gheimhreadh? Díreach cosúil le daoine, is féidir le plandaí a bheith beagán mall le linn laethanta an chogaidh sa samhradh. Tá plandaí agus daoine an-chosúil, a deir Roethling. Nuair a bhíonn laethanta 90+ céim agat, dúnann plandaí an cineál sin tá sé ró-theas dóibh freisin.Sin an fáth go bhfuil sé is fearr plandáil titim a dhéanamh i ndeireadh mhí Mheán Fómhair nó i mí Dheireadh Fómhair. Murab ionann agus an miotas "suainí Aibreáin", is gnách go bhfaigheann Carolina Thuaidh an chuid is mó báistí le linn na dhá mhí seo, rud a chiallaíonn go bhfuil an ithir níos fuaraí agus go gcoinníonn sé taise níos faide. Ciallaíonn ithir fuar fréamhacha sona. Cad a phlandaíonn tú? "Is maith liom éagsúlacht sa ghairdín", a deir Roethling. Maidir léi, ciallaíonn sé sin go bhfuil éagsúlacht mhór speiceas dúchasach, neamh-dúchasach, agus ornáideach ag fás le chéile. Is féidir flóra éagsúil a phlandaíocht ar fud Carolina Thuaidh le linn an fhómhara, ach cuimhnigh: bíonn reo talún níos luaithe agus níos minice i réigiúin bheaga (criosanna 6a agus 6b) ná an chuid eile den stát. Síolta: Ag deireadh mhí Mheán Fómhair, scaipeadh síolta bliantúla mar larkspur, poppies, pansies, agus Johnny-jump-ups áit ar bith is mian leat pops datha an earrach seo chugainn. 'Ní gá duit iad a adhlacadh ná a uisce,' a deir Roethling. Tá plandaí bliantúla tábhachtach chun cabhrú le pollinatóirí a chothú, agus sin an fáth go spreagann sí meascán de phlandaí dúchasacha agus neamh-dúchasacha - ar an mbealach sin, bíonn rud éigin i bhfolach i gcónaí! Is féidir le lucht grá glasraí cail, carróit, beets, radishes, glasraí duilleacha, brocailí, caol, agus salach a phlandaí i leapaí ardaithe, i gcoimeádáin, nó i dtír. Má tá sé fós te go leor, d'fhéadfadh siad fás agus táirgeadh go luath go leor chun an dara babhta a dhéanamh, a deir Roethling. Bulbs: Is féidir plandaí bulbúlacha cosúil le tulips agus daffodils a phlandaí ag am ar bith ó Mheán Fómhair go lár mhí Eanáir, fad is nach ndéanann an talamh reo. Cuir bolgáin dhá go sé orlach ar doimhneacht, ag brath ar a mhéid. Trasphlandú: Is é an titim an t-am is fearr chun plandaí agus féitheacha maisiúla mar Eulalia grass, ribbon grass, agus fescue a dhúnadh agus a roinnt. Má tá do phlandaí ag bláthú go dona nó má chaill siad a bhfoirm, is féidir le cothabháil a dhéanamh go bhfuil siad níos déine agus bláthanna nua a spreagadh. Conas é a phlandáil Is féidir síolta bliantúla a scaipeadh ar fud na talún, ag déanamh cosúil le Mother Nature. Tiocfaidh siad ar ais bliain i ndiaidh bliana. I gcás crann agus crainn, ullmhaigh poll dhá oiread an méid den phlanda is mian leat a athshuí (poill 10 galún do phlanda 5 galún, mar shampla). Déan crann cothrománach ar thaobh na tolláin chun ligean do fhréamhacha scaipeadh, ansin líonadh le compost i measc an ithir ón tollán. Bíodh Plean Uisceála Agat Tar éis an phlandaithe, bí ag faire ar leibhéil taise. Tá Carolina Thuaidh ar eolas mar gheall ar thitiméadar neamhsheasmhach, mar sin má tá sé te, tirim, nó gaoithe, beidh uisce breise ag teastáil ó phlandaí. I gcás crainn agus crann, molaim uisce breise a thabhairt ar feadh ceithre go sé seachtaine,a deir Roethling. De ghnáth, ní mór dhá nó trí seachtaine de shocrú breise uisce a thabhairt do na plandaí síoraí ag gach lá eile díreach tar éis an plandaithe.Tip: I gcoimeádáin, úsáid ithir phlátaí agus bí ag súil go n-uisceofar níos minice. Fiú má tá an pota concrait, is féidir le solas na gréine dul isteach sa teorainn bheaga sin agus an ithir a thriomú,a deir Roethling. Mulch It Up Blocálann mulch solas, rud a chabhraíonn le fíonchaora a chur faoi chois. Cuireann sé cothaithigh leis an ithir freisin agus cuireann sé le síothú agus le taise a choinneáil níos faide. 'Is é an t-am is fearr chun mulch a dhéanamh i lár an gheimhridh nuair a bhíonn an talamh reoite agus an chuid is mó de na plandaí ina gcodladh,' a deir Roethling. Mar sin ní gá duit a bheith buartha faoi phlandaí a phléasc agus leapacha a scriosadh.Ach má tá tú ag plandaíocht, cuir beagán síos go tapa ansin freisin. Roethling mholann mulch adhmad crua shredded cosúil le oak nó maple ag doimhneacht dhá orlach. Leideanna: Is foinse saor in aisce é na duilleoga de mulch agus cothaithigh! Ní gá ach iad a rith thar le mower agus dumpáil iad díreach ar do ghairdín. Déan cinnte go bhfuil an t-ábhar sracadh - is féidir le duilleoga iomlána iomarca uisce a choinneáil agus fás a chur faoi chois. Comhairle Sáine Déileálann mé le gach séasúr mar thaispeántas iomlán, a deir Roethling. Sa titim, tá sé moms, gourds, pumpkins is féidir leat an séasúr a imirt i ndáiríre. Ní gá go mbeadh plandáil titim scanrúil, daor, nó mór tá sé go léir faoi lámh chabhrach a thabhairt do Mháthair Nádúr agus a phróisis nádúrtha a mhalairt. Mar sin téigh ar aghaidh: scaip amach na bolgáin sin, scaip roinnt síolta agus roinnt trasphlandú le do chairde gránna-grá. Ansin kick siar le cider te agus taitneamh a bhaint as an aer crisp titim ... tá tú earned é. Davina van Buren Le haghaidh tuilleadh eolais ar na gairdíní stairiúla uile i Winston-Salem, féach ar ár dTreoir Gairdíní Stairiúla.

Indian wholewheat flatbread Chapati Chapati is the most common type of food made of wheat which is consumed in northern India. This is a form of bread which is originally called roti. Roti is any type of flat unleavened bread but chapati is a roti which is made of wholegrain wheat flour, prepared in a special pan which is called TAVA.Compared with leavened bread, consumed mainly in the west, chapati is a better choice because it does not contain yeast. Yeast is not good because it causes sticking of the tissue within the small intestine which gradually reduces the absorption surface of food into our bodies . You Shall Reap What You Sow The wheat field in Jadan ashram has a surface of 3 hectares and on it corn, wheat, barley and sesame seeds are successfully grown. That is done in the system of rotation and with our own seeds of old varieties. Growing food in the ashram is purely organic, without the use of mineral nutrients, or any other chemical plant protection. Harvesting is done manually at the end of March, when the wheat becomes nice and golden. Threshing is done with a machine, but cleaning of the wheat is done by hand and then it is ready for grinding. The mill is powered by electricity which has two stones inside that create friction which makes flour from grains. When we use the machine, we set it to the slow motion mode and grind only as much as we need. That is important because flour that is a month old is actually biologically dead, depleted of most vitamins and pranic energy, which was present in the grain. Preparation For Baking First we sieve the ground flour, add water, salt, and then we can knead the dough. It has to be kneaded well to become soft and supple, or it will be hard to roll. In India, the preparation of chapatis is one of the first things children learn and participate in already in their early years. Afterwards we leave the dough for 20 minutes and during that time we can start preparing the fire, through which we traditionally sacrifice the flour that we used for chapatis to God of fire, Agni. We put a special pan for baking chapatis on the fire in order to heat to heat it. The first step is making balls from the dough. They should have the size of a table tennis ball and should be kneaded well between the palms to get a symetrical shape. We should put them into flour before rolling them, so that they do not stick to one another. When rolling, we need to be careful and make sure that we are rolling from the center to the edge, creating a nice round shape of a suitable thickness (cca. 3 mm) which is created by not pressing the dough too much and by rolling on both sides. Then we put a piece of rolled dough in a well-heated pan. When light-brown spots appear on the bottom, it is time to turn it on the other side with a kitchen towel. The other side is baked when stronger brown spots appear on it, which is also the time when we put the chapati on the fire embers. If the chapati puffed up, that means it also got baked on the inside. Then we rotate it on the fire, so that the edges also get baked well, but we do have to be careful not to create any black spots because that means it got burnt. We put the nicely baked chapatis into a thick cloth to keep them warm until serving. All the cooking can also be done at home quite easily on a gas stove in a teflon pan. Prayer Before Eating And Proper Serving Food should be eaten in a sattvic way (with a pure and serene mind). It is recommended that it is first offered to God because it becomes prasad in that way, i.e. dedicated. Prayer cleanses the food of the three types of impurities that occur due to unclean containers, unfair sales, production and unclean cooking. The purification of food is important because pure food builds a pure mind. It is therefore essential that the food is first offered to God and thus cleansed of any impurities and then served in an appropriate manner. Serve the warm chapati, which may be thinly coated with ghee on the upper side, fold it and put the round part at the edge of the thallium / plate. In addition, chapati does not serve only as food on the plate but also as a kitchen utensil. In India, traditionally, we eat with the right hand and on the floor. Different Types Of Indian Bread Chapati is, actually, only a type of roti. Roti is a soft, unleavened bread, which is best a few minutes after preparation and can be eaten with the addition of various spices. Nan is a flat leavened bread made of white flour that is baked in the oven and can either be eaten without anything being added to it or with garlic or onion. One of the most popular types of bread is PARATA, whole wheat flat bread that is baked in oil in a pan. It is usually filled with cooked vegetables such as potatoes, cauliflower or panir (Indian cheese). The dough can also be prepared with finely ground mint leaves or fenugreek, chilli, cumin, or a pinch of mango powder. In northern India and Pakistan PURI is most widely known - that is fried unleavened wheat bread, often served for breakfast with potatoes that also goes very well with vegetables dishes. KACHORI is a spicy snack popular in different parts of India and also in Pakistan, especially during the Muslim fasting, Ramazan. It can be eaten sweet with coconut and sugar, or more spicy with the addition chilli, ginger paste, etc.. PAPADAM is thin,crispy and served as an adjunct to a meal, but it can also be eaten as a snack together with various sauces. In south India, a fermented pancake called DOSA, made of rice flour and black lentils, is served for breakfast or dinner. It is rich in carbohydrates and proteins and is also suitable for people who are gluten intolerant.

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Chapati flatbread iomlán Indiach Is é an chapati an cineál bia is coitianta a dhéantar as cruithneacht a íoctar i dtuaisceart na hIndia. Is cineál aráin é seo ar a dtugtar roti ar dtús. Is é an róthi aon chineál arán gan leaven ach is é an chapati an roti a dhéantar le plúr cruithneachta iomlán, a ullmhaítear i bpan speisialta ar a dtugtar TAVA. I gcomparáid le aran leavened, a íoctar go príomha san iarthar, is rogha níos fearr é an chapati toisc nach bhfuil giosta ann. Níl an giosta go maith mar go gcuireann sé le fíochán a bheith ag greamaithe laistigh den intestine beag a laghdaíonn go de réir a chéile an dromchla ionsú bia inár gcorp . Beidh Tú Ag Beathú Cad a Síolann Tú Tá an réimse fíon sa Jadan ashram ar fud 3 heicteár agus tá sé ag fás arbhar, cruithneacht, arbhar agus síolta sesame go rathúil. Déantar é sin i gcóras rothlú agus lenár gcuid síolta féin de sheanchineálacha. Tá bia atá ag fás san ashram orgánach go hiomlán, gan úsáid a bhaint as cothaithigh mhínearacha, nó aon chosaint plandaí ceimiceach eile. Déantar an barr a bhaint de láimh ag deireadh mhí an Mhárta, nuair a bhíonn an cruithneacht go deas agus órga. Déantar an trialach le meaisín, ach déantar an cruithneacht a ghlanadh de láimh agus ansin tá sé réidh le miondealú. Tá an muileann cumhacht ag leictreachas a bhfuil dhá chloch taobh istigh a chruthú frithghníomh a dhéanann plúr ó ghráin. Nuair a úsáidimid an meaisín, socraímid é ar an modh moill agus ní dhéanaimid ach an oiread agus is gá dúinn. Tá sé sin tábhachtach toisc go bhfuil plúr atá míosúil i ndáiríre bás bitheolaíoch, ag baint amach an chuid is mó de vitimíní agus fuinnimh pranic, a bhí i láthair sa ghrán. Ullmhú le haghaidh an bhácála Ar dtús, síobann muid an plúr talún, cuir uisce, salann leis, agus ansin is féidir linn an taos a chlúdach. Caithfear é a phlé go maith chun é a bheith bog agus solúbtha, nó beidh sé deacair é a rolladh. Sa India, tá ullmhú chapatis ar cheann de na chéad rudaí a fhoghlaimíonn leanaí agus a ghlacann siad páirt iontu cheana féin ina mblianta beaga. Ina dhiaidh sin fágann muid an taos ar feadh 20 nóiméad agus le linn an ama sin is féidir linn tosú ag ullmhú an tine, trína ndéanaimid íobairt traidisiúnta an plúr a d'úsáid muid le haghaidh chapatis do Dhia na tine, Agni. Chuir muid pána speisialta chun chapatis a bhacadh ar an tine chun teas a chur air. Is é an chéad chéim ná liathróidí a dhéanamh as an taos. Ba chóir go mbeadh siad chomh mór le liathróid teipeanna agus ba cheart iad a phlé go maith idir na láimhe chun cruth siméadrach a fháil. Ba chóir dúinn iad a chur i bplúr sula rollaíonn muid iad, ionas nach nglacfaidh siad le chéile. Nuair a bhíonn muid ag rollaíocht, ní mór dúinn a bheith cúramach agus a chinntiú go bhfuil muid ag rollaíocht ó lár go dtí an imeall, ag cruthú cruth cruinn deas de thiús oiriúnach (cca. 3 mm) a cruthaítear trí na taos a phriontáil gan a bheith ró-bhlasta agus trí rolladh ar an dá thaobh. Ansin cuirimid píosa de phéist rollaithe i bpána atá te go maith. Nuair a bhíonn spotaí dorcha solais le feiceáil ar an mbonn, tá sé in am é a thiontú ar an taobh eile le tuáille cistine. Tá an taobh eile ar an bpáirc nuair a bhíonn spotaí donn níos láidre le feiceáil air, agus is é sin an t-am freisin nuair a chuirimid an chapati ar na coiléir tine. Má tá an chapati puffed suas, ciallaíonn sé go bhfuil sé freisin ar an taobh istigh. Ansin rothlaimid é ar an tine, ionas go mbeidh na imeall ag cócaráil go maith, ach ní mór dúinn a bheith cúramach gan aon spotaí dubh a chruthú mar go gciallóidh sé go bhfuil sé dóite. Cuirfimid na chapatis atá cócaráilte go deas i ndréacht tiubh chun iad a choinneáil te go dtí go n-úsáideann muid iad. Is féidir an cócaireacht go léir a dhéanamh sa bhaile go héasca ar stól gáis i bpána teflon. Urnaí Sula n-Iodáil agus Seirbheáil I gceart Ba chóir bia a ithe ar bhealach sattvic (le intinn íon agus serene). Moltar go n-ofrálfar é do Dhia ar dtús toisc go dtarlaíonn sé prasad ar an mbealach sin, ie. tiomanta. Glanann an urnaí an bia as na trí chineál neamhghlantachta a tharlaíonn mar gheall ar choimeádáin neamhghlan, díolacháin neamhdhíobhálacha, táirgeadh agus cócaireacht neamhghlan. Tá sé tábhachtach bia a ghlanadh toisc go ndéanann bia glan intinn glan a thógáil. Tá sé riachtanach, dá bhrí sin, go n-ofrálfar an bia ar dtús do Dhia agus go n-éireoidh sé glan ó aon neamhghlanas agus ansin go n-éireodh leis ar bhealach oiriúnach. Seirbheáil an chapati te, a d'fhéadfadh a bheith cótaithe go tanaí le ghee ar an taobh uachtarach, é a phéinteáil agus an chuid cruinn a chur ar imeall an thallium / pláta. Ina theannta sin, ní úsáideann chapati ach bia ar an pláta ach freisin mar uirlis chistin. Sa India, go traidisiúnta, itheann muid leis an lámh dheas agus ar an urlár. Cineálacha Difriúla Arán Indiach Is é Chapati, i ndáiríre, ach cineál roti. Is arán bog, gan leaven é Roti, is fearr é cúpla nóiméad tar éis é a ullmhú agus is féidir é a ithe le spíosraí éagsúla a chur leis. Is arán pláta leavened é nan a dhéantar de phláin bán a dhéantar a bhácáil san oigheann agus is féidir é a ithe gan aon rud a chur leis nó le garlic nó onion. Ceann de na cineálacha is coitianta arán is ea PARATA, arán pláta arb é an cruithneacht iomlán atá arán i ola i bpanna. De ghnáth, líontar é le glasraí cócaireachta mar phortaí, cailífhlóir nó panir (síos Indiach). Is féidir an taos a ullmhú freisin le duilleoga mint miotail nó le fenugreek, chili, cumin, nó pinch de púdar mango. I dtuaisceart na hIndia agus sa Phacastáin is mó a bhfuil aithne ar PURI - is é sin arán cruithneachta neamhchúrdaithe, a sheirbheáiltear go minic le prátaí mar bhricfeasta agus a théann go han-mhaith le miasa glasraí freisin. Is greiméar spíosrach é KACHORI a bhfuil tóir air i gcodanna éagsúla na hIndia agus sa Phacastáin freisin, go háirithe le linn an ghéarchéim Moslamach, Ramadan. Is féidir é a ithe milis le cnó cócó agus siúcra, nó níos spicy leis an chili breise, pasta giomnáisiam, etc. Tá PAPADAM tanaí, crispy agus a sheirbheáil mar adjunct le béile, ach is féidir é a ithe mar bhricfeasta chomh maith le saghas éagsúla. I ndeisceart na hIndia, déantar pancake fíordhearg ar a dtugtar DOSA, a dhéantar as plúr ríse agus lionsa dubh, a sheirbheáil le haghaidh bricfeasta nó dinnéar. Tá sé saibhir i gcarbaihiodráití agus próitéiní agus tá sé oiriúnach freisin do dhaoine a bhfuil intolerance glútan acu.

The Cyclic Law For thousands of years, people have recognized patterns in time. The Scripture says that there is "a time to plant, and a time to pluck up that which is planted," (Ecclesiastes 3:2). Scientists recognize great cycles in the natural world. Economists understand that business runs in cycles. How many times have you heard someone say that a successful person "just seemed to be at the right place at the right time?" Each of us is born into time, thus creating our own personal cycles of growth. Changing cyclic conditions affect our environment, thoughts, and emotions for a specific period of time. They influence the type of year, month, day, or hour we are experiencing. The Kabalarian Philosophy is unique in that it teaches how we can measure cyclic influences to determine their quality during any given period. There are specific times to start projects, promote growth, and reap the rewards of success. The Kabalarian Philosophy teaches how to calculate your personal cycle to determine what influences you are experiencing and will experience in the future. The Cyclic Law applies to business and personal life. It influences our thinking and affects relationships. With an understanding of cycles, one can create successful projects and minimize frustration. Of course, ignoring cycles or working against them, creates frustration and failure. It is the same as if a farmer were to plant a crop in winter instead of spring—nothing will grow. Understanding cycles gives greater control over your life by knowing the natural pattern of growth through time. It can be likened to being aware of the weather report for the coming day: if it is rainy, you bring an umbrella, which is better than being surprised and suffering the deluge. Learn more about your personal cycle for this year. Learn more about philosophy study of the Cyclic Law. Learn more about personalized, detailed daily cycle charts.

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An Dlí Timthriall Le mílte bliain, d'aithin daoine patrúin ama. An Scrioptúr deir go bhfuil "am chun plandáil, agus am chun an rud a bhí plandáilte a bhaint", (Ecclesiastes 3:2) Aithníonn eolaithe timthriallta móra sa saol nádúrtha. Tuigeann eacnamaithe go bhfuil rothaí gnó. Cé mhéad uair a chuala tú duine éigin a rá go raibh an duine rathúil "i bhfad níos an áit cheart ag an am ceart? " Rugtar gach duine againn i rith an ama, agus dá bhrí sin cruthaímid ár dtimthriall fhisiciúil féin d'fhás. Bíonn tionchar ag na coinníollacha timthriallta athraitheacha ar ár dtimpeallacht, ar ár smaointe agus ar ár mothúcháin ar feadh tréimhse ama sonraithe. Bíonn tionchar acu ar chineál na bliana, na míosa, na lae nó na huaire tá muid ag fulaingt. Tá an Philosóip Kabalarian uathúil go bhfuil sé ag múineadh conas is féidir linn a thomhas timthriallta Tá an t-ábhar seo ag cur isteach ar an gcáilíocht a chinntíonn siad le linn aon tréimhse áirithe. Tá Tá sé thar am tionscadail a thosú, fás a chur chun cinn agus luach saothair na rath a bhaint amach. Múineann an Philosóip Kabalórach conas do timthriall pearsanta a ríomh chun a chinneadh na tionchair atá agat faoi láthair agus a bheidh agat sa todhchaí. Baineann an Dlí Timthriall le gnó agus le saol pearsanta. Bíonn tionchar aige ar ár smaointeoireacht agus tionchar a imirt ar chaidrimh. Le tuiscint ar timthriallta, is féidir le duine a chruthú tionscadail rathúla agus frustrachas a íoslaghdú. Ar ndóigh, neamhaird a dhéanamh ar timthriallta nó ag obair i gcoinne iad, cruthaíonn frustrachas agus teip. Tá sé mar an gcéanna má Bhí feirmeoir a chur ar thorthaí i rith an gheimhridh in ionad an earrach - ní bheidh aon rud a fhás. Tugann tuiscint ar timthriallta níos mó smachta ar do shaol trí eolas a bheith agat ar an saol nádúrtha patrún fáis thar am. Is féidir é a chur i gcomparáid le bheith ar an eolas faoi thimpeallacht tuairisc don lá atá romhainn: má tá sé ag báisteach, tabhair parasól leat, rud atá níos fearr ná a bheith iontas agus ag fulaingt an tuile. Faigh tuilleadh eolais faoi do thionchar pearsanta don bhliain seo. Faigh tuilleadh eolais faoi staidéar fealsúnachta ar an Dlí Timthriall. Faigh tuilleadh eolais faoi chairteanna timthriallta laethúla pearsantaithe agus mionsonraithe.

Grounds For Grounding: A Circuit To System Handbook Publisher: Wiley-IEEE Press Keywords: handbook, system, circuit, grounding, grounds Category: Engineering, Professional & Technical, ISBN-10: 0471660086 ISBN-13: 9780471660088 Binding: Hardcover (1) List Price: 145.00 USD Grounds for Grounding provides a complete and thorough approach to the subject of designing electrical and electronic circuits and systems, blending theory and practice to demonstrate how a few basic rules can be applied across a broad range of applications. The authors begin with the basic concepts of Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) that are essential for understanding grounding theory and its applications, such as "ground loop," which is one of the most misunderstood concepts in EMC. Next, they provide an introduction to grounding, including safety grounding, grounding for control of electromagnetic interference, and grounding-related case studies. Subsequent chapter coverage includes: Fundamentals of grounding design Grounding for power distribution and lightning protection systems Grounding in wiring circuits and cable shields Grounding of EMI terminal protection devices Grounding on printed circuit boards Integrated facility and platform grounding system Practical case studies are integrated throughout the book to aid in readers' comprehension and each chapter concludes with a useful bibliography. Grounds for Grounding is an indispensable resource for electrical and electronic engineers who work with the design of circuits, systems, and facilities. - Export Citation(BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan) - Download multimedia files (txt, html, PDF) - 0471660086.pdf (text only) - 0471660086.zip (currently not available) You can search on LeatherBound to download or purchase an ebook.

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Cúiseanna le haghaidh talamh: Leabharlann Circuit To System Foilsitheoir: Wiley-IEEE Press Eochairfhocail: lámhleabhar, córas, ciorcad, talamhú, talamh Catagóir: Innealtóireacht, Gairmiúil & Teicniúil, ISBN-10: 0471660086 ISBN-13: 9780471660088 Ceangail: Clúdach crua (1) Praghas Liosta: 145.00 USD Soláthraíonn Grounds for Grounding cur chuige iomlán agus críochnúil maidir le ceardlann agus córais leictreacha agus leictreonacha a dhearadh, ag measc teoiric agus cleachtas chun a thaispeáint conas is féidir cúpla riail bhunúsacha a chur i bhfeidhm ar raon leathan iarratais. Tosaíonn na húdair le bunchoincheapa na Comhsheanglas Leictreamaighnéadaí (EMC) atá riachtanach chun teoiric na talamhála agus a chuid feidhmchláir a thuiscint, mar shampla "sliog talún", ar cheann de na coincheapa is mí-thuigthe i EMC é. Ina dhiaidh sin, soláthraíonn siad réamhrá ar talamhú, lena n-áirítear talamhú sábháilteachta, talamhú chun cur i bhfeidhm leictreamaighnéadach a rialú, agus cás-staidéir a bhaineann le talamhú. Áirítear ar chlúdach na caibidle ina dhiaidh sin: Bunriachtanais deartha talamhúcháin Soláthar leictreachais Críochnú i gcreataí sreingeoireachta agus scáthanna cábla Feistí cosanta críochfoirt EMI a chur ar talamh Gruntú ar bhord chiorcaid phriontáilte Córas comhtháite talamhúcháin saoráide agus ardán Tá staidéir chás praiticiúla comhtháite ar fud an leabhair chun cuidiú le tuiscint na léitheoirí agus críochnaíonn gach caibidil le leabhrán úsáideach. Is acmhainn riachtanach é Grounds for Grounding d'innealtóirí leictreacha agus leictreonacha a oibríonn le dearadh ciorcaid, córais agus áiseanna. - Export Citation (BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan) - Comhaid il-meán a íoslódáil (txt, html, PDF) - 0471660086.pdf (téacs amháin) - 0471660086.zip (níl ar fáil faoi láthair) Is féidir leat cuardach a dhéanamh ar LeatherBound chun leabhar a íoslódáil nó a cheannach.

In time of war in an occupied country, a member of the resistance meets one night a stranger who deeply impresses him. They spend that night together in conversation. The Stranger tells the partisan that he himself is on the side of the resistance – indeed that he is in command of it, and urges the partisan to have faith in him no matter what happens. The partisan is utterly convinced at that meeting of the Stranger’s sincerity and constancy and undertakes to trust him. They never meet in conditions of intimacy again. But sometimes the Stranger is seen helping members of the resistance, and the partisan is grateful and says to his friends, ‘He is on our side.’ Sometimes he is seen in the uniform of the police handing over patriots to the occupying power. On these occasions his friends murmur against him; but the partisan still says, ‘He is on our side.’ He still believes that, in spite of appearances, the Stranger did not deceive him. Sometimes he asks the Stranger for help and receives it. He is then thankful. Sometimes he asks and does not receive it. Then he says, The Stranger knows best.’ Sometimes his friends, in exasperation, say, ‘Well, what would he have to do for you to admit that you were wrong and that he is not on our side?’ But the partisan refuses to answer. He will not consent to put the Stranger to the test. And sometimes his friends complain, ‘Well, if that’s what you mean by his being on our side, the sooner he goes over to the other side the better.’ You can read more analysis of this in its original context here.

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I am cogaidh i dtír faoi choimhlint, buaileann ball den fhreasúra le strainséir oíche amháin a dhéanann tuiscint mhór air. Chaith siad an oíche sin le chéile ag caint. Deir an Strainséir leis an bpáirtíneach go bhfuil sé féin ar thaobh an fhreasúra go deimhin go bhfuil sé i gceannas air, agus go gcuireann sé ar an bpáirtíneach creideamh a bheith aige ann cibé rud a tharlóidh. Tá an páirtí cinnte go hiomlán ag an gcruinniú sin de dhílis agus seasmhacht an Eileánach agus gearrann sé muinín a bheith aige as. Ní bhuaileann siad i gcoinníollacha intimithe arís. Ach uaireanta feictear an Strainséir ag cabhrú le baill den fhreasúra, agus tá an páirtí buíoch agus deir sé lena chairde, "Tá sé ar ár taobh". Uaireanta feictear é i éide na póilíní ag tabhairt tírghráinithe ar láimh don chumhacht áitritheoireachta. Sna cásanna seo, murmurs a chairde ina choinne; ach an páirtí fós a deir, Tá sé ar ár taobh. Síleann sé fós go, in ainneoin an chuma, nach bhfuil an strainséir deceived dó. Uaireanta iarrann sé ar an strainséir cabhair agus faigheann sé é. Tá sé buíoch ansin. Uaireanta iarrann sé é agus ní fhaigheann sé é. Ansin deir sé, tá a fhios ag an strainséir is fearr. Uaireanta a chairde, in exasperation, a rá, "Bhuel, cad a bheadh sé a dhéanamh ar do shon chun a admháil go raibh tú mícheart agus nach bhfuil sé ar ár taobh? " Ach diúltaíonn an páirtí a fhreagairt. Ní bheidh sé aontú a chur ar an strainséir chun an tástáil. Agus uaireanta gearán a chairde, "Bhuel, má tá sé sin a chiallaíonn tú ag a bheith ar ár taobh, an níos luaithe a théann sé ar an taobh eile an níos fearr. " Is féidir leat tuilleadh anailíse a léamh ar seo ina chomhthéacs bunaidh anseo.

Summary Report for: 25-2023.00 - Career/Technical Education Teachers, Middle School Teach occupational, career and technical, or vocational subjects in public or private schools at the middle, intermediate, or junior high level, which falls between elementary and senior high school as defined by applicable laws and regulations. Sample of reported job titles: Business Education Teacher, Business Teacher, Computer Teacher, Computer Technology Teacher, Family and Consumer Sciences Teacher (FACS Teacher), Industrial Arts Teacher, Industrial Technology Teacher, Teacher, Technology Education Teacher, Technology Teacher Tasks | Technology Skills | Tools Used | Knowledge | Skills | Abilities | Work Activities | Detailed Work Activities | Work Context | Job Zone | Education | Credentials | Interests | Work Styles | Work Values | Related Occupations | Wages & Employment | Job Openings | Additional Information - Instruct and monitor students in the use and care of equipment and materials to prevent injuries and damage. - Establish and enforce rules for behavior and procedures for maintaining order among students. - Adapt teaching methods and instructional materials to meet students' varying needs and interests. - Instruct students individually and in groups, using various teaching methods, such as lectures, discussions, and demonstrations. - Prepare materials and classrooms for class activities. - Maintain accurate and complete student records as required by laws, district policies, and administrative regulations. - Enforce all administration policies and rules governing students. - Establish clear objectives for all lessons, units, and projects and communicate those objectives to students. - Use computers, audio-visual aids, and other equipment and materials to supplement presentations. - Confer with parents or guardians, other teachers, counselors, and administrators to resolve students' behavioral and academic problems. - Assign and grade class work and homework. - Select, store, order, issue, inventory, and maintain classroom equipment, materials, and supplies. - Prepare, administer, and grade tests and assignments to evaluate students' progress. - Prepare for assigned classes and show written evidence of preparation upon request of immediate supervisors. - Prepare students for later educational experiences by encouraging them to explore learning opportunities and to persevere with challenging tasks. - Plan and conduct activities for a balanced program of instruction, demonstration, and work time that provides students with opportunities to observe, question, and investigate. - Observe and evaluate students' performance, behavior, social development, and physical health. - Prepare objectives and outlines for courses of study, following curriculum guidelines or requirements of states and schools. - Provide disabled students with assistive devices, supportive technology, and assistance accessing facilities, such as restrooms. - Guide and counsel students with adjustments or academic problems, or special academic interests. - Meet with parents and guardians to discuss their children's progress and to determine priorities for their children and their resource needs. - Perform administrative duties, such as assisting in school libraries, hall and cafeteria monitoring, and bus loading and unloading. - Prepare and implement remedial programs for students requiring extra help. - Confer with other staff members to plan and schedule lessons promoting learning, following approved curricula. - Attend professional meetings, educational conferences, and teacher training workshops to maintain and improve professional competence. - Meet with other professionals to discuss individual students' needs and progress. - Plan and supervise class projects, field trips, visits by guest speakers or other experiential activities, and guide students in learning from those activities. - Prepare reports on students and activities as required by administration. - Collaborate with other teachers and administrators in the development, evaluation, and revision of middle school programs. - Attend staff meetings and serve on committees, as required. - Sponsor extracurricular activities, such as clubs, student organizations, and academic contests. - Calendar and scheduling software - Computer based training software — Blackboard Learn; Desire2Learn; Learning management system LMS; Sakai CLE (see all 5 examples) - Data base user interface and query software — Data entry software - Electronic mail software — Email software; Microsoft Outlook - Information retrieval or search software — DOC Cop; iParadigms Turnitin - Internet browser software — Web browser software - Office suite software — Microsoft Office - Optical character reader OCR or scanning software — Image scanning software - Presentation software — Microsoft PowerPoint - Spreadsheet software — Microsoft Excel - Word processing software — Collaborative editing software; Google Docs; Microsoft Word Hot Technology — a technology requirement frequently included in employer job postings. - Air compressors — Portable air compressors - Air filters — Biofilters - Air lift pump — Airlift pumps - Art airbrushes — Airbrush sets - Audio mixing consoles — Audio mixers - Automatic lathe or chucking machine — Wood lathes - Belt sander — Belt sanders - Bench vises - Cages or its accessories — Animal cages - Calipers — Caliper sets - Circuit tester — Circuit analyzers - Claw hammer — Claw hammers - Cold chisels - Compact disk players or recorders — Compact disk CD players - Desktop computers - Digital camcorders or video cameras — Digital video cameras - Digital cameras — Compact digital cameras - Digital video disk players or recorders — Digital video disk DVD players - Direction finding compasses — Navigational compasses - Disc sander — Power disc sanders - Dissection kits or supplies — Dissection trays - Dissolved oxygen meters — Dissolved oxygen test kits - Domestic baking pans — Bakeware pans - Domestic blenders — Kitchen blenders - Domestic crock pot — Kitchen crock pots - Domestic food processors — Kitchen food processors - Domestic graters — Food graters - Domestic knives — Chef's knives - Domestic measuring cups — Measuring cup sets - Domestic microwave ovens — Kitchen microwave ovens - Domestic mixers — Hand mixers - Domestic ranges — Electric ranges - Domestic strainers or colanders — Kitchen strainers - Egg inspection or collecting equipment — Egg candlers - Engravers — Engraving tools - Epidiascopes — Opaque projectors - Fire blankets — Fire suppression blankets - Fluorescent lamps — Grow lights - Hand clamps — Quick clamps - High capacity removable media drives — Universal serial bus USB flash drives - Hollow punch — Hollow punch sets - Incubators or brooders for poultry — Poultry brooders - Inkjet printers — Poster printers - Ironing machines or presses — Clothes irons - Laser fax machine — Laser facsimile machines - Laser printers — Computer laser printers - Laundry type washing machines — Domestic washers - Levels — Laser levels - Liquid crystal display projector — Liquid crystal display LCD projectors - Metal cutters — Metal cutting shears - Microphone stand — Microphone podiums - Microphones — Handheld microphones; Wireless microphones - Mitre box — Mitre boxes - MP3 players or recorders — MP3 digital voice recorders - Multimedia projectors — Computer projectors; Multimedia projection equipment - Multimeters — Analog multimeters - Notebook computers — Laptop computers - Offset socket wrenches - Overhead projectors — Overhead data projectors - Paper punching or binding machines — Binding machines - Pet grooming products — Animal grooming brushes - pH meters — pH indicators - Photocopiers — Photocopying equipment - Pipe or tube cutter — Pipe cutters - Planters — Crop planters - Plotter printers — Plotting printers - Portable data input terminals — Interactive whiteboard controllers; Student response systems - Power buffers - Power drills — Cordless drills - Power grinders — Pedestal grinders - Projection screens or displays — Projector screens - Safety glasses — Protective safety glasses - Scanners — Computer data input scanners - Scientific calculator — Digital calculators; Scientific calculators - Secateurs or pruning shears — Grass shears - Shears — Sewing shears - Slide projectors — Carousel slide projectors - Special purpose telephones — Multi-line telephone systems - Stamping dies or punches — Stamping sets - Tablet computers - Teleconference equipment — Conference telephones - Televisions — Liquid crystal display LCD televisions; Television monitors - Touch screen monitors — Interactive whiteboards - Vertical machining center — Metal lathes - Videoconferencing systems — Videoconferencing equipment - Water analyzers — Water test kits - Web cameras — Webcams - Education and Training — Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching and instruction for individuals and groups, and the measurement of training effects. - English Language — Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the meaning and spelling of words, rules of composition, and grammar. - Computers and Electronics — Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and computer hardware and software, including applications and programming. - Psychology — Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, personality, and interests; learning and motivation; psychological research methods; and the assessment and treatment of behavioral and affective disorders. - Mathematics — Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their applications. - Administration and Management — Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, resource allocation, human resources modeling, leadership technique, production methods, and coordination of people and resources. - Customer and Personal Service — Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal services. This includes customer needs assessment, meeting quality standards for services, and evaluation of customer satisfaction. - Clerical — Knowledge of administrative and clerical procedures and systems such as word processing, managing files and records, stenography and transcription, designing forms, and other office procedures and terminology. - Instructing — Teaching others how to do something. - Reading Comprehension — Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work related documents. - Speaking — Talking to others to convey information effectively. - Active Listening — Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at inappropriate times. - Critical Thinking — Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions, conclusions or approaches to problems. - Learning Strategies — Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate for the situation when learning or teaching new things. - Monitoring — Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organizations to make improvements or take corrective action. - Social Perceptiveness — Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do. - Writing — Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audience. - Active Learning — Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future problem-solving and decision-making. - Coordination — Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions. - Judgment and Decision Making — Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the most appropriate one. - Complex Problem Solving — Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and evaluate options and implement solutions. - Service Orientation — Actively looking for ways to help people. - Systems Analysis — Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, and the environment will affect outcomes. - Systems Evaluation — Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed to improve or correct performance, relative to the goals of the system. - Time Management — Managing one's own time and the time of others. - Oral Comprehension — The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through spoken words and sentences. - Oral Expression — The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will understand. - Written Comprehension — The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing. - Deductive Reasoning — The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that make sense. - Problem Sensitivity — The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does not involve solving the problem, only recognizing there is a problem. - Speech Clarity — The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you. - Written Expression — The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will understand. - Near Vision — The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer). - Speech Recognition — The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person. - Inductive Reasoning — The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusions (includes finding a relationship among seemingly unrelated events). - Fluency of Ideas — The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas is important, not their quality, correctness, or creativity). - Originality — The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situation, or to develop creative ways to solve a problem. - Category Flexibility — The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping things in different ways. - Far Vision — The ability to see details at a distance. - Information Ordering — The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according to a specific rule or set of rules (e.g., patterns of numbers, letters, words, pictures, mathematical operations). - Perceptual Speed — The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among sets of letters, numbers, objects, pictures, or patterns. The things to be compared may be presented at the same time or one after the other. This ability also includes comparing a presented object with a remembered object. - Selective Attention — The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distracted. - Time Sharing — The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of information (such as speech, sounds, touch, or other sources). - Interacting With Computers — Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to program, write software, set up functions, enter data, or process information. - Training and Teaching Others — Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or training programs or classes, and teaching or instructing others. - Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work — Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your work. - Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge — Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job. - Coaching and Developing Others — Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherwise helping others to improve their knowledge or skills. - Making Decisions and Solving Problems — Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and solve problems. - Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates — Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone, in written form, e-mail, or in person. - Getting Information — Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sources. - Developing Objectives and Strategies — Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to achieve them. - Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships — Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and maintaining them over time. - Thinking Creatively — Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, systems, or products, including artistic contributions. - Scheduling Work and Activities — Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others. - Documenting/Recording Information — Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in written or electronic/magnetic form. - Monitor Processes, Materials, or Surroundings — Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment, to detect or assess problems. - Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards — Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events or processes comply with laws, regulations, or standards. - Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others — Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, or otherwise negotiating with others. - Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others — Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used. - Judging the Qualities of Things, Services, or People — Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people. - Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events — Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or similarities, and detecting changes in circumstances or events. - Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Material — Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors or other problems or defects. - Communicating with Persons Outside Organization — Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organization to customers, the public, government, and other external sources. This information can be exchanged in person, in writing, or by telephone or e-mail. - Processing Information — Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying information or data. - Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others — Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks. - Analyzing Data or Information — Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by breaking down information or data into separate parts. - Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates — Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance standards and monitoring performance. - Performing Administrative Activities — Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files and processing paperwork. - Assisting and Caring for Others — Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other personal care to others such as coworkers, customers, or patients. - Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information — Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resources, or materials needed to perform a work activity. - Monitoring and Controlling Resources — Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money. - Developing and Building Teams — Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team members. - Performing for or Working Directly with the Public — Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving customers in restaurants and stores, and receiving clients or guests. Detailed Work Activities - Monitor student performance. - Teach others to use technology or equipment. - Establish rules or policies governing student behavior. - Modify teaching methods or materials to accommodate student needs. - Apply multiple teaching methods. - Set up classroom materials or equipment. - Maintain student records. - Enforce rules or policies governing student behavior. - Develop instructional objectives. - Create technology-based learning materials. - Evaluate student work. - Discuss problems or issues with supervisors. - Discuss student progress with parents or guardians. - Assign class work to students. - Administer tests to assess educational needs or progress. - Distribute instructional or library materials. - Maintain inventories of materials, equipment, or products. - Order instructional or library materials or equipment. - Prepare tests. - Plan educational activities. - Document lesson plans. - Encourage students. - Monitor student behavior, social development, or health. - Assist students with special educational needs. - Advise students on academic or career matters. - Collaborate with other teaching professionals to develop educational programs. - Develop strategies or programs for students with special needs. - Supervise school or student activities. - Attend training sessions or professional meetings to develop or maintain professional knowledge. - Plan experiential learning activities. - Prepare reports detailing student activities or performance. - Serve on institutional or departmental committees. - Coordinate student extracurricular activities. - Electronic Mail — 92% responded “Every day.” - Face-to-Face Discussions — 81% responded “Every day.” - Contact With Others — 71% responded “Constant contact with others.” - Public Speaking — 83% responded “Every day.” - Physical Proximity — 51% responded “Very close (near touching).” - Coordinate or Lead Others — 61% responded “Extremely important.” - Work With Work Group or Team — 48% responded “Extremely important.” - Deal With External Customers — 52% responded “Extremely important.” - Responsible for Others' Health and Safety — 61% responded “Very high responsibility.” - Freedom to Make Decisions — 45% responded “A lot of freedom.” - Indoors, Environmentally Controlled — 74% responded “Every day.” - Structured versus Unstructured Work — 49% responded “Some freedom.” - Spend Time Standing — 46% responded “More than half the time.” - Duration of Typical Work Week — 65% responded “More than 40 hours.” - Frequency of Decision Making — 55% responded “Every day.” - Frequency of Conflict Situations — 33% responded “Every day.” - Letters and Memos — 54% responded “Once a week or more but not every day.” - Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results — 36% responded “Very important results.” - Sounds, Noise Levels Are Distracting or Uncomfortable — 42% responded “Every day.” - Telephone — 58% responded “Once a week or more but not every day.” - Importance of Being Exact or Accurate — 33% responded “Important.” - Time Pressure — 40% responded “Once a month or more but not every week.” - Deal With Unpleasant or Angry People — 36% responded “Once a year or more but not every month.” - Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls — 33% responded “More than half the time.” - Exposed to Contaminants — 31% responded “Every day.” - Spend Time Walking and Running — 46% responded “Less than half the time.” |Title||Job Zone Four: Considerable Preparation Needed| |Education||Most of these occupations require a four-year bachelor's degree, but some do not.| |Related Experience||A considerable amount of work-related skill, knowledge, or experience is needed for these occupations. For example, an accountant must complete four years of college and work for several years in accounting to be considered qualified.| |Job Training||Employees in these occupations usually need several years of work-related experience, on-the-job training, and/or vocational training.| |Job Zone Examples||Many of these occupations involve coordinating, supervising, managing, or training others. Examples include accountants, sales managers, database administrators, graphic designers, chemists, art directors, and cost estimators.| |SVP Range||(7.0 to < 8.0)| Interest code: SAC - Social — Social occupations frequently involve working with, communicating with, and teaching people. These occupations often involve helping or providing service to others. - Artistic — Artistic occupations frequently involve working with forms, designs and patterns. They often require self-expression and the work can be done without following a clear set of rules. - Conventional — Conventional occupations frequently involve following set procedures and routines. These occupations can include working with data and details more than with ideas. Usually there is a clear line of authority to follow. - Investigative — Investigative occupations frequently involve working with ideas, and require an extensive amount of thinking. These occupations can involve searching for facts and figuring out problems mentally. - Dependability — Job requires being reliable, responsible, and dependable, and fulfilling obligations. - Integrity — Job requires being honest and ethical. - Self Control — Job requires maintaining composure, keeping emotions in check, controlling anger, and avoiding aggressive behavior, even in very difficult situations. - Stress Tolerance — Job requires accepting criticism and dealing calmly and effectively with high stress situations. - Adaptability/Flexibility — Job requires being open to change (positive or negative) and to considerable variety in the workplace. - Cooperation — Job requires being pleasant with others on the job and displaying a good-natured, cooperative attitude. - Attention to Detail — Job requires being careful about detail and thorough in completing work tasks. - Initiative — Job requires a willingness to take on responsibilities and challenges. - Leadership — Job requires a willingness to lead, take charge, and offer opinions and direction. - Concern for Others — Job requires being sensitive to others' needs and feelings and being understanding and helpful on the job. - Persistence — Job requires persistence in the face of obstacles. - Achievement/Effort — Job requires establishing and maintaining personally challenging achievement goals and exerting effort toward mastering tasks. - Analytical Thinking — Job requires analyzing information and using logic to address work-related issues and problems. - Independence — Job requires developing one's own ways of doing things, guiding oneself with little or no supervision, and depending on oneself to get things done. - Innovation — Job requires creativity and alternative thinking to develop new ideas for and answers to work-related problems. - Social Orientation — Job requires preferring to work with others rather than alone, and being personally connected with others on the job. - Relationships — Occupations that satisfy this work value allow employees to provide service to others and work with co-workers in a friendly non-competitive environment. Corresponding needs are Co-workers, Moral Values and Social Service. - Achievement — Occupations that satisfy this work value are results oriented and allow employees to use their strongest abilities, giving them a feeling of accomplishment. Corresponding needs are Ability Utilization and Achievement. - Independence — Occupations that satisfy this work value allow employees to work on their own and make decisions. Corresponding needs are Creativity, Responsibility and Autonomy. Wages & Employment Trends |Median wages (2016)||$57,560 annual| |Employment (2014)||14,000 employees| |Projected growth (2014-2024)||Average (5% to 8%)| |Projected job openings (2014-2024)||3,900| |Top industries (2014)| Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics 2016 wage data and 2014-2024 employment projections . "Projected growth" represents the estimated change in total employment over the projections period (2014-2024). "Projected job openings" represent openings due to growth and replacement. Job Openings on the Web Sources of Additional Information Disclaimer: Sources are listed to provide additional information on related jobs, specialties, and/or industries. Links to non-DOL Internet sites are provided for your convenience and do not constitute an endorsement.

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Tuarascáil achoimre do: 25-2023.00 - Múinteoirí gairme/oideachais theicniúil, Meán-Scoil Múineann sé ábhair ghairmiúla, gairmeacha agus teicniúla nó gairmiúla i scoileanna poiblí nó príobháideacha ag leibhéal meánaoiseach, idirmheánach nó bunscoile, atá idir bunscoile agus scoil ard mar a shainmhínítear i ndlíthe agus rialacháin is infheidhme. Sampla de theideal phoist a tuairiscíodh: Múinteoir Oideachais Gnó, Múinteoir Gnó, Múinteoir Ríomhaireachta, Múinteoir Teicneolaíochta Ríomhaireachta, Múinteoir Eolaíochtaí Teaghlaigh agus Tomhaltóirí (FACS Teacher), Múinteoir Ealaíon Tionsclaíoch, Múinteoir Teicneolaíochta Tionsclaíoch, Múinteoir, Múinteoir Oideachais Teicneolaíochta, Múinteoir Teicneolaíochta Tasks Technology Skills Tools Used Knowledge Skills Abilities Work Activities Detailed Work Activities Work Context Job Zone Education Credentials Interests Work Styles Work Values Related Occupations Wages & Employment Job Openings Tuarascáil Eolais - Múineadh agus faireachán a dhéanamh ar mhic léinn maidir le húsáid agus cúram trealaimh agus ábhair chun gortuithe agus damáiste a chosc. - Rialacha iompair agus nósanna imeachta a bhunú agus a fhorfheidhmiú chun ord a choinneáil i measc na mac léinn. - Modhanna teagaisc agus ábhair teagaisc a oiriúnú chun freastal ar riachtanais agus leasanna éagsúla na mac léinn. - Múineadh do mhic léinn ar bhonn aonair agus i ngrúpaí, ag baint úsáide as modhanna éagsúla teagaisc, amhail léachtaí, pléanna agus taispeántais. - Áiseanna agus seomraí ranga a ullmhú le haghaidh gníomhaíochtaí ranga. - Taifid mhic léinn cruinn agus iomlán a choinneáil de réir mar a éilíonn dlíthe, beartais cheantair, agus rialacháin riaracháin. - Cuir gach beartas riaracháin agus rialacha a rialaíonn mic léinn i bhfeidhm. - cuspóirí soiléire a bhunú do gach ceacht, aonad agus tionscadal agus na cuspóirí sin a chur in iúl do mhic léinn. - Ríomhairí, cabhracha fuaime-amhairc, agus trealamh agus ábhair eile a úsáid chun cur i láthair a chomhlánú. - Bíodh comhairle agat le tuismitheoirí nó caomhnóirí, le múinteoirí eile, le comhairleoirí, agus le riarthóirí chun fadhbanna iompair agus acadúla na scoláirí a réiteach. - Oibreanna ranga agus obair bhaile a shannadh agus a ghrádú. - Trealamh, ábhair agus soláthairtí a roghnú, a stóráil, a ordú, a eisiúint, a stóráil, agus a chothabháil. - Tástálacha agus tascanna a ullmhú, a riaradh agus a ghrádú chun dul chun cinn na mac léinn a mheas. - ullmhú do ranganna a shanntar agus fianaise scríofa a thaispeáint ar ullmhúchán ar iarraidh ó mhaoirseoirí láithreach. - Na mic léinn a ullmhú le haghaidh taithí oideachais níos déanaí trína spreagadh chun deiseanna foghlama a iniúchadh agus chun dúshláin dúshlánach a dhéanamh. - Gníomhaíochtaí a phleanáil agus a sheoladh le haghaidh clár cothrom teagaisc, taispeántais agus ama oibre a sholáthraíonn deiseanna do mhic léinn breathnú, ceist a chur agus fiosrúchán a dhéanamh. - Feidhmíocht, iompar, forbairt shóisialta agus sláinte fhisiceach na mac léinn a bhreathnú agus a mheas. - cuspóirí agus línte a ullmhú do chúrsaí staidéir, ag leanúint treoirlínte cúrsa nó riachtanais stáit agus scoileanna. - Fág go bhfuil na mic léinn faoi mhíchumas ábalta a bheith ag freastal ar na háiseanna, ar na teicneolaíochtaí tacaíochta, agus ar na háiseanna, mar shampla na seomraí folctha. - Múineadh agus comhairle a thabhairt do mhic léinn a bhfuil oiriúnú nó fadhbanna acadúla acu, nó a bhfuil spéiseanna acadúla speisialta acu. - Cruinniú le tuismitheoirí agus caomhnóirí chun dul chun cinn a gcuid leanaí a phlé agus chun tosaíochtaí a chinneadh dá gcuid leanaí agus a gcuid riachtanas acmhainní. - Oibriú riaracháin a dhéanamh, mar shampla cabhrú le leabharlanna scoile, faireachán ar hallaí agus ar chistiní, agus bus a luí agus a dhíluí. - Clár um leigheas a ullmhú agus a chur i bhfeidhm do mhic léinn a bhfuil cúnamh breise de dhíth orthu. - Déan comhairliúchán le baill foirne eile chun ceachtanna a phleanáil agus a sceidealú a chuireann chun cinn an fhoghlaim, de réir cúrsaí teagaisc a ceadaíodh. - freastal ar chruinnithe gairmiúla, ar chomhdhálacha oideachais agus ar cheardlanna oiliúna múinteoirí chun a n-inniúlacht ghairmiúil a chothabháil agus a fheabhsú. - Cruinniú le gairmithe eile chun riachtanais agus dul chun cinn gach mac léinn aonair a phlé. - Tionscadail ranga, turais ar an réimse, cuairteanna ó chainteoirí aoi nó gníomhaíochtaí eispéireacha eile a phleanáil agus a mhaoirsiú, agus múineadh do dhaltaí foghlaim ó na gníomhaíochtaí sin. - Tuarascálacha a ullmhú ar mhic léinn agus ar ghníomhaíochtaí de réir mar a éilíonn an riarachán. - Comhoibriú le múinteoirí agus le riarthóirí eile i bhforbairt, meastóireacht agus athbhreithniú cláir na scoile lárnach. - freastal ar chruinnithe foirne agus freastal ar choistí, de réir mar is gá. - gníomhaíochtaí seach-churaclaim a chur ar fáil, amhail clubanna, eagraíochtaí mac léinn, agus comórtais acadúla. - Bogearraí féilire agus sceidealaithe - Bogearraí oiliúna ar ríomhaire Blackboard Learn; Desire2Learn; Córas Bainistíochta Foghlama LMS; Sakai CLE (féach na 5 sampla go léir) - Idirlíon úsáideora agus bogearraí fiosrúcháin bunachair sonraí Bogearraí iontrála sonraí - Bogearraí ríomhphoist leictreonach Bogearraí ríomhphoist; Microsoft Outlook - Bogearraí um aisghabháil nó cuardach faisnéise DOC Cop; iParadigms Turnitin - Bogearraí brabhsálaí Idirlín Bogearraí brabhsálaí gréasáin - Bogearraí suite oifige Microsoft Office - Léitheoir carachtair optúil OCR nó bogearraí scanadh Bogearraí scanadh íomhá - Bogearraí cur i láthair Microsoft PowerPoint - Bogearraí scarbhileoga Microsoft Excel - Bogearraí próiseála focal Bogearraí eagarthóireachta comhoibritheacha; Google Docs; Microsoft Word Teicneolaíocht Te riachtanas teicneolaíochta a chuirtear go minic san áireamh i bhfostú poist fostóirí. - Cumhróirí aeir Cumhróirí aeir iniompartha - Scealláin aeir Bioscealláin - Pumpáil aeir-aistrithe Pumpálacha aeir-aistrithe - Airbrushanna ealaíne Suíomhanna airbrush - Cónsoil mheasctha fuaime Meascáin fuaime - Máistir dromchla nó dromchla chuckála uathoibríoch Dromchlaí adhmaid - Sliochtán crios Sliochtáin crios - Bánna - Cageanna nó a gcuid gabhálais Cageanna ainmhithe - Calipers Sets calipers - Meastairí ciorcail Anailíséirí ciorcail - Clábhán Clábhán - Ceilteanna fuar - Imreoirí nó taifeadóirí diosca compacta Imreoirí CD diosca compacta - Ríomhairí deisce - Cámchláir digiteacha nó ceamaraí físe Ceamaraí físe digiteacha - Cámaraí digiteacha Cámaraí digiteacha dlúth - Imreoirí nó taifeadóirí diosca físe digiteacha Imreoirí DVD diosca físe digiteacha - Compais a aimsiú treo Compais loingseoireachta - Slander diosca Slanders diosca cumhachta - Kití nó soláthairtí díchealú Trátaí díchealú - Mionadóirí ocsaigine tuaslagtha Kití tástála ocsaigine tuaslagtha - Pannaí bácála tí Pannaí earraí bácála - Meascáin tí Meascáin chistin - Píosaí crock-pot tí Píosaí crock-pot cistine - Próiseálaithe bia tí Próiseálaithe bia cistin - Grátaí tí Grátaí bia - Cnaic tí Cnaic Seif - Cúpáin tomhais tí Séimeanna cupáin tomhais - Oigheann micreathonn tí Oigheann micreathonn cistine - Meascáin tí Meascáin láimhe - Réimsí tí Réimsí leictreacha - Scagairí nó colanders tí Scagairí cistine - Trealamh um iniúchadh nó bailiú uibheacha Candelairí uibheacha - Ingneoirí Uirlisí ingneála - Epidiascóipí Tionscadail Opaca - Clúdaí tine Clúdaí tine-scaoilte - lampaí fluaraiseanta soilse fáis - Clamps láimhe Clamps tapa - Tiomáin meán in-athnuaite ardchaipitigh Tiomáin flash USB busta sraitheach uilíoch - Punch folctha Suíomhanna punch folctha - Incubadóirí nó brúirí do thírliabhán Brúirí thírliabhán - printéirí inkjet printéirí póstaer - Máistíní nó preasaí iastóireachta Iastóireachtaí éadaí - Máistir fasach léasair Máistíní fasach léasair - Priontóirí léasair Priontóirí léasair ríomhaire - Mheaisíní níocháin de chineál níocháin Mheaisíní níocháin tí - Leibhéil Leibhéil léasair - Tuairisceoir criostail leachta Tuairisceoirí LCD le criostail leachta - Gearrthóga miotail Gearrthóga miotail - Stán micreafóin Pódia micreafóin - Micreafóin Micreafóin láimhe; Micreafóin gan sreang - Cásca Mitre Cásca Mitre - imreoirí nó taifeadóirí MP3 taifeadóirí guth digiteacha MP3 - tionscneoirí ilmheánmhiodráta tionscneoirí ríomhaire; trealamh tionscneála ilmheánmhiodráta - Multiméadair Multiméadair analógach - Ríomhairí glúine Ríomhairí glúine - Sleachta soicéad dílse - Tairiscintí uachtair Tairiscintí sonraí uachtair - Meaisíní chun páipéar a phuncháil nó a cheangal - Táirgí le haghaidh péitíní Brúis le haghaidh péitíní - pH-amstóirí táscairí pH - Photocopiers Trealamh photocopying - Gearrthóg píopaí nó feadáin Gearrthóg píopaí - Plandaí Plandaí barra - printéirí plótar Printéirí plótarála - Críochnaithe ionchuir sonraí in-iarsmaí Rialaitheoirí boird bán idirghníomhach; Córais freagartha mac léinn - Buiféirí cumhachta - Drills cumhachta Drills gan sreang - Grinder cumhachta Grinder peidéal - Scáileáin nó taispeántais tionscanta Scáileáin tionscanta - Brilleanna sábháilteachta Brilleanna sábháilteachta cosanta - Scanners Scanners ionchuir sonraí ríomhaire - Ríomhchlár eolaíoch Ríomhchlár digiteach; Ríomhchlár eolaíoch - Séacadóirí nó sciatháin gearrthógála Sciatháin féir - Sgear Sgear seolta - Sliotáin-phroijectóirí Sliotáin-phroijectóirí Carusell - Fónanna críocha speisialta Córais teileafóin illíne - Stampaí nó punchaí stampaíochta Séidí stampaíochta - Ríomhairí táibléad - Trealamh teileafóin Teilifóin chomhairliachta - Teilifíseáin Teilifíseáin LCD le taispeáint criostail leachtach; Monatóirí teilifíseáin - Monatóirí scáileáin theibhiú Táblaí bán idirghníomhacha - Ionad meaisínithe ingearach Méadáin miotail - Córais físeánchomhairliúcháin Trealamh físeánchomhairliúcháin - Anailíséirí uisce Kití tástála uisce - Cámaraí gréasáin Cámaraí gréasáin - Oideachas agus Oiliúint Eolas ar phrionsabail agus ar mhodhanna maidir le curriculums agus oiliúint a dhearadh, teagasc agus teagasc do dhaoine aonair agus do ghrúpaí, agus measúnú ar éifeachtaí oiliúna. - Béarla Eolas ar struchtúr agus ar ábhar na teanga Béarla lena n-áirítear brí agus litriú focail, rialacha comhdhéanta agus gramadaí. - Ríomhairí agus Leictreonaic Eolas faoi chláir chiorcaid, próiseálaithe, sliseanna, trealamh leictreonach, agus crua-earraí agus bogearraí ríomhaireachta, lena n-áirítear feidhmchláir agus cláir. - Síceolaíocht Eolas ar iompar agus ar fheidhmíocht an duine; difríochtaí aonair i gcumas, i phearsantacht agus i leasanna; foghlaim agus spreagadh; modhanna taighde síceolaíocha; agus measúnú agus cóireáil neamhoird iompair agus mhothúchánach. - Matamaitic Eolas ar aithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, agus a n-iarratas. - Riarachán agus Bainistíocht Eolas ar phrionsabail ghnó agus bainistíochta a bhaineann le pleanáil straitéiseach, leithdháileadh acmhainní, samhail acmhainní daonna, teicníc ceannaireachta, modhanna táirgthe, agus comhordú daoine agus acmhainní. - Seirbhís do Chustaiméirí agus do Dhaoine Féin Eolas ar phrionsabail agus ar phróisis chun seirbhísí do chustaiméirí agus do dhaoine féin a sholáthar. Áirítear leis seo measúnú ar riachtanais an chustaiméara, caighdeáin cháilíochta a chomhlíonadh maidir le seirbhísí, agus meastóireacht ar shásamh an chustaiméara. - Cléireach Eolas ar nósanna imeachta agus córais riaracháin agus chléireach amhail próiseáil téacs, bainistiú comhaid agus taifid, steineagrafaíocht agus trascríobh, foirmeacha a dhearadh, agus nósanna imeachta oifige agus téarmaíocht eile. - Ag teagasc Ag múineadh do dhaoine eile conas rud éigin a dhéanamh. - Léitheoireacht agus Tuiscint Strainsí scríofa agus míreanna i ndoiciméid a bhaineann le hobair a thuiscint. - Labhairt Labhairt le daoine eile chun faisnéis a chur in iúl go héifeachtach. - Éisteacht Gníomhach aird iomlán a thabhairt ar an méid atá á rá ag daoine eile, am a thógáil chun na pointí atá á dtabhairt a thuiscint, ceisteanna a chur de réir mar is cuí, agus gan cur isteach ag amanna míchuí. - Smaointeacht Chríochach Logic agus réasúnaíocht a úsáid chun láidreachtaí agus laigí réitigh, conclúidí nó cur chuige malartacha a shainaithint. - Straitéisí Foghlama Mhodhanna agus nósanna imeachta oiliúna/teagaisc a roghnú agus a úsáid atá oiriúnach don staid nuair a bhíonn rudaí nua á foghlaim nó á mhúineadh. - Monatóireacht Monatóireacht/Measúnú a dhéanamh ar fheidhmíocht féin, daoine aonair eile, nó eagraíochtaí chun feabhsúcháin a dhéanamh nó gníomh ceartaitheach a dhéanamh. - Tuiscint shóisialta A bheith ar an eolas faoi imoibrithe daoine eile agus tuiscint a fháil ar an gcúis go n-imoibríonn siad mar a dhéanann siad. - Scríbhneoireacht Cumarsáid éifeachtach a dhéanamh i scríbhinn de réir mar is cuí le riachtanais an lucht éisteachta. - Foghlaim Gníomhach Tuiscint ar na himpleachtaí a bhaineann le faisnéis nua maidir le réiteach fadhbanna agus cinnteoireacht reatha agus sa todhchaí araon. - Comhordú Gníomhaíochtaí a choigeartú i ndáil le gníomhaíochtaí daoine eile. - Breithiúnas agus Gníomhú Cosnachtaí agus tairbhí coibhneasta na ngníomhaíochtaí féideartha a mheas chun an ceann is oiriúnaí a roghnú. - Réiteach fadhbanna casta fadhbanna casta a aithint agus faisnéis ghaolmhara a athbhreithniú chun roghanna a fhorbairt agus a mheas agus réitigh a chur i bhfeidhm. - Oiriúnú Seirbhíse Ag lorg bealaí chun cabhrú le daoine go gníomhach. - Anailís ar Chórais Cinntiú conas ba cheart do chóras oibriú agus conas a dhéanfaidh athruithe i gcoinníollacha, oibríochtaí agus an timpeallacht difear do thorthaí. - Measúnú ar Chórais Measú nó táscairí ar fheidhmíocht an chórais a shainaithint agus na gníomhaíochtaí is gá chun feabhas a chur ar fheidhmíocht nó chun feidhmíocht a cheartú, i ndáil le cuspóirí an chórais. - Bainistíocht Ama Bainistíocht ama féin agus ama daoine eile. - Tuiscint ó bhéal An cumas éisteacht le faisnéis agus smaointe a chuirtear i láthair trí fhocail agus abairtí labhartha agus tuiscint a fháil orthu. - Aistriú ó bhéal An cumas faisnéis agus smaointe a chur in iúl trí labhairt ionas go dtuigeann daoine eile iad. - Tuiscint Scríofa An cumas faisnéis agus smaointe a chuirtear i láthair i scríbhinn a léamh agus a thuiscint. - Réasúnaíocht Íocúil An cumas rialacha ginearálta a chur i bhfeidhm ar fhadhbanna sonracha chun freagraí ciallmhara a tháirgeadh. - Éifeachtúlacht ar fhadhb An cumas a rá nuair a bhíonn rud éigin cearr nó is dócha go rachaidh sé cearr. Ní bhaineann sé le réiteach an fhadhb, ach amháin leis an bhfíric go bhfuil fadhb ann. - Soiléireacht Labhair An cumas labhairt go soiléir ionas gur féidir le daoine eile tú a thuiscint. - Fógraíocht i scríbhinn An cumas faisnéis agus smaointe a chur in iúl i scríbhinn ionas go dtuigeann daoine eile iad. - Near Vision An cumas sonraí a fheiceáil ar achar gar (i gceann cúpla troigh ón breathnóir). - Aithint cainte An cumas cainte duine eile a aithint agus a thuiscint. - Réasúnaíocht Iondúchta An cumas chun píosaí faisnéise a chur le chéile chun rialacha nó conclúidí ginearálta a fhoirmiú (lena n-áirítear caidreamh a aimsiú i measc imeachtaí nach bhfuil baint acu le chéile). - Fheasacht ar smaointe An cumas teacht le roinnt smaointe faoi ábhar (tá líon na smaointe tábhachtach, ní a gcáilíocht, a gceart, nó a chruthaitheacht). - Saineolacht An cumas smaointe neamhghnácha nó cliste a fháil faoi ábhar nó cás áirithe, nó bealaí cruthaitheacha a fhorbairt chun fadhb a réiteach. - Cathaigre Éagsúlachta An cumas chun sraith rialacha éagsúla a ghiniúint nó a úsáid chun rudaí a chur le chéile nó a ghrúpaíocht ar bhealaí éagsúla. - Fís Fada An cumas sonraí a fheiceáil ar fad. - Eagraíocht faisnéise An cumas rudaí nó gníomhartha a chur in ord nó patrún áirithe de réir riail nó sraith rialacha ar leith (m.sh. patrún uimhreacha, litreacha, focail, pictiúir, oibríochtaí matamaiticiúla). - Luas Braite An cumas chun cosúlachtaí agus difríochtaí a chur i gcomparáid go tapa agus go cruinn idir tacar litreacha, uimhreacha, rudaí, pictiúir nó patrúin. Is féidir na rudaí atá le comparáid a dhéanamh a chur i láthair ag an am céanna nó i ndiaidh a chéile. Áirítear leis an gcumas seo freisin rud a chuirtear i láthair a chur i gcomparáid le rud a chuimhnítear. - Fadhb Roghnach An cumas chun díriú ar thasc thar thréimhse ama gan a bheith distracted. - Comhaireamh Ama An cumas bogadh ar ais agus amach idir dhá ghníomhaíocht nó níos mó nó foinsí faisnéise (mar shampla cainte, fuaimeanna, teagmháil, nó foinsí eile). - Idirghníomhaíocht le Ríomhairí Ríomhairí agus córais ríomhaireachta a úsáid (lena n-áirítear crua-earraí agus bogearraí) chun clár a dhéanamh, bogearraí a scríobh, feidhmeanna a chur ar bun, sonraí a iontráil, nó faisnéis a phróiseáil. - Oiliúint agus Múineadh do dhaoine eile riachtanais oideachais daoine eile a aithint, cláir nó ranganna oideachais nó oiliúna foirmiúla a fhorbairt, agus daoine eile a theagasc nó a threorú. - Oibriú a eagrú, a phleanáil agus a thosaíocht a leagan síos spriocanna agus pleananna sonracha a fhorbairt chun do chuid oibre a thosaíochtú, a eagrú agus a chur i gcrích. - Eolas ábhartha a nuashonrú agus a úsáid Coinnigh tú suas chun dáta go teicniúil agus cuir eolas nua i bhfeidhm ar do phost. - Coaching agus Forbairt daoine eile riachtanais forbartha daoine eile a aithint agus cóiriú, meantóireacht, nó cabhrú le daoine eile a gcuid eolais nó scileanna a fheabhsú. - Cinntí a dhéanamh agus fadhbanna a réiteach faisnéis a anailísiú agus torthaí a mheas chun an réiteach is fearr a roghnú agus fadhbanna a réiteach. - Cumarsáid a dhéanamh le Maoirseoirí, Comhoibrithe nó Fo-oibrithe faisnéis a chur ar fáil do mhaoirseoirí, do chomhghleacaithe agus do fho-oibrithe ar an teileafón, i bhfoirm scríofa, ar ríomhphost nó go pearsanta. - Faisnéis a fháil Faisnéis a bhreathnú, a fháil, agus a fháil ar shlí eile ó na foinsí ábhartha go léir. - Spriocanna agus Straitéisí a fhorbairt Spriocanna fadtéarmacha a bhunú agus na straitéisí agus na gníomhaíochtaí chun iad a bhaint amach a shonrú. - Caidreamh Idirphearsanta a bhunú agus a chothabháil Caidreamh oibre tógálach agus comhoibritheach a fhorbairt le daoine eile, agus iad a chothabháil thar am. - Smaointeacht Chruthaitheach Feidhmeanna, smaointe, caidrimh, córais nó táirgí nua a fhorbairt, a dhearadh nó a chruthú, lena n-áirítear ranníocaíochtaí ealaíne. - Oibre agus Gníomhaíochtaí a Chláir Imeachtaí, cláir agus gníomhaíochtaí a Chláir, chomh maith le obair daoine eile. - faisnéis a dhoiciméadú/a thaifeadadh faisnéis a iontráil, a thrascríobh, a thaifeadadh, a stóráil nó a chothabháil i bhfoirm scríofa nó leictreonach/maighnéadach. - Próisis, Ábhair nó Limistéir a Mhonatóireacht Faisnéis a mhonatóireacht agus a athbhreithniú ó ábhair, imeachtaí nó an timpeallacht, chun fadhbanna a bhrath nó a mheas. - faisnéis a mheas chun comhlíonadh caighdeáin a chinneadh faisnéis ábhartha agus breithiúnas aonair a úsáid chun a chinneadh an gcomhlíonann imeachtaí nó próisis dlíthe, rialacháin nó caighdeáin. - Díospóidí a réiteach agus idirbheartaíocht a dhéanamh le daoine eile Gearán a láimhseáil, díospóidí a réiteach, gearán agus coinbhleachtaí a réiteach, nó idirbheartaíocht a dhéanamh le daoine eile ar bhealach eile. - Ciall na faisnéise a léiriú do dhaoine eile aistriú nó míniú a thabhairt ar ciall na faisnéise agus ar an gcaoi ar féidir iad a úsáid. - Breithiúnas a dhéanamh ar Cháilíochtaí Rudaí, Seirbhísí nó Daoine Measúnú a dhéanamh ar luach, tábhacht nó cáilíocht rudaí nó daoine. - Rudaí, Gníomhaíochtaí agus Imeachtaí a Aithint faisnéis a aithint trí chatagóirithe, meastacháin, difríochtaí nó cosúlachtaí a aithint, agus athruithe i gcúinsí nó imeachtaí a bhrath. - Trealamh, struchtúir nó ábhair a iniúchadh Trealamh, struchtúir nó ábhair a iniúchadh chun cúis earráidí nó fadhbanna nó lochtanna eile a aithint. - Cumarsáid a dhéanamh le Daoine lasmuigh den eagraíocht Cumarsáid a dhéanamh le daoine lasmuigh den eagraíocht, ionadaíocht a dhéanamh ar an eagraíocht do chustaiméirí, don phobal, don rialtas, agus do fhoinsí seachtracha eile. Is féidir an fhaisnéis seo a mhalartú go pearsanta, i scríbhinn, nó ar an teileafón nó ar ríomhphost. - Próiseáil Faisnéise Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying information or data. - Oibriú agus Gníomhaíochtaí Daoine Eile a Chomhordú Baill de ghrúpa a chur ag obair le chéile chun tascanna a chur i gcrích. - Anailís a dhéanamh ar Shonraí nó ar Fhaisnéis na prionsabail, na cúiseanna nó na fíricí atá taobh thiar de fhaisnéis a aithint trí fhaisnéis nó sonraí a bhriseadh síos ina gcuid ar leithligh. - Treoir, Stiúradh agus Spreagadh a thabhairt do Mhonaróirí Treoir agus treoir a sholáthar do mhonaróirí, lena n-áirítear caighdeáin feidhmíochta a shocrú agus feidhmíocht a mhonatóireacht. - Gníomhaíochtaí Riaracháin a dhéanamh Gníomhaíochtaí riaracháin laethúla a dhéanamh amhail comhaid faisnéise a chothabháil agus páipéar a phróiseáil. - Cuidiú agus Cúram a thabhairt do dhaoine eile Cúnamh pearsanta, cúram leighis, tacaíocht mhothúchánach, nó cúram pearsanta eile a sholáthar do dhaoine eile amhail comhghleacaithe, custaiméirí, nó othair. - Measúnú ar Thréitheanna Inmheasta na dtáirgí, na n-imeachtaí nó na faisnéise Measúnú ar mhéideanna, ar fadanna agus ar chainníochtaí; nó cinneadh a dhéanamh ar an am, ar na costais, ar na hacmhainní nó ar na hábhair a theastaíonn chun gníomhaíocht oibre a dhéanamh. - Monatóireacht agus Rialú Acmhainní Monatóireacht agus Rialú Acmhainní agus maoirseacht a dhéanamh ar chaiteachas airgid. - Foireann a Fhorbairt agus a Thógáil Aontú, meas agus comhoibriú a spreagadh agus a thógáil i measc baill an fhoireann. - Ag seinn do phobal nó ag obair go díreach leis an bpobal Ag seinn do dhaoine nó ag déileáil go díreach leis an bpobal. Áirítear leis seo freastal ar chustaiméirí i mbialann agus i siopaí, agus fáiltiú roimh chustaiméirí nó aoi. Gníomhaíochtaí Oibre Mionsonraithe - Monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar fheidhmíocht na mac léinn. - Múineadh do dhaoine eile teicneolaíocht nó trealamh a úsáid. - Rialacha nó beartais a bhunú a rialaíonn iompar na mac léinn. - Modhanna teagaisc nó ábhair a mhodhnú chun freastal ar riachtanais na mac léinn. - Modhanna teagaisc éagsúla a chur i bhfeidhm. - Áiseanna nó trealamh a chur ar bun sa seomra ranga. - Cláir mhic léinn a choinneáil. - Rialacha nó beartais a fhorfheidhmiú a rialaíonn iompar mac léinn. - cuspóirí teagaisc a fhorbairt. - Ábhair foghlama bunaithe ar theicneolaíocht a chruthú. - Oibreacha na mac léinn a mheas. - fadhbanna nó saincheisteanna a phlé le maoirseoirí. - Déan dul chun cinn na mac léinn a phlé le tuismitheoirí nó caomhnóirí. - Oibreanna a shannadh do mhic léinn. - tástálacha a riaradh chun riachtanais oideachais nó dul chun cinn a mheas. - Ábhair teagaisc nó leabharlainne a dháileadh. - Inventar a choinneáil ar ábhair, trealamh, nó táirgí. - Ábhar nó trealamh teagaisc nó leabharlainne a ordú. - Ullmhaigh tástálacha. - Gníomhaíochtaí oideachais a phleanáil. - Pleananna ceachta doiciméadacha. - Múineadh do mhic léinn. - Comhlíonadh, forbairt shóisialta nó sláinte na mac léinn a mhonatóireacht. - Cabhair a thabhairt do mhic léinn a bhfuil riachtanais speisialta oideachais acu. - Múineadh do mhic léinn ar cheisteanna acadúla nó gairme. - Comhoibriú le gairmithe eile oideachais chun cláir oideachais a fhorbairt. - Straitéisí nó cláir a fhorbairt do mhic léinn a bhfuil riachtanais speisialta acu. - Gníomhaíochtaí scoile nó mic léinn a mhaoirsiú. - Seisiúin oiliúna nó cruinnithe gairmiúla a bheith i láthair chun eolas gairmiúil a fhorbairt nó a chothabháil. - Gníomhaíochtaí foghlama eispéireacha a phleanáil. - Tuarascálacha a ullmhú ina dtabharfar sonraí faoi ghníomhaíochtaí nó feidhmíocht na mac léinn. - Freastal ar choistí institiúideacha nó roinnte. - Gníomhaíochtaí seach-churaclaim na mac léinn a chomhordú. - Post leictreonach 92% d'fhreagair Gach lá. - Comhráite Os comhair 81% d'fhreagair Gach lá. - Contacht le daoine eile D'fhreagair 71% Contacht leanúnach le daoine eile. - Labhairt Pobal D'fhreagair 83% Gach lá. - Teorannas Físeach 51% d'fhreagair An-chruinn (beagnach ag teagmháil). - Coordú nó Stiúradh a dhéanamh ar dhaoine eile 61% d'fhreagair An-tábhachtach. - Oibriú le Grúpa Oibre nó Le Team D'fhreagair 48% An-tábhachtach. - Déileáil le custaiméirí seachtracha 52% d'fhreagair Go mór tábhachtach. - Freagrach as Sláinte agus Sábháilteacht Daoine Eile 61% a fhreagair Freagracht an-ard. - Saoirse chun Cinntí a Glacadh 45% a fhreagair Saoirse mhór. - Taobh istigh, Rialaithe go hIonraíoch 74% d'fhreagair Gach lá. - Oibre struchtúrtha i gcoinne Oibre neamhstruchtúrtha 49% d'fhreagair Saoirse áirithe. - Am a chaitear ag seasamh 46% d'fhreagair Níos mó ná leath an ama. - Fad na Seachtaine Oibre Típeach 65% d'fhreagair Níos mó ná 40 uair an chloig. - Tráthanna Déanta cinntí 55% d'fhreagair Gach lá. - Tráthanna na gCaidrimh Chonfhiontair 33% d'fhreagair Gach lá. - Litreacha agus Meamhuithe 54% d'fhreagair Uair sa tseachtain nó níos mó ach ní gach lá. - Tionchar na gcinneadh ar chomh-oibrithe nó ar Thorthaí na Cuideachta 36% a fhreagair Torthaí an-tábhachtach. - Tá fuaimeanna, leibhéil torann dífhostaithe nó míchompordach 42% a fhreagair Gach lá. - Teilifón D'fhreagair 58% Uair sa tseachtain nó níos mó ach ní gach lá. - Tá tábhacht le bheith cruinn nó cruinn 33% a fhreagair tábhachtach. - Brú ama D'fhreagair 40% Uair sa mhí nó níos mó ach ní gach seachtain. - Conas a déileáil le daoine míshásta nó feargach 36% d'fhreagair Uair sa bhliain nó níos mó ach ní gach mí. - Am a chaitheamh ag baint úsáide as do lámha chun rudaí, uirlisí nó rialaithe a láimhseáil, a rialú nó a mhothú 33% a fhreagair Níos mó ná leath an ama. - Nochtadh do Thruailleoirí 31% d'fhreagair Gach lá. - Am a chaitheamh ag siúl agus ag rith D'fhreagair 46% Níos lú ná leath an ama. ♬ Tiotal ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ Is é an t-eolas atá ag teastáil ó na gairmeacha seo ná céim bhaitsiléara ceithre bliana, ach ní gá go leor acu. Tá gá le scileanna, le heolas nó le taithí a bhaineann le hobair go mór le haghaidh na n-oifigí seo. Mar shampla, ní mór do chuntasóir ceithre bliana a chríochnú ar choláiste agus roinnt blianta a bheith ag obair i gcuntas chun go measfar go bhfuil sé cáilithe. Is é an t-aon fhadhb atá le bheith ag na daoine sin ná go bhfuil siad ag iarraidh a bheith ag obair ar an obair, agus go bhfuil siad ag iarraidh a bheith ag obair ar an obair. Is éard atá i gceist le go leor de na gairm seo ná daoine eile a chomhordú, a mhaoirsiú, a bhainistiú nó a oiliúint. I measc na n-eispéiris seo tá cuntasóirí, bainisteoirí díolacháin, riarthóirí bunachar sonraí, dearthóirí grafacha, ceimic, stiúrthóirí ealaíne agus meastairí costais. SVP Range 7.0 go < 8.0) Cód úis: SAC - Sóisialta Is minic a bhíonn i gceist le gairm shóisialta oibriú le daoine, cumarsáid a dhéanamh leo agus múineadh dóibh. Is minic a bhíonn baint ag na hoibreacha seo le cuidiú nó seirbhís a chur ar fáil do dhaoine eile. - Ealaíne Is minic a bhíonn baint ag gairm ealaíne le foirmeacha, le dearaí agus le patrún. Is minic a éilíonn siad féin-fhoilsiú agus is féidir an obair a dhéanamh gan sraith soiléir rialacha a leanúint. - Conventional Is minic a bhíonn i gceist le gairm chustaiméireachta a bheith ag leanúint nósanna imeachta agus gnáthamh. Is féidir leis na gairm seo oibriú le sonraí agus mionsonraí níos mó ná le smaointe. De ghnáth tá líne shoiléir údaráis le leanúint. - Taighdeach Is minic a bhíonn obair le smaointe i gceist le gairm taighdeach, agus éilíonn sé go leor smaointeoireachta. D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh baint ag na hoibreacha seo le fíricí a chuardach agus fadhbanna a réiteach go meabhrach. - Iontaofacht Éilíonn an post go mbeidh sé iontaofa, freagrach, agus iontaofa, agus go gcomhlíonfaidh sé oibleagáidí. - Cáilíocht Éilíonn an post go mbeidh tú macánta agus eiticiúil. - Féin-Rialú Éilíonn an post comhfhios a choinneáil, mothúcháin a choinneáil faoi smacht, fearg a rialú, agus iompar ionsaitheach a sheachaint, fiú i gcásanna an-deacair. - Fáilíocht le Strain Éilíonn an post glacadh le cáineadh agus déileáil go socair agus go héifeachtach le cásanna ardstrain. - Oiriúnaitheacht/Solúbthacht Éilíonn an post a bheith oscailte d'athrú (deimhneach nó diúltach) agus d'éagsúlacht shuntasach san ionad oibre. - Comhoibriú Éilíonn an post go mbeidh tú taitneamhach le daoine eile sa phost agus go mbeidh tú dea-chlaon, comhoibritheach. - Fógraíocht ar Mhínigh Éilíonn an post go mbeidh tú cúramach faoi mhionsonraí agus go mbeidh tú críochnúil i gcúraimí oibre a chur i gcrích. - Tionscnamh Éilíonn an post toilteanas freagrachtaí agus dúshláin a ghlacadh. - Treoir Éilíonn an post toilteanas chun ceannaireacht a dhéanamh, freagracht a ghlacadh, tuairimí agus treoir a thairiscint. - Cúram do dhaoine eile Éilíonn an post go mbeidh tú íogair do riachtanais agus mothúcháin daoine eile agus go mbeidh tú tuisceanach agus cabhrach sa phost. - Iarracht Éilíonn an post iarracht i bhfianaise constaicí. - Cumhacht/Iarracht Éilíonn an post spriocanna cumhacht dúshlánach pearsanta a bhunú agus a chothabháil agus iarracht a dhéanamh chun tascanna a mhaistreacht. - Smaointe Anailíseach Éilíonn an post anailís a dhéanamh ar fhaisnéis agus loighic a úsáid chun aghaidh a thabhairt ar shaincheisteanna agus ar fhadhbanna a bhaineann leis an obair. - Neamhspleáchas Éilíonn an post go bhforbrófar na bealaí féin chun rudaí a dhéanamh, go mbeidh tú féin ag treorú le beagán maoirseachta nó gan aon mhaoirseacht, agus go mbeidh tú ag brath ort féin chun rudaí a dhéanamh. - Nuálaíocht Éilíonn an post cruthaitheacht agus smaointeoireacht mhalartach chun smaointe nua a fhorbairt agus freagraí a fháil ar fhadhbanna a bhaineann le hobair. - Treoir shóisialta Éilíonn an post gur fearr le daoine eile a bheith ag obair ná le duine amháin, agus go bhfuil nasc pearsanta aige le daoine eile ar an obair. - Caidreamh Ceadaíonn gairmeacha a chomhlíonann an luach oibre seo d'fhostaithe seirbhís a sholáthar do dhaoine eile agus oibriú le comhghleacaithe i dtimpeallacht chairdiúil neamhiomaíoch. Is iad na riachtanais comhfhreagracha Comhoibrithe, Luachanna Mhorálta agus Seirbhís Shóisialta. - Cumhacht Tá gairmeacha a shásamh an luach oibre seo dírithe ar thorthaí agus a ligeann d'fhostaithe a gcumas is láidre a úsáid, rud a thugann mothú cumhacht dóibh. Is iad na riachtanais comhfhreagracha Úsáladh agus Cumhachtú Scileanna. - Neamhspleáchas Ceadaíonn gairmeacha a chomhlíonann an luach oibre seo d'fhostaithe oibriú ar a gcuid féin agus cinntí a dhéanamh. Is iad na riachtanais comhfhreagracha Cruthaitheacht, Freagracht agus Uathriail. Tuilleamh agus Treochtaí Fostaíochta Íocanna meánacha (2016) ar $ 57,560 in aghaidh na bliana ☐Fostaíocht (2014) ☐14000 fostaí ☐ ☐Fás réamh-mheasta (2014-2024) ☐Trí mhí ó dháta an fhógra a fháil Na tionscail is mó (2014) Foinse: Bairre Staidrimh Oibre 2016 sonraí pá agus réamhaisnéisí fostaíochta 2014-2024 . Is éard atá i 'fhás réamhachtaithe' an t-athrú measta ar fhostaíocht iomlán le linn na tréimhse réamhachtaithe (2014-2024). Is ionann "foilseacháin poist réamhmheasta" agus foilseacháin mar gheall ar fhás agus athsholú. Seachadadh poist ar an Idirlíon Foinsí Sonraí Breise Díothú: Tá foinsí liostaithe chun faisnéis bhreise a sholáthar faoi phoist, speisialtóirí agus/nó tionscail gaolmhara. Tá naisc le suíomhanna idirlín nach suíomhanna DOL iad ar fáil chun do shoghluaisteacht agus ní thacaíonn siad leo.

Last Updated: June 2001. Motion Induced Blindness (MIB) is a phenomenon of "visual disappearance" in which salient visual stimuli disappear as if erased in front of the observers eyes. This demo demonstrates several properties of the MIB. It is implemented as a set of GIF animation and can only be appreciated if the apparent motion appears smooth or almost smooth. In general, fixate in the center or lower part of the screen without moving the eyes, pay attention to the moving pattern and observe what happens to the static yellow dots. For better results, download an executable version of the demo, available for Linux x86 and Windows systems. The demo is best perceived in the dark. > Executable for Windows (405K) The downloadable demo is an executable (not an installation package) that implements the same parts listed above. It runs without reading or writing any files. The demo was tested on Windows 95/98 and Windows 2000, with 24 and 16 bit color (doesn't work with 256 colors). Note that on some systems, the title text in each page might look flickering, but this should not disrupt the effect. When running, use left/right mouse buttons to toggle between demo parts, up/down arrow keys to speed up/down the mask, and Escape to exit. The effect is best visible in the dark. Executable for x86 Linux (2.85MB) (use Shift-Select) The demo was tested on RedHat Linux 6.2 in true color (24 bit) mode, but should probably work in other modes and Linux x86 versions. For download, hold the shift key and select. After download, use chmod +x, to make it executable. When running, use mouse left/right buttons to toggle between demo parts and up/down arrow keys to speed up/down the mask. The effect is best visible in the dark.

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Nuashonrú deireanach: Meitheamh 2001. Is feiniméan é an dalltacht a spreagann gluaiseacht (MIB) de "díscaoileadh amhairc" ina n-imíonn spreagadh amhairc suntasach amhail is dá mba scriosadh é os comhair súile an bhreathnóir. Léiríonn an taispeántas seo roinnt airíonna an MIB. Cuirtear i bhfeidhm é mar shraith de bheochan GIF agus ní féidir meas a bheith air ach amháin má tá an gluaiseacht le feiceáil réidh nó beagnach réidh. Go ginearálta, bí ag díriú ar lár nó ar an gcuid is ísle den scáileán gan do shúile a bhogadh, tabhair aird ar an bpatrún gluaiseachta agus tabhair faoi deara cad a tharlaíonn do na poncanna buí statacha. Chun torthaí níos fearr a fháil, íoslódáil leagan in-ghníomhaithe den taispeántas, atá ar fáil do chórais Linux x86 agus Windows. Is fearr an taispeántas a fheiceáil sa dorchadas. > In-fheidhmithe do Windows (405K) Is é an taispeántas in-íoslódála in-imhiontar (ní pacáiste suiteála) a chuireann na codanna céanna atá liostaithe thuas i bhfeidhm. Ritheann sé gan aon chomhaid a léamh ná a scríobh. Rinneadh tástáil ar an taispeántas ar Windows 95/98 agus Windows 2000, le dath 24 agus 16 giotán (ní oibríonn sé le 256 dath). Tabhair faoi deara go bhféadfadh an téacs teideal i ngach leathanach a bheith ag titim ar roinnt córais, ach níor cheart go gcuirfeadh sé seo isteach ar an éifeacht. Agus tú ag rith, bain úsáid as cnaipí luch ar chlé/ar dheis chun bogadh idir codanna taispeána, eochair saigheada suas/as chun an masc a luasú/as a laghdú, agus Escape chun imeacht. Is fearr an éifeacht a fheiceáil sa dorchadas. In-fheidhmithe le haghaidh Linux x86 (2.85MB) (úsáid Shift-Select) Rinneadh tástáil ar an taispeántas ar RedHat Linux 6.2 i modh fíor-dath (24 bit), ach ba chóir go n-oibreoidh sé i modhanna eile agus leaganacha Linux x86. Chun íoslódáil, coinnigh an eochair shift agus roghnaigh. Tar éis í a íoslódáil, úsáid chmod + x, chun é a dhéanamh in-oibrí. Agus tú ag rith, bain úsáid as cnaipí na luch ar chlé/ar dheis chun bogadh idir codanna taispeána agus eochair saigheada suas/as chun an masc a luasú suas/as. Is fearr an éifeacht a fheiceáil sa dorchadas.

MyMelanoma seeks to provide topical information of a practical nature for melanoma patients and survivors. This part of the website (February 2021) is under construction What is melanoma? Melanoma is a cancer of the pigment cells: cells which make melanin which is responsible in part for skin colour and for protecting the skin from damage from the sun. Although all melanomas are cancers, most melanomas are removed early and are entirely cured by that surgery. Some countries use the term "malignant melanoma" but the word malignant means cancer and in the UK then "malignant" is thought unecessary and "melanoma" alone is used. There are different types of melanoma Melanomas most frequently grow on skin which is often or occasionally exposed to the sun. More rarely melanoma can develop in areas of the body which are not usually exposed to the sun. These body sites are:- These rare types of melanoma occur all over the world, in people of all skin colours and types. In any one country, the number of patients with these rare types of melanoma is small so that in order to make real progress in research we need to work together to make a difference. We hope that MyMelanoma will play a role here by recruiting more patients to the study than is possible within any single area of the country. To read more on why melanomas grow, click the link on the MyMelanoma Information Home Page. To sign up to be part of MyMelanoma visit http://mymelanomastudy.org but if you have any further questions related to fund raising for us then please fill out the form. One of our team will be in touch as soon as possible.

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Tá MyMelanoma ag iarraidh faisnéis thráthúil de chineál praiticiúil a sholáthar do othair agus do dhaoine a chaill an melanoma. Tá an chuid seo den láithreán gréasáin (Feabhra 2021) faoi thriail Cad é meilánóim? Is ailse é meilanóim na gcealla pigment: cealla a dhéanann melanin atá freagrach go páirteach as dath an chraiceann agus as an gcraiceann a chosaint ar damáiste ón ngrian. Cé gur ailseacha iad na melanomas go léir, baintear an chuid is mó de na melanomas amach go luath agus leigheastar go hiomlán iad leis an máinliacht sin. I roinnt tíortha úsáidtear an téarma "melanoma drochghnéasach" ach ciallaíonn an focal drochghnéasach ailse agus sa RA, ansin meastar nach bhfuil "olcghnéasach" riachtanach agus úsáidtear "melanoma" ina n-aonar. Tá cineálacha éagsúla meilánóim ann Is minic a fhásann meilanóimí ar chraiceann a bhíonn nochtaithe go minic nó go sealadach don ghrian. Níos annamh, d'fhéadfadh meilanóim a fhorbairt i gceantair den chorp nach mbíonn nochtaithe don ghrian de ghnáth. Is iad na háiteanna seo ar an gcorp:- Tagann na cineálacha neamhchoitianta seo de mheilánóim ar fud an domhain, i ndaoine de gach dath agus cineál craicinn. I ngach tír amháin, tá líon na n-othair a bhfuil na cineálacha neamhchoitianta seo de mheilánóim acu beag, agus mar sin chun dul chun cinn a dhéanamh i dtaighde ní mór dúinn oibriú le chéile chun difríocht a dhéanamh. Tá súil againn go mbeidh ról ag MyMelanoma anseo trí níos mó othair a earcú don staidéar ná mar is féidir laistigh de aon limistéar amháin sa tír. Chun tuilleadh a léamh faoi cén fáth a fhásann melanomas, cliceáil ar an nasc ar an leathanach baile MyMelanoma Information. Chun clárú le bheith mar chuid de MyMelanoma tabhair cuairt ar http://mymelanomastudy.org ach má tá aon cheist eile agat a bhaineann le cistí a bhailiú dúinn, déan an fhoirm a chomhlánú. Beidh duine dár bhfoireann i dteagmháil chomh luath agus is féidir.

More about Carnation The birth flower for January is the Carnation. This pretty flower is believed to have originated in the 'Mediterranean region' and has been cultivated since the last 2000 years. This beautiful looking flower is widely produced in Colombia. Origin of Name: The scientific name for the Carnation is 'Dianthus Caryophyllus'. The name 'Carnation' is believed to have come from its use in making the traditional Greek ceremonial crowns. Some people believe, the name also has Latin roots as the word 'caro' in Latin refers to the natural color of the flower and also relates to incarnito (incarnation) of flesh. The Carnation symbolizes strong and soothing characteristics such as love, beauty, fascination and distinction. The Carnation also denotes bravery and friendship. Different colored Carnations stand as symbols for different meanings. A light red Carnation represents respect and adoration, while a dark red Carnation shows true love and affection. White Carnations stand for good luck and a purple Carnation symbolizes unusualness. The people with Carnation birth flower are believed to be very ambitious and dedicated to accomplish big things in life. They are very protective towards their family and friends. They are loyal friends and are always ready to help others. January born people have a sensitive nature. Significance During Events & Holidays: The Carnation is often sported on special occasions such as weddings. On Saint Patrick's day a green Carnation is worn and on May day, a red Carnation is usually worn. On Mother's day, a red Carnation is worn to show love and respect for a living mother and a white carnation is worn in memory of a deceased mother. - Carnation is the national flower of Spain. - It is the state flower of Ohio. - In France, the Carnation symbolises bad luck and tragedy and is often carried to funerals.

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Tuilleadh faoi Carnation Is é an bláth breithe i mí Eanáir an Carnation. Creidtear gur tháinig an bláth álainn seo ón 'réigiún na Meánmhara' agus tá sé á chothú le 2000 bliain anuas. Tá an bláth álainn seo a tháirgtear go forleathan sa Cholóim. Fonn an Ainm: Is é 'Dianthus Caryophyllus' an t-ainm eolaíoch ar an Carnation. Creidtear gur tháinig an t-ainm 'Carnation' as a úsáid chun na coróin searmanais traidisiúnta Gréagacha a dhéanamh. Creideann daoine áirithe go bhfuil fréamhacha Laidineacha ag an ainm freisin mar go dtagraíonn an focal 'caro' sa Laidineach do dath nádúrtha an bhláth agus go mbaineann sé freisin le incarnito (incarnation) feola. Is siombail é an Carnation de shaintréithe láidre agus suaimhneacha mar ghrá, áilleacht, fascination agus idirdhealú. Léiríonn an Carnation freisin misneach agus cairdeas. Seasann Carnations datha éagsúla mar shiombailí le haghaidh bríonna éagsúla. Léiríonn Clóbhuail bán éadrom meas agus adhradh, agus léiríonn Clóbhuail dorcha dearg fíor-ghrá agus grámhar. Is éard atá i gceist le Cnáibí Bán ná dea-ádh agus siombailíonn Cnáibí purpúr neamhghnáchas. Creidtear go bhfuil na daoine a bhfuil bláth breith Carnation an-uaillmhianach agus tiomanta do rudaí móra a bhaint amach sa saol. Tá siad an-chosainíoch i leith a dteaghlaigh agus a gcairde. Is cairde dílis iad agus tá siad réidh i gcónaí chun cabhrú le daoine eile. Tá nádúr íogair ag daoine a rugadh i mí Eanáir. Tuairimí agus Seachtainí: Is minic a bhíonn an Carnation ag ócáidí speisialta mar phóstaí. Ar lá Naomh Pádraig déantar Cnáibhiú glas a chaitheamh agus ar Lá na Bealtaine, déantar Cnáibhiú dearg a chaitheamh de ghnáth. Ar lá na Máthar, déantar Carnán dearg a chaitheamh chun grá agus meas a thaispeáint do mháthair atá beo agus déantar carnán bán a chaitheamh i gcuimhne ar mháthair atá imithe. - Is é an cnaip an bláth náisiúnta na Spáinne. - Is é an bláth stáit Ohio. - Sa Fhrainc, siombailíonn an Carnation droch-ádh agus tragóid agus is minic a iompraítear é chuig adhlactha.

What National Curriculum levels mean Precise descriptions of what children need to be able to do to achieve these levels are widely available elsewhere online. Broadly speaking, however: - Six to nine points in all areas at the end of Reception mean that a child is settled in well and is learning to learn in school. They are able to socialise, work together and have begun to master the beginning ideas of reading, writing and maths. - Level 2B in reading at the end of Year 2 shows that children are able to read. They can recognise or work out most words and they are beginning to make meaning as they read. In writing, they are able to write short stories (between half a page and a page of A4) and information texts. Most of the words they use will either be correctly spelled or will be recognisable. They will be able to use different kinds of sentences. In maths, they can add and subtract up to about 100 and are beginning to understand about multiplication and division. - Level 4, at the end of primary school, indicates that a child is ready for secondary school. They will be able to read their text books and understand what they say. The children will be able to write longer stories and information texts, using a variety of interesting words and sentence types, so should be able to write whatever is asked of them in Year 7 at secondary school. In maths, they are confident about all the the basic things, such as adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing, and are now ready for the more advanced maths in secondary school.

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Cad a chiallaíonn leibhéil Churaclaim Náisiúnta Tá tuairiscí beoga ar na rudaí a chaithfidh leanaí a bheith in ann a dhéanamh chun na leibhéil seo a bhaint amach ar fáil go forleathan in áiteanna eile ar líne. Go ginearálta, áfach: - Ciallaíonn sé go bhfuil an leanbh socraithe go maith agus go bhfuil sé ag foghlaim foghlaim sa scoil. Tá siad in ann a bheith sóisialta, a bheith ag obair le chéile agus tá siad ag tosú ag maireachtáil ar na smaointe tosaigh a bhaineann le léamh, scríobh agus matamaitic. - Léiríonn leibhéal 2B i léitheoireacht ag deireadh Bhliain 2 go bhfuil leanaí in ann léamh. Is féidir leo an chuid is mó de na focail a aithint nó a oibriú amach agus tá siad ag tosú a dhéanamh ciall mar a léann siad. I scríbhinn, is féidir leo scéalta gearr (idir leath leathanach agus leathanach A4) agus téacsanna faisnéise a scríobh. Beidh an chuid is mó de na focail a úsáideann siad i gceart nó in aithint. Beidh siad in ann cineálacha éagsúla abairtí a úsáid. I mhatamaitic, is féidir leo a chur le chéile agus a bhaint suas le thart ar 100 agus tá siad ag tosú a thuiscint faoi iolrú agus roinnte. - Léiríonn leibhéal 4, ag deireadh na bunscoile, go bhfuil an leanbh réidh le haghaidh na scoile meánscoile. Beidh siad in ann a gcuid leabhar teagaisc a léamh agus a thuiscint cad a deir siad. Beidh na páistí in ann scéalta níos faide agus téacsanna faisnéise a scríobh, ag baint úsáide as éagsúlacht focal agus cineálacha abairt suimiúla, agus mar sin ba cheart go mbeadh siad in ann aon rud a iarrtar orthu a scríobh sa 7ú bliain sa mheánscoil. I matamaitic, tá siad muiníneach faoi na rudaí bunúsacha go léir, mar shampla cur, aistarraingt, iolrú agus roinn, agus tá siad réidh anois le haghaidh matamaitic níos airde sa scoil mheánmhara.

Grapat Spools Coloured (set of 36) - Hurry! Only - 1 left This Grapat set of 36 wooden spools in rainbow colours allows for the development of a logical-mathematical and motor skills. These spools can be stacked, rolled, threaded or make them spin! Additionally, they can be used to develop the child’s logical skills by classifying, grouping and matching spools through colours and shapes. This set is a versatile element of loose parts play, which allows for it to be used in a broad number of ways contributing to creative and imaginative thinking. Contains 36 rolls of 3 different types in rainbow colours. Recommended age +12 months. Includes a cloth bag. Joguines Grapat is a small, family-run workshop producing natural wooden toys near the base of the Pyrenees mountains in Catalonia, Spain. Casiana and Jordi (the founders of Grapat) drawing on ideas from Waldorf and Montessori pedagogies, and the natural world around them, believe that play is a sacred moment, that simply made toys without instruction encourage children to explore and discover each in their own unique way. Made with love using mostly beech and birch wood sourced locally from sustainable forests, all Grapat Toys are finished with water-based, non-toxic dyes and vegetable oils, and come beautifully presented in sustainable eco-friendly packaging.

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Rollaí Grapat Daite (suíomh de 36) - Hurry! - Tá mé ag dul! Níl ach - 1 fágtha Ligeann an tacar seo de 36 spól adhmaid i ngnéithe rainbow forbairt scileanna loighciúla-mathamaiticiúla agus mótair. Is féidir na spoils seo a stacked, rolladh, threaded nó a dhéanamh iad a rothlú! Ina theannta sin, is féidir iad a úsáid chun scileanna loighciúla an linbh a fhorbairt trí rollaí a aicmiú, a ghrúpaíocht agus a chomhoiriúnú trí dathanna agus cruthanna. Is gné ilchineálach de chluiche páirteanna scaoilte é an tacar seo, rud a ligeann dó a úsáid ar bhealaí éagsúla a chuireann le smaointeoireacht chruthaitheach agus samhlaitheach. Tá 36 rolla de 3 chineál éagsúla i dathanna rainbow. Aois mholta + 12 mhí. Cuimsíonn sé mála éadaigh. Is ceardlann beag teaghlaigh é Joguines Grapat a tháirgeann bréagáin adhmaid nádúrtha in aice le bun na sléibhte Pyrenees i gcatalún, an Spáinn. Casiana agus Jordi (fhiontraithe Grapat) ag tarraingt ar smaointe ó oideachas Waldorf agus Montessori, agus an domhan nádúrtha timpeall orthu, creideann siad gur nóiméad naofa é an cluiche, go gcuireann bréagáin a dhéantar gan oideas iallach ar leanaí iniúchadh a dhéanamh agus gach ceann a fháil amach ar a mbealach uathúil féin. Déanta le grá ag baint úsáide as adhmad beac agus birch den chuid is mó a fhaightear go háitiúil ó fhoraoisí inbhuanaithe, déantar gach Toys Grapat a chríochnú le dathanna uiscebhunaithe, neamh-tocsaineacha agus olaí glasraí, agus cuirtear i láthair go hálainn iad i bpacáistiú inbhuanaithe atá cairdiúil don chomhshaol.

The thematic studies on Children’s Rights and the Right of Public Access in Sweden are parts of our Erasmus+ Project e-ARTinED, where we are building: A web based course for teachers on how to use Art in Education, considering Social Inclusion as well as Critical Thinking and with a special focus on Art in Nature. The work, from Sept. 2015 to March 2017, covers Output 2 Training, where Viksjöforsbaletten has been the leading partner.We have chosen this part of our project, a full day with 7 stations on the topic, as one of our Best Practices. Look at the 9 short movies below and learn more in the Teachers Guide: - ELISABETH’S INTRODUCTION SPEACH (4:56 min.). 2. A THEORY LESSON ABOT THE RIGHTS OF OUTDOOR ACCESS (3:56 min.). 3. WASTE SORTING IN PRACICE (3:45 min) 4. PERFORMING CHILDREN’S RIGHT AT DANCE FORUM 2016 (4:45 min.). 5. WE ALL HAVE DIFFERENT CONDITIONS IN LIFE. This is a trailer from a drama lesson where we deal with inequality. (1 minute). 6. WE HAD A GUEST WHO TRAINED US N THE LANGUAGE FOR EVERYONE; Emil Skoogh, who’s grandparents live in Viksjofors and who’s mother attended Viksjofors school many years ago (2 min.). 7. AT ONE STATION WE LEARNED ABOUT THE CONVENTION ON CHILDREN’S RIGHTS. Wictoria had found a very good and free application. The lesson ended with a discussion about the rights and also an evaluation of the day (1 min.). 8. WHEN THE CHILDREN HAD SEEN THE APPLICATION WICTORIA STARTED A CLASSROOM DISCUSSION (>2 min.). 9. AT THE END OF THE DAY (2:47 min,). 10. UN Day 2017 CHILDREN’S RIGHTS, in Book Creator; English lessons grade 4 and 5. (5:04 min) Back to Thematic Work - STONE AGE - ANIMATING LITERATURE - OUTDOOR DAY - ART IN NATURE - IRON AGE - DANCE FESTIVAL - LOCAL HEALTH WEEK Se även Facebookgruppen E-ARTINED - LITERATURE & STORYTELLING/LITTERATUR & DRAMA - NEW MEDIA ARTS/FILM & IT - VISUAL ARTS/KONST - English/Foreign Language/Engelska - Native Language/Swedish/Svenska - Social Science/SO - Thematic Work/Temaarbeten - Visual Arts/Bild The project Erasmus+ ID KA201-01226718 has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

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Tá na staidéir théamacha ar Chearta na mBliana agus an Ceart Rochtain Phoiblí sa tSualainn ina gcuid dár dTionscadal Erasmus+ e-ARTinED, áit a bhfuil muid ag tógáil: Cúrsa ar líne do mhúinteoirí maidir le conas Ealaín a úsáid san Oideachas, ag cur san áireamh Cuimsiú Sóisialta chomh maith le Smaointeacht Chríciúil agus le fócas speisialta ar Ealaín sa Dúlra. Baineann an obair, ó Mheán Fómhair 2015 go Márta 2017, le Oiliúint aschur 2, áit a raibh Viksjöforsbaletten mar phríomhpháirtí. Roghnaigh muid an chuid seo dár dtionscadal, lá iomlán le 7 stáisiún ar an ábhar, mar cheann dár gcleachtas is fearr. Féach ar na 9 scannán gearr thíos agus foghlaim níos mó sa Chaibidil do Mhúinteoirí: - TALÁN TÚSLACHTA ELISABETH (4:56 min. nó níos mó) ) 2. Seachadadh. A THÉARAS TEORICHE IARNAÍONNA IARNAÍONNA IARNAÍONNA (3:56 mi. nó níos lú) ) 3. Tá an t-am ann. SORTÁILÍONTAÍ MÁIL IN AIR (3:45 nóiméad) 4. Tá an t-am DÁNASCÁIL LE GHAILLEÁIN DÁNSAIR 2016 (4:45 min. nó níos lú) ) 5. Tá an t-am ann. Tá coinníollacha éagsúla againn go léir sa saol. Is treiler é seo ó chúrsa drámaíochta ina ndéileálann muid le neamhionannas. (m1 nóiméad). 6. Ceacht. Bhí ÓSTAIR A D'OILGÍOMH AN BHÍL I NÍOS GACH; Emil Skoogh, a bhfuil a sheantuismitheoirí ina gcónaí i Viksjofors agus a raibh a mháthair ag freastal ar scoil Viksjofors blianta fada ó shin (2 min. ) 7. Ceacht. I SAÍN DE CHÚCHTA D'fhoghlaim muid faoi CHOMHANTAS NA GCHÍCH LEIGHE. Fuair Wictoria iarratas an-mhaith agus saor in aisce. Chríochnaigh an ceacht le plé ar na cearta agus le meastóireacht ar an lá (1 min. ) 8. Ceacht. Nuair a Chonaic na Leanaí an t-iarratas THOIRGHEAR WICTORIA CÓRCHÚLACHT sa seomra ranga (> 2 min. ) 9. Naoi. Ag deireadh an lae (2:47 min,). 10. Tá sé seo fíor? Lá na Náisiún Aontaithe 2017 CEARNACH LEISIN, in Book Creator; ranganna Béarla grád 4 agus 5. (5:04 nóiméad) Ar ais go hOibre Téamacha - AGUS CLAITHE - Litríocht Áineálach - Lá lasmuigh - EALAÍN IN NATHURE - OÉIR IRON - Féile DANCE - SEIMION Sláinte Áitiúil Féach freisin Facebookgruppen E-ARTINED - Litríocht & Scéal/LITríocht & Drámaíocht - NEW MEDIA ARTS/FILM & IT - Ealaíon amhairc/Ealaíon - Béarla/Teanga Eachtrach/Engelska - Teanga Dúchais/Suainis/Svenska - Eolaíocht Shóisialta/SO - Oibreacha Téamacha/Temaarbeten - Ealaíon Amhairc/Cruth Tá an tionscadal Erasmus+ ID KA201-01226718 maoinithe le tacaíocht ón gCoimisiún Eorpach. Ní léiríonn an foilseachán seo ach tuairimí an údair, agus ní féidir an Coimisiún a chur faoi dhliteanas as aon úsáid a d'fhéadfadh a bheith déanta ar an bhfaisnéis atá ann.

While the United States has only recently made tentative efforts to engage with Myanmar, India has, controversially, had decent relations with the country's government for quite some time. Human rights activists criticized Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's meeting with Than Shwe in 2012, calling it "unbecoming" for a democracy to welcome the Burmese military ruler. At a time when relations are being renewed between Myanmar and the West, there's been a flurry of recent activity along India's 1,019-mile northeastern border with the country. The seven states of northeastern India are currently at their lowest period of insurgent violence in decades, and the shift in relations with their neighbor across the border could have enormous socio-economic implications for India, China and Southeast Asia. On Feb. 22, India's foreign minister met with Myanmar's construction minister in New Delhi to speak about expanding both aviation and highway transportation between the two countries. The bridge in question would pass through the Naga region, inhabited by the tribal Naga people in the hilly district of Tamenglong in Manipur. For months, the United Naga Council -- an organization based in northeastern India -- had resisted such developments. According to Samrat of the New York Times, several old routes cross the border between northeastern India and Myanmar. Some, like the World War II Stilwell Road, built under the U.S. Gen. Joseph W. Stilwell, had become "ghost roads," used mainly by Naga and Kachin insurgents to transport weapons and drugs, chiefly poppies to make and smuggle heroin across the border. But these roads have gradually returned to relatively law-abiding uses. Nonetheless, Indian officials claim Burmese authorities do not actively work to curb the flow of drugs and weapons into India. In 1991, India's central government implemented a ‘‘Look East Policy'' to forge closer ties with the country's eastern neighbors. Critics say that Indian officials have made little attempt to put the policy into practice, but now the government is clearly looking to pick up the pace. During its many years of self-imposed isolation, Myanmar's only major economic partner was China, giving Beijing a strategic advantage in a nation that borders five countries.

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Cé nach bhfuil na Stáit Aontaithe ach le déanaí tar éis iarrachtaí sealadacha a dhéanamh chun dul i ngleic le Myanmar, tá caidreamh deas ag an India, go conspóideach, le rialtas na tíre le tamall maith. Rinne gníomhaithe cearta daonna cáineadh ar chruinniú Príomh-Aire na hIndia Manmohan Singh le Than Shwe i 2012, ag rá go raibh sé "neamh-inmhianaithe" do dhaonlathas fáilte a chur roimh riail mhíleata na mBirmí. Ag am nuair a athnuachan caidrimh idir Myanmar agus an Iarthar, bhí flurry gníomhaíochta le déanaí feadh Indiach 1,019 míle teorann ó thuaidh leis an tír. Tá na seacht stát san oirthear thuaidh na hIndia faoi láthair ag an tréimhse is ísle de fhoréigean insurgent le blianta fada, agus d'fhéadfadh impleachtaí sóisia-eacnamaíocha ollmhóra a bheith ag an athrú i gcaidrimh lena gcomharsa ar fud na teorann don India, don tSín agus don Oirdheisceart na hÁise. Ar 22 Feabhra, bhuail Aire Eachtrach na hIndia le Aire Tógtha Mhianmar i Nua-Dhéilí chun labhairt faoi leathnú iompair eitlíochta agus bóthair mhór idir an dá thír. Ba cheart go rachadh an droichead i gceist tríd an réigiún Naga, ina bhfuil daoine tribal Naga i gceantar cnocúil Tamenglong i Manipur. Le míonna, bhí an Chomhairle Naga Aontaithe -- eagraíocht atá lonnaithe in oirthear na hIndia -- ag cur in aghaidh forbairtí den sórt sin. De réir Samrat den New York Times, tá roinnt seanbhealaí ag trasnú na teorann idir an Indiach ó thuaidh agus Myanmar. Bhí cuid acu, cosúil le bóthar Stilwell an Dara Cogadh Domhanda, a tógadh faoi cheannas Ghinéal na Stát Aontaithe Joseph W. Stilwell, ina "bóithre taibhse", a d'úsáid ceannairí Naga agus Kachin go príomha chun airm agus drugaí a iompar, go príomha poppies chun heiréin a dhéanamh agus a smughlú thar an teorainn. Ach tá na bóithre seo tar éis filleadh go mall ar úsáidí atá measartha le dlí. Mar sin féin, déanann oifigigh Indiacha a éileamh nach n-oibríonn údaráis na mBirmé go gníomhach chun srian a chur ar shreabhadh drugaí agus airm isteach san India. Sa bhliain 1991, chuir rialtas lárnach na hIndia "Beartas Breathnaigh don Oirthear" i bhfeidhm chun dlúthchaidreamh a chruthú le comharsana an domhain. Deir na criticeoirí nach ndearna oifigigh Indiacha mórán iarracht an beartas a chur i ngníomh, ach anois tá sé soiléir go bhfuil an rialtas ag iarraidh an luas a fháil. Le linn na mblianta fada de leithcheangal féin-ordaithe, ba í an tSín an t-aon chomhpháirtí eacnamaíoch mór a bhí ag Mhianmair, rud a thug buntáiste straitéiseach do Bheigín i náisiún a bhfuil teorainn aige le cúig thír.

In many respects, Mars is but a shell of its former self. About 3-4 billion years ago, it boasted a hot climate that could sustain an active hydrological cycle. There were heavy rains, rivers of flowing waters, even vast oceans. All of these require a thick atmosphere. Today, however, the atmosphere is roughly 100 times less dense than Earth’s, and the Red Planet is still continuously losing gas — expending about 100 grams of its atmosphere into outer space every second. Solar wind is regarded as an important factor that can explain this atmospheric loss. However, a grad student at Luleå University of Technology, Sweden, has come to results that say otherwise. According to Robin Ramstad, who studied for his Master of Science degree in Engineering Physics at the university, Mars’ atmosphere is adequately protected from the effects of solar wind despite lacking an Earth-like magnetic dipole. Here on Earth, the motion of molten iron alloys in the planet’s outer core acts like a geodynamo which generates a massive magnetic field. Scientists call our planet’s magnetic field the magnetosphere. It extends for several tens of thousands of kilometers into space, well above the atmosphere, sheltering the planet from the charged particles of solar winds and cosmic rays that would otherwise strip away the upper atmosphere, including the ozone layer that protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation. Earth isn’t unique in this respect. Jupiter has masses of liquid metallic hydrogen in its outer mantle, creating the largest planetary magnetic field in the solar system. Uranus generates a global magnetosphere closer to the surface, which leads to some very strange quadrupole field effects — rather than just a north and a south, there are another two poles lurking in a quadrupole field. Mars also used to have a magnetic field but lost it half a billion years after its formation. Solar wind is a stream of charged particles released from the upper atmosphere of the Sun. First described as a phenomenon in 1859, it has been observed only in the 1960s. According to one mainstream theory, it’s also responsible for the erosion of the early Martian atmosphere, which caused the greenhouse effect to collapse on the planet. At the same time, solar wind interacts with the ionized upper atmosphere, called the ionosphere, and induces a magnetosphere. “It has long been thought that this induced magnetosphere is insufficient to protect the Martian atmosphere,” says Robin Ramstad. “However our measurements show something different.” Ramstad studied data beamed back to Earth by the Mars Express orbiter. The spacecraft has an ion mass analyzer mounted that measured ion escape from Mars since 2004. The researcher combined and compared measurements of the ion escape under varying solar wind conditions and levels of ionizing solar radiation. His results suggest that solar wind has an effect on the ion escape rate, but it’s rather negligible. Instead, the ion escape rate is more dependent on EUV (extreme ultraviolet) radiation which has a large effect on the total amount of escaped atmosphere. “Despite stronger solar wind and EUV-radiation levels under the early Sun, ion escape can not explain more than 0.006 bar of atmospheric pressure lost over the course of 3.9 billion years,” said Ramstad in a statement. “Even our upper estimate, 0.01 bar, is an insignificant amount in comparison to the atmosphere required to maintain a sufficiently strong greenhouse effect, about 1 bar or more according to climate models.” According to Ramstad, what solar wind mainly does is it accelerates particles that are already escaping the planet’s gravity. It does not, however, increase the ion escape rate. If Ramstad is indeed correct the question of where all of Mars’ water has gone will be put back into the scientific limelight.

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I go leor gnéithe, Mars ach craiceann a shean féin. Beagnach 3-4 billiún bliain ó shin, bhí aeráid te ann a d'fhéadfadh timthriall hiodrálach gníomhach a chothú. Bhí báistí trom, aibhneacha d'uisce a bhí ag sreabhadh, fiú aigéin fhairsing. Éilíonn an t-atmaisféar tiubh iad seo go léir. Sa lá atá inniu ann, áfach, tá an t-atmaisféar thart ar 100 uair níos lú tiubh ná an Domhan, agus tá an Pláinéid Rua fós ag cailliúint gáis go leanúnach - ag caitheamh thart ar 100 gram dá atmaisféar isteach sa spás eachtrach gach soicind. Meastar go bhfuil an ghaoth gréine ina fhachtóir tábhachtach a d'fhéadfadh an caillteanas atmaisféarach seo a mhíniú. Mar sin féin, tá torthaí a fuair mac léinn céimí in Ollscoil Teicneolaíochta Luleå, an tSualainn, a deir go bhfuil sé ar shlí eile. De réir Robin Ramstad, a rinne staidéar ar a chéim Máistreachta Eolaíochta i bPhysics Innealtóireachta san ollscoil, tá atmaisféar Mars cosanta go leor ó éifeachtaí gaoithe gréine in ainneoin nach bhfuil dipól maighnéadach cosúil leis an Domhan aige. Anseo ar an Domhan, gníomhú an ghluaiseacht de alloys iarann leáite i gcroílár seachtrach an phláinéid cosúil le geodynamo a ghineann réimse maighnéadach ollmhór. Glaonn eolaithe magnetic field ár bplainéad an magnetosphere. Tá sé leathnaithe ar feadh roinnt deich míle ciliméadar isteach sa spás, i bhfad os cionn an atmaisféir, ag cosaint an phláinéid ó na cáithníní luchtaithe de ghaoithe gréine agus de ghéar gaoth cósmic a d'fhéadfadh an t-atmaisféar uachtarach a bhaint as, lena n-áirítear an ciseal ózóin a chosnaíonn an Domhan ó radaíocht iar-Violet díobhálach. Níl an Domhan uathúil sa mhéid seo. Tá mais hidrigine miotalach leachtach ag Iúpatar ina chathaoir seachtrach, ag cruthú an réimse maighnéadach pláinéadach is mó sa chóras gréine. Gineann Úráin magnetosphere domhanda níos gaire don dromchla, rud a fhágann go bhfuil roinnt éifeachtaí ceathrú póla an-aisteach seachas díreach ó thuaidh agus ó dheas, tá dhá póil eile ag cuairteáil i réimse ceathrú póla. Bhí réimse maighnéadach ag Mars freisin ach chaill sé leath billiún bliain tar éis a fhoirmiú. Is sruth de pharaillí muirear a scaoiltear ó atmaisféar uachtarach an Ghrian é gaoth gréine. Déantar cur síos ar an bhfeiniméan den chéad uair i 1859, agus ní fhaightear é ach sna 1960idí. De réir teoiric phríomhshrutha amháin, tá sé freagrach freisin as creimeadh na n-atmaisféar Martian luath, a chuir leis an éifeacht cheaptha teasa titim ar an bpláinéad. Ag an am céanna, idirghníomhaíonn gaoth na gréine leis an atmaisféar uachtarach ionized, ar a dtugtar an ionosphere, agus spreagann sé maighnéadshféar. "Tá sé meastar le fada nach leor an maighnéatásféar indúchta seo chun atmaisféar na Mars a chosaint", a deir Robin Ramstad. Ar an gcaoi chéanna, léiríonn ár tomhais rud éigin difriúil. Rinne Ramstad staidéar ar shonraí a bhí curtha ar ais chuig an Domhan ag an orbiter Mars Express. Tá anailísóir mais iain suite ar an spásárthach a thomhas scaoileadh iain ó Mars ó 2004. Rinne an taighdeoir tomhais ar an scaoileadh iain a chomhcheangal agus a chur i gcomparáid faoi choinníollacha gaoithe gréine éagsúla agus leibhéil radaíochta ionizing gréine. Tugann a thorthaí le fios go bhfuil éifeacht ag gaoth na gréine ar ráta éalaithe na n-ion, ach tá sé beagáinín neamhriachtanach. Ina áit sin, tá ráta teipeanna ion níos mó ag brath ar radaíocht EUV (ultraivialait mhór) a bhfuil tionchar mór aige ar an méid iomlán d'atmaisféar a d'éirigh. "In ainneoin go raibh gaoth gréine níos láidre agus leibhéil radaíochta EUV faoin Ghrian luath, ní féidir le scaoileadh ian níos mó ná 0.006 barra brú atmaisféarach a chailltear le linn 3.9 billiún bliain a mhíniú", a dúirt Ramstad i ráiteas. Fiú amháin ár meastachán uachtarach, 0.01 bar, is méid neamhshuntasach é i gcomparáid leis an atmaisféar a theastaíonn chun éifeacht cheaptha teasa láidir go leor a choinneáil, thart ar 1 bar nó níos mó de réir samhlacha aeráide. De réir Ramstad, is é an rud a dhéanann gaoth gréine go príomha ná go gcuireann sé luathaíocht ar pharaiméadair atá ag éalú ó mheáchain na pláinéad cheana féin. Ní mhéadaíonn sé, áfach, ráta éalaithe na n-ion. Má tá Ramstad ceart i ndáiríre beidh an cheist ar an áit a bhfuil gach uisce Mars imithe a chur ar ais i solais eolaíochta.

Our final session took place together as a real visit – in a welcoming sunlit classroom and a now familiar school yard! It was a natural development for us to investigate how we could use the resource of the sun to explore some more ideas. The sun shone mostly in Crossmaglen that day and we had a wonderful time together. First of all we reminisced over our project and offered up some favourite moments during a circle time gathering. Its been quite a journey… from hand writing to giant loops.. to gravity, movement, space, outer space and back to earth in our classroom, happy to share the morning in each other’s company. This day we focused on LIGHT and spent a few moments discussing how the children were able to see me appear on their Interactive whiteboard for our online sessions – by the use of light ‘projecting’ the image from the data projector. We discussed the fact that the whiteboard light was strong, but the sunlight was stronger… we tested the whiteboard to see if we could still see a clear image when the blinds were all pulled up…. the classroom was drenched in sunlight making the images very difficult to see. How does the sunlight get into the classroom? We pulled the blinds back down and looked for how the sun got in….. Soon we began SHADOW HUNTING… we looked for strange shadow shapes…. Mrs Hughes soon began to fire the children’s excitement about going out into the yard to ‘track’ our shadows and a discussion ensued about how time could be tracked using our shadows like a sundial. We decided to record our shadows position over the whole morning, by drawing round each other’s shapes every hour with chalk. Back in the classroom I introduced two objects called lightboxes, first of all explaining to the children that artists would use these objects to view photographic slides… I invite the children to think about how we could create images using light and black sugar paper…. “make a hole and let the light pass through” they said! The children were each given a dressmaking pin and what happened next was lovely to observe… They patiently and carefully made tiny holes, developing their shapes and creating some wonderful drawings… When we put the black sugar paper on the light box… look at the magical effects! One very amazing thing that Eileen the classroom assistant discovered, was that when pin holes were made in one side of the paper, it caused a raised surface on the back of the page.. Mrs Hughes invited one child to show me their shape made by pin holes, but not by shining light through – I had to guess the shape by touch. I passed my fingers over the raised surface to try to feel the shape… Those who are visually impaired use this technique to read braille – shapes and letters made by raised surfaces on paper. Meanwhile we still had to remember to track our shadows from time to time….

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Bhí ár seisiún deiridh le chéile mar chuairte fíor i seomra ranga fáilte a bhí solus agus i gcúlchóir na scoile a bhí ar eolas againn anois! Bhí sé ina fhorbairt nádúrtha dúinn a fhiosrú conas a d'fhéadfaimis úsáid a bhaint as an acmhainn an ghrian chun roinnt smaointe níos mó a iniúchadh. Bhí an ghrian ag solas den chuid is mó i Crossmaglen an lá sin agus bhí am iontach againn le chéile. Ar dtús, chuimhnigh muid ar ár dtionscadal agus thugamar roinnt de na haimsireanna is fearr linn le linn chruinniú am ciorclach. Bhí sé ina thuras go leor... ó lámhscríobh go lúb ollmhór... go mearthanas, gluaiseacht, spás, spás seachtrach agus ar ais go dtí an talamh inár seomra ranga, sásta an mhaidin a roinnt i gcuideachta a chéile. Sa lá seo dírigh muid ar an SOILIGH agus chaith muid cúpla nóiméad ag plé conas a bhí na páistí in ann mé a fheiceáil ag teacht ar a mbord bán idirghníomhach le haghaidh ár seisiúin ar líne trí úsáid a bhaint as solas ag tionscadal an íomhá ón tionscóir sonraí. Phléamar an fhíric go raibh solas an bhlaosc bán láidir, ach go raibh solas na gréine níos láidre... rinneamar tástáil ar an mblaosc bán chun a fheiceáil an bhféadfaimis íomhá soiléir a fheiceáil nuair a bhí na dalls go léir tarraingthe suas.... Bhí an seomra ranga drenched i solas na gréine a dhéanamh ar na híomhánna an-deacair a fheiceáil. Conas a théann solas na gréine isteach sa seomra ranga? Tharraing muid na blinds ar ais síos agus d'fhéach muid ar conas a fuair an ghrian isteach ... Go luath thosaigh muid ag CÁITHEAN SÍOL... d'fhéachamar ar fhoirmeacha scáth aisteach.... Thosaigh Mrs Hughes go luath ag lasadh an spreagadh a bhí ag na páistí maidir le dul amach sa chúlchúrsa chun ár scáthanna a "leanadh" agus tháinig plé ar conas an t-am a rianú ag baint úsáide as ár scáthanna mar chonair ghrian. Chinn muid a thaifeadadh ár suíomh scáthanna thar an maidin ar fad, ag tarraingt ar fud gach ceann eile 's cruthanna gach uair an chloig le criostail. Ar ais sa seomra ranga, chuir mé dhá rud ar a dtugtar boscaí solais i láthair, ag míniú ar dtús do na páistí go n-úsáidfeadh ealaíontóirí na rudaí seo chun sleamhnáin ghrianghrafadóireachta a fheiceáil... Iarrann mé ar na páistí smaoineamh ar conas a d'fhéadfaimis íomhánna a chruthú ag baint úsáide as páipéar siúcra solais agus dubh.... "Déan poll agus lig don solas dul tríd", a dúirt siad! Tugadh pinna seicte do gach páiste agus ba iontach an rud a tharla ina dhiaidh sin... rinne siad poill bheaga go foighneach agus go cúramach, ag forbairt a gcruth agus ag cruthú roinnt líníochtaí iontacha... Nuair a chuirimid an páipéar siúcra dubh ar an mbosca solais... féach ar na héifeachtaí draíochta! Rud an-iontach a d'aimsigh Eileen an cúntóir seomra ranga, ná nuair a dhéantar poill pinne ar thaobh amháin den pháipéar, d'eascair sé dromchla ardaithe ar chúl an leathanaigh. D'iarr Mrs Hughes ar leanbh amháin a gcruth a thaispeáint dom a rinneadh le poill pinne, ach ní trí solas a shíneadh trí Bhí orm an cruth a bhrath trí teagmháil. D'úsáid mé mo mhéara thar an dromchla ardaithe chun iarracht a dhéanamh an cruth a bhraitheann... Baineann daoine atá faoi mhíchumas amhairc úsáid as an teicníc seo chun cruthanna agus litreacha braille a léamh a dhéantar ag dromchla ardaithe ar pháipéar. Idir an dá linn bhí orainn cuimhneamh fós chun ár scáthanna a rianú ó am go ham....

Forth Lesson 8 In the previous lesson, we learned: - The conditional control structure "if ... [ else ... ] then" - Various conditional looping structures like "begin ... until" - The comparison operators - "do ... loop" and its variations and wrinkles - That the compiler has an extension mechanism - How control structures are implemented using that mechanism As in C, strings are not a first-class data type in Forth. Forth has no support for automatic string allocation and garbage collection. This is in keeping with Forth's roots in real-time control on resource-limited systems. But as with C, you can do what you need to do, even if it isn't especially convenient. ok : hello ." Hello, world" cr ; ok hello Hello, world Finally we have stated the Forth version of the canonical first program! ." (dot-quote) displays a string delimited by the next '"' . We didn't really have to make a definition: ok ." Hello, world" cr Hello, world Technically, in standard Forth, you are supposed to use .( instead of ." outside of a definition (for tedious reasons), as in: ok .( Hello, world) cr Hello, world but Open Firmware lets you use either form. "cr" sends a newline sequence to the output device. Contrast this to the C practice of embedding the newline as an escape sequence inside the string and letting the output device driver transform it into the appropriate sequence. Both approaches have advantages and disadvantages... Note that, as with everything else, ." is just a Forth word, and thus must be whitespace delimited. Its behavior is to parse a string delimited by " from the input stream and display it. ." is one of those "immediate" words that we talked about in the last lesson. When ." is encountered in compilation state, it executes immediately, parses out the string at compile time, then stores that string in the new definition as a literal, with some code to display it when the new definition later executes. If you just want a literal string for use later, i.e. you don't want to display it, use " (quote) instead of ." (dot-quote). ok : my-string ( -- adr len ) " this is a test" ; ok my-string type this is a test The stack representation of a string is ( adr len ) - the address of the first character and the number of characters. Characters are just bytes. Only ASCII support is guaranteed, although Open Firmware typically has an ISO-Latin-1 font. The length includes just the characters in the string. There is no explicit notion in Forth of a null-terminated string like in C, so you could put binary data including 0 bytes in a Forth string. You can also use literal strings interactively: ok " this is a test" type this is a test In standard Forth, the string literal word is s" . Open Firmware implements s" for compatibility, but the Open Firmware word " is more convenient, and the Open Firmware source uses it exclusively in preference to s" . Embedding Control Characters in Strings Open Firmware's " has a special escape syntax (not in standard Forth) that lets you put control characters and other binary data in strings. The syntax is carefully (and trickily) constructed so as not to conflict with standard usage. " hello"(12 3a 88 7f)test"r"n" That creates a string containing "hello" followed by the characters 0x12, 0x3a, 0x88, 0x7f, then "test", then carriage return, linefeed. Normally the second " would end the string, but in Open Firmware, a second " only ends the string if it is followed by whitespace. If non-whitespace follows the second " , subsititute characters are inserted in the string as follows: After " Replacement n newline r carriage return t tab f formfeed l linefeed (same as newline) b backspace ! bell " quotation mark ^x control x (x is a printable character) (hh hh hh ...) Sequence of bytes specified in hex Forth doesn't do automatic string allocation or garbage collection, so it's up to you to manage the storage. Literal strings that are compiled inside colon definitions live in the same memory space that contains the definitions, and should be treated as read-only. Literal strings entered in interpret state (outside of a definition) are stored in one of two temporary buffers dedicated to that purpose. The system alternates between the two buffers so you can have two interpreted strings active at the same time. You can allocate space for additional string storage as needed. Some String Operators Inside a stack diagram, "$" is often used as a shorthand notation to refer to an "adr len" string. Thus in the stack diagram "( path$ -- )", the number of arguments is 2, the address and length of a string denoting a path. type ( adr len -- ) Display string 2dup ( adr len -- adr len adr len ) Stack copy of string limits 2drop ( adr len -- ) Discard string limits 2over ( $2 $1 -- $2 $1 $2 ) Stack copy of second string 2tuck ( $2 $1 -- $1 $2 $1 ) Tuck the string down in the stack. comp ( adr1 adr2 len -- diff ) Compare memory buffers. 0 if equal. $= ( $1 $2 -- flag ) Compare strings. True if equal. evaluate ( $ -- ) Interpret string as Forth code Note that "2dup", "2drop", "2over", and "2tuck", while quite useful for manipulating string limits on the stack, are not really limited to use with strings. They operate on arbitrary pairs of numbers and are used in many other contexts. If you need to store a copy of a string in memory and are sure that the string is shorter than 256 bytes, you can use the space-efficient "counted string" format. In memory, a counted string consists of a length byte followed by n data bytes. place ( $ adr2 -- ) Save string at adr2 in counted form pack ( $ adr2 -- adr2 ) Like place but returns adr2 count ( adr1 -- adr2 len2 ) Return adr,len of counted string $save ( $ adr2 -- $2 ) Save $1 at adr2 counted form, returning the address and length of the copy $cat ( $ adr2 -- ) Append $ to the counted string at adr2 For "count", adr2 is always adr1+1, and len2 is the value of the byte at adr1, as a direct consequence of the way that the counted string format is defined. Memory Allocation for Strings alloc-mem ( len -- adr ) Allocate memory (useful for strings) free-mem ( adr len -- ) Free previously-allocated memory Alloc-mem and free-mem allocate anonymous memory from the heap. To create a named string buffer, use "buffer:". ok d# 100 buffer: my-string ok " This is a test" my-string place ok my-string count type This is a test The stack argument is the number of bytes to allocate for the buffer. "buffer:" is not limited to counted strings; it can allocate named buffers of arbitrary size. A "buffer:" string is allocated from heap when it is first referenced, not when the buffer is defined. sindex ( $1 $2 -- n ) Search for an occurrence of $1 inside $2. If found, n is the offset within $2 where it was found. If not found, n is -1. split-string ( $1 delim -- tail$ head$ ) Find the first occurrence of the character "delim" in $1. If found, head$ is the portion of $1 up to but not including the delimiter and tail$ is the portion of $1 from the delimiter (inclusive) to the end. If not found, head$ is $1 and tail$ is empty (i.e. its length is 0). left-parse-string ( $1 delim -- tail$ head$ ) Find the first occurrence of "delim" in $1. If found, head$ is the portion of $1 up to but not including the delimiter and tail$ is the portion of $1 after the delimiter (not inclusive) to the end. If not found, head$ is $1 and tail$ is empty (i.e. its length is 0). lex ( $1 delim$ -- tail$ head$ delim true | $1 false ) Find the first occurrence in $1 of any character in delim$ . If found, head$ is the portion of $1 up to but not including the delimiter, tail$ is the portion of $1 after the delimiter (not inclusive) to the end, delim is the actual character found, and the top of the stack is true. If not found, $1 is the original value of $1 and the top of the stack is false. This is a sampling of some common general-purpose string operators. There are quite a few others. Thus endeth the lesson.

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Ceathrú Léacht 8 Sa léacht roimhe seo, d'fhoghlaim muid: - An struchtúr rialaithe coinníollach "más rud é ... [más rud é ... ] ansin" - Struchtúir éagsúla cúlra coinníollach mar "to begin ... until" - Na hoibreoirí comparáide - "do ... loop" agus a athruithe agus wrinkles - Go bhfuil an comhtháthróir meicníocht síneadh - Conas a chuirtear struchtúir rialaithe i bhfeidhm ag baint úsáide as an meicníocht sin Cosúil le C, ní cineál sonraí den chéad scoth i Forth iad sreangacha. Níl tacaíocht ag Forth do leithdháileadh shreang uathoibríoch agus bailiú dramhaíola. Tá sé seo ag teacht le fréamhacha Forth i rialú fíor-ama ar chórais acmhainní teoranta. Ach mar a tharla le C, is féidir leat an rud a theastaíonn uait a dhéanamh, fiú mura bhfuil sé go háirithe áisiúil. ceart go leor: hello . " Hello, domhan "cr; ceart go leor hello Hello, domhan Ar deireadh, tá an ceathrú leagan den chéad chlár canónach luaite againn! . " (dot-quote) taispeánann sraith sreinge atá teoranta ag an gcéad '"' eile. Ní raibh muid i ndáiríre a dhéanamh sainmhíniú: ceart go leor . " Hello, domhan" cr Hello, domhan Go teicniúil, i Forth caighdeánach, is dócha go n-úsáideann tú . (in ionad . " lasmuigh de shainmhíniú (ar chúiseanna tedious), mar atá i: go leor . (Hello, domhan) cr Hello, domhan ach lig Open Firmware duit an dá fhoirm a úsáid. "cr" seicteán líne nua a sheoladh chuig an gléas aschuir. Déan cur i gcoinne seo leis an gcleachtas C chun an líne nua a ionchorprú mar shreath teipe laistigh den shreang agus ligean don tiománaí gléas aschuir é a athrú go dtí an t-sreang cuí. Tá buntáistí agus míbhuntáistí ag an dá chur chuige... Tabhair faoi deara, mar a tharlaíonn le gach rud eile, . " Níl ann ach focal ceathrú, agus dá bhrí sin ní mór go mbeadh spás bán delimited. Is é a iompar ná sraith a pharsáil a bhfuil " delimitithe leis ón sruth ionchuir agus é a thaispeáint. . " Tá ceann de na focail "amhránta" sin a labhair muid faoi sa léacht dheireanach. Nuair . " is é a bhíonn i staid chothabhála, déanann sé láithreach, déanann sé an sreang a pharsáil ag am chothabhála, ansin stórálann sé an sreang sin sa sainmhíniú nua mar liteartha, le roinnt cód chun é a thaispeáint nuair a dhéantar an sainmhíniú nua a fhorghníomhú níos déanaí. Más mian leat ach sraith liteartha le húsáid níos déanaí, i.e. mura dteastaíonn uait é a thaispeáint, bain úsáid as " (cuóta) in ionad . " (dots-quote). ok: my-string (-- adr len) " is tástáil é seo " ; ok type my-string is test this Is é (adrenal) ionadaíocht stac de shraith - seoladh an chéad charachtair agus líon na gcarachtair. Níl i gcarachtair ach baistí. Ní ráthaítear ach tacaíocht ASCII, cé go mbíonn font ISO-Latin-1 ag Open Firmware de ghnáth. Ní áirítear sa fhad ach na carachtair sa shreang. Níl aon choincheap soiléir i Forth de shreang null-terminated mar atá i C, mar sin d'fhéadfá sonraí dénártha lena n-áirítear 0 baite a chur i shreang Forth. Is féidir leat sraitheanna litriúla a úsáid go hidirghníomhach freisin: ok "Is é seo an tástáil" cineál is é seo an tástáil I Forth caighdeánach, is é an focal liteartha sraith s " . Déanann Open Firmware s" a chur i bhfeidhm le haghaidh comhoiriúnacht, ach tá an focal Open Firmware " níos áisiúla, agus úsáideann an fhoinse Open Firmware é go heisiach i bpréalaíocht do s" . Carachtair Rialaithe a Iompú i Stringanna Tá sintéacs speisialta éalaithe ag Open Firmware's " (ní i Forth caighdeánach) a ligeann duit carachtair rialaithe agus sonraí dénártha eile a chur i sraitheanna. Tá an sintéacs tógtha go cúramach (agus go tricky) ionas nach mbeidh sé i gcoinne an úsáid chaighdeánaigh. "Hello"{\ 12 3a 88 7f) test"r"n" Cruthaíonn sé sin sreang ina bhfuil "hello" agus ansin na carachtair 0x12, 0x3a, 0x88, 0x7f, ansin "test", ansin aischúrsa, líneáil. De ghnáth, déanfaidh an dara " deireadh leis an snáithín, ach i Open Firmware, ní chríochnaíonn an dara " an snáithín ach amháin má leanann spás bán é. Má leanann neamhspásanna an dara " , cuirtear carachtair suibsithe isteach sa shraith mar seo a leanas: Tar éis " Athsholáthair n líne nua r charr ar ais t tab f formfeed l linefeed (an ceann céanna le líne nua) b backspace ! " bell " marc luaite ^x rialú x (x is carachtar in-phrintáilte) (hh hh hh ...) Rath na mbíthe a shonraítear in hex Ní dhéanann Forth leithdháileadh sreang uathoibríoch ná bailiú bruscair, mar sin tá sé de dhualgas ort an stóráil a bhainistiú. Tá sreangaí liteartha a chuirtear le chéile taobh istigh de shainmhínithe colún ina gcónaí sa spás cuimhne céanna ina bhfuil na sainmhínithe, agus ba cheart iad a chóireáil mar shainmhínithe léitheoireachta amháin. Stáladh sreangaí liteartha a iontráladh i stát léirmhíniú (seachadta de shainmhíniú) i gceann de dhá chúlchiste sealadach atá tiomanta don chuspóir sin. Athraíonn an córas idir an dá buffer ionas gur féidir leat dhá shraith léirithe a bheith gníomhach ag an am céanna. Is féidir leat spás a leithdháileadh le haghaidh stórála sreang breise de réir mar is gá. Roinnt Oibreoirí Snáithe Taobh istigh de dhiagram cnag, is minic a úsáidtear "$" mar nótáil ghearrthóireachta chun tagairt a dhéanamh do shreang "adr len". Mar sin sa léaráid stac " ((path$ --))", is é líon na n-argóintí 2, seoladh agus fad sreang a léiríonn cosán. cineál (adren -- ) Taispeáin sraith 2dup (adren -- adr len adr len ) Cóip stac de theorainneacha sreang 2drop (adren -- ) Scrios teorainneacha sreang 2over ( $2 $1 -- $2 $1 $2 ) Cóip stac den dara sreang 2tuck ( $2 $1 -- $1 $2 $1 ) Tuck an sreang síos sa stac. comp (adr1 adr2 len -- diff) Comparáid a dhéanamh le buiféirí cuimhne. 0 má tá siad comhionann. $= ($1 $2 -- flag) Comparáid a dhéanamh ar shreanghanna. Fíor má tá sé comhionann. meas ($ -- ) Léiríonn an tsraith mar chód Forth Tabhair faoi deara go bhfuil "2dup", "2drop", "2over", agus "2tuck", cé go bhfuil siad úsáideach go leor chun teorainneacha sreang a ionramháil ar an stack, nach bhfuil siad teoranta i ndáiríre le húsáid le sreanganna. Oibríonn siad ar péirí uathúla uimhreacha agus úsáidtear iad i go leor comhthéacsanna eile. Más gá duit cóip de shreang a stóráil sa chuimhne agus má tá tú cinnte go bhfuil an shreang níos giorra ná 256 baite, is féidir leat an fhormáid "shreang á comhaireamh" a úsáid a chaomhnaíonn spás. Sa chuimhne, tá sraith comhaireamh ar bith de bhait ar fhad ina dhiaidh sin le n bhait sonraí. áit ($ adr2 -- ) Scaoil snáithín ag adr2 i bpacáiste foirm chomhaireamh ($ adr2 -- adr2 ) Cosúil le háit ach déanann sé comhaireamh adr2 (adr1 -- adr2 len2 ) Téann sé adr,len de shnáithín chomhaireamh $save ($ adr2 -- $2 ) Sábháil $1 ag adr2 foirm chomhaireamh, ag filleadh seoladh agus fad an chóip $cat ($ adr2 -- ) Cuir $ leis an snáithín chomhaireamh ag adr2 Maidir le "comhaireamh", is é adr2 i gcónaí adr1 + 1, agus is é len2 luach an bhaite ag adr1, mar thoradh díreach ar an mbealach a shainítear an fhormáid shreang comhaireamh. leithdháileadh cuimhne do shreangáin alloc-mem (len -- adr) Cuimhne a leithdháileadh (úsáideach do shreangáin) free-mem (adr len -- ) Cuimhne scaoilte roimhe seo saor in aisce Cuidíonn Alloc-mem agus Free-mem le cuimhne gan ainm a leithdháileadh ón gcruinniú. Chun buffer sreang ainmnithe a chruthú, bain úsáid as "buffer:". ok d# 100 buffer: my-string ok " Is tástáil é seo" áit mo shreang ok cineál méadú mo shreang This is a test Is é argóint an charn an líon baiteanna le leithdháileadh don mhaisiúchán. "buffer:" níl sé teoranta do shreangáin chomhaireamhta; is féidir leis buiféirí ainmnithe de mhéid tofa a leithdháileadh. Cuirtear sreang "buffer:" ar leithligh ón gcruinniú nuair a dhéantar tagairt dó den chéad uair, ní nuair a shainítear an buffer. sindex ($1 $2 -- n) Cuardach ar tharla $1 taobh istigh de $2. Má fhaightear é, is é n an dílseacht laistigh de $2 áit a bhfuarthas é. Mura bhfaightear é, is é n -1. split-string ($1 delim -- tail$ head$) Faigh an chéad taithneamh den charachtar "delim" i $1. Má fhaightear é, is é ceann$ an chuid de $1 go dtí ach gan an delimitér a áireamh agus is é tail$ an chuid de $1 ón delimitér (lena n-áirítear) go dtí an deireadh. Mura bhfaightear é, is é head$ $ 1 agus tail$ folamh (i.e. is é 0 a fhad). left-parse-string ($1 delim -- tail$ head$) Faigh an chéad taiscéala "delim" in $1. Má fhaightear é, is é ceann$ an chuid de $1 go dtí ach gan an delimitér a áireamh agus is é tail$ an chuid de $1 tar éis an delimitér (gan é a áireamh) go dtí an deireadh. Mura bhfaightear é, is é head$ $ 1 agus tail$ folamh (i.e. is é 0 a fhad). lex ($1 delim$ -- tail$ head$ delim true. $1 false) Faigh an chéad taithneamh i $1 de charachtar ar bith i delim$. Má fhaightear é, is é ceann $ an chuid de $1 suas go dtí ach gan an delimitér a áireamh, is é tail $ an chuid de $1 tar éis an delimitér (gan é a áireamh) go dtí an deireadh, is é delim an carachtar iarbhír a fhaightear, agus is fíor barr an stac. Mura bhfaightear é, is é $1 an luach bunaidh de $1 agus is é an barr an staic bréagach. Is sampla é seo de roinnt oibreoirí sreang coitianta ginearálta. Tá go leor eile ann. Mar sin deireann an ceacht.

Mexican cuisine has been one of the country’s most successful cultural exports over the past twenty years or so and most large towns in North America and Europe now boast at least one Mexican restaurant, even if the menu is not necessarily “authentic”. For those wanting to experiment, the basic ingredients for Mexican meals can now be bought virtually everywhere. The increasing popularity of Mexican food has been rivaled only by an extraordinary increase in the consumption of Mexican drinks, Corona beer and tequila included. Archaeologists have also taken much more interest in Mexican food in recent years. By 1970, studies carried out at various locations, ranging from Tamaulipas in the north of the country to Oaxaca in the south, had gradually led to the conclusion that the earliest plants to be domesticated in Meso-America were corn, beans and squash, and that all three had been domesticated between about 7000 and 10,000 years B.P. (Before Present). Further research subsequently led most archaeologists and palaeo-botanists to believe that squash was actually domesticated much earlier than corn. Re-evaluating cave samples, originally collected in the 1950s, using an improved carbon-14 dating technique, anthropologist Bruce Smith found that the squash seeds from one location were between 8,000 and 10,000 years old, while the oldest corn and bean seeds were much younger, less than 6,000 years old. While Smith’s study does appears to confirm that squash was domesticated first, it does not necessarily mean that this squash was domesticated for its food value. Many experts think that early varieties of squash may have been domesticated primarily for their gourds, which could be used as ready-made drinking vessels and fishing floats. The domestication of squash may have improved life, but it did not fundamentally change it. On the other hand, the eventual domestication of corn, about 7,000 years B.P. marked a true watershed in pre-Hispanic life, enabling the abandonment of a nomadic hunter-gathering existence in favor of settlement in semi-permanent villages. How important was this? In the words of renowned archaeologist Michael Coe, “it was the cultivation of maize, beans and squash that made possible all of the higher cultures of Mexico.” With the passing of time, the ancient peoples of Mexico domesticated and cultivated many other native plants, including tomatoes, chiles, potatoes, avocados, amaranth, chayote (vegetable pear), cotton and tobacco. Other archaeologists, working at Teotihuacan, close to Mexico City, have been turning their attention away from how the upper classes lived (and ruled) to focus on the lives of the ordinary residents of suburbia fifteen hundred years ago. At its height (500 A.D.), Teotihuacan was one of the largest cities in the world, with an estimated population of 200,000. Its elaborate water supply and drainage systems and a precisely aligned grid demonstrate masterful urban planning. The city was so prominent that it became a magnet for craftsmen from other far-away regions like Oaxaca and the Gulf Coast (Veracruz). These migrants would have brought their own food ideas and preferences with them, making Teotihuacan an excellent choice for a cosmopolitan eating experience. What most visitors to this ancient city today do not appreciate is how the average Teotihuacanos lived, how they cooked, and what they ate. But, between 1985 and 1988, cleverly conceived and executed fieldwork by a team directed by Linda Manzanilla of the National University (UNAM), unearthed a wealth of information about ancient food storage, preparation methods and kitchens. Manzanilla has demonstrated that age-old kitchens in Teotihuacan can be located by a combination of traditional archaeological methods (collecting artifacts, debris, pollen and food remains) alongside the microscopic and chemical analysis of the stucco floors in the multi-room apartment complexes used as residences and workshops. It was already known that the stucco used on floors can absorb, over time, trace amounts of chemicals that serve as indicators of the predominant activities carried out in the room. Soil samples were taken from each square meter of floor and then analyzed for certain key indicators. High levels of phosphates revealed areas where organic refuse was abundant. This could be a place where food was consumed, or where refuse was discarded. An elevated level of carbonates was assumed to reflect either a place where stucco was processed, or somewhere where tortillas were prepared. The tortilla-making process today still involves the liberal application of lime. A localized higher alkaline reading from the stucco floor was correlated to the location of heat or fire. The color of the soil samples was also checked for any indication of the limits of a particular activity. Once an outline of the distribution of particular activities had been sketched out, the presence of sodium and iron was investigated. High levels of iron, for example, probably indicate where agave was processed, or where animals were butchered. The end result? By correlating the various lines of evidence from this particular sixth century apartment, Manzanilla was able to pinpoint the precise locations of many everyday household functions. For instance, three areas where ceramic stoves once stood were distinguished. Each had a dark red stain on the floor, with relatively low carbonate values, relatively high alkalinity, and some ash. Significantly higher phosphate values in a band around this zone suggested an area used for eating. Higher phosphate levels were also encountered outside the dwelling where any refuse had been swept or accumulated. And what was cooked on these stoves? We can not be certain, but evidence suggests that the residents of Teotihuacan had a varied diet of plants and animals. They not only prepared corn, beans, squash and chiles, but also ate cacti (prickly pear), hawthorns and cherries. For additional protein, rabbits, deer, duck, dogs, turkeys and fish were all on the menu, at least occasionally. And, lest you think their likely diet sounds too bland, the locals also had access to potatoes and a plethora of herbs and spices, as well as chocolate, chewing gum and tobacco to satisfy their cravings, and various exotic hallucinogens to stimulate their imaginations! So, next time you savor Mexican food, pause for a moment and remember that your meal may be startlingly similar to a banquet eaten thousands of years ago in any major Aztec, Toltec or Maya city… This article is the basis for Chapter 1 in the author’s Mexican Kaleidoscope: myths, mysteries and mystique (Sombrero Books, 2016). - Manzanilla, Linda (1996) Soil analyses to identify ancient human activities. Canadian Journal of Soil Science. Copyright 2003 by Tony Burton. All rights reserved. Published or Updated on: March 14, 2008

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Tá an cócaireacht Mheicsiceo ar cheann de na honnmhairí cultúrtha is rathúla sa tír le fiche bliain anuas nó mar sin agus tá bialann Meicsiceo ar a laghad i bhformhór na mbailte móra i Meiriceá Thuaidh agus san Eoraip anois, fiú mura bhfuil an roghchlár go "dítheanach" go forleathan. I gcás na ndaoine atá ag iarraidh triail a bhaint as, is féidir na príomh-chomhábhair le haghaidh béilí Mheicsiceo a cheannach anois i mbeagnach gach áit. Ní raibh aon chomhartha ar an tóir atá ag méadú ar bhia Mheicsiceo ach méadú neamhghnách ar thomhaltas deochanna Mheicsiceo, beoir Corona agus tequila san áireamh. Tá suim i bhfad níos mó ag seandálaithe i mbia Mheicsiceo le blianta beaga anuas. Faoi 1970, bhí staidéir a rinneadh in áiteanna éagsúla, ó Tamaulipas i dtuaisceart na tíre go Oaxaca sa deisceart, tar éis a thabhairt go deireanach go raibh na plandaí is luaithe a bhí á dtomháisiú i Meis-Mheiriceá arb é an arbhar, na pónairí agus an squash, agus go raibh na trí cinn curtha i dtomháisiú idir thart ar 7000 agus 10,000 bliain B.P. (An t-am atá ann cheana). Mar thoradh ar bhreise taighde ina dhiaidh sin, chreid formhór na n-árchéolaithe agus na paleo-botanic go raibh an squash i ndáiríre i dteach i bhfad níos luaithe ná an arbhar. Ag athmheasúnú samplaí uaimh, a bailíodh ar dtús sna 1950idí, ag baint úsáide as teicníc dátaithe carbóin-14 feabhsaithe, fuair an t-anthrópaí Bruce Smith go raibh síolta an squash ó áit amháin idir 8,000 agus 10,000 bliain d'aois, agus go raibh na síolta arbhair agus pónairí is sine i bhfad níos óige, níos lú ná 6,000 bliain d'aois. Cé go bhfuil an chuma ar staidéar Smith go ndearnadh an squash a dhochtú ar dtús, ní chiallaíonn sé go raibh an squash seo dílseáilte mar gheall ar a luach bia. Measann go leor saineolaithe go bhféadfadh gur bhain na cineálacha tosaigh squash a bheith domesticated go príomha as a n-gobaí, a d'fhéadfaí a úsáid mar choimeádáin ól réidh agus mar floats iascaireachta. B'fhéidir go ndearna an t-imlíne squash feabhas ar an saol, ach níor athraigh sé go bunúsach é. Ar an láimh eile, an domestication deiridh ar arbhar, thart ar 7,000 bliain B.P. marcáil fíor-shruthán uisce i saol réamh-Hispanic, a chumasú an tréigthe de nomadic sealbhóir-bailiú i bhfabhar socrú i sráidbhailte leath-bhuan. Cé chomh tábhachtach a bhí sé seo? De réir focail an ailtire cáiliúil Michael Coe, "Ba é an chothú arbhar, bána agus squash a rinne na cultúir níos airde go léir sa Mheicsiceo indéanta". Le himeacht ama, d'fhorbair agus d'fhás daoine ársa Mheicsiceo go leor plandaí dúchasacha eile, lena n-áirítear trátaí, chileanna, prátaí, avocados, amaranth, chayote (péar glasraí), cadás agus tobac. Tá seandálaithe eile, ag obair i Teotihuacan, gar do Chathair Mheicsiceo, ag díriú ar shaol na gnáthdhaoine i mbruachbhailte cúig mhíle cúig chéad bliain ó shin, agus iad ag díriú ar an gcaoi a raibh na ranganna uachtaracha ina gcónaí (agus ina rialaithe). Ag a airde (500 A.D.), bhí Teotihuacan ar cheann de na cathracha is mó ar domhan, le daonra measta 200,000. Léiríonn a chórais iomlána soláthair uisce agus draenála agus gréasán atá ailínithe go beacht pleanáil uirbeach máistreachta. Bhí an chathair chomh suntasach sin gur tháinig sé ina mheántachán do mhionnaithe ó réigiúin eile i bhfad i gcéin mar Oaxaca agus an Chósta Mhuir na Gailf (Veracruz). D'fhéadfadh na haimirceoirí seo a gcuid smaointe agus roghanna bia féin a thabhairt leo, rud a fhágann go bhfuil Teotihuacan ina rogha den scoth le haghaidh taithí itheacháin cosmopolitan. Ní féidir le formhór na gcuairteoirí a thugann cuairt ar an gcathair ársa seo inniu meas a bheith acu ar an gcaoi a raibh an meán-Teotihuacanos ina gcónaí, ar an gcaoi a raibh siad ag cócaireacht, agus ar an méid a bhí siad ag ithe. Ach, idir 1985 agus 1988, bhí obair ghairdín a cheapadh agus a rinneadh go cliste ag foireann faoi stiúir Linda Manzanilla ón Ollscoil Náisiúnta (UNAM), a d'éirigh le saibhreas faisnéise a nochtadh faoi stóráil bia ársa, modhanna ullmhúcháin agus cistineanna. Tá sé léirithe ag Manzanilla gur féidir cistineacha sean-aois i Teotihuacan a aimsiú trí chomhcheangal de mhodhanna seandálaíochta traidisiúnta (artefaktí, scriosanna, pollín agus fágtha bia a bhailiú) in éineacht le hanailís mhicreascópach agus ceimiceach ar na hurlár stucco sna coimpléisc árasán il-seomra a úsáidtear mar chónaithe agus ceardlanna. Bhí sé ar eolas cheana féin gur féidir leis an stuc a úsáidtear ar urlár, le himeacht ama, méideanna rialta ceimiceán a ionsú a fheidhmíonn mar tháscairí ar na gníomhaíochtaí is mó a dhéantar sa seomra. Tógadh samplaí ithreach ó gach méadar cearnach de urlár agus ansin anailísíodh iad le haghaidh príomhtháscairí áirithe. Léirigh leibhéil arda fosfaití limistéir ina raibh dramhaíl orgánach i bhfad. D'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith ina áit a ndearnadh bia a ithe, nó áit a raibh dramhaíl a scriosadh. Meastar go léiríonn leibhéal ard caibinéid áit a bpróiseáladh stucco, nó áit éigin a ullmhaíodh tortillas. Sa lá atá inniu ann, tá an próiseas tortilla a dhéanamh fós ag baint le húsáid iomarcach luaidhe. Bhí baint ag léitheoireacht alcaileach níos airde áitiúla ón urlár stucco le háit an teasa nó an tine. Seiceáiladh dath na samplaí ithreach freisin le haghaidh aon léiriú ar theorainneacha gníomhaíochta áirithe. Nuair a bhí an dáileadh ar ghníomhaíochtaí áirithe curtha amach, rinneadh imscrúdú ar an láthair sóidiam agus iarann. Mar shampla, is dócha go léiríonn leibhéil arda iarainn áit a próiseáladh agave, nó áit a maraíodh ainmhithe. An toradh deiridh? Trí na línte éagsúla fianaise a chomhcheangal ón árasán seo ar leith sa séú haois, bhí Manzanilla in ann na háiteanna beacht a bhí ag go leor feidhmeanna ógúlacha tí a aimsiú. Mar shampla, tá trí áit ar leithligh ina raibh stocaí ceirmeacha ina dhiaidh sin. Bhí spota dearg dorcha ar an urlár ag gach ceann acu, le luachanna carbónáit réasúnta íseal, alcálineacht réasúnta ard, agus roinnt luaidhe. Léiríonn luachanna fosfáite atá i bhfad níos airde i mbán timpeall na crios seo go raibh limistéar á úsáid chun bia a ithe. Bhí leibhéil níos airde fosfáit le fáil taobh amuigh den áit chónaithe freisin nuair a bhí aon dramhaíl scriosadh nó carnadh. Agus cad a bhí cócaireacht ar na stólanna? Ní féidir linn a bheith cinnte, ach léiríonn fianaise go raibh bia éagsúil plandaí agus ainmhithe ag cónaitheoirí Teotihuacan. Ní amháin go ndearna siad arbhar, pónairí, squash agus chiles a ullmhú, ach d'ith siad cacti (péar prickly), hawthorns agus cherries freisin. Chun próitéin bhreise a fháil, bhí coiníní, éin, éadaí, madraí, turcaí agus iasc ar an mbiachlár, uaireanta ar a laghad. Agus, ar eagla go gceapann tú go bhfuil a n-aiste bia is dócha ró-fhlaithiúil, bhí rochtain ag na háitritheoirí freisin ar phátaí agus ar iliomad luibheanna agus spíosraí, chomh maith le seacláid, guma greamaithe agus tobac chun a gcuid cravings a shásamh, agus hallucinogens eisiacha éagsúla chun a gcuid samhlacha a spreagadh! Mar sin, an chéad uair eile a saothraíonn tú bia Mheicsiceo, stop ar feadh nóiméad agus cuimhnigh go bhféadfadh do bhéile a bheith cosúil go suntasach le bancéad a d'ith sé na mílte bliain ó shin in aon chathair mhór Aztec, Toltec nó Maya... Is é an t-alt seo an bunús do Chaibidil 1 i Kaleidoscope Mheicsiceo an údair: miotais, mistéireach agus mistéireach (Leabhair Sombrero, 2016). - Manzanilla, Linda (1996) Anailísí ithreach chun gníomhaíochtaí ársa daonna a aithint. Iris Cheanada na Soil Science. Cóipcheart 2003 ag Tony Burton. Coimeádtar na cearta go léir. Foilsithe nó Nuashonraithe ar: 14 Márta, 2008

Common DNS Resource Records with examples By Jithin on August 22nd, 2016 DNS resource records are contents of the DNS zone file. The zone file contains mappings between domain names and IP addresses in the form of text records. There are many types of the resource records. In this article, we are going to see DNS Resource Records in detail. The common types of DNS Resource Records are given below. There are many other resources also. Let’s see each record in detail. Every zone file will have a SOA record. It will be present at the beginning of the zone. The SOA stands for Start of Authority. Normally, this type of record holds information about the zone itself and about other records. Each zone will be having only one SOA record. The SOA record contains the following fields. Eg: IN SOA nameserver.place.dom. postmaster.place.dom. The NS record stands for nameserver record. This shows the authoritative servers the zone. They indicate primary and secondary servers for the zone specified in the SOA record. Zones can contain many NS records, but it should contain at least one NS record for a DNS zone. For example, when the administrator on abc.com delegated authority for the noam.abc.com subdomain to noamdc1.noam.abc.com., the following line was added to the zone abc.com and noam.abc.com: noam.abc.com. IN NS noamdc1.noam.abc.com. The next resource record we are going to see is the A record. The A record stands for Address record. It maps a domain name to an IP address so that the resolver can request the corresponding IP address for the domain. As an example, the following A resource record, located in the zone abc.com, maps the FQDN of the server to its IP address. abc.com IN A 172.16.48.1 The PTR record stands for the pointer record. It functions reversely as that of the A record. It maps a domain name to an IP address. We are familiar with the term reverse dns. This record is used to achieve the reverse dns. An example is given below. 184.108.40.206.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR abc.com. CNAME Resource Records The next is CNAME Resource Record. The CNAME stands for the Canonical name. The function of the CNAME record is to create an alias for the domain name. It is helpful to hide the implementation details of the network from the customers. An example of the CNAME record is given below. ftp.abc.com. IN CNAME ftp1.abc.com. Once a DNS client queries for the A resource record for ftp.abc.com, the DNS server finds the CNAME resource record. Then it resolves the query for the A resource record for ftp1.abc.com, and returns both the A and CNAME resource records to the client. This is how CNAME record works. MX Resource Records The MX record stands for the mail exchange record. The mail exchange (MX) resource record specifies a mail exchange server for a DNS domain name. A mail exchange server is a host that will either process or forward mail for the DNS domain name. Processing the mail means either delivering it to the addressee or passing it to a different type of mail transport. Forwarding the mail means sending it to its final destination server. It will Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) to another mail exchange server that is closer to the final destination, or queuing it for a specified amount of time. Only mail exchange servers use MX records. We can have multiple MX resource records for that domain. The following example shows MX resource records for the mail servers for the domain noam.abc.com.: *. noam.abc.com. IN MX 0 mailserver1.noam.abc.com. *. noam.abc.com. IN MX 10 mailserver2.noam.abc.com. *. noam.abc.com. IN MX 10 mailserver3.noam.abc.com. With MX records, we can have multiple mail servers in a DNS domain, and when a mailer needs to send mail to a host in the domain, it can find the location of a mail exchange server. Service (SRV) resource records enable you to specify the location of the servers for a specific service, protocol, and DNS domain. Thus, if you have two Web servers in your domain, you can create SRV resource records specifying which hosts serve as Web servers, and resolvers can then retrieve all the SRV resource records for the Web servers. If you need any further assistance please reach our support department.

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Taifid Acmhainní DNS Coiteann le samplaí Ag Jithin ar 22 Lúnasa, 2016 Is iad taifid acmhainní DNS ábhar an chomhad crios DNS. Tá mapsáil idir ainmneacha fearainn agus seoltaí IP i bhfoirm taifid téacs sa chomhad crios. Tá go leor cineálacha de na taifid acmhainne ann. Sa t-alt seo, táimid chun taifid acmhainní DNS a fheiceáil go mion. Tugtar na cineálacha coitianta de Thaifid Acmhainní DNS thíos. Tá go leor acmhainní eile ann freisin. A ligean ar gach taifead a fheiceáil go mion. Beidh taifead SOA ag gach comhad crios. Beidh sé i láthair ag tús an chrios. Is éard atá i SOA ná Start of Authority. De ghnáth, bíonn faisnéis faoin gcrios féin agus faoi thaifid eile sa chineál taifead seo. Ní bheidh ach taifead SOA amháin ag gach crios. Tá na réimsí seo a leanas sa taifead SOA. Mar shampla: IN SOA nameserver.place.dom. postmaster.place.dom. Is éard atá i dtaifead NS taifead freastalaí ainm. Taispeánann sé seo an crios do na freastalaithe údarásacha. Léiríonn siad freastalaithe príomhúla agus seach-fhórsacha don chrios a shonraítear sa taifead SOA. Is féidir go mbeidh go leor taifid NS i limistéir, ach ba cheart go mbeadh taifead NS amháin ar a laghad ann do limistéar DNS. Mar shampla, nuair a thug an riarthóir ar abc.com údarás don fho-dhomhan noam.abc.com chuig noamdc1.noam.abc.com, cuireadh an líne seo a leanas leis an gcrios abc.com agus noam.abc.com: noam.abc.com. IN NS noamdc1.noam.abc.com. Is é an taifead acmhainn eile atá le feiceáil againn an taifead A. Is éard atá sa taifead A taifead seoltaí. Mapeálann sé ainm fearainn le seoladh IP ionas gur féidir leis an réiteachóir an seoladh IP comhfhreagrach don fhearainn a iarraidh. Mar shampla, léiríonn an taifead acmhainne A seo a leanas, atá suite sa chrios abc.com, FQDN an fhreastalaí chuig a seoladh IP. abc.com IN A 172.16.48.1 Is éard atá i dtaifead PTR ná taifead an phointeora. Feidhmíonn sé in aghaidh an taifead A. Mapeálann sé ainm fearainn le seoladh IP. Tá an téarma reverse DNA ar eolas againn. Úsáidtear an taifead seo chun an DNA a mhalairt a bhaint amach. Tugtar sampla thíos. 184.108.40.206.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR abc.com. Taifid Acmhainní CNAME Is é an chéad cheann eile taifead acmhainn CNAME. Is éard atá sa CNAME ná an t-ainm Caonónach. Is é feidhm taifead CNAME ná alias a chruthú don ainm fearainn. Tá sé cabhrach sonraí cur chun feidhme an líonra a cheilt ó na custaiméirí. Tugtar sampla de thaifead CNAME thíos. ftp.abc.com. IN CNAME ftp1.abc.com. Nuair a dhéanann cliant DNS ceist ar thaifead acmhainne A do ftp.abc.com, aimsíonn an freastalaí DNS an taifead acmhainne CNAME. Ansin réitíonn sé an cheist don taifead acmhainne A do ftp1.abc.com, agus cuireann sé an taifead acmhainne A agus CNAME ar ais chuig an gcliant. Seo mar a oibríonn taifead CNAME. Taifid Acmhainní MX Is éard atá i dtaifead MX ná taifead malartaithe ríomhphoist. Sonraíonn taifead acmhainne malartú ríomhphoist (MX) freastalaí malartú ríomhphoist le haghaidh ainm fearainn DNS. Is éard atá i bhfreastalaí malartú ríomhphoist ná óstach a phróiseálfaidh nó a chuirfidh ríomhphost ar aghaidh don ainm fearainn DNS. Ciallaíonn próiseáil an phost é a sheachadadh chuig an seoladh nó é a chur ar aghaidh chuig cineál eile iompair poist. Ciallaíonn an post a chur ar aghaidh é a sheoladh chuig a fhreastalaí ceann scríbe deiridh. Cuirfidh sé Prótacal Aistrithe Post Simplí (SMTP) chuig freastalaí malartú ríomhphoist eile atá níos gaire don cheann scríbe deiridh, nó é a cheangal ar feadh tréimhse ama sonraithe. Ní úsáideann ach freastalaithe malartú ríomhphoist taifid MX. Is féidir go mbeidh taifid acmhainní MX iomadúla againn don réimse sin. Taispeánann an sampla seo a leanas taifid acmhainní MX do na freastalaithe ríomhphoist don réimse noam.abc.com. : * noam.abc.com. IN MX 0 mailserver1.noam.abc.com. * noam.abc.com. IN MX 10 mailserver2.noam.abc.com. * noam.abc.com. IN MX 10 mailserver3.noam.abc.com. Le taifid MX, is féidir le go leor freastalaithe ríomhphoist a bheith againn i bhfearann DNS, agus nuair a bhíonn gá le postóir ríomhphost a sheoladh chuig óstach sa bhfearann, is féidir leis suíomh freastalaí malartú ríomhphoist a aimsiú. Ligeann taifid acmhainní seirbhíse (SRV) duit suíomh na freastalaithe a shonrú do sheirbhís, do phrótacal agus do réimse DNS ar leith. Dá bhrí sin, má tá dhá fhreastalaí gréasáin agat i do réimse, is féidir leat taifid acmhainní SRV a chruthú ag sonrú cé na hóstach a fheidhmíonn mar fhreastalaithe gréasáin, agus is féidir le réititheoirí na taifid acmhainní SRV go léir a aisghabháil do na freastalaithe gréasáin. Má theastaíonn aon chabhair bhreise uait, déan teagmháil le do roinn tacaíochta.

Federal and local government spending on invasive flora and fauna amounts to almost $3 billion annually. That’s over three times the $830 million in actual damages caused by these non-natives. As the battle against invasive species mounts, PERC Enviropreneur Institute alum Paul Schwennesen, asks, “might our fascination with biotic menace be somewhat overblown?” As a rancher in the Southwest, Schwennesen has seen his fair share of invasive species. Instead of upsetting the “delicate” natural balance of his land, however, he argues the Salt Cedar and Buffelgrass, amongst other non-natives, are a part of a fluid and dynamic equilibrium defined by competing and cooperating species. Schwennesen notes that the helicopter-borne chemical raids employed to fight the intruders may be worse than the disease and calls for a reevaluation of nature’s natural processes: Ralph Waldo Emerson famously declared weeds to be "plants whose virtues had yet to be discovered." I have to agree. The frantic hand-wringing that accompanies most descriptions of "invasives" betrays a glaring lack of faith in the resilience of our natural world. More to point, perhaps, is the curiously rare recognition that life, in its perennial pursuit to fill vacuums, generally creates abundance and profusion. Attempts to artificially prevent this usually cost more than the supposed damage to be mitigated.

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en

Is é an caiteachas a dhéanann an rialtas cónaidhme agus an rialtas áitiúil ar fhlóra agus ar fháuna ionrach beagnach $3 billiún in aghaidh na bliana. Is é sin níos mó ná trí huaire an $ 830 milliún i damáiste iarbhír a tharla ag na neamh-iníon. De réir mar a bhíonn an cath i gcoinne speicis ionrach ag méadú, tá ceist ag Paul Schwennesen, alum de Institiúid Enviropreneur PERC, "an bhféadfadh ár n-aird leis an mbagairt bithéadach a bheith ró-mhéadúil? Mar fheirmeoir san Iarthuaisceart, tá a chuid cion cothrom de speicis ionracha le feiceáil ag Schwennesen. In ionad an chothromaíocht nádúrtha "delicate" a thalamh a chur ar ceal, áfach, déanann sé a argóint go bhfuil an Cedar Salann agus Buffelgrass, i measc neamh-thúchasacha eile, mar chuid d'chothromaíocht sreabhach agus dinimiciúil a shainmhínítear ag speicis iomaíocha agus comhoibritheacha. Tugann Schwennesen faoi deara go bhféadfadh na hionsaithe ceimiceacha a úsáidtear ó eitleáin héileacaptar chun na iontrálaithe a chomhrac a bheith níos measa ná an galar agus glaonn sé ar athmheasúnú a dhéanamh ar phróisis nádúrtha an dúlra: Dúirt Ralph Waldo Emerson go bhfuil an-tóir air go bhfuil an weeds "plants whose virtues had yet to be discovered". Caithfidh mé aontú. Léiríonn an t-imní frith-ghéar a bhíonn ag gabháil leis an chuid is mó de na tuairiscí ar "ionsaitheoirí" easpa creideamh soiléir i gcumas ár saol nádúrtha a athléimniú. Níos mó a chur i láthair, b'fhéidir, is é an aitheantas aisteach neamhchoitianta go bhfuil an saol, ina shaothrú perennial a líonadh vacsaíní, a chruthú go ginearálta abundance agus abundance. Is gnách go gcosnaíonn iarrachtaí chun é seo a chosc go saorga níos mó ná an damáiste a mheastar a mhaolú.

Creating a fair and inclusive workplace environment is crucial for both the well-being of employees and the success of an organization. Unfortunately, workplace discrimination and inequality persist in many workplaces, undermining employee morale, productivity, and overall organizational performance. In today’s diverse and inclusive society, workplace discrimination and inequality continue to be pressing issues that must be addressed. Employers have a responsibility to create a workplace that is free from bias and treats all employees fairly and equitably. However, identifying and addressing discrimination and inequality can be challenging, especially when it is implicit or unconscious. This is where implicit bias training comes into play. By understanding and addressing implicit bias, employers can create a more inclusive and equitable work environment. In this article, we will discuss how to identify and address workplace discrimination and inequality, offering practical steps that can be taken to promote a more equitable and supportive work environment. Understanding Workplace Discrimination and Inequality Workplace discrimination refers to the unfair treatment of employees based on certain characteristics, such as race, gender, age, religion, disability, or sexual orientation. Discrimination can manifest in various forms, including unequal pay, promotion bias, exclusion from opportunities, harassment, and even wrongful termination. Workplace inequality, on the other hand, refers to disparities in treatment, opportunities, and resources between different groups of employees. Recognizing the Signs It is important to be aware of the signs of workplace discrimination and inequality to effectively address these issues. Some common signs include: - Unequal treatment: Pay attention to disparities in how employees are treated based on their demographic characteristics. Look for instances where certain groups are consistently given preferential treatment or face unfair obstacles. - Lack of diversity: A workplace that lacks diversity may indicate a potential problem. If certain groups are significantly underrepresented, it could suggest barriers to equal opportunities. - Harassment and bullying: Pay attention to any form of harassment or bullying based on protected characteristics. It is essential to create a safe and respectful environment for all employees. Taking Action to Address Discrimination and Inequality Identifying workplace discrimination and inequality is only the first step. To create positive change, proactive measures must be taken. Here are some effective strategies: - Promote diversity and inclusion: Actively foster a diverse and inclusive workplace culture. Encourage diverse hiring practices, create affinity groups or employee resource groups, and promote an inclusive atmosphere where everyone feels valued and respected. - Establish clear policies: Implement comprehensive policies that explicitly address workplace discrimination and harassment. These policies should outline the procedures for reporting incidents and provide protection for those who come forward. - Provide training and education: Conduct regular diversity and inclusion training sessions to raise awareness and educate employees about the importance of equality and respectful behavior. Training should focus on identifying and addressing unconscious biases. - Encourage open communication: Foster an environment where employees feel comfortable reporting discrimination and inequality concerns. Establish anonymous reporting channels and ensure that employees know they will be protected from retaliation. - Conduct regular audits: Periodically review your organization’s practices, policies, and decision-making processes to identify any potential biases or disparities. If necessary, make adjustments to ensure fairness and equality. Seeking Legal Advice from Employment Lawyers In cases where discrimination or inequality persists despite efforts to address the issues internally, seeking legal advice from employment lawyers can be beneficial. Employment lawyers specializing in labor laws and can provide guidance on legal rights, potential claims, and appropriate courses of action. They can help navigate complex legal processes and advocate for justice. Workplace discrimination and inequality undermine the values of fairness, respect, and equal opportunity that every organization should strive for. By identifying the signs of discrimination and taking proactive steps to address the issues, employers can create a more inclusive and supportive work environment. Remember, promoting diversity, establishing clear policies, providing training, encouraging open communication, and seeking legal advice when needed are all critical components in fostering a workplace free from discrimination and inequality.

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en

Tá sé ríthábhachtach timpeallacht oibre cóir agus cuimsitheach a chruthú d'folláine na bhfostaithe agus d'fhás eagraíochta araon. Ar an drochuair, tá idirdhealú agus éagothroime san ionad oibre fós i go leor áiteanna oibre, ag cur morál na bhfostaithe, táirgiúlacht, agus feidhmíocht fhoriomlán na heagraíochta faoi dhroch-bhualadh. Sa tsochaí éagsúla agus cuimsitheach atá ann inniu, tá idirdhealú agus éagothroime san ionad oibre fós ina saincheisteanna práinneacha ar gá aghaidh a thabhairt orthu. Tá freagracht ar fhostóirí áit oibre a chruthú nach bhfuil aon phreas agus a chóireálann gach fostaí go cothrom agus go cothrom. Is féidir, áfach, idirdhealú agus éagothroime a shainaithint agus aghaidh a thabhairt orthu a bheith dúshlánach, go háirithe nuair a bhíonn siad implisit nó neamhfhiosach. Seo an áit a dtagann oiliúint claontachta imdhírithe isteach. Trí thuiscint a fháil ar an mbréagán atá i gceist agus aghaidh a thabhairt air, is féidir le fostóirí timpeallacht oibre níos cuimsithí agus níos cothroime a chruthú. San alt seo, pléimid conas idirdhealú agus éagothroime san ionad oibre a aithint agus aghaidh a thabhairt orthu, ag tabhairt le céimeanna praiticiúla is féidir a ghlacadh chun timpeallacht oibre níos cothroime agus tacaíochta a chur chun cinn. An Chéile a Thuiscint Tagraíonn idirdhealú san ionad oibre do chóireáil éagórach fostaithe bunaithe ar shaintréithe áirithe, mar shampla ciníochas, inscne, aois, reiligiún, míchumais nó claonadh gnéasach. Is féidir idirdhealú a léiriú i bhfoirmeacha éagsúla, lena n-áirítear pá éagothroime, claonadh chun ardú céime, eisiamh ó dheiseanna, ionsaí, agus fiú deireadh a chur go mícheart. Maidir le neamhionannas san ionad oibre, tagraíonn sé do dhifríochtaí i gcaitheamh, deiseanna agus acmhainní idir grúpaí éagsúla fostaithe. Na comharthaí a aithint Tá sé tábhachtach a bheith ar an eolas faoi chomharthaí idirdhealaithe agus éagothroime san ionad oibre chun dul i ngleic go héifeachtach leis na saincheisteanna seo. I measc roinnt comharthaí coitianta tá: - Tráchtáil neamhchothrom: Tabhair aird ar dhifríochtaí i gcaoi a gcaitear le hoibrithe bunaithe ar a gcuid saintréithe déimeagrafacha. Féach ar chásanna ina dtugtar cóireáil tosaíochta do ghrúpaí áirithe go seasta nó ina mbíonn constaicí éagórach os comhair. - Easpa éagsúlachta: d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh fadhb féideartha i láthair i gcás nach bhfuil éagsúlacht ann i láthair na hoibre. Má tá an-chuid fo-ionadaithe ag grúpaí áirithe, d'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh bac ar chothromas. - Tráchtáil agus bullying: Tabhair aird ar aon chineál tráchtála nó bullying bunaithe ar shaintréithe faoi chosaint. Tá sé riachtanach timpeallacht shábháilte agus measartha a chruthú do gach fostaí. Gníomhú chun aghaidh a thabhairt ar idirdhealú agus ar éagothroime Ní hé ach an chéad chéim é idirdhealú agus éagothroime san ionad oibre a shainaithint. Chun athrú dearfach a chruthú, ní mór bearta réamhghníomhacha a ghlacadh. Seo roinnt straitéisí éifeachtacha: - Éagsúlacht agus cuimsiú a chur chun cinn: Cultúr éagsúla agus cuimsiúcháin san ionad oibre a chothú go gníomhach. Is féidir le baill foirne a bheith ag obair le chéile chun a gcuid oibre a dhéanamh go héifeachtach agus a bheith ag obair le chéile chun a gcuid oibre a dhéanamh go héifeachtach. - Beartais shoiléir a bhunú: Beartais chuimsitheacha a chur i bhfeidhm a dhéileálann go sainráite le hidirdhealú agus le héagrú san ionad oibre. Ba cheart go dtabharfaí forálacha maidir le tuairisciú teagmhas agus cosaint a sholáthar dóibh siúd a thugann tuairisc. - Oiliúint agus oideachas a chur ar fáil: Seisiúin oiliúna éagsúlachta agus cuimsiú a reáchtáil go rialta chun feasacht a ardú agus fostaithe a oideachas faoi thábhacht an chomhionannais agus iompar measúil. Ba cheart go ndíreodh an oiliúint ar threochtaí neamhfhiosracha a aithint agus a chur i ngleic leo. - Cumarsáid oscailte a spreagadh: timpeallacht a chothú ina mbraitheann fostaithe go bhfuil siad compordach ag tuairisciú imní maidir le hidirdhealú agus neamhionannas. Seol na hoifigigh chuig an gCoimisiún agus chuig an gCoimisiún chun an fhaisnéis a sholáthar don phobal. - Iniúchtaí rialta a dhéanamh: Athbhreithniú tréimhsiúil a dhéanamh ar chleachtais, ar bheartais agus ar phróisis chinnteoireachta do eagraíochta chun aon claontachtaí nó neamhionannais a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann a aithint. Más gá, déan coigeartuithe chun cothroime agus comhionannas a chinntiú. Ag lorg comhairle dhlíthiúil ó dhlíodóirí fostaíochta I gcásanna ina leanann idirdhealú nó éagothroime de dhroim in ainneoin iarrachtaí chun na saincheisteanna a réiteach go hinmheánach, d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith tairbheach comhairle dhlíthiúil a lorg ó dhlíodóirí fostaíochta. Dlíodóirí fostaíochta atá speisialaithe i ndlíthe saothair agus is féidir leo treoir a sholáthar maidir le cearta dlíthiúla, éilimh féideartha, agus cúrsaí gníomhaíochta oiriúnacha. Is féidir leo cabhrú le próisis dhlí casta a nascadh agus tacú le ceartas. Cuireann idirdhealú agus éagothroime san ionad oibre na luachanna cothrom, meas agus cothrom deiseanna a chaithfeadh gach eagraíocht a bheith ag streachailt ina leith, faoi dhroim. Trí na comharthaí idirdhealaithe a aithint agus céimeanna réamhghníomhacha a ghlacadh chun aghaidh a thabhairt ar na saincheisteanna, is féidir le fostóirí timpeallacht oibre níos cuimsithí agus tacaíochta a chruthú. Cuimhnigh, tá an éagsúlacht a chur chun cinn, beartais shoiléir a bhunú, oiliúint a chur ar fáil, cumarsáid oscailte a spreagadh, agus comhairle dhlíthiúil a lorg nuair is gá, ina chomhpháirteanna ríthábhachtach go léir chun ionad oibre a chothú atá saor ó idirdhealú agus ó éagothroime.

Skip to 0 minutes and 7 seconds Today, we’re going to be talking about another type of anti-slavery campaigning which has existed in the past and in the present. We’re going to be talking about consumer boycotts and consumer action across history, as well as today. And I think the theme that we’ll probably be exploring will be that of moral responsibility at a distance– so slightly philosophical, but with very applied uses. Clare, great to be here with you today. Nice to see you, Kevin. We’re talking about consumption. We’re talking about boycott. We’re talking about how people dealt with the idea that they would often feel a moral responsibility for what was happening to people in slavery, sometimes far across on the other side of the world. Skip to 0 minutes and 55 seconds So one of the interesting questions there is why did people in Britain start to feel that they had some responsibility for things which were happening a long way away from Britain’s shores in Britain’s colonies, particularly in the Caribbean islands. And that is a very important question. And it’s one that’s not been unpicked, I think, as well as it might have been within the historical, or even the philosophical literature. There is that work that discusses how a change in definition occurred across the population– the one that refers to the idea that slavery at the beginning of the 18th century was often seen by a lot of the European populations as fundamentally being an economic question or an economic problem. Skip to 1 minute and 40 seconds But then the beginnings of anti-slavery campaigners, particularly out of the churches, begin to say, no, this has to be defined as a moral question or a moral problem. And that begins to help people to see it in a completely different way– so not just something that could be dealt with by governments and trade, but was something that, in fact, had to be answered within yourself as a moral question. Am I right in thinking that women were often the leaders in this new boycott and consumption campaign? Yes, that’s absolutely right. I think you could say one of the reasons was that women at that time were totally excluded from involvement in the political process. They didn’t have the vote. Skip to 2 minutes and 22 seconds They couldn’t sign petitions. So when the anti-slavery campaign started in the 1790s, the leading male campaigners very much focused on getting men to petition parliament. But then this whole area opened up where women saw that they could actually take a leading role because women were considered to be the ones who were responsible for household purchases. They were making the decisions, the consumption decisions, for the family. Tell me more about that. I want to know about how did children get involved. What was the actual activity that women and children and men and people within the anti-slavery campaign were involved in? Skip to 3 minutes and 2 seconds Well, certainly by the 1820s, when the women had started to set up their own anti-slavery societies, women and children would go around house to house in cities calling on families. And they made a whole range of special little pamphlets targeted at different class groups that target women, children, men, urging them to not use slave-grown sugar. And so children would be involved in that. And then also, there are some rather touching examples of letters where men describe how it was the children in the family giving up the use of sugar that actually inspired them. But there’s no real evidence that it managed to completely reduce the use of slave-grown sugar. Skip to 3 minutes and 59 seconds And I think part of the problem was this sugar was kind of protected by the government policy. So it was cheaper to buy than sugar from other sources. It had protective duties on it. That’s interesting because there’s a very interesting parallel there with what goes on today in the way the European Union, and particularly the North American governments, give vast subsidies to agriculture within their borders– subsidies that are so large that they create an almost inability to compete, even by farmers in the developing world who operate at much, much lower profit levels and costs. Skip to 4 minutes and 38 seconds I was actually told by anti-slavery campaigners from both Haiti and West Africa when I asked them, what’s the one thing the United States government might do to help you end slavery in your countries– and they had never met each other– they said to me in unison, end the subsidies on rice, which surprised me because I didn’t understand it at the time. But they said these vast subsidies by governments had, in fact, created the context in which hundreds of thousands, if not millions of people who grew rice, little farmers, couldn’t compete with vast bags of rice which flowed in particularly from the United States. Skip to 5 minutes and 15 seconds And they were just knocked out completely from the agricultural business, and ended up themselves being enslaved in that vulnerability. Yeah. I think that has very interesting parallels. There with a lot of rhetoric going on about free trade. Britain tended to only like free trade when it benefited them. And I wanted to ask about that– about in particular as today, people say, well, what are my alternatives? If I don’t want to buy a cell phone that has conflict minerals produced by slavery, what can I do because I must have a cell phone, the same one that we must have cocoa, we must have sugar, we must have our chocolate. What were the alternatives at that time? Skip to 5 minutes and 55 seconds Well, I think that’s very interesting. You say you need to produce an alternative because when the campaign originally started, the boycott wasn’t actually used at this time. So the term abstention was used. It was started by Quakers, which I don’t think is a coincidence because Quakers were very concerned about leading a fairly austere, everyday life and not dancing, not wearing fancy clothes, and so on. And so I think abstaining was about depriving yourself of something in order to improve the world and show yourself as a truly moral being. But I think the abolitionists quickly realized that this probably would not work as a widespread appeal to the public. So they started to look around for alternative sources of sugar. Skip to 6 minutes and 46 seconds And the one that they focused on was what they called East India sugar. By that, they mainly meant sugar coming from Bengal, which by that time was a British colony. And so they tried to promote this as an alternative. What they didn’t do is investigate too closely exactly how sugar was being produced in India, and particularly in Bengal. It’s remarkable to think about more than 100 years of work going into restricting consumption of slave-produced foodstuffs, clothing, and anything else that they might identify, right at the very beginning of the very first human rights campaign in human history there at the end of the 18th century. A key question for us today is can it be effective? Skip to 7 minutes and 40 seconds What kind of impact did it actually have? How did it help people change both their minds, their behaviors, and hopefully the realities of slavery on the ground? Yes. And indeed, the early work on the anti-slavery movement tended to suggest that the boycott campaigns were fairly insignificant because they didn’t have a direct effect. You couldn’t measure the amount in which that they had reduced the consumption of slave produce and actually impacted, therefore, on the ending of slavery. What I think is missing from that approach is it’s too narrow. I think the most important thing about the boycott campaigns was they created the sense of an anti-slavery nation in Britain– that the households of Britain were uniting to boycott slave-grown produce. Skip to 8 minutes and 38 seconds In the process, they were kind of purging the nation of the sin of slavery, the sin of using slave produce. So I think it really helped– if you think about anti-slavery movement having two sides, one was all the shenanigans in parliament, all the negotiations around trying to bring in law through legal means to first of all, end the slave trade, then ameliorate slavery, as they called it– gradual abolition– and then finally, immediate abolition. There was that side of the campaign. But really, it was only effective because it was a huge pressure coming from outside parliament, pressure from public opinion. Now, obviously, that most directly manifested itself in hundreds of thousands of people signing anti-slavery petitions and presenting them to parliament. Skip to 9 minutes and 36 seconds That gave the opportunity for people to debate it in parliament. But alongside that, there was a sense of creating a whole atmosphere in Britain which was hostile to slavery, and which involved the whole population. And I think that’s where the boycott movement was so important because it got people thinking– really acknowledging that your everyday life in Britain was intimately connected to the lives of enslaved people suffering in the Caribbean. Today, we know that a lot of things are touched by slavery– that cotton is still touched by slavery, fruits and vegetables, shrimp and fish, the minerals that go into our laptops and cell phones, other types of minerals like steel and iron, timber. Skip to 10 minutes and 31 seconds The list– I could go on for a very long time about all the things that we know come to us through the hands of slaves. But the key difference today is that while this is a morally enormous problem, in economic terms, the amount of any commodity that’s touched by slavery is so minute– it’s such a tiny fraction of the overall in that particular commodity– that it’s economically trivial, even while it’s morally crucial. One of the things about contemporary slavery, though, unlike that slavery of the past, is that it tends to be hidden. Skip to 11 minutes and 11 seconds So those criminals who are enslaving people to produce whatever commodity we’re talking about are very often very difficult to inspect and recognize at the point of origin of any product or commodity. And that, again, throws yet another wrinkle into it. Now, if there’s good news, it’s that significant numbers of the people in Western Europe and North America these days, particularly young people, tend not to identify themselves so much as citizens of their countries, but as consumers within their economies. And they actually believe that one other way to deal with moral issues is to consume their way out of it in a proper way– to vote with their dollars or pounds in the marketplace of ideas or politics. Skip to 11 minutes and 57 seconds So for those folk, there is the notion that it doesn’t matter if it’s only 1% of our cell phone minerals, our mobiles, our laptops are touched by slavery. That’s too much. There have been times when there have been calls for boycotts of cocoa, for example. 10 years ago, there was a very large-scale movement in contemporary anti-slavery work to say, we must stop buying any type of West African cocoa because that’s where the slavery is. But the difficulty with that, of course, was that there was only about 1% or 2%, at most, of the individual family farmers who might have been using enslaved workers. So the other farmers are then going to be losing their livelihoods. Skip to 12 minutes and 39 seconds Well, had those boycotts gone ahead, it would have meant destitution, starvation, and potentially enslavement of the very farmers who were not using slave labor. Yes, yes. So it’s a much interesting and more particular kind of specialist knowledge you have to bring to bear if you’re going to really address slavery in commodities today and not risk those sorts of boycotts. And that, of course, makes it harder to involve a broad public. It’s easier to have a headline, a simple slogan– boycott West African cocoa, or boycott West Indian sugar– than it is to get people involved in the complexities of the minutia of the debate. Skip to 13 minutes and 28 seconds So today, we’ve talked about moral responsibility at a distance and how that works through consumption patterns, both in the past and today. How do we address our moral responsibility to live in a world without slavery, if at all possible, or at least to have an impact on those people who do keep people in slavery through our consumption patterns? It’s an issue that abolitionists, anti-slavery workers, and citizens and consumers have been wrestling with for something like 250 years now. And it’s one that we’re going to continue to wrestle with, both in this course, and I think in our lives at large. Professor Clare Midgley is a leading expert on transnational history and 19th-century women’s activism and the author of Women Against Slavery, among other books. In this film, Clare and Kevin Bales discuss the long history of antislavery boycotts, the role of women in history’s boycott campaigns, the societal shifts of the consumer revolution, and the complicated ethical decisions that accompanied this kind of action. They debate how the history of consumer action relates to contemporary abolition campaigns and the emphasis on ethical and fair trade. The film was shot at the Newington Green Unitarian Church in north London, one of England’s oldest Unitarian churches. It has historic ties to political radicalism and to 18th and 19th-century abolitionism. After watching the film, please explore the digital resource Products of Slavery. It is a resource from Anti-Slavery International’s “Slavery and What We Buy Campaign”, which shows that slavery can occur today at different stages, from the production of raw materials such as cocoa or cotton to the manufacture of goods such as garments, toys or fireworks. The digital resource shows the magnitudes of the challenge and also highlights products made using child labour. Anti-Slavery International was founded in 1839 and is the world’s oldest international human rights organisation. Tell us in the comments section anything you find at the Products of Slavery resource that is particularly surprising. Are these the goods, products and countries you expected to see?

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Skip to 0 nóiméad agus 7 soicind Inniu, beimid ag caint faoi chineál eile feachtais frith-sclábhaíochta a bhí ann san am atá thart agus sa lá atá inniu ann. Beidh muid ag caint faoi bhaicótaí tomhaltóirí agus gníomhú tomhaltóirí ar fud na staire, chomh maith le lá atá inniu ann. Agus sílim go mbeidh an téama go mbeidh muid ag dul a bheith is dócha a bheith go bhfuil freagracht mhorálta ar fad - mar sin beagán fealsúnachta, ach le húsáidí an-i bhfeidhm. Clare, iontach a bheith anseo leatsa inniu. Is maith a fheiceann tú, Kevin. Tá muid ag caint faoi thomhaltas. Tá muid ag caint faoi bhagairt. Táimid ag caint faoi conas a dhéileáil daoine leis an smaoineamh go mbraitheann siad go minic freagracht mhorálta as an méid a bhí ag tarlú do dhaoine i sclábhaíocht, uaireanta ar an taobh eile den domhan. Skip to 0 nóiméad agus 55 soicind Mar sin, ceann de na ceisteanna suimiúla go bhfuil cén fáth a thosaigh daoine sa Bhreatain go raibh siad a bhraitheann go raibh roinnt freagracht as rudaí a bhí ag tarlú i bhfad ar shiúl ó chóstaí na Breataine i coilíneachtaí na Breataine, go háirithe sna hoileáin na Cairibe. Agus is ceist an-tábhachtach í sin. Agus tá sé ar cheann nach bhfuil unpicked, sílim, chomh maith agus d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith laistigh den stair, nó fiú an litríocht fealsúnachta. Tá an obair sin a phlé conas a tharla athrú sa sainmhíniú ar fud an daonra - an ceann a thagraíonn don smaoineamh go raibh an sclábhaíocht ag tús an 18ú haois a fheictear go minic ag go leor de na daonra na hEorpa mar go bunúsach a bheith ina cheist eacnamaíoch nó fadhb eacnamaíoch. Skip go dtí 1 nóiméad agus 40 soicind Ach ansin na tús na campaers frith-sclábhaíocht, go háirithe as na heaglaisí, tús a rá, níl, ní mór seo a shainmhíniú mar cheist mhorálta nó fadhb mhorálta. Agus go dtosaíonn sé seo ag cabhrú le daoine é a fheiceáil ar bhealach go hiomlán difriúil - mar sin ní rud amháin a d'fhéadfadh a bheith á déileáil leis ag rialtais agus trádáil, ach bhí sé rud éigin go raibh, i ndáiríre, a fhreagairt laistigh de tú féin mar cheist mhorálta. An bhfuil mé i gceart ag smaoineamh gur minic a bhí mná ina gceannairí sa fheachtas boicéad agus tomhaltais nua seo? Sea, tá sé sin ceart go hiomlán. Sílim go bhféadfaí a rá gurb é ceann de na cúiseanna go raibh mná ag an am sin go hiomlán eisiata ó rannpháirtíocht sa phróiseas polaitiúil. Ní raibh an vótáil acu. Skip go 2 nóiméad agus 22 soicind Ní raibh siad in ann a shíniú achainí. Mar sin nuair a thosaigh an feachtas frith-sclábhaíochta sna 1790idí, d'fhócas na feachtóirí fireannacha ar dhaoine a chur i mbun achainí sa pharlaimint. Ach ansin d'oscail an réimse seo go léir áit a chonaic mná go bhféadfadh siad ról ceannaireachta a ghlacadh i ndáiríre toisc go meastar gur mná iad siúd a bhí freagrach as ceannacháin tí. Bhí siad ag déanamh na gcinntí, na cinntí tomhaltais, don teaghlach. Inis dom níos mó faoi sin. Ba mhaith liom a fháil amach faoi conas a bhí páistí a bheith bainteach. Cad é an ghníomhaíocht iarbhír a bhí baint ag mná agus leanaí agus fir agus daoine laistigh den fheachtas frith-sclábhaíochta? Skip to 3 nóiméad agus 2 soicind Bhuel, cinnte faoi na 1820í, nuair a bhí na mná ag tosú a gcuid sochaí frith-sclábhaíochta féin a chur ar bun, bheadh mná agus páistí ag dul timpeall teach go teach i gcathracha ag glaoch ar theaghlaigh. Agus rinne siad raon iomlán de phléascáin speisialta dírithe ar ghrúpaí aicme éagsúla a d'aimsigh mná, páistí, fir, ag iarraidh orthu gan siúcra sclábhaithe a úsáid. Agus mar sin bheadh páistí i gceist leis sin. Agus ansin freisin, tá roinnt samplaí go leor sásúil de litreacha ina bhfuil fir a thuairisciú conas a bhí sé na páistí sa teaghlach a thabhairt suas an úsáid siúcra go spreag i ndáiríre iad. Ach níl aon fhianaise fíor ann go ndearna sé é a bhaint amach go hiomlán úsáid siúcra a d'fhás sclábhaithe a laghdú. Skip go 3 nóiméad agus 59 soicind agus sílim go raibh cuid den fhadhb an siúcra a bhí cineál cosanta ag an mbeartas rialtais. Mar sin bhí sé níos saoire a cheannach ná siúcra ó fhoinsí eile. Bhí dualgais chosanta air. Tá sé sin suimiúil toisc go bhfuil comhthreomhar an-suimiúil ann leis an méid atá ar siúl inniu sa chaoi a dtugann an tAontas Eorpach, agus go háirithe rialtais Mheiriceá Thuaidh, fóirdheontais mhóra don talmhaíocht laistigh dá dteorainneacha - fóirdheontais atá chomh mór sin go gcruthóidh siad beagnach neamhchumas iomaíochta, fiú ag feirmeoirí sa domhan atá ag forbairt a oibríonn ag leibhéil brabúis agus costais i bhfad, i bhfad níos ísle. Skip to 4 nóiméad agus 38 soicind D'inis lucht feachtais frith-sclábhaíochta ó Háití agus ó Iarthar na hAfraice dom i ndáiríre nuair a d'fhiafraigh mé díobh, cad é an rud amháin a d'fhéadfadh rialtas na Stát Aontaithe a dhéanamh chun cabhrú leat deireadh a chur le sclábhaíocht i do thíortha agus ní raibh siad riamh le chéile dúirt siad liom i aonad, deireadh a chur leis na fóirdheontais ar ríse, rud a chuir iontas orm mar ní raibh a fhios agam ag an am. Ach dúirt siad go raibh na fóirdheontais mhóra seo ó rialtais, i ndáiríre, cruthaithe an comhthéacs ina raibh na céadta mílte, mura raibh na milliúin daoine a d'fhás rís, feirmeoirí beaga, nach bhféadfadh dul san iomaíocht le málaí móra rís a shruthaigh go háirithe ó na Stáit Aontaithe. Skip go dtí 5 nóiméad agus 15 soicind agus bhí siad ach knocked amach go hiomlán ó ghnó talmhaíochta, agus chríochnaigh siad féin a bheith sclábhaithe sa leochaileacht. Tá. Sílim go bhfuil an-spéisiúil comhthreomhar. Tá go leor cainte ann faoi shaor-thráchtáil. Ní raibh an Bhreatain ag iarraidh an saorghluaiseacht a thaitin ach amháin nuair a bhí sé chun tairbhe dóibh. Agus ba mhaith liom a iarraidh faoi sin go háirithe mar atá daoine ag rá inniu, cad iad mo roghanna eile? Mura dteastaíonn uaim fón póca a cheannach ina bhfuil mianraí coimhlinte a tháirgtear le sclábhaíocht, cad is féidir liom a dhéanamh toisc go gcaithfidh mé fón póca a bheith agam, an ceann céanna a chaithfidh muid a bheith againn cacao, caithfimid a bheith againn siúcra, caithfimid a bheith againn seacláide. Cad iad na roghanna eile a bhí ann ag an am sin? Skip go dtí 5 nóiméad agus 55 soicind Bhuel, sílim go bhfuil sé an-suimiúil. Deir tú go gcaithfidh tú rogha eile a tháirgeadh toisc nár úsáideadh an boicéad ag an am seo nuair a thosaigh an feachtas ar dtús. Mar sin, baineadh úsáid as an téarma staonadh ó bhéaloideachas. Thosaigh sé ag Quakers, nach dóigh liom go bhfuil sé comhtharlú toisc go raibh Quakers an-chinnte faoi a bheith ag tabhairt faoi go leor austere, saol laethúil agus nach bhfuil damhsa, nach bhfuil ag caitheamh éadaí blasta, agus mar sin de. Agus mar sin sílim go raibh an staonadh faoi dhíghábháil tú féin de rud éigin d'fhonn a fheabhsú ar an domhan agus a thaispeáint tú féin mar a bheith fíor morálta. Ach sílim gur thuig na hacabhraitheoirí go tapa nach dtarlódh sé seo mar achomharc forleathan don phobal. Mar sin thosaigh siad ag lorg foinsí eile siúcra. Skip go dtí 6 nóiméad agus 46 soicind agus an ceann go raibh siad dírithe ar a bhí siad ar a dtugtar East India siúcra. Bhí siad ag ciallaíonn go príomha siúcra a thagann ó Bengal, a bhí ag an am sin ina choilíneacht na Breataine. Agus mar sin rinne siad iarracht é seo a chur chun cinn mar rogha eile. Ní raibh siad ag déanamh imscrúdaithe ró-dlúth ar an gcaoi go díreach a bhí siúcra á tháirgeadh san India, agus go háirithe i mBéarla. Tá sé suntasach smaoineamh ar níos mó ná 100 bliain oibre a chuaigh i bhfeidhm chun tomhaltas bia, éadaí, agus aon rud eile a d'fhéadfadh a bheith aitheanta ag sclábhaithe a theorannú, díreach ag tús an chéad fheachtais chearta an duine i stair an duine ansin ag deireadh an 18ú haois. Is é an cheist lárnach atá againn inniu an féidir leis a bheith éifeachtach? Skip go dtí 7 nóiméad agus 40 soicind Cén cineál tionchar a bhí aige i ndáiríre? Conas a chabhraigh sé le daoine a gcuid smaointe, a gcuid iompair, agus go hiontach, réaltachtaí na sclábhaíochta ar an talamh a athrú? Sea, tá. Agus go deimhin, an obair ar dtús ar an gluaiseacht frith-sclábhaíochta claonadh a mholadh go raibh na feachtais boicéad go leor neamhshuntasach toisc nach raibh siad a bheith éifeachtach go díreach. Ní fhéadfaí a thomhas an méid a laghdaigh siad tomhaltas táirgí sclábhaithe agus a raibh tionchar acu i ndáiríre, dá bhrí sin, ar deireadh a chur leis an sclábhaíocht. Is é an rud a cheapann mé go bhfuil ag teip ar an gcur chuige sin ná go bhfuil sé ró-chomhfhiú. Sílim gurb é an rud is tábhachtaí faoi na feachtais boicéid ná gur chruthaigh siad an tuiscint ar náisiún frith-sclábhaíochta sa Bhreatain go raibh teaghlaigh na Breataine ag teacht le chéile chun táirgí sclábhaithe a chur in iúl. Skip go dtí 8 nóiméad agus 38 soicind Sa phróiseas, bhí siad cineál purging an náisiún ar an pheaca sclábhaíochta, an pheaca a úsáid táirge sclábhaí. Mar sin, sílim go raibh sé cabhrach go mór, má smaoiníonn tú ar an gluaiseacht frith-sclábhaíochta a bhfuil dhá thaobh, ceann amháin a bhí go léir na shenanigans sa pharlaimint, gach an idirbheartaíocht timpeall ag iarraidh a thabhairt i dlí trí mhodhanna dlíthiúla chun ar dtús, deireadh a chur leis an trádáil sclábhaí, ansin feabhas a chur ar an sclábhaíocht, mar a thug siad air, 'a dhíothú de réir a chéile' agus ansin ar deireadh, diothú láithreach. Bhí an taobh sin den fheachtas. Ach i ndáiríre, ní raibh sé éifeachtach ach toisc go raibh brú ollmhór ag teacht ó lasmuigh den pharlaimint, brú ó thuairim an phobail. Anois, go soiléir, go léir go díreach i na céadta mílte daoine a síniú a dhéanamh ar achainí frith-sclábhaíochta agus a chur i láthair iad chuig an bparlaimint. Skip go 9 nóiméad agus 36 soicind a thug an deis do dhaoine a phlé é sa pharlaimint. Ach in éineacht leis sin, bhí an tuiscint ann go raibh atmaisféar iomlán á chruthú sa Bhreatain a bhí in aghaidh an sclábhaíochta, agus a raibh an daonra ar fad páirteach ann. Agus sílim go bhfuil an áit a bhí an gluaiseacht boicéad chomh tábhachtach toisc go raibh sé daoine ag smaoineamh go fírinneach ag admháil go raibh do shaol laethúil sa Bhreatain nasctha go dlúth le saol na ndaoine sclábhaithe ag fulaingt sa Mhuir Chairib. Sa lá atá inniu ann, tá a fhios againn go bhfuil go leor rudaí a bhfuil teagmháil leis an sclábhaíocht - go bhfuil cotton fós a bhfuil teagmháil le sclábhaíocht, torthaí agus glasraí, creimíní agus iasc, na mianraí a théann isteach i do ríomhaire glúine agus fóin phóca, cineálacha eile mianraí cosúil le cruach agus iarann, adhmad. Skip go dtí 10 nóiméad agus 31 soicind An liosta D'fhéadfainn dul ar aghaidh ar feadh i bhfad ar fad faoi na rudaí go léir a bhfuil a fhios againn teacht chugainn trí lámha sclábhaithe. Ach is é an príomh-difríocht inniu cé go bhfuil sé seo go morálta ollmhór fadhb, i dtéarmaí eacnamaíocha, an méid de aon earra a bhfuil ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Ceann de na rudaí faoi sclábhaíocht choiméireach, áfach, murab ionann agus sclábhaíocht an am atá caite, is é go bhfuil claonadh aige a bheith i bhfolach. Skip go 11 nóiméad agus 11 soicind Mar sin na coiriúla atá ag enslaving daoine a tháirgeadh cibé rud a commodity táimid ag caint faoi go minic an-deacair a iniúchadh agus a aithint ag an bpointe tionscnaimh aon táirge nó earraí. Agus go, arís, throws fós eile wrinkle isteach é. Anois, má tá dea-scéal ann, is é sin go bhfuil líon suntasach daoine san Eoraip Thiar agus i Meiriceá Thuaidh na laethanta seo, go háirithe daoine óga, ag claonadh gan iad féin a aithint chomh mór sin mar shaoránaigh a dtíortha, ach mar thomhaltóirí laistigh dá ngeilleagair. Agus creideann siad i ndáiríre go bhfuil bealach amháin eile chun déileáil le saincheisteanna morálta a ithe a mbealach amach as ar bhealach ceart - chun vóta a thabhairt lena dollar nó punt i margadh na smaointe nó polaitíocht. Skip go 11 nóiméad agus 57 soicind Mar sin, do na daoine, tá an notion go bhfuil sé nach bhfuil cuma má tá sé ach 1% de na mianraí ár fóin phóca, ár fóin phóca, ár ríomhairí glúine a bhfuil teagmháil leis an sclábhaíocht. Tá sé sin ró-fhada. Bhí amanna ann nuair a bhí glaonna ar bhaicéad ar chacó, mar shampla. 10 bliain ó shin, bhí gluaiseacht ar scála mór i saothar an-sclábhaíochta chun a rá, ní mór dúinn stop a chur ag ceannach aon chineál de cacao an Afraic Thiar toisc go bhfuil an sclábhaíocht. Ach an deacracht leis sin, ar ndóigh, go raibh ann ach thart ar 1% nó 2%, ar a mhéad, de na feirmeoirí teaghlaigh aonair a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag baint úsáide as oibrithe sclábhaithe. Mar sin, beidh na feirmeoirí eile ag dul a mbeatha a chailleadh. Skip to 12 nóiméad agus 39 soicind Bhuel, bhí na boicótaí dul ar aghaidh, bheadh sé a bheith i gceist indibhidiúlacht, ocras, agus d'fhéadfadh a enslavement na feirmeoirí go leor nach raibh ag baint úsáide as saothair sclábhaí. Sea, sea. Mar sin tá sé i bhfad níos suimiúla agus níos sonracha cineál eolais speisialtóra ní mór duit a thabhairt chun bear má tá tú ag dul chun aghaidh a thabhairt i ndáiríre sclábhaíocht i earraí inniu agus nach riosca na cineálacha sin de boycotts. Agus, ar ndóigh, déanann sé sin é a bheith níos deacra an pobal leathan a chur i gceist. Tá sé níos éasca ceannteideal a bheith agat, sloinneadh simplí - boicéad cacao san Afraic Thiar, nó boicéad siúcra san Indiach Thiar - ná go gcuirfí daoine i mbun na mearbhall ar mhion-scéalta an díospóireachta. Skip to 13 nóiméad agus 28 soicind Mar sin inniu, tá muid ag caint faoi fhreagracht mhorálta ar fad agus conas a oibríonn sé trí patrúin tomhaltais, sa am atá thart agus sa lá atá inniu ann. Conas a dhéileálann muid lenár bhfreagracht mhorálta chun cónaí i saol gan sclábhaíocht, más féidir, nó ar a laghad tionchar a bheith againn ar na daoine sin a choinníonn daoine i sclábhaíocht trí ár bpatrúin tomhaltais? Is ceist í a bhfuil lucht díothú, oibrithe frith-sclabhrachta, agus saoránaigh agus tomhaltóirí ag streachailt leis le rud éigin cosúil le 250 bliain anois. Agus is é sin ceann go bhfuil muid ag dul a leanúint ag dul a wrestle le, araon sa chúrsa, agus sílim go i ár saol go ginearálta. Is saineolaí mór le rá é an tOllamh Clare Midgley ar stair trasnáisiúnta agus gníomhaíocht na mban sa 19ú haois agus is í údar na mBan i gcoinne an Sclafaíochta, i measc leabhair eile. Sa scannán seo, pléann Clare agus Kevin Bales stair fhada na boicéid frith-sclábhaíochta, ról na mban i bhfeachtais boicéid na staire, athruithe sochaíocha an réabhlóide tomhaltóra, agus na cinntí eiticiúla casta a bhí ag gabháil leis an gcineál seo gníomhaíochta. Déileálann siad leis an gcaoi a bhaineann stair ghníomhaíocht tomhaltóirí le feachtais choimhthíocha coimhthíocha agus an béim ar thrádáil eiticiúil agus cothrom. Rinneadh an scannán a lámhach ag Eaglais Aonair Newington Green i dtuaisceart Londain, ceann de na heaglaisí Aonair is sine i Sasana. Tá nasc stairiúil aige le radacaíocht pholaitiúil agus le haibhléimíocht an 18ú agus an 19ú haois. Tar éis duit an scannán a fheiceáil, déan iniúchadh ar an acmhainn dhigitigh Táirgí na Slave. Is acmhainn é ó "Sclavery and What We Buy Campaign" de chuid Anti-Slavery International, a léiríonn gur féidir sclábhaíocht a bheith ann inniu ag céimeanna éagsúla, ó tháirgeadh amhábhair mar chúcá nó cadás go déantúsaíocht earraí mar éadaí, bréagáin nó d'fhéileoirsí. Taispeánann an acmhainn dhigiteach méid na dúshláin agus leagann sé béim freisin ar tháirgí a dhéantar le saothair leanaí. Bunaíodh Anti-Slavery International i 1839 agus is í an eagraíocht idirnáisiúnta um chearta an duine is sine ar domhan. Inis dúinn sa rannán tuairimí aon rud a fhaigheann tú ar acmhainn Táirgí an Sclaoi a bhfuil iontas ar leith air. An iad seo na hearraí, na táirgí agus na tíortha a bhí súil agat a fheiceáil?

We prepared ultrafine germanium particles by gas‐evaporation techniques. The particle composition was studied by Raman and x‐ray scattering. We take an analytical model to explain the Raman profile: the particle is composed of a single‐crystalline core and a coating amorphous shell. In this single‐crystalline part, the phonon mode is completely localized, and as a result the red shift and the broadening of the Raman signal are induced. We introduce a localization factor to describe the size effect. According to this model we determined the mean diameter of a crystalline particle. The result is compared with that from x‐ray diffraction. Our results indicate that the coating amorphous shell thickness is nearly constant, although the crystalline particle size varies by the evaporation‐gas pressure. Furthermore, we found that the Raman profile changes by the wavelength of the exciting laser.

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Chuireamar páirteanna ultrafhin ghermainiam i dtáirgí gaise-éapadóireachta. Rinneadh staidéar ar chomhdhéanamh na bpáirtíneacha trí Raman agus scaipeadh raidió x. Glacann muid samhail anailíseach chun próifíl Raman a mhíniú: tá an cáithnín comhdhéanta de chroí aon-chriostail agus craiceann amorfach cóimeála. Sa chuid aonair-chriostail seo, tá an modh fónón á áitiú go hiomlán, agus mar thoradh air sin tá an t-aistriú dearg agus leathnú an chomhartha Raman á spreagadh. Cuirfimid fachtóir áitiúla isteach chun cur síos a dhéanamh ar an éifeacht mhéid. De réir an múnla seo shocraíomar meán-dhomhchroim phéintéarach criostail. Déantar an toradh a chur i gcomparáid leis an toradh a fuarthas ó difríocht rás-x. Léiríonn ár dtorthaí go bhfuil tiús an chúl amorphous cóireála beagnach seasmhach, cé go n-athraíonn méid na bpáirtíneach criostail de réir brú gás-éadóchais. Ina theannta sin, fuair muid amach go n-athraíonn próifíl Raman de réir fhad tonn an léasair spreagúil.

At the root of healthy relationships is an unwavering, ardent commitment to equality, however, there are other building blocks that are key to consider when engaging in a relationship of any form with another individual. We’ve identified four significant and vital attributes for healthy relationships: Respect (/rəˈspekt/): Understand and embrace the core differences in others. Allow others the freedom to be who they are without placing judgment, displaying hostility, or exhibiting any other behavior that could dehumanize them or minimize their live experiences. Trust (\ˈtrəst\): Assure your friends, family, and partners that they can rely on your character, strength, ability, and truth to be consistent and earnest by following through with commitments, fulfilling your promises, and being completely honest with them at all costs. Open Communication (\ˈō-pən • \kə-ˌmyü-nə-ˈkā-shən\): Make you needs and sensibilities clear and listen to the sentiments of those you love. Refrain from passing judgment on those you connect with and resorting to blaming or shaming language. Honesty (\ˈä-nə-stē\): Try not to greet your acquaintances and loved ones with your “representative” and be 100% authentic and forthcoming about your truths. Those that truly love and support you will embrace the real you regardless of your differences.

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Is é an tiomantas gan staonadh, ardúil don chomhionannas bunús na gcaidrimh shláintiúla, áfach, tá blátaí tógála eile ann atá ríthábhachtach le breithniú nuair a bhíonn caidreamh de chineál ar bith á dhéanamh agat le duine eile. Tá ceithre ghné thábhachtach agus ríthábhachtach le haghaidh caidrimh shláintiúla sainaitheanta againn: Urraim (/rəˈspekt/): Tuig agus glac leis na príomhdhifríochtaí i ndaoine eile. Lig do dhaoine eile an tsaoirse a bheith mar atá siad gan breithniú a dhéanamh, fírinneacht a thaispeáint, nó aon iompar eile a thaispeáint a d'fhéadfadh a bheith mídhaonna dóibh nó a d'fhéadfadh a dtaithí sa saol a íoslaghdú. Iontaobhas (trəst): Geallaim do chairde, do theaghlach, agus do pháirtithe gur féidir leo brath ar do charachtar, do neart, do chumas, agus do fhírinne a bheith comhsheasmhach agus díograiseach trí chomhlíonadh do ghealltanais, do ghealltanais a chomhlíonadh, agus a bheith dílis go hiomlán leo ar gach costas. Cumarsáid Oscailte (\ˈō-pən • \kə-ˌmyü-nə-ˈkā-shən\): Déan do chuid riachtanas agus íogaireacht soiléir agus éisteacht le mothúcháin na ndaoine a bhfuil grá agat dóibh. Seachain breithniú a dhéanamh ar na daoine a bhfuil tú i dteagmháil leo agus a bheith ag baint úsáide as teanga chiontaithe nó náire. Onóir (ˈä-nə-stē): Déan iarracht gan do chuid aithne agus do mhuintir a chur ar do representative agus bí 100% barántúil agus oscailte faoi do chuid fírinneanna. Glacfaidh na daoine a bhfuil grá agus tacaíocht fíor acu duit an fíor-ainneoin do dhifríochtaí.

How many syllables are in warn? 1 syllable Divide warn into syllables: warn Definition of: Warn (New window will open) How to pronounce warn: Are you a freelance writer, novelist, or short story writer? If so, join our writing community with cash prize contests, freelance opportunities, and free writing tools. Warn Poems: (See poems with this word. New window will open) Synonyms and Words Related to Warn warned (1 syllables), warning (2 syllables), warningly (3 syllables), warns (1 syllables), admonish (3 syllables), bode (1 syllables), discourage (3 syllables), dissuade (2 syllables), forewarn (2 syllables), monish (2 syllables), One syllable words that rhyme with Warn bjoern, bjorn, born, borne, bourn, bourne, corn, corne, doorn, dorn, horn, horne, korn, lorne, morn, mourn, orn, orne, porn, schorn, scorn, shorn, sporn, sworn, thorn, thorne, torn, warn, warne, worn, zorn Two syllable words that rhyme with Warn aborn, adorn, allcorn, amborn, forlorn, forsworn, lamborn, lowborn, radborne, reborn, steinborn, stillborn, unborn, vandorn, vanhorn, vanhorne, wellborn Three syllable words that rhyme with Warn What do you think of our answer to how many syllables are in warn? Are the syllable count, pronunciation, words that rhyme, and syllable divisions for warn correct? There are numerous syllabic anomalies found within the U.S. English language. Can warn be pronounced differently? Did we divide the syllables correctly? Do regional variations in the pronunciation of warn effect the syllable count? Has language changed? Provide your comments or thoughts on the syllable count for warn below. Comment on the syllables in Warn A comprehensive resource for finding syllables in warn, how many syllables are in warn, words that rhyme with warn, how to divide warn into syllables, how to pronounce warn, how to break warn into syllables, and how to pronounce warn.

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Cé mhéad siollacha atá i warn? 1 siolla Deighilt a rabhadh i siollacha: rabhadh Sainmhíniú ar: Warn (Opens new window) Conas a fhuaimniú warn: An scríbhneoir neamhspleách, úrscéalaí nó scríbhneoir scéalta gearr thú? Más amhlaidh, tar éis dul isteach inár bpobal scríbhneoireachta le comórtais duais airgid, deiseanna saor-ealaíona, agus uirlisí scríbhneoireachta saor in aisce. Poems Warn: (Féach na dánta leis an bhfocal seo. Osclaíonn fuinneog nua) Sinonimacha agus Focail a bhaineann le rabhadh warningly (1 siollach), warningly (2 siollach), warningly (3 siollach), warns (1 siollach), admonish (3 siollacha), bode (1 siollacha), discourage (3 siollacha), dissuade (2 siollacha), forewarn (2 siollacha), monish (2 siollacha), Focail aon-sliabh a rímíonn le Warn bjoern, bjorn, born, borne, bourn, bourne, corn, corne, doorn, dorn, horn, horne, korn, lorne, morn, mourn, orn, orne, porn, schorn, scorn, shorn, sporn, sworn, thorn, thorne, torn, warn, warne, worn, zorn Dhá fhocal siollacha a rímíonn le Warn aborn, adorn, allcorn, amborn, forlorn, forsworn, lamborn, lowborn, radborne, reborn, steinborn, stillborn, unborn, vandorn, vanhorn, vanhorne, wellborn Focail trí shléibhe a bhfuil rím le Warn Cad a cheapann tú de ár freagra ar cé mhéad siollacha atá i warn? An bhfuil an líon siollacha, an fuaimniú, na focail a bhfuil ráim orthu, agus na rannáin siollacha le haghaidh rabhadh ceart? Tá go leor neamhghnáchas síllabacha le fáil laistigh de theanga Béarla na Stát Aontaithe. An féidir Warn a fhuaimniú ar bhealach difriúil? An roinn muid na siollacha i gceart? An mbíonn tionchar ag difríochtaí réigiúnacha i bhfreagra an fhuaimní ar líon na siollaí? An bhfuil an teanga athraithe? Cuir do chuid tuairimí nó smaointe ar fáil maidir leis an líon siollacha le haghaidh rabhaidh thíos. Tuarascáil ar na siollacha i Warn Go leor acmhainní chun siollacha a fháil i warn, cé mhéad siollacha atá i warn, focail a bhfuil rím le warn, conas a roinnt warn i siollacha, conas a fhuaimniú warn, conas a bhriseadh warn i siollacha, agus conas a fhuaimniú warn.

Community Service Officer A Community Service Officer (CSO), provides support in crime prevention, investigation, and response where full police powers are unnecessary and assists police officers in upholding law and order. The concept has been in use in the United States since at least the 1970s. The United States Department of Justice database includes an article from 1977 entitled, COMBATING CRIME - FULL UTILIZATION OF THE POLICE OFFICER AND CSO (COMMUNITY SERVICE OFFICER) CONCEPT that described CSO functions and implementation of a CSO program. The program was not widely implemented until tight budgets collided with the public's demand for better response in emergency situations. Most Community Service Officers are non-sworn (civilian) positions without powers of arrest and do not carry firearms due to liability issues. Some CSOs are authorized to carry less-lethal weapons such as batons or pepper spray, and do receive training in self-defense tactics. Many departments authorize their CSOs to issue traffic and civil infraction citations in the course of accident investigations. At some agencies, the first year of the job is primarily clerical, with little field work. The amount of training a CSO receives will vary by state, and even by local jurisdiction within a state. The current climate within larger police agencies is that they are becoming increasingly constrained because of budgetary concerns and the need to serve a larger or growing community. In this environment, the position of the CSO is considered a blessing for both the departments and communities they serve in. CSOs typically are paid significantly less than sworn officers, allowing departments to field more people for the same amount of money. This has the effect of providing quicker response times to citizen requests for police services. Further, CSOs usually handle lower priority calls which do not require an armed police officer with arrest powers freeing sworn officers to concentrate on those incidents requiring their specific skill set. Even a few CSOs can have a significant impact on the efficiency and effectiveness of police services that departments provide. Most departments distinguish the CSO's from normal police officers in a variety of ways, however the two most common are uniform and vehicle. Uniforms vary by department, examples being neon Yellow(similar to the color of some traffic vests), a lighter blue color, or in some cases white. Issued vehicles for Community Service Officers often identify the individual as a CSO via decals on the vehicle. The lighting on the CSO vehicles is also different, though the color combinations vary by department. Examples include amber only lights in San Antonio Tx., or red/amber colors in St. Johns County, Fl.,Orlando, Fl. uses police red and clear color lights. Vehicle type is also department and locale specific. Jacksonville uses the Chevy Malibu and Chevy Impala, Orlando uses the Ford Crown Victoria and Chevy Impala, and St. Johns County utilizes the Chevy Impala, as well as different models of Pickup and Sport Utility vehicles for the CSO's. In Jacksonville, Florida, the CSO is regarded as an entry-level position to law enforcement for high school graduates, because the department requires police officers to be at least 21 and have a bachelor's degree, or associates degree and four years of active military and/or law enforcement experience. CSOs are expected to attend college (tuition is reimbursed) and apply to the police academy within five years. The hiring process for CSO's is similar to the process of a sworn officer being hired in most departments. CSO's must undergo oral board reviews, polygraph tests, medical and psychological exams, writing skills tests, and background investigations - Airport security and civil regulation enforcement - Evidence collection and use of specialized forensic equipment - Traffic control at vehicle collisions, public events, structure fires and traffic signal outages - Traffic accident investigations - Issue parking tickets - Receives reports of and performs the initial investigation of burglaries, petty theft, found property, missing persons, vandalism and auto theft - Provide emergency animal control - Community Relations including crime prevention and responding to requests for information - Serves subpoenas - Transports juveniles - Respond to emergency vehicle breakdowns - Assist school crossing guards - Fingerprint services for citizens - City of Fremont, California, Job Descriptions, Community Service Officer[dead link] - Tatum, G. H.: International Association of Chiefs of Police, Police Chief Journal, April, 1977-COMBATING CRIME - FULL UTILIZATION OF THE POLICE OFFICER AND CSO (COMMUNITY SERVICE OFFICER) CONCEPT - City of Orlando, Florida - City of Carlsbad, Class specification, CSO - Jacksonville Sheriff's Office, Careers - City of Santa Clara, Job Description, CSO[dead link] - City of Mukilteo, Community Service Officer - Jacksonville Beach, Community Service Officers

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Oifigeach Seirbhíse Pobail Soláthraíonn Oifigeach Seirbhíse Pobail (CSO) tacaíocht i gcúram coiriúlachta a chosc, a imscrúdú agus freagairt nuair nach bhfuil cumhachtaí iomlána póilíní riachtanach agus cuireann sé cúnamh ar oifigigh póilíní chun an dlí agus an t-ord a choimeád. Tá an coincheap in úsáid sna Stáit Aontaithe ó na 1970idí ar a laghad. I mbunachar sonraí Roinn Dlí agus Cirt na Stát Aontaithe tá alt ó 1977 dar teideal, COMBATHING CRIME - FULL UTILIZATION OF THE POLICE OFFICER AND CSO (COMMUNITY SERVICE OFFICER) CONCEPT a thuairiscigh feidhmeanna CSO agus cur i bhfeidhm clár CSO. Níor cuireadh an clár i bhfeidhm go forleathan go dtí go ndeachaigh buiséid shrianta i gcoinne éileamh an phobail ar fhreagairt níos fearr i gcásanna éigeandála. Is post neamh-aitheanta (civil) é an chuid is mó d'Oifigigh Seirbhíse Pobail gan cumhachtaí gabhála agus ní iompraíonn siad airm tine mar gheall ar shaincheisteanna dliteanais. Tá údarú ag roinnt CSO arm nach bhfuil chomh marbhtach mar bataí nó sprae pipéar a iompar, agus faigheann siad oiliúint i gcúrsaí féin-chosainithe. Tá go leor ranna ag údarú dá n-SOCanna chun trialacha agus cionta sibhialta a eisiúint le linn imscrúduithe timpistí. I roinnt gníomhaireachtaí, is é an chéad bhliain den phost go príomha clerical, le beagán oibre sa réimse. Beidh an méid oiliúna a fhaigheann OSC éagsúil de réir stáit, agus fiú de réir dlínse áitiúil laistigh de stát. Is é an t-aeráid reatha laistigh d'eagraíochtaí póilíní níos mó ná go bhfuil siad ag éirí níos srianta mar gheall ar imní buiséadacha agus an gá le freastal ar phobal níos mó nó ag fás. Sa timpeallacht seo, meastar go bhfuil post an OCS ina bheannacht don roinn agus don phobal ina bhfuil siad ag fónamh. De ghnáth tá tuarastal i bhfad níos lú ag eagraíochtaí na sochaí sibhialta ná ag oifigigh faoi mhionn, rud a ligeann do ranna níos mó daoine a chur ar an láthair ar an méid céanna airgid. Tá éifeacht ag an méid sin ar amanna freagra níos gasta a sholáthar d'iarratais saoránach ar sheirbhísí póilíní. Ina theannta sin, is gnách go ndéileálann OSCanna le glaonna a bhfuil tosaíocht níos ísle acu nach gá oifigeach póilíní armtha a bheith acu a bhfuil cumhachtaí gabhála acu, rud a fhágann go bhfuil oifigigh faoi mhionn saor chun díriú ar na himeachtaí sin a éilíonn a gcuid scileanna sonracha. Tá sé tábhachtach go mbeadh na seirbhísí a sholáthraíonn na ranna sin ar fáil do phobail i gcónaí. Déanann an chuid is mó de na ranna idirdhealú idir na hoifigigh CSO agus gnáth-oifigeach póilíneachta ar bhealaí éagsúla, ach is iad an dá cheann is coitianta éide agus feithicil. Athraíonn éide de réir roinne, is samplaí iad Giolla neon (arna samhail le dath roinnt gileanna tráchta), dath gorm níos éadroime, nó i gcásanna áirithe bán. Is minic a aithnítear feithiclí a eisítear d'Oifigigh Seirbhíse Pobail an duine aonair mar OSC trí dheicleáin ar an bhfeithicil. Tá an soilsiú ar fheithiclí CSO difriúil freisin, cé go bhfuil na teaglaim dathanna éagsúil de réir na roinne. I measc na samplaí tá soilse amáire amháin i San Antonio Tx., nó dathanna dearga / amáire i gContae St. Johns, Fl., Orlando, Fl. Úsáidte lámha dearga agus dath soiléir póilíní. Tá cineál na feithicle sonrach freisin do roinn agus do shuíomh. Úsáideann Jacksonville an Chevy Malibu agus an Chevy Impala, úsáideann Orlando an Ford Crown Victoria agus an Chevy Impala, agus úsáideann Contae Naomh John an Chevy Impala, chomh maith le samhlacha éagsúla de fheithiclí Pickup agus Sport Utility do CSO. I Jacksonville, Florida, meastar go bhfuil an CSO mar phost leibhéal iontrála d'fheidhmiú an dlí do chéimithe ardscoile, toisc go dteastaíonn ón roinn go mbeadh oifigigh póilíní 21 bliain d'aois ar a laghad agus go mbeadh céim bhaitsiléara, nó céim chomhoibrithe agus ceithre bliana de thaithí gníomhach míleata agus / nó forfheidhmithe dlí acu. Táthar ag súil go rachaidh eagraíochtaí CSO ar choláiste (cuirtear an táille ar ais dóibh) agus go ndéanfaidh siad iarratas ar an acadamh póilíneachta laistigh de chúig bliana. Tá an próiseas fostaíochta do OSCanna cosúil leis an bpróiseas a bhíonn ag oifigeach faoi mhionn a fhostú i bhformhór na ranna. Ní mór do CSOanna athbhreithnithe boird ó bhéal, tástálacha poiliagrafacha, scrúduithe leighis agus síceolaíocha, tástálacha scileanna scríbhneoireachta, agus imscrúduithe cúlra a dhéanamh orthu - Slándáil aerfoirt agus forfheidhmiú rialachán sibhialta - Comhthiomsú fianaise agus úsáid trealamh forensic speisialaithe - Rialú tráchta i gcás imbhualadh feithiclí, imeachtaí poiblí, dóiteáin struchtúr agus easpa comhartha tráchta - Imscrúduithe ar thráchtáil - Ticéid páirceála a eisiúint - Tugaim tuarascálacha ar agus déanaim an chéad imscrúdú ar bhrógáil, goid bheaga, maoin aimsithe, daoine atá ar iarraidh, dífhágáil agus goid gluaisteán - Rialú éigeandála ainmhithe a sholáthar - Caidreamh leis an bpobal lena n-áirítear coireacht a chosc agus freagairt ar iarratais ar fhaisnéis - Seirbheáil subpoenas - Iompar daoine óga - Freagra a thabhairt ar bhriseadh feithicle éigeandála - Cuidiú le gardaí trasnaithe scoile - Seirbhísí léarscála do shaoránaigh - Cathrach Fremont, California, Cur síos ar an Obair, Oifigeach Seirbhíse Pobail - Tatum, G. H.: Comhlachas Idirnáisiúnta na bPríomhoifigigh Póilíneachta, Iris na bPríomhoifigigh Póilíneachta, Aibreán, 1977-CÓGHAIRLE - FÚILÍOSÚLÁD LÁIRINN NA FOPÚILÍOSAÍ agus OFFICÉIR CSO (OFFICÉIR SÍOLAIS COMHOMHLAINNÍ) - Cathair Orlando, Florida - Cathair Carlsbad, sonraíocht aicme, CSO - Oifig an Sheriff Jacksonville, gairmeacha - Cathrach Santa Clara, Tuairisc Phoist, CSO[dead link] - Cathrach Mukilteo, Oifigeach Seirbhíse Pobail - Jacksonville Beach, Oifigigh Seirbhíse Pobail

Java is an object-oriented programming language with millions of users across the globe. It is well-known for being a platform-independent language and a computing platform. Java is a widely used object-oriented programming language and software platform that runs on billions of devices, including notebook computers, mobile devices, gaming consoles, medical devices and many others. The rules and syntax of Java are based on the C and C++ languages. Java, having been developed in 1991, is a relatively new programming language. At that time, James Gosling from Sun Microsystems and his team began designing the first version of Java aimed at programming home appliances which are controlled by a wide variety of computer. Java was originally designed for interactive television, but it was too advanced for the digital cable television industry at the time. The language was initially called Oak after an oak tree that stood outside Gosling's office. Later the project went by the name Green and was finally renamed Java, from Java coffee. Gosling designed Java with a C/C++-style syntax that system and application programmers would find familiar. Features of java Technology Java Key Technology Java is simle : Java base is similar to that of C and C++ languages and it includes many important features of these languages. It removes many drawbacks and complexities of C or C++. So if one has good understanding of either C or C++, then Java language will be very familiar and easily understandable. Java is an object oriented : Object Oriented Programming (OOP) is an approach to standardize the programs by creating partitioned memory area for both data and function. The approach was developed to increase programmer’s productivity and also to overcome the traditional approach of programming. Like Objects, Class, Data Abstraction, Encapsulation, Data Hiding, Inheritance and Polymorphism. Java programs are both compiled and interpreted : It is normal for a computer language to either be compiled or interpreted during execution. But Java language is an exception as its programs are both compiled and interpreted. The Java Compiler (JAVAC) compiles the java source code and converts it into the bytecode. The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) then executes this bytecode and converts it into machine-dependent form. Java programs are platform independent : This is the most significant feature of Java, as being platform independent means one program compiled on one machine can get executed on any other machines without changing anything. This is achieved because of the BYTE code concept. As mentioned before, the JAVAC compiles the java source code and converts it into the bytecode. It doesn’t convert the source code into machine code like that of the C/C++ compiler. This bytecode is further converted into machine-dependent form by another software called JVM. This JVM can execute bytecode on any platform, regardless of the original machine bytecode. Java is an Interactive language : Why Java is considered to be Interactive? Because Character User Interface (CUI) and Graphical User Interface (GUI) both are supported by Java. The interactive performance of graphical applications increases while using Java. Example of such a software where Java based designing is used is Android Studio. Java is a multithreaded : A thread is an independent path taken while a program is being executed. Multithreaded means handling multiple paths or tasks simultaneously of the same program. Due to multithreading, maximum resource utilization can be done. All these different threads share the same memory space. Thus performance of complicated applications is boosted. Java High performance Language : Being a language which is both compiled and interpreted, Java is faster than many traditional interpreted programming languages. This is because the Java bytecode is very close to the native code. Although, Java is still a bit slower than other compiled languages like C++. To understand this, let’s look at what Interpreter and Compiler means. Security : Java Programming language is more secured than C or C ++ language, as one can’t explicitly create pointers in Java as compared to C or C++. Thus one can’t gain access to a particular variable if it is not initialized properly. Java also supports access modifiers, which can check memory access and also prevent viruses from entering an applet. Robust : Java is capable of handling runtime errors, has a strong memory management system. It helps in eliminating errors in code during compilation time and runtime. Java falls under garbage collected language category, as the JVM automatically de-allocates the memory blocks unlike that of C or C++. Dynamic and Extensible : Dynamic and extensible means one can add classes and add new methods to classes with the help of Object Oriented Programming. This is available in JAVA. It makes easier for programmers to expand their own classes and ever modify them. Java is highly dynamic in nature as it can adapt to its evolving environment. Distributed : Java is considered to be distributed as it encourages users to create distributed applications. A distributed application consists of at least one local or remote clients who communicates using at least one server on several machines linked through a network. With the help of such an application, one can conduct business operations from anywhere in the world. A programmer sitting on one machine can access a program which is running on another machine from any geographical location. Java working flow process In the Java programming language, all source code is first written in plain text files ending with the .java extension. Those source files are then compiled into .class files by the javac compiler. A .class file does not contain code that is native to your processor; it instead contains bytecodes — the machine language of the Java Virtual Machine (Java VM). The java launcher tool then runs your application with an instance of the Java Virtual Machine.<> An overview of the software development process. The Java VM is available on many different operating systems, the same .class files are capable of running on Microsoft Windows, the Solaris™ Operating System (Solaris OS), Linux, or Mac OS. The Java Paltform A platform is the hardware or software environment in which a program runs. We've already mentioned some of the most popular platforms like Microsoft Windows, Linux, Solaris OS, and Mac OS. Most platforms can be described as a combination of the operating system and underlying hardware. The Java platform differs from most other platforms in that it's a software-only platform that runs on top of other hardware-based platforms. The Java platform has two components: - The Java Virtual Machine - The& Java Application Programming Interface (API) The API is a large collection of ready-made software components that provide many useful capabilities. It is grouped into libraries of related classes and interfaces; these libraries are known as packages. The API and Java Virtual Machine insulate the program from the underlying hardware. As a platform-independent environment, the Java platform can be a bit slower than native code. However, advances in compiler and virtual machine technologies are bringing performance close to that of native code without threatening portability. What Can Java Technology Do? The general-purpose, high-level Java programming language is a powerful software platform. Every full implementation of the Java platform gives you the following features: Development Tools: The development tools provide everything you'll need for compiling, running, monitoring, debugging, and documenting your applications. As a new developer, the main tools you'll be using are the javac compiler, the java launcher, and the javadoc documentation tool. Application Programming Interface (API): The API provides the core functionality of the Java programming language. It offers a wide array of useful classes ready for use in your own applications. It spans everything from basic objects, to networking and security, to XML generation and database access, and more Deployment Technologies: The JDK software provides standard mechanisms such as the Java Web Start software and Java Plug-In software for deploying your applications to end users. User Interface Toolkits: The JavaFX, Swing, and Java 2D toolkits make it possible to create sophisticated Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs). Integration Libraries: Integration libraries such as the Java IDL API, JDBC API, Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI) API, Java RMI, and Java Remote Method Invocation over Internet Inter-ORB Protocol Technology (Java RMI-IIOP Technology) enable database access and manipulation of remote objects. How Will Java Technology Change My Life? We can't promise you fame, fortune, or even a job if you learn the Java programming language. Still, it is likely to make your programs better and requires less effort than other languages. We believe that Java technology will help you do the following: - Get started quickly: Although the Java programming language is a powerful object-oriented language, it's easy to learn, especially for programmers already familiar with C or C++. - Write less code: Comparisons of program metrics (class counts, method counts, and so on) suggest that a program written in the Java programming language can be four times smaller than the same program written in C++. - Write better code: The Java programming language encourages good coding practices, and automatic garbage collection helps you avoid memory leaks. Its object orientation, its JavaBeans™ component architecture, and its wide-ranging, easily extendible API let you reuse existing, tested code and introduce fewer bugs. - Develop programs more quickly: The Java programming language is simpler than C++, and as such, your development time could be up to twice as fast when writing in it. Your programs will also require fewer lines of code. - Avoid platform dependencies: You can keep your program portable by avoiding the use of libraries written in other languages. - Write once, run anywhere: Because applications written in the Java programming language are compiled into machine-independent bytecodes, they run consistently on any Java platform. - Distribute software more easily: With Java Web Start software, users will be able to launch your applications with a single click of the mouse. An automatic version check at startup ensures that users are always up to date with the latest version of your software. If an update is available, the Java Web Start software will automatically update their installation. Where is Java used There are many devices where Java is currently used. Some of them are as follows: - Desktop Applications - Web Applications - Embedded System - Games etc. Types of Java Applications Application programs : Application programs are stand-alone programs that are written to carry out certain tasks on local computer such as solving equations, reading and writing files etc. Applet Programs : Applets are small Java programs developed for Internet applications. An applet located in a distant computer can be downloaded via the Internet and executed on a local computer using Java-capable browser. Contact us or Request Quote for any type theme Services needs contact us.

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Is teanga cláir atá dírithe ar rudaí é Java agus tá na milliúin úsáideoirí ar fud an domhain. Tá cáil air mar theanga neamhspleách ar ardán agus mar ardán ríomhaireachta. Is teanga cláir réad-dhírithe agus ardán bogearraí é Java a úsáidtear go forleathan a ritheann ar na billiúin gléasanna, lena n-áirítear ríomhairí glúine, feistí soghluaiste, consolaí cearrbhachais, feistí leighis agus go leor eile. Na rialacha agus an sintéise Tá Java bunaithe ar theangacha C agus C++. Is teanga cláir réasúnta nua í Java, a forbraíodh i 1991. Ag an am sin, thosaigh James Gosling ó Sun Microsystems agus a fhoireann ag dearadh an chéad leagan de Java a bhí dírithe ar fhearais tí a chlárú a rialaítear ag réimse leathan ríomhairí. Bhí Java deartha ar dtús le haghaidh teilifíse idirghníomhach, ach bhí sé ró-ard don tionscal teilifíse cábla digiteach ag an am. Ar dtús, tugadh Oak ar an teanga tar éis crann oic a bhí taobh amuigh d'oifig Gosling. Níos déanaí chuaigh an tionscadal leis an ainm Green agus athainmníodh é sa deireadh mar Java, ó chaife Java. Dearadh Gosling Java le sintéacs stíl C / C ++ a bheadh eolach ar chláraitheoirí córais agus feidhmchláir. Features of java Technology (Teagaisc java) Teicneolaíocht eochair Java Tá Java cosúil le: Tá bunús Java cosúil le bunús teangacha C agus C ++ agus cuimsíonn sé go leor gnéithe tábhachtacha na dteangacha seo. Seachnaíonn sé go leor míbhuntáistí agus castachtaí C nó C++. Mar sin má tá tuiscint mhaith ag duine ar C nó C ++, beidh teanga Java an-aitheanta agus éasca le tuiscint. Is réad-dhírithe é Java: Is cur chuige é Clárú Dírithe ar Rudaí (OOP) chun na cláir a chaighdeánú trí limistéar cuimhne roinnte a chruthú do shonraí agus d'fheidhm araon. Forbraíodh an cur chuige chun táirgiúlacht na gclárúcháin a mhéadú agus chun dul thar an cur chuige traidisiúnta maidir le cláir. Cosúil le hAchtanna, Rang, Abstraction Sonraí, Encapsulation, Cúlra Sonraí, Oidhreacht agus Polymorphism. Déantar cláir Java a thiomsú agus a léirmhíniú araon: Is gnáth go ndéantar teanga ríomhaire a thiomsú nó a léirmhíniú le linn a chur i gcrích. Ach is eisceacht í teanga Java toisc go ndéantar a chláir a thiomsú agus a léirmhíniú araon. Déantar an cód foinse java a thiomsú ag an gComhdaitheoir Java (JAVAC) agus a thiontú go dtí an cód byte. Déanann an Java Virtual Machine (JVM) an baicód seo a chur i gcrích agus é a thiontú go foirm mheaisín-bhunaithe. Tá cláir Java neamhspleách ar ardán: Is é seo an ghné is suntasaí de Java, mar go bhfuil sé neamhspleách ar ardán ciallaíonn sé gur féidir le clár amháin a chuirtear le chéile ar mheaisín amháin a chur i gcrích ar aon mheaisíní eile gan rud ar bith a athrú. Baintear é seo amach mar gheall ar choincheap cód BYTE. Mar a luadh roimhe seo, déanann an JAVAC cód foinse java a thiomsú agus é a thiontú ina chód byte. Ní athraíonn sé an cód foinse go cód meaisín cosúil leis an gcumraitheoir C/C++. Déantar an baicód seo a thiontú ina fhoirm mheaisín-spleách ag bogearraí eile ar a dtugtar JVM. Is féidir leis an JVM seo bytecode a chur i gcrích ar aon ardán, is cuma cén bytecode meaisín bunaidh atá ann. Java is an Interactive language: Cén fáth go meastar go bhfuil Java idirghníomhach? Toisc go dtacaíonn Java le Comhéadan Úsáideora Carachtair (CUI) agus Comhéadan Úsáideora Grafach (GUI). Méadaíonn feidhmíocht idirghníomhach iarratais ghrafacha agus Java á úsáid. Sampla de bhogearraí den sórt sin ina n-úsáidtear dearadh bunaithe ar Java is ea Android Studio. Is é Java ilthreathnaithe: Is bealach neamhspleách é a thógtar agus clár á fheidhmiú. Ciallaíonn ilthreathadh go ndéantar déileáil le bealaí nó tascanna iomadúla den chlár céanna ag an am céanna. Mar gheall ar ilthreading, is féidir úsáid acmhainní uasta a bhaint amach. Tá an spás cuimhne céanna ag na snáitheanna éagsúla seo go léir. Mar sin, cuirtear feidhmíocht iarratais chasta chun cinn. Java High performance Language: Mar theanga atá comhlánaithe agus léirmhínithe, tá Java níos tapúla ná go leor teangacha cláir sainmhínithe traidisiúnta. Tá sé seo toisc go bhfuil an cód baite Java an-ghar don chód dúchasach. Cé go bhfuil Java fós beagán níos moille ná teangacha comhlánaithe eile cosúil le C++. Chun é seo a thuiscint, déanaimis féachaint ar a bhfuil i gceist le hIontráil agus Comhlánaitheoir. Slándáil: Tá teanga cláir Java níos slán ná teanga C nó C ++, mar nach féidir le duine pointeoirí a chruthú go sainráite i Java i gcomparáid le C nó C ++. Dá bhrí sin ní féidir le duine rochtain a fháil ar athróg ar leith mura bhfuil sé tosaithe i gceart. Tacaíonn Java freisin le modhnóirí rochtana, ar féidir leo rochtain ar chuimhne a sheiceáil agus bac a chur ar vírisí dul isteach i n-applet. Robust: Tá Java in ann earráidí runtime a láimhseáil, tá córas bainistíochta cuimhne láidir aige. Cabhraíonn sé le botúin a dhíchur i gcód le linn ama comhlánaithe agus rith-ama. Tagann Java faoi chatagóir teanga bailithe dramhaíola, mar go ndéanann an JVM dé-leithdháileadh na mblocanna cuimhne murab ionann agus C nó C++. Dinimiciúil agus In-leathnithe: Ciallaíonn dinimiciúil agus in-leathnithe gur féidir le duine ranganna a chur leis agus modhanna nua a chur leis na ranganna le cabhair ó Chlárú Dírithe ar Object. Tá sé seo ar fáil i JAVA. Déanann sé níos éasca do chláraitheoirí a gclasaiceanna féin a leathnú agus iad a mhodhnú. Tá Java an-dinimiciúil de réir nádúr mar is féidir leis oiriúnú dá thimpeallacht atá ag teacht chun cinn. Dírithe: Meastar go bhfuil Java dírithe toisc go spreagann sé úsáideoirí chun feidhmchláir dírithe a chruthú. Is éard atá i bhfeidhmchlár dáileadh ná cliant áitiúil nó iargúlta amháin ar a laghad a dhéanann cumarsáid ag baint úsáide as freastalaí amháin ar a laghad ar roinnt meaisíní atá nasctha trí líonra. Le cabhair ó iarratas den sórt sin, is féidir le duine oibríochtaí gnó a dhéanamh ó áit ar bith ar domhan. Is féidir le cláiréir atá ina shuí ar mheaisín amháin rochtain a fháil ar chlár atá ag rith ar mheaisín eile ó áit gheografach ar bith. Próiseas sruth oibre Java Sa teanga cláir Java, scríobhtar an cód foinse go léir ar dtús i gcomhaid téacs simplí ag críochnú leis an síneadh .java. Déantar na comhaid foinse sin a thiomsú ansin i gcomhaid .class ag an gcumraitheoir javac. Ní cód atá dúchasach do phróiseálaí a bhíonn i gcomhad .class; ina ionad sin tá bytecodes ann - teanga an mheaisín de Java Virtual Machine (Java VM). Ritheann uirlis seoltaí java do fheidhmchlár ansin le sampla den Java Virtual Machine.<> Léargas foriomlán ar an bpróiseas forbartha bogearraí. Tá an Java VM ar fáil ar go leor córais oibriúcháin éagsúla, tá na comhaid .class céanna in ann rith ar Microsoft Windows, an Solaris TM Córas Oibriúcháin (Solaris OS), Linux, nó Mac OS. An Paltform Java Is éard atá i bplatform ná an timpeallacht crua-earraí nó bogearraí ina ritheann clár. Tá roinnt de na hardáin is mó tóir againn cheana féin mar Microsoft Windows, Linux, Solaris OS, agus Mac OS. Is féidir an chuid is mó de na hardáin a chur in iúl mar chomhcheangal den chóras oibriúcháin agus den crua-earraí atá bunta. Tá an t-ardán Java difriúil ó chuid is mó de na hardáin eile toisc gur ardán bogearraí amháin é a ritheann ar bharr ardáin eile atá bunaithe ar mheaisín. Tá dhá chomhpháirt ag an ardán Java: - An Máistir Bhriotúil Java - An t-idirlíon cláir iarratais (API) Is bailiúchán mór comhpháirteanna bogearraí réidh-dhéanta é an API a sholáthraíonn go leor cumais úsáideacha. Tá sé grúpáilte i leabharlanna de ranganna agus comhéadan gaolmhara; is pacáistí iad na leabharlanna seo. Déanann an API agus an Máistir Bhriotúil Java an clár a insliú ón crua-earraí atá bunta. Mar timpeallacht neamhspleách ar ardán, is féidir leis an ardán Java a bheith beagán níos moille ná cód dúchasach. Mar sin féin, tá dul chun cinn i dteicneolaíochtaí comhlánaitheora agus meaisín fíorúil ag tabhairt feidhmíocht gar do chód dúchasach gan bagairt a dhéanamh ar in-iompar. Cad is Féidir le Teicneolaíocht Java a Dhéanamh? An Java ardleibhéil, a bhfuil cuspóir ginearálta aige Is ardán bogearraí cumhachtach é teanga cláirithe. Gach lán Tugann cur i bhfeidhm an ardáin Java na gnéithe seo a leanas duit: Uirlisí Forbartha: Na huirlisí forbartha go léir a bheidh uait a chur ar fáil le haghaidh comhlánú, reáchtáil, faireachán, debugáil, agus doiciméadacht a dhéanamh ar do chuid iarratais. Mar fhorbróir nua, Is iad na príomh-uirlisí a bheidh tú ag úsáid ná an comhdaitheoir javac, an seoltaí java, agus an uirlis doiciméadúcháin javadoc. Idirlíon Clárúcháin Iarratas (API): Soláthraíonn an API croí-fheidhmiúlacht na cláir Java teanga. Tairgeann sé réimse leathan ranganna úsáideacha atá réidh le húsáid i do iarratais féin. Tá sé ag gabháil le gach rud ó rudaí bunúsacha, go líonraithe agus slándáil, chun gineadh XML agus rochtain ar bhunachar sonraí, agus níos mó Teicneolaíochtaí Imlonnaithe: Bogearraí JDK soláthraíonn sé meicníochtaí caighdeánacha amhail bogearraí Java Web Start agus Bogearraí Java Plug-In chun do chuid feidhmchláir a chur i bhfeidhm d'úsáideoirí deiridh. Trealamh Idirlín Úsáideora: JavaFX, Swing, agus Java 2D uirlisí a dhéanamh is féidir a chruthú sofaisticiúla Idirlíní Úsáideora Grafacha (GUIanna). Leabharlanna Comhtháthaithe: Ligeann leabharlanna comhtháthaithe mar API Java IDL, API JDBC, API Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI), Java RMI, agus Java Remote Method Invocation thar Internet Inter-ORB Protocol Technology (Teicneolaíocht Java RMI-IIOP) rochtain ar bhunachar sonraí agus ionramháil ar rudaí iargúlta. Conas a Athróidh Teicneolaíocht Java Mo Shlí bheatha? Ní féidir linn gealladh tú clú, fortune, nó fiú post má fhoghlaim tú an Java teanga cláir. Mar sin féin, is dócha go ndéanfaidh sé do chláir a dhéanamh níos fearr agus ní gá níos lú iarrachta ná teangacha eile. Creidimid go bhfuil teicneolaíocht Java cuideoidh sé leat na rudaí seo a leanas a dhéanamh: - Tús a chur go tapa: Cé gur teanga cumhachtach réad-dhírithe í an teanga cláir Java, tá sé éasca í a fhoghlaim, go háirithe do chláraitheoirí atá eolach cheana féin ar C nó C++. - Níos lú cód a scríobh: Léiríonn comparáidí ar mheatríochtaí clár (líonta aicme, líonta modhanna, agus mar sin de) gur féidir le clár a scríobhadh i dteanga cláir Java a bheith ceithre huaire níos lú ná an clár céanna a scríobhadh i C ++. - Cód níos fearr a scríobh: Spreagann teanga cláir Java cleachtais chódúcháin maithe, agus cabhraíonn bailiú bruscair uathoibríoch leat sceitheadh cuimhne a sheachaint. Ligeann a oiriúnú réad, a ailtireacht chomhpháirteanna JavaBeansTM, agus a API leathan-raon, éasca le leathnú duit cód atá ann cheana a athúsáid agus níos lú buganna a thabhairt isteach. - Clár a fhorbairt níos tapúla: Tá an teanga cláir Java níos simplí ná C++, agus dá bhrí sin, d'fhéadfadh do thréimhse forbartha a bheith suas le dhá uair níos tapúla nuair a scríobhann tú ann. Beidh níos lú línte cód ag teastáil ó do chláir freisin. - Seachain spleáchas ar ardán: Is féidir leat do chlár a choinneáil in-chomhshláin trí úsáid leabharlanna a scríobh i dteangacha eile a sheachaint. - Scríobh uair amháin, reáchtáil áit ar bith: Toisc go ndéantar feidhmchláir a scríobhadh i dteanga cláir Java a thiomsú i mbitechód neamhspleách ar mheaisín, reáchtálann siad go comhsheasmhach ar aon ardán Java. - Bogearraí a dháileadh níos éasca: Le bogearraí Java Web Start, beidh úsáideoirí in ann do chuid iarratais a sheoladh le cliceáil amháin ar an luch. Cinntíonn seiceáil uathoibríoch leagan ag tús go bhfuil úsáideoirí i gcónaí suas chun dáta leis an leagan is déanaí de do bhogearraí. Má tá nuashonrú ar fáil, nuashonróidh bogearraí Java Web Start a shuiteáil go huathoibríoch. Cá háit a úsáidtear Java Tá go leor feistí ann ina n-úsáidtear Java faoi láthair. Seo a leanas cuid acu: - Iarratas ar an Deasc - Iarratas gréasáin - Córas Luchtaithe - Cluichí etc. Cineálacha Iarratas Java Is cláir neamhspleácha iad cláir iarratais a scríobhtar chun tascanna áirithe a dhéanamh ar ríomhaire áitiúil mar réiteach chothromanna, léitheoireacht agus scríobh comhaid srl. Clár Applet: Is cláir Java beaga iad Applets a forbraíodh d'iarratais Idirlín. An Is féidir applet atá suite i ríomhaire iargúlta a íoslódáil tríd an Idirlíon agus a chur i gcrích ar ríomhaire áitiúil ag baint úsáide as brabhsálaí atá cumasaithe le Java. Déan teagmháil linn nó iarrtar ráiteas maidir le haon chineál téamaí a theastaíonn ó Sheirbhísí déan teagmháil linn.

Chitra Nadarajah, Strategic Manager for Climate Change at Hampshire County Council talks about how they are working on climate change. Like hundreds of other local councils across the UK, Hampshire County Council declared a climate emergency in the summer of 2019 and set a target to be carbon neutral by 2050, in line with national government. The need to reduce our carbon emissions has been almost universally agreed by local authorities – this is highly significant and will result in a step change across the country. What has had little attention is the need to prepare for the inevitable impacts of climate change, both now and in the future. At Hampshire County Council, a local authority who has been at the forefront of climate action, we uniquely set a target to build resilience to the impacts of a two degree celsius rise in temperature. This target was unanimously agreed in January 2020, recognising the critical role we have in ensuring that not only are we resilient and able to continue to deliver our services, but also ensuring that our infrastructure, environment and communities are prepared too. Climate change has already had a significant impact in Hampshire. Flooding and extreme weather events alone have caused damage to homes, infrastructure and our natural environment. These impacts have had far reaching consequences for us as an authority and for our communities. Climate change doesn’t just cause physical or financial damage, it also has much deeper, longer term effects on health and wellbeing. For these reasons we believe that resilience has to be at the very core of our response to climate change. Our services teams will be working together to both reduce carbon emissions and build resilience. We will be doing this in a holistic way, using a joined up approach, and ensuring that any actions taken to reduce emissions do not increase our risks to climate impacts. A good example is that if we switch to using materials on our highways that are less carbon intensive to manufacture, we need to ensure they are also resilient to extreme weather, increased rainfall and other impacts. We want to make sure that we do not compromise services in the drive to carbon neutrality, but that they go hand in hand. To achieve this for an authority of our size and reach is complex and nuanced. We therefore commissioned the Carbon Trust to develop an adaptation framework alongside our carbon pathway, in a trailblazing programme due to launch in the coming weeks. This work will help us establish our carbon pathway and budgets to remain in line with the Paris Agreement of 1.5 degrees celsius. At the same time, it will develop a pathway for resilience to two degrees. We chose to adapt to a two degree rise, because it seemed like a sensible and pragmatic approach. It also sends a clear message that we intend to comply with international efforts to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees. This holistic approach to climate action, linking together mitigation and resilience, will also bring efficiencies and innovation. It will ensure that engagement with partners and stakeholders is more comprehensive and will establish effective ways we can meet our two targets. Key partners and stakeholders will include a wide range of organisations like district, town and parish councils, The Woodland Trust, The Wildlife Trust, Friends of the Earth and Extinction Rebellion amongst others. We will also be using insight-led, behavioural change approaches to engage with and support residents to make small, achievable changes to their everyday lifestyles. This will be key for obtaining large scale change across communities. We will also be rolling out grassroot campaigns aimed to help communities work together to achieve shared goals, on everything from energy to flood defence. By bringing mitigation and adaptation together we hope this will help residents understand what they can do, and empower them to take action not only to contribute towards reducing emissions in Hampshire, but also to prepare themselves and their homes for climate change. We hope that our approach will inspire other local authorities and businesses to consider including resilience in their thinking and planning, making sure we are all doing our part to take the best steps towards a sustainable future.

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Labhraíonn Chitra Nadarajah, Bainisteoir Straitéiseach um Athrú Aeráide i gComhairle Chontae Hampshire faoin gcaoi a bhfuil siad ag obair ar athrú aeráide. Cosúil le céadta comhairle áitiúil eile ar fud na Ríochta Aontaithe, dhearbhaigh Comhairle Contae Hampshire éigeandáil aeráide i samhradh 2019 agus leag sé sprioc chun a bheith neodrach ó thaobh carbóin de faoi 2050, i gcomhréir leis an rialtas náisiúnta. Tá an gá atá le hinniúlachtaí carbóin a laghdú comhaontaithe go beagnach go forleathan ag údaráis áitiúla - tá sé seo an-tábhachtach agus beidh athrú céim ar chéim ag teacht ar fud na tíre. Is beag aird a thugtar ar an ngá atá le ullmhú do thionchair éiginnte an athraithe aeráide, anois agus sa todhchaí. Ag Comhairle Contae Hampshire, údarás áitiúil a bhí ar thús cadhnaíochta na gníomhaíochta aeráide, leagamar sprioc uathúil chun athléimneacht a thógáil do thionchar ardú dhá chéim Celsius ar an teocht. D'aontaíodh go haontaofa leis an sprioc seo i mí Eanáir 2020, ag aithint an ról ríthábhachtach atá againn chun a chinntiú nach bhfuil muid in ann a bheith athléimneach agus in ann leanúint ar aghaidh ag soláthar ár seirbhísí, ach freisin lena chinntiú go bhfuil ár mbonneagar, ár gcomhshaol agus ár bpobail ullamh freisin. Tá tionchar suntasach ag athrú aeráide cheana féin in Hampshire. Tá damáiste déanta ag tuilte agus ag imeachtaí aeráide iomarcacha amháin do theachanna, d'bhonneagar agus dár dtimpeallacht nádúrtha. Tá iarmhairtí fada-raonta ag na tionchair seo dúinn mar údarás agus dár bpobail. Ní dhéanfaidh athrú aeráide damáiste fisiciúil nó airgeadais ach amháin, tá éifeachtaí i bhfad níos doimhne agus níos fadtéarmaí aige ar shláinte agus ar fholláine. Ar na cúiseanna seo, creidimid go gcaithfidh athléimneacht a bheith ag croílár ár bhfreagra ar athrú aeráide. Beidh ár bhfoirne seirbhísí ag obair le chéile chun astaíochtaí carbóin a laghdú agus athléimneacht a thógáil. Déanfaidh muid é seo ar bhealach iomlánach, ag baint úsáide as cur chuige comhcheangailte, agus ag cinntiú nach méadóidh aon ghníomhartha a dhéanfar chun astaíochtaí a laghdú ár mbaol maidir le tionchair aeráide. Is sampla maith é go n-athraíonn muid chun ábhair a úsáid ar ár mbóithre móra nach bhfuil chomh dian le carbóin le déantúsaíocht, ní mór dúinn a chinntiú go bhfuil siad in aghaidh aimsir mhór, báistí méadaithe agus tionchair eile. Ba mhaith linn a chinntiú nach ndéanaimid difear do sheirbhísí sa tiomáint chun neodracht charbóin, ach go rachaidh siad lámh ar láimh. Tá sé casta agus nuanced é seo a bhaint amach d'údarás ar ár méid agus ár sroich. Dá bhrí sin, d'ordaíomar don Charbón-Iontaobhas creat oiriúnaithe a fhorbairt in éineacht lenár gconair charbóin, i gclár réamhtheachtaíochta atá le seoladh sna seachtainí atá romhainn. Cabhróidh an obair seo linn ár gconair charbóin agus buiséid a bhunú chun fanacht i gcomhréir le Comhaontú Pháras 1.5 céim Celsius. Ag an am céanna, forbróidh sé bealach le haghaidh athléimneachta go dhá chéim. Roghnaigh muid dul i ngleic le méadú dhá chéim, toisc gur chuma ar an gcur chuige ciallmhar agus pragmatach. Seolann sé teachtaireacht shoiléir freisin go bhfuil sé ar intinn againn cloí le hiarrachtaí idirnáisiúnta chun an téamh domhanda a theorannú go 1.5 céim. Beidh an cur chuige iomlánach seo maidir le gníomhú ar son na haeráide, ag nascadh maolú agus athléimneacht le chéile, ag tabhairt éifeachtúlacht agus nuálaíocht freisin. Cinnteoidh sé go mbeidh rannpháirtíocht chomhpháirtithe agus geallsealbhóirí níos cuimsithí agus go mbunóidh sé bealaí éifeachtacha inar féidir linn ár dhá sprioc a bhaint amach. Beidh comhpháirtithe agus geallsealbhóirí tábhachtacha san áireamh i raon leathan eagraíochtaí amhail comhairleanna ceantair, bailte agus paróistí, The Woodland Trust, The Wildlife Trust, Friends of the Earth agus Extinction Rebellion i measc daoine eile. Beidh muid ag úsáid cur chuige athraithe iompair atá faoi stiúir léargas freisin chun dul i ngleic le cónaitheoirí agus tacú leo chun athruithe beaga, inrochtacha a dhéanamh ar a gcuid stíl mhaireachtála laethúil. Beidh sé seo ríthábhachtach chun athrú ar scála mór a bhaint amach ar fud na bpobal. Beidh muid ag cur feachtais ó bhonn ar bun freisin a bhfuil sé mar aidhm acu cabhrú le pobail oibriú le chéile chun spriocanna comhroinnte a bhaint amach, ar gach rud ó fhuinneamh go cosaint tuilte. Trí mhaolú agus oiriúnú a thabhairt le chéile tá súil againn go gcabhróidh sé seo le cónaitheoirí tuiscint a fháil ar an méid is féidir leo a dhéanamh, agus go gcuirfidh sé cumhacht orthu gníomhú ní amháin chun cur le astaíochtaí a laghdú i Hampshire, ach freisin chun iad féin agus a dtithe a ullmhú le haghaidh athrú aeráide. Tá súil againn go spreagfaidh ár gcur chuige údaráis áitiúla agus gnólachtaí eile chun smaoineamh ar éadrom a chur san áireamh ina gcuid smaointeoireachta agus pleanála, ag cinntiú go bhfuil muid go léir ag déanamh ár gcuid chun na céimeanna is fearr a ghlacadh i dtreo todhchaí inbhuanaithe.

After a hiatus of nearly 30 years, changes in wind patterns may bring warm surface waters back to the West Coast of North America. Warmer waters might be a relief to swimmers, but they would also bring rising sea levels, which can damage coastal communities. "There are indications that this is what might be happening right now," study researcher Peter Bromirski of the University of California at San Diego's Scripps Institution of Oceanography said in a statement. Bromirski's team studied the amount of force that wind has been putting on the surface waters of the Pacific Ocean, a contributor to the Pacific Oscillation patterns. Off the West coast this wind moves the surface water of the ocean, and pulls up the deeper, colder water layers — called the "positive" phase. The wind has the opposite effect near the equator. When the cycle shifts to the "negative" phase, the wind causes downwelling, so less cold, dense water gets brought to the surface of the Pacific Ocean. The resulting warmer surface water will expand more than the cool water, raising the sea level. The researchers found that current winds over the Pacific are similar to the conditions of the 1980s. The last negative phase took place during that decade, when sea-level rise on the Pacific coast was similar to that elsewhere in the world. The last positive conditions prior to this period ended in 1946. The current change in wind patterns may foreshadow a shift to this negative phase, which could return sea-level rise to near — or possibly even higher than — the global rate. Around the globe, sea levels are rising. During the 20th century, they rose at a rate of about 2 millimeters (0.08 inches) per year, which increased in the1990s to 3 millimeters (0.12 inches), an uptick frequently linked to global warming. These rising sea levels could impact coastal development, beach erosion and wetland water levels. Higher sea levels damage coastal communities and beaches, especially during coincident high tides, storm surges, extreme wave conditions and violent El Niño/La Niña seasonal conditions. The study will be published in a forthcoming issue of the Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans.

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Tar éis sos beagnach 30 bliain, d'fhéadfadh athruithe i bpatrúin gaoithe uiscí dromchla te a thabhairt ar ais go Cósta Thiar Mheiriceá Thuaidh. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh uisce níos teo faoiseamh do shnámhóirí, ach d'fhéadfadh sé go dtarlódh sé freisin go dtiocfadh ardú ar leibhéal na farraige, rud a d'fhéadfadh dochar a dhéanamh do phobail chósta. "Tá comharthaí ann go bhféadfadh sé seo a bheith ag tarlú anois", a dúirt taighdeoir Peter Bromirski ó Ollscoil California ag Institiúid Scripps na Mara-eolaíochta i San Diego i ráiteas. Rinne foireann Bromirski staidéar ar an méid fórsa a chuir an ghaoth ar uiscí dromchla an Aigéin Chiúin, rud a chuireann le patrúin Oscillation an Aigéin Chiúin. Ón chósta Thiar bogann an gaoth seo uisce dromchla na farraige, agus tarraingíonn sé suas na sraitheanna uisce níos doimhne, níos fuaire ar a dtugtar an chéim "deimhneach". Tá an éifeacht os coinne an ghaoth in aice leis an easbhóir. Nuair a théann an timthriall go dtí an chéim "diúltach", bíonn an ghaoth ag cur síos, mar sin bíonn uisce níos lú fuar, níos dlúithe á thabhairt chun dromchla an Aigéin Chiúin. Beidh an t-uisce dromchla níos teo a bheidh mar thoradh air a leathnú níos mó ná an t-uisce fuar, ag ardú leibhéal na farraige. Fuair na taighdeoirí go bhfuil na gaotha reatha thar an Aigéan Ciúin cosúil le dálaí na 1980idí. Tharla an chéim dhiúltach deireanach le linn na deich mbliana sin, nuair a bhí ardú leibhéal na farraige ar chósta an Aigéin Chiúin cosúil leis an ardú sin in áiteanna eile ar domhan. Tháinig deireadh leis na dálaí dearfacha deireanach roimh an tréimhse seo i 1946. D'fhéadfadh an t-athrú reatha i bpatrúin gaoithe athrú a chur ar an gcéim dhiúltach seo, rud a d'fhéadfadh ardú leibhéal na farraige a thabhairt ar ais go dtí beagnach nó b'fhéidir fiú níos airde ná an ráta domhanda. Ar fud na cruinne, tá leibhéil na farraige ag ardú. Le linn an 20ú haois, d'ardaigh siad ag ráta de thart ar 2 milliméadar (0.08 orlach) in aghaidh na bliana, a d'ardaigh sna 1990idí go 3 milliméadar (0.12 orlach), ardú a bhaineann go minic le téamh domhanda. D'fhéadfadh tionchar a bheith ag na leibhéil mhara atá ag ardú seo ar fhorbairt an chósta, ar éadrom na trá agus ar leibhéil uisce na bhfódchríocha. Bíonn an leibhéal níos airde farraige ag déanamh damáiste do phobail agus do thráthanna cósta, go háirithe le linn ard-thaibhse, tonntaibh stoirme, dálaí tonnta iomarcacha agus dálaí El Niño/La Niña séasúracha foréigneacha. Foilseofar an staidéar i dtionóil atá le teacht den Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans.

Farm Financial Management Practices for Unfavorable Economic Conditions Farm Business Owners Can Turn to Budgeting When Facing the Challenges Presented by Drought by John Hanchar and Joan Petzen Effects of drought conditions on crops and livestock will challenge farm business owners' abilities to achieve financial objectives over the next several months. Farm business owners can learn about strategies for dealing with the drought conditions affecting many counties in western New York by reviewing NWNY Program resources and others, for example, Cornell University/CALS/PRO-DAIRY. Some information focuses on the benefits of establishing where you are now with respect to feed quantities, feed needs and others, and where you expect to be over the next several months. Just as the business benefits from such assessments, the business facing drought conditions also benefits from assessing where the business is now and where it expects to be over the next several months with respect to financial performance, for example, with regards to meeting cash flow obligations in a timely manner. Regarding where the business expects to be, budgeting plays and important role. Budgets estimate future financial condition or performance. A budget is a projection. For farm business owners, most budgeting work focuses on estimating expected effects on profit, and on projecting the business' ability to meet cash obligations in a timely manner. Key characteristics of budgets include the following. - Budgeting helps you see what a future period's financial performance will look like for planning purposes. A budget allows one to project cash flow shortages, plan borrowings, and determine the ability to repay borrowings. - Budgeting provides the manager with a tool for assessing how well the business is meeting projections, and to identify and correct potential problems. - Budgets help the farm business owner communicate to others where the business is headed financially. Examples of budgets include: partial, enterprise, and whole farm budgets for projecting expected effects on profitability and for projecting expected effects on the business' ability to meet cash obligations; and capital budgets associated with investment analysis. Income statements or cash flow statements that report a past period's performance, for example, an income statement for the 2019 calendar year, are not examples of budgets. They report actual past performance, and do not project or estimate future financial performance. Whole Farm Budgets A whole farm budget examining profitability summarizes expected income, expenses, and profit. A cash flow budget for projecting the business' ability to meet cash obligations is a summary of the expected cash inflows (cash farm receipts, money borrowed, capital sales, non farm income) and outflows (cash farm expenses, principal payments, capital purchases, withdrawals for family living and other personal withdrawals). Characteristics include the following. - Whole farm budgets consider all items including those that are not expected to change from the current, base period to the future period. For example, a cash flow budget projects what the cash flow statement will look like in a future period and reports total values for all inflow and outflow items. - The most useful, valid projections are obtained when proper procedures are used. LaDue, Schuelke and Mensah-Dartey offer some basic rules to follow to insure useful projections (LaDue, Eddy L., Jacob Schuelke and Virgil Mensah-Dartey. 2000. CASHPRO: A Computer Spreadsheet for Projecting Annual Cash Flows and Pro Forma Income Statements.) - Project cash flows from accrual (or accrual adjusted) receipt and expense values. - Exclude unusual occurrences from the base year data used for projections. - Use causal logic in estimating each receipt and expense item. - Be sure to adjust for inflation. - Livestock farms that grow forages or concentrates should carefully assess their forage and, or concentrate balance whenever significant changes are expected in the size or composition of the animal herd or cropping program. - Conducting sensitivity analysis and seeking critical review of the projections enhance the usefulness and validity of projections. The CASHPRO electronic spreadsheet with instructions is available at: http://dyson.cornell.edu/outreach/decision-aids. Monthly, whole farm, cash flow budgeting is also an option. Again, see for a monthly cash flow budgeting tool. To learn more contact John Hanchar - p. 585-233-9249; e. email@example.com or Joan Petzen - p.716-378-5267; e. firstname.lastname@example.org Forage Congress 2024 February 28, 2024 Registration and Sponsorship NOW OPEN! Value-Added Dairy Processing Tour March 13 - March 14, 2024 Farmers from Western NY, register now for our March 2024 Value-Added Dairy Processing Tour! We'll be traveling overnight and visiting 6+ locations to learn more about on-farm dairy processing and value-added products. Please contact Margaret Quaassdorff at email@example.com or 585-405-2567 with any questions or concerns. Hands-on Dairy Animal Care Training- Albion, NY March 18, 2024 : Hands-on Dairy Animal Care Training- Albion, NY CCE Regional Dairy Specialists and PRO-Dairy have teamed together to bring interactive, hands-on workshops focusing on the five trainings required annually by FARM 4.0. These topics include: calf care, stockmanship, euthanasia, fitness for transport and non-ambulatory cattle management. We will also provide an update on FARM 5.0 requirements, which become active July 1, 2024.

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Cleachtais Bainistíochta Airgeadais Feirme i gcás Coinníollacha Eacnamaíocha Neamhfhabhracha Is Féidir le Feirmeoirí Bainistíocht a Dhéanamh ar Bhainisteoireacht nuair a bhíonn siad i ngleic leis na Dúshláin a Tharlaíonn an Dréacht le John Hanchar agus Joan Petzen Beidh tionchar na dtriomach ar na barra agus ar an bheathaíocht ina dhúshlán do chumas úinéirí gnó feirme cuspóirí airgeadais a bhaint amach sna míonna amach romhainn. Is féidir le húinéirí gnó feirme foghlaim faoi straitéisí chun déileáil leis na dálaí triomachta a théann i bhfeidhm ar go leor contaeanna in iarthar Nua Eabhrac trí thosaíochtaí Clár NWNY agus daoine eile a athbhreithniú, mar shampla, Ollscoil Cornell / CALS / PRO-DAIRY. Díríonn roinnt faisnéise ar na buntáistí a bhaineann le bunú an áit a bhfuil tú anois i ndáil le cainníochtaí beatha, riachtanais beatha agus daoine eile, agus an áit a bhfuil súil agat a bheith ann sna míonna beaga amach romhainn. Chomh maith leis an bhfíric go bhfuil na measúnuithe sin ag baint tairbhe as an ngnó, tá an gnó atá ag tabhairt aghaidh ar dhálaí triomaithe ag baint tairbhe freisin as measúnú a dhéanamh ar an áit a bhfuil an gnó anois agus ar an áit a bhfuil súil aige a bheith sna míonna beaga amach romhainn i ndáil le feidhmíocht airgeadais, mar shampla, maidir le hoibleagáidí sreabhadh airgid a chomhlíonadh go tráthúil. Maidir leis an áit a bhfuil súil ag an ngnó a bheith, tá ról tábhachtach ag buiséadú. Measann buiséid staid nó feidhmíocht airgeadais amach anseo. Is réamhmheas é buiséad. Maidir le húinéirí gnó feirme, díritheann an chuid is mó den obair bhuiséidithe ar mheastachán a dhéanamh ar na héifeachtaí a bhfuiltear ag súil leo ar an mbrabús, agus ar thuarastal a dhéanamh ar chumas an ghnó oibleagáidí airgid a chomhlíonadh go tráthúil. I measc na bpríomh-shaintréithe a bhaineann le buiséid tá na nithe seo a leanas. - Cabhraíonn buiséadaíocht leat a fheiceáil conas a bheidh feidhmíocht airgeadais tréimhse amach anseo chun críocha pleanála. Ligeann buiséad do dhuine easpa sreabhadh airgid a phleanáil, iasachtaí a phleanáil, agus an cumas ar iasachtaí a aisíoc a chinneadh. - Soláthraíonn buiséadaíocht uirlis don bhainisteoir chun measúnú a dhéanamh ar cé chomh maith agus a bhíonn an gnó ag freastal ar réamhaisnéisí, agus chun fadhbanna féideartha a aithint agus a cheartú. - Cabhraíonn buiséid le úinéir gnó feirme a chur in iúl do dhaoine eile cá bhfuil an gnó á threorú ó thaobh airgeadais de. I measc samplaí de bhuiséid tá: buiséid pháirtaimseartha, buiséid fiontair agus buiséid feirme iomlána chun na héifeachtaí a bhfuiltear ag súil leo ar bhrabúis a thuar agus chun na héifeachtaí a bhfuiltear ag súil leo ar chumas an ghnó oibleagáidí airgid a chomhlíonadh a thuar; agus buiséid chaipitil a bhaineann le hanailís infheistíochta. Ní samplaí de bhuiséid iad ráitis ioncaim nó ráitis sreabha airgid a thuairiscíonn feidhmíocht tréimhse atá caite, mar shampla ráiteas ioncaim don bhliain féilire 2019. Tuairiscíonn siad feidhmíocht iarbhír san am atá caite, agus ní dhéanann siad réamh-mheas nó meastachán ar fheidhmíocht airgeadais sa todhchaí. Buiséid Feirme Uile Déanann buiséad feirme iomlán a scrúdaíonn brabúsacht achoimre ar ioncam, caiteachas agus brabúis a bhfuil súil leis. Is éard atá i mbuiséad sreabhadh airgid chun cumas an ghnó a thuar chun oibleagáidí airgid a chomhlíonadh ná achoimre ar na hinfhluachanna airgid a bhfuil súil leo (ioncam airgid feirme, airgead iasachta, díolacháin caipitil, ioncam neamhfheirme) agus na haisflocha (caiteachas feirme, íocaíochtaí príomhchistí, ceannach caipitil, tarraingt siar chun maireachtála teaghlaigh agus tarraingt siar pearsanta eile). I measc na ngnéithe atá ar fáil tá na nithe seo a leanas. - Déantar na buiséid uile feirme a mheas ar gach post lena n-áirítear iad siúd nach bhfuiltear ag súil go n-athróidh siad ón tréimhse bunaidh reatha go dtí an tréimhse amach anseo. Mar shampla, déanann buiséad sreabhadh airgid réamh-mheastacháin ar an gcaoi a mbeidh an ráiteas sreabhadh airgid le feiceáil i dtréimhse amach anseo agus tuairiscíonn sé luachanna iomlána do gach mír ioncaim agus as-ioncaim. - Is iad na réamh-mheastacháin is úsáideacha agus is bailí a fhaightear nuair a úsáidtear na nósanna imeachta cuí. Cuireann LaDue, Schuelke agus Mensah-Dartey roinnt rialacha bunúsacha le leanúint chun réamh-mheastacháin úsáideacha a chinntiú (LaDue, Eddy L., Jacob Schuelke agus Virgil Mensah-Dartey. 2000. Tá sé seo go maith. CASHPRO: Leabhrán ríomhaireachta chun Treocht Cistí Bhliantúla Bhliantúla agus Ráitis Ioncaim Pro Forma a Thionscadal.) - Sliocht airgid tionscadail ó luachanna faighte agus caiteachais a bhaineann le comhleá (nó a bhfuil coigeartú déanta orthu). - I gcásanna neamhghnácha a eisiamh ó na sonraí don bhliain bhunúsach a úsáidtear le haghaidh réamhaisnéisí. - Bain úsáid as loighic cúis-eagla maidir le gach post faighte agus caiteachais a mheas. - Bí cinnte a choigeartú le haghaidh boilsciú. - Ba cheart d'fheirmeacha feoil a fhásann forage nó tiúchan a mheas go cúramach a gcuid forage agus, nó tiúchan a mheas gach uair a bhfuiltear ag súil le hathruithe suntasacha i méid nó i gcomhdhéanamh an chaithimh ainmhithe nó i gclár na gcothaithe. - Leagtar úsáid agus bailíocht na dtáirgí amach trí anailís íogaireachta a dhéanamh agus athbhreithniú criticiúil a dhéanamh ar na réamh-mheastacháin. Tá an t-eispéireas leictreonach CASHPRO le treoracha ar fáil ag: http://dyson.cornell.edu/outreach/decision-aids. Is rogha é buiséadú míosúil, feirme iomlán, sreabhadh airgid. Arís, féach ar uirlis bhuiséid na sreabhadh airgid míosúil. Chun tuilleadh eolais a fháil, déan teagmháil le John Hanchar - p. 585-233-9249; e. email@example.com nó Joan Petzen - p.716-378-5267; e. firstname.lastname@example.org Comhdháil Fothracha 2024 28 Feabhra, 2024 Clárú agus Urraitheoir AOSTA! Turas próiseála déiríochta a bhfuil breisluach iontu 13 Márta - 14 Márta, 2024 Feirmeoirí ó NY Thiar, clárú anois le haghaidh ár Márta 2024 Luach-Leibhéal-Próiseáil Déiríochta Turas! Beidh muid ag taisteal thar oíche agus ag tabhairt cuairte ar 6+ áiteanna chun níos mó a fhoghlaim faoi phróiseáil déiríochta ar fheirm agus táirgí breisluacha. Déan teagmháil le Margaret Quaassdorff ar email@example.com nó 585-405-2567 le haon cheisteanna nó imní. Oiliúint i dtaca le Cúram Ainmhithe Déiríochta - Albion, NY 18 Márta, 2024: Oiliúint i gCúram Ainmhithe Déiríochta - Albion, NY Tá Speisialtóirí Déirí Réigiúnacha CCE agus PRO-Dairy tar éis comhoibriú le chéile chun ceardlanna idirghníomhacha, láimhe a thabhairt ar aghaidh ag díriú ar na cúig oiliúint a éilíonn FARM 4.0 gach bliain. Áirítear ar na hábhair seo: cúram na n-eacha, feirmeoireacht, euthanasia, oiriúnachta le haghaidh iompair agus bainistíocht eacha neamh-imní. Cuirfimid nuashonrú ar riachtanais FARM 5.0 ar fáil freisin, a thiocfaidh i bhfeidhm ar an 1 Iúil, 2024.

|Earth's moon, called Selene by the Greeks, is a gray, lifeless place, interesting geologically but perhaps a little disappointing to those of us looking for strange, colorful new worlds. But our moon is only one of more than 60 planetary satellites in the solar system, most of which are entirely unexplored. In Journey Beyond Selene, Jeffrey Kluger chronicles these unsung places and the heroes who explore them: the Jet Propulsion Lab's staff of dedicated adventurers, who build and fly sleek, unmanned spacecraft to investigate other moons. "When astronauts finally did reach the moon," Kluger writes, "the lean, fleet ships of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory had already gone elsewhere."| Why explore the satellites of other planets when the planets themselves remain mysterious? Kluger describes astronomers' first realization that in contrast to the lifeless gas giant Jupiter, its moons were a veritable scientific playground: There were big moons and small moons, patterned moons and plain moons, brightly colored moons and pasty-pale moons.... There were moons that could have atmospheres, water, and even, perhaps, a spark of internal heat. Put them together, and you had moons that could, in theory, harbor life. Journey Beyond Selene chronicles the history of a little-understood aspect of humanity's quest to discover new worlds. From the early Ranger orbiters through the incredible journeys of Voyager and Galileo, Kluger gives credit where credit is long overdue. They may not be astronauts, but these space jockeys have the right stuff. --Therese Littleton

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Is áit liath, gan bheatha í mí na Cruinne, ar a dtugtar Selene ag na Gréagaigh, suimiúil ó thaobh na geolaíochta de ach b'fhéidir go bhfuil sí beagán díomá dúinn siúd atá ag lorg domhan nua aisteach, dathach. Ach níl inár ghealach ach ceann amháin de níos mó ná 60 satailíte pláinéadach sa chóras gréine, agus níl an chuid is mó acu in-athscrúdaithe go hiomlán. In Journey Beyond Selene, déanann Jeffrey Kluger cronacha na n-áiteanna neamh-scéalaithe seo agus na laochra a dhéanann iniúchadh orthu: foireann na saotharlainne Jet Propulsion de eachtrannaigh tiomanta, a thógann agus a eitilt spásárthaí sleamhain, gan foireann chun míonna eile a imscrúdú. "Nuair a shroich spásairí an ghealach sa deireadh", a scríobh Kluger, "bhí na longa leanúnacha, loingeacha an Jet Propulsion Laboratory imithe cheana féin go háit eile. "a bhfuil Cén fáth a iniúchadh na satailítí na pláinéid eile nuair a bhíonn na pláinéid féin fós mistéireach? Déanann Kluger cur síos ar an gcéad thuiscint a bhí ag réalteolaithe go raibh a ghealachanna ina bhfíor-chluichelann eolaíochta, i gcodarsnacht leis an bhfód gas gan bheatha, Iúpatar: Bhí na gealaí móra agus na gealaí beaga, na gealaí patrúnta agus na gealaí plain, na gealaí datha agus na gealaí páiste.... Bhí na gealaí a d'fhéadfadh a bheith atmaisféar, uisce, agus fiú, b'fhéidir, spártha teas inmheánach. Cuir iad le chéile, agus bhí sé sin le míonna a d'fhéadfadh, go teoiriciúil, beatha a harbor. Críochnaíonn Journey Beyond Selene stair ghné bheag-thuigthe de shaothar an chine daonna chun domhan nua a fháil amach. Ó na Ranger orbiters luath trí na turais dochreidte de Voyager agus Galileo, tugann Kluger creidmheas nuair a bhíonn creidmheas fada tar éis. B'fhéidir nach bhfuil siad a bheith spásairí, ach tá na jockeys spáis na rudaí ceart. - Thérèse Littleton