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trn_1301 | alp-fragment01 | 34 | Government concern about the problem of drink-related offending is as old as the Probation Service . | [] | [] | [] | government concern about the problem of drink-related offending be as old as the probation service . | [
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trn_1302 | alp-fragment01 | 35 | Indeed , as Bochel ( 1976 ) has shown , the establishment of a Probation Service in England and Wales was inextricably linked with work undertaken with offenders in trouble through drink . | [
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trn_1303 | alp-fragment01 | 38 | In describing its vision of effective supervision the White Paper goes on to note : | [
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trn_1305 | alp-fragment01 | 41 | As a summary of alcohol education programmes , this is something of a simplification . | [] | [] | [] | as a summary of alcohol education programme , this be something of a simplification . | [
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trn_1306 | alp-fragment01 | 42 | However it does provide a useful introduction to the origins of the Alcohol Education Course reported here . | [
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trn_1307 | alp-fragment01 | 43 | Furthermore , it highlights the suitability of referring to this type of project for testing out the appropriateness of applying the notion of punishment to probation practice . | [
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trn_1308 | alp-fragment01 | 45 | Aware of practitioners ' frustration in not being able to work effectively with these problematic clients , Probation management , in partnership with the voluntary sector , determined to develop an Alcohol Education Course ( AEC ) . | [
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trn_1309 | alp-fragment01 | 46 | By 1986 , when social inquiry report monitoring information covering 1,257 offenders indicated that the problem of drink-related offending was virtually as great for pre- as for post-sentence clients , that is , alcohol was cited as a pre-offence problem in twenty-nine per cent of cases , a specialist project worker had been appointed . | [
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trn_1311 | alp-fragment01 | 48 | The aim of the course is to educate offenders about alcohol to facilitate a lasting change in their subsequent use of this drug . | [
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trn_1312 | alp-fragment01 | 49 | This aim is underpinned by three interrelated objectives and it is not without significance how they complement and serve to implement the White Paper 's own trinity of ‘ aims of supervision ’ , that is , protection of the public , prevention of reoffending and successful reintegration of the offender in the community ( p. 35 , para. 7.3 ) . | [
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trn_1313 | alp-fragment01 | 52 | To increase knowledge about alcohol so that future alcohol use can be more informed and therefore more prudent . | [] | [] | [] | to increase knowledge about alcohol so that future alcohol use can be more informed and therefore more prudent . | [
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trn_1314 | alp-fragment01 | 56 | To encourage the maintenance of , or , where appropriate , a reduction to a personally and socially safe level of alcohol unit intake . | [
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trn_1315 | alp-fragment01 | 58 | The initial one-to-one meeting , held with one of the two group leaders , serves to clarify what participants can expect from the course and what is expected of them . | [
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trn_1316 | alp-fragment01 | 59 | A standard contract which covers conditions of attendance and an agreement to complete various assignments between group sessions is signed by each participant . | [
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trn_1317 | alp-fragment01 | 61 | The course employs a variety of materials and techniques including the use of checklists , magazine and newspaper clippings , quizzes , videos , brainstorm exercises , discussions , drink diaries , and role plays ( Menary , 1986 ) . | [
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trn_1318 | alp-fragment01 | 64 | The development of the Somerset AEC both accords with and constitutes a practical example of the Home Office 's recent guidance to sentencers : | [] | [] | [] | the development of the somerset aec both accord with and constitute a practical example of the home office 's recent guidance to sentencer : | [
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trn_1319 | alp-fragment01 | 65 | In recent years the probation service has devoted increasing resources to supervising the more serious and persistent offenders . | [
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trn_1320 | alp-fragment01 | 67 | From the description of the AEC already given the demanding and disciplined nature of the course can be appreciated . | [
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trn_1321 | alp-fragment01 | 68 | However , the course is not punitive ; it is not concerned with the infliction of pain . | [
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trn_1323 | alp-fragment01 | 70 | This is plainly evident from the section of the contract signed by each participant where what is expected of them is spelt out : | [
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trn_1324 | alp-fragment01 | 71 | You will be expected to keep a drink diary throughout the course , and make attempts at reducing the amount you drink if it is greater than accepted healthy drinking levels . | [
[
11
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trn_1325 | alp-fragment01 | 73 | You must attend 8 sessions ( these will consist of : an introductory session , six group sessions and a final assessment interview ) . | [] | [] | [] | you must attend 8 session ( these will consist of : an introductory session , six group session and a final assessment interview ) . | [
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trn_1326 | alp-fragment01 | 77 | Probation practice is not , however , solely concerned with the establishment of rules . | [
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trn_1327 | alp-fragment01 | 79 | Support refers to anything which is said or done to help the offender solve or mitigate their personal or social problems : surveillance to anything which is said or done to induce the offender to conform to socially acceptable standards of behaviour . | [
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trn_1328 | alp-fragment01 | 80 | These aims are implemented through the practice of four distinguishable but related methods . | [
[
1
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trn_1329 | alp-fragment01 | 81 | In terms of support , there is counselling and assisting : in terms of surveillance , there is directing and monitoring . | [
[
3
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trn_1330 | alp-fragment01 | 82 | Each of these four methods are employed during the eight sessions . | [
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trn_1331 | alp-fragment01 | 83 | Although summarized as an alcohol education course , the sessions are not just concerned with giving information but also with enabling participants to make practical use of it . | [
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trn_1332 | alp-fragment01 | 84 | In the first group session the counselling method is registered in the course tutor 's notes ( Menary , 1986 ) by the explanation : ‘ this session aims to get participants to consider the subject of alcohol in ways they had not thought of in the past ’ ( p. 3 ) . | [
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trn_1333 | alp-fragment01 | 85 | During this session the importance of monitoring is also emphasized : | [
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trn_1334 | alp-fragment01 | 86 | Drinks exercises introduce the notion of measurement , concentration of alcohol content ; information which will be necessary to carry out the recording of alcohol consumption throughout the duration of the course ( p. 3 ) . | [
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trn_1335 | alp-fragment01 | 87 | In the fifth group session entitled ‘ Focus on the Individual ’ , the counselling and the monitoring combine with the directing and assisting methods . | [] | [] | [] | in the fifth group session entitle ' focus on the individual ' , the counselling and the monitoring combine with the directing and assist method . | [
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trn_1336 | alp-fragment01 | 90 | The aim at the end of the session is to encourage participants to make rules for their future drinking which will lead to a lessening of identified problems ( p. 4 ) . | [
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trn_1337 | alp-fragment01 | 91 | Similarly , the assisting extends beyond simply providing handouts of useful information : | [
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trn_1338 | alp-fragment01 | 93 | The use of role play , incorporating previously discussed difficulties ( i.e. homework assignment session 4 ) in ‘ real ’ or set up situations provides an opportunity for testing these skills . | [
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trn_1339 | alp-fragment01 | 94 | Probably the best illustration of the assisting method in action during the course comes in the fifth session when Somerset practitioners take the logic of working with the problem in the community to its ultimate conclusion . | [
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trn_1341 | alp-fragment01 | 98 | Instead the AEC can best be understood as an example of a non-punitive paradigm of probation practice . | [] | [] | [] | instead the aec can well be understand as an example of a non-punitive paradigm of probation practice . | [
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trn_1342 | alp-fragment01 | 100 | Twenty years later the AEC demonstrates that this remains no less true now than it was then . | [
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trn_1343 | alp-fragment01 | 101 | But does the AEC work ? | [
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trn_1344 | amm-fragment02 | 1593 | BRINGING FOSSILS BACK to LIFE | [
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trn_1345 | amm-fragment02 | 1595 | Since popular ideas of life in the past are often founded on vividly coloured reconstructions of ‘ The World in the Jurassic Period ’ and the like , it is important to remember that these imaginative scenes are all inferences from bones , and similar fragments . | [
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trn_1346 | amm-fragment02 | 1596 | In fact there is nothing fixed about such interpretations , because the way the fossils are understood may change over the years , but it is usually some time before new discoveries percolate into the popular presentations . | [
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trn_1347 | amm-fragment02 | 1598 | Many different lines of evidence may be used to flesh out the bare bones of the fossils . | [
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trn_1348 | amm-fragment02 | 1599 | The first of these is the evidence of the rocks from which the remains were recovered . | [] | [] | [] | the first of these be the evidence of the rock from which the remain be recover . | [
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trn_1349 | amm-fragment02 | 1601 | It is important to establish whether the fossil animal actually lived in the environment which furnished its sedimentary cover , or whether its remains were swept in from some other place . | [
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trn_1350 | amm-fragment02 | 1602 | Fortunately it is usually easy to spot such intruders . | [] | [] | [] | fortunately it be usually easy to spot such intruder . | [
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trn_1351 | amm-fragment02 | 1603 | The type of sediment and the associated fossils will show whether the environment was marine , freshwater or terrestrial , providing the basic information into which the ecology of the animal has to be accommodated . | [
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trn_1352 | amm-fragment02 | 1604 | The sediments themselves may have preserved some of the tracks left by the animal ( p. 20 ) to give direct evidence of its past activities . | [
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trn_1353 | amm-fragment02 | 1605 | From the tracks alone it is possible to be certain of the bipedal stance of certain dinosaurs , and to measure their stride . | [
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trn_1354 | amm-fragment02 | 1606 | The character of the rocks , and their setting in the past geography at the time when they accumulated , diagnoses the climatic setting in which the extinct fauna lived , and climate imposes certain restraints on possible modes of life . | [
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trn_1355 | amm-fragment02 | 1607 | Savannah animals differ from those of tropical rain forests , and these again from inhabitants of the tundra at high latitudes . | [
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trn_1356 | amm-fragment02 | 1610 | To proceed from the reconstruction to an assessment of probable life habits two different but complementary approaches are used . | [
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trn_1357 | amm-fragment02 | 1612 | These do not have to be biologically related organisms . | [
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trn_1358 | amm-fragment02 | 1614 | Sometimes these similarities are quite obvious : the ferocious teeth of a predatory dinosaur are a sure indication of hunting habits , with hardly a glance at the fangs of living mammalian carnivores . | [
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trn_1359 | amm-fragment02 | 1617 | The second method tries to analyse the structure of the fossil almost as if it were a piece of engineering . | [
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trn_1360 | amm-fragment02 | 1618 | If the fossil is constructed in a certain way , then there are only a limited number of ‘ jobs ’ that the structure could perform . | [
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trn_1361 | amm-fragment02 | 1619 | The idea here is to decide which of the possibilities is the most likely one . | [] | [] | [] | the idea here be to decide which of the possibility be the most likely one . | [
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trn_1362 | amm-fragment02 | 1621 | For the most part this is a reasonable assumption to make . | [
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trn_1363 | amm-fragment02 | 1622 | Most animals today do seem to have bodies that accord well with the functions they have to carry out to survive : flyers are aerodynamically efficient , active swimmers have suitable streamlining , herbivorous mammals have teeth appropriate for grinding plant food , and so on . | [
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trn_1364 | amm-fragment02 | 1626 | SWIMMING TRILOBITES | [] | [] | [] | swimming trilobite | [
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trn_1365 | amm-fragment02 | 1627 | There are thousands of different kinds of trilobites . | [] | [] | [] | there be thousand of different kind of trilobite . | [
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trn_1366 | amm-fragment02 | 1628 | All of them were marine and all of them are extinct . | [] | [] | [] | all of they be marine and all of they be extinct . | [
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trn_1367 | amm-fragment02 | 1629 | Since many kinds of trilobites co-existed at any one time they were probably occupying different ecological niches , behaving in different ways , corresponding with the wide variation in shape that they show . | [
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],
[
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"imply",
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]
] | since many kind of trilobite co-existe at any one time they be probably occupy different ecological niche , behave in different way , correspond with the wide variation in shape that they show . | [
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"O",
"NOUN",
"O",
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"O"
] | academic |
trn_1368 | amm-fragment02 | 1630 | We can use the methods described above to elucidate some of these occupations , and get a glimpse , albeit an imperfect one , of the trilobite as it lived . | [
[
6
],
[
12
],
[
15
],
[
17
]
] | [
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] | [
[
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],
[
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],
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],
[
"coup d'oeil",
"glance",
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]
] | we can use the method describe above to elucidate some of these occupation , and get a glimpse , albeit an imperfect one , of the trilobite as it live . | [
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] | academic |
trn_1369 | amm-fragment02 | 1632 | Most trilobites were broadly oval-shaped being rather longer than wide , not greatly convex , and with eyes that occupy perhaps a quarter of the length of the head . | [] | [] | [] | most trilobite be broadly oval-shaped being rather long than wide , not greatly convex , and with eye that occupy perhaps a quarter of the length of the head . | [
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] | academic |
trn_1370 | amm-fragment02 | 1634 | By examining the way these animals were put together it is possible to suggest a likely mode of life . | [
[
3
],
[
7
],
[
16
]
] | [
"manner",
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"manner"
] | [
[
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]
] | by examine the way these animal be put together it be possible to suggest a likely mode of life . | [
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"O",
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"NOUN",
"O"
] | academic |
trn_1371 | amm-fragment02 | 1638 | We can take the eyes first . | [
[
2
]
] | [
"consider"
] | [
[
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]
] | we can take the eye first . | [
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"RB",
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] | [
"O",
"O",
"VERB",
"O",
"NOUN",
"ADV",
"O"
] | academic |
trn_1372 | amm-fragment02 | 1639 | The trilobite eye was of a compound type , and each lens was made up of a calcite crystal . | [
[
13,
14
]
] | [
"comprised"
] | [
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]
] | the trilobite eye be of a compound type , and each lens be make up of a calcite crystal . | [
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"O",
"O",
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"NOUN",
"O"
] | academic |
trn_1373 | amm-fragment02 | 1640 | From the optical properties of this mineral we know that the lens was able to interpret light coming from a direction more or less at right-angles to the lens surface . | [
[
13
],
[
17
]
] | [
"adequate",
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] | [
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]
] | from the optical property of this mineral we know that the lens be able to interpret light come from a direction more or less at right-angle to the lens surface . | [
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] | academic |
trn_1374 | amm-fragment02 | 1641 | So we can deduce what the field of vision of our globular-eyed trilobite was , by looking at the directions in which all the lenses face . | [
[
6
]
] | [
"scope"
] | [
[
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]
] | so we can deduce what the field of vision of our globular-eyed trilobite be , by look at the direction in which all the lense face . | [
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] | academic |
trn_1375 | amm-fragment02 | 1642 | It turns out that our animal was able to see in almost every direction — upwards , downwards , sideways and forwards , and even backwards , because the eyes bulged out beyond the line of the rest of the body . | [
[
1,
2
],
[
7
],
[
34
]
] | [
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trn_1376 | amm-fragment02 | 1643 | Most other trilobites have a predominantly lateral field of view . | [
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trn_1377 | amm-fragment02 | 1645 | Other features of its shape are consistent with this . | [
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trn_1378 | amm-fragment02 | 1646 | At the– edge of the eyes are a pair of long spines , and these point downwards at a steep angle , at very awkward attitude for resting comfortably on the sea floor . | [
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trn_1379 | amm-fragment02 | 1647 | Most ‘ normal ’ trilobites have a more or less horizontal rim around the forward margin , which may have rested on the sediment surface . | [] | [] | [] | most ' normal ' trilobite have a more or less horizontal rim around the forward margin , which may have rest on the sediment surface . | [
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trn_1380 | amm-fragment02 | 1648 | The thorax of the large-eyed trilobite is remarkably long compared with the average trilobite ( compare Fig. 33 ) . | [] | [] | [] | the thorax of the large-eyed trilobite be remarkably long compare with the average trilobite ( compare fig. 33 ) . | [
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trn_1381 | amm-fragment02 | 1649 | The convex , middle part of the thorax contained the musculature that operated the appendages ( which , as usual , are not preserved ) , and the relatively large volume of this region shows that the musculature was powerful . | [
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trn_1382 | amm-fragment02 | 1651 | Of course because there are no living trilobites we can not find direct confirmation of this hypothesis , but we can look for other arthropods that have the same modifications of the eyes , for example , in the present day oceans . | [
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trn_1383 | amm-fragment02 | 1652 | The analogy is found in such ocean-going amphipods ( a kind of ‘ shrimp ’ ) as Cystosoma , which also has enormously expanded eyes , looking like headlamps , compared with its bottom-dwelling relatives ( see above ) . | [
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trn_1384 | amm-fragment02 | 1653 | In fact many of the arthropods that inhabit the water column have large , globular eyes of this kind . | [
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trn_1385 | amm-fragment02 | 1654 | 49 Fossil bony fish , Lates gracilis , Eocene . | [] | [] | [] | 49 fossil bony fish , lates gracili , eocene . | [
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trn_1386 | amm-fragment02 | 1657 | Head to tail the fish measures 17 cm . | [] | [] | [] | head to tail the fish measure 17 cm . | [
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trn_1387 | amm-fragment02 | 1658 | 50 Vertebra of the Jurassic pliosaur , Liopleurodon species , Kimmeridge , southern England . | [] | [] | [] | 50 vertebra of the jurassic pliosaur , liopleurodon specie , kimmeridge , southern england . | [
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trn_1388 | amm-fragment02 | 1660 | The original porous bone has been consolidated to become much heavier than it would have been in life . | [] | [] | [] | the original porous bone have be consolidate to become much heavy than it would have be in life . | [
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trn_1389 | amm-fragment02 | 1664 | The outline of the soft parts are also clearly displayed , so that the animal has been preserved almost in frozen motion . | [
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trn_1390 | amm-fragment02 | 1666 | Specimen 12 cm long . | [] | [] | [] | speciman 12 cm long . | [
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trn_1391 | amm-fragment02 | 1671 | Related forms are spread over much of the world in Ordovician and Silurian times . | [
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0
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[
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trn_1392 | amm-fragment02 | 1673 | 53 Fossil lycopod bark , Lepidodendron rimosum , Carboniferous , Newcastle , England . | [] | [] | [] | 53 fossil lycopod bark , lepidodendron rimosum , carboniferous , newcastle , england . | [
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trn_1393 | amm-fragment02 | 1675 | The plant material itself is converted to black carbon . | [] | [] | [] | the plant material itself be convert to black carbon . | [
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trn_1394 | amm-fragment02 | 1676 | This fossil bark is typified by its lozenge-shaped leaf scars arranged in spiral rows . | [
[
9
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] | [
"marks"
] | [
[
"scratches",
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trn_1395 | amm-fragment02 | 1677 | This fragment is 1O cm long . | [] | [] | [] | this fragment be 1o cm long . | [
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trn_1396 | amm-fragment02 | 1679 | This specimen lies on a slab of mudstone , the specimen itself having been converted into coal-like material — that is , into carbon . | [] | [] | [] | this speciman lie on a slab of mudstone , the speciman itself having be convert into coal-like material — that is , into carbon . | [
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trn_1397 | amm-fragment02 | 1680 | Sigillaria bark is covered with little horseshoe-shaped scars ( leaf cushions ) . | [
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trn_1398 | amm-fragment02 | 1681 | It is found in North America ( Canada and the US ) , England , Belgium , France , Germany and Russia . | [] | [] | [] | it be find in north america ( canada and the us ) , england , belgium , france , germany and russia . | [
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trn_1399 | amm-fragment02 | 1682 | This piece is 9 cm long . | [] | [] | [] | this piece be 9 cm long . | [
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trn_1400 | amm-fragment02 | 1685 | Glossopteris is characterized by its long strap-shaped leaves , which have a conspicuous midrib , with many fine , smaller veins branching off it to form a network . | [
[
13
],
[
20
]
] | [
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"venous bloods vessels",
"bloods vessels"
]
] | glossopteris be characterize by its long strap-shaped leave , which have a conspicuous midrib , with many fine , small vein branch off it to form a network . | [
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