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์ ์‹ฌ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ ์‹ฌ ์š”๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฐฐ์‹์„ ๊ฐ๋…ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
At lunchtime, most teachers were spending all of their time getting the midday meal cooking, supervised and served to the students.
IWSLT2017
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๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด์—์š”? ์™œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”?"
So we asked the teachers, "What's going on, why are you not teaching?"
IWSLT2017
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ . "์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
And they said, "This is what's expected of us.
IWSLT2017
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๊ฐ๋…๊ด€์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„ ์™”์„ ๋•Œ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ ๊ฒ€ํ•ด์š”.
When a supervisor comes to visit us, these are exactly the things that he checks.
IWSLT2017
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ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค์€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋Š”์ง€. ์‹์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ œ๊ณต๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€.
Has the toilet been made, has the meal been served.
IWSLT2017
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ต์žฅ์ด ๋ณธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ํšŒ์˜ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์˜๋…ผ๋ผ์š”."
When my principal goes to a meeting at headquarters, these are exactly the things which are discussed."
IWSLT2017
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์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ . ์ง€๋‚œ ์ด์‹ญ๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ผ์„์š”. ์ธ๋„๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋„์ „๊ณผ ์‹ธ์›Œ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ, ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ์„ธ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์ž…ํ•™, ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ํ•™๊ต๋กœ ์˜ค๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
You see, what had happened was, over the last two decades, India had been fighting the challenge of access, having enough schools, and enrollment, bringing children into the schools.
IWSLT2017
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋„์ „์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์š”. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๋“ค์˜ ์•”์‹œ์ ์ธ ์ง‘ํ–‰์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
So the government launched a whole host of programs to address these challenges, and the teachers became the implicit executors of these programs.
IWSLT2017
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์•”์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ์š”.
Not explicitly, but implicitly.
IWSLT2017
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด์ œ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ๋” ํ›ˆ๋ จ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ถœ์„ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ต์‹ค๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And now, what was actually needed was not to actually train teachers further or to monitor their attendance but to tell them that what is most important is for them to go back inside classrooms and teach.
IWSLT2017
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๊ต์‚ฌ๋Š” ์žก๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ํ•˜๋Š๋ƒ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ž˜ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ๋…๋ฐ›๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฐ›๊ณ  ๋ณด์ƒ๋ฐ›์„ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
They needed to be monitored and measured and awarded on the quality of teaching and not on all sorts of other things.
IWSLT2017
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ต์œก ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๊ณ  ๋” ๊นŠ์ด ํŒŒ ๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ๊ทผ๋ณธ ์›์ธ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๋„ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์›์ธ๋“ค์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
So as we went through the education system, as we delved into it deeper, we found a few such core root causes which were determining, which were shaping how people behaved in the system.
IWSLT2017
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์„ธ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And we realized that unless we change those specific things, we could do a number of other things.
IWSLT2017
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๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ๊ต์œก์‹œํ‚ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•™๊ต์— ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๋„๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
We could train, we could put technology into schools, but the system wouldn't change.
IWSLT2017
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And addressing these non-obvious core issues became a key part of the program.
IWSLT2017
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ๋Š” ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ์ฐพ์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
So, we had the goal and we had the issues, and now we needed to figure out what the solutions were.
IWSLT2017
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์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์ฃผ๋ณ€์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ฐพ์•„ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
We obviously did not want to recreate the wheel, so we said, "Let's look around and see what we can find."
IWSLT2017
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฉ‹์ง€๊ณ  ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์€ ์˜ˆ๋น„ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ „์—ญ๊ณผ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ์š”.
And we found these beautiful, small pilot experiments all over the country and all over the world.
IWSLT2017
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๋น„์ •๋ถ€ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์—์„œ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ž‘์€ ์‹คํ—˜๋“ค์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Small things being done by NGOs, being done by foundations.
IWSLT2017
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ ์‹คํ—˜๋“ค์€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ํฌ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
But what was also interesting was that none of them actually scaled.
IWSLT2017
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๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ 50๊ณณ, 100๊ณณ, 500๊ณณ์˜ ํ•™๊ต์— ๊ตญํ•œ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
All of them were limited to 50, 100 or 500 schools.
IWSLT2017
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 1๋งŒ 5์ฒœ ๊ณณ์˜ ํ•™๊ต์— ์“ธ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And here, we were looking for a solution for 15,000 schools.
IWSLT2017
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๊นŠ์ด ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹คํ—˜๋“ค์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์™œ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ํฌ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„๊นŒ์š”?
So we looked into why, if these things actually work, why don't they actually scale?
IWSLT2017
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์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ๋น„์ •๋ถ€ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด์™”์„ ๋•Œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ „๋ฌธ ์ง€์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์ž์›์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค์ฃ .
What happens is that when a typical NGO comes in, they not only bring in their expertise but they also bring in additional resources.
IWSLT2017
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๋ˆ์„ ๋“ค๊ณ  ๋“ค์–ด์˜ฌ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
So they might bring in money, they might bring in people, they might bring in technology.
IWSLT2017
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  50๊ณณ์ด๋‚˜ 100๊ณณ์˜ ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์ž์›๋“ค ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๊ณ ์š”.
And in the 50 or 100 schools that they actually operate in, those additional resources actually create a difference.
IWSLT2017
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์ œ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ์ด ๋น„์ •๋ถ€ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์žฅ์ด ๊ต์œก๋ถ€ ์ˆ˜์žฅ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„์š”. "์ด์ œ 1๋งŒ 5์ฒœ ๊ณณ์˜ ํ•™๊ต์— ์ด๊ฑธ ์ ์šฉํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ฃ .
But now imagine that the head of this NGO goes to the head of the School Education Department and says, "Hey, now let's do this for 15,000 schools."
IWSLT2017
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๊ทธ ๊ต์œก๋ถ€ ์ˆ˜์žฅ์€ ์–ด๋””์„œ ๋ˆ์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”? ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ 1๋งŒ 5์ฒœ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
Where is that guy or girl going to find the money to actually scale this up to 15,000 schools?
IWSLT2017
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๊ต์œก๋ถ€ ์ˆ˜์žฅ์€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์›์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
He doesn't have the additional money, he doesn't have the resources.
IWSLT2017
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„œ ํ˜์‹ ์€ ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And hence, innovations don't scale.
IWSLT2017
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹น์žฅ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๋•Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ "์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋“ ์ง€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ๊ฒ ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ 1๋งŒ 5์ฒœ ๊ณณ์˜ ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ์ ์šฉํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋‹ค.
So right at the beginning of the project, what we said was, "Whatever we have to do has to be scalable, it has to work in all 15,000 schools."
IWSLT2017
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ๊ฒ ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž์›์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ค„์ ธ์•ผ๊ฒ ๋‹ค."
And hence, it has to work within the existing budgets and resources that the state actually has.
IWSLT2017
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๋ง์€ ํ–‰๋™๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ์‰ฝ์ฃ .
Much easier said than done.
IWSLT2017
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ์ด ๋•Œ ์ €ํฌ ํŒ€์ด ์ €๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ์›Œํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
I think this was definitely the point in time when my team hated me.
IWSLT2017
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ •๋ง ๊ธด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์—์„œ, ์นดํŽ˜์—์„œ, ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฐ”์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ . "ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์€ ์–ด๋””์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์•ผ? ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ’€ ๊ฑฐ์•ผ?"
We spent a lot of long hours in office, in cafรฉs, sometimes even in bars, scratching out heads and saying, "Where are the solutions, how are we going to solve this problem?"
IWSLT2017
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—” ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์˜ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ์ฐพ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
In the end, I think we did find solutions to many of the issues.
IWSLT2017
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋“ค์–ด ๋ณผ๊ฒŒ์š”.
I'll give you an example.
IWSLT2017
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ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ํ•™์Šต์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์Šต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
In the context of effective learning, one of the things people talk about is hands-on learning.
IWSLT2017
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์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ์ฑ…์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•”๊ธฐํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข€ ๋” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Children shouldn't memorize things from books, they should do activities, and that's a more effective way to learn.
IWSLT2017
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๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์Šฌ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ง‰๋Œ€๋‚˜ ์ฃผํŒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Which basically means giving students things like beads, learning rods, abacuses.
IWSLT2017
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1๋งŒ 5์ฒœ ๊ณณ์˜ ํ•™๊ต, 2๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ค„ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์ด์š”.
But we did not have the budgets to give that to 15,000 schools, 2 million children.
IWSLT2017
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์ด ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
We needed another solution.
IWSLT2017
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์•„๋ฌด ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ฃ .
We couldn't think of anything.
IWSLT2017
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์–ด๋Š ๋‚  ์ €ํฌ ํŒ€์›์ด ํ•œ ํ•™๊ต์— ๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ง‰๋Œ€๊ธฐ์™€ ๋Œ์„ ๋ฐ–์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •์›์—์„œ ์ฃผ์›Œ์„œ ๊ต์‹ค๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋“ค์–ด ๊ฐ€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
One day, one of our team members went to a school and saw a teacher pick up sticks and stones from the garden outside and take them into the classroom and give them to the students.
IWSLT2017
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” '๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๊ฑฐ์•ผ'๋ผ๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
That was a huge eureka moment for us.
IWSLT2017
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ•˜๋ฆฌ์•„๋‚˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์— ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์€ ๋งค ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ๋‚˜์˜จ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ์ž‘์€ ์ƒ์ž๋ฅผ ๋‘๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์ž์—๋Š” ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์•ˆ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์ด ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™œ๋™์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
So what happens now in the textbooks in Haryana is that after every concept, we have a little box which are instructions for the teachers which say, "To teach this concept, here's an activity that you can do.
IWSLT2017
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด ํ™œ๋™์„ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ง๋ฉดํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ–์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •์›์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ต์‹ค์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฐ์›€์˜ ๋ณด์กฐ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
And by the way, in order to actually do this activity, here are things that you can use from your immediate environment, whether it be the garden outside or the classroom inside, which can be used as learning aids for kids."
IWSLT2017
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ํ•˜๋ฆฌ์•„๋‚˜ ์ „์—ญ์˜ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And we see teachers all over Haryana using lots of innovative things to be able to teach students.
IWSLT2017
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‚ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1๋งŒ 5์ฒœ ๊ณณ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ์š”.
So in this way, whatever we designed, we were actually able to implement it across all 15,000 schools from day one.
IWSLT2017
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์ด์ œ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์š”์ง€๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Now, this brings me to my last point.
IWSLT2017
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ 1๋งŒ 5์ฒœ ๊ณณ์˜ ํ•™๊ต์™€ 10๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ๊ต์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
How do you implement something across 15,000 schools and 100,000 teachers?
IWSLT2017
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๊ต์œก๋ถ€๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด๋ฐ์š”.
The department used to have a process which is very interesting.
IWSLT2017
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ 'ํฌ๋ง์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด์š”.
I like to call it "The Chain of Hope."
IWSLT2017
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๋ณธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ํŽธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์”๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ํŽธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ฃ . ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ฒญ์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
They would write a letter from the headquarters and send it to the next level, which was the district offices.
IWSLT2017
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์ด๋“ค ๊ฐ ๊ตฌ์ฒญ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด๊ด€์ด ํŽธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„์„œ ์ฝ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํฌ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ฒญ์˜ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ถ€์„œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
They would hope that in each of these district offices, an officer would get the letter, would open it, read it and then forward it to the next level, which was the block offices.
IWSLT2017
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๊ตฌ์ฒญ์˜ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ถ€์„œ์—์„œ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ํŽธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์—ด์–ด ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ฝ์–ด ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์€ 1๋งŒ 5์ฒœ ๊ณณ์˜ ๊ต์žฅ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜๊ธธ ํฌ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And then you would hope that at the block office, somebody else got the letter, opened it, read it and forwarded it eventually to the 15,000 principals.
IWSLT2017
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ๊ต์žฅ๋“ค์ด ํŽธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์‹ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์ฃ .
And then one would hope that the principals got the letter, received it, understood it and started implementing it.
IWSLT2017
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„์€ ์šฐ์Šค๊ฝ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
It was a little bit ridiculous.
IWSLT2017
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋‹ต์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ•™๊ต๊ฐ€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋‚˜ ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•Œ์•˜์ฃ .
Now, we knew technology was the answer, but we also knew that most of these schools don't have a computer or email.
IWSLT2017
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
However, what the teachers do have are smartphones.
IWSLT2017
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๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ๋Š˜ ํœด๋Œ€ํฐ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€, ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ, ์™“์ธ ์•ฑ์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
They're constantly on SMS, on Facebook and on WhatsApp.
IWSLT2017
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ง€๊ธˆ ํ•˜๋ฆฌ์•„๋‚˜์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์€ ๊ต์žฅ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์™“์ธ ์•ฑ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ ์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ธ์ œ๋ผ๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์†Œํ†ต๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋“  ์™“์ธ ์•ฑ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
So what now happens in Haryana is, all principals and teachers are divided into hundreds of WhatsApp groups and anytime something needs to be communicated, it's just posted across all WhatsApp groups.
IWSLT2017
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์‚ฝ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋ฒˆ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
It spreads like wildfire.
IWSLT2017
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ฝ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋„์š”.
You can immediately check who has received it, who has read it.
IWSLT2017
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๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ๋™์‹œ์— ์„ค๋ช…์„ ์š”์ฒญํ•˜๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Teachers can ask clarification questions instantaneously.
IWSLT2017
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ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณธ๋ถ€ ๋ฟ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And what's interesting is, it's not just the headquarters who are answering these questions.
IWSLT2017
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ต์„ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Another teacher from a completely different part of the state will stand up and answer the question.
IWSLT2017
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๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘์˜ ๋™๋ฃŒ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Everybody's acting as everybody's peer group, and things are getting implemented.
IWSLT2017
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์ตœ๊ทผ์— ํ•˜๋ฆฌ์•„๋‚˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•™๊ต์— ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ ๋ณด์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
So today, when you go to a school in Haryana, things look different.
IWSLT2017
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๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๊ต์‹ค๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ์•„ ์™€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
The teachers are back inside classrooms, they're teaching.
IWSLT2017
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์ข…์ข… ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Often with innovative techniques.
IWSLT2017
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๊ฐ๋…๊ด€์ด ๊ต์‹ค์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค์„ ์ง€์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค€๋„ ํ™•์ธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
When a supervisor comes to visit the classroom, he or she not only checks the construction of the toilet but also what is the quality of teaching.
IWSLT2017
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4๋ถ„๊ธฐ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ฃผ ์ „์—ญ์˜ ํ•™์ƒ์ด ๋ฐฐ์šด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž˜ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•™๊ต๋Š” ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Once a quarter, all students across the state are assessed on their learning outcomes and schools which are doing well are rewarded.
IWSLT2017
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์ž˜ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ํ•™๊ต๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And schools which are not doing so well find themselves having difficult conversations.
IWSLT2017
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์ง€์›๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋” ์ž˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก์š”.
Of course, they also get additional support to be able to do better in the future.
IWSLT2017
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๊ต์œก์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
In the context of education, it's very difficult to see results quickly.
IWSLT2017
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๋•Œ 7๋…„๊ณผ 10๋…„์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
When people talk about systemic, large-scale change, they talk about periods of 7 years and 10 years.
IWSLT2017
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ํ•˜๋ฆฌ์•„๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
But not in Haryana.
IWSLT2017
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์ง€๋‚œ 1๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ์— ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์„ธ ๊ฑด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ํ•™์Šต ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”. ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด, ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์ผ์ด ํ•˜๋ฆฌ์•„๋‚˜์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•”์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
In the last one year, there have been three independent studies, all measuring student learning outcomes, which indicate that something fundamental, something unique is happening in Haryana.
IWSLT2017
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์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ํ•™์Šต ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”์—ˆ๊ณ  ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Learning levels of children have stopped declining, and they have started going up.
IWSLT2017
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ํ•˜๋ฆฌ์•„๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ๋ช‡ ์•ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๋ฐœ์ „ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Haryana is one of the few states in the country which is showing an improvement, and certainly the one that is showing the fastest rate of improvement.
IWSLT2017
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์ด๋“ค์€ ์•„์ง ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ฐˆ ๊ธธ์ด ๋ฉ‰๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋กœ์„œ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ํฌ๋ง์„ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
These are still early signs, there's a long way to go, but this gives us a lot of hope for the future.
IWSLT2017
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์ตœ๊ทผ์— ํ•œ ํ•™๊ต์— ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ฉด์„œ ํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฃผ์ณค์–ด์š”. ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ํŒŒ๋ฐ”ํ‹ฐ์˜€๊ณ  ํ•œ ์•„์ด์˜ ์—„๋งˆ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ง“๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
I recently went to a school, and as I was leaving, I ran into a lady, her name was Parvati, she was the mother of a child, and she was smiling.
IWSLT2017
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์™œ ์›ƒ์–ด์š”? ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด์—์š”?"
And I said, "Why are you smiling, what's going on?"
IWSLT2017
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ž ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋งํ–ˆ์–ด์š”. "๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ธ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์–ด์š”. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€์š”. ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”. ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›Œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹น๋ถ„๊ฐ„์€ ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ์‚ฌ๋ฆฝํ•™๊ต ์ฐพ๋Š” ์ผ์„ ๊ทธ๋งŒํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์š”."
And she said, "I don't know what's going on, but what I do know is that my children are learning, they're having fun, and for the time being, I'll stop my search for a private school to send them to."
IWSLT2017
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ถ€ ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋€” ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
So I go back to where I started: Can government systems transform?
IWSLT2017
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
I certainly believe so.
IWSLT2017
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์•Œ๋งž์€ ์ง€๋ ›๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ค€๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฐ์„ ์˜ฎ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
I think if you give them the right levers, they can move mountains.
IWSLT2017
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Thank you.
IWSLT2017
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ํ•˜์™€์ด์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์ธ ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์™€ ์ด๋ชจ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ์นผ๋ผ์šฐํŒŒํŒŒ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ ค์ฃผ์‹œ๊ณค ํ–ˆ์ฃ . ์นผ๋ผ์šฐํŒŒํŒŒ๋Š” ํ•˜์™€์ด์˜ ๋‚˜ํ™˜์ž ์ˆ˜์šฉ์†Œ๋กœ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ํ•ด์‹์ ˆ๋ฒฝ๋“ค๋กœ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ์—ฌ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ๋ฏธ์•ˆ ์‹ ๋ถ€๋‹˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ญ์ƒ ํ•ด์ฃผ์…จ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋ถ„์€ ํ‰์ƒ ํ•˜์™€์ด ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ชธ๋ฐ”์น˜์‹  ๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์— ์„ ๊ต์‚ฌ์…จ์ฃ .
As a little Hawaiian, my mom and auntie always told me stories about Kalaupapa -- the Hawaiian leper colony surrounded by the highest sea cliffs in the world -- and Father Damien, the Belgian missionary who gave his life for the Hawaiian community.
IWSLT2017
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์ Š์€ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜€๋˜ ์ œ ์ด๋ชจ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋…€๋“ค์ด ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚˜ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์„ ๋Œ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๊ต์œก์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ๋ฏธ์•ˆ ์‹ ๋ถ€๋‹˜์ด ๋‚˜๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ ํ›„ 100๋…„ ํ›„์— ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
As a young nurse, my aunt trained the nuns caring for the remaining lepers almost a 100 years after Father Damien died of leprosy.
IWSLT2017
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค๋ ค์ค€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์นผ๋ผ์šฐํŒŒํŒŒ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ธธ์„ ์Šฌ๋ฆฌํผ๋ฅผ ์‹ ๊ณ  ์ง€๊ทธ์žฌ๊ทธ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ ๋•Œ ์ด๋ชจ๋ถ€๋Š” ์ด๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ›Œ๋ผ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ์š”. ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์•„์ด๋กœ์„œ
I remember stories she told about traveling down switchback cliff paths on a mule, while my uncle played her favorite hula songs on the ukulele all the way down to Kalaupapa.
IWSLT2017
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์ €๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”. ์ฒซ์งธ๋Š” ์™œ ๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์— ์„ ๊ต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์นผ๋ผ์šฐํŒŒํŒŒ์—์„œ
You see, as a youngster, I was always curious about a few things.
IWSLT2017
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ถ์„ ์„ ํƒํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋„์™€์ฃผ๋ ค๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚˜๋ณ‘์ด ๊ฐ์—ผ๋  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๋ฉด์„œ๋„์š”.
First was why a Belgian missionary chose to live in complete isolation knowing he would inevitably contract leprosy from the community of people he sought to help.
IWSLT2017
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์–ด๋””์„œ ๊ทธ ๋‚˜๋ณ‘ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
And secondly, where did the leprosy bacteria come from?
IWSLT2017
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์™œ ํ•˜์™€์ด์˜ ํ† ์ฐฉ๋ฏผ์ธ ์นด๋‚˜์นด ๋งˆ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์กฑ์ด "๋งˆ์ด ํŒŒ์ผ€" ์ฆ‰ ๋‚˜๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์•˜๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
And why were Kฤnaka Maoli, the indigenous people of Hawaii, so susceptible to developing leprosy, or "mai Pake?"
IWSLT2017
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ•˜์™€์ด์ธ์ด ์™œ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ๊ฑด์ง€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์œ ์ „ํ•™์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
This got my curious about what makes us unique as Hawaiians -- namely, our genetic makeup.
IWSLT2017
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๋•Œ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ ‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ์•ผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์œ ์ „์  ํ˜ˆํ†ต์„ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ณผ ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ๋“ฑ ์ž ์žฌ์  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ง“๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
But it wasn't until high school, through the Human Genome Project, that I realized I wasn't alone in trying to connect our unique genetic ancestry to our potential health, wellness and illness.
IWSLT2017
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๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด 27์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์งœ๋ฆฌ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์œ ์ „์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์ธก์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์•ฝ์†ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
You see, the 2.7 billion-dollar project promised an era of predictive and preventative medicine based on our unique genetic makeup.
IWSLT2017
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €์—๊ฒ ์ด ๊ฟˆ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์„œ์—ด ์ž‘์—…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ์ฐจ์ด ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์„ ์–ป์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•ด ๋ณด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
So to me it always seemed obvious that in order to achieve this dream, we would need to sequence a diverse cohort of people to obtain the full spectrum of human genetic variation on the planet.
IWSLT2017
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