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Introduction The 1991 NASCAR Winston Cup Series was the 43rd of professional stock car racing in the United States and the 20th modern-era Cup Season. It began February 10 and ended November 17. Dale Earnhardt of Richard Childress Racing won his fifth Winston Cup championship at the conclusion of the season. The season was marred by the death of driver and team owner J. D. McDuffie, who was killed in a wreck at Watkins Glen. A bevy of new Pit rules were introduced at Daytona to start out the 1991 season, in response to the death of a Melling Racing rear tire changer in a pit road accident at Atlanta the previous November. The new rules changed the complexity of the races, and over the course of the season, they would be tweaked and revised. By mid-season, most of the more complicated rules were scrapped, but a few were made permanent. The pit road speed limit (at all times) and use of the "lollipop" style signboard were the significant changes made permanent (and remain to this day). The 1991 season introduced the past champion's provisional (also known as the "Petty rule"), which allowed a former Cup Series champion to claim the final starting position in a race if he failed to qualify on speed, and if he was too low in the points standings to secure an ordinary provisional spot. If there were two or more former champions that failed to qualify, the Champion's Provisional would be awarded to the most recent champion. This rule was implemented after Richard Petty failed to qualify for four races in 1989, resulting in a drop in ratings that season. The 1991 season was also the final year for Buick as a full-time manufacturer in the series; Buick cars would run only limited schedules in 1992 and 1993 before leaving the series for good. The Nashville Network debuted as a cable television partner with the Cup Series in 1991. For 1991, there were five television networks broadcasting the 29-race Winston Cup Series schedule: CBS, ABC, ESPN, TBS, and TNN. This would be the last season until 2017 without Jeff Gordon. 1991 NASCAR Winston Cup Series drivers Full-time teams Manufacturers Team Driver Crew chief Buick Bobby Allison Motorsports 12 Hut Stricklin Jimmy Fennig King Racing 26 Brett Bodine Stavola Brothers Racing 8 Rick Wilson Harry Hyde Chevrolet Darrell Waltrip Motorsports 17 Darrell Waltrip Jeff Hammond Hendrick Motorsports 5 Ricky Rudd Waddell Wilson 25 Ken Schrader Richard Broome Marcis Auto Racing 71 Dave Marcis Bob Marcis Morgan-McClure Motorsports 4 Ernie Irvan Tony Glover Richard Childress Racing 3 Dale Earnhardt Kirk Shelmerdine Travis Carter Enterprises 98 Jimmy Spencer Travis Carter Whitcomb Racing 10 Derrike Cope Buddy Parrott Ford AK Racing 7 Alan Kulwicki Paul Andrews Bud Moore Engineering 15 Morgan Shepherd Donnie Wingo Junior Johnson & Associates Geoff Bodine Tim Brewer Tommy Ellis 22 Sterling Marlin Mike Beam Little Racing 19 Chad Little Harry Hyde Melling Racing 9 Bill Elliott Ernie Elliott Robert Yates Racing 28 Davey Allison Larry McReynolds Roush Racing 6 Mark Martin Robin Pemberton U.S. Racing 55 Ted Musgrave Wood Brothers Racing 21 Dale Jarrett Eddie Wood Oldsmobile Hagan Racing 94 Terry Labonte Steve Lloyd Leo Jackson Motorsports 33 Harry Gant Andy Petree Precision Products Racing 1 Rick Mast Pontiac Bahari Racing 30 Michael Waltrip Bill Ingle Cale Yarborough Motorsports 66 Dick Trickle Lake Speed Chuck Bown Dorsey Schroeder Randy LaJoie Penske Racing 2 Rusty Wallace Jimmy Makar Petty Enterprises 43 Richard Petty Robbie Loomis SABCO Racing 42 Kyle Petty Gary Nelson Kenny Wallace Tommy Kendall Bobby Hillin Jr. Team III Racing 24 Mickey Gibbs Barry Dodson Dick Trickle Dorsey Schroeder Kenny Wallace Jimmy Hensley Oldsmobile Chevrolet RahMoc Enterprises 75 Joe Ruttman Bob Rahilly Oldsmobile Pontiac Tri-Star Motorsports 68 Bobby Hamilton Pontiac Oldsmobile Means Racing 52 Jimmy Means Bobby Hillin Jr. Mike Wallace Part-time teams Make Team Driver Crew chief Rounds Buick AAG Racing 34 Gary Balough Dick Trickle Hylton Motorsports 48 James Hylton Labonte Motorsports 44 Jack Sellers Linro Motorsports 13 Brian Ross Kerry Teague Randy LaJoie Gary Balough Oma Kimbrough 29 Kerry Teague BS&S Motorsports 49 Stanley Smith Chevrolet A. J. Foyt Enterprises 14 Mike Chase Bahre Racing 65 Dave Mader III Mader Racing Ball Motorsports 99 Brad Teague Buck Baker Racing 87 Randy Baker Daytona Speed, Inc. 18 Greg Sacks Faggart Racing 76 Robbie Faggart Hylton Motorsports 48 James Hylton Italian Connection 96 Phil Parsons Larry Hedrick Motorsports 41 Larry Pearson O'Neil Racing 63 Norm Benning Phoenix Racing 51 Jeff Purvis Pinnacle Racing 86 Jeff Green Ross Racing 58 Brian Ross Sadler Brothers Racing 95 Rick Jeffrey Kerry Teague Eddie Bierschwale Spears Motorsports 76 Bill Sedgwick Team Ireland 53 John Paul Jr. Bobby Hillin Jr. S&H Racing 80 Jimmy Horton Ford Compton Racing 69 Dorsey Schroeder Donlavey Racing 90 Robby Gordon Junie Donlavey Wally Dallenbach Jr. Steve Perry Freymiller Racing 23 Mike Chase Ragan Racing 77 Ken Ragan Stahl Racing 82 Mark Stahl Waters Racing 0 Delma Cowart Oldsmobile Barkdoll Racing 73 Phil Barkdoll Bierschwale Motorsports 23 Eddie Bierschwale Close Racing 47 Rich Bickle Greg Sacks A. J. Foyt Enterprises 14 Mike Chase Labonte Motorsports Bobby Labonte 44 Irv Hoerr Moroso Racing 20 Sammy Swindell Bobby Hillin Jr. Kim Campbell Buddy Baker Ricky Craven 27 Bobby Hillin Jr. 88 Buddy Baker Phoenix Racing 51 Jeff Purvis Sadler Brothers Racing 95 Kerry Teague Pontiac Bahre Racing 65 Dave Mader III Hill Motorsports 56 Jerry Hill Mansion Motorsports 27 Gary Balough Mark Gibson Racing 59 Mark Gibson McDuffie Racing 70 J. D. McDuffie Mueller Brothers Racing 89 Jim Sauter Osterlund Motorsports 88 Buddy Baker Schedule No. Race Title Track Date Busch Clash Daytona International Speedway, Daytona Beach February 10 Gatorade Twin 125 Qualifiers February 14 1 Daytona 500 February 17 2 Pontiac Excitement 400 Richmond International Raceway, Richmond February 24 3 Goodwrench 500 North Carolina Motor Speedway, Rockingham March 3 4 Motorcraft 500 Atlanta Motor Speedway, Hampton March 18–19 5 TranSouth 500 Darlington Raceway, Darlington April 7 6 Valleydale Meats 500 Bristol International Raceway, Bristol April 14 7 First Union 400 North Wilkesboro Speedway, North Wilkesboro April 21 8 Hanes 500 Martinsville Speedway, Ridgeway April 28 9 Winston 500 Talladega Superspeedway, Talladega May 6 Winston Open Charlotte Motor Speedway, Concord May 19 The Winston 10 Coca-Cola 600 May 26 11 Budweiser 500 Dover Downs International Speedway, Dover June 3 12 Banquet Frozen Foods 300 Sears Point Raceway, Sonoma June 9 13 Champion Spark Plug 500 Pocono International Raceway, Long Pond June 16 14 Miller Genuine Draft 400 Michigan International Speedway, Brooklyn June 23 15 Pepsi 400 Daytona International Speedway, Daytona Beach July 6 16 Miller Genuine Draft 500 Pocono International Raceway, Long Pond July 21 17 DieHard 500 Talladega Superspeedway, Talladega July 28 18 Budweiser at The Glen Watkins Glen International, Watkins Glen August 11 19 Champion Spark Plug 400 Michigan International Speedway, Brooklyn August 18 20 Bud 500 Bristol International Raceway, Bristol August 24 21 Heinz Southern 500 Darlington Raceway, Darlington September 1 22 Miller Genuine Draft 400 Richmond International Raceway, Richmond September 7 23 Peak Antifreeze 500 Dover Downs International Speedway, Dover September 15 24 Goody's 500 Martinsville Speedway, Ridgeway September 22 25 Tyson/Holly Farms 400 North Wilkesboro Speedway, North Wilkesboro September 29 26 Mello Yello 500 Charlotte Motor Speedway, Concord October 6 27 AC Delco 500 North Carolina Motor Speedway, Rockingham October 20 28 Pyroil 500K Phoenix International Raceway, Phoenix November 3 29 Hardee's 500 Atlanta Motor Speedway, Hampton November 17 Races No. Race Pole position Most laps led Winning driver Busch Clash Derrike Cope Dale Earnhardt Dale Earnhardt Chevrolet Gatorade Twin 125 #1 Davey Allison Davey Allison Davey Allison Ford Gatorade Twin 125 #2 Ernie Irvan Dale Earnhardt Dale Earnhardt Chevrolet 1 Daytona 500 Davey Allison Kyle Petty Ernie Irvan Chevrolet 2 Pontiac Excitement 400 Davey Allison Ricky Rudd Dale Earnhardt Chevrolet 3 GM Goodwrench 500 Kyle Petty Kyle Petty Kyle Petty Pontiac 4 Motorcraft 500 Alan Kulwicki Bill Elliott Ken Schrader Chevrolet 5 TranSouth 500 Geoff Bodine Michael Waltrip Ricky Rudd Chevrolet 6 Valleydale Meats 500 Rusty Wallace Ricky Rudd Rusty Wallace Pontiac 7 First Union 400 Brett Bodine Brett Bodine Darrell Waltrip Chevrolet 8 Hanes 500 Mark Martin Dale Earnhardt Dale Earnhardt Chevrolet 9 Winston 500 Ernie Irvan Dale Earnhardt Harry Gant Oldsmobile Winston Open Michael Waltrip Michael Waltrip Michael Waltrip Pontiac The Winston Davey Allison Davey Allison Davey Allison Ford 10 Coca-Cola 600 Mark Martin Davey Allison Davey Allison Ford 11 Budweiser 500 Michael Waltrip Dale Earnhardt Ken Schrader Chevrolet 12 Banquet Frozen Foods 300 Ricky Rudd Rusty Wallace Davey Allison Ford 13 Champion Spark Plug 500 Mark Martin Ernie Irvan Darrell Waltrip Chevrolet 14 Miller Genuine Draft 400 Michael Waltrip Davey Allison Davey Allison Ford 15 Pepsi 400 Sterling Marlin Ernie Irvan Bill Elliott Ford 16 Miller Genuine Draft 500 Alan Kulwicki Ernie Irvan Rusty Wallace Pontiac 17 DieHard 500 Sterling Marlin Dale Earnhardt Dale Earnhardt Chevrolet 18 Budweiser at The Glen Terry Labonte Ernie Irvan Ernie Irvan Chevrolet 19 Champion Spark Plug 400 Alan Kulwicki Davey Allison Dale Jarrett Ford 20 Bud 500 Bill Elliott Jimmy Spencer Alan Kulwicki Ford 21 Heinz Southern 500 Davey Allison Harry Gant Harry Gant Oldsmobile 22 Miller Genuine Draft 400 Rusty Wallace Davey Allison Harry Gant Oldsmobile 23 Peak AntiFreeze 500 Alan Kulwicki Harry Gant Harry Gant Oldsmobile 24 Goody's 500 Mark Martin Harry Gant Harry Gant Oldsmobile 25 Tyson Holly Farms 400 Harry Gant Harry Gant Dale Earnhardt Chevrolet 26 Mello Yello 500 Mark Martin Mark Martin Geoff Bodine Ford 27 AC Delco 500 Kyle Petty Harry Gant Davey Allison Ford 28 Pyroil 500 Geoff Bodine Davey Allison Davey Allison Ford 29 Hardee's 500 Bill Elliott Mark Martin Mark Martin Ford Busch Clash The Busch Clash, an invitational event for all Busch Pole winners the previous year, was held February 10 at Daytona International Speedway. The #10 of Derrike Cope started in first (the starting grid was determined by a blind draw). Top ten results # 3–Dale Earnhardt # 6–Mark Martin # 9–Bill Elliott # 4–Ernie Irvan # 2–Rusty Wallace # 25–Ken Schrader # 42–Kyle Petty # 5–Ricky Rudd # 11–Geoff Bodine # 26–Brett Bodine After several years of mediocre competition, the race's format was slightly re-tooled. Instead of a single 20-lap sprint, the race was divided into two 10-lap segments. After the first 10-lap half, the caution was displayed (caution laps did not count), freezing the field. The field was inverted for the second 10-lap half. Prize money was awarded for finishing positions in both halves, encouraging drivers to race hard during the first segment, and not hold back or "sandbag" in order to start up front for the second half. Gatorade 125s The Gatorade 125s, qualifying races for the Daytona 500 were held February 14 at Daytona International Speedway. Davey Allison and Ernie Irvan won the pole for each race, respectively. Race one: top ten results # 28–Davey Allison # 43–Richard Petty # 12–Hut Stricklin # 1–Rick Mast # 5–Ricky Rudd # 33–Harry Gant # 30–Michael Waltrip # 9–Bill Elliott # 21–Dale Jarrett # 11–Geoff Bodine Race two: top ten results # 3–Dale Earnhardt # 4–Ernie Irvan # 42–Kyle Petty # 2–Rusty Wallace # 17–Darrell Waltrip # 22–Sterling Marlin # 75–Joe Ruttman # 88–Buddy Baker # 6–Mark Martin # 68–Bobby Hamilton Daytona 500 by STP The Daytona 500 by STP was held on February 17 at Daytona International Speedway. Davey Allison won the pole. Top ten results # 4–Ernie Irvan # 22–Sterling Marlin # 75–Joe Ruttman # 1–Rick Mast # 3–Dale Earnhardt # 21–Dale Jarrett −1 # 27–Bobby Hillin Jr. −1 # 7–Alan Kulwicki −1 # 5–Ricky Rudd −1 # 68–Bobby Hamilton −1 A bevy of new Pit rules were introduced at Daytona to start out the 1991 season, in response to the death of a Melling Racing rear tire changer in a pit road accident at Atlanta the previous November. The new rules changed the complexity of the race, and would be tweaked and revised over the next several races. Earnhardt was again a dominating factor, but for the 13th time in his career, he came away empty. After a late-race caution, Irvan led, Earnhardt was second and pole-sitter Davey Allison was third. Earnhardt and Allison battled door-to-door for three laps while Irvan inched out to a slight advantage. Finally, with three laps remaining, Allison and Earnhardt touched, sending both of them into a wild spin. The race finished under caution with Irvan scoring the most significant win of a NASCAR Winston Cup competitor's career. Sterling Marlin, in his first race with Junior Johnson, finished second followed by Joe Ruttman, Rick Mast and Earnhardt. Irvan won the first leg of the Winston Million races and qualified for the $1 million bonus. To collect the Winston bonus, he would have needed to win two of the three remaining "Crown Jewel" races, the Winston 500, Coca-Cola 600 or Southern 500, a feat which he failed to accomplish this year. Pontiac Excitement 400 The Pontiac Excitement 400 was held February 24 at Richmond International Raceway. The #28 of Davey Allison won the pole. Top ten results # 3–Dale Earnhardt # 5–Ricky Rudd # 33–Harry Gant # 2–Rusty Wallace # 7–Alan Kulwicki # 6–Mark Martin # 17–Darrell Waltrip # 15–Morgan Shepherd −1 # 22–Sterling Marlin −2 # 25–Ken Schrader −2 Failed to qualify: 70–J. D. McDuffie Fueled by his Daytona disappointment, Earnhardt rebounded with a heart-stopping car length victory over Ricky Rudd. Ironically, the door-to-door battle between the two Chevrolet drivers proved to be a prelude to the chase for the $1 million NASCAR Winston Cup points title. Earnhardt left Richmond with a 340–318 point lead over Rudd. The two drivers would remain 1–2 all season long, occasionally trading the point. Goodwrench 500 The Goodwrench 500 was held March 3 at North Carolina Motor Speedway. Kyle Petty won the pole. Top ten results # 42–Kyle Petty # 25–Ken Schrader # 33–Harry Gant −1 # 5–Ricky Rudd −1 # 9–Bill Elliott −1 # 4–Ernie Irvan −2 # 30–Michael Waltrip −2 # 3–Dale Earnhardt −3 # 17–Darrell Waltrip −4 # 15–Morgan Shepherd −4 Failed to qualify: 64–Gary Wright, 70–J. D. McDuffie, 82–Mark Stahl This was the first live flag to flag Winston Cup Series race televised on TNN. Both races at Rockingham, along with Dover, and the series penultimate race at Phoenix, switched from ESPN to TNN starting in 1991. This was after ESPN moved some races to tape delay at the last minute in 1990. ESPN likewise decided to drop some of the longer, less-prestigious events, in favor of freeing up their schedules in favor of other sports (which they were rapidly gaining rights to at the time). This was not the first race ever on TNN, however. Previous Winston Cup races had been shown tape delayed on American Sports Cavalcade. Motorcraft 500 The Motorcraft 500 started on March 18 but heavy rain forced the finish of the race to be postponed to March 19, the race was run at Atlanta Motor Speedway. Alan Kulwicki won the pole. Top ten results # 25–Ken Schrader # 9–Bill Elliott # 3–Dale Earnhardt # 15–Morgan Shepherd # 30–Michael Waltrip # 5–Ricky Rudd # 22–Sterling Marlin # 7–Alan Kulwicki−1 # 17–Darrell Waltrip −1 # 2–Rusty Wallace −1 Failed to qualify: 49–Stanley Smith, 82–Mark Stahl* This was the last NASCAR race in this series not to be televised. It has been slated to air on ABC but was a two-day race because of rain early in the race. The majority of the race was not televised on TV (Motor Racing Network was able to cover the entirety of the race on the radio) and results were only available on local news. TranSouth 500 The TranSouth 500 was held April 7 at Darlington Raceway. Geoff Bodine won the pole. Top ten results # 5–Ricky Rudd # 28–Davey Allison # 30–Michael Waltrip # 6–Mark Martin −1 # 2–Rusty Wallace −2 # 42–Kyle Petty −2 # 4–Ernie Irvan −2 # 15–Morgan Shepherd −2 # 11–Geoff Bodine −2 # 22–Sterling Marlin −2 Failed to qualify: #82–Mark Stahl Valleydale Meats 500 The Valleydale Meats 500 was held April 14 at Bristol Motor Speedway. Rusty Wallace won the pole. Top ten results # 2–Rusty Wallace # 4–Ernie Irvan # 28–Davey Allison # 6–Mark Martin # 5–Ricky Rudd # 17–Darrell Waltrip # 21–Dale Jarrett # 98–Jimmy Spencer # 94–Terry Labonte # 15–Morgan Shepherd −2 Failed to qualify: 52–Jimmy Means, 70–J. D. McDuffie, 71–Dave Marcis Sterling Marlin suffered second and third degree burns following a crash late in the race. After numerous complaints about the pit road procedure where cars could not pit for tires under caution, NASCAR attempted a new procedure for cautions. When the pits opened, the blue flag waved to permit the odd-numbered cars to pit first. The second lap, the even-numbered cars (based on starting position) would then be able to pit. The blue-sticker cars lined up on the inside, the orange-sticker cars on the outside, and lapped cars to the rear on all restarts. Pit road was open for any car on green flag situations. ESPN moved the finish of the race on tape delay because of a rain delay lasting 1 hour and 12 minutes. First Union 400 The First Union 400 was held April 21 at North Wilkesboro Speedway. The #26 of Brett Bodine won the pole. Top ten results # 17–Darrell Waltrip # 3–Dale Earnhardt # 98–Jimmy Spencer # 15–Morgan Shepherd # 25–Ken Schrader # 28–Davey Allison # 30–Michael Waltrip # 9–Bill Elliott # 6–Mark Martin # 4–Ernie Irvan Failed to qualify: 19–Chad Little, 41–Larry Pearson, 44–Irv Hoerr, 47–Rich Bickle, 51–Jeff Purvis, 52–Jimmy Means, 70–J. D. McDuffie, 76–Bill Sedgwick NASCAR tinkered and modified the pit procedure one final time. The odd/even policy was abandoned. On the first lap of a caution flag after the field had lined up behind the pace car, all cars on the lead lap could pit. On the second lap of caution following the opening of pit road, all of the cars that were not on the lead lap could pit. The rule was waived if NASCAR called a "quickie caution". A new pit speed limit was implemented, and for the remainder of the 1991 season, cars would be run through pit road for tachometer readings. The use of a "second" pace car during cautions for the pit road (to control the speed) was abandoned. The pit speed limit was in place for all situations when a car was on pit road, including green flag stops. A violation of the speed limit on entrance was subject to a 15-second holding penalty before the car exited the pit. A violation on exit was subject to a stop-and-go penalty. A violation under caution resulted in being sent to the rear of the field on the ensuing restart. Waltrip's victory set a modern era NASCAR record with seven different winners in the first seven races of the season (at the time). It was the overall longest such streak since 1964. Sterling Marlin, still recovering from burns suffered in his accident the previous week, was relieved by Charlie Glotzbach shortly after the start of the race. Hanes 500 The Hanes 500 was held April 28 at Martinsville Speedway. The #6 of Mark Martin won the pole. Top ten results # 3–Dale Earnhardt # 42–Kyle Petty # 17–Darrell Waltrip # 26–Brett Bodine # 33–Harry Gant −1 # 98–Jimmy Spencer −1 # 30–Michael Waltrip −1 # 28–Davey Allison −1 # 7–Alan Kulwicki −3 # 12–Hut Stricklin −4 Failed to qualify: 10–Derrike Cope, 52–Jimmy Means, 68–Bobby Hamilton, 70–J. D. McDuffie, 71–Dave Marcis Dale Earnhardt becomes the 9th driver to win 50+ NASCAR races. Ernie Irvan required relief from Dick Trickle during the race due to heat exhaustion. Trickle had started the race in the #34 Buick for owner Ken Allen, but finished last (32nd) after overheating problems popped up after only 12 laps. Winston 500 The Winston 500 was scheduled for Sunday, May 5 but was delayed to Monday, May 6 due to rain at Talladega Superspeedway. Ernie Irvan won the pole. Top ten results # 33–Harry Gant # 17–Darrell Waltrip # 3–Dale Earnhardt # 22–Sterling Marlin # 30–Michael Waltrip # 11–Geoff Bodine # 25–Ken Schrader # 9–Bill Elliott # 98–Jimmy Spencer # 1–Rick Mast −1 Failed to qualify: 59–Mark Gibson, 65–Dave Mader III, 70–J. D. McDuffie, 77–Ken Ragan, 53–Don Paul Ernie Irvan was also the center of controversy after "The Big One" on lap 71, which took out 20 cars and injured Kyle Petty, who was out until the Southern 500 in September due to a broken leg. During the Big One on lap 71, Mark Martin's car became airborne, lifting to its nose, but it did not flip over. Harry Gant won the race on a gas-mileage gamble. He out-lasted Darrell Waltrip and Dale Earnhardt, and reportedly ran out of fuel right after taking the checkered flag. A mild controversy stirred up after the race, where it appeared Gant was being pushed by his teammate Rick Mast on the final lap (pushing is not allowed on the final lap). Video footage was inconclusive, and the results were unchanged. Gant and Mast insisted they were simply drafting very closely. Dale Earnhardt would take over the points lead from Ricky Rudd. He would hold on to the lead for the rest of 1991. Footage of Kyle Petty's rehabilitation from his injury was shown during the starting lineup on the telecast of the 1992 Daytona 500 on CBS. The Winston The Winston, an invitational event for all past winners in the Cup series and the top three finishers in The Winston Open, was held May 19 at Charlotte Motor Speedway. Davey Allison won the pole. Top ten results # 28–Davey Allison # 25–Ken Schrader # 17–Darrell Waltrip # 9–Bill Elliott # 4–Ernie Irvan # 30–Michael Waltrip (Winston Open Winner) # 2–Rusty Wallace # 12–Hut Stricklin (Winston Open 3rd place) # 33–Harry Gant # 3–Dale Earnhardt Winston Open The Winston Open, a qualifying race for drivers who are normally not eligible for The Winston, was held May 19 at Charlotte Motor Speedway. Michael Waltrip won the pole. The top three finishers would be eligible to run in The Winston later that day. Top ten results # 30–Michael Waltrip # 22–Sterling Marlin # 12–Hut Stricklin # 1–Rick Mast # 68–Bobby Hamilton # 43–Richard Petty # 47–Greg Sacks # 19–Chad Little # 94–Terry Labonte # 71–Dave Marcis Winston Legends Race During the festivities of The Winston, a special exhibition race of 22 retired NASCAR legends took place on a quarter-mile oval paved in the quad oval segment of the speedway. Elmo Langley battled Cale Yarborough on the final lap, and held him off for the victory by less than a car length. Dick Brooks started on the pole. Top ten results # 64–Elmo Langley # 11–Cale Yarborough # 99–Paul Goldsmith # 06–Neil Castles # 28–Fred Lorenzen # 14–Coo Coo Marlin # 61–Hoss Ellington # 90–Dick Brooks # 42–Marvin Panch # 300–Tim Flock The race was shortened by 10 laps due to damp conditions. Coca-Cola 600 The Coca-Cola 600 was held May 26 at Charlotte Motor Speedway. The #6 of Mark Martin won the pole. Top ten results # 28–Davey Allison # 25–Ken Schrader # 3–Dale Earnhardt # 33–Harry Gant # 21–Dale Jarrett # 12–Hut Stricklin # 4–Ernie Irvan −1 # 17–Darrell Waltrip −1 # 5–Ricky Rudd −1 # 94–Terry Labonte −1 Failed to qualify: 29–Kerry Teague, 44–Bobby Labonte, 70–J. D. McDuffie, 82–Mark Stahl, 99–Brad Teague, 86–Jeff Green During the previous week's The Winston, the #11 Junior Johnson-owned Ford was thrown out of the track. Johnson, crew chief Tim Brewer, and substitute driver Tommy Ellis were suspended for 12 weeks for the engine being larger than the legal limit of 358 cubic inches. Regular driver Geoff Bodine was injured in a practice crash for The Winston at Charlotte and was out for two races plus The Winston. All three parties appealed; Johnson and Brewer's suspensions were cut to four races, and Ellis, who drove as a late substitute, had his suspension nullified. Here, Ellis finished the race in 16th, 4 laps down. During the ban, Johnson designated his wife Flossie as the car owner and changed the number of the car to 97. Budweiser 500 The Budweiser 500 was held June 3 at Dover Downs International Speedway. The #30 of Michael Waltripwon the pole. Top ten results # 25–Ken Schrader* # 3–Dale Earnhardt # 33–Harry Gant # 4–Ernie Irvan # 6–Mark Martin # 12–Hut Stricklin # 17–Darrell Waltrip −1 # 15–Morgan Shepherd −2 # 2–Rusty Wallace −2 # 5–Ricky Rudd −3 Failed to qualify: 45-Billy Fulcher, 80-Jimmy Horton, 85-Bobby Gerhart, 47-Rich Bickle This race marked Ken Schrader's fourth and last victory in the Winston Cup Series. All four of his Cup Series wins came in the #25 car for Hendrick Motorsports. This was Michael Waltrip's first career pole position in the Winston Cup Series. Banquet Frozen Foods 300 The Banquet Frozen Foods 300 was held June 9 at Sears Point Raceway. Ricky Rudd won the pole. Top ten results # 28–Davey Allison # 5–Ricky Rudd # 2–Rusty Wallace # 4–Ernie Irvan # 25–Ken Schrader # 94–Terry Labonte # 3–Dale Earnhardt # 97–Geoff Bodine* # 6–Mark Martin # 30–Michael Waltrip A wild finish ended in controversy. Accomplished Trans-Am champion and NASCAR road course ringer Tommy Kendall (substituting for the injured Kyle Petty) was leading Mark Martin with 4 laps to go, in Felix Sabates' #42 Pontiac. Going into the turn 7 hairpin, Martin slid by on the outside, but the cars made contact, and Martin spun out. Kendall suffered a flat tire, and limped back to the pits. With 2 laps remaining, Davey Allison who had been running third took the lead. Allison led Ricky Rudd into turn 11 as the cars were anticipating seeing the white flag. Rudd's nose got inside, touched Allison's rear bumper, and Allison spun out with the white flag waving. Allison refired, and got back on to the track to hold on to second position. The next time by, Ricky Rudd was displayed the black flag and penalized 5 seconds for "dirty driving." Allison, the second car in line, was given the checkered flag and declared the winner. Rudd officially dropped back to 2nd place, with the black flag being reduced to a 5-second penalty following Allison's time of victory. After the race, Dave Marcis, a lapped car who was right behind the incident and saw it unfold, claimed that Rudd's tap was not dirty, and in his opinion was simply drivers racing hard on the final lap. Geoff Bodine returned after missing two races and The Winston because of an injury during a practice crash for The Winston. Champion Spark Plug 500 The Champion Spark Plug 500 was held June 16 at Pocono Raceway. Mark Martin won the pole. Top ten results # 17–Darrell Waltrip # 3–Dale Earnhardt # 6–Mark Martin # 33–Harry Gant # 97–Geoff Bodine # 4–Ernie Irvan # 25–Ken Schrader # 22–Sterling Marlin # 15–Morgan Shepherd # 10–Derrike Cope A caution flag was thrown during the race for (oddly enough) a chicken attempting to cross the track. This race was plagued by rain, even causing a red flag at one point, but it still ran to the full 500 mile distance. During the race, the wife of ESPN color commentator Benny Parsons, Connie, died of an illness. ESPN announcers Bob Jenkins and Ned Jarrett broke word of her death coming back from a commercial. A video exists of the satellite feed, in which Jenkins and Jarrett were informed of Connie's passing (Benny Parsons was in North Carolina with her), and previewed an obituary slide that was shown after the commercial break. Bill Elliott, whose day ended early with a valve problem, would leave to return to his hometown of Dawsonville, Georgia, as his grandmother also died later on that same day (when interviewed after his car's problems developed, he mentioned that he had no word of his grandmother's condition at the time of the interview, but that she was still alive before the race began). Miller Genuine Draft 400 The Miller Genuine Draft 400 was held June 23 at Michigan International Speedway. The #30 of Michael Waltrip won the pole. Top ten results # 28–Davey Allison # 12–Hut Stricklin # 6–Mark Martin # 3–Dale Earnhardt # 4–Ernie Irvan # 25–Ken Schrader # 17–Darrell Waltrip # 5–Ricky Rudd # 15–Morgan Shepherd –1 # 33–Harry Gant –1 Failed to qualify: #70–J. D. McDuffie, #53–Don Paul Geoff Bodine's team reverted to the #11 following owner Junior Johnson's return from his 4-race suspension. Pepsi 400 The Pepsi 400 was held July 6 at Daytona International Speedway. Sterling Marlin won the pole. Top ten results # 9–Bill Elliott # 11–Geoff Bodine # 28–Davey Allison # 25–Ken Schrader # 4–Ernie Irvan # 30–Michael Waltrip # 3–Dale Earnhardt # 22–Sterling Marlin # 5–Ricky Rudd # 98–Jimmy Spencer Failed to qualify: 95–Kerry Teague, 70–J. D. McDuffie, 80–Jimmy Horton, 95–Eddie Bierschwale, 0–Delma Cowart This race is probably best known for a wild crash involving the #17 of Darrell Waltrip and the #75 of Joe Ruttman on lap 119. Sterling Marlin got loose, slid into Alan Kulwicki, and Kulwicki slid into Ruttman. Waltrip and Ruttman hooked together on the backstretch and veered into the grass, jumping over part of the infield road course (both cars got all 4 wheels off the ground when this happened). Waltrip's car landed hard on the left side, dug into the dirt and grass, and barrel rolled while Ruttman's car spun back toward the racing surface. This was Bill Elliott's last win for Melling Racing; he would drive for Junior Johnson beginning in 1992. It was also Elliott's only win in a car that was not red (it was a blue Ford Thunderbird, sponsored by Coors Light). This race was the first race Benny Parsons covered for ESPN after the loss of his wife Connie three weeks earlier. A bizarre sidelight emerged involving Terry Labonte (driving the #94 Sunoco Oldsmobile Cutlass). Labonte would drop out of the race after 8 laps claiming an engine vibration, but when the car was tested in the garage, the engine was working normally. By that time, however, Labonte had already left and with the team unable to find a replacement driver, it was ultimately decided that the car would not attempt to return to the race. However, more info about this came to light in a book called Behind The Wall by Richard Huff where Labonte stated that the wrong car type was brought to the track (Intermediate car instead of Superspeedway car) and Labonte refused to continue due to the car being so slow; it would not keep up in the draft. Miller Genuine Draft 500 The Miller Genuine Draft 500 was held July 21 at Pocono Raceway. The #7 of Alan Kulwicki won the pole. The race was shortened to 179 laps due to rain. Top ten results # 2–Rusty Wallace* # 6–Mark Martin # 11–Geoff Bodine # 12–Hut Stricklin # 22–Sterling Marlin # 21–Dale Jarrett # 4–Ernie Irvan # 26–Brett Bodine # 9–Bill Elliott −1 # 75–Joe Ruttman −1 Failed to qualify: 85–Bobby Gerhart, Walter Surma, Norm Benning On lap 72, a major crash on the frontstretch happened involving twelve cars. Among those involved were polesitter Irvin, Earnhardt, and Stricklin When the red flag was thrown for rain, Rusty Wallace's car was nearly out of gas. The red flag was out for over two hours before the track dried and the cars were started again under a yellow condition. However, after just running 1 lap under yellow the rain started falling again. Rusty Wallace was very close to running out of gas, so he was pushed around by Dale Earnhardt so that he wouldn't run out of gas. Once the field was given the white flag, Earnhardt backed off. Under NASCAR rules, this is legal unless it is the final scheduled lap of the race. This was the final race J. D. McDuffie actually finished on track in. He finished in 25th, 27 laps down to the winner. DieHard 500 The DieHard 500 was held July 28 at Talladega Superspeedway. Sterling Marlin won the pole. Top ten results # 3–Dale Earnhardt # 9–Bill Elliott # 6–Mark Martin # 5–Ricky Rudd # 22–Sterling Marlin # 2–Rusty Wallace # 30–Michael Waltrip # 21–Dale Jarrett # 28–Davey Allison # 75–Joe Ruttman Failed to qualify: 0–Delma Cowart, 51–Jeff Purvis, Walter Surma This race featured a blowover crash for the #1 of Rick Mast after he was spun around in the tri-oval by the #20 of Buddy Baker on lap 166. Budweiser at The Glen The Budweiser at The Glen was held August 11 at Watkins Glen International. Terry Labonte won the pole. Top ten results # 4–Ernie Irvan # 5–Ricky Rudd # 6–Mark Martin # 2–Rusty Wallace # 21–Dale Jarrett # 17–Darrell Waltrip # 9–Bill Elliott # 12–Hut Stricklin # 43–Richard Petty # 28–Davey Allison Failed to qualify: 89–Jim Sauter, 65–Jerry O'Neil, 45–Ed Ferree The race was marred by the death of veteran J. D. McDuffie in a Lap 5 crash in the Loop with the #52 of Jimmy Means. The other drivers were not informed of McDuffie's death until after the race. The wreck that claimed J. D. McDuffie's life resulted in a nearly 2 hour long red flag to repair the Armco barrier and remove the two wrecked race cars. 23 years later, a similar accident happened again in 2014 at the in Suzuka when Jules Bianchi crashed heavily, sustaining serious head trauma (similar to J. D. McDuffie) and thus Adrian Sutil helped Bianchi to get out of his car. Nine months later, Bianchi died from complications of the head trauma. McDuffie's crash was just one in a long series of big wrecks in the Loop-Chute area at Watkins Glen in 1991. Before this crash, Tommy Kendall had broken both legs in the IMSA Camel Continental race in June after spinning out at 180 mph and hitting the Armco head on. Multiple drivers in the Winston Cup Series and in IROC crashed in Turn 5 during the August race weekend. A bus stop chicane (Inner Loop) was added before the entrance of Turn 5 for the 1992 season to slow cars before the entrance of what is now the Carousel. Chip Williams, a media coordinator for NASCAR, made the first announcement of McDuffie's death, which was after the red flag period ended, in an interview with Jerry Punch of ESPN that was simulcast on Motor Racing Network. Last career top 10 for Richard Petty. Champion Spark Plug 400 The Champion Spark Plug 400 was held August 18 at Michigan International Speedway. Alan Kulwicki won the pole. Top ten results # 21–Dale Jarrett* # 28–Davey Allison # 2–Rusty Wallace # 6–Mark Martin # 9–Bill Elliott # 33–Harry Gant # 4–Ernie Irvan # 7–Alan Kulwicki # 30–Michael Waltrip # 25–Ken Schrader −1 Failed to qualify: 53–John Paul Jr., 82–Mark Stahl This was Dale Jarrett's first career Winston Cup victory. Jarrett raced door to door to the finish line with the #28 of Davey Allison. The official margin of victory was 10 inches. The win was special to Dale's father Ned Jarrett who was in the ESPN broadcast booth for the telecast. Bud 500 The Bud 500 was held August 24 at Bristol International Raceway. The #9 of Bill Elliott won the pole. Top ten results # 7–Alan Kulwicki # 22–Sterling Marlin # 25–Ken Schrader # 6–Mark Martin −1 # 5–Ricky Rudd −1 # 15–Morgan Shepherd −2 # 3–Dale Earnhardt −2 # 17–Darrell Waltrip −2 # 94–Terry Labonte −7 # 26–Brett Bodine −7 Failed to qualify: 41–Larry Pearson, 52–Jimmy Means Jimmy Spencer led the majority of the race and appeared to be on his way to his first victory, but two late pit stop errors cost him the victory and Spencer would eventually fall to mechanical issues. During the race, Rick Wilson needed relief from Bobby Labonte after Wilson was suffering from flu-like symptoms. Heinz Southern 500 The Heinz Southern 500 was held September 1 at Darlington Raceway. The #28 of Davey Allison won the pole. Top ten results # 33–Harry Gant # 4–Ernie Irvan # 25–Ken Schrader # 10–Derrike Cope −1 # 94–Terry Labonte −1 # 22–Sterling Marlin −2 # 11–Geoff Bodine −2 # 3–Dale Earnhardt −2 # 75–Joe Ruttman −2 # 68–Bobby Hamilton −3 This was Kyle Petty's first race since breaking his leg at Talladega in May. No driver was eligible for the Winston million; however, three drivers going into this race (Ernie Irvan, Davey Allison, and Harry Gant) were eligible for a $100,000 bonus from Winston if a driver were to win 2 out of the 4 NASCAR majors. Gant won the bonus by winning the Winston 500 and this race. Miller Genuine Draft 400 The Miller Genuine Draft 400 was held September 7 at Richmond International Raceway. Rusty Wallace won the pole. Top ten results # 33–Harry Gant # 28–Davey Allison # 2–Rusty Wallace # 4–Ernie Irvan # 5–Ricky Rudd # 7–Alan Kulwicki # 17–Darrell Waltrip # 25–Ken Schrader # 9–Bill Elliott # 22–Sterling Marlin −1 This was the 1st night race for the Winston Cup Series held at Richmond International Raceway. This was Harry Gant's second consecutive victory. Richard Petty led his lone lap of 1991; it also was the only lap he ever led on the 3/4 mile configuration of Richmond. Peak Antifreeze 500 The Peak Antifreeze 500 was held September 15 at Dover Downs International Speedway. The #7 of Alan Kulwicki won the pole. Top ten results # 33–Harry Gant # 11–Geoff Bodine −1 # 15–Morgan Shepherd −1 # 12–Hut Stricklin −1 # 30–Michael Waltrip −2 # 24–Dick Trickle −4 # 5–Ricky Rudd −7 # 68–Bobby Hamilton −7 # 1–Rick Mast −7 # 71–Dave Marcis −10 Harry Gant's official margin of victory in this race was 1 lap, and an additional 19 seconds. This was Harry Gant's third consecutive victory. Dick Trickle's last start of 1991 ended up as his best finish of 1991 (6th). Goody's 500 The Goody's 500 was held September 22 at Martinsville Speedway. Mark Martin won the pole. Top ten results # 33–Harry Gant* # 26–Brett Bodine # 3–Dale Earnhardt # 4–Ernie Irvan # 6–Mark Martin # 94–Terry Labonte # 2–Rusty Wallace # 5–Ricky Rudd # 25–Ken Schrader # 24–Jimmy Hensley Failed to qualify: 52–Jimmy Means This was Harry Gant's 4th consecutive victory, tying the modern-era record for consecutive victories. Gant more or less dominated the race but crashed on lap 377 in Turn 3. The crash damaged the right front of the #33 Skoal Bandit Oldsmobile. This incident led ESPN's race analyst Benny Parsons to discount Gant as a threat to win the race. The team repaired the car the best they could (since this was Martinsville, this consisted of removal of sheet metal that could rub against the right front tire), and sent Gant back out. Gant proceeded to charge up through the field and overtook Brett Bodine for the victory with about 50 laps to go. Tyson Holly Farms 400 The Tyson Holly Farms 400 was held September 29 at North Wilkesboro Speedway. Harry Gant won the pole. Top ten results # 3–Dale Earnhardt # 33–Harry Gant # 15–Morgan Shepherd # 28–Davey Allison # 6–Mark Martin # 2–Rusty Wallace # 26–Brett Bodine # 25–Ken Schrader # 21–Dale Jarrett # 7–Alan Kulwicki Dale Earnhardt passed Harry Gant for the victory with 12 laps to go, denying Gant a 5th consecutive victory. Gant had dominated the race when with just a few laps to go an O-Ring failed to give Gant limited braking for the final few laps allowing Earnhardt to pass. Earnhardt's victory would be the last win for a General Motors brand until his victory in the 1992 Coca-Cola 600. Brett Bodine's 7th-place finish came despite having to start at the rear of the field due to an emergency pit stop prior to the green flag start when his car began leaking fluid during the pace laps. Mello Yello 500 The Mello Yello 500 was held October 6 at Charlotte Motor Speedway. The #6 of Mark Martin won the pole. Top ten results # 11–Geoff Bodine # 28–Davey Allison # 7–Alan Kulwicki −1 # 33–Harry Gant −1 # 22–Sterling Marlin −3 # 94–Terry Labonte −4 # 30–Michael Waltrip −4 # 26–Brett Bodine −4 # 17–Darrell Waltrip −5 # 19–Chad Little −5 Failed to qualify: 0–Delma Cowart, 41–Larry Pearson, 76–Robbie Faggart, 20–Buddy Baker, 51–Jeff Purvis, 74–Mike Potter, 89–Jim Sauter, 87–Randy Baker, 72–Tracy Leslie Five days before this race, Richard Petty held a press conference at his Level Cross, North Carolina race shop. Petty said that instead of retiring at the end of 1991, he would race for one more year. The 1992 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, his last as a driver, would be dubbed the "Fan Appreciation Tour". Petty denied it was a farewell tour because he "wasn't going anywhere". With this race and continuing into the beginning of 1992, the Ford brand would win 13 races in a row (the last four races in 1991 and the first nine races in 1992) AC Delco 500 The AC Delco 500 was held October 20 at North Carolina Speedway. Kyle Petty won the pole. Top ten results # 28–Davey Allison # 33–Harry Gant # 6–Mark Martin # 11–Geoff Bodine # 25–Ken Schrader −1 # 68–Bobby Hamilton −2 # 3–Dale Earnhardt −2 # 22–Sterling Marlin −2 # 42–Kyle Petty −2 # 9–Bill Elliott −2 Failed to qualify: 53–Bobby Hillin Jr., 05–Bill Meacham This was Kyle Petty's 100th top ten finish. Pyroil 500K The Pyroil 500K was held November 3 at Phoenix International Raceway. Geoff Bodine won the pole. Top ten results # 28–Davey Allison # 17–Darrell Waltrip # 22–Sterling Marlin # 7–Alan Kulwicki # 2–Rusty Wallace # 4–Ernie Irvan # 98–Jimmy Spencer −1 # 11–Geoff Bodine −1 # 3–Dale Earnhardt −1 # 15–Morgan Shepherd −1 Failed to qualify: 93–Troy Beebe, 44–Jack Sellers, 89–Jim Sauter, 00–Scott Gaylord The only time that Davey Allison would score back-to-back wins in his career. Hardee's 500 The Hardee's 500 was held November 17 at Atlanta Motor Speedway. Bill Elliott won the pole. Top ten results # 6–Mark Martin # 4–Ernie Irvan # 9–Bill Elliott # 33–Harry Gant # 3–Dale Earnhardt* # 15–Morgan Shepherd # 22–Sterling Marlin −1 # 11–Geoff Bodine −1 # 7–Alan Kulwicki −2 # 17–Darrell Waltrip −2 Failed to qualify: 0–Delma Cowart, 13–Kerry Teague, 35–Bill Venturini, 36–H. B. Bailey, 59–Mark Gibson, 65–Dave Mader III, 65–Keith van Houten This was the race in which Dale Earnhardt clinched his fifth Winston Cup championship. ESPN ran a comedic segment on "How to Steal a Championship" were two crew members from Davey Allison and Ricky Rudd's teams, which were second and third in points respectively, attempted to steal Earnhardt's driving uniform and helmet so Earnhardt could not start the race. Those efforts were thwarted by longtime Earnhardt crewman Chocolate Myers and Earnhardt won by merely starting the race and completing the first lap. Full Drivers' Championship (key) Bold – Pole position awarded by time. Italics – Pole position set by owner's points. * – Most laps led. Driver DAY RCH CAR ATL DAR BRI NWS MAR TAL CLT DOV SON POC MCH DAY POC TAL GLN MCH BRI DAR RCH DOV MAR NWS CLT CAR PHO ATL 1 Dale Earnhardt 5 1 8 3 29 20 2 1* 3* 3 2* 7 2 4 7 22 1* 15 24 7 8 11 15 3 1 25 7 9 5 4287 2 Ricky Rudd 9 2* 4 6 1 5* 11 11 13 9 10 2 20 8 9 20 4 2 11 5 15 5 7 8 12 32 12 11 11 4092 3 Davey Allison 15 12 16 40 2 3 6 8 22 1* 16 1 12 1* 3 14 9 10 2* 24 12 2* 31 29 4 2 1 1* 17 4088 4 Harry Gant 25 3 3 19 27 11 23 5 1 4 33 27 4 10 23 26 39 28 6 19 1* 1 1* 1* 2* 4 2* 23 4 3985 5 Ernie Irvan 1 27 6 14 7 2 10 15 32 7 4 4 6 5 5* 7* 33 1 7 18 2 4 28 4 33 30 31 6 2 3925 6 Mark Martin 21 6 14 17 4 4 9 29 24 23 5 9 3 3 11 2 3 3 4 4 29 33 21 5 5 35* 3 19 1* 3914 7 Sterling Marlin 2 9 33 7 10 27 22 28 4 11 15 26 8 13 8 5 5 12 12 2 6 10 17 14 13 5 8 3 7 3839 8 Darrell Waltrip 24 7 9 9 25 6 1 3 2 8 7 25 1 7 32 29 15 6 32 8 24 7 19 15 20 9 32 2 10 3711 9 Ken Schrader 31 10 2 1 19 29 5 23 7 2 1 5 7 6 4 23 40 30 10 3 3 8 33 9 8 38 5 17 37 3690 10 Rusty Wallace 27 4 28 10 5 1 32 21 26 22 9 3* 31 17 12 1 6 4 3 32 32 3 25 7 6 27 11 5 34 3582 11 Bill Elliott 28 30 5 2* 12 28 8 26 8 26 13 20 36 11 1 9 2 7 5 21 18 9 11 27 24 11 10 25 3 3535 12 Morgan Shepherd 34 8 10 4 8 10 4 30 14 14 8 42 9 9 20 34 14 36 26 6 19 23 3 11 3 28 17 10 6 3438 13 Alan Kulwicki 8 5 17 8 34 26 29 9 27 35 14 17 16 24 14 16 16 23 8 1 35 6 24 22 10 3 33 4 9 3354 14 Geoff Bodine 32 13 12 23 9 24 28 20 6 8 5 39 2 3 30 22 35 31 7 14 2 23 15 1 4 8 8 3277 15 Michael Waltrip 38 17 7 5 3* 23 7 7 5 15 32 10 18 34 6 38 7 21 9 25 27 30 5 25 27 7 19 24 40 3254 16 Hut Stricklin 29 22 31 13 32 16 14 10 23 6 6 35 28 2 16 4 29 8 14 22 17 21 4 16 17 36 13 39 13 3199 17 Dale Jarrett 6 21 11 20 39 7 25 12 35 5 35 41 19 12 18 6 8 5 1 28 25 20 34 18 9 26 25 35 16 3124 18 Terry Labonte 13 14 39 35 15 9 31 31 37 10 24 6 21 25 41 15 24 34 16 9 5 19 26 6 14 6 28 12 15 3024 19 Brett Bodine 22 24 13 15 16 22 30* 4 11 28 33 11 33 36 36 8 32 25 37 10 14 18 32 2 7 8 30 14 29 2980 20 Joe Ruttman 3 29 24 27 26 13 24 16 29 21 12 31 22 19 31 10 10 14 30 17 9 28 13 31 29 16 27 22 20 2938 21 Rick Mast 4 35 30 29 13 18 12 13 10 30 20 19 25 29 19 27 28 35 18 26 11 27 9 13 25 13 18 28 28 2918 22 Bobby Hamilton 10 28 21 33 20 31 21 DNQ 12 27 11 22 35 22 28 11 34 29 19 13 10 12 8 17 18 29 6 13 18 2915 23 Ted Musgrave 30 19 25 37 21 12 17 24 16 17 18 37 27 21 37 13 26 29 17 16 20 22 14 20 22 14 21 18 30 2841 24 Richard Petty 19 11 15 38 37 17 16 14 40 20 17 34 11 35 22 31 18 9 23 12 16 24 20 30 19 12 16 41 22 2817 25 Jimmy Spencer 40 34 38 16 11 8 3 6 9 31 28 29 14 32 10 37 37 27 36 15* 31 15 18 28 23 23 22 7 38 2750 26 Rick Wilson 33 18 19 12 14 33 27 22 25 18 25 16 13 31 24 24 38 19 39 20 13 13 29 26 32 17 20 15 33 2723 27 Chad Little 14 16 22 18 36 14 DNQ 27 38 25 29 28 23 26 29 12 12 11 25 14 36 34 16 24 21 10 23 30 21 2678 28 Derrike Cope 26 32 34 11 31 32 15 DNQ 28 12 27 30 10 41 17 36 35 13 34 29 4 16 36 19 30 33 15 16 24 2516 29 Dave Marcis 35 33 23 36 18 DNQ 19 DNQ 18 32 23 24 24 16 25 18 21 37 20 23 33 29 10 21 31 34 26 40 12 2374 30 Bobby Hillin Jr. 7 20 18 21 17 15 20 17 17 19 19 21 15 15 15 28 11 18 33 30 18 DNQ 32 2317 31 Kyle Petty 16* 25 1* 39 6 21 18 2 33 22 26 12 12 16 15 9 20 19 2078 32 Lake Speed 40 25 13 18 31 29 22 12 17 18 38 30 36 33 15 11 34 17 35 32 1742 33 Jimmy Means 39 31 27 31 23 DNQ DNQ DNQ 20 38 26 27 26 21 23 39 27 DNQ 28 35 23 DNQ 28 24 35 1562 34 Mickey Gibbs 17 23 20 25 22 19 33 25 15 34 30 14 30 14 27 1401 35 Dick Trickle 11 15 29 28 30 26 32 40 35 20 21 27 23 6 1258 36 Stanley Smith 37 DNQ 21 36 23 23 40 31 40 22 22 36 25 893 37 Larry Pearson DNQ 41 41 32 20 21 17 DNQ 30 36 30 DNQ 33 14 841 38 26 34 33 28 34 41 32 22 25 QL 19 36 803 39 Greg Sacks 42 39 39 DNQ 39 17 19 21 32 DNQ DNQ 31 29 26 791 40 Buddy Baker 37 36 30 13 13 13 DNQ DNQ 552 41 Jimmy Hensley 10 11 20 14 488 42 Eddie Bierschwale 12 24 38 DNQ 27 DNQ 27 431 43 Jim Sauter 23 22 37 37 DNQ 31 DNQ DNQ DNQ 35 423 44 Kenny Wallace 13 26 31 43 23 412 45 Jeff Purvis 36 35 24 DNQ 30 DNQ 30 DNQ DNQ 38 399 46 Phil Barkdoll 20 19 35 22 364 47 Mike Chase 40 33 25 29 26 356 48 J. D. McDuffie DNQ DNQ DNQ 30 DNQ DNQ DNQ DNQ DNQ 31 34 DNQ DNQ 25 40 335 49 Bill Sedgwick DNQ 19 15 21 324 50 Randy LaJoie 29 24 32 31 304 51 Rich Bickle DNQ 26 34 24 DNQ DNQ 237 52 Irv Hoerr DNQ 36 19 38 210 53 H. B. Bailey DNQ 35 33 28 DNQ DNQ 201 54 James Hylton 37 DNQ 38 DNQ 37 DNQ 40 196 55 Robby Gordon 18 26 194 56 John Paul Jr. 32 16 DNQ 182 57 Bill Schmitt 13 37 176 58 Randy Baker 28 26 DNQ 164 59 Dorsey Schroeder DNQ 17 41 157 60 Hershel McGriff 32 27 149 61 Dave Mader III DNQ 30 33 DNQ DNQ DNQ DNQ DNQ 137 62 Mike Wallace 31 39 116 63 Tommy Kendall 18 114 64 Andy Hillenburg 40 32 110 65 Bobby Labonte DNQ 34 38 110 66 Mike Skinner 32 40 110 67 Mark Stahl DNQ DNQ DNQ DNQ DNQ DNQ DNQ DNQ 37 36 107 68 Bill Meacham 36 38 DNQ 104 69 Jim Derhaag 20 103 70 Tommy Ellis 16 21 100 71 Brad Teague DNQ DNQ 21 100 72 Jerry Hill DNQ 38 38 94 73 Oma Kimbrough 24 91 74 Gary Balough DNQ 40 39 89 75 Bill Venturini DNQ 40 39 DNQ 89 76 Chuck Bown DNQ DNQ 26 85 77 Steve Perry 27 82 78 Butch Gilliland DNQ 29 76 79 Kim Campbell DNQ 31 70 80 Scott Gaylord 33 DNQ 64 81 Gary Wright DNQ 33 64 82 Mark Reed 34 61 83 Ricky Craven 34 61 84 John Krebs 38 DNQ 54 85 Kerry Teague DNQ DNQ 37 DNQ 52 86 Robert Sprague 39 DNQ 51 87 Gary Brooks 39 46 88 Brian Ross DNQ 39 46 89 Andy Belmont 40 43 90 Sammy Swindell 41 40 91 Gary Collins 42 37 92 R. K. Smith 43 DNQ 34 93 Keith van Houten 37 DNQ 94 Phil Parsons DNQ 95 Rick Jeffrey DNQ 96 Philip Duffie DNQ 97 Blackie Wangerin DNQ 98 Jimmy Horton DNQ DNQ DNQ DNQ DNQ DNQ 99 Delma Cowart DNQ DNQ DNQ DNQ DNQ 100 K. C. Spurlock DNQ 101 Billy Fulcher DNQ DNQ DNQ 102 Ken Ragan DNQ 103 Donny Paul DNQ DNQ 104 Mark Gibson DNQ DNQ DNQ 105 Jeff Green DNQ 106 Bobby Gerhart DNQ DNQ 107 Jack Sellers DNQ DNQ 108 Troy Beebe DNQ DNQ 109 Walter Surma DNQ DNQ DNQ 110 Norm Benning DNQ 111 Jerry O'Neil DNQ 112 Ed Ferree DNQ 113 Dale Fischlein DNQ 114 Mike Potter DNQ 115 Robbie Faggart DNQ 116 Tracy Leslie DNQ 117 Rick Scribner DNQ 118 St. James Davis DNQ 119 Rick Carelli DNQ 120 Wayne Jacks DNQ 121 Ron Hornaday Jr. DNQ 122 Billy Jac Shaw DNQ Driver DAY RCH CAR ATL DAR BRI NWS MAR TAL CLT DOV SON POC MCH DAY POC TAL GLN MCH BRI DAR RCH DOV MAR NWS CLT CAR PHO ATL Rookie of the Year Bobby Hamilton, driving for Tri-Star Motorsports, narrowly defeated Ted Musgrave for Rookie of the Year honors in 1991. Stanley Smith, Wally Dallenbach Jr., and Sammy Swindell also declared for the award, but did not complete enough races to challenge Hamilton or Musgrave.

Introduction A Dulux store in Richmond Hill, Ontario A Dulux store in Hong Kong Dulux is an internationally available brand of architectural paint originated from the United Kingdom. The brand name Dulux has been used by both Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) and DuPont since 1931 and was one of the first alkyd-based paints. It is produced by AkzoNobel (originally produced by ICI prior to 2008) although the United States markets are now served by PPG Industries. History In the early days of its existence, decorators and their suppliers were the main customers for Dulux, with Say Dulux to your decorator used as an advertising slogan in the 1950s. By 1953, Dulux was available in the retail market and ten years later the famous Old English Sheepdog was used in advertisements, to the point where "Dulux dog" has become a common nickname for the breed. The name Dulux is derived from the words Durable and Luxury. In May 2010, Dulux launched the 'Let's Colour Project', a global marketing campaign featuring the painting of public spaces with bright colours. Dulux dog An Old English Sheepdog, mascot for the Dulux brand since the 1960s The Old English Sheepdog is the brand mascot for Dulux paint. The dog was first introduced in advertising campaigns in 1961. Since then they have been a constant and highly popular feature of Dulux television and print adverts wherever the paint is sold. So much so, that many people in those markets refer to the breed as a 'Dulux dog' rather than a Sheepdog. Over the years, different dogs have appeared in the adverts. However, they all look very similar, due to the carefully managed selection process carried out by ICI's advertising agency. The first Dulux dog was Shepton Daphnis Horsa, pet name Dash, who held the role for eight years, owned by Eva Sharp in Tottenham. His successor, Fernville Lord Digby, was the most famous Dulux dog and also made his owners, Cynthia and Norman Harrison, famous. When filming advertisements, Digby was treated like a star, being driven to the studio in a chauffeur driven car. Barbara Woodhouse was employed to train Digby and his three stunt doubles, who were used whenever specific tricks or actions needed to be filmed. Digby's popularity led him to play the title role in the 1973 British comedy film Digby, the Biggest Dog in the World. Gambit - another Dulux dog, was used in a photographic shoot in 1980 for Philips Video and its new generation of video recorders. By the time the shoot was finished, there was enough hair to fill a mattress - the dog was constantly groomed during the shoot. King Hotspur of Amblegait was used from 1974 to 1979 and appeared in over fifty television programmes as well as his public appearances for ICI/Dulux. Apart from Dash, all the Dulux dogs have been breed champions, and five of them have won 'Best in Show' prizes. The Dulux dog was placed at No. 51 in Channel 4's "100 Greatest Television Adverts". Dulux in Australia and New Zealand In Australia and New Zealand , Dulux has been involved with the manufacture and marketing of paint and related products since 1904 and is the largest manufacturer of paint products in Australia. Dulux had its origins in H. L. Vosz, a large glass fabrication business and Australia's first major paint manufacturer. In 1912, the Australasian United Paint Company Limited was founded in South Australia, with an office in Lipson Street, Port Adelaide, to take over the paint business of H. L. Vosz as a going concern, and over the next few years the factory underwent significant modernization. The glass business continued independently under the Vosz name (although its founder had died nearly 30 years previously), but became Clarkson Ltd in 1915, in response to anti-German sentiment. In 1919, the Australasian United Paint Co was purchased for £40,000 by British Australian Lead Manufacturers, a consortium of British white lead manufacturers, with their Australian office in Melbourne or in Sydney. The company became BALM Paints In the 1950s, it opened a new factory and Central Research Labs in Clayton, Victoria. Taking its cue from survey evidence that the Australian public had no idea what BALM Paints was, but that everyone knew Dulux, the company changed its name in 1971 to Dulux Australia. In the course of the 1970s, it acquired Walpamur Paints. Its main rivals at that time were British Paints and Berger Paints. In 1988, Dulux acquired both British and Berger Paints. By 1996, it had also acquired Cabot's. The Australian paint market was then dominated by Wattyl, Taubmans and Dulux. Until 1997, Dulux Australia was a key player in the ICI Paints World Group, after which ICI informed ICI Australia of its intention to sell its 62% share in the company as part of raising the capital needed for acquisition of part of Unilever. The former ICI Australia became an independent company on 2 February 1998 and was named Orica. In Australia and New Zealand, Dulux was wholly owned by Orica until July 2010, when DuluxGroup was spun off as a separate company on the Australian Securities Exchange. Fairground Attraction's song "Perfect" was used for an advertisement on television. Dulux Australia was formerly a major player in all paint markets (decorative, automotive, refinish, industrial, powder coatings), but sold off the technical markets (and the Clayton site) to PPG Industries, concentrating on decorative, woodcare and powder coatings, and moving to a new site on Dandenong Road, Clayton, previously owned by Pond's. Television advertisements featured the Dulux Dog (Penny), and several hundred other Old English Sheepdogs, racing around collecting cricket stumps, drumsticks, wooden spoons, sticks, and other items, to stir a newly opened pot of Dulux "Wash and Wear" paint. The accompanying music was "I Woke Up Today", by American band Port O'Brien, from the album "All We Could Do Was Sing". In August 2019, DuluxGroup was acquired by Nippon Paint and delisted from the Australian Securities Exchange. Dulux in Canada The Dulux decorative paint business In Canada was sold to the PPG Architectural Coatings division of PPG Industries in December 2012. Dulux Decorator Centre In the United Kingdom, AkzoNobel operates the trade and retail store chain of Dulux Decorator Centre. There are now over 200 branches, predominantly in England, though there are more than twenty in Scotland, with six in Wales and four in Northern Ireland. Offering the Dulux Trade brand along with other AkzoNobel brands such as Armstead, Hammerite, and Cuprinol, it is also a supplier of decorating accessories, wallpaper and workwear from a large number of other manufacturers. Dulux Select Decorators The Dulux Select Decorators scheme is a nationwide network of professional decorators. The concept was originated by Dulux in 1996 to assure consumers of high-quality work including a two-year guarantee supported by the leading paint manufacturing brand. Dulux Trade Contract Partnership Dulux Trade Contract Partnership is a scheme for independently assessed, quality assured contractors. Dulux Trade Contract Partners undergo regular site visits by independent scheme assessors to monitor standards and to identify opportunities for improvement.

Introduction EvoBus GmbH is a German bus and coach manufacturer headquartered in Stuttgart, Germany and a wholly owned subsidiary of Daimler Truck AG. Its products go to market under the brands Setra or Mercedes-Benz. Mercedes-Benz Sprinter City 35 minibus built in 2011 History In 1995, the bus division of Daimler-Benz AG and bus manufacturer Karl Kässbohrer Fahrzeugwerke GmbH amalgamated under the umbrella of EvoBus. Mercedes-Benz brought in more than 100 years of experience in the bus and coach industry, starting with the invention of the omnibus by Karl Benz in 1895 in Mannheim. EvoBus is headquartered in Stuttgart in Germany, with its largest bus factory in Mannheim in Germany. Licensed buses are also manufactured in Turkey. The city buses, for instance the Citaro, are manufactured in Mannheim, as are the chassis (meaning the frame plus the "running gear" like engine, transmission, driveshaft, differential, and suspension). A body (sometimes referred to as "coachwork"), is built on the chassis to complete the coaches in Ulm/Neu-Ulm, where the final assembly takes place. Other factories of EvoBus are in Ligny-en-Barrois in France and in Sámano in Spain. Its product portfolio include: Bus-specific service ranging from insurance and consulting to concepts for financing and the procurement of original parts and accessories. Sales network for new and used vehicles in Europe, Service network In 2016, EvoBus had a workforce of 17,899 employees. Innovations In April 1951, Setra introduced a coach with self-supporting structure. By 1955 the company demonstrated a coach with the first independent air suspension at the German Motor Show in Frankfurt. Since the 1990s, EvoBus has been experimenting with hydrogen fuel cells to use hydrogen as a primary source of power for the locomotion of buses.

Introduction Justin Rice Whiting was a politician from the U.S. state of Michigan. Whiting was born in Bath, New York, and moved to Michigan in 1849 with his parents, who settled in St. Clair, Michigan. He attended the public schools and the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor from 1863 to 1865. He worked as a merchant and manufacturer. Whiting was elected mayor of St. Clair in 1879 and represented the 17th District in the Michigan State Senate in 1882. He was elected as a Democrat from Michigan's 7th congressional district to the 50th United States Congress and reelected to the 51st, 52nd, and 53rd Congresses, serving from March 4, 1887 until March 3, 1895. After leaving Congress, Whiting resumed his former business pursuits in St. Clair. He was an unsuccessful Fusion candidate for Governor of Michigan in 1898, losing to incumbent Republican Hazen S. Pingree. He also ran for election in 1900 to the 57th Congress, losing to incumbent Republican Edgar Weeks. Whiting married Emily F. Owen, with whom he had 10 children. Their son, also named Justin Rice Whiting (1886–1965), was president of the Consumers Power Company from 1949 to 1959. Whiting also served as chairman of the Democratic State central committee. He died in St. Clair and is interred there at Hillside Cemetery.

Introduction The National Leadership Network for Health and Social Care, before 2005 the NHS Modernisation Board, is a coalition of stakeholders in the English National Health Service (NHS). Its purpose is to advise the Ministerial team at the Department of Health on issues of NHS reform. There are twice-yearly meetings with the ministerial team to review progress and set priorities. The Network has no executive power, but seeks to influence both government policy and the work of member organisations. In April 2006 the Network issued a paper Strengthening local services: The Future of the acute hospital which considers the ways in which local acute hospitals will have to change and adapt given changes in the NHS as a whole.

Introduction The Braehead Arena is a multi-purpose arena in Renfrewshire, Scotland. The arena was built in 1999, and is located within the Braehead Complex. The arena was formerly the home of the Scottish Eagles ice hockey club and is now the home to the expansion Glasgow Clan ice hockey team of the Elite Ice Hockey League. From 2002 to 2008, Braehead Arena was home to Scotland's only professional basketball team, the Scottish Rocks. Past & current events Photograph showing the ice rink of Braehead Arena The arena is currently home to two ice hockey teams, Glasgow Clan and Paisley Pirates. It has also hosted a variety of local sporting events and concerts. Between 1–9 April, it hosted the 2000 Ford World Curling Championships for men and women. The professional wrestling company WWE have used the arena many times for their UK tours, and more recently TNA have utilised the arena. As well as sporting events the arena regularly is host to many entertainment events such as The Singing Kettle, Bratz and Playhouse Disney Live. The arena has also specialised in Ice Shows with both Dancing on Ice and the High School Musical:ICE SHOW having been held at the Arena. The arena are regular host to the Fantazia and Coloursfest Raves (not actual raves) as it attracts audiences of approximately 7,000 clubbers. 2007–2009 Collector's Convention Collectormania 2002 On 8 June, it hosted Ricky Burns's fight against fellow Briton Gary Harrison a minute and a half into the first of four rounds by way of TKO. On 19 October, it hosted Ricky Burns's fight against fellow Briton Neil Murray and thirty six seconds into the second of four rounds by way of TKO. On 13 and 14 November, it hosted a concert by Oasis as part of their Heathen Chemistry Tour. On 19 December, it hosted Pablo Chacón's defence of his WBO Featherweight title against Briton Scott Harrison who beat him on unanimous decision after twelve rounds to become the new champion. 2003 On 4 November, it hosted a concert by Beyoncé as part of her Dangerously in Love Tour. 2004 On 29 October, it hosted Ricky Burns's fight against fellow Brit Jeff Thomas and won on points after four rounds. 2005 On 5 November, it hosted Paul McCloskey's fight against Englishman Billy Smith and won on points after four rounds. On 11 November, it hosted Amir Khan's third professional fight against fellow Briton Steve Gethin forty nine seconds into the third of four rounds by way of TKO. 2006 Between 7–9 April, It hosted Great Britain's 2006 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I second round home match against Serbia and Montenegro. The hosts who were seeded were edged out 3–2 by the unseeded visitors and missed out on a place in that years World Group playoff. 2007 On 11 October 2007 it hosted a concert by American progressive rock band Dream Theater, as part of the group's Systematic Chaos Tour. 2009 2009 Scottish Masters Cup The arena also played host to Great Britain's home Davis Cup Men's Tennis Tie against Ukraine in March 2009. On 12 July, it hosted the Glasgow audition stages of the sixth series of the ITV singer search programme The X Factor. On Saturday 5 December, it hosted the Jocky Wilson Cup. 2010 On 25 September, it hosted a concert by Tiësto as part of his Kaleidoscope World Tour. On 4 December, it hosted Callum Johnson's fight against Republic of Irishman Tommy Tolan and knocked him out in the first of four rounds. That was followed by Ricky Burns defence of his WBO Super Featherweight title against Norwegian Andreas Evensen and through a unanimous decision after twelve rounds. 2011 On 12 March, it hosted Stephen Simmons professional boxing debut match against fellow Briton Nick Okoth and won 1:36 minutes into the seconds of four rounds by way of TKO. It was followed by James DeGale's tenth professional match which was against Frenchman Alpay Kobal and won 1:37 minutes into the fifth of eight rounds by way of TKO. That was followed by Ricky Burn's defence of his WBO Super Featherweight title against Ghanaian Joseph Laryea and won after his opponent retired before the seventh of twelve rounds. On 14 March, it hosted Callum Johnson's fight against Englishman Jody Meikle and won on points after four rounds. It played host to two of Great Britain's 2011 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group II home matches. Between 8–10 July, it hosted Great Britain's second round match against Luxembourg. The host who were top seeds hammered the unseeded visitors 4–1 and met unseeded Hungary in the third round between 16–18 September and annihilated the visitors 5–0 and won promotion to the Europe/Africa Zone Group I for next year. On 8 and 9 October, it hosted a Bob Dylan concert as part of his Never Ending Tour 2011. 2012 On 10 March, it hosted Stephen Simmons fourth professional boxing match, this time against Hastings Rasani of Zimbabwe and won with 22 seconds to go in the sixth and final round by way of TKO. That was followed by Ricky Burn's defence of his WBO Super Featherweight title against Namibian Paulus Moses and won on unanimous decision after twelve rounds. It played host to two of Great Britain's 2012 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I home matches. Between 10–12 February, it hosted Great Britain's first round match against Slovakia. The host who were top unseeded edged out the visitors who were also unseeded 3–2 and met third seeds Belgium in the second round between 6–8 April but were hammered 4–1 and remained in the Europe/Africa Zone Group I for another year. On 24 and 25 April, it hosted a JLS concert as part of their 4th Dimensions Tour. On 16 October, it hosted a Kelly Clarkson concert as part of her Stronger Tour. 2014 On 27 June, it hosted Stephen Simmons tenth professional boxing match, this time against Spaniard Wadi Camacho and won 1:01 minutes into the tenth and final round by way of TKO. That was followed by Ricky Burn's fight against Montenegrin Dejan Zlaticanin who beat him on split decision after 12 rounds to win the vacant WBC International Lightweight title. 2015 On 11 November, it was host to Megadeth's Dystopia World Tour with Lamb of God, Children of Bodom, and Sylosis. 2022 2022 seen the re-introduction of Masters Football to a sell out crowd, which saw Celtic F.C., Liverpool F.C., Manchester United F.C. and Rangers F.C. compete. Coloursfest, The Time Frequency and GBX made welcome returns in 2022 following COVID. 2023 Lined up so far for 2023 are Coloursfest, The Time Frequency, Masters Football, Cheerleading competitions, World Kickboxing competitions, Harlem Globetrotters, Wedding Exhibitions and Dental shows. As well as global Qawwali music superstar Rahat Fateh Ali Khan.

Introduction Thomas Scavo is a fictional character on the ABC television series Desperate Housewives, played by actor Doug Savant. Tom was originally credited as a recurring role throughout Season 1, but became credited as a series regular in Season 2. Early storylines often revolved around Tom's position at an advertising firm, causing him to frequently travel, usually leaving Lynette alone to run the family. Starting in Season 3, Tom's storyline turned to a focus of him trying to find what was next for him, due to being tired of working in advertising. When he finally decides, he opens Scavo's Pizzeria, much to Lynette's dismay. After the five year jump, it becomes apparent that Tom is now experiencing a mid-life crisis, as he purchased and restored an early model convertible. After Lynette gives birth to Paige, it is discovered that Tom is experiencing Male Post-Partum Depression (to which Lynette laughs off, thinking of it as a ridiculous notion.) Tom separates from Lynette at the end of Season 7 and dates Jane for the greater part of Season 8, however, Tom and Lynette reunite at the end of the series. Storylines Past Thomas "Tom" Scavo was born in 1968. He is the eldest of three children (Tom, Theresa and Peter) born to Allison and Rodney Scavo. He had three relationships in his life: first was one-night-stand Nora Huntington in 1994, Annabel Foster in 1997, but he told her he is not a husband material when they worked together in Advertising and one-night-stand with Renee Perry, during the short time when breaking up of engagement with Lynette. Lynette Lindquist and Tom met in the same company when they worked together in advertising. They got married in 1997 and one year later they moved to Fairview, 4355 Wisteria Lane. Lynette had a very successful career, but she gave up all that to become a stay-at-home mother. Tom was a working dad, always away from home, supporting financially his family. Lynette met Mary Alice Young, Bree Van de Kamp and Susan Mayer, shortly after she discovered she is pregnant with twins. They thought it is better to have Lynette as a friend, than enemy. She become a mother to four children with Tom: twins Preston and Porter born in 1998, Parker in 1998 and Penny in 2004. She met Gabrielle Solis in 2003 and after a difficult short period of accommodation, she also become her best friend. Season 1 Tom is frequently out of town and seems completely oblivious to Lynette's problems. Tom has been keeping a secret from his wife that only his father, Rodney Scavo, knows about - his one-night-stand with Renee. Tom decides to become a house-husband after losing his promotion to Tim Douggan and subsequently quits his job. He seems to truly love Lynette, being prepared to discuss family matters with her if she feels that they need to. Season 2 Midway through the second season, Tom returns to the workplace, sharing an employer with his wife for the second time. When Lynette's boss, Ed Ferrera (Currie Graham), asks Lynette to send instant messages to his wife to help him heat up his sex life, his wife finds out and threatens to leave him unless he fires the person who sent the IMs. Feeling he cannot fire Lynette, Ed tells his wife it was Tom, deciding to fire him instead, but Lynette warns him he will need reasonable cause. Much to Lynette's horror, Ed finds one when he discovers that Tom has been falsifying expense reports. When Ed confronts him, the conversation ends with Tom punching Ed in the face. As grounds for dismissal have been met, double grounds in fact, Tom is fired. Tom is found out to be meeting another woman after Lynette follows him to Atlantic City and sees them embracing. Lynette later finds out that this woman is actually the mother of his daughter - which he did not known he has - born long before he married Lynette. Season 3 It is later revealed that the woman is Nora Huntington (Kiersten Warren). They had a one-night stand years before he met Lynette. She claims she conceived his child, a daughter named Kayla (Rachel G. Fox), but never told him. Tom later confesses to Lynette that he wants to open up a pizzeria. Nora, however, consistently undermines him behind his back and tries to get Lynette to tell him to drop the idea while planning to tell him that she'd support him. She wants him back, determined to make a proper family for Kayla, but Tom rejects her and tells Lynette, who warns Nora to keep her distance in future. Tom and Lynette plan to fight Nora for custody of Kayla but before they get to court, Nora confronts Lynette in the supermarket, moments before the supermarket is taken hostage by Carolyn Bigsby. When Lynette tells Carolyn that Nora made a move on Tom, Carolyn shoots and kills Nora. Lynette promises Nora that she'll take care of Kayla, just before she dies. Tom opens his pizzeria and with Lynette's help, gets it ready for the grand opening, overcoming a few hitches along the way. He then tries organizing a surprise for their ninth wedding anniversary but it goes wrong, leaving Lynette out in the woods at night, and rushes to meet her. A little while later, Tom throws out his back while working, leaving him confined to bedrest. Lynette hires a new chef, Rick Coletti (Jason Gedrick) as well as Mrs. McCluskey to look after Tom and the children when she's at work. One night, Tom and the kids come to the pizzeria to surprise her, where Kayla sees chemistry between Lynette and Rick and tells Tom. So Tom suggests that he returns to work and they fire Rick, but Lynette is not keen. After Lynette and Rick are locked in the freezer during an armed robbery, they cuddle to keep warm, but Tom sees the CCTV tape of them eating dinner prior to the robbery. He confronts Rick, telling him that although his marriage to Lynette is shaky, it is rock solid and Rick would never break it up. Tom asks Rick to quit but he refuses, claiming Lynette "doesn't want him gone". Rick later tells Lynette about his lunch with Tom and his feelings for her, and tries to get her to admit her feelings for him, but Lynette refuses and fires him. After finding out Tom was returning to work, Lynette sobs in her bathroom, obviously distraught. Lynette and Tom's marriage continues to decline and they don't speak for days. Trying to rebuild their marriage, Tom gets his old college friend/marriage counselor to speak to them without Lynette knowing, but she realizes and becomes even angrier about his 'ambush therapy'. With Tom's doctor informing him on his back recovery, Tom suggests to Lynette they either talk or have sex. Lynette agrees to sex, which quickly turns violent and Lynette falls off the bed, banging her head on the bedside table. She goes to the hospital to be treated, and Tom finds out Lynette fell for Rick and misses him. The doctor performs a CAT scan on Lynette and finds swollen lymph nodes and suggests they do a biopsy as it could be a sign of lymphoma (a form of cancer). Season 4 In the third episode "The Game", Tom attends Susan's small games party. However, Lynette remains at home because she is sick, Lynette's mother Stella secretly gets marijuana from Andrew and bakes it in some brownies she makes for Lynette so that it would ease Lynette's pain. It works and Lynette attends Susan's party high, and she brings the drugged brownies with her for everyone else to have. Stella arrives over and tells Tom why no one can have a brownie. Tom hastily takes them off everyone's plate before they can eat them and ends up accidentally pushing Gabrielle into new resident Adam Mayfair, spilling wine on him and sparking a feud between Gabrielle and Adam's wife Katherine Mayfair. Tom later appears at the end of the episode when Lynette discovers the truth from him about what Stella did. When a tornado hits Wisteria Lane,the Scavos take shelter in Mrs. McCluskey's basement with Ida Greenbberg. Tom and the children are left in the basement while Lynette and Mrs. McCluskey go out looking for Ida's cat. When Lynette and Mrs. McCluskey hid from the tornado in a bathtub, Tom gets knocked out with asthma from the cat. While the Scavos and Mrs. McCluskey survive the tornado, Ida is killed saving Tom and Lynette's kids. Rick returns, announcing that he is opening a new restaurant near the Scavos' pizzeria. Tom lies to the police when they investigate vandalism happening at Rick's restaurant, but later admits to Lynette that he did vandalize Rick's restaurant out of jealousy. He comes under investigation again when a fire breaks out in Rick's restaurant. He's confronted by Lynette, to whom he swears he left the founders ball to listen to the game on the car radio, and again by Rick after he finds a matchbook from Scavo's. The incident breaks out into a fight, and Tom is brought in by the police and later released after Lynette lies to them to provide him an alibi. Eventually, it is revealed that Porter and Preston are responsible for starting the fire at Rick's restaurant. Tom and Lynette are at a crossroads about how to handle the situation, with Tom thinking they should go to therapy; Lynette discovers the boys got the idea from Kayla, and she takes Kayla to therapy behind Tom's back. Tom's denial about the problems Kayla causes for Lynette leads to her lying to the therapist and getting Lynette arrested for child abuse. Eventually, Tom is forced to send Kayla away to live with her maternal grandparents after he finds out what she did and she threatens to continue causing problems if Lynette comes back. In the season finale, Tom and Lynette help with catering Bob and Lee's wedding. Tom's advise to Lee about standing up for himself (for wanting the ice sculpture be castle rather than a cherub) escalated to Bob and Lee arguing then canceling the wedding. Lynette and Tom get the two in the same room and Tom tells them that if they cannot decide over small decisions that they might as well not marry at all; that they should ask themselves whether they love each other enough that no problem can possibly tear them apart. His speech gets Bob and Lee to reconcile and to reaffirm to Lynette that their marriage is stronger than she thought. Season 5 In the first episode of season 5, Tom is going through a midlife crisis and he buys a Ford Mustang. He has difficulty disciplining his teenage sons as they treat him far more cool than Tom was used to when he was their age. Lynette uses that against him by tricking Tom into letting the twins borrow his Mustang for a dance. When they come back a half-hour late, Tom angrily grounds them. When they claim he's more worried about the car than them, he kicks a mirror off it but confesses to Lynette that it was already broken and he had ordered a replacement, impressing her. In "Mirror, Mirror," flashbacks show that Tom was electrocuted in an accident and nearly died, which pushed him to enjoy life as much as he could. In the present, he tells Lynette his plan to sell the pizzeria, buy an RV and spend a year traveling the country with his family. Lynette is not happy about this, leading to tensions between them. When Tom contacts one of Porter's friends' mothers, realtor Anne Schilling, she finds him a rehearsal space for the garage band he and some of the other Wisteria Lane men have started. He spends a lot of time there, and Lynnette confronts him about him allegedly having an affair with Anne, who has 'dropped by' with some items for the rehearsal space, among them a futon. Tom denies it—then steps on a condom wrapper on the floor. He deduces that Porter is sleeping with some girl there—but when Lynette sees Anne leaving from the rehearsal space when Tom is there, she is led to believe Tom is cheating on her...until one episode later when they discover that it is actually Port who is sleeping with Anne. After much deliberation, Lynette decides to pay Anne off, but this backfires when Porter disappears, claiming that he wants to be with her. In the last episode, it is revealed that the Scavos' Pizzeria has lost its business to low sales, and Tom is forced to throw a Going Out of Business sale to raise the money to repay his loans and pay Bree her money. Tom sinks into some depression being out of work, with Lynette getting a new job working for Carlos Solis. In the fifth-season finale, he decides to go back to college as a Chinese language major. Thinking this is part of his middle-age syndrome, Lynette attempts to sabotage Tom by getting him drunk the night before his entrance exam. It's only afterward that Tom says he was taking Chinese in hopes of getting a new job in that market. Incredibly, Tom manages to score in the top five on the exam despite the hangover. However, his college plans are jarred when Lynette reveals she is 3.5 months pregnant with twins. Season 6 Tom is excited about becoming a dad again but Lynette is not sure if she loves her unborn children. Tom reassures her that when she will hold them in her arms, she will love them with all her heart. These twins are Tom's sixth and seventh children, but Lynette loses one of them to a miscarriage when she pushes Celia Solis out of the way of a plane crash-landing on Wisteria Line. It is also revealed that Tom has been cheating on some of his college courses out of fear of failing them. He is eventually forced to drop out of college and take over Lynette's job working for Carlos while she is on maternity leave. Season 7 Tom is diagnosed with postpartum depression. He is then prescribed marijuana as a cure for this which stuns Lynette. In the episode "Let Me Entertain You", Tom decides to hire his own mother as a nanny for the new baby. After a big argument, Lynette fires her mother-in-law, but Tom overrules her. After Lynette and Allison's talk, Tom's mother shows symptoms of dementia to Penny, unknown to Lynette and Tom. Tom and Lynette finally discover Allison's dementia on Halloween, after she collapses outside the Solises' house after going out to buy more candy, despite Penny telling her they had plenty. Allison is later admitted to a nursing home and Tom and Lynette agree to visit her there. Tom is deeply upset by his mother's illness. In episode 9 Susan walks in on Tom and Lynette having sex on the nursery floor and is in awe at Tom's huge penis; she then confronts Lynette about why she has never mentioned it before. A drunken Renee Perry eventually reveals to Susan she once slept with Tom, putting Susan in an uncomfortable situation. When Susan is injured in a riot, a guilty Renee tells Tom she should reveal the truth, but Tom insists she keep it quiet. Renee finally confesses to Lynette, revealing the affair took place when she and Tom were engaged but having one of their regular "break-ups." Lynette is naturally upset, but keeps it quiet and begins a series of pranks against Tom as payback. When Renee find out what Lynette is doing, she tells Tom about it. Tom confronts Lynette and tells that he wanted to tell her about Renee, but there was never a good time for that because he did not want to ruin the wonderful life they have together. Lynette then forgives Tom. Tom finds himself getting a major promotion at a new company and enjoys the work. Lynette is concerned about his over-working but Tom tells her he feels more alive than ever. When Tom attends a conference, Lynette is upset that she's kept from the business talks and forced to attend spas and other projects with the other wives. She goes so far as to steal an ID from a woman only to find out she's the keynote speaker for a lecture. Back home, Tom snaps at Lynette that after so many years supporting her, it hurts that she can't do the same for him. Renee tells Lynette that she has to choose between her own wants or being a good wife. Tom then hires the duo to decorate his office like a Donald Trump-style boss but Lynette thinks that it is not right for him and goes a different way. Renee overrules her to give Tom the office he wants and Lynette yells at Tom over how he's changing but he retorts that he has to be this way in order to succeed and Lynette needs to stop thinking of him the way he's been at home the last several years. When Tom decides to book a luxurious holiday for the family and announces it, Lynette is annoyed at Tom for not consulting her first. The two then pitch to the kids what they think is the best holiday which leads to yet another fight between them; this time however they insult each other, leaving them to decide that it is only them who need to spend a holiday together. The holiday turns out badly and the relationship deteriorates and becomes extremely awkward. When they return home Tom leads Lynette to believe that he will be spending some time in an apartment near the office. Before Lynette attends a street dinner party, Penny reveals to her that Tom had left her a note. Lynette is surprised and finds that Tom's unpacked suitcase from the holiday is not in the bedroom, convincing her that Tom had left her. After revealing to Susan her suspicions, Lynette walks into her house, finding Tom chopping up salad ingredients. He tells Lynette that he had only gone to the store. Lynette questions him why it had taken him two hours, leading Tom to reveal that he had left but came back when he considered that Lynette would have to lie about where Tom was to her friends at the dinner party. The two talk for a while and Lynette confesses that when she thought Tom had left, she felt relieved, leading the pair to finally decide to separate. Season 8 By the beginning of season 8, Tom has moved off Wisteria Lane. He and Lynette agree to work on their marriage by attending couples counseling, however when Tom begins dating a woman from his new building, Jane, Lynette seems to think there is no point anymore in continuing counseling if Tom doesn't still have faith in their marriage. Later on he and Jane plan to go on a trip to Paris, although Lynette stops him at the airport and confesses to him that she is involved in the murder of Gabrielle's stepfather. He then agrees to stay with her to help her cope, and Jane is left to go to Paris without him. In "With So Little to Be Sure Of", Lynette and Tom sign their divorce papers, but the document do not make it to court. Tom later breaks up with Jane due to his feelings for Lynette. The married couple reconcile in the final episode, and Tom and Lynette move to New York City so Lynette can pursue her new career for Katherine Mayfair. The couple later buys a penthouse looking over Central Park, and took care of their six grandchildren in Central Park.

Introduction Nili Chhatri Temple is an ancient Hindu temple in New Delhi, India dedicated to Shiva. It is believed that the eldest Pandava brother, Prince Yudhishthira of Mahabharata, established the temple and the Nigambodh Ghat adjacent to it, and conducted Aswamedha Yajna from here. The temple located in the Yamuna bazaar area close to the Baharadur Shahi Gate of Salimgarh Fort, on Ring Road (Mahatma Gandhi Marg) close to the banks of the Yamuna river exists even today. The temple has been mentioned only infrequently in various chronicles of Delhi. Nili Chhatri tomb Nili Chhatri is the tomb of Naubat Khan. Naubat Khan was a mansabdar (state official) during the time of Akbar. He built it during his lifetime in 1565. The tomb is called Nili Chhatri due to the colour of its dome which was originally ornamented with blue caustic tiles. The tomb stands almost midway between Purana Qila and the tomb of Nizamuddin Auliya. It is built in an enclosure of several acres. Though the walls of the tomb are not extant in its entirety, some portions of it can still be seen in the surrounding area. But the gateway is relatively in good shape. At the entrance of the tomb is written the inscription, the letters of the inscription are of black marble inlaid on sandstone. The eyes of Time did not see in this world Such a beautiful and lofty building, Of knowledge, the date of its completion, I asked, (it) replied, (it has) attained completion. Behind the gateway is a small building with three doors. On the back of this building is a high octagonal terrace about from the ground and in diameter. In the middle of the southern wall of the terrace there are two flights of steps, on opposite sides, which lead to a landing on a level with the top of the terrace. On the north-eastern and north-western corners of the terrace there are two graves of masonry and stone. On each of the four corners of the terrace are the ruins of a tower. In the center of the ‘chabutrah’ is the mausoleum of Naubat Khan. It is octagonal in shape having as its diameter and about high. The whole of the tomb is built of stone and masonry and ornamented with encaustic tiles of four colours i.e. green, blue, yellow, and orange. The verses from Quran can be seen in the tomb. The tomb has eight arched entrances which are about wide and high. Above these doorways are open arched niches. The walls of the tomb have steps. The first set of steps takes the visitor to the level of the open niches over the doorways. The second set of steps which are twelve in number leads to the top of the building. The roof of the tomb is flat, but on its center there is an octagonal ‘chabutrah’ about high and in diameter which supports another octagonal ‘chabutrah’ in diameter and about high. This second ‘chabutrah’ bears marks of eight pillars. It was on these pillars that the blue enameled dome was raised which also began to be called as Nili Chhatri.

Introduction Montignac-Lascaux, is a commune in the Dordogne department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Southwestern France. It is a small town situated on the Vézère river and has been the capital of the canton of Montignac since 1790. In 2015 it became the capital of the newly created Canton de la Vallée de l'Homme. The poet Pierre Lachambeaudie (1806–1872) was born in the village. Geography Montignac-Lascaux is a commune and small town in the department of Dordogne. It is situated in the historic region of Périgord Noir, just below the confluence of the River Vézère and the Laurence, a small river which rises near the town of Thenon. Montignac-Lascaux is southeast of Thenon, southwest of Terrasson-Lavilledieu, and north of Sarlat-la-Canéda. The D704 district road from Brive-la-Gaillarde passes through the town where it intersects with the D65, D704e and D706. The area of the commune is 3,715 hectares. The highest point is in the northwest and the lowest point in the southwest where the Vézère leaves the commune. History Human presence was evident in Montignac-Lascaux from the Paleolithic period. The city had within its location, the prehistoric site of Lascaux and the deposit at Le Regourdou (Neanderthal man). The city's history begins with Roman colonization. Two villas are evident: The Villa des Olivoux (at Chambon in the north of Montignac) and the villa of Brenac. In medieval times, the city had an important fortress. From the eleventh to the fourteenth century it was one of the seats of the Counts of Périgord. It passed by marriage, sale, inheritance before passing into the Albret family. It remained in their hands until 1603, when the king of France Henry IV ceded it to François de Hautefort, Lord of Thenon. Their Château de Montignac, destroyed in 1825, now lies in ruins, though some wall bases, terraces and a single tower remain. Situated at a strategic site with a fine bridge over the Vézère, the current bridge dates from 1766 to 1767. Each side of the river testifies to the history of the city. On the right bank, there are still a few narrow medieval alleys with architectural from the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries: houses on stilts, half-timbered houses and fountains. On the left bank, the suburb with its convent, its priory and its quays, recalls the religious and commercial (merchant port) aspects of the city under the old regime. Montignac was the home of the nineteenth-century French writer Eugène Le Roy, who was a district tax collector and wrote two celebrated novels about rural life in eighteenth-century Périgord. There is a small museum in the town dedicated to him. Montignac was the main area for the district between 1790 and 1795. On the Condat-Le Lardin à Sarlat rail line, the train station at Montignac opened its doors in October 1899; It was in use by passengers until 1940 and by freight up until 1955. Tourism Montignac-Lascaux is the main centre for visiting the prehistoric sites in the Vézère valley. The modern part of the town to the south of the river has several hotels and the tourist office. To the north of the river lies the old town, where there are a maze of streets with fourteenth- to sixteenth-century timbered houses. A market is held here twice weekly and there are restaurants where visitors can sit beside the river under medieval timbered beams. Montignac-Lascaux has a historic bridge, from which fireworks are launched on holidays such as Bastille Day and during the summer festival of world folklore and dance, which is held annually in July. The main attraction of the region is the Lascaux Cave, a complex of caves containing Upper Paleolithic painted art discovered in 1940 and estimated to be 17,300 years old. The cave was put on show in 1948, but it was found that the paintings were being damaged by the carbon dioxide exhaled by visitors, and in 1963, the cave was closed to the public. A replica cave, known as Lascaux II, was opened nearby in 1983, so that visitors could still experience the paintings without damaging the originals. Since 2016 a larger and more accurate replica is displayed in Lascaux IV Centre International de l'Art Pariétal built by Snøhetta in Montignac. In 1979, Lascaux was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list along with other prehistoric sites in the Vézère valley. Population

Introduction Simeonie Keenainak is an Inuit accordionist and retired RCMP officer from Pangnirtung, Nunavut, Canada. He is also a photographer, teacher and hunter. He has performed at the Pangnirtung Music Festival and was featured in regional and national media for his musicianship and cultural community efforts. Early life Keenainak was born about 60 kilometres north of Pangnirtung. Growing up, he learned traditional hunting skills. Career Keenainak began acting as a guide for the RCMP, and later became a constable. He also performed around the north on the accordion; in 1996 he participated in the CBC's Inuit Button Accordion Festival. After retiring from the police force, Keenainak worked as a high school shop teacher, began teaching traditional skills to young people, and became involved in nature photography. He continued to hunt and to play on the accordion, including a 2012 performance with the National Arts Centre Orchestra. A 2012 short documentary about Inuit music, Inngiruti - The Thing that Sings!, in which Keenainak performs and is interviewed, was filmed by Nyla Innuksuk through the National Film Board. In 2019 he represented the local hunters' association at hearings about oil and gas development in the arctic. Personal Simeonie and Daisy Keenainak have been married since 1967.

Introduction Pickford is a surname, and may refer to Sir Alfred "Pickle" Pickford, Scouting luminary and friend of Lord Baden-Powell Charlotte Hennessy, aka Charlotte Smith Pickford, Canadian-American actress, mother of Mary, Lottie, and Jack Pickford Catherine Pickford (born 1976), English Anglican priest Grace Evelyn Pickford, American biologist Henry Pickford (1820–unknown), English cricketer Jack Pickford, Canadian-American actor, brother of Mary Pickford James Pickford (born 1979), British race car driver Jordan Pickford (born 1994), English footballer Joseph Pickford, British architect Kevin Pickford, retired Major League Baseball pitcher Lottie Pickford, Canadian-American actress, sister of Mary Pickford Martin Pickford, Kenyan-born paleoanthropologist Mary Pickford, Canadian-American actress Mary Ada Pickford, British politician, industrialist and historian Olive Thomas Pickford, American actress Terry Pickford, Canadian-American TV writer, producer and editor Thomas Pickford, convicted of murdering Jody Dobrowski in South London in 2005 William Pickford, 1st Baron Sterndale, British lawyer and judge William Pickford (1861–1938), English football administrator,

Introduction The Palacio de los Deportes Virgilio Travieso Soto is an 8,337-seat multi-purpose arena in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, built in 1974 for the XII Central American and Caribbean Games. It currently hosts local sporting events and concerts and held the basketball games during the 2003 Pan American Games. It is known as "La Media Naranja" for its characteristic orange roof. The arena is also used in the Miss Dominican Republic Pageant. It also hosted games from the 2010 World Youth Women's Handball Championship. It hosted the 2005 FIBA Americas Championship. Events and Concerts Band/Artist Event/Tour Date Attendance 1974 Central American and Caribbean Games 1974 The Producers 1983 Sold Out Ramon Orlando No Hay Nadie mas Tour 1991 2003 Pan American Games 2003 Chayanne 2003 David Bisbal 2003 Santo Domingo Reggaetón Festival 2003 9 December 2003 6,000 Tego Calderon El Abayarde World Tour 20 December 2003 8,000 Merengazo del Verano 2004 7,000 Daddy Yankee Barrio Fino World Tour 23 October 2004 Erreway 27 November 2004 Sin Banderas 3 February 2005 10,000 Smackdown Live Tour 2006 30 June 2006 Ricardo Arjona Adentro Tour 27 July 2006 Paulina Rubio Amor, Luz y Sonido Tour 29 March 2007 5,000 Jesus Andrian Romero 9 December 2007 Chayanne 15 December 2007 Alejandro Sanz 9 February 2008 10,000 RBD Tour Emepezar desde cero 2008 11 April 2008 Victor Manuel, Elvis Crespo, Los Rosario & Zone D`Tambora Una Noche Tropical 7 June 2008 Disney's High School Musical the Ice Tour 3–6 July 2008 Don Omar Up & Closer 23 February 2008 Cristian Castro & Gibeltoo Santa Rosa `Encuentro de dos grandes 23 August 2008 Alejandro Fernandez Viento a Favor tour 30 August 2008 10,000 Juanes La Vida World Tour 15 November 2008 Danilo Monterio & Julissa Inagotable 21 November 2008 Daddy Yankee The Big Boss World Tour 18 December 2008 8,000 Marco Barrientos Aviva Tour 28 March 2009 4,500 Lilly Goodman, Daniel Calveti & Tercer Cielo 3x1 30 May 2009 8,000 Luis Fonsi Palabras del Siliencio Tour 8 August 2009 Disney on ice El viaje Fantastico 20–23 August 2009 Laura Pausini Primavera Anticipada World Tour 19 September 2009 Pet Shop Boys Pandemonium Tour 24 October 2009 Julio Iglesias 5 November 2009 Martha Heredia 20 December 2009 Chichi Peralta De Aquel Lado del Rio 9 February 2010 Cristian Castro, Martha Heredia, Reik & Noel Invasion Pop 6 March 2010 Joaquin Sabina Tour Viña y rosas 2010 18 May 2010 Raymond Pozo & Miguel Cespedes Tour 16 24 July 2010 Jonas Brothers Live in Concert 16 October 2010 David Bisbal Sin mirar atras tour 23 October 2010 Cosculluela Cosculluela Concert Party 27 November 2010 Camlia Dejate Amar Tour 5 March 2011 Laura Pausini Inedito World Tour 12 February 2012 4,000 Joaquin Sabina & Joan Manuel Serrat Dos Pajaros Contraatacan 7 November 2012 Cirque du Soleil Saltimbaco 22–25 November 2012 Raymond Pozo & Miguel Cepedes Reyes del Humor 27 December 2012 Ruben Blades Cuentos y Cantos Urbanos 16 December 2013 3,000 Andres Cepeda Lo mejor que hay en mi vida World Tour 7 June 2014 Chayanne En todo estare World Tour 2 May 2015 Ricardo Arjona Viajer Tour 22, 23 & 29 August 2015 Camila Elypse World Tour 5 December 2015 Sin Bandera Una Ultima Vez World Tour 6 April 2016 Alejandro Sanz Sirope Tour 2016 21 May 2016 Chayanne En Todo Estare World Tour 2016 18 June 2016 Nicky Jam The Ave Fenix Tour 14 August 2016 6,000 / 6,700 Camila + Ricardo Montaner 24 September 2016 Cirque du Soleil Ovo 27–30 October 2016 Ricardo Montaner + Sin Bandera Solo hits & Por Ultima Vez 18 & 19 March 2017 Miguel Bose Estare 2017 4 May 2017 Franco de Vita & Camila Solo hits Tour 2017 3 June 2017 Ingrid Rosario 27 July 2017 Il Voto Notte Magica: A Tribute To The Three Tenors 13 September 2017 Prince Royce, Mozart La Para, Ilegales Quiereme Como Soy 17 February 2018 Ozuna Odisea World Tour 23 June 2018 11,000 (record) Maluma F.A.M.E Tour 15 August 2018 El Alfa 10 años 2 September 2018 8,000+ Toño Rosario & Los Hermanos Rosario La Disnatia Rosario 6 October 2018 6,000+ Jesus Adrian Romero Tour 2018 20 October 2018 Zion & Lennox 26 October 2018 Ha Ash 100 años tour 27 October 2018 Camila & Sin Banderas 4 Latidos Tour 8 March 2019 Chayanne Desde el alma Tour 2019 25 May 2019 J Balvin Arcoiris Tour 31 August 2019 Raymond & Miguel Los Reyes Pa’l Palacio 14 September 2019 7,000+ Gabriel Morisoñando Tour 19 October 2019 Ricardo Montaner Montaner Tour 2019 15 December 2019 8,000 Camila and Sin Bandera 4 Latidos Tour 19 February, 2022 Myke Towers El Young King The Tour 2022. 12 March, 2022 Carlos Vives Vives Tour 14 May, 2022 Reik and Luis Fonsi En Cambio Tour y Noche Perfecta Tour 23 July, 2022 9,000+ Marco Antonio Solis Que Ganas de Verte Tour September 30 & 1 October, 2022 Dj Adonis Dj Adonis y sus amigos December 17, 2022

Introduction This article is about the particular significance of the year 1975 to Wales and its people. Incumbents Secretary of State for Wales – John Morris Archbishop of Wales – Gwilym Williams, Bishop of Bangor Archdruid of the National Eisteddfod of Wales *Brinli (outgoing) *Bryn (incoming) Events *20 March - Opening of the Cleddau Bridge at Milford Haven. 14 April - Actor/singer Michael Flanders dies suddenly of an intracranial berry aneurysm while on holiday in Betws-y-Coed. May - A leak from the Esso Tenby tanker off the coast of Pembrokeshire kills an estimated 1,300 seabirds. 28 July - 8 people are injured when a train is derailed between Sarnau and St Clears. 19 November - The Wales national football team qualifies for the quarter-finals of UEFA Euro 1976, beating Austria 1-0 in Wrexham. date unknown - The Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust is established. Arts and literature *Ryan and Ronnie announce the end of their comedy partnership. Awards National Eisteddfod of Wales (held in Criccieth) National Eisteddfod of Wales: Chair - Gerallt Lloyd Owen National Eisteddfod of Wales: Crown - Elwyn Roberts National Eisteddfod of Wales: Prose Medal - withheld New books English language Gwynfor Evans - National Future for Wales Jeremy Hooker - Soliloquies of a Chalk Giant Emyr Humphries - Flesh and Blood Joseph Jenkins - Diary of a Welsh Swagman Richard Llewellyn - Green, Green, My Valley Now Moelwyn Merchant - Breaking the Code Prys Morgan - Iolo Morganwg Leslie Norris - Mountains, Polecats, Pheasants and other Elegies Bernice Rubens - I Sent a Letter to My Love Peter Tinniswood - Except You're a Bird Rhydwen Williams - The Angry Vineyard Welsh language Aneirin Talfan Davies - Diannerch Erchwyn a Cherddi Eraill J. Eirian Davies - Cân Galed T. Glynne Davies - Marged Richard Cyril Hughes - Catrin o Ferain T. Llew Jones - Tân ar y Comin Alan Llwyd - Edrych Trwy Wydrau Lledrith Marged Pritchard - Gwylanod ar y Mynydd Eurys Rowlands (ed.) - Lewys Môn Gwyn Thomas - Y Pethau Diwethaf a Phethau Eraill New drama W. S. Jones - Y Toblarôn Saunders Lewis - Dwy Briodas Ann Music Max Boyce - We All Had Doctors' Papers Edward H. Dafis - Ffordd Newydd Eingl-Americanaidd Grêt o Fyw Dave Edmunds - Subtle As A Flying Mallet Andy Fairweather-Low - La Booga Rooga, album featuring the top ten hit single "Wide Eyed and Legless" Film *Rachel Roberts appears in Picnic at Hanging Rock. Ken Loach's Days of Hope is partly set in Wales. Welsh-language films None Broadcasting Welsh-language television The Siberry Report recommends a new Welsh-language fourth channel broadcasting 25 hours a week of Welsh-language programmes, with BBC and HTV each responsible for 50% of the output. English-language television Grand Slam, starring Hugh Griffith and Windsor Davies How Green Was My Valley adapted for television by Elaine Morgan, starring Stanley Baker, Sian Phillips, Mike Gwilym, Nerys Hughes and Gareth Thomas. Angharad Rees stars in Poldark. Sport *Boxing – Pat Thomas wins the British Welterweight title. Darts – Wales win the Home International Series. Football – The Wales national football team qualifies for the quarter-finals of UEFA Euro 1976. Snooker – Ray Reardon wins his fourth World Championship title. Arfon Griffiths wins BBC Wales Sports Personality of the Year. Births *12 March - Richard Harrington, actor 21 March - Mark Williams, snooker player 5 April - John Hartson, footballer 22 May - Kelly Morgan, badminton player 18 June - Jem, singer 1 July - Hayley Tullett, athlete 24 July - Dafydd James, rugby player 4 September - Kai Owen, actor 26 September - Dai Thomas, footballer 19 October - Jamie Donaldson, golfer 28 October - Adrian Durston, rugby player 5 November - Lisa Scott-Lee, singer 25 November - Paul Mealor, composer date unknown *Euros Childs, songwriter *Cynan Jones, novelist Deaths *14 February - Arthur Probert, politician, 67 23 February - Ossie Male, rugby player, 81 3 March - T. H. Parry-Williams, poet, 87 15 March - Edward James, cricketer, 78 6 April - Tom Morgan, cricketer, 81 23 April - Pete Ham, musician, leader of the group Badfinger (suicide), 27 24 April - Stephen Halden Beattie, recipient of the Victoria Cross, 67 21 May - A. H. Dodd, historian, 83 7 June - Jack Smith, footballer, 63 7 August - Jim Griffiths, politician, 84 27 August - Noel Morgan, cricketer, 69 4 September - Walley Barnes, footballer and broadcaster, 55 5 October - Will Davies, rugby player, 69 6 November - Norman Riches, cricketer 10 November - Emrys Davies, cricketer, 71 18 December - R. Ifor Parry, minister, teacher and philanthropist, 67 date unknown *Robert Herring, poet and critic, 72 *Alun Jeremiah Jones (Alun Cilie), poet *Huw Lloyd Edwards, dramatist

Introduction "The Three Princesses of Whiteland" (De tre prinsesser i Hvittenland) is a Norwegian fairy tale, collected by Norwegian writers Peter Christen Asbjørnsen and Jørgen Moe in their collection of folktales and legends Norske folkeeventyr. Scottish poet and novelist Andrew Lang collected it his The Red Fairy Book. Synopsis He would come to three princesses buried up to their necks in sand A fisherman caught nothing one day, and near evening, a head popped up from the water, to make a bargain for him: fish for what his wife carried under her girdle. When he returned home, his wife told him that she was pregnant and the baby was what he had offered. The king heard of their story and offered to raise their son when he was born, to protect him, but when the boy was grown, he begged to go with his father fishing for one day, and as soon as he set foot in the boat, it was dragged off to a far land. He met an old man, who told him that he had come to Whiteland. If he walked down the shore, he would come to three princesses buried up to their necks in sand. If he passed by the first two and spoke to the third, the youngest, it would bring him good luck. The youngest princess told him that three trolls had imprisoned them there. If he went up into the castle by the shore and let each troll beat him for one night, the princesses would be freed. A flask of ointment by the bed there would cure all the injuries he suffered, and a sword would let him cut off their heads. The first troll had three heads and three rods, and when he had suffered the princesses stood in the sand up to their waists; the second had six heads and six rods, and the princesses stood in sand up to their knees; the third had nine heads and nine rods, and beat him so severely that he could not reach for the ointment, but it threw him against the wall, and the flask broke, spilling ointment on him, and he killed it, freeing the princesses entirely. He married the youngest and lived happily with her for several years, but at the end of them, he wanted to visit his parents. His wife finally agreed but told him that he must do only what his father asks, not what his mother wishes, and gave him a ring that would grant two wishes, one to go home and one to return. He went, and his mother wanted to show him to the king. His father said not to, but in the end she had her way, and while at the king's, he wished that his wife was there to compare to the king's. That summoned his wife and used up his second wish. Sadly, his wife took the ring, knotted a ring with her name on it in his hair, and wished herself home again. So the king lent the man a pair of snowshoes to reach his brother. He decided to see if he could reach Whiteland on his own and set out. He came to the king of all the animals and asked if he knew the way. He did not, and neither did all the animals when he summoned them, so the king lent the man a pair of snowshoes to reach his brother, who was the king of all the birds. The king of the birds did not know, and neither did the birds, so that king lent him a pair of snowshoes to reach his brother, the king of all the fish. The third king did not know, but an old pike, the last of all the fish to arrive, knew the way and that his wife was to remarry the next day. The king sent him to a field where three brothers had fought for a hundred years over a magical hat, cloak, and pair of boots, which would let the wearer make himself invisible and wish himself wherever he wanted. He tricked the brothers into letting him try them and set out to Whiteland. He met the North Wind on the way, and it promised to storm the castle as if to blow it down when it reached the land after him. He arrived, and the North Wind carried off the new bridegroom. His wife recognized him by the ring in his hair. Analysis Tale type The tale is classified in the international Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index as type ATU 400, "The Man on a Quest for the Lost Wife". In this tale type, the hero finds a maiden of supernatural origin (e.g., the swan maiden) or rescues a princess from an enchantment; either way, he marries her, but she sets him a prohibition. The hero breaks the prohibition and his wife disappears to another place. He goes after her on a long quest, often helped by the elements (Sun, Moon and Wind) or by the rulers of animals of the land, sea and air. Legacy De tre prinsesser i Hvidtenland is the name given to tale type ATU 400 in 's The Types of the Norwegian Folktale.

Introduction HB was a car made in two or three copies at Berglunds mekaniska verkstad at about 1925. On the prototype they used a three-cylinder engine, but the production models had a four-cylinder engine producing 16 horsepower. The engine was connected to a three-speed transmission. The car was a two-seater, and the design was much inspired by the Thulin A by AB Thulinverken. The company was later renamed to Sörby mekaniska verkstad and made travel trailers.

Introduction This is a list of women who held the title Princess of Asturias by marriage. The title was created in 1388 for the future Henry III of Castile and Catherine of Lancaster. A part of the pact ("Accord of Bayonne") was to grant the young couple the title of Prince and Princess of Asturias, which was modelled after that of Prince of Wales in the Kingdom of England. The title was to belong to the official successor of the Castilian throne. Thus the first holder of the princedom was the young Henry of Castile and the first woman to hold the title by marriage was his wife, Catherine of Lancaster. Leonor, Princess of Asturias, elder daughter of King Felipe VI of Spain, holds the title in her own right, and not by marriage, as she is the heir presumptive to the Spanish crown. Princess of Asturias This is a list of Princesses of Asturias who held the title by their marriage to the Prince of Asturias: Picture Name Birth Marriage Became princess Ceased to be princess Death Spouse 100px Catherine of Lancaster 31 March 1373 17 September 1388 9 October 1390became queen 2 June 1418 Henry (III) Blanche II of Navarre 4 June 1424 16 October 1440 27 July 1453divorce 2 December 1464 Henry (IV) 100px Margaret of Austria 10 January 1480 3 April 1497 4 October 1497husband's death 1 December 1530 John 100px Maria Manuela of Portugal 15 October 1527 15 November 1543 12 August 1545 Philip (II) 100px Mary I of England 18 February 1516 25 July 1554 16 January 1556became queen 17 November 1558 100px Elisabeth of France 22 November 1602 25 November 1615 31 March 1621became queen 6 October 1644 Philip (IV) 100px Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans 11 December 1709 20 January 1722 14 January 1724became queen 16 June 1742 Louis 100px Barbara of Portugal 4 December 1711 20 January 1729 9 July 1746became queen 27 August 1758 Ferdinand (VI) 100px Maria Luisa of Parma 9 December 1751 4 September 1765 14 December 1788became queen 2 January 1819 Charles (IV) 100px Maria Antonia of Sicily 14 December 1784 4 October 1802 21 May 1806 Ferdinand (VII) 100px Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano 15 September 1972 22 May 2004 19 June 2014became queen - Felipe (VI)

Introduction Pyrrolysine, or Pyl, is a naturally occurring, genetically coded amino acid. Pyl or PYL may also refer to: Jean Vander Pyl (1919–1999), US actress Pyl Brook, London, England PYL Younique Volume 1, a Korean album Fatherland and Liberty Nationalist Front (Spanish: Patria y Libertad), Chile

Introduction Holographic interferometry is a technique which enables static and dynamic displacements of objects with optically rough surfaces to be measured to optical interferometric precision (i.e. to fractions of a wavelength of light). These measurements can be applied to stress, strain and vibration analysis, as well as to non-destructive testing and radiation dosimetry. It can also be used to detect optical path length variations in transparent media, which enables, for example, fluid flow to be visualised and analyzed. It can also be used to generate contours representing the form of the surface. Holography is the two-step process of recording a diffracted light field scattered from an object, and performing image rendering. This process can be achieved with traditional photographic plates or with a digital sensor array, in digital holography. If the recorded field is superimposed on the 'live field' scattered from the object, the two fields will be identical. If, however, a small deformation is applied to the object, the relative phases of the two light fields will alter, and it is possible to observe interference. This technique is known as live holographic interferometry. It is also possible to obtain fringes by making two recordings of the light field scattered from the object on the same recording medium. The reconstructed light fields may then interfere to give fringes which map out the displacement of the surface. This is known as 'frozen fringe' holography. The form of the fringe pattern is related to the changes in surface position or air compaction. Many methods of analysing such patterns automatically have been developed in recent years. Discovery Several research groups published papers in 1965 describing holographic interferometry. While the first observations of phenomena that could be ascribed to holographic interferometry were made by Juris Upatnieks in 1963 the essential feature of the process was not understood until the work of Powell and Stetson. Their experiments were conducted over the period of October to December 1964, and they began with an investigation of the periodic coherence length of the HeNe laser being used. The compact laser beam was used to illuminate a spot on a small object was placed between two mirrors such that its image could be observed looking over one mirror into the tunnel of multiple reflections between the mirrors. Each image was 10 cm greater in path length than the one before it. Because these lasers had about three longitudinal modes, their coherence length was periodic, as described by the manufacturer, Spectra Physics in cooperation with the Perkin Elmer Corporation. This was demonstrated by recording a hologram of the view over one of the mirrors. In one of the holograms, however, a dark band was observed in the closest image to the hologram, and it was observed to shift position with perspective. This band was not observable in the original laser beam and had to be something created by the holographic process. The confocal laser cavity consisted of a spherical mirror at the output end with a flat mirror at the center of curvature at the other end. Adjustment of the longitudinal spacing controlled the number of off-axis modes of oscillation, and it was observed that the laser was oscillating in more than one axis mode. The multiple laser modes were incoherent and did not interfere in the observable laser beam, so why did they interfere in the hologram reconstruction? Stetson put forth the idea that each mode existed in both the object and in the reference beam, and each pair recorded a separate hologram in the photographic plate. When these were reconstructed, both recordings reconstructed simultaneously from the same laser beam and the fields were then mutually coherent. Powell objected to this idea, because it implied that the hologram had the power to coherently reconstruct fields that were incoherent during its recording. The resulting arguments gave rise to a set of experiments that were later published in 1966. These consisted of: (1) Recording the reflection of a concentrated laser beam while capturing the entire reference beam on the hologram and adjusting the laser for combinations of off-axis modes. (2) Recording double-exposure holograms of an object where the object, the reference beam mirror, and the hologram itself were rotated slightly between exposures. (3) Recording holograms of the bottom of a 35 mm film can while it was vibrating. Later, in April 1965, Stetson and Powell obtained real-time interference patterns between a real object and its holographic reconstruction. Applications Laser vibrometry Since its introduction, vibrometry by holographic interferometry has become commonplace. Powell and Stetson have shown that the fringes of the time-averaged hologram of a vibrating object correspond to the zeros of the Bessel function , where is the modulation depth of the phase modulation of the optical field at on the object. With this method, the local vibration amplitude can be assessed by fringe counting. In the work reported by Aleksoff, the reference beam was shifted in frequency to select one sideband of order . In that case, the fringes for sideband correspond to the zeros of the Bessel function . By sequential imaging of frequency sidebands, the issue of fringe counting has been alleviated. The side band order is a marker of the local amplitude of sinusoidal out-of-plane motion. Multiplexed measurements of optical sidebands enable quantitative measurements of out-of-plane vibration amplitudes much smaller than the optical wavelength. Laser Doppler imaging In off-axis configuration, with a slow camera and a laser diode, holographic interferometry is sensitive enough to enable wide-field, laser Doppler imaging of optical fluctuations in amplitude and phase, either with a slow or a fast camera. A slow (e.g. video rate) camera will record time-averaged holographic interferograms which will result in lowpass filtering of the optical fluctuation signal. By shifting the frequency of the reference beam, the lowpass filter becomes a bandpass filter centered at the detuning frequency, and selective narrowband detection and imaging can be performed. This method permits microvascular blood flow imaging, and wide-field measurement of photoplethysmograms by detection of out-of-plane tissue motion. The wide temporal bandwidth of a high throughput camera can enable wideband detection and analysis of optical fluctuations. It can be used for pulsatile blood flow imaging.

Introduction Finds from the Gardberg Site Gardberg Site is an archaeological site located east of the Einang Sound in the municipality of Vestre Slidre, Oppland County, Norway. Gardberg consists of several burial cairns and clearance cairns as well as areas of early industry and farming. It is the location of about 550 burial mounds dating from the Roman Iron Age and the Viking Era. Investigations have established that the site was inhabited from the Stone Age. Situated on one of the bigger burial mounds is the Einang stone (Einangsteinen), estimated to c. AD 300. The combined site of Gardberg and the Einang stone covers more than and is accessible from spring through autumn. The attraction is located in the traditional district of Valdres and is managed by the Valdres Museum in Fagernes.

Introduction Zouzou is an actress, model, singer and icon of the 1960s and early 1970s. She is known largely for her lead role in Éric Rohmer's Love in the Afternoon. The screen name "Zouzou" reportedly stems from her zézaiement of the consonants 's','j' and 'z'. Personal life Zouzou obtained her baccalauréat at 14, then enrolled at the Artistic Training Centre of the Académie Charpentier. The news magazine Paris Match baptised her "la twisteuse". She represented the liberated young women, who were active during the protests of May 1968, as indeed Zouzou was. She moved to swinging London with Brian Jones, but left him and returned to Paris. Career After appearing in some short films, Zouzou came to international prominence in 1972 in Rohmer's Love in the Afternoon. She was featured in French film and TV throughout the 1970s. In 1978, she left Paris for the Antilles where she remained for seven years as her career waned. She returned to France in 1985. In 2002, Zouzou co-starred in the short film Signe d'hiver, directed by Jean-Claude Moireau and also starring Marie Rousseau and Cyrille Thouvenin. In 2003, her autobiography, Jusqu' à l' aube, co-written with Olivier Nicklaus, was published by Flammarion. At the beginning of 2004, a retrospective of Zouzou was organized by Centre Georges Pompidou. In 2005, Zouzou appeared at the Sentier des Halles club in Paris. Selected filmography Le Lit De La Vierge Love in the Afternoon S*P*Y*S The Last Woman Sky Riders

Introduction The Australian National Business Schools are a consortium of Six Australian Business schools that include: University of Western Australia University of Wollongong University of Tasmania Griffith University Deakin University University of Canberra

Introduction WNHG 89.7 FM radio is a radio station in Grand Rapids, Michigan, broadcasting a Christian radio programming format as a simulcast of WGCP 91.9 FM in Cadillac, Michigan. Both WGCP and WNHG are owned and operated by West Central Michigan Media Ministries. History The 89.9 frequency the station was originally transmitting on was used by WEHB (East Hills Broadcasters) for a number of years, broadcasting (in mono) from a tower on the Aquinas College campus, with studios above the Intersection Bar. WEHB later moved to the original Blodgett Hospital on Cherry Street. WEHB was an eclectic locally programmed station, with an emphasis on jazz. The station broadcast circa 1977–1991, becoming "World Music" WBYW from 1991-1998 from a new tower atop the Plainfield Water Tower on East Beltline Ave in northeast Grand Rapids. Way-FM Former logo Until November 29, 2013, the station broadcast a Christian CHR/Top 40 format as WaY FM. WCXG's programming was repeated on WAYK 88.3 FM (now WCXK) in Kalamazoo and WAYO 89.9 FM (now WCXB) in Benton Harbor. WaYFM targeted teens, young adults, and young families with modern music wrapped in a Christian worldview. Popular artists played on the station included Switchfoot, The Fray, Relient K, GRITS, Hawk Nelson, tobyMac, BarlowGirl, Daughtry, Casting Crowns, Family Force 5, Stacie Orrico, Skillet, and other various hip hop, pop, rock, and punk acts. WaY-FM consistently pulled strong ratings among teens (#2), young adults, and even persons and women 25-49 (usually placing in the top 5 or top 3 in these demos). WaYfm is not to be confused with WAY-FM Network, the nationally syndicated Christian CHR network. Ironically, WaYfm's competitor station in the Grand Rapids market, the commercial WJQK 99.3 FM, previously aired some programming from the national WAY-FM network, notably the afternoon drive show "Total Axxess." WaYfm started in Kalamazoo in 1996 when Cornerstone purchased a construction permit from Grand Valley State University for 88.3 FM. After deciding on the Christian CHR format, the management of the station opted to use CHRSN's programming until local listenership and financial support allowed them to program locally. 88.3 WAYK signed on at 5p.m. on February 3, 1997, to serve Kalamazoo and Battle Creek. A signal was added at 89.9 in Grand Rapids in late 1998, originating not too far from Cornerstone University. Despite not being able to adequately cover areas to the southwest of Grand Rapids (due to a directional pattern designed to protect Hope College's student station, WTHS, a station in Holland, Michigan that also airs at 89.9 FM), recent Arbitron ratings for the former WaY FM format placed the station at #2 among all stations in the market with teens, and tied for 3rd place among females 12-24 (the station's core audience). Cornerstone University announced in October 2013 that WaYfm network would cease operations on November 29, 2013. The 88.3 and 89.9 signals on that day began to simulcast sister station WCSG 91.3, and also changed call letters. Frequency change In August 2015, the station moved the frequency to 89.7 and began to transmit in a non-directional pattern. Additionally, the power was reduced to 3,200 watts, while increasing the tower height from 63 meters to 74 meters to compensate for the power reduction. This resolves the long-standing issue with needing to protect WTHS at 89.9 FM. On June 14, 2016, the station changed its call sign to WNHG. On July 5, 2016 at 4:00 PM EDT, The Strong Tower Radio broadcast started. WNHG is also affiliated with 3ABN Radio.

Introduction Tyrosine-protein kinase transmembrane receptor ROR2, also known as neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor-related 2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ROR2 gene located on position 9 of the long arm of chromosome 9. This protein is responsible for aspects of bone and cartilage growth. It is involved in Robinow syndrome and autosomal dominant brachydactyly type B. ROR2 is a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor (ROR) family. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a receptor tyrosine kinase and type I transmembrane protein that belongs to the ROR subfamily of cell surface receptors. The protein may be involved in the early formation of the chondrocytes and may be required for cartilage and growth plate development. Clinical significance Mutations in this gene can cause brachydactyly type B, a skeletal disorder characterized by hypoplasia/aplasia of distal phalanges and nails. In addition, mutations in this gene can cause the autosomal recessive form of Robinow syndrome, which is characterized by skeletal dysplasia with generalized limb bone shortening, segmental defects of the spine, brachydactyly, and a dysmorphic facial appearance.

Introduction Dahlia is the fifth studio album by Japanese heavy metal band X Japan, released on November 4, 1996, by Atlantic Records. It is the band's last album before breaking up the following year, and the last to feature new work by guitarist hide, due to his death two years later. The album is composed largely of ballads, with only a few tracks retaining the band's heavier musical traits seen on previous releases. It topped the Oricon chart and stayed on the chart for only 15 weeks, but managed to sell over half a million copies. Seven, nearly all, of the album's songs were released as singles, most of which also topped the singles chart and sold well. Overview Only a few months after the release of Art of Life in 1993, X Japan began recording and releasing singles that would appear on their next studio album Dahlia, which released in 1996 turned out to be their last. 1994 held few performances for the band as the members were focusing on their solo and side projects, but they did play two consecutive New Year's Eve concerts at the Tokyo Dome, titled and respectively. These concerts were released on DVDs in 2007 as Aoi Yoru and Shiroi Yoru. The following year was also slow, until November 19 when the band began the tour for their next album, Dahlia Tour 1995-1996. Around this time, is when the group dropped most of its original visual kei aesthetics in favor of a more casual look. Dahlia was recorded from July 1993 to July 1996 entirely at One on One Recording Studios (later named Extasy Recording Studios) in North Hollywood, California, which Yoshiki bought in 1992. The cover of the album was taken on the street of Broadway in New York City. The Dahlia Tour continued from 1995 into 1996 with quite a few dates cancelled after the March 13 show, because of Yoshiki's neck injury. They returned to the stage for the tour's final concerts and , once again two New Year's concerts at the Tokyo Dome. The latter was recorded and partially released as the Live Live Live Extra album, and later in its entirety as the Dahlia Tour Final 1996 DVD. Besides a handful of releases, the beginning of 1997 was quiet for the band, with no concerts performed. Until September 22, 1997, when it was officially announced that X Japan would disband as vocalist Toshi decided to leave the group. X Japan performed their farewell concert, The Last Live: Last Night, at the Tokyo Dome on December 31, making it the last of five consecutive New Year's Eve series the group performed at that stadium. It was later released as a live album and on home video. Although later that same day they played "Forever Love" at that year's Kōhaku Uta Gassen, marking their true last performance. Composition Dahlia contains relatively little new material considering most tracks on it had been released as singles. The album is composed largely of ballads, with only a few tracks (i.e. "Scars", "Dahlia", "Drain", and to some extent "Rusty Nail") retaining the band's heavier musical traits seen on previous releases. The track "Dahlia" is one of Yoshiki's last compositions in his signature blend of speed and symphonic metal. The ballad "Tears" was written and composed by Yoshiki about the death of his father, though credited as co-authored by one of his aliases Hitomi Shiratori. The two songs written by hide, "Scars" and "Drain", are distinctively industrial rock. Yoshiki called "Drain" "very strange" and "very cutting edge" for its time, and said that hide had a talent for seeing the future in that regard. The instrumental "Wriggle" is Heath's only contribution to the band's catalogue, which he wrote with Pata. Release The album was released on November 4, 1996, by Atlantic Records. In the third counting week of November it reached number one on the Oricon chart, with sales of 429,280 copies and was certified platinum. By the end of the counting year, which ends around the third week of November, it had sold 500,710 copies and was the 50th best-selling album of the year. It charted for 15 weeks, the shortest of all the band's major studio albums. In addition to the standard CD, a limited pressing of picture disc vinyl LPs was also created. All of the singles, besides "Scars" and "Crucify My Love", the latter being certified Gold (meaning at least two hundred thousand copies sold) by the RIAJ, were certified platinum or double platinum (meaning at least four hundred thousand copies sold). Prior to the album's release, their best-selling single "Tears" was released in 1993. It reached number two in the fourth counting week of November, with sales of 284,350 copies. By the end of the counting year, with sales of 380,150, it was the 77th best-selling single of the year. As it charted for 16 weeks in 1994, with 456,790 copies, it was the 50th best-selling single. In 1994 their second best-selling single was released, "Rusty Nail". It reached number one in the third and fourth counting weeks of July, with sales of 204,290 and 130,730 copies respectively. It charted for 20 weeks. In 1994, with sales of 712,390 copies, it was the 28th best-selling single of the year. In 1995, two singles with different variations of the same song, "Longing", were released. The first "Longing ~Togireta Melody~", which was included in the album, reached number one in the second counting week of August, with sales of 244,460 copies, and charted for 11 weeks. By the end of the counting year, with 476,170 copies sold, it was the 76th best-selling single. The second "Longing ~Setsubou no Yoru~", reached number five in the fourth counting week of December, with sales of 85,900 copies, and charted for 7 weeks. In 1996, three singles were released prior to the album, "Dahlia", "Forever Love" and "Crucify My Love". The fourth single "Dahlia" reached number one in the second week of March, with sales of 256,330 copies, and charted for 8 weeks. By the end of the counting year, with 412,810 copies sold it was the 72nd best-selling single. The fifth single, "Forever Love", has been reissued several times. The original edition reached number one in the fourth counting week of July, with sales of 224,010 copies. As it charted for 15 weeks, with 509,920 copies sold, it was the 47th best-selling single of the year. A different mixed version released in 1997 reached number thirteen, and charted for 11 weeks. While the 1998 release, which was a reissue of the original, and the 2001 one, which contained all previous versions, reached number eighteen and nineteen, and both charted for 4 weeks. The sixth single, "Crucify My Love", reached number two in the second counting week of September, with sales of 153,570 copies. In the upcoming three weeks it would manage to stay in the top 15, but with sales of 246,800 copies in four weeks and as it charted for only 9 weeks, it wasn't even in the top 100 yearly singles. The seventh single, "Scars", was the only one released after the album and is the band's only single to be written by someone other than Yoshiki, as it was written by the band's lead guitarist hide. It reached number fifteen in the first week of December 1996, with sales of 47,010 copies, and charted for 5 weeks. Following hide's death, it was reissued in 1998. Reception Dahlia is generally positively received. Alexey Eremenko of Allmusic said that "despite being a heavy metal act at heart, X Japan was always a deceptively diverse band, and this trait is in full bloom on Dahlia", and it "made sense for the members to go their separate ways" because "the group sounds tighter than ever -- but the music is really wide-ranging." The album begins with two "classic metal ballbreakers", but "Scars", and "Drain", sound like hide's subsequent "experiments with industrial rock than a proper speed metal hit". Besides "plenty full-on piano-and-strings ballads" it also has a "U2-like speedy ditty, some semi-psychedelic experiments (the quite catchy "White Poem I")", and "a ten-minute epic that puts "November Rain" to shame with its turgid bombast". The album is "drenched in the '80s", "embracing all the genuine traits of '80s rock without discrimination, be it melodrama, classic heavy metal shredding, left-field guitar excursions, neo-classical leanings, or more melodrama". Eremenko, who gave the album a three and a half out of five stars rating, praises the album because what "should have been a recipe for disaster turned out to be a testament to the band's songwriting skills and simply a formidable album", and concluded with though "Dahlia is kitschy and sappy", it's proof "that X Japan split because they were bursting with creativity not running out of ideas." Legacy Several songs from the record remain mainstays in X Japan's live sets even after reuniting in 2007, such as "Rusty Nail," "Tears," "Forever Love" and "Drain." "Rusty Nail" was used as the theme song for the 1994 TV drama Kimi ga Mienai. Swedish metal band Dragonland added a cover of the song to the Japanese edition of their 2004 album Starfall. hide's latter band Zilch reworked "Drain" into "What's Up Mr. Jones?" for their 1998 album 3.2.1.. "Forever Love" was the theme song of 1996 animated feature film of the Clamp manga X. In 2001, "Forever Love" was used as background music in several commercials for the Japanese Liberal Democratic Party. LDP member Junichiro Koizumi, at that time Japan's Prime Minister, is a well-known X Japan fan. A remix of "White Poem I" was used as the B-side of the "Scars" single, while "Scars" was used as one of the many opening themes to the music television show Count Down TV. "Tears" was used in the soundtrack for the 2004 South Korean film Windstruck. The song was covered by South Korean rock band TRAX in 2004, as a B-side on the Japanese version of their "Scorpio" single, which was produced by Yoshiki. They also covered it in Korean on the Korean version of the aforementioned single. "Crucify My Love" was covered by Spanish gothic metal band Gothic Dolls on their 2008 album The Last Breath. Track listing Personnel ;X Japan Vocals: Toshi Guitar: hide Guitar: Pata Bass: Heath Drums, piano: Yoshiki ;Additional musicians Violin, soloist: Gilles Apap Cello, soloist: Ron Leonard Orchestra arrangements: Dick Marx, Shelly Berg Score: Tom Halm ;Production Co-producer: X Japan Engineer: Rich Breen, Mike Ging, Rob Jacobs, Motonari Matsumoto, Shinichi Tanaka Assistant engineer: C.J. DeVillar, Paul J. Falcone, Brad Haehnel, Cappy Japngie, Richard Landers, Tal Miller, Carl Nappa, Mike Stock Engineer, mixing: Stan Katayama Mixing: Mike Shipley, Yuji Sugiyama, Eric Westfall Programming: Geoff Grace Mastering: Chris Bellman, Stephen Marcussen Photographer: Hideo Canno

Introduction Hunndens Guiseppi "Peppi" Zellner is a former American football player in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys, Washington Redskins and Arizona Cardinals. He played college football at Fort Valley State University. Early years Zellner attended Mary Persons High School, where he lettered in football and basketball. In football, he was an All-Area selection and an All-District selection, and Prep Football Report named him as an All-Dixie selection. After his senior season, he participated in the Florida-Georgia All-Star Game. In basketball, he was an All-Area selection and played in the North-South All-Star tournament. Although he received a scholarship from the University of Georgia, academic problems forced him to join Georgia Military College. He began as a strong-side linebacker and was moved to the defensive line as a sophomore. He registered 129 tackles (33 for loss) and 15 sacks in his two junior college seasons. In 1996, he transferred to Fort Valley State University, but eligibility problems limited his playing time to only 3 football games, collecting 18 tackles (4 for loss). In 1997, he focused on basketball, starting at forward (17 out of 26 games), averaging 10.1 points, 9.3 rebounds and 1.4 blocked shots, while helping the school win its first conference championship since 1969. In 1998, he returned to play football at defensive end, posting 60 tackles, 14 tackles for loss (led the team) and 3 sacks. He received All-American and All-Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference honors. Professional career Dallas Cowboys Zellner was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the fourth round (132nd overall) of the 1999 NFL Draft, after impressing in the scouting combine, recording the second fastest 40-yard dash time, first in the broad jump and first in the 20-yard dash among defensive linemen. As a rookie, he had 10 special teams tackles (tied for sixth on the team). Against the Atlanta Falcons, he posted his first career sack, while adding a quarterback pressure and 2 tackles. In 2000, he played in 12 games, registering 13 special teams tackles (second on the team), 16 defensive tackles, 2 sacks and 3 quarterback pressures. He missed the last 4 games, after being placed on the injured reserve list with a torn left anterior cruciate ligament he suffered during a practice. In 2001, a season-ending back injury to Ebenezer Ekuban, allowed him to start 15 games at right defensive end, setting career-highs with 46 tackles, 3 sacks (tied for fourth on the team) and 22 quarterback pressures (second on the team). The next year, he only started 2 games and registered 29 tackles. He wasn't re-signed at the end of the season. Washington Redskins On May 11, 2003, he was signed as a free agent by the Washington Redskins to a one-year contract. He recorded 14 tackles and one sack as a backup during the season. Oakland Raiders On August 17, 2004, he signed with the Oakland Raiders as a free agent. On August 31, he was traded to the Arizona Cardinals along with Troy Hambrick, in exchange for a sixth round draft choice (#182-Cedric Houston) in the 2005 NFL Draft. Arizona Cardinals In 2004, Zellner replaced an injured Fred Wakefield, playing in all 16 games (14 starts), while registering 35 tackles and 2 sacks. On March 10, 2005, he was re-signed. He was released on August 29, 2005. Personal life In 2002, Zellner was charged with drug possession, however, the charges were later dropped in 2003. He is a cousin of safety Tra Battle who also played for the Dallas Cowboys.

Introduction Ricardo González is an Argentine professional golfer. Career González turned professional in 1986, and has spent much of his career in Europe. He won a place on the European Tour in 1992 through qualifying school after playing on the second tier Challenge Tour in 1991. Having failed to win sufficient money to retain his tour card, he returned to the Challenge Tour in 1993. Having moved to Africa, González returned to Europe in 1998 after winning the Challenge Tour sanctioned Tusker Kenya Open, and secured a second shot on the European Tour by finishing 5th on the Challenge Tour Rankings that season. He has successfully retained his playing privileges since then by consistently finishing inside the top 115 of the Order of Merit each year. González has accumulated four European Tour wins, with a best year-end ranking on the European Tour Order of Merit of 25th place in 2001. He has also won many tournaments in South America, and has represented Argentina at the World Cup on four occasions, in 1996, 1998, 2005 and 2007. He won his fourth career European Tour event in 2009 at the SAS Masters in Sweden by two strokes over Welshman Jamie Donaldson. It was his first win on the European Tour in five years. After several down years, González qualified for the European Tour through qualifying school in 2016. At age 47, he was the oldest Q school graduate in Tour history. Professional wins (28) European Tour wins (4) No. Date Tournament Winning score Margin ofvictory Runner(s)-up 1 9 Sep 2001 Omega European Masters −16 (65-67-68-68=268) 3 strokes Søren Hansen 2 26 Oct 2003 Telefónica Open de Madrid −14 (69-70-66-65=270) 1 stroke Paul Casey, Pádraig Harrington, Nick O'Hern, Mårten Olander 3 18 Apr 2004 Open de Sevilla −14 (70-66-69-69=274) 2 strokes Stephen Gallacher, Jonathan Lomas 4 26 Jul 2009 SAS Masters −10 (68-68-77-69=282) 2 strokes Jamie Donaldson European Tour playoff record (0–1) No. Year Tournament Opponents Result 1 2013 Johnnie Walker Championship at Gleneagles Tommy Fleetwood, Stephen Gallacher Fleetwood won with birdie on first extra hole Challenge Tour wins (2) No. Date Tournament Winning score Margin ofvictory Runner-up 1 23 Sep 1990 Esab Open −9 (67-68=135) Playoff Ole Eskildsen 2 15 Mar 1998 Tusker Kenya Open −12 (69-65-69-69=272) Playoff Jacob Okello Challenge Tour playoff record (2–0) No. Year Tournament Opponent Result 1 1990 Esab Open Ole Eskildsen 2 1998 Tusker Kenya Open Jacob Okello Won with par on third extra hole TPG Tour wins (9) No. Date Tournament Winning score Margin ofvictory Runner(s)-up 1 9 Jun 2007 Abierto del Norte −19 (65-67-66-67=265) Shared title with Andrés Romero 2 29 Nov 2009 Abierto del Litoral −3 (70-69-71-67=277) Playoff Andrés Romero 3 3 Oct 2010 Abierto del Litoral (2) −7 (71-70-68-64=273) 3 strokes Rafael Gómez, Mauricio Molina 4 30 Sep 2012 Argentine PGA Championship −9 (73-72-66-68=279) 4 strokes Francisco Bidé, Clodomiro Carranza, Roberto Cóceres, Emilio Domínguez 5 24 Nov 2013 Abierto del Litoral (3) −12 (66-69-64-69=268) 4 strokes Sergio Acevedo 6 28 Jan 2018 Abierto del Sur −20 (68-67-60-65=260) 1 stroke Maximiliano Godoy 7 30 Sep 2018 Abierto de Salta −15 (69-64-69-67=269) 1 stroke Maximiliano Godoy 8 15 Mar 2020 Abierto Norpatagónico −6 (69-67=136)* Shared title with Andrés Gallegos 9 22 Jan 2023 Abierto del Sur (2) −11 (64-71-65-69=269) 7 strokes Exequiel López, Jaime López Rivarola Note: The 2020 Abierto Norpatagónico was shortened to 36 holes due to COVID-19 concerns. Other wins (12) 1987 Rosario City Open (Arg) 1988 Praderas Grand Prix (Arg) 1995 Uruguay Open, La Plata Open (Arg) 1996 Chile Open 1997 Foz Iguazu Open (Brazil), Prince of Wales Open (Chile), Nigerian Open 1998 JPGA Championship (Arg) 2003 Abierto del Litoral (Arg) 2005 Abierto del Litoral (Arg) 2006 Parana Open (Arg) European Senior Tour wins (1) No. Date Tournament Winning score Margin ofvictory Runner-up 1 23 Oct 2022 Italian Senior Open −2 (69-72-70=211) 3 strokes James Kingston Results in major championships Tournament 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 The Open Championship CUT PGA Championship Tournament 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 The Open Championship CUT PGA Championship T10 CUT CUT Note: González never played in the Masters Tournament or the U.S. Open. CUT = missed the half-way cut "T" = tied Results in World Golf Championships Tournament 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Match Play Championship Invitational T28 T50 Champions T45 "T" = Tied Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009. Team appearances *World Cup (representing Argentina): 1996, 1998, 2005, 2007 Equipment Irons - Mizuno MP-62 Black Nickel, Project X 7.0 Wedges - Mizuno MPT-10 White Satin 52, 60/08

Introduction Savyolovskaya, alternatively transliterated Savelovskaya, is a station on Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line of the Moscow Metro. It is in the Butyrsky District of Moscow and has a depth of . It opened on 31 December 1988 and was the northern terminus of the line until an extension in 1991 pushed the terminus out to Otradnoye. The entrance vestibule is on the main square in front of Savyolovsky rail terminal, from which the station gets its name. Connections at the rail terminal provide access to commuter trains serving destinations to the north of Moscow. Passengers are able to transfer to and from an identically named station on the Bolshaya Koltsevaya line since 30 December 2018.

Introduction Horace Greeley Snover was a politician and judge from the U.S. state of Michigan. Biography Horace Greeley Snover was born 21 September 1847 in the then village of Romeo in Macomb County, Michigan, a son of Edward Sharpe Snover and Ann Albertson Cook. His namesake was the abolitionist Horace Greeley. His father was a money lender while his mother was a descendant of early American settlers. They had married in New Jersey then removed to Michigan during the years when a logging economy was transitioning to agricultural investment. Snover was a second great grandson of Garret Albertson, a Major in the New Jersey militia during the American Revolution. Snover attended the Romeo public schools and the Dickenson Institute. He graduated from the academic department of the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor in 1869 and from the law department in 1871. He was admitted to the bar and practiced in Wichita, Kansas, in 1871 and 1872. The following year he moved back to Romeo and then moved to Port Austin in 1874 while continuing the practice of law. He also engaged in banking and was principal of the public schools of Port Austin for two years. He also served as probate judge of Huron County from January 1, 1881, to January 1, 1885. Snover was elected as a Republican from Michigan's 7th congressional district to the 54th and 55th Congresses, serving from March 4, 1895, to March 3, 1899, in the U.S. House. The Republicans had the majority and enacted laws such as the 1896 Married Women's Rights Act (District of Columbia), numerous acts to win the Spanish American War, and the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 - now the oldest federal environmental law in the United States. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1898. After leaving Congress, Horace G. Snover moved to Port Huron, where he died at the age of seventy-six and is interred in its Lakeside Cemetery. The community of Snover in Sanilac County was named for him. Notes and references The Political Graveyard

Introduction Liberty Christian Academy is a private Christian school in Lynchburg, Virginia. Founded in 1967 by Baptist preacher Jerry Falwell Sr. as a ministry of Thomas Road Baptist Church and a segregation academy, the school is recognized as an educational facility by the Commonwealth of Virginia through the Virginia State Board of Education, Southern Association of Colleges and Schools, and the Association of Christian Schools International. The academy consists of pre–K through grade 12. History During the 1950s and 1960s, Falwell spoke and campaigned against civil rights movement leader Martin Luther King Jr. and the desegregation of public school systems by the U.S. federal government. In 1966, he led the effort to create "a private school for white students," the Lynchburg News reported. Named Lynchburg Christian Academy, the school opened in 1967 as a segregation academy. Falwell developed it as a ministry of his Thomas Road Baptist Church. Unlike many other segregation academies, the school became racially integrated two years after its opening. The historian Seth Dowland said that school officials later sought to market the school to parents who were not solely motivated by a desire to keep their children out of racially integrated public schools. In 1975, the Ford administration began trying to deny segregation academies their tax-exempt status on the basis that they perpetuated segregation. In 1979, Falwell denounced this "intervention against Christian schools", which had become a policy of the Carter administration. He launched the Moral Majority political action committee to aid the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops protest against legal abortion in the United States, according to Heritage Foundation co-founder Paul Weyrich. In 2005, the Lynchburg Christian Academy was moved next to Liberty University and renamed Liberty Christian Academy. Athletics The LCA football team compiled an 85–6 record, winning four state championships and eight conference championships, between 2004, when Frank Rocco become the head coach, and 2013. Among the team's former members are Rashad Jennings and Bobby Massie.

Introduction Critical windows in emergency medicine transient astronomical event caused by a collapsing star. A window of opportunity is a period of time during which some action can be taken that will achieve a desired outcome. Once this period is over, or the "window is closed", the specified outcome is no longer possible. Examples Examples of windows of opportunity include: The critical period in neurological development, during which neuroplasticity is greatest and key functions, such as imprinting and language, are acquired which may be impossible to acquire at a later stage The golden hour or golden time, used in emergency medicine to describe the period following traumatic injury in which life-saving treatment is likely to be successful Market opportunities, in which one may be positioned to take advantage of a gap in a particular market, the timing of which may depend on the activities of customers, competitors, and other market context factors Planting and harvesting seasons, in agriculture, which are generally timed to maximize crop yields Space launch and maneuver windows, which are determined by orbital dynamics and mission goals and constrained by fuel/delta-v budgets The theorized tipping point in climatology, after which the Earth's climate is predicted to shift to a new stable equilibrium Various transient astronomical events, which present limited (and often unpredictable) windows for observation Characteristics Timing The timing and length of a critical window may be well known and predictable (as in planetary transits) or more poorly understood (in the case of medical emergencies or climate change). In some cases, there may be multiple windows during which a goal can be achieved, as in the case of space launch windows. Costs In some time-critical situations, failure to act may entail a continuously increasing cost over time, or a continuously decreasing probability over time of achieving the desired outcome. In real-time computing systems, this may be represented by time-utility functions. Automation In situations with very brief or unpredictable windows of opportunity, automation may be employed to take advantage of these windows, as in algorithmic trading and time-domain astronomy. Real-time computing systems can guarantee responses on the order of milliseconds or less. Artificial windows of opportunity Critical windows for making purchases may be artificially imposed (or even falsely implied) as a marketing tactic to encourage action, in what is known as a "limited time offer".

Introduction Brentside High School is a coeducational foundation secondary school and sixth form in West London, England, located on the border between Hanwell and Greenford in the London Borough of Ealing. The current school building which opened in September 2004, was purpose built and designed by architects Seymour Harris. School Expansion Project The school is currently undergoing an expansion project which was expected to be completed by July/September 2017. The school is expected to open the purpose built Sixth Form building with improved post 16 study facilities including specialist science, PE and ICT rooms. There will also be a fitness suite which students will be able to use. There will also be a much larger sixth form common room/study area. The House System Brentside High School's House System encourages and fosters teamwork, participation and sportsmanship in all areas of school life. The sense of community within each of the houses encourages a feeling of identity and belonging. The House System clearly reinforces the ethos and spirit of the school, ‘learning and achieving together’. All students are allocated to one of four houses: Red, Yellow, Green and Blue.

Introduction Brian James Dixon is a former Australian rules footballer and Victorian politician. Dixon played 252 VFL games for Melbourne between 1954 and 1968, playing mostly on the wing. He played in five premierships, winning Melbourne's best and fairest in 1960, while in 1961 he was selected in the All-Australian team and he also won the Tassie Medal for his performances at the 1961 Brisbane Carnival. In 2000 he was named in Melbourne's Team of the Century. Despite still playing football for Melbourne, he entered parliament in 1964, as the member for the now abolished seat of St Kilda, representing the Liberal Party. Being from the moderate wing of the party he clashed with then Premier Henry Bolte, especially over the hanging of Ronald Ryan which Dixon strongly opposed. After Rupert Hamer took over as Liberal Party leader and Premier, Dixon was promoted to the ministry. He variously served in several portfolios including Youth, Sport and Recreation, Housing and Aboriginal affairs. His best-remembered achievement was introducing the iconic Life. Be in it. program. In 1979, Dixon won St Kilda by an extremely narrow margin, which crucially gave the Hamer Liberal government a majority of one seat in the Legislative Assembly, and meant that the Liberal Party did not need to form a Coalition, with the National Party, with which relations were traditionally poor in Victoria. However, in 1982 Dixon was defeated when the Liberal Party lost government after 27 years in office. After his defeat, Dixon worked predominantly in sports administration and he ran public speaking seminars. He travelled the world representing the Trim and Fitness International Sport for All Association (TAFISA) and the Asiania Sport For All Association (ASFAA). He was also president of AFL South Africa, taking a keen interest in other countries playing Australian rules football. Playing statistics : 1954 9 8 2 0.3 1955 9 16 7 0.4 1956 9 17 5 0.3 1957 9 21 2 0.1 1958 9,16 20 2 0.1 1959 9 20 2 0.1 1960 9 20 4 0.2 1961 9 16 2 0.1 1962 9 18 2 0.1 1963 9 18 3 0.2 1964 9 17 1 0.1 1965 9 13 1 2 260 23 283 78 0.1 0.2 20.0 1.8 21.8 6.0 1966 9 11 0 3 222 20 242 48 0.0 0.3 20.2 1.8 22.0 4.4 1967 9 18 6 6 357 56 413 77 0.3 0.3 19.8 3.1 22.9 4.3 1968 9 19 2 1 395 51 446 123 0.1 0.1 20.8 2.7 23.5 6.5 Career 252 41 12 1234 150 1384 326 0.2 0.2 20.2 2.5 22.7 5.3

Introduction Super Columbine Massacre RPG! is a role-playing video game created by Danny Ledonne and released in April 2005. The game recreates the 1999 Columbine High School shootings near Littleton, Colorado. Players assume the roles of gunmen Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold and act out the massacre, with flashbacks relating parts of Harris and Klebold's past experiences. The game begins on the day of the shootings and follows Harris and Klebold after their suicides to fictional adventures in perdition. Ledonne had spent many years conceptualizing games, but never created one due to his lack of game design and programming knowledge. He was inspired to create a video game about Columbine by his own experience being bullied and the effect the shooting had on his life. The game represents a critique of how traditional media sensationalized the shooting, as well as parodying video games themselves. Super Columbine Massacre was created with ASCII's game development program RPG Maker 2000 and took approximately six months to complete. Ledonne initially published the game anonymously, releasing an artist's statement about the work after his identity was revealed. Super Columbine Massacre was released for free online and attracted little attention until 2006, when widespread media coverage fueled hundreds of thousands of downloads. Reaction to Super Columbine Massacre was negative; the title was criticized as trivializing the actions of Harris and Klebold and the lives of the innocent. The game's cartoon presentation and the side-plot into hell were considered by critics as obscuring the game's message, but it received minor note as a game that transcended the stereotypical associations of the medium as entertainment for children. Super Columbine Massacres themes and content led to it being included in discussions as to whether video games cause violence; the title was later listed as one of the possible motivating factors of the shooter after the 2006 Dawson College shooting. The game has been described as an art game, and Ledonne has become a spokesperson for video games as an art form, producing a documentary in 2008 called Playing Columbine about his game and its impact. Gameplay A screenshot of Super Columbine Massacres battle screen, with an enemy student, player actions and character health shown Super Columbine Massacre RPG! is a role-playing video game. Players control the actions of teenagers Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold; the pair entered Colorado's Columbine High School on April 20, 1999 and killed 13 people before turning their guns on themselves in a library. Much of the game takes place in a third-person view, with players controlling Harris and Klebold from an overhead perspective. The graphics and characters are deliberately reminiscent of a 16-bit-era video game; while the content is violent, the violence is not graphically rendered. When players engage in battle, the screen changes to a first-person view of the enemy; enemies are named by stereotypes or occupations, such as "Preppy girl", "Janitor", "Math teacher" and "Jock Type". Combat has two options: "auto play", where the game chooses the weapon to use, or "manual play", in which the player decides to use a hand-to-hand weapon, explosive, gun, or defensive maneuver against foes. Once a battle starts, it is impossible to avoid or escape; the player must kill the enemy or die themselves. Text narrates battle events and actions such as finding a bag or gaining a weapon. As the game proceeds, flashbacks occur showing events in Harris and Klebold's lives which may have caused them to commit murder; real life events are compressed into the game's timeframe for narrative purposes. Much of the plot is constructed around the events as they are believed to have occurred; lines of the gunmen's dialogue are often lifted verbatim from their writings or from their own home videos of each other. In contrast to the 16-bit graphics are digitized photographs from the shooting or full voice samples from news reports; photos of the school are used as backdrops during battle scenes. Plot The game begins as Eric Harris' mother wakes him on April 20, 1999. Harris phones Dylan Klebold, and the pair meet in Harris' basement to plot a series of bombings that will precede their planned shooting. The two reminisce about the bullying they experienced at Columbine High and express rage at those they perceive to be their tormentors. Harris and Klebold make a video, apologizing to their parents, collect their weapons, and leave home. At school, the pair plant timed propane bombs without being detected by security cameras or hall monitors. After the explosives are set, the two stop for a moment on a hill outside the school, discussing their alienation and hostility. After the bombs fail to explode as planned, Harris and Klebold decide to enter the school and murder as many people as they can; the final number killed is up to the player. After roaming around the school shooting innocents, Harris and Klebold commit suicide. A montage of clips showing Harris and Klebold's corpses, students comforting each other, and childhood photos of the gunmen plays. The game's second half finds Klebold alone in Hell. After combating demons and monsters from the video game Doom, Klebold reunites with Harris, and they profess their enthusiasm for the opportunity to live out their favorite video game. The pair find themselves at the "Isle of Lost Souls", where they meet fictional characters such as Pikachu, Bart Simpson, Mega Man, Mario and personalities including J. Robert Oppenheimer, JonBenét Ramsey, Malcolm X, Ronald Reagan, and John Lennon. Next, they deliver a copy of Ecce Homo to Friedrich Nietzsche before fighting the South Park design of Satan. Upon their victory, Satan congratulates them for their deeds. The game returns to Columbine High School, where a press conference addresses the murders. Some of the dialogue appears precisely as it was spoken after the actual event, while other lines caricature the political forces at work in the aftermath of the murders. The conference references gun control advocacy, religious fundamentalism, and the media's implication of Marilyn Manson and the video games they played as culpable in the shooting. Development Ledonne became an unwitting spokesman for video games, despite intending Super Columbine Massacre to be the only game he created. Super Columbine Massacre was created by Danny Ledonne of Alamosa, Colorado, then a student and independent filmmaker. As a high school student, the Columbine shootings resonated with Ledonne, who said that he himself had once been "a loner", "a misfit" and "a bullied kid" in high school like the shooters. "I was an easy target to be picked on, and that started in kindergarten", he said. "It was the kind of bullying that most kids who were bullied experienced ... When you get pushed every day, and when you are ostracized not once, not twice, but years in and out, your perception of reality is distorted ... These things really do warp your understanding and your perception of humanity in some almost irrevocable way", he said. In 1999, director Stanley Kubrick's death and the Columbine High School massacre occurred within months of each other; Ledonne credited the two events with changing his life. After seeing A Clockwork Orange, Ledonne discovered that film could comment on culture; after the Columbine shootings, he realized he was headed down the same path as the shooters. "It was a bit scary, once I learned more about these boys, because it was like I was looking in the mirror and I didn't want the same fate for myself", Ledonne said. He began taking martial arts, studying film, and saw a therapist. By the time he graduated from Alamosa High School, Ledonne had a 4.0 grade point average and was voted "most likely to succeed" by his peers. He studied film at Emerson College and moved back to Colorado to form his own production company, Emberwild Productions, which mostly edits wedding videos. In November 2004, Ledonne discovered a program called RPG Maker, which allows a developer to add images, text, story and objectives to design a game; RPG Maker creates the necessary programming automatically. Ledonne had always conceptualized video games throughout his childhood but never produced one due to his lack of technical knowledge; with RPG Maker he was able to fulfill his ambition. Ledonne decided to make a game that would explore why the Columbine shootings occurred, as well as refuting pervasive myths about the shooters and the alleged role video games played in the massacre. The researching, planning, design and programming of the game took about six months and between 200 and 300 hours of work. All the footage and pictures in the game were taken from the internet. Final Fantasy VI influenced the sprite-based design. Many of the songs in the game are MIDI versions of 1990s grunge and alternative bands such as Radiohead, Nirvana and the Smashing Pumpkins. Ledonne paid meticulous attention to detail, including giving players access to the exact inventory the gunmen used on their rampage. He watched videos, read newspaper articles and pored over 11,000 pages of documents released by the county government regarding the massacre and the killers. Ledonne added elements to the game to criticize subjects varying from public reaction to the disaster, to stereotypical role-playing game conventions. Every victory in battle displays the message "another victory for the Trenchcoat Mafia", in reference to the gang that Harris and Klebold were mistakenly affiliated with by the media. Ledonne added the hell segment and populated it with characters from the video game Doom, explaining that "having the shooters battle these monsters in an eternal recreation of their favorite videogame was a statement in and of itself." Super Columbine Massacre is the only video game Ledonne has created, and he has no future plans to create another. Release Brian Crecente, then a games writer for Rocky Mountain News, helped bring wider attention to Super Columbine Massacre. The game was made available for download on April 20, 2005, the sixth anniversary of the Columbine massacre. Ledonne sought to remain anonymous at the game's debut to avoid any possible controversy, which he would later regret as it created the impression he had something to hide. Under the alias "Columbin", Ledonne regularly engaged gamers and critics alike on a message board he established to discuss the game's depiction of the shooting and the broader implications of the shooting. Ledonne's identity was revealed by Roger Kovacs, a friend of Rachel Scott, one of the Columbine victims. Kovacs learned of Ledonne's identity by donating to his website via PayPal; after his name and address were posted online, Ledonne stepped forward and was greeted with requests for interviews. "That's when I decided that I had to grow a backbone and stand up for my creation", Ledonne said. The game is distributed as freeware, with donations in the amount of $1 requested to defray bandwidth costs. Initially, the game attracted little attention, and was downloaded 10,000 times in its first year. In April 2006 Patrick Dugan of web site Gamasutra wrote about the game after meeting its host at Game Developers Conference. Impressed, Dugan sent an email to Georgia Institute of Technology professor Ian Bogost, who blogged about the game. Brian Crecente of gaming news site Kotaku and the Rocky Mountain News subsequently interviewed Bogost, and the Associated Press and mainstream media picked up the story. The increased visibility resulted in increased coverage, controversy, and downloads; in the first half of May 2006 the game was downloaded more than 30,000 times. Ledonne announced in September 2006 that the game was no longer available for download directly through its website (instead providing download links), as the title's popularity cost too much to sustain; in a single day in September, he reported 8,000 downloads. By March 2007, the game had been downloaded more than 400,000 times. Reaction Reception of Super Columbine Massacre has been negative amongst the mainstream media and those personally affected by the shootings. Upon revealing Columbine's identity as Ledonne, Kovacs said "One of the girls who died in the shootings was a friend of mine, Rachel. We were in the same church group. Anyone playing this game can kill Rachel over and over again." The father of one victim remarked to the press that the game "disgusts me. You trivialize the actions of two murderers and the lives of the innocent." One victim of the shooting played the game and voiced reserved support, remarking that "It probably sounds a bit odd for someone like me to say, but I appreciate the fact at least to some degree that something like this was made." While he took issue with what he saw as glamorization of the shooters, he also believed it would help open a dialogue about the shooting. Super Columbine Massacre was largely condemned by the press. Betty Nguyen of CNN labeled the game as an example of a subculture that worships terrorists. Newspapers called the game "exploitive" and a "monstrosity". PC World declared the game #2 on its list of "The 10 Worst Games of All Time." Even critics who were supportive of Ledonne's intent found the game hard to play; Ben Kuchera of Ars Technica said that he left the game "shaken", but that as an easily misunderstood game "the people who are most likely to gain anything from it will never play it." Crecente felt that the message of the game was obscured by the cartoon graphics of the medium. Ledonne has refused to alter the game as it represents his thoughts on the subject at a particular point in time, but has encouraged others to rework the game themselves. The most positive reviews of Super Columbine Massacre came from critics who accepted Ledonne's intended message. Wired magazine writer Clive Thompson appreciated the game's attention to narrative detail, writing that "the upshot of the game is that Ledonne has done a surprisingly good job of painting the emotional landscape of the gunmen—whipsawing from self-pity to pompous grandiosity and blinding rage, then back again." Thompson called the game subtle, including jabs at the participants and gaming culture by using the language of games as a way to think about the killings. Writing for The Courier Mail, Paul Syvret's advice to those who found the game controversial and in bad taste was to "lighten up". Bogost summed up his review of the game by writing "this game is not fun, it is challenging, and difficult to play—not technically difficult, but conceptually difficult. We need more of that." David Kociemba, a professor at Emerson College, agreed with Bogost and commented that "the controversy should be that there aren't more games like Super Columbine Massacre RPG! that are as demanding and as artistically innovative." Dugan responded to common criticisms of the game, including that the game was made in bad taste, by writing a rebuttal on his blog: I think everyone who disses the Columbine RPG is gutless. Most haven't played the game, or have played it with such preconceptions that they're blinded to the genuis sic, the honesty, the beauty of its social commentary. Super Columbine Massacre RPG is riddled with design flaws and has mediocre graphics by 1995, the maker of the game admits this, but it regardless is a work of art. It puts you in the mindset of the killers and provides a very clear suggestion of why they did what they did; they were enacting an ideological demonstration through a terrorist act, and the game shines light on this as an indictment of the American dream and way of life painfully close to the main nerve. After the Dawson College shooting in September 2006, when gunman Kimveer Gill killed one student and injured 19 others, the Toronto Sun wrote that Gill had self-reported playing Columbine Massacre on a web site. The story was picked up by media and reported widely. Upon hearing media reports of a link to the game one of the shooting victims at Dawson College contacted Ledonne and told him that "I just suffered multiple gunshot wounds and I think you should take this game down." Ledonne expressed his reaction to the shooting and renewed media attention towards his game in an interview a week later: If one is interested in making something for the public to view—be it a painting, a book, an album, a film, or a video game, should the POSSIBLE harm that may come out of this work be grounds for its suppression from society? This is, in a sense, pre-crime. If you believe in what you're doing and you want to express yourself, the expression should be primary and any interpretations that come after must always remain of secondary importance to the creation of the work itself. On another level, the entire correlation between the Dawson College shooting and my game is unfounded. ... What else did Kimveer like? Black clothes? Goth music? Pizza? ... If anything, the Dawson College shooting is proof positive that games like Super Columbine Massacre should be made; until video games are no longer among the "usual suspects" for homicidal rampages, the public needs to more carefully consider why interactive electronic media is somehow the manufacturer of Manchurian Candidates. Developer Ryan Lambourn created a flash game called V-Tech Rampage in 2007, which allows players to control the actions of gunman Seung-Hui Cho in the Virginia Tech massacre. Lambourn professed empathy for Cho, and said that he was a target of bullying in high school. "No one listens to you unless you've got something sensational to do. And that's why I feel sympathy for Cho Seung-Hui sic. He had to go that far", Lambourn stated. On the V-Tech Rampage site, Lambourn posted a statement that he would take the game off of Newgrounds if donations reached $1000; at $2000 in donations he would take the game down from the main site and for another $1000 he would apologize for creating it. Ledonne posted a comment on Lambourn's website after V-Tech Rampage drew comparisons to Super Columbine Massacre, calling Lambourn's statement tantamount to a "hostage note", and asking bloggers to consider "not whether a game about the Virginia Tech shooting SHOULD be made but how we might go about making a game that accomplishes more than V-Tech Rampage does with the subject matter." Ledonne stated that he emailed Lambourn sympathetically, but that the creator responded to his emails with profanity; he reiterated that the two games had different motivations and were not easily comparable in content. Slamgate and legacy In October 2006, Sam Roberts, the Guerilla Gamemaker Competition director of the Slamdance festival, emailed Ledonne encouraging him to submit the game to the contest. Ledonne looked at the selection of the game as one of the competition's finalists in December as evidence that "all forms of art can be valid tools for societal exploration (even painful topics like school shootings)". The event's organizer, Peter Baxter, announced the removal of the game from the festival's "Guerrilla Gamemaker Competition" after its selection as a finalist. Several reasons for the change of mind were given, including threatened sponsor withdrawal, possible lawsuits, and "moral grounds"; Baxter denied that sponsor pressure caused the drop, instead affirming that "the shootings are still a very touchy subject, and rightly so. We have to be sensitive to victims and their families' feelings." An additional consideration reported was that unnamed parties might sue for copyright violations in the game itself. The announcement marked the first time the festival had pulled jury-selected content from the contest; the incident was dubbed "Slamgate" by the gaming press. Independent game developers like Jonathan Blow defended Super Columbine Massacre RPG! after it was removed from the Slamdance competition. Following the announcement, USC Interactive Media Division withdrew its sponsorship of the festival. Seven of the fourteen finalist games were removed from the contest by their developers in protest: Braid, flOw, Once Upon A Time, Toblo, Everyday Shooter, Book and Volume and Castle Crashers. Developer Jonathan Blow of Braid stated: "Super Columbine Massacre lacks compassion, and I find the Artist's Statement disingenuous. But despite this, the game does have redeeming value. It does provoke important thoughts, and it does push the boundaries of what games are about. It is composed with more of an eye toward art than most games. Clearly, it belongs at the festival." Blow and the other developers sent an open letter to the festival, encouraging the reinstatement of the game as keeping with the festival's "trailblazing" efforts. Despite protests, Baxter refused to change his mind, citing consideration for the shooting's victims and their families. Ledonne told the other finalists that he planned to go to the festival anyway and distribute copies of the game. Acknowledging that the withdrawal of six finalists compromised the competition, Roberts let the attendees vote on whether any prizes would be awarded; they decided not to. Brian Flemming, director of The God Who Wasn't There, saw Ledonne's demo of Super Columbine Massacre outside the festival, and convinced two fellow Slamdance film jurors to award the game a "Special Jury Prize" for Best Documentary, an unofficial award not endorsed by Slamdance itself. The jurors intended to present the special prize alongside the award for best documentary. Shortly before the ceremony, Baxter informed Flemming that he could not present the award due to "music clearance issues", and refused to allow it despite Flemming's protests. According to Ledonne, Flemming tried to hold his ground, but eventually gave in to Baxter's request. Ledonne produced a documentary film based on his experiences after the release of Super Columbine Massacre. Titled Playing Columbine, the documentary uses the controversy surrounding the game to investigate the large issues facing video games as a medium for artistic expression. The film premiered at AFI Fest in Los Angeles, California on November 7, 2008. As a result of the controversy of his game, Ledonne became an unwitting spokesman for the games industry, facing the medium's opponents in debates and forums. The furor resulting from Slamgate was called out by Ledonne and others in the media as a sign that video games had not yet outgrown the traditional stereotype of children's games. Keith Stuart of The Guardian wrote that despite being confused and tawdry, Super Columbine Massacre "symbolizes a growing understanding that videogames have more to say than 'shoot the enemies and pick up health.'" Authors Andreas Jahn-Sudmann and Ralf Stockmann consider controversial video games such as Super Columbine Massacre and the Grand Theft Auto "Hot coffee mod" evidence of sociopolitical tensions present between gamers and older generations. The game and others like it continue to be at the center of the video games as art debate, and Gamasutra credited Super Columbine Massacre and Slamgate as having two highly positive and far-reaching effects; first, forcing print game journalism to focus on the issue; and second, the "evangelization of the notion that games can be as meaningful and important as other media, even if the example is offensive to the sensibilities of most Americans ... To win is to lose, but to play is to experience an enrichment that cannot be scored."

Introduction Cecil Campbell may refer to: Prince Buster (Cecil Bustamente Campbell, 1938–2016), Jamaican ska/rocksteady singer Ini Kamoze (Cecil Campbell, born 1957), Jamaican reggae singer Terror Fabulous (Cecil Campbell, born 1974), Jamaican dancehall deejay Cecil Campbell (tennis) (1891–1952), amateur Irish tennis player

Introduction San Kamphaeng is a district (amphoe) of Chiang Mai province in northern Thailand. Geography San Kamphaeng borders the districts (from west clockwise) Saraphi, Mueang Chiang Mai, San Sai, Doi Saket, Mae On of Chiang Mai Province and Ban Thi of Lamphun province. History The district dates back to khwaeng Mae Om, which was established in 1902. In 1923 the district was renamed San Kamphaeng. Administration The district is divided into 10 sub-districts (tambons), which are further subdivided into 100 villages (mubans). There are two townships (thesaban tambons). San Kamphaeng covers parts of tambons San Kamphaeng and Chae Chang, and the entire tambon Sai Mun. Ton Pao covers the entire tambon of Ton Pao. There are a further eight tambon administrative organizations (TAO). No. Name Thai name Villages Pop. 1. San Kamphaeng สันกำแพง 14 13,686 2. Sai Mun ทรายมูล 7 4,230 3. Rong Wua Daeng ร้องวัวแดง 11 5,718 4. Buak Khang บวกค้าง 13 7,851 5. Chae Chang แช่ช้าง 9 7,585 6. On Tai ออนใต้ 11 5,371 10. Mae Pu Kha แม่ปูคา 9 5,969 11. Huai Sai ห้วยทราย 8 6,217 12. Ton Pao ต้นเปา 10 11,006 13. San Klang สันกลาง 8 6,088 Numbers 7–9,14,15 are tambons which now belong to Mae On district.

Introduction Chromocene is the organochromium compound with the formula Cr(C5H5)2. Like structurally related metallocenes, chromocene readily sublimes in a vacuum and is soluble in non-polar organic solvents. It is more formally known as bis(η5-cyclopentadienyl)chromium(II). Synthesis Ernst Otto Fischer, who shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for work on sandwich compounds, first described the synthesis of chromocene. One simple method of preparation involves the reaction of chromium(II) chloride with sodium cyclopentadienide: :CrCl2 + 2 NaC5H5 → Cr(C5H5)2 + 2 NaCl Such syntheses are typically conducted in tetrahydrofuran. Decamethylchromocene, CrC5(CH3)52, can be prepared analogously from LiC5(CH3)5. Chromocene can also be prepared from chromium(III) chloride in a redox process: :2 CrCl3 + 6 NaC5H5 → 2 Cr(C5H5)2 + C10H10 + 6 NaCl Structure and bonding The structure of chromocene has been verified by X-ray crystallography. The average Cr–C bond length is 215.1(13) pm. Each molecule contains an atom of chromium bound between two planar systems of five carbon atoms known as cyclopentadienyl (Cp) rings in a sandwich arrangement, which is the reason its formula is often abbreviated as Cp2Cr. Chromocene is structurally similar to ferrocene, the prototype for the metallocene class of compounds. Electron diffraction studies suggest that the Cp rings in chromocene are eclipsed (point group D5h) rather than staggered (point group D5d), though the energy barrier to rotation is small. With only 16 valence electrons, it does not follow the 18-electron rule. It is a paramagnetic compound. Reactions The main reactivity associated with chromocene follow from it being highly reducing and the lability of the Cp ligands. The complex exhibits diverse reactions, usually involving displacement of one cyclopentadienyl ring. Carbonylation has been examined in detail, leads ultimately to chromium hexacarbonyl. An intermediate is cyclopentadienylchromium tricarbonyl dimer: :2 Cr(C5H5)2 + 6 CO → Cr(C5H5)(CO)32 + "(C5H5)2" Chromocene provides a convenient route for preparing the anhydrous form of chromium(II) acetate, a useful precursor to other chromium(II) compounds. The reaction involves the displacement of cyclopentadienyl ligands by the formation of cyclopentadiene: : 4 CH3CO2H + 2 Cr(C5H5)2 → Cr2(O2CCH3)4 + 4 C5H6 Chromocene decomposes on contact with silica gel to give the Union Carbide catalyst for ethylene polymerization, although other synthetic routes exist for the formation of this important catalyst. Safety Chromocene is highly reactive toward air and could ignite upon exposure to the atmosphere.

Introduction Robert Richardson Jr. is an American professional stock car racing driver. He began driving at the Richard Petty Driving Experience and Team Texas Driving School at Texas Motor Speedway in 2002. He was runner-up in Rookie of the Year honors the following season in Romco Super Late Models. In 2004, he made his Automobile Racing Club of America debut at Chicagoland Speedway. He is a former quarterback at Southern Methodist University. Racing career Richardson leaves pit road during the 2007 Ford 300. Richardson made his NASCAR debut in the 2005 Las Vegas 350, driving the No. 24 Chevrolet Silverado for Mighty Motorsports in the Craftsman Truck Series. He started 35th and finished 29th, seven laps down. He ran two more races that season. During the off-season, he purchased equipment from Ultra Motorsports and formed his own team to compete for NASCAR Rookie of the Year honors in the No. 1 Chevrolet. He failed to qualify for five races, had a best finish of 16th at Talladega Superspeedway and ended up 30th in season points. His team reportedly shut down after the season ended. In 2007, Richardson moved up to the NASCAR Busch Series, driving the No. 28 Chevrolet Monte Carlo for Jay Robinson Racing (JRR). He made sixteen starts and finished 46th in points, with a best finish of 19th at Talladega Superspeedway. He signed with Robinson to drive the No. 4 Chevrolet at least 20 races for JRR in 2008, but he was released. Later that summer, he formed his own team with his father and Rob Fuller, and has driven the No. 23 team for them since. He shared the No. 23 with Ken Butler III in 2009, and also drove the No. 0 part-time for JD Motorsports. Richardson ran the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series race at Talladega for Tommy Baldwin Racing; he finished 18th this was the best finish for Tommy Baldwin's team in the Sprint Cup in 2009 debut, the team start and parked for most of the season. Richardson ran four races for Front Row Motorsports in 2010; he also drove the No. 92 Dodge at the Sprint Showdown for Brian Keselowski. Richardson ran the 2011 Daytona 500 in the No. 37 Front Row Motorsports Ford with sponsorship from North Texas Pipes, while running the majority of the NASCAR Nationwide Series schedule in 2011. In 2012, he attempted to qualify for the Daytona 500 in a family-owned No. 23 Toyota, but failed to make the field. Richardson ran the 2013 DRIVE4COPD 300 in the No. 23 car to 9th place, his best career finish, and ran a limited schedule for the remainder of the year. Richardson's 2016 Cup car for BK Racing In 2016, Richardson returned to the Cup Series for the Daytona 500. He would drive the No. 26 car for BK Racing. Despite not being locked into the race due to his team not possessing a charter (which would have guaranteed his team a spot in the 500), Richardson was able to finish 18th in the second Can-Am Duel to qualify for the 500. Motorsports career results NASCAR (key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.) Sprint Cup Series NASCAR Sprint Cup Series results Year Team No. Make 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Pts Ref 2009 Tommy Baldwin Racing 36 Toyota DAY CAL LVS ATL BRI MAR TEX PHO TAL RCH DAR CLT DOV POC MCH SON NHA DAY CHI IND POC GLN MCH BRI ATL RCH NHA DOV KAN CAL CLT MAR TAL18 TEX PHO HOM 59th 109 2010 Front Row Motorsports 38 Ford DAY31 CAL LVS ATL BRI MAR PHO TEX 54th 301 37 TAL26 RCH DAR DOV CLT POC MCH SON NHA DAY23 CHI IND POC GLN MCH BRI ATL RCH NHA DOV KAN CAL CLT MAR 34 TAL37 TEX PHO HOM 2011 37 DAY38 PHO LVS BRI CAL MAR TEX TAL RCH DAR DOV CLT KAN POC MCH SON DAY KEN NHA IND POC GLN MCH BRI ATL RCH CHI NHA DOV KAN CLT TAL MAR TEX PHO HOM 77th 01 2012 R3 Motorsports 23 Toyota DAYDNQ PHO LVS BRI CAL MAR TEX KAN RCH TAL27 DAR CLT DOV POC MCH SON KEN DAYDNQ NHA IND POC GLN MCH BRI ATL RCH CHI NHA DOV TAL35 CLT KAN MAR TEX PHO HOM 68th 01 2016 BK Racing 26 Toyota DAY38 ATL LVS PHO CAL MAR TEX BRI RCH TAL KAN DOV CLT POC MCH SON DAY KEN NHA IND POC GLN BRI MCH DAR RCH CHI NHA DOV CLT KAN TAL MAR TEX PHO HOM 51st 3 Season still in progress Ineligible for series points Daytona 500 Year Team Manufacturer Start Finish 2010 Front Row Motorsports Ford 37 31 2011 28 38 2012 R3 Motorsports Toyota DNQ 2016 BK Racing Toyota 40 38 Nationwide Series NASCAR Nationwide Series results Year Team No. Make 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Pts Ref 2006 Richardson Racing 80 Chevy DAY CAL MXC LVS ATL BRI TEX NSH PHO TAL RCH DAR CLT DOV NSH KEN MLW DAY CHI NHA MAR GTY IRP GLN MCH BRI CAL RCH DOV KAN CLTDNQ MEM TEXDNQ PHO HOMDNQ N/A 0 2007 Jay Robinson Racing 28 Chevy DAY28 CAL MXC LVS ATL BRI NSH31 TAL19 RCH DAR CLT DOV36 NSH30 KEN34 MLW33 NHA39 DAY26 CHI GTY22 IRP27 CGV GLN MCH BRI38 CAL RCH DOV27 KAN CLT MEM31 TEX32 PHO HOM63 46th 1146 Richardson Racing 80 Chevy TEXDNQ PHO 2008 Jay Robinson Racing 4 Chevy DAY31 CAL25 LVS19 ATL32 BRI32 NSH35 TEX29 PHO30 MXC TAL19 RCH34 DAR 45th 1105 R3 Motorsports 23 Chevy CLT38 DOV NSH KEN MLW NHA DAY32 CHIDNQ GTY IRP CGV GLN MCH35 BRI CAL RCH DOV KAN23 CLTDNQ MEM TEX36 PHO HOMDNQ 2009 DAY34 CAL BRI29 TEX24 NSH PHO TAL16 RCH DAR CLT33 DOV NSH21 KEN MLW NHA DAY26 CHI28 GTY IRP IOW GLN MCH24 BRI CGV ATL22 RCH28 DOV KAN22 CAL CLT MEM32 TEX26 PHO HOM 41st 1248 0 LVS34 2010 23 DAY25 CAL33 LVS26 BRI NSH23 PHO TEX23 TAL20 RCH DAR DOV35 CLT23 NSH27 KEN30 ROA NHA27 DAY32 CHI31 GTY IRP15 IOW23 GLN MCH33 BRI28 CGV ATL RCH DOV KAN31 CAL26 CLT33 GTY TEX27 PHO HOM20 27th 1882 2011 Dodge DAY32 PHO24 LVS22 BRI37 CAL29 TEX26 TAL28 NSH34 RCH20 DAR DOV IOW22 CLT36 CHI32 MCH31 ROA DAY31 24th 377 Chevy KEN33 NHA NSH IRP IOW23 GLN CGV BRI ATL26 RCH22 CHI29 DOV KAN CLT30 TEX25 PHO22 HOM22 2012 DAY35 PHO LVS24 BRI CAL21 TEX34 RCH34 TAL26 DAR IOW CLT39 DOV MCH ROA KEN DAY17 NHA CHI IND31 IOW GLN CGV BRI24 ATL31 RCH22 CHI KEN DOV CLT20 KAN39 TEX27 PHO HOM33 28th 248 2013 DAY9 PHO LVS29 BRI27 CAL TEX31 RCH32 TAL20 DAR CLT40 DOV IOW MCH ROA KEN DAY32 NHA CHI IND30 IOW GLN MOH BRI30 ATL25 RCH34 CHI KEN DOV KAN CLT27 TEX28 PHO HOM 32nd 222 2014 DAY38 PHO LVS31 BRI CAL TEX34 DAR RCH TAL32 IOW CLT DOV MCH ROA KEN DAY40 NHA CHI IND32 IOW GLN MOH BRI ATL RCH CHI KEN DOV KAN CLT TEX29 PHO HOM 42nd 72 Camping World Truck Series NASCAR Camping World Truck Series results Year Team No. Make 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Pts Ref 2005 Mighty Motorsports 24 Chevy DAY CAL ATL MAR GTY MFD CLT DOV TEX MCH MLW KAN KEN MEM IRP NSH BRI RCH NHA LVS29 MAR ATL 62nd 216 Maverick Motorsports 82 Chevy TEX28 PHO Richardson Racing 35 Chevy HOM34 2006 1 Dodge DAY17 CAL33 ATL30 MAR28 MFD33 30th 1514 Chevy GTY36 CLTDNQ DOVDNQ TEX23 MCHDNQ MLW33 KAN27 KENDNQ MEM36 IRP30 NSH27 BRI36 NHA36 LVS28 TAL16 MAR24 ATL27 TEX28 PHO34 HOMDNQ 2009 Rob Fuller Motorsports 71 Chevy DAY CAL ATL MAR KAN CLT DOV TEX MCH MLW MEM KEN IRP NSH BRI CHI IOW GTW NHA LVS MAR TAL TEX35 PHO HOM 109th 58 ARCA Re/Max Series (key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.) ARCA Re/Max Series results Year Team No. Make 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Pts Ref 2004 Gerhart Racing 7 Pontiac DAY NSH SLM KEN TOL CLT KAN POC MCH SBO BLN KEN GTW POC LER NSH ISF TOL DSF CHI SLM TAL 142nd 130 2005 Richardson Racing 33 Ford DAY 46th 755 Chevy NSH SLM 56 Ford KEN TOL LAN MIL POC MCH KAN KEN BLN POC Bob Schacht Motorsports 75 Ford GTW LER NSH MCH ISF TOL DSF CHI SLM TAL Simko-Schacht Racing 45 Ford TAL

Introduction The Sweden men's national handball team is controlled by the Swedish Handball Association. Its most successful periods were under coaches Curt Wadmark (1948–1967) and Bengt Johansson (1988–2004). The team under Bengt Johansson, nicknamed Bengan Boys in Sweden, is regarded as one of the finest national teams in the history of the sport with players like Tomas Svensson, Staffan Olsson, Magnus Wislander and Stefan Lövgren. From 1990 through 2002 the team reached the medal round in every championship (6 World Championships, 5 European Championships and 3 Olympic Games, earning 13 medals in total) and qualified for a record 8 championship finals in a row 1996–2002. Sweden is the most successful nation at the European Men's Handball Championship with 5 titles, and has won the most medals in the history of the World Men's Handball Championship with a total tally of 12 medals (as of 2023, this is a record shared with France). Conversely, Sweden has yet to win an Olympic title despite participating in 4 finals (Sweden participated in the 1952 Summer Olympics in a demonstration match, defeating Denmark 19–11). The team has also won the World Cup 3 times, the Supercup 2 times, and were Intercontinental Cup winners in 2000. Honours Competition Total Olympic Games 0 4 0 4 World Championship 4 4 4 12 European Championship 5 1 0 6 Total 9 9 4 22 Competitive record Champions   Runners-up   Third place   Fourth place   Olympic Games Games Round Position 1936 Berlin did not enter Not held from 1948 to 1968 1972 Munich Match for 7th place 7th of 16 6 2 2 2 82 87 −5 1976 Montreal did not qualify 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles Match for 5th place 5th of 12 6 4 0 2 145 134 +11 1988 Seoul Match for 5th place 5th of 12 6 4 0 2 133 109 +24 1992 Barcelona Runners-up 2nd of 12 7 6 0 1 165 130 +35 1996 Atlanta Runners-up 2nd of 12 7 6 0 1 182 141 +41 2000 Sydney Runners-up 2nd of 12 8 7 0 1 240 197 +43 2004 Athens did not qualify 2008 Beijing 2012 London Runners-up 2nd of 12 8 5 0 3 228 186 +42 2016 Rio de Janeiro Group stage 11th of 12 5 1 0 4 132 131 +1 2020 Tokyo Quarterfinals 5th of 12 6 4 0 2 177 176 +1 2024 Paris to be determined 2028 Los Angeles Total 9/14 0 Titles 59 39 2 18 1484 1291 +193 World Championship World Championship record Year Round Position 1938 Germany Third place 3rd of 4 3 1 0 2 8 13 −5 1954 Sweden Champions 1st of 6 3 3 0 0 56 36 +20 1958 East Germany Champions 1st of 16 6 6 0 0 138 74 +64 1961 West Germany Third place 3rd of 12 6 5 0 1 89 73 +16 1964 Czechoslovakia Runners-up 2nd of 16 6 3 0 3 104 90 +14 1967 Sweden Match for 5th place 5th of 16 6 4 0 2 118 112 +6 1970 France Match for 5th place 6th of 16 6 3 0 3 69 68 +1 1974 East Germany Preliminary round 10th of 16 6 3 0 3 111 113 −2 1978 Denmark Second round 8th of 16 6 2 0 4 121 125 −4 1982 West Germany Second round 11th of 16 7 2 1 4 159 157 +2 1986 Switzerland Fourth place 4th of 16 7 5 0 2 174 153 +21 1990 Czechoslovakia Champions 1st of 16 7 6 0 1 177 143 +34 1993 Sweden Third place 3rd of 16 7 6 0 1 166 136 +30 1995 Iceland Third place 3rd of 24 9 8 0 1 251 201 +50 1997 Japan Runners-up 2nd of 24 9 7 0 2 253 187 +66 1999 Egypt Champions 1st of 24 9 8 1 0 282 202 +80 2001 France Runners-up 2nd of 24 9 8 0 1 263 207 +56 2003 Portugal Second round 13th of 24 7 5 0 2 204 191 +13 2005 Tunisia Main round 11th of 24 9 4 1 4 275 234 +41 2007 Germany did not qualify 2009 Croatia Main round 7th of 24 9 6 0 3 277 232 +45 2011 Sweden Fourth place 4th of 24 10 6 0 4 272 241 +31 2013 Spain did not qualify 2015 Qatar Round of 16 10th of 24 6 3 1 2 157 133 +24 2017 France Quarter-finals 6th of 24 7 5 0 2 233 166 +67 2019 Denmark/Germany Main round 5th of 24 9 7 0 2 273 222 +51 2021 Egypt Runners-up 2nd of 32 9 6 2 1 276 218 +58 2023 Poland/Sweden Fourth place 4th of 32 9 7 0 2 299 237 +62 2025 Croatia/Denmark/Norway To be determined 2027 Germany Total 26/28 4 Titles 187 129 6 52 4803 3964 +839 European Championship European Championship record Year Round Position 1994 Portugal Champions 1st of 12 7 7 0 0 172 133 +39 1996 Spain Fourth place 4th of 12 7 4 0 3 170 156 +14 1998 Italy Champions 1st of 12 7 6 0 1 182 158 +24 2000 Croatia Champions 1st of 12 7 7 0 0 198 167 +31 2002 Sweden Champions 1st of 16 8 7 0 1 235 191 +44 2004 Slovenia Main round 7th of 16 7 4 0 3 211 203 +8 2006 Switzerland did not qualify 2008 Norway Match for 5th place 5th of 16 7 4 1 2 208 190 +18 2010 Austria Preliminary round 15th of 16 3 0 0 3 78 84 −6 2012 Serbia Main round 12th of 16 6 1 2 3 157 168 −11 2014 Denmark Main round 7th of 16 6 4 0 2 166 158  +8 2016 Poland Match for 7th place 8th of 16 7 2 2 3 173 168 +5 2018 Croatia Runners-up 2nd of 16 8 4 0 4 218 216 +2 2020 Austria/Norway/Sweden Main round 7th of 24 7 4 0 3 182 169 +13 2022 Hungary/Slovakia Champions 1st of 24 9 7 1 1 252 221 +31 2024 Germany Qualified 2026 Denmark/Norway/Sweden Qualified as co-host 2028 Portugal/Spain/Switzerland To be determined Total 14/15 5 titles 96 61 6 29 2602 2382 +220 :*Denotes draws include knockout matches decided on penalty throws. :**Gold background color indicates that the tournament was won. Red border color indicates tournament was held on home soil. Team Current squad Squad for the 2023 World Championship. Appearances and goals correct as of 9 January 2023. Head coach: Glenn Solberg Notable players Per Carlén Björn "Lurch" Andersson Bengt Johansson Stefan Lövgren Mats Olsson Staffan Olsson Magnus Wislander Ljubomir Vranjes Pierre Thorsson Magnus Andersson Ola Lindgren Erik Hajas Johan Petersson Peter Gentzel Tomas Svensson Kim Andersson Martin Frändesjö Coaches # Coaches Period 1 Herbert Johansson 1938–1948 2 Curt Wadmark 1948–1967 3 Roland Mattsson 1967–1974 4 Bertil Andersén 1974–1979 5 Ingemar Eriksson 1979–1980 6 Caj-Åke Andersson 1980–1982 7 Roger "Ragge" Carlsson 1982–1988 8 Bengt "Bengan" Johansson 1988–2004 9 Ingemar Linnéll 2004–2008 10 Ola Lindgren & Staffan Olsson 2008–2016 11 Kristján Andrésson 2016–2020 12 Glenn Solberg 2020– World & European Records World Records Longest undefeated streak in international championships (25 matches, Euro 1998 - 2000 Olympic Games). Longest medal round streak in major championships (14 tournaments, 1990-2002). Longest medal round streak in the World Championships (7 tournaments, 1986-2001). 8 consecutive finals in international championships (1996-2002). Most World Championship finals (8 - shared with France). 3 consecutive World Championship finals (1997, 1999, 2001 - shared with Denmark). European Records Most finals reached in international championships (18). Most medals in international competition (22 - shared with France). 3 consecutive gold medals at the European championship (1998, 2000, 2002). Other merits First European nation to win a major championship title three times in a row (Euro 1998, Euro 2000, Euro 2002). 3 x winners of the World Cup (1992, 1996, 2004) 2 x winners of the Supercup (1993, 2005) 1 x winners of the Intercontinental Cup (2000) The first IHF World Champion (1954 - indoor handball) (Germany's 1938 victory was under the IAHF). The first EHF European Champion (1994). Defeated Denmark 18-12 in Copenhagen in the first ever international indoor handball game (8 March 1935). Kit supplier From 2004 to 2015 Sweden's kits were supplied by Adidas, and 2016-2019 by Kempa. The current supplier is Craft.

Introduction Ligny-en-Barrois is a commune in the Meuse department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. The town is in the arrondissement of Bar-le-Duc, beside the canal that links the rivers Rhine and Marne, fifteen kilometres to the south east of Bar-le-Duc: it is the administrative seat of the canton Ligny-en-Barrois. The population comprises 4,018 inhabitants (2019) and the area of Ligny is 32.26 km². The inhabitants are called in French Linéens. A principal employer is the French Evobus motor bus assembly plant. Ligny is also the home town of the Essilor company which specialises in ophthalmic lens production. Population Twin towns – sister cities Ligny-en-Barrois is twinned with: Aichtal, Germany (1998)

Introduction A group of students performing wais Ronald McDonald mascot in Thailand performing wai The Thai greeting referred to as the wai consists of a slight bow, with the palms pressed together in a prayer-like fashion. It has its origin in the Indian Añjali Mudrā, like the Indian namaste and Burmese mingalaba. The higher the hands are held in relation to the face and the lower the bow, the more respect or reverence the giver of the wai is showing. The wai is traditionally observed upon formally entering a house. After the visit is over, the visitor asks for permission to leave and repeats the salutation made upon entering. The wai is also common as a way to express gratitude or to apologise. Origins The wai gesture originated in Buddhism and has similar origins as namaste in Hinduism. It was basically a yogic posture of the palms and signifies the equal meeting of the two palms. It means that the other party is treated as an equal human being. The word often spoken with the wai as a greeting or farewell is "sawatdi" (RTGS for , , sometimes romanized as sawasdee). This verbal greeting is usually followed by "kha" when spoken by a female and by "khrap" when spoken by a male person (see note on Thai polite particles). The word sawatdi was coined in the mid-1930s by Phraya Upakit Silapasan of Chulalongkorn University. Derived from the Sanskrit svasti, it had previously been used in Thai only as a formulaic opening to inscriptions. The strongly nationalist government of Plaek Phibunsongkhram in the early–1940s promoted its use in the government bureaucracy as well as the wider populace as part of a wider set of cultural edicts to modernise Thailand. Usage Waiing remains to this day an extremely important part of social behavior among Thais, who are very sensitive to their self-perceived standing in society. It is also frequently used as an accompaniment to an apology, sometimes even serving as a "get out of jail free card". Foreign tourists and other visitors unaccustomed to the intricacies of Thai language and culture should not wai someone younger than them except in return for their wai. However, one should always return a wai that is offered as a sign of respect. Corporate wais, such as those performed by convenience store cashiers, generally are reciprocated with a smile or a nod. If one receives a wai while carrying goods, or for any reason that makes returning it difficult, one should still show their respect by making a physical effort to return it as well as possible under the circumstances. Similar gestures in other countries Pranāma or Namaste, the part of ancient Indian culture has propagated to Southeast Asia, which was part of indosphere of greater India, through the spread of Hinduism and Buddhism from India. It has influenced the following nations. In Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar, similar greetings—called sampeah, nop, and mingalaba, respectively—are also in use. In Indonesia, wai-like gestures are in use in various parts of the country, in the royal courts of Java it is called sembah, and also common in Lombok and Bali, where Hinduism and Buddhism is or has been widely practiced. In Bali the greeting word spoken during the sembah is om swastiastu, which is equivalent to sawatdee in Thai. Both originated from the Sanskrit svasti. In Sanskrit svasti means "safe, happy, and prosperous", and astu means "be it so". Thus Om Swastiastu means: "Oh God, I hope all goodness (safety, happiness, and prosperity) comes from all directions." In Malaysia and Brunei, it was historically used to convey thanks or salutations to a patron or higher personage, with the hands raised to a level in accordance with the rank or caste of the individual to whom it was directed. It is still used in the presence of Malaysian or Bruneian royalty. In the Philippines, although not used as a greeting gesture, similar wai-like gestures (the clasping of both hands at the stomach-level, chest-level or chin-level) are used to convey heartfelt gratitude to a helper or benefactor, especially if that benefactor's social status is above that of the one who is assisted. This has its origins in the pre-Hispanic and pre-Islamic Hindu-Buddhist beliefs and customs of the archipelago. It is still used as a salutation before and after the pangalay dance of the Tausug and Bajau peoples of the Sulu Archipelago. In South India and Sri Lanka, a similar gesture is used to greet. In Tamil for instance, the greeting expression Vanakkam, meaning greeting, is derived from the root word vanangu (வணங்கு), meaning to bow or to greet. In Sinhalese, "Ayubowan", meaning, "may you live longer", is used. The gesture is commonly used to greet people in India.

Introduction Wizzard Brew is the debut album by rock group Wizzard, released in 1973 on EMI's Harvest label. It reached a peak of No. 29 in the UK Albums Chart. In the United States, it was released by United Artists Records as Wizzard's Brew but failed to chart there. In 2003, Mojo magazine ranked it number 18 on its list of the "Top 50 Eccentric Albums". Release The original release included an insert with song lyrics on one side and photos of the band members on the other. It was reissued on CD in 1999 but soon deleted. An expanded remastered edition, including the four A-side and B-sides of the group's singles tracks, was released on CD in November 2006. Reception Stephen Thomas Erlewine, in a retrospective review for AllMusic, felt that Roy Wood differentiated between the accessibility of Wizzard's singles and the "real art" of Wizzard Brew. Wood frequently used ring modulation to give the instruments a harsh, distorted sound. Critical and popular reaction was mixed. Track listing All songs written by Roy Wood, except where noted #"You Can Dance the Rock 'n' Roll" – 4:36 #"Meet Me at the Jailhouse" – 13:30 #"Jolly Cup of Tea" – 2:08 #"Buffalo Station - Get On Down to Memphis" – 7:30 #"Gotta Crush (About You)" – 3:37 #"Wear a Fast Gun" – 9:10 2006 bonus tracks #"Ball Park Incident" ('A') - 3:42 #"The Carlsberg Special (Pianos Demolished Phone 021 373 4472)" (Bill Hunt) ('B') - 4:16 #"See My Baby Jive" ('A') - 5:01 #"Bend Over Beethoven" - (Hugh McDowell) ('B') - 4:42 #"Angel Fingers" ('A') - 4:39 #"You Got the Jump on Me" - (Rick Price) ('B') - 6:28 #"Rob Roy's Nightmare (A Bit More H.A.)" - (Mike Burney) ('B') - 3:47 #"I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday" ('A') - 4:48 iTunes bonus track #"Meet Me at the Jailhouse" (US Insert) - 0:47 #Included as a hidden track on the CD reissues Personnel Roy Wood – vocal, electric and acoustic guitars, sitar, cello, bassoon, baritone saxophone, string bass, B-flat bass tuba, trombone, recorder, percussion Rick Price – bass guitar, vocals, percussion Bill Hunt – piano, harpsichord, French horn, trumpet, flugelhorn, tenor horn, bugle, euphonium, E flat tuba, little glass, backing vocals Hugh 'H' McDowell – cello and ARP synthesizer Nick Pentelow – tenor saxophone, clarinet, flute, bass backing vocals Mike Burney – alto, tenor, baritone and synthesized saxes, clarinet, flute Keith Smart – drums Charlie Grima – drums, congas, percussion The Cowbag Choir Charts Chart (1973) Peak position Australia (Kent Music Report) 50 United Kingdom (Official Charts Company) 29

Introduction Lidköpings Mekaniska Verkstads AB is an engineering manufacturer in Lidköping, Sweden. It has been a subsidiary of Motala Verkstad Group AB (MVG) since December 2019. The company was founded in 1875. It originally produced many different components and machines that were resold to the industry. They had plans for automobile production and in 1923 a prototype had been made. The design was by Åke W Eklund. The car was impressive with its low weight (475 kg) and details well suited for the bad Swedish roads of the time. The car was powered by a French four-cylinder CIMA engine with a Cozette carburettor. The car proved to be reliable, strong and with high acceleration. The plan was to have various sub-contractors making the parts for the car and then having the parts assembled at the LMV plant. Via SKF, Assar Gabrielsson, later founder of Volvo, had many contacts with LMV, and it is possible that it was from LMV he got the idea to use several subcontractors. LMV had parts made for two other cars, but a change of owner of the company meant that they were never assembled and no production was ever started. SKF bought its first grinding machine from LMV in 1908, which led to the companies being merged in 1929. From the year 2000, LMV was part of KMT Group (Karolin Machine Tool AB). LMV then became a wholly owned subsidiary of LMT (Lidköping Machine Tools), both of which were part of the KMT group. In March 2008, LMV was acquired by Norekon Invest AB, which owned engineering company Noremech AB. In December 2019, LMV was acquired by Motala Verkstad Group AB (MVG).

Introduction The red hake or squirrel hake, Urophycis chuss, is a species of phycid hake. It is found in the Atlantic Ocean at depths between 10 and 500 m. It grows to about 30 in (75 cm) and 7 lb (3.2 kg). Red hake are edible, and are sought out by recreational fisherman as a gamefish. About Red hake are distributed from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to North Carolina. They are most abundant from the western Gulf of Maine to southern New England. Red hake prefer water temperatures between 5 and 12 °C, causing them to migrate seasonally. Throughout the spring and summer, they migrate into more shallow waters to spawn. During winter, they tend to move to deeper waters offshore in the Gulf of Maine and along southern New England and Georges Bank all the way to wrecks off the coast of New Jersey. Red hake spawn from May until November. Appearance Depending on the environment, red hake vary in color. Most tend to be a reddish brown to olive-brown color on their sides with pale tan spots. Underneath, they vary in shades of white. Red hake have a barbel on their chin as they are a member of the hake family. Their dorsal fin is triangular, but their second dorsal and anal fins are long, continuous, and do not attach to the tail fin, much like an eel. The head is small, but has a large mouth with many small teeth.

Introduction Timiryazevskaya is a station on the Serpukhovsko–Timiryazevskaya line of the Moscow Metro. It is named after the neighboring Timiryazev Agricultural Academy. Its depth is 63.5 m; it is the only deep level single-vault type station and the third deepest in the Moscow Metro, after Park Pobedy and Fonvizinskaya. It was opened on March 7, 1991, as a part of a major northern extension of the line. It was the deepest station in Moscow Metro from 1991 until opening of Park Pobedy in 2003. Timiryazevskaya has exits to Dmitrovskoye Highway and the Timiryazevskaya station of the Savyolovo railway. The station provides transfer to commuter trains serving destinations to the north of Moscow. The eponymous western terminus of the Moscow Monorail line is located near the entrance to the station. Daily passenger flow is about 60,000.

Introduction Richard George Green is an Australian professional golfer. Early life Green was born in Williamstown, Melbourne, Victoria. Professional career Green turned professional in 1992, and joined the PGA Tour of Australasia the same year. He has been a member of the European Tour since 1996, with his first win coming at the 1997 Dubai Desert Classic, where he became the first left-hander to win on the European Tour since Bob Charles at the Swiss Open in 1974. His consistent performances in 2004 took him to a career best European Tour Order of Merit finish of 17th. That same year he won the MasterCard Masters, which is one of Australia's most prestigious tournaments, and also topped the PGA Tour of Australasia's Order of Merit. In 2007 he won his second European Tour event at the BA-CA Golf Open in Austria. Green previously held a share of the course record at Carnoustie with a 64, achieved in the final round of the 2007 Open Championship. (This record was later beaten by Tommy Fleetwood who shot a 63 at the Alfred Dunhill Links Championship in 2017.) The round saw him jump 27 places on the last day of the tournament to finish in a tie for 4th with Ernie Els. He has featured in the top 30 of the Official World Golf Ranking. Personal life Green is also a keen motor racing fan and owns a Porsche 911 racing car in which he has competed in the Australian GT Championship on occasion as touring schedules allow, including racing on the support card of the 2009 Australian Grand Prix. Among the cars he has owned in the past (and has since sold) included the Bathurst 1000 winning Perkins Engineering Holden Commodore, Perkins Engineering Chassis 027. Professional wins (9) European Tour wins (3) No. Date Tournament Winning score Margin ofvictory Runner(s)-up 1 2 Mar 1997 Dubai Desert Classic −16 (70-68-66-68=272) Playoff Greg Norman, Ian Woosnam 2 10 Jun 2007 BA-CA Golf Open −16 (66-65-67-70=268) Playoff Jean-François Remésy 3 17 Oct 2010 Portugal Masters −18 (70-66-69-65=270) 2 strokes Gonzalo Fernández-Castaño, Robert Karlsson, Joost Luiten, Francesco Molinari European Tour playoff record (2–2) No. Year Tournament Opponent(s) Result 1 1997 Dubai Desert Classic Greg Norman, Ian Woosnam Won with birdie on first extra hole 2 2006 KLM Open Simon Dyson Lost to birdie on first extra hole 3 2007 BA-CA Golf Open Jean-François Remésy Won with par on first extra hole 4 2014 Open de España Miguel Ángel Jiménez, Thomas Pieters Jiménez won with par on first extra hole PGA Tour of Australasia wins (2) No. Date Tournament Winning score Margin ofvictory Runner(s)-up 1 12 Dec 2004 MasterCard Masters −17 (69-67-68-67=271) Playoff Greg Chalmers, David McKenzie 2 8 Feb 2015 Oates Vic Open −16 (66-72-67-67=272) Playoff Nick Cullen PGA Tour of Australasia playoff record (2–0) No. Year Tournament Opponent(s) Result 1 2004 MasterCard Masters Greg Chalmers, David McKenzie Won with birdie on first extra hole 2 2015 Oates Vic Open Nick Cullen Won with birdie on second extra hole Other wins (2) 1994 New Caledonian Open 1996 New Caledonian Open European Senior Tour wins (2) No. Date Tournament Winning score Margin ofvictory Runner-up 1 12 Jun 2022 Jersey Legends −10 (67-68-71=206) Playoff Paul Lawrie 2 17 Jul 2022 WINSTONgolf Senior Open −8 (68-72-68=208) Playoff Phillip Archer European Senior Tour playoff record (2–0) No. Year Tournament Opponent Result 1 2022 Jersey Legends Paul Lawrie Won with par on third extra hole 2 2022 WINSTONgolf Senior Open Phillip Archer Won with birdie on fifth extra hole Results in major championships Tournament 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Masters Tournament CUT U.S. Open T52 CUT The Open Championship CUT CUT T42 T59 CUT T32 CUT T4 T32 CUT T16 PGA Championship CUT T37 T40 71 T60 CUT CUT = missed the half-way cut "T" = tied Summary Tournament Wins 2nd 3rd Top-5 Top-10 Top-25 Events Cuts made Masters Tournament 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 U.S. Open 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 The Open Championship 0 0 0 1 1 2 11 6 PGA Championship 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 Totals 0 0 0 1 1 2 20 11 Most consecutive cuts made – 3 (2006 PGA – 2007 PGA) Longest streak of top-10s – 1 Results in The Players Championship Tournament 2005 The Players Championship T46 "T" indicates a tie for a place Results in World Golf Championships Tournament 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Match Play R64 R64 R64 R64 R64 Championship T28 T51 T51 Invitational 67 T30 T43 T37 Champions QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play "T" = Tied Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009. Team appearances Amateur Australian Men's Interstate Teams Matches (representing Victoria): 1990, 1991, 1992 Professional World Cup (representing Australia): 1998, 2008, 2011

Introduction right Phansad Wildlife Sanctuary is a wildlife sanctuary in the Murud and Roha talukas of Raigad district, Maharashtra state, India. It was created in 1986 to preserve some of the coastal woodland ecosystem of the Western Ghats and consists of of forest, grasslands and wetlands. The area was once part of the hunting reserves of the princely state of Murud-Janjira. Geography The Phansad Wildlife Sanctuary is located some from Mumbai. It is situated between Roha, Murud-Janjira and Alibaug talukas of Raigarh district. There are four main trails through the sanctuary that takes in the main waterholes, Ghunyacha Maal, Chikhalgaan and Phansadgaan, that are some of the best places to see wildlife. The "Sacred Grove" (Devrai) is located near Supegaon. Pockets of open grassland, called maals, occur throughout the sanctuary. The places of natural water sources in the sanctuary are called "Gaan". The sanctuary is best approachable by road from Murud-Janjira and Roha. The nearest rail head is Roha. History Before independence this sanctuary was private hunting Game reserve of Siddhi Nawab of Janjira State in Murud-Janjira. The entire area was notified as deemed reserved forest under section 4 of Indian forest Act, 1927 . The major part of the present day sanctuary was a part of Phansad working Circle.The sanctuary was declared on 25-2-1986 vide Government of Maharashtra notification WLP/1085/CR-75/F-5 Dt. 25.2.1986. The final notification declaring eco sensitive zone around the Phansad sanctuary was made by Government vide Notification 105.S.O. 1603 (E) dated 17.05.2017. The Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ) is spread over an area of 10.96 km2 around the sanctuary. About 43 villages of Murud taluka and Roha taluka are part of the eco-sensitive zone. The management plan for Phansad wildlife sanctuary is approved vide letter Desk-22(8)/WL/M Plan/CR-166 Part14/2988/17-18 on 21/12/2017 for the year 2016–17 to 20125-26 by the Government of India Ecosystems coastal woodland ecosystem of the Western Ghats Biodiversity The sanctuary is rich in flora and fauna. The forest types are semi-evergreen, evergreen, Mixed deciduous and dry deciduous forests and grasslands and coast. Faunal diversity The sanctuary has a small population of Indian giant squirrel which is fragmented from the Western ghats. The fauna include 16 species of mammals, more than 200 species of birds, 17 reptiles, 47 insects and 27 marine invertebrates. The White-rumped vulture (Gyps bengalensis) which is noted as critically endangered is also found in the sanctuary. Representative fauna include: Indian giant squirrel (Ratufa indica) Indian muntjac (barking deer) Indian Gaur (Bos Gaurus) Dhole ("Cuon alpinus") Indian leopard (Panthera pardus) Indian pangolin ("Manis crassicaudata") Sambar (Cervus unicolour) Lesser false vampire bat ("Megaderma spasma") Mouse deer (Tragulus meminna) Python ("Python molurus") Bombay earth snake (Uropeltis macrolepis) Giri's bronzeback tree snake ("Dendrelaphis girii") Southern Birdwing ("Troides minos") Avifauna includes: Sri Lanka frogmouth Spot-bellied eagle-owl Floral diversity The forest on the top hill of the sanctuary are evergreen which include mostly Anjan (Memecylon umbellatum), Phansada (Garcinia talbootii) while those on the slopes are dry deciduous which include ain, kinjal, teak, hirda, jamba, mango, and various ficus. The sanctuary has 710 species of Plants which include 179 species of trees, 66shrubs, 141 herbs etc. (Marathe 2004). Gallery Animals in the Sanctuary File:Common baron female.JPG File:Echis carinatus(Saw Scaled Viper) Phansad.jpg File:Black Prince.jpg File:Nyctibatrachus spp.jpg Emigrants (UN).jpg Tawny coster1.jpg

Introduction Thale Ban National Park is a forested area south of the Banthat Mountains in southern Thailand, in the south of Satun Province bordering Malaysia; it borders Taman Negeri Perlis park. The park was established on 27 October 1980. It covers an area of 122,500 rai ~ of Khuan Don and Mueang Satun districts. The nearest town to the park is Satun, west of the park and approximately southwest of park headquarters. Geography The park is located around a valley which formed the historic link between Thailand and Malaysia. According to local lore, 300 years ago an earthquake formed the lake in the valley, probably due to a landslide which created a natural dam. Submerged trees found in the lake seem to confirm this story. The limestone hills contain several caves. Tham Ton Din is a river cave near park headquarters. The highest elevation within the park is Chin Mountain with an elevation of . Flora and fauna The park features forest types including tropical rain forest, mixed deciduous forest and coastal mangrove forests. The rain forest is home to species of Dipterocarpus, Hopea, Shorea, Parashorea, Alstonia, Caryota and Calamus. The deciduous forest, unusual in southern Thailand, has species of Caryota, Lagerstroemia, Pterocymbium, Vitex, Schima and Dillenia. The coastal forest is home to mangrove species such as Rhizophora mucronata, R. apiculata, Bruguiera cylindrica and species of Avicennia. The park is known to contain 64 mammal species, 282 bird species (including 8 hornbill species), 40 reptile species and 20 amphibian species. Mammals include the endangered Malayan tapir, threatened Sumatran serow and protected marbled cat. Other mammals include tiger, leopard cat and sun bear. Birds in the park include chestnut-bellied malkoha, orange-breasted trogon, Gould's frogmouth, blue-winged pitta, blue-crowned hanging parrot, white-crowned hornbill, oriental pied hornbill, brown boobook, black-and-red broadbill, Asian green broadbill, banded broadbill and hill myna. Reptiles include the common house gecko, large forest gecko, reticulated python, king cobra, soft-shelled turtle and the endangered sunburst turtle.

Introduction right Dinton Castle is located just north of the village of Dinton, in Buckinghamshire and was built as an eyecatcher from the Dinton Hall estate, by Sir John Vanhattern in 1769. He used the castle to exhibit his collection of fossils, ammonites, embedded in the limestone walls. The "sham castle" or folly is a Priority A site with the Heritage at Risk Register and has been a Grade II Listed structure since 1951 when it was in a ruinous state. History Dinton Castle at Oxford Road, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, UK HP17 8TX is located beside a Saxon burial ground. Into the 20th century, various artifacts and skeletons had been found near the structure. Local rumours suggested that the castle was haunted by the seventeenth century hermit John Bigg, who lived until his death in a cave on the property prior to the castle's build. The castle may have been used as servants' quarters for Dinton Hall in the 1800s. At some point it also may have served as a temporary meeting place for a local non-conformist congregation. When Grade II Listed in 1951, the summary stated: "Octagonal plan with circular towers at east and west. 2 storeys, the towers carried up to 3 storeys". In the late 20th century, the castle was added to the English Heritage at Risk Register and onto the council's Buildings at Risk Register. A BBC article indicated the property had been sold in 2012 with another source stating the purchaser was Brett O'Consnor. At this time the castle was still a ruin. Restoration In 2009, the structure was stabilized, new lintels were installed, some windows and the entrance arch were repaired. In 2016, the property was purchased by a Spanish architect, Jaime (or Jimmy) Fernandez, and his English wife Mimi who had grown up near the castle. On 26 Jan 2017 planning permission was granted Fernandez by Aylesbury Vale District Council for the castle's renovation into a two-bedroom dwelling. The 2017-2018 restoration of Dinton Castle into a family home drew media interest. In September 2018 the process of the transformation of the building from a ruin was featured on Channel 4's Grand Designs programme and Grand Design published a series of photographs detailing the results produced by the renovations. The restoration was also featured in an article in the Wall Street Journal. The building was described as follows by Country Life (magazine) in February 2020: Three quirky, octagonal floors rise from almost an acre of Waddesdon Estate countryside, which one can view in its fullest from the panoramic roof terrace. The building houses a sitting room, two en-suite bedrooms and a welcoming kitchen on the ground floor. The renovation cost over £300,000, on top of the original £100,000 purchase price. After the restoration, the castle was home to the Fernandez family, with their two children, for the ensuing five years. The Fernandezes sold the castle in 2021 citing their family had outgrown the property. The new owner made Dinton Castle available on Airbnb in June 2022.

Introduction Joseph Lovitto, Jr. was an American professional baseball player, a center fielder in Major League Baseball who played for the Texas Rangers (1972–1975). He was a switch-hitter and threw right-handed, standing tall and weighing . Career A native of San Pedro, California, Lovitto was a competent outfielder with blazing speed who batted over .300 in his minor league career, but never fulfilled expectations at the Major League level. One of his former managers, Billy Martin, wrote, in his autobiography, that Lovitto could have had a great career if not for injuries. Lovitto started in center field on Opening Day of in the Texas Rangers' inaugural season. In his rookie year he hit .224 (74-for-330) with 19 runs batted in and 13 stolen bases in 117 games played. Then he lost almost the 1973 season with an injured leg, appearing in only 26 games. The following year he hit .223 in 113 games, but in 1975 was put on the disabled list with a variety of major injuries and appeared in just 50 games. He was traded to the New York Mets for Gene Clines on December 12, 1975, but was released during spring training. In a four-season career, Lovitto was a .216 hitter (165-for-763) with four home runs, 53 RBI, and 22 stolen bases in 306 games. Death Lovitto died from cancer in Arlington, Texas, at the age of 50.

Introduction LCRA may refer to: Lower Colorado River Authority, a public utility in Texas, United States Local Community Radio Act, a broadcast law in the United States Liga Colombiana de Radioaficionados, the national amateur radio organization in Colombia The ICAO code for RAF Akrotiri, a military airbase in Akrotiri, Cyprus

Introduction The Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial commenced in the District Court in San Francisco on November 12, 1917, following the uncovering of the :Hindu–German Conspiracy (also known as the Indo German plot) for initiating a revolt in India. It was part of a wave of such incidents which took place in the United States after America's entrance into World War I. In May 1917, eight Indian nationalists of the Ghadar Party were indicted by a federal grand jury on a charge of conspiracy to form a military enterprise against the United Kingdom. The trial lasted from November 20, 1917, to April 24, 1918. The British authorities hoped that the conviction of the Indians would result in their deportation from the United States back to India. However, strong public support in favor of the Indians meant that the U.S. Department of Justice chose not to do so. Background From 1915 to 1917, the British government repeatedly requested that the United States government suppress the activities of Ghadar Party in the USA. However, these requests were turned down, as nothing in U.S. law prevented the Indians from seeking to overthrow the British government. The British ambassador, Cecil Spring Rice, was reluctant to press the matter diplomatically, fearing the political fallout at a time when Britain was working to end US neutrality and bring it into the war on the side of the Allies. Shortly before the outbreak of World War I, the Ghadar intellectual, Lala Hardayal, was arrested for anarchist activities and left the U.S. before he could be deported. With other Indian Nationalists in Europe, he enlisted the aid of Germany, who believed supporting a revolt in India would weaken the United Kingdom. In 1915, Germany offered the Indian Nationalists financial aid for transporting arms and Indians back to India via the United States. The British government claimed that the United States was violating its neutrality with Britain by allowing Germany to conspire with the Indians on American soil. The first of several arrests of the Indian Nationalists were made in the Spring of 1917 with one hundred and five people of various nationalities being arrested. Eventually, thirty-five were tried for conspiracy, including nine Germans, nine Americans, and seventeen Indians. During the war, nativists in the United States were expressing hostility toward certain minority groups, especially radicals and recent immigrants viewing anything un-American with suspicion. By 1917, Germans were the object of much of the American nativistic fervor. Fear of German subversion and conspiracies ran rampant throughout the U.S. after the Black Tom explosion and the Kingsland Explosion, both suspected to have been caused by German agents. Thus by being linked to Germany in a conspiracy, the Indian Nationalists should have been the recipients of the same hostility. Although calls for their deportation were made by government officials after the Hindu-German conspiracy trial, none of the Indian Nationalists were deported. The arrests The arrests started in March 1917, with Chandra Kanta Chakraverty "a thin-faced, falsetto-voiced Hindu, a native of Bengal, and a speaker of many languages", and the German, Ernst Sekunna, being arrested on charges of conspiracy. Most of the others were arrested on April 8, including Franz Bopp, the German Consul General for San Francisco, E. H. von Schack, Deus Dekker and Wilhelm von Brincken. The Indian Nationalists were accused of taking "advantage of American neutrality to plot on American soil against the allies" at "the expense of the laws and hospitality of the United States". The two men had also taken out trade names to do business as The Oriental Society, The Oriental Kitchen,and the Oriental Review, and purchased of land in an isolated part of New York State. The trial Bhai Bhagwan Singh around the time of his arrest in San Francisco in connection with the Hindu-German Conspiracy of 1917 The Hindu German conspiracy trial started in San Francisco on November 20, 1917. Despite attempts to focus on the machinations of the German agents, the Indians presented their position in terms of the ideals of the American Revolution. As the trial started, Jodh Singh, an Indian "whose testimony sent nine men, including his brothers to their death and condemned a score to life imprisonment in the Far East," pleaded with the court for an American square deal. The British had brought Singh to the United States to testify against his fellow Indian Nationalists. He pleaded guilty to the conspiracy charges and was to be a government witness in this trial. But when he took the witness stand, he suddenly refused to testify. He asked to change his plea to stand trial with his "brothers" in an American court. The judge refused his request. Ernst Sekunna and Dr C. Chakraverty The San Francisco Chronicle described the courtroom during the testimony of one of the Government witnesses: The Indians were placed into custody for the remainder of the trial following claims that they had been harassing witnesses by following them and attempting to bribe them. When Dr. Chakraverty's extensive confession was delivered, "the diminutive Hindoo was the target for dark glances from this fellow defendants, the subject of excited whisperings and the recipient of several notes from the Hindoos." One of the defendants even stuffed a wad of paper down Chakraverty's neck. To these notes and "to the dark scowls of his countrymen, Chakraverty responded with a broad grin." Chakraverty was followed by several of the Hindu defendants when he left court. A woman who gave evidence in the trial described how she had met two of the Ghadar activists, Taraknath Das and Lala Hardayal, when all three were at Stanford University. One wanted to "transform her into a modern Joan of Arc, leading the Indians in intrigue against the British." The other wished to "inspire her to be an idealist and a teacher in India." Evidence was also produced of money paid to two American women by HarDayal in an attempt to "lure women to Europe to assist the revolutionists." The prosecution also suggested that Taraknath Das had used Camille de Berri, to store a bomb manual in her safety deposit box. When she was finally located she was revealed to be the Oakland divorcee of a wealthy mining expert and who had recently remarried. Her new husband had been suspended from the University of California, upon graduating, for petty pilfering from gymnasium lockers. De Berri had come to his rescue by heading a special investigating committee to look into the affair and then by testifying as an alibi witness for him. The defense attorney attempted to argue the accuseds' beliefs placed them squarely within American ideals. The opening address to the jury denounced the British Government's rule in India, declaring that the whole case was being tried at the initiation of Britain. Copies of Ram Chandra's Ghadar Party paper were produced quoting liberty appeals by Patrick Henry, George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, and President Woodrow Wilson. The trial ended with a sensational climax when Ram Chandra was shot to death in the courtroom by fellow defendant, Ram Singh. The New York Times described the incident, which occurred just after the court announced a recess: Chandra had been murdered because it was believed he had been diverting Nationalists' funds to his own use. A week later, the judge found the defendants guilty of violating the neutrality of the United States. The Indians, "students and revolutionists, several of them highly educated" were sentenced to serve from twenty-two months to sixty days."

Introduction Ramesh Khanna is an Indian actor and film director who has worked in Tamil cinema. He has acted in a number of supporting and comedian roles. Early life Khanna was born on 20 Nov 1952 in Chennai and third child to the family. He acted in R. S. Manohar's drama troupe from the age of 5 as child artist of more than 1000 dramas up to his age of 10 and was appreciated by Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, President of India at that time. Cinema career He became assistant to directors Karaikudi Narayanan, Pandiarajan (Aan Paavam), Kodi Ramakrishna, Vikraman (Poove Unakkaga, Suryavamsam, Unnai Ninaithu and Priyamana Thozhi) and K.S.Ravikumar. Ravikumar was meant to remake the Telugu film Maavichiguru starring Jagapati Babu and Aamani into Tamil for Sridevi Movie Makers, but his busy schedule meant that he recommended Ramesh Khanna to the producers. The remake was initially titled as Maa Vilakku and was supposed to star Jayaram and Meena, but went through cast changes. The film was revived under new title Thodarum with new cast involving Ajith Kumar, Heera and Devayani. He later started working on a film titled Genius in 2000, but the project eventually was shelved. Only after, director Vikraman introduced him as comedian in Unnidathil Ennai Koduthen, he came to limelight with his amazing comic timing. Khanna has acted in notable roles in films such as Padayappa, Friends, Unnai Ninaithu and Villain. He has also appeared in supporting roles in films such as Thulluvadho Ilamai. Ramesh has written dialogues for Muni and Nam Naadu and written story of the film Aadhavan. Ramesh Khanna is seen in a substantial role in the Ajith starrer Veeram. TV Programs + year Name Role Channel Note 2013 Asathal Arangam Presenter Captain TV 2021 Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal Raghavan Zee Tamil Debut on Television Filmography ;Actor Mundhanai Mudichu Aan Paavam Yetikku Potti as Postman Abhirami Gokulam Naan Pesa Ninaipathellam Athma Captain Muthu Muthukulikka Vaariyala Avvai Shanmughi (1996) Dharma Chakkaram Suryavamsam as Kathiresan Kondattam Kaadhal Mannan Thulli Thirintha Kaalam Unnidathil Ennai Koduthen as Selvam's friend Guru Paarvai as Lingam Amarkalam as Singampuli Nee Varuvai Ena Rojavanam Padayappa as Padayappa's friend Chinna Raja Ullathai Killathe Jodi Thenali as Panchabootham's assistant Koodi Vazhnthal Kodi Nanmai as Ramesh Vetri Kodi Kattu as Sekar's friend Appu Unnai Kodu Ennai Tharuven Annai Vaanathaippola as Hotel Servant Vinnukum Mannukum Star Kunguma Pottu Gounder Kalakalappu as Sreenivasan Krishna Krishna as Sivaramakrishnan Asathal as Victor Rishi as Cheenu Nageswari Friends as Krishnamoorthy Villain as Shiva's friend Saptham as Jagir Unnai Ninaithu as Krishnamoorthy Thulluvadho Ilamai as Mani Panchathantiram as Sardarji, Police Pammal K. Sambandam as Sammandham's friend Naina as Pichu Kadhal Virus as himself Junior Senior I Love You Da as Madhan Gemini as Professor Dhaya Jaya Unnai Paartha Naal Mudhal Saamy as Inspector Paramasivam Paarai as Barber Military as Ganesan Kadhaludan as Ramesh Jayam Priyamaana Thozhi as 'Kaka' Ramesh Indru Mudhal Anjaneya Aasai Aasaiyai Thendral as Sundarakanth Sau Jhooth Ek Sach as Saloon Customer Maha Nadigan Gajendra Attahasam as Surula Arivumani Cheppave Chirugali Priyasakhi Girivalam Vattaram Kodambakkam Keerthi Chakra Kedi Idhaya Thirudan Varalaru as Ramesh Manasu Palike Mouna Raagam Thiru Ranga as Beeda Nam Naadu Vambu Sandai Ini Varum Kaalam Dasavathaaram as Doctor Sila Nerangalil as Photographer Thodakkam Yen Indha Mounam Mariyadhai Aadhavan as Ilayaman Yathumaagi Irumbukkottai Murattu Singam as Jada Gowravargal Uyarthiru 420 Venghai as Thangavelu Policegiri as Wine Shop Owner Ninaithathu Yaaro Murugatrupadai as Manda Kashayam Kochadaiiyaan as Nagesh Veeram as Subbu collector Uchathula Shiva as Sundar Vaigai Express as Ramesh Bhaskar Oru Rascal as Devadas Saamy 2 as Punctuality Paramasivam Pei Mama Obama Ungalukkaaga D Block ;As director Thodarum (Starring Ajith Kumar) Top Tucker (TV serial) - Sun TV (Starring Vivek) ;As writer Aarathi Edungadi (dialogues) Rasathi Varum Naal (dialogues) Vaasalile Oru Vennila (dialogues) Mudhal Paadal (dialogues) Periya Kudumbam (dialogue) Aadhavan (story) Muni (dialogues) Nam Naadu (dialogues) Bhaskar Oru Rascal (dialogues) ;As Dubbing artist Vaikunthapuram (Tamil dubbed) for Rajendra Prasad

Introduction The white hake or mud hake is a phycid hake. It is found in the deeper waters in the northwest Atlantic Ocean. Description The species can grow to be up to 30 cm by the end of the first year, and 400 mm if male and 480 mm if female by the first reproduction. It grows to a maximum length of . Distribution and habitat The white hake is found in the northwest Atlantic from North Carolina to Newfoundland, at depths of about . Reproduction and development Spawning season for the white hake starts in late winter or early spring. It has been difficult to study the breeding habits of the white hake due to researchers’ issue with finding ripe females. Studies have found that larvae for the species occur in warm Slope Sea waters, but further along in development, the species can be found in continental shelf waters.

Introduction Monosomy 9p is a rare chromosomal disorder in which some DNA is missing or has been deleted on the short arm region, “p”, of one of the 9th Chromosomes (9p22.2-p23). This deletion either happens de novo or a result of a parent having the chromosome abnormality. This rare chromosome abnormality is often diagnosed after birth when development delay, irregular facial features, and structural irregularities within the heart, and genital defects are noticed. Treatments for this syndrome usually focus on fixing the common malformations associated with this syndrome. Chromosome 9p deletion syndrome was first discovered in 1973 when 3 infants with similar clinical features were observed to have a partial deletion of the short arm of Chromosome 9. Symptoms include microgenitalia, intellectual disability with microcephaly and dysmorphic features. Signs and Symptoms Psychomotor Development Delays Psychomotor development refers to the changes experienced directly after birth through adolescence. Development occurs in cognitive, emotional, motor, and social skills over the child's growth and a delay can result in lagging development of language, motor skills, cognition, or social skills, however these delays can vary in severity. Facial Dysmorphism Facial Dysmorphisms broadly describe any abnormalities in facial structure. Facial Dysmorphisms include slopping forehead, frontal bossing (prominent protruding forehead), hemifacial microsomia (one side of the face underdeveloped), and otocephaly (absence of mandible and fusion of ears under chin). Malformation of Limbs Congenital limb defects occur when a fetus' limbs, either upper or lower, experience altered development. These developmental abnormalities include absence of the limb, failure of portions of the limb to separate (commonly fingers and toes), duplication of digits, or overgrowth or undergrowth of limbs. Genetics Inheritance Pattern The inheritance pattern for the Chromosome 9p deletion syndrome is inherited in an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. This means that a single copy of the deletion is sufficient to cause the disease. Mutation The mutation, which occurs in the form of a deletion of the short arm of chromosome 9, causes the cell to not express the gene products normally controlled by the genes within the chromosome 9 deletion. Genes Involved The 9p deletion causes a loss of genes that would normally be there. Which genes are lost on the short arm of chromosome 9 dictates the symptoms that are present within the individual and the spectrum of disease severity. Most of the genes involved are associated with the development of tissues. There are many possible genes that can be deleted, but two particular genes that are proven to be involved in the emergence of the symptoms associated with Chromosome 9p deletion syndrome are DMRT1 and DMRT2. When DMRT1 and DMRT2 are deleted, genital malformations and mental retardation are evident although, the direct mechanisms as to how this occurs remains undefined. Location Geneticists originally had the syndrome narrowed down to the short arm region of Chromosome 9. Now, the location of the deletion has recently been narrowed to 9p22.2-p23. Diagnosis Diagnoses can occur at any age. Most of time chromosome 9p deletion syndrome is diagnosed after birth by the detection of symptoms via clinical evaluation. Common methods used to detect Monosomy 9p after birth include the use of a stethoscope, X-ray, and EKG. Monosomy 9p is also diagnosed before birth by ultrasound, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling (CVS). Ultrasound can hint at the malformations of the face, limbs, and heart. While amniocentesis and CVS both use fluid and tissue to perform chromosomal studies to identify chromosomal abnormalities. Finally, karyotyping, a procedure used to examine a patient's chromosomes, can be used to diagnose Monosomy 9p both before birth and after birth. Management Treatment of Monosomy 9p focuses mainly on fixing the malformations. For example, to fix facial malformations, physicians can perform facial surgery to repair the facial malformations. This can open airways for the infant or patient; especially the nose-to-throat pathway. Similarly, to fix heart malformations, physicians can recommend surgery or medication to improve the efficiency of the pumping of the heart. Lastly remedial education, speech therapy, and physical therapy can be used to improve the developmental delay associated with the syndrome. Epidemiology Chromosome 9p deletion syndrome occurs 1 in 50,000 births. Half of the cases occur sporadically, while the other half of cases result from parent translocations or the parent having deletion as well.

Introduction X Singles is a compilation album released by X Japan on November 21, 1993. It collects all the singles, and their B-sides, released by the band while still named "X" and under contract with CBS/Sony. The album reached number 2 on the Oricon chart, and charted for 35 weeks. In 1994, with 427,860 copies sold, it was the 36th best-selling album of the year. It was later certified Million by the RIAJ. In 2014, Sony Music Japan released a remastered version. Track listing # "Kurenai" # "20th Century Boy" (Live) (T.Rex cover) # "Endless Rain" # "X" (Live Version) # "Week End" (New Arrange Version) # "Endless Rain" (Live Version) # "Silent Jealousy" # "Sadistic Desire" (New Version) # "Standing Sex" # "Joker" (Edited Version) # "Say Anything" # "Silent Jealousy" (Live Version)

Introduction Oculocerebrorenal syndrome is a rare X-linked recessive disorder characterized by congenital cataracts, hypotonia, intellectual disability, proximal tubular acidosis, aminoaciduria and low-molecular-weight proteinuria. Lowe syndrome can be considered a cause of Fanconi syndrome (bicarbonaturia, renal tubular acidosis, potassium loss and sodium loss). Signs and symptoms Boys with Lowe syndrome are born with cataracts in both eyes; glaucoma is present in about half of the individuals with Lowe syndrome, though usually not at birth. While not present at birth, kidney problems develop in many affected boys at about one year of age. Renal pathology is characterized by an abnormal loss of certain substances into the urine, including bicarbonate, sodium, potassium, amino acids, organic acids, albumin, calcium and L-carnitine. This problem is known as Fanconi-type renal tubular dysfunction. Genetics Fibroblasts This syndrome is caused by mutations in the OCRL gene which encodes an inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase. At least one mechanism by which these mutations cause this syndrome is by loss of its Rab-binding domain. This protein is associated with the primary cilia of the retinal pigment epithelial cells, fibroblasts and kidney tubular cells. This suggests that this syndrome is due to dysfunction of the cilia in these cells. About 120 mutations are associated with this condition and OCRL gene which is associated with oculocerebrorenal syndrome Diagnosis Diagnosis of oculocerebrorenal syndrome can be done via genetic testing Among the different investigations that can de done are: Urinalysis MRI Blood test Treatment Potassium citrate In terms of treatment of oculocerebrorenal syndrome for those individuals who are affected by this condition includes the following: Glaucoma control (via medication) Nasogastric tube feeding Physical therapy Clomipramine Potassium citrate Epidemiology Because oculocerebrorenal syndrome is an X-linked recessive condition, the disease develops mostly in men with very rare occurrences in women, while women are carriers of the disease; it has an estimated prevalence of 1 in 500,000 people. History It was first described in 1952 by American paediatrician Charles Upton Lowe (August 24, 1921 – February 9, 2012) and colleagues at the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. Because of the three major organ systems involved (eyes, brain and kidney), it is known as oculocerebrorenal syndrome.

Introduction Lower Kingswood is a village located in Surrey, just within the M25 motorway. It is between Kingswood and Reigate, and is bisected by the A217 dual carriageway. Neighbouring settlements include Tadworth and Chipstead. History The village was situated around the Brighton Road (now the A217) and the crossroads with Buckland Road/Smithy Lane, the centre being where the Fox On The Hill pub, now an Indian restaurant and takeaway, and the Church of the Wisdom of God are located. Before the upgrading of the A217 Brighton Road to a dual carriageway, there was a pond outside the pub, where horses would frequently stop to drink after climbing the hill and before progressing on to Reigate. The name “Lower Kingswood” dates back to the reign of King Henry VIII. Kingswood and lower Kingswood were the royal hunting woods. The Sportsman public house in Mogador was originally Henry’s hunting lodge. Henry had a palace on Nonsuch park “Nonsuch Palace” and the surrounding royal land stretched from Merton Abbey to Reigate. Transport The nearest railway stations are Tadworth, Kingswood and Reigate. Buses travel along the A217, north to Epsom and Sutton and south to Reigate and Redhill. Lower Kingswood is situated very close to Junction 8 of the M25. Socialising There are several social clubs in Lower Kingswood, catering for all ages, including youth clubs such as drama and football. For the older generations there is a bowls club and Women's Institute. The football club is named Kingswood Terriers FC and they play in the local Epsom and Ewell Youth League. There is a recreation ground opposite Rookery Way, which includes a play park, bike ramps and football pitches. The Kingswood Village Club (Lower Kingswood) has been voted CAMRA (Campaign for Real Ale) branch club of the year for four years running, from 2011 to 2014.

Introduction The Cahill Expressway is an urban freeway in Sydney and was the first freeway constructed in Australia, opening to traffic in 1958. It starts from the Eastern Distributor and Cross City Tunnel in Woolloomooloo, and runs through a series of sunken cuttings and tunnels between the Royal Botanic Garden and The Domain. One of the tunnels is the Domain Tunnel, located underneath the Royal Botanic Garden. The freeway then runs on an elevated section across the northern edge of the Sydney CBD at Circular Quay, and then across the Sydney Harbour Bridge to North Sydney. It connects there to the Warringah Freeway. It is named after the then New South Wales Premier John Joseph Cahill, who also approved construction of the Sydney Opera House. History The Cahill Expressway under construction in 1955 The expressway was first proposed in 1945 as part of an overall expressway plan for Sydney. Public opposition began when the proposal was first made public in 1948, with the Quay Planning Protest Committee being formed. Despite the opposition, construction on the elevated section of the expressway went ahead in 1955. Funding was provided by the Sydney Council and the NSW Government, and the elevated section was opened on 24 March 1958. Work on the sunken section commenced almost straight away after that, and the additional section was opened on 1 March 1962. As part of the Eastern Distributor works in the late 1990s, a landscaped canopy was built over the southern end of Cahill Expressway (where it meets the Eastern Distributor) near the Art Gallery of New South Wales. In June 2013, the Expressway was temporarily renamed the Tim Cahill Expressway in honour of Socceroo Tim Cahill, ahead of the Socceroos' 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification match against Iraq. Since 2022, Ventia operates the Domain Tunnel on behalf of Transport for NSW. Role The Cahill Expressway viewed from the Sydney Harbour Bridge The expressway forms a link between Sydney's eastern and northern suburbs, by connecting the Eastern Distributor to the Sydney Harbour Bridge and Sydney Harbour Tunnel. It allows travel directly from the airport to the northern suburbs without traffic signals. The traffic on the elevated section was reduced by half following the opening of the Sydney Harbour tunnel in 1992. The elevated section is a double deck, with the top deck carrying cars, and the lower deck railway lines and Circular Quay railway station. The station provides easy access to the Sydney Opera House and the Royal Botanical Gardens. The westbound lanes dip underneath the Harbour Bridge approach road, before forming a large spiral circling Fort Street Public School to join to the Bridge in a confined space. The expressway has a pedestrian walkway next to the traffic lanes, where great views of the Sydney Harbour Bridge and the CBD can be seen. It is accessible by stairs from Macquarie St, or an elevator near Circular Quay railway station. The walkway connects with the Sydney Harbour Bridge walkway. The Roads & Traffic Authority offers tickets to view the New Year's Eve fireworks from the Cahill Expressway deck through a competition. The Cahill Expressway viewed from the vicinity of Macquarie Street, Sydney Former The Sydney Morning Herald writer Elizabeth Farrelly described the freeway as 'doggedly symmetrical, profoundly deadpan, severing the city from the water on a permanent basis'. The sunken section of the expressway runs between the Royal Botanical Gardens and The Domain, key green spaces in Sydney. The Botanic Gardens Trust described the expressway as destroying the spatial relationship between the two. Demolition of the expressway has been proposed in the past, most prominently by former Australian Prime Minister Paul Keating, who in 1994 offered federal funds in the amount of A$150 million toward such a project. The then NSW Premier, John Fahey, rejected the proposal because of the cost and the resultant traffic problems. Jeffrey Smart painting One of Australian artist Jeffrey Smart's most famous works is Cahill Expressway. The painting shows a stylised view of the Cahill Expressway tunnel and approach road, with a single man shown at the side of the image. The painting shows the alienation many feel when faced with the infrastructure of large freeways, especially when closely juxtaposed with pedestrian scale areas. Exits and interchanges

Introduction Hatford is a village and civil parish of some in the Vale of White Horse. It was part of Berkshire until the 1974 boundary changes transferred it to Oxfordshire. Amenities As Hatford is so small it has almost no amenities. Hatford has no village shop and no public house. There was an off-licence until the Second World War, until this received a direct hit from a German bomb (see below). Geography The sandstone soil is a rich source of sand and gravel. Sand has been extracted here for many years and it was during quarrying, between 1937 and 1958, that an early Iron Age settlement was discovered. The lane leading north out of the village is called Sandy Lane. History The earliest evidence of human habitation is a Bronze Age spearhead, found near the river Hat. Signs of an early Iron Age settlement have also been found and there is thought to have been at least one Roman villa, in fields next to the present village. Despite its long history, the population of Hatford has not changed much in size since the time of the Domesday Book, when it had some 120 residents. Hatford has had two Anglican parish churches. The later of these, the church of the Holy Trinity (built in 1873–4 to a design by William Wigginton) became dilapidated and was finally deconsecrated and sold in 1972, for use as a private dwelling. The older Saint George's was reopened & reinstated as a place of worship in the same year; reroofed in 1973 and reglazed in 1974. St George's stands on the site of the Saxon church mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086. It is mostly Early English Gothic, with a Norman south doorway to the nave and chancel arch and a Norman font. One Saxon window is still visible and there is a sundial carved into the stone near the doorway. The manor house, next to St George's parish church, has an 18th-century front but parts of the house date from the 15th century. It stands at the western approach to the village and has an uninterrupted view of the Berkshire Downs and the Uffington White Horse. On the other side of St George's is the rectory. Next to the rectory, facing the B4508 road through the village, is Hatford Cottage, which was converted into a single house from a row of very early cottages. It was an antique shop in the 1960s. On 29 April 1555 Anne Dudley, the widowed Countess of Warwick, and Sir Edward Unton of Wadley House were married at St George's. Anne was the daughter of Edward Seymour, the Duke of Somerset and niece to Jane Seymour, who married King Henry VIII. In 1643, during the English Civil War, the parish register records the burials of two soldiers killed in action. The old village off-licence received a direct hit from a German bomb in September 1940. One village girl was killed, as well as two young London boys, who had been evacuated to stay with their grandparents, in order to escape the Blitz. Literary connection The Wiltshire thresher turned poet, Stephen Duck, worked here in the early 19th century and commemorated life on a Hatford Farm in one of his last poems. Gallery File:Hatford StGeorge SouthDoor.JPG|Norman south doorway of St George's parish church File:Hatford StGeorge FourLight.JPG|Four-light window in St George's parish church File:Hatford Village.jpg|Hatford Cottage, with the former Holy Trinity parish church to the right

Introduction Ali Al Jallawi is a poet, researcher, and writer. After two periods of imprisonment for writing poetry critical of the political regime in Bahrain, Al Jallawi has gone on to publish seven volumes of his work, most recently Tashta’il karazat nahd, 2008. He has written books on the Baháʼí and Jewish communities in Bahrain, and presented his poetry at dozens of literary festivals both in the Arab world and elsewhere. In Manama, he ran a research center dedicated to raising awareness of Bahrain's minority communities. However, during the Bahraini uprising, he fled the country to avoid further imprisonment. The PEN committee organized a literary fellowship in Weimar for him to save him a lengthy application for political asylum in Germany. By May 2012, he was still living in Germany, now as a fellow of the Akademie der Künste in Berlin. He is currently working on a novel titled Yadallah's Shoes. Description With six books of poetry published, Ali is considered one of the more established young Bahraini poets; a strong voice from a new generation of brave auteurs who are not restricted by subject or matter. His already potent body of work proves that he is an eloquent, capable scribe of the Arabic language with his own distinctive style. At the age of 33, Ali's work has been translated into several languages and featured in numerous academic books and literary journals. He has also travelled across the Arab world sharing his poetry. He began writing as a teenager and in those early years his poetry was characterised by revolutionary and political ideals. So much so, that it led to him being imprisoned in the mid-1990s. It was a turning point in his life as a poet and it gave him the time to reflect and to expand his literary knowledge. Less radical than before, Ali's post-prison work has a more philosophical bent, more in tune with the human spirit and human condition. His is a contemporary voice that is hard to ignore in a country famed for its traditional poetry. Appearances and events Ali Al Jallawi has attended many international and pan-Arab poetry festivals and gatherings to represent Bahrain, including: Bait Al-Hikmah, United Kingdom, 1998 Damascus University, Syria 29th International Exhibition Book, Kuwait Bahrain Cultural Week in Amman, Jordan Arab Cultural Capital Festival, Sana'a, Yemen, 2004 Aseela Festival, Hawar Islands, Bahrain 6th GCC Poetry Festival, Riyadh Arab Cultural Capital Festival, Khartoum, Sudan 2005 Poetry Tent, Zagoura, Morocco, 2006 International Poetry Forum, Marrakech, Morocco, 2006 International Poetry Festival of Medellín, Colombia, 2014 Publications Wajhan li-mra’atin wahida, Dar Al Kunooz, Beirut. Al ‘Isyan, Dar Al Mada, Syria. Al Madina Al Akhira, Arab Foundation for Studies and Publication, Beirut. Dilmuniyat I, Dar Aalia, Kuwait. Dilmuniyat II, Dar Kan’aan, Syria. Dilmuniyat, Ministry of Culture, Yemen, 2004. Tashta’il karazat nahd, Al Intishar Al Arabi, Beirut, 2008. Poetry ;The wisdom of Hallaj Whenever the heart strives It commits errors We know But That which is not said by the poem The prophets understand. ---- Mansur al-Hallaj: born around 858 in Persia, mystic, writer and teacher of Sufism.

Introduction Cleopatra Lamé is a type of fabric woven or knit with thin ribbons of metallic fiber wrapped around natural or synthetic fibers like silk, nylon, or spandex (for added stretch), as opposed to guipé, where the ribbons are wrapped around a fiber yarn. It is classically gold or silver in color; sometimes copper lamé is seen. In current day, almost all lamé is made with synthetic metalized fibers instead of true metallic yarn, and is available in any color. Common variants used in the fashion and costume industries are liquid lamé, tissue lamé, hologram lamé and pearl lamé. An issue with lamé is that it is subject to seam or yarn slippage, making it less than ideal for garments with frequent usage. The wrapped fibers can be coated in plastic to increase strength and to prevent tarnishing. Lamé is often used in evening and dress wear and in theatrical and dance costumes. It is commonly used in futuristic costumes and spacesuits for science fiction television, films, and performances. Lamé is also used for its conductive properties in the sport of fencing to make the overjackets (called lamés) that allow touches to be scored.

Introduction The German motorcycle Grand Prix, first held in 1925, is a part of the Grand Prix motorcycle racing World Championship since 1952. The event is due to take place at the Sachsenring until at least 2026. History The first two Großer Preis von Deutschland races were held at Berlin's AVUS before moving to the new the purpose-built Nürburgring which was used in its full 28 km configuration. No GP was held in 1932, in 1933 the AVUS was given another try, and since 1934, public roads near and through Hohenstein-Ernstthal in Saxony were in use, initially without the name Sachsenring which had been used elsewhere. It was adopted in 1937. After the war, in 1949, two German states were founded, and the FIM introduced a motorcycle World Championship in which neither Germans nor German race tracks could participate due to still being banned. In the (Western) Federal Republic of Germany, a strong motorcycle industry (NSU, DKW etc.) emerged in the early 1950s, as cars were not yet affordable. With the Sachsenring being now in the (Eastern) German Democratic Republic (GDR), a new venue had to be selected. The Nürburgring was damaged and due to its length not very suitable. The Solitudering near Stuttgart had a challenging layout and due to proximity of a major city, the crowds were large, but the narrow roads had to be widened. In 1953, the Schottenring near Fulda was chosen, but due to lack of safety, it was partially boycotted, and only the small classes races had WC status. Attendance at the Nürburgring, which was by now used in its 22.8 km Nordschleife configuration, was disappointing. Former DKW and NSU factory rider and world record setter Wilhelm Herz promoted the Hockenheimring successfully. Thus, with Hockenheim (in odd-numbered years) and Solitude, two tracks in the southwestern state of Baden-Württemberg shared the German GP until the mid-1960s, when the Solitude was abandoned and replaced by the Nürburgring. There, the lesser known 7.7 km Südschleife was used twice, as in the Eifelrennen races which often attracted international entrants, but that part of the track was not rebuilt in 1970/71; thus in the even years from 1970 to 1980, the famous Nordschleife was used. In that time, also the "Grand Prix of the GDR", held on the Sachsenring, was part of the WC from 1961 to 1972. It is referred to as East German GP, EGER for short on the MotoGP website. During that period the German GP was also referred to as West German GP (WGER), even though its name never changed. The popularity of motorcycles sharply fell in late 1950s Germany, as now everyone aspired to get an automobile. Only BMW survived, dominating side car racing. The East German brand MZ had made groundbreaking progress in two stroke technology, but due to defecting personnel and other problems, they fell behind in the late 1960s. After West German Dieter Braun won the East German race on the Sachsenring in 1971, the crowd sung the (West) German anthem, the "Deutschlandlied". To prevent further "demonstrations", the East German politicians, otherwise eager to gain international recognition, sacrificed the event's World Championship status, limiting entry of riders from Western states from 1972 onwards. With mainly riders from other Eastern bloc socialist states taking part, it was still called Großer Preis der DDR until 1977, when it was renamed Großer Preis des ADMV der DDR after the motorsports governing body. In 1974, the event on the improved Nürburgring Nordschleife was boycotted by championship contenders as the track had not been fitted with enough straw bales. Traditionally, the Eifelrennen hosted motorcycle and automobile racing on the same weekend. Safety demands became problematic, as drivers asked for armco and catch fences, while rider safety requires unobstructed surroundings, with walls of straw bales in front of obstacles. With Agostini and others holding out, German amateur riders took all wins; with Edmund Czihak's win in the 500cc class remains the only race won by a German rider in the premier class (both in the 500cc era and the MotoGP era). The Eifelrennen in spring became an automobile event, and the GP became a separate event in August. A few years later, in 1980, the last German GP was held on the Nordschleife, with the new GP track taking over in 1984. The additional 1986 Baden-Württemberg Grand Prix (at Hockenheim) counted towards the WC only for 80cc and 125cc classes. In 1998, after having become rather unpopular first at Hockenheim and then at Nürburgring due to the style of the promoters, the German motorcycle Grand Prix moved to new promoters, and to the shortened purpose-built Sachsenring where it became a sell-out event since. The 2020 race was cancelled due to the outbreak of COVID-19. Official names and sponsors The names that are included are from both West and East Germany. 1952–1956, 1958, 1964–1988, 1990: Großer Preis von Deutschland (no official sponsor, West Germany) 1959: Intern. Rhein-Pokal (no official sponsor, West-Germany) 1962–1972: Großer Preis der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik (no official sponsor, East Germany) 1989, 1991: Großer Preis von Deutschland für Motorräder (no official sponsor, West Germany until 1990) 1992: Großer Preis von Deutschland Motorräder (no official sponsor) 1993: Grand Prix von Deutschland (no official sponsor) 1994–1995: Grand Prix Deutschland (no official sponsor) 1996: Warsteiner Motorrad Grand Prix Deutschland 1997: ADAC Motorrad Grand Prix Deutschland 1998–1999: Polini Motorrad Grand Prix Deutschland 2000–2003: Cinzano Motorrad Grand Prix Deutschland 2004: VELTINS Motorrad Grand Prix Deutschland 2005, 2007–2009: Alice Motorrad Grand Prix Deutschland 2006: betandwin.com Grand Prix Deutschland 2010–2014: eni Motorrad Grand Prix Deutschland 2015–2017: GoPro Motorrad Grand Prix Deutschland 2018: Pramac Motorrad Grand Prix Deutschland 2019: HJC Helmets Motorrad Grand Prix Deutschland 2021–present: Liqui Moly Motorrad Grand Prix Deutschland Spectator attendance 2006: 93,748 Track gallery File:Circuit AVUS.svg|Avus File:Solitude1935-1965layout.png|Solitudering, as used from 1935 to 1965 File:Nurburgring 1967.jpg|Nürburgring Nordschleife, as used until 1980 File:Circuit Nürburgring-1984-GP.svg|Nürburgring Grand Prix track, 1984–1997 File:Hockenheimring (pre-2002) moto.svg|Hockenheimring as used until 1994 File:Sachsenring (Schaltung).svg|Sachsenring, used since 1998, layout since 2002 Winners of the motorcycle Grand Prix of Germany Multiple winners (riders) # Wins Rider Wins Category Years won 13 Giacomo Agostini 500cc 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1975, 1976 350cc 1965, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971 11 Marc Márquez MotoGP 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021 Moto2 2011, 2012 125cc 2010 8 Carlo Ubbiali 250cc 1956, 1957, 1959 125cc 1953, 1955, 1957, 1958, 1959 Ángel Nieto 125cc 1978, 1979, 1981, 1983, 1984 50cc 1970, 1975, 1976 6 Valentino Rossi MotoGP 2002, 2005, 2006, 2009 250cc 1999 125cc 1997 Dani Pedrosa MotoGP 2007, 2010, 2011, 2012 250cc 2004, 2005 5 John Surtees 500cc 1958, 1959, 1960 350cc 1958, 1959 Jim Redman 500cc 1966 350cc 1963, 1964 250cc 1962 125cc 1964 Mike Hailwood 500cc 1964, 1965 350cc 1966, 1967 250cc 1966 Phil Read 500cc 1973 250cc 1964, 1965, 1971 125cc 1968 Stefan Dörflinger 80cc 1984, 1985 50cc 1980, 1981, 1983 Anton Mang 350cc 1981 250cc 1981, 1982, 1987 125cc 1976 4 Mick Doohan 500cc 1992, 1994, 1997, 1998 3 Werner Haas 250cc 1953, 1954 125cc 1952 Reg Armstrong 500cc 1952, 1956 350cc 1952 Ernst Degner 125cc 1961, 1963 50cc 1962 Ralph Bryans 250cc 1967 50cc 1964, 1965 Hans-Georg Anscheidt 50cc 1966, 1967, 1968 Walter Villa 350cc 1976 250cc 1975, 1976 Kork Ballington 250cc 1978, 1979, 1980 Christian Sarron 500cc 1985 250cc 1977, 1984 Kevin Schwantz 500cc 1988, 1990, 1991 Luca Cadalora 500cc 1996 250cc 1988 125cc 1986 Marco Melandri 250cc 2001, 2002 125cc 1999 Max Biaggi MotoGP 2004 500cc 2001 250cc 1995 2 Geoff Duke 350cc 1954, 1955 Bill Lomas 350cc 1955, 1956 Libero Liberati 500cc 1957 350cc 1957 Gary Hocking 500cc 1961 250cc 1960 Tarquinio Provini 250cc 1958, 1963 Hugh Anderson 125cc 1965 50cc 1963 Luigi Taveri 125cc 1962, 1966 Dave Simmonds 125cc 1969, 1971 Jan de Vries 50cc 1971, 1972 Jarno Saarinen 350cc 1972 250cc 1973 Kent Andersson 250cc 1969 125cc 1973 Helmut Kassner 350cc 1974 250cc 1974 Takazumi Katayama 350cc 1977, 1978 Jon Ekerold 350cc 1979, 1980 Kenny Roberts 500cc 1981, 1983 Carlos Lavado 250cc 1983, 1986 Gerhard Waibel 80cc 1987 50cc 1979 Eddie Lawson 500cc 1986, 1987 Doriano Romboni 250cc 1993 125cc 1990 Dirk Raudies 125cc 1993, 1994 Daryl Beattie 500cc 1993, 1995 Ralf Waldmann 250cc 1996 125cc 1991 Tetsuya Harada 250cc 1997, 1998 Marco Simoncelli 250cc 2008, 2009 Multiple winners (manufacturers) # Wins Manufacturer Wins Category Years won 61 Honda MotoGP 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021 500cc 1966, 1984, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000 350cc 1963, 1964, 1966, 1967 250cc 1961, 1962, 1966, 1967, 1987, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1996, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Moto3 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 125cc 1962, 1964, 1966, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999 50cc 1964, 1965 40 Yamaha MotoGP 2005, 2006, 2009, 2022 500cc 1974, 1975, 1981, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1989, 2001 350cc 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1982 250cc 1964, 1965, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1977, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1988, 2000 125cc 1968, 1973 31 MV Agusta 500cc 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1964, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1976 350cc 1958, 1959, 1965, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971 250cc 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960 125cc 1953, 1955, 1957, 1958, 1959 18 Suzuki 500cc 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1995, 1999 125cc 1963, 1965, 1967 50cc 1962, 1963, 1966, 1967, 1968 Aprilia 250cc 1992, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002 125cc 1992, 1996, 1997, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011 9 Kreidler 50cc 1969, 1971, 1972, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1981 8 Kawasaki 350cc 1981 250cc 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982 125cc 1969, 1971 Gilera 500cc 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957 350cc 1957 250cc 2008, 2009 125cc 1956 7 KTM Moto2 2018 250cc 2007 Moto3 2012, 2013, 2014, 2021 125cc 2005 6 Derbi 125cc 2000, 2008, 2010 80cc 1986, 1988 50cc 1970 Kalex Moto2 2015, 2016, 2017, 2019, 2021, 2022 5 NSU 250cc 1953, 1954, 1955 125cc 1952, 1954 Garelli 125cc 1983, 1984, 1986, 1987 50cc 1982 4 Aermacchi 350cc 1976 250cc 1975, 1976 125cc 1970 Morbidelli 125cc 1972, 1975, 1976, 1977 Krauser 80cc 1985, 1987, 1989 50cc 1983 Suter Moto2 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 3 Norton 500cc 1952 350cc 1952, 1954 Minarelli 125cc 1978, 1979, 1981 2 Moto Guzzi 350cc 1955, 1956 Bultaco 50cc 1976, 1978 By year A pink background indicates an event that was not part of the Grand Prix motorcycle racing championship. Year Track Moto3 Moto2 MotoGP Report Rider Manufacturer Rider Manufacturer Rider Manufacturer 2022 Sachsenring Izan Guevara Gas Gas Augusto Fernández Kalex Fabio Quartararo Yamaha Report 2021 Pedro Acosta KTM Remy Gardner Kalex Marc Márquez Honda Report 2020 Cancelled due to COVID-19 concerns Year Track MotoE Moto3 Moto2 MotoGP Report Rider Manufacturer Rider Manufacturer Rider Manufacturer Rider Manufacturer 2019 Sachsenring Niki Tuuli Energica Lorenzo Dalla Porta Honda Álex Márquez Kalex Marc Márquez Honda Report Year Track Moto3 Moto2 MotoGP Report Rider Manufacturer Rider Manufacturer Rider Manufacturer 2018 Sachsenring Jorge Martín Honda Brad Binder KTM Marc Márquez Honda Report 2017 Joan Mir Honda Franco Morbidelli Kalex Marc Márquez Honda Report 2016 Khairul Idham Pawi Honda Johann Zarco Kalex Marc Márquez Honda Report 2015 Danny Kent Honda Xavier Siméon Kalex Marc Márquez Honda Report 2014 Jack Miller KTM Dominique Aegerter Suter Marc Márquez Honda Report 2013 Álex Rins KTM Jordi Torres Suter Marc Márquez Honda Report 2012 Sandro Cortese KTM Marc Márquez Suter Dani Pedrosa Honda Report Year Track 125cc Moto2 MotoGP Report Rider Manufacturer Rider Manufacturer Rider Manufacturer 2011 Sachsenring Héctor Faubel Aprilia Marc Márquez Suter Dani Pedrosa Honda Report 2010 Marc Márquez Derbi Toni Elías Moriwaki Dani Pedrosa Honda Report Year Track 125cc 250cc MotoGP Report Rider Manufacturer Rider Manufacturer Rider Manufacturer 2009 Sachsenring Julián Simón Aprilia Marco Simoncelli Gilera Valentino Rossi Yamaha Report 2008 Mike Di Meglio Derbi Marco Simoncelli Gilera Casey Stoner Ducati Report 2007 Gábor Talmácsi Aprilia Hiroshi Aoyama KTM Dani Pedrosa Honda Report 2006 Mattia Pasini Aprilia Yuki Takahashi Honda Valentino Rossi Yamaha Report 2005 Mika Kallio KTM Dani Pedrosa Honda Valentino Rossi Yamaha Report 2004 Roberto Locatelli Aprilia Dani Pedrosa Honda Max Biaggi Honda Report 2003 Stefano Perugini Aprilia Roberto Rolfo Honda Sete Gibernau Honda Report 2002 Arnaud Vincent Aprilia Marco Melandri Aprilia Valentino Rossi Honda Report Year Track 125cc 250cc 500cc Report Rider Manufacturer Rider Manufacturer Rider Manufacturer 2001 Sachsenring Simone Sanna Aprilia Marco Melandri Aprilia Max Biaggi Yamaha Report 2000 Youichi Ui Derbi Olivier Jacque Yamaha Alex Barros Honda Report 1999 Marco Melandri Honda Valentino Rossi Aprilia Kenny Roberts Jr. Suzuki Report 1998 Tomomi Manako Honda Tetsuya Harada Aprilia Mick Doohan Honda Report 1997 Nürburgring GP-Strecke Valentino Rossi Aprilia Tetsuya Harada Aprilia Mick Doohan Honda Report 1996 Masaki Tokudome Aprilia Ralf Waldmann Honda Luca Cadalora Honda Report 1995 Haruchika Aoki Honda Max Biaggi Aprilia Daryl Beattie Suzuki Report 1994 Hockenheim Dirk Raudies Honda Loris Capirossi Honda Mick Doohan Honda Report 1993 Dirk Raudies Honda Doriano Romboni Honda Daryl Beattie Honda Report 1992 Bruno Casanova Aprilia Pierfrancesco Chili Aprilia Mick Doohan Honda Report 1991 Ralf Waldmann Honda Helmut Bradl Honda Kevin Schwantz Suzuki Report 1990 Nürburgring GP-Strecke Doriano Romboni Honda Wilco Zeelenberg Honda Kevin Schwantz Suzuki Report Year Track 80cc 125cc 250cc 500cc Report Rider Manufacturer Rider Manufacturer Rider Manufacturer Rider Manufacturer 1989 Hockenheim Peter Öttl Krauser Àlex Crivillé JJ Cobas Sito Pons Honda Wayne Rainey Yamaha Report 1988 Nürburgring GP-Strecke Jorge Martínez Derbi Ezio Gianola Honda Luca Cadalora Yamaha Kevin Schwantz Suzuki Report 1987 Hockenheim Gerhard Waibel Krauser Fausto Gresini Garelli Anton Mang Honda Eddie Lawson Yamaha Report 1986 Nürburgring GP-Strecke Manuel Herreros Derbi Luca Cadalora Garelli Carlos Lavado Yamaha Eddie Lawson Yamaha Report 1985 Hockenheim Stefan Dörflinger Krauser August Auinger Monnet Martin Wimmer Yamaha Christian Sarron Yamaha Report 1984 Nürburgring GP-Strecke Stefan Dörflinger Zündapp Ángel Nieto Garelli Christian Sarron Yamaha Freddie Spencer Honda Report Year Track 50cc 125cc 250cc 500cc Report Rider Manufacturer Rider Manufacturer Rider Manufacturer Rider Manufacturer 1983 Hockenheim Stefan Dörflinger Krauser Ángel Nieto Garelli Carlos Lavado Yamaha Kenny Roberts Yamaha Report Year Track 50cc 125cc 250cc 350cc 500cc Report Rider Manufacturer Rider Manufacturer Rider Manufacturer Rider Manufacturer Rider Manufacturer 1982 Hockenheim Eugenio Lazzarini Garelli Anton Mang Kawasaki Manfred Herweh Yamaha Randy Mamola Suzuki Report 1981 Stefan Dörflinger Kreidler Ángel Nieto Minarelli Anton Mang Kawasaki Anton Mang Kawasaki Kenny Roberts Yamaha Report 1980 Nürburgring Nordschleife Stefan Dörflinger Kreidler Guy Bertin Motobécane Kork Ballington Kawasaki Jon Ekerold Yamaha Marco Lucchinelli Suzuki Report 1979 Hockenheim Gerhard Waibel Kreidler Ángel Nieto Minarelli Kork Ballington Kawasaki Jon Ekerold Yamaha Wil Hartog Suzuki Report 1978 Nürburgring Nordschleife Ricardo Tormo Bultaco Ángel Nieto Minarelli Kork Ballington Kawasaki Takazumi Katayama Yamaha Virginio Ferrari Suzuki Report 1977 Hockenheim Herbert Rittberger Kreidler Pier Paolo Bianchi Morbidelli Christian Sarron Yamaha Takazumi Katayama Yamaha Barry Sheene Suzuki Report 1976 Nürburgring Nordschleife Ángel Nieto Bultaco Anton Mang Morbidelli Walter Villa Aermacchi Harley-Davidson Walter Villa Aermacchi Harley-Davidson Giacomo Agostini MV Agusta Report 1975 Hockenheim Ángel Nieto Kreidler Paolo Pileri Morbidelli Walter Villa Aermacchi Harley-Davidson Johnny Cecotto Yamaha Giacomo Agostini Yamaha Report 1974 Nürburgring Nordschleife Ingo Emmerich Kreidler Fritz Reitmaier Maico Helmut Kassner Yamaha Helmut Kassner Yamaha Edmund Czihak Yamaha Report 1973 Hockenheim Theo Timmer Jamathi Kent Andersson Yamaha Jarno Saarinen Yamaha Teuvo Länsivuori Yamaha Phil Read MV Agusta Report 1972 Nürburgring Nordschleife Jan de Vries Kreidler Gilberto Parlotti Morbidelli Hideo Kanaya Yamaha Jarno Saarinen Yamaha Giacomo Agostini MV Agusta Report 1971 Hockenheim Jan de Vries Kreidler Dave Simmonds Kawasaki Phil Read Yamaha Giacomo Agostini MV Agusta Giacomo Agostini MV Agusta Report 1970 Nürburgring Nordschleife Ángel Nieto Derbi John Dodds Aermacchi Kel Carruthers Yamaha Giacomo Agostini MV Agusta Giacomo Agostini MV Agusta Report 1969 Hockenheim Aalt Toersen Kreidler Dave Simmonds Kawasaki Kent Andersson Yamaha Giacomo Agostini MV Agusta Giacomo Agostini MV Agusta Report 1968 Nürburgring Südschleife Hans-Georg Anscheidt Suzuki Phil Read Yamaha Bill Ivy Yamaha Giacomo Agostini MV Agusta Giacomo Agostini MV Agusta Report 1967 Hockenheim Hans-Georg Anscheidt Suzuki Yoshimi Katayama Suzuki Ralph Bryans Honda Mike Hailwood Honda Giacomo Agostini MV Agusta Report 1966 Hockenheim Hans-Georg Anscheidt Suzuki Luigi Taveri Honda Mike Hailwood Honda Mike Hailwood Honda Jim Redman Honda Report 1965 Nürburgring Südschleife Ralph Bryans Honda Hugh Anderson Suzuki Phil Read Yamaha Giacomo Agostini MV Agusta Mike Hailwood MV Agusta Report 1964 Solitude Ralph Bryans Honda Jim Redman Honda Phil Read Yamaha Jim Redman Honda Mike Hailwood MV Agusta Report 1963 Hockenheim Hugh Anderson Suzuki Ernst Degner Suzuki Tarquinio Provini Morini Jim Redman Honda Report 1962 Solitude Ernst Degner Suzuki Luigi Taveri Honda Jim Redman Honda Report 1961 Hockenheim Miro Zelnik Ernst Degner MZ Kunimitsu Takahashi Honda František Šťastný Jawa Gary Hocking MV Agusta Report Year Track 125cc 250cc 350cc 500cc Report Rider Manufacturer Rider Manufacturer Rider Manufacturer Rider Manufacturer 1960 Solitude Gary Hocking MV Agusta John Surtees MV Agusta Report 1959 Hockenheim Carlo Ubbiali MV Agusta Carlo Ubbiali MV Agusta John Surtees MV Agusta John Surtees MV Agusta Report 1958 Nürburgring Nordschleife Carlo Ubbiali MV Agusta Tarquinio Provini MV Agusta John Surtees MV Agusta John Surtees MV Agusta Report 1957 Hockenheim Carlo Ubbiali MV Agusta Carlo Ubbiali MV Agusta Libero Liberati Gilera Libero Liberati Gilera Report 1956 Solitude Romolo Ferri Gilera Carlo Ubbiali MV Agusta Bill Lomas Moto Guzzi Reg Armstrong Gilera Report 1955 Nürburgring Nordschleife Carlo Ubbiali MV Agusta Hermann Paul Müller NSU Bill Lomas Moto Guzzi Geoff Duke Gilera Report 1954 Solitude Rupert Hollaus NSU Werner Haas NSU Ray Amm Norton Geoff Duke Gilera Report 1953 Schottenring Carlo Ubbiali MV Agusta Werner Haas NSU Carlo Bandirola Walter Zeller Report 1952 Solitude Werner Haas NSU Rudi Felgenheier DKW Reg Armstrong Norton Reg Armstrong Norton Report 1951 Hermann Paul Müller Enrico Lorenzetti Geoff Duke Geoff Duke Report Year Track 175cc 250cc 350cc 500cc Report 1939 Sachsenring Nello Pagani Walter Hamelehle Dorino Serafini Report 1938 Ewald Kluge John White Georg Meier Report 1937 Ewald Kluge Harold Daniell Karl Gall Report 1936 Sachsenring (Hohenstein-Ernstthal) H. G. Tyrell Smith Freddie Frith Jimmie Guthrie Report 1935 Walfried Winkler Walter Rusk Jimmie Guthrie Report 1934 H. G. Tyrell Smith Jimmie Simpson Otto Ley Report 1933 AVUS Charlie Dodson Ernst Loof Josef Stelzer Report 1931 Nürburgring Nordschleife Elvetio Toricelli H. G. Tyrell Smith Stanley Woods Report 1930 Les Crabtree Jimmie Guthrie Graham Walker Report 1929 Arthur Geiß Syd Crabtree Wal Handley H. G. Tyrell Smith Report 1928 Arthur Geiß Syd Crabtree Pietro Ghersi Charlie Dodson Report 1927 Willy Henkelmann Cecil Ashby Jimmie Simpson Graham Walker Report 1926 AVUS Kurt Friedrich Jock Porter Jimmie Simpson Josef Stelzer Report 1925 Willy Zick Cecil Ashby Miro Maffeis Paul Köppen Report Winners of the East German motorcycle Grand Prix Multiple winners (riders) # Wins Rider Wins Category Years won 11 Giacomo Agostini 500cc 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972 350cc 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971 9 Mike Hailwood 500cc 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965 350cc 1963, 1967 250cc 1961, 1963, 1966 5 Jim Redman 350cc 1962, 1964, 1965 250cc 1962, 1965 4 Ángel Nieto 125cc 1970, 1971 50cc 1969, 1971 Phil Read 350cc 1972 250cc 1964, 1967 125cc 1968 2 Gary Hocking 500cc 1961 350cc 1961 Hugh Anderson 125cc 1963, 1964 Luigi Taveri 125cc 1962, 1966 Bill Ivy 250cc 1968 125cc 1967 Multiple winners (manufacturers) # Wins Manufacturer Wins Category Years won 19 MV Agusta 500cc 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972 350cc 1961, 1963, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972 10 Honda 350cc 1962, 1964, 1965, 1967 250cc 1961, 1962, 1965, 1966 125cc 1962, 1966 8 Yamaha 250cc 1964, 1967, 1968, 1970, 1971, 1972 125cc 1967, 1968 4 Derbi 125cc 1970, 1971 50cc 1969, 1971 3 Suzuki 125cc 1963, 1964, 1965 2 MZ 250cc 1963 125cc 1961 Jamathi 50cc 1970, 1972 By year A pink background indicates an event that was not part of the Grand Prix motorcycle racing championship. Year Track 50cc 125cc 250cc 350cc 500cc Report Rider Manufacturer Rider Manufacturer Rider Manufacturer Rider Manufacturer Rider Manufacturer 1972 Sachsenring Theo Timmer Jamathi Börje Jansson Maico Jarno Saarinen Yamaha Phil Read MV Agusta Giacomo Agostini MV Agusta Report 1971 Ángel Nieto Derbi Ángel Nieto Derbi Dieter Braun Yamaha Giacomo Agostini MV Agusta Giacomo Agostini MV Agusta Report 1970 Aalt Toersen Jamathi Ángel Nieto Derbi Rod Gould Yamaha Giacomo Agostini MV Agusta Giacomo Agostini MV Agusta Report 1969 Ángel Nieto Derbi Dave Simmonds Kawasaki Renzo Pasolini Benelli Giacomo Agostini MV Agusta Giacomo Agostini MV Agusta Report 1968 Phil Read Yamaha Bill Ivy Yamaha Giacomo Agostini MV Agusta Giacomo Agostini MV Agusta Report 1967 Bill Ivy Yamaha Phil Read Yamaha Mike Hailwood Honda Giacomo Agostini MV Agusta Report 1966 Luigi Taveri Honda Mike Hailwood Honda Giacomo Agostini MV Agusta František Šťastný Jawa-CZ Report 1965 Frank Perris Suzuki Jim Redman Honda Jim Redman Honda Mike Hailwood MV Agusta Report 1964 Hugh Anderson Suzuki Phil Read Yamaha Jim Redman Honda Mike Hailwood MV Agusta Report 1963 Hugh Anderson Suzuki Mike Hailwood MZ Mike Hailwood MV Agusta Mike Hailwood MV Agusta Report 1962 Jan Huberts Kreidler Luigi Taveri Honda Jim Redman Honda Jim Redman Honda Mike Hailwood MV Agusta Report Year Track 125cc 250cc 350cc 500cc Report Rider Manufacturer Rider Manufacturer Rider Manufacturer Rider Manufacturer 1961 Sachsenring Ernst Degner MZ Mike Hailwood Honda Gary Hocking MV Agusta Gary Hocking MV Agusta Report 1960 Ernst Degner John Hempleman Jim Redman John Hempleman Report 1959 Werner Musiol Gary Hocking John Hempleman Gary Hocking Report 1958 Ernst Degner Horst Fügner Luigi Taveri Dickie Dale Report

Introduction Aerocóndor Colombia was a Colombian airline headquartered in Barranquilla, Colombia. History Early operations An Aerocóndor Lockheed L-188 at Miami International Airport in 1970 Aerocóndor Colombia was founded by six former LANSA and Avianca pilots; Gustavo Lopez, Luis Donado, Eduardo Gonzalez, Juan B. Millon, Captain Julio Martin Florez, and Enrique Hanaberg, in association with two businessmen who together perceived an opportunity to establish a new airline to fly cargo from Colombia's northern industrial city of Barranquilla throughout the republic. Scheduled cargo services commenced on October 7, 1955 using Curtiss C-46s which were later complemented with Douglas C-47s. Progressive expansion saw most of these aircraft later reconfigured for passenger services, and Douglas C-54 and DC-6 were acquired during the early 1960s. International services between Barranquilla and Miami commenced during 1963. On May 1, 1969, the airline began re-equipping with L-188 Electras acquired from American Airlines. The Electras gradually replaced the airline's fleet of classic piston engine aircraft in the early 1970s. Jet operations An Aerocóndor Boeing 720B at Miami International Airport in 1975 Aerocóndor entered the jet age in December of 1972, purchasing an ex-American Airlines Boeing 720B. A Canadair CC-106 Yukon was also acquired for freight services in 1972 and a second ex-American Boeing 720B was added to the fleet in 1974. Introduction of jetliners modernized the airline's image and enabled it to begin operating jet services to Aruba, Curaçao, Guatemala City, Santo Domingo, Panama, and Port-au-Prince whilst also increasing the frequency of Miami services from Medellin, Bogotá, and San Andres. In 1975, financial control of Aerocóndor passed from the company's foundation management to Jorge Barco Vargas, formerly an Aerocivil chairman and the brother of a former president of the republic. A new orange and yellow colour scheme was applied to some aircraft, including the Boeing 720s, from 1975. By this time, Aerocóndor had become a respected airline and was considered Colombia's second international airline. It also began to compete internationally with the country's national airline Avianca, to the concerns of both air traffic management and political representatives who wanted to protect Avianca's interests. By this stage Aerocóndor had grown to become Colombia's second international airline, and it was competing against the country's national flag carrier Avianca Colombia. In 1977, the airline entered the wide-body era when it acquired a factory fresh Airbus A300, named "Ciudad de Barranquilla" in honor of the company's port of origin. This was the first A300 operated within the Latin American region, entering service on highly competitive routes to Miami. Plans for the introduction of a second A300 failed to materialize due to fiscal underachievement under the airline's new management. The financially strapped carrier soon entered a period of major crisis, due to poor control and internal corruption rather than market forces. Decline The company entered into a financial crisis due to the delay of four monthly payments for the A300, which forced the company to return the aircraft to Airbus. Aerocóndor was again sold in 1979 to the Cotes and Calderon brothers. The new president of the airline managed to overcome the crisis and recover the wide body aircraft. However, the financial state declined and the company was again in crisis. On April 24, 1980, liquidation was ordered and Aerocóndor ceased operations on June 16, 1980. Hope remained that services would be reinstated, but negotiations between the pilots, liquidators and the Colombian government were unsuccessful. Over the years, several of the pensioners of the airline had protested countless times demanding payment, overdue since the liquidation of the company. The airline's B707s and B720s were eventually stricken from the Colombian civil air register. Destinations National *Barranquilla (Ernesto Cortissoz International Airport) Hub *Barrancabermeja (Yariguíes Airport) *Bogota (El Dorado International Airport) Hub *Cali (Alfonso Bonilla Aragón International Airport) *Cartagena (Rafael Núñez International Airport) *Cimitarra (Cimitarra Airport) *Cúcuta (Camilo Daza International Airport) *Ibague (Perales Airport) *Maicao (Jorge Isaacs Airport) *Mariquita (Mariquita Airport) *Medellin (Enrique Olaya Herrera Airport) *Neiva (Benito Salas Airport) *Pereira (Matecaña International Airport) *Riohacha (Almirante Padilla Airport) *San Andrés (Gustavo Rojas Pinilla International Airport) *Santa Marta (Simon Bolivar International Airport) *Tibú (Tibú Airport) *Tolú (Golfo de Morrosquillo Airport) *Turbo (Gonzalo Mejía Airport) *Valledupar (Alfonso López Pumarejo Airport) *Velázquez (Velasquez Airport) International *Oranjestad (Queen Beatrix International Airport) *Willemstad (Curaçao International Airport) *Santo Domingo (Las Américas International Airport) *Guatemala City (La Aurora International Airport) *Puerto Príncipe (Toussaint Louverture International Airport) Panama City (Tocumen International Airport) *Miami (Miami International Airport) Fleet Aerocóndor's only Airbus A300B4 parked at San Francisco International Airport in 1978 Aerocóndor Colombia operated the following aircraft types at various times over the years: + Aerocóndor Colombia fleet Aircraft Total Introduced Retired Notes Airbus A300B4 1 1977 1979 First A300 operator in South America Boeing 707-120 3 1975 1979 Boeing 720B 2 1972 1979 Canadair CC-106 Yukon 1 1974 1975 Cessna 180 Skywagon 1 Cessna T-50 2 Curtiss C-46 Commando 7 1955 1979 De Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver 1 Douglas C-47 Skytrain 2 1978 Douglas C-54 Skymaster 3 1964 1969 Douglas DC-3 1 1965 1965 Douglas DC-6 3 1963 1971 Douglas DC-8-33F 1 1979 1980 Leased from Intercontinental Airways Lockheed L-188A Electra 7 1969 1979 Lockheed L-1649A Starliner 1 1966 1966 Accidents and incidents *On December 18, 1966, a Lockheed L-1649A Starliner (registered N7301C), hit 10 to 20 meters from the runway on its flight from Miami to Bogota. At the time of the accident, there were clouds of fog over parts of the airport. The captain of the aircraft leased from the USA did not have a valid certificate of fitness to fly. Of the 59 people on board, 17 died. On March 16, 1969, a Douglas DC-6 (registered HK-754) was hijacked by a passenger shortly after takeoff from Gustavo Rojas Pinilla International Airport. The hijacked demanded the pilot to be flown to Cuba and diverted the plane to Ignacio Agramonte International Airport. On August 27, 1973, a Lockheed L-188A Electra (registered HK-777) was destroyed when it flew into the side of the Cerro el Cable mountain shortly after takeoff from El Dorado International Airport. All 36 passengers and 6 crew members died. On February 22, 1975, a Canadair CC-106 Yukon (registered HK-1972) hit a tree 10 kilometers from the departure of El Dorado International Airport and fell 1,200 meters further into a mountain. All five crew members of the cargo plane were killed. On July 10, 1975, a Lockheed L-188A Electra (registered HK-1976) suddenly turned right shortly after taking off from El Dorado International Airport, sank back and crashed into an Aerocosta Douglas DC-6 (HK-756). Both planes caught fire and were destroyed. Two of the four crew members on board the Electra were killed.

Introduction Curtis Dustin Zeigler is a former American football offensive lineman in the National Football League for the Buffalo Bills and the New York Giants. Notre Dame Dusty Zeigler played college football at the University of Notre Dame. Buffalo Bills Zeigler was drafted in the sixth round of the 1996 NFL Draft by the Bills in 1996. He became their starting center as a sophomore in 1997, playing between left offensive guard Ruben Brown and right guard Corbin Lacina, replacing the 11-year incumbent Kent Hull. That was the final one in Marv Levy's term as head coach (6-10 won-lost record), replaced the following year by his defensive coordinator, Wade Phillips, who guided the Bills to playoff berths in 1998 and 1999. In 1998, when Zeigler started all 16 games, playing between Brown and Joe Panos, Buffalo finished in second place in the AFC East and lost a wild-card game to the Miami Dolphins. In 1999, Buffalo also finished in second place in the AFC east, but Zeigler was switched to right guard to make place for Jerry Ostroski as the center next to Brown. The Bills lost another wild-card game, this time to the Tennessee Titans. New York Giants Zeigler became a New York Giant in 2000, where he also became the starting center, from 2000 to 2001, starting all 16 games during those two years. In 2000, the Giants won the NFC championship game of the 2000-01 NFL playoffs, but lost Super Bowl XXXV to the Baltimore Ravens with Kerry Collins as quarterback. In 2002, Zeigler started only 2 games, replaced by Chris Bober, and never played again. Post-football Since retiring from football, Zeigler has become active in politics and was elected as a Republican to be the county commission chairman in Effingham County GA in 2008. In 2012, Zeigler became an offensive line coach for the Savannah Christian Raiders, a high school team competing in the Georgia High School Association (GHSA).

Introduction Tarutao National Park consists of 51 islands in the Strait of Malacca, off the coast of Satun Province of southern Thailand. The Tarutao National Park consists of two island groups: Tarutao and Adang-Rawi, which are scattered from 20 to 70 kilometres' distance from the south-westernmost point of mainland Thailand. The park covers an area of 931,250 rai ~ of which ocean and island. The southernmost end of the park lies on the border with Malaysia, just north of Langkawi. Tarutao became Thailand's second marine national park on 19 April 1974. The coastal Khao Sam Roi Yot National Park had been designated in 1966. The name "tarutao" is a Thai corruption of its original Malay name, "pulau tertua", "old, mysterious, and primitive island." Ko Tarutao was the setting for Survivor: Thailand, the 2002 season for the U.S. reality television series, Survivor. Main (larger) islands There are essentially nine islands of note in the Tarutao/Adang-Rawi archipelagos: Tarutao Archipelago (approximately 30 km off the Thai coast) :*Ko Tarutao () – The largest of the islands, Ko Tarutao is 26.5 km long, and 11 km wide. The highest point is over 700 m. Forest covers over 70% of the island. Klang Archipelago (approximately 38 km off the Thai coast) :*Ko Klang (), Ko Khai (), Ko Ta-Nga () The Adang/Rawi group of islands (approximately 50 km west of Tarutao) :Ko Adang (), Ko Rawi (), Ko Lipe (), Ko Butang (also written as Tong or Dong; ), Ko Lek () :In the Adang Archipelago, the small (4 km2) island of Lipe is the most important. With water available year-round, it is the home of the largest permanent settlement, of approximately 800, and the gateway for boat transportation in and out of the Adang group. History The park was established in 1974. In 1982, it was listed as one of the original ASEAN Heritage Parks. It was also submitted to UNESCO for inclusion as a World Heritage Site in 1990, but its listing was deferred at the fifteenth session of the World Heritage Committee in 1991. UNESCO requested stronger management of the area. The rivers and swamps of Tarutao Island were the last known refuge for the saltwater crocodile, Crocodylus porosus, within Thailand. The species is now extinct in the area. The oldest surviving eyewitness description of the island dates from December 1606 and January 1607 and is contained in the travelogue of the Dutch East India Company Admiral Cornelis Matelief de Jonge. In the late-1930s the island was used as a penal colony for Thai political prisoners. During World War II, when support from the mainland was cut off, the guards and prisoners banded together and raided ships sailing through the waters near the island. The raids were masterminded by an American plantation owner who blamed the war for the loss of his fortune. He was assisted by two British non-commissioned officers who were on the run for murder and who ironically landed on Tarutao to sit out the war. They sank 130 ships, always killing everyone on board. After the pirates of Tarutao were eradicated by British forces at the end of the war, fishermen and farmers took up residence on the island. Attractions *Son Bay (Ao Son) is the only bay on the west side of Tarutao National Park and is known as a place where turtles come to lay their eggs. Its longest beach is about 3 km. Luu Doo Waterfall on Son Bay is the only waterfall in Tarutao National Park. Underwater it is full of rock formations. Pantaemaraka Gulf has many pine trees and a clean white beach. Pantaemaraka Gulf is becoming a popular tourist attraction. Crocodile Cave is 300 metres deep. Tourists going to Crocodile Cave must go by long-tail boat (15 minutes) from Pantaemaraka Gulf and on the way to Crocodile Cave they can see mangrove forest. Ecosystem In November 2018, the Department of Natural Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation banned the use of plastic and Styrofoam containers in Tarutao Islands National Park, according to Assistant Park Director Kittipong Sanui. Additional images File:Koh_Adang_sunset.jpg| File:Koh Tarutao, Thailand, Rocky beach.jpg| File:West coast of Koh Tarutao.jpg| File:Koh Rawi (island), Tree, Thailand.jpg|Koh Rawi File:Koh Adang (island), Thailand.jpg|Koh Adang File:Koh Lipe (island), Tropical lagoon, Thailand.jpg|Turquoise waters between Koh Lipe and Koh Adang File:TaRuTao14.jpg| File:TaRuTao1.jpg|

Introduction Quantum annealing is an optimization process for finding the global minimum of a given objective function over a given set of candidate solutions (candidate states), by a process using quantum fluctuations. Quantum annealing is used mainly for problems where the search space is discrete (combinatorial optimization problems) with many local minima; such as finding the ground state of a spin glass or the traveling salesman problem. The term "quantum annealing" was first proposed in 1988 by B. Apolloni, N. Cesa Bianchi and D. De Falco as a quantum-inspired classical algorithm. It was formulated in its present form by T. Kadowaki and H. Nishimori (ja) in "Quantum annealing in the transverse Ising model" though an imaginary-time variant without quantum coherence had been discussed by A. B. Finnila, M. A. Gomez, C. Sebenik and J. D. Doll, in "Quantum annealing is a new method for minimizing multidimensional functions". Quantum annealing starts from a quantum-mechanical superposition of all possible states (candidate states) with equal weights. Then the system evolves following the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, a natural quantum-mechanical evolution of physical systems. The amplitudes of all candidate states keep changing, realizing a quantum parallelism, according to the time-dependent strength of the transverse field, which causes quantum tunneling between states. If the rate of change of the transverse field is slow enough, the system stays close to the ground state of the instantaneous Hamiltonian (also see adiabatic quantum computation). If the rate of change of the transverse field is accelerated, the system may leave the ground state temporarily but produce a higher likelihood of concluding in the ground state of the final problem Hamiltonian, i.e., diabatic quantum computation. The transverse field is finally switched off, and the system is expected to have reached the ground state of the classical Ising model that corresponds to the solution to the original optimization problem. An experimental demonstration of the success of quantum annealing for random magnets was reported immediately after the initial theoretical proposal. Comparison to simulated annealing Quantum annealing can be compared to simulated annealing, whose "temperature" parameter plays a similar role to QA's tunneling field strength. In simulated annealing, the temperature determines the probability of moving to a state of higher "energy" from a single current state. In quantum annealing, the strength of transverse field determines the quantum-mechanical probability to change the amplitudes of all states in parallel. Analytical and numerical evidence suggests that quantum annealing outperforms simulated annealing under certain conditions (see for a careful analysis, and, for a fully solvable model of quantum annealing to arbitrary target Hamiltonian and comparison of different computation approaches). Quantum mechanics: analogy and advantage Quantum Annealing (blue line) efficiently traverses energy landscapes by leveraging quantum tunneling to find the global minimum. Quantum annealing offers a significant performance advantage over Simulated Annealing (magenta line), unlocking the potential to solve massive optimization problems previously thought to be impossible. The tunneling field is basically a kinetic energy term that does not commute with the classical potential energy part of the original glass. The whole process can be simulated in a computer using quantum Monte Carlo (or other stochastic technique), and thus obtain a heuristic algorithm for finding the ground state of the classical glass. In the case of annealing a purely mathematical objective function, one may consider the variables in the problem to be classical degrees of freedom, and the cost functions to be the potential energy function (classical Hamiltonian). Then a suitable term consisting of non-commuting variable(s) (i.e. variables that have non-zero commutator with the variables of the original mathematical problem) has to be introduced artificially in the Hamiltonian to play the role of the tunneling field (kinetic part). Then one may carry out the simulation with the quantum Hamiltonian thus constructed (the original function + non-commuting part) just as described above. Here, there is a choice in selecting the non-commuting term and the efficiency of annealing may depend on that. It has been demonstrated experimentally as well as theoretically, that quantum annealing can indeed outperform thermal annealing (simulated annealing) in certain cases, especially where the potential energy (cost) landscape consists of very high but thin barriers surrounding shallow local minima. Since thermal transition probabilities (proportional to , with the temperature and the Boltzmann constant) depend only on the height of the barriers, for very high barriers, it is extremely difficult for thermal fluctuations to get the system out from such local minima. However, as argued earlier in 1989 by Ray, Chakrabarti & Chakrabarti, the quantum tunneling probability through the same barrier (considered in isolation) depends not only on the height of the barrier, but also on its width and is approximately given by , where is the tunneling field. This additional handle through the width , in presence of quantum tunneling, can be of major help: If the barriers are thin enough (i.e. ), quantum fluctuations can surely bring the system out of the shallow local minima. For an -spin glass, the barrier height becomes of order . For constant value of one gets proportional to for the annealing time (instead of proportional to for thermal annealing), while can even become -independent for cases where decreases as . It is speculated that in a quantum computer, such simulations would be much more efficient and exact than that done in a classical computer, because it can perform the tunneling directly, rather than needing to add it by hand. Moreover, it may be able to do this without the tight error controls needed to harness the quantum entanglement used in more traditional quantum algorithms. Some confirmation of this is found in exactly solvable models. Timeline of ideas related to quantum annealing in Ising spin glasses: 1989 Idea was presented that quantum fluctuations could help explore rugged energy landscapes of the classical Ising spin glasses by escaping from local minima (having tall but thin barriers) using tunneling; 1998 Formulation of quantum annealing and numerical test demonstrating its advantages in Ising glass systems; 1999 First experimental demonstration of quantum annealing in LiHoYF Ising glass magnets; 2011 Superconducting-circuit quantum annealing machine built and marketed by D-Wave Systems. D-Wave implementations Photograph of a chip constructed by D-Wave Systems, mounted and wire-bonded in a sample holder. The D-Wave One's processor is designed to use 128 superconducting logic elements that exhibit controllable and tunable coupling to perform operations. In 2011, D-Wave Systems announced the first commercial quantum annealer on the market by the name D-Wave One and published a paper in Nature on its performance. The company claims this system uses a 128 qubit processor chipset. On May 25, 2011, D-Wave announced that Lockheed Martin Corporation entered into an agreement to purchase a D-Wave One system. On October 28, 2011 USC's Information Sciences Institute took delivery of Lockheed's D-Wave One. In May 2013 it was announced that a consortium of Google, NASA Ames and the non-profit Universities Space Research Association purchased an adiabatic quantum computer from D-Wave Systems with 512 qubits. An extensive study of its performance as quantum annealer, compared to some classical annealing algorithms, is already available. In June 2014, D-Wave announced a new quantum applications ecosystem with computational finance firm 1QB Information Technologies (1QBit) and cancer research group DNA-SEQ to focus on solving real-world problems with quantum hardware. As the first company dedicated to producing software applications for commercially available quantum computers, 1QBit's research and development arm has focused on D-Wave's quantum annealing processors and has successfully demonstrated that these processors are suitable for solving real-world applications. With demonstrations of entanglement published, the question of whether or not the D-Wave machine can demonstrate quantum speedup over all classical computers remains unanswered. A study published in Science in June 2014, described as "likely the most thorough and precise study that has been done on the performance of the D-Wave machine" and "the fairest comparison yet", attempted to define and measure quantum speedup. Several definitions were put forward as some may be unverifiable by empirical tests, while others, though falsified, would nonetheless allow for the existence of performance advantages. The study found that the D-Wave chip "produced no quantum speedup" and did not rule out the possibility in future tests. The researchers, led by Matthias Troyer at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, found "no quantum speedup" across the entire range of their tests, and only inconclusive results when looking at subsets of the tests. Their work illustrated "the subtle nature of the quantum speedup question". Further work has advanced understanding of these test metrics and their reliance on equilibrated systems, thereby missing any signatures of advantage due to quantum dynamics. There are many open questions regarding quantum speedup. The ETH reference in the previous section is just for one class of benchmark problems. Potentially there may be other classes of problems where quantum speedup might occur. Researchers at Google, LANL, USC, Texas A&M, and D-Wave are working to find such problem classes. In December 2015, Google announced that the D-Wave 2X outperforms both simulated annealing and Quantum Monte Carlo by up to a factor of 100,000,000 on a set of hard optimization problems. D-Wave's architecture differs from traditional quantum computers. It is not known to be polynomially equivalent to a universal quantum computer and, in particular, cannot execute Shor's algorithm because Shor's algorithm is not a hillclimbing process. Shor's algorithm requires a universal quantum computer. During the Qubits 2021 conference held by D-Wave, it was announced that the company is hard at work developing their first universal quantum computers, capable of running Shor's algorithm in addition to other gate-model algorithms such as QAOA and VQE. "A cross-disciplinary introduction to quantum annealing-based algorithms" presents an introduction to combinatorial optimization (NP-hard) problems, the general structure of quantum annealing-based algorithms and two examples of this kind of algorithms for solving instances of the max-SAT and Minimum Multicut problems, together with an overview of the quantum annealing systems manufactured by D-Wave Systems. Hybrid quantum-classic algorithms for large-scale discrete-continuous optimization problems were reported to illustrate the quantum advantage.

Introduction Mavis Grind, looking south Mavis Grind is a narrow isthmus joining the Northmavine peninsula to the rest of the island of Shetland Mainland in the Shetland Islands, Scotland. It is said to be the only place in the UK where you can toss a stone across land from the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. It is a regular crossing point for otters, which in Shetland are sea-dwelling. In 1999, local volunteers successfully helped to demonstrate whether Viking ships could be carried across the isthmus, instead of sailing around the end of the island. Mavis Grind carries the main A970 road to Hillswick in the northwest of Shetland and is about two miles (3.2 km) west of the settlement of Brae. Remains of a late Bronze Age settlement have been found close by.

Introduction Alastair Forsyth is a Scottish professional golfer. Amateur career Forsyth was born in Glasgow, Scotland and grew up supporting Rangers. He was a member of a winning Great Britain & Ireland Jacques Léglise Trophy team in 1994 and he won the 1996 Scottish Amateur Stroke Play Championship. Professional career Forsyth turned professional in 1998. He won the MasterCard Tour Order of Merit in 1999, having won the St Omer Open Championship (not a European Tour event at the time) during the season. Forsyth has played on the European Tour since 2000, after being medalist at the qualifying school in 1999. In his debut season, he just missed out on the Sir Henry Cotton Rookie of the Year award, which went to England's Ian Poulter. His best season to date was 2003, when he finished 19th on the European Tour Order of Merit. His first tour victory came at the 2002 Carlsberg Malaysian Open and his second came at the 2008 Madeira Islands Open BPI - Portugal. In May 2008, he overtook Colin Montgomerie to become the highest ranked Scottish player on the Official World Golf Rankings. He tied for ninth place in the 2008 PGA Championship. Amateur wins *1996 Scottish Amateur Stroke Play Championship Professional wins (11) European Tour wins (2) No. Date Tournament Winning score Margin ofvictory Runner-up 1 3 Mar 2002 Carlsberg Malaysian Open1 −17 (63-65-69-70=267) Playoff Stephen Leaney 2 23 Mar 2008 Madeira Islands Open BPI - Portugal −15 (70-70-66-67=273) Playoff Hennie Otto 1Co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour European Tour playoff record (2–1) No. Year Tournament Opponent(s) Result 1 2002 Carlsberg Malaysian Open Stephen Leaney Won with birdie on second extra hole 2 2008 Madeira Islands Open BPI - Portugal Hennie Otto Won with birdie on first extra hole 3 2008 Estoril Open de Portugal Grégory Bourdy, David Howell Bourdy won with birdie on third extra holeForsyth eliminated by par on second hole MasterCard Tour wins (1) 1999 St Omer Open Championship Other wins (8) 1998 Scottish Under-25 Championship, Kilspindie Assistants Autumn Classic 1999 Northern Open, Scottish Assistants' Championship 2000 Scottish PGA Championship 2019 Northern Open, Titleist & FootJoy PGA Professional Championship 2022 Scottish PGA Championship Playoff record Challenge Tour playoff record (0–1) No. Year Tournament Opponent Result 1 1999 Formby Hall Challenge Greig Hutcheon Lost to birdie on second extra hole Results in major championships Tournament 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 U.S. Open T60 The Open Championship T59 T47 CUT T67 PGA Championship CUT T9 79 Note: Forsyth never played in the Masters Tournament. CUT = missed the half-way cut "T" = tied Results in World Golf Championships Tournament 2003 Match Play Championship T40 Invitational "T" = Tied Team appearances Amateur Jacques Léglise Trophy (representing Great Britain and Ireland): 1994 (winners) European Youths' Team Championship (representing Scotland): 1996 (winners) European Amateur Team Championship (representing Scotland): 1997 Professional World Cup (representing Scotland): 2002, 2003, 2004, 2008, 2009 PGA Cup (representing Great Britain and Ireland): 2019

Introduction Chapeltoun is an estate on the banks of the Annick Water in East Ayrshire, a rural area of Scotland famous for its milk and cheese production and the Ayrshire or Dunlop breed of cattle. Templeton and the Knights Templar The feudal allocation of tenements to the vassals of the overlord, such as Hugh de Morville, was carried out very carefully, with the boundaries being walked and carefully recorded. The term 'ton' at this time was added to the site of the dwelling house, not necessarily a grand stone-built structure, which was bounded by a wall or fence. The tenements were held in a military tenure, the land being in exchange for military assistance to the overlord. In later years the military assistance could be exchanged for financial payment. The name Templeton may have arisen due to lands here being given by the overlord to a vassal. The site of the original dwelling is unknown, Laigh Chapelton being the oldest known site of a habitation, probably dating from at least 1775. The name Chapelton is relatively recent as Pont's Map of 1604 does not show such a place name; however, he does show a Templeton in approximately the right place between the Annick Water and the Glazert Water. Other Knights Templar temple-lands were to be found at the Templehouse and Fortalice in the old village of Darlington near Stewarton, Templehouse near Dunlop, at Templetounburn on the outskirts of Crookedholm and at several other places in the area, such as Temple-Ryburn and Temple-Hapland. In 1312 the Knights Templar order, whose Scottish headquarters had been at Torphichen, was disbanded and its lands given to the Knights of St. John who today run the St John Ambulance amongst other activities. Lord Torphichen as preceptor obtained the temple-land tenements and the lands passed through the hands of Montgomerie of Hessilhead to Wallace of Cairnhill (now Carnell) in 1720, before passing out of the hands of the aristocracy. A tenement is a grant of land which has a building on it and is held in tenure by the tenant The farms in the area used the Chapelton name in 1829 (Aitken) and Armstrong's 1775 map shows and names a Chapel. The name change from Templetoun to Chapelton may have resulted from the end of the official existence of the temple-lands sometime after 1720 or as a result of the breaking up of the ownership of these lands at around this date or possibly slightly earlier. Thus the name Templeton was in use in 1604 in 1654, but not by 1775 The will of Katherine Muir / Mure, dated 1665, relict of William Hepburn of Chapeltoun in the Parish of Stewarton, implies a change of name at an earlier date. This Chapeltoun may be the modern day Chapeltoun Mains. Paterson (1866) states that on the lands of Langshaw (now Lainshaw) there was a chapel, dedicated to the Virgin Mary and that it had an appropriate endowment. After the Reformation the endowment was appropriated by the patron and the chapel allowed to fall into ruins. Temple-lands did not pay teins to maintain the local church and they were therefore a highly prized and lucrative asset. In 1616 the patronage of the chapel and the lands of Peacock Bank (sic) were held by Sir Neil Montgomerie of Lainshaw as granted 'clare constat' by the Earl of Eglinton, but by 1661 the patronage was once again held directly by the Earl of Eglinton as indicated below. The site of the chapel was called Chapelton in the 17th century and Chapel by 1874. The same information is given by Paterson in 1866, Groome in 1885 and Barclay. Etymology The name Chapeltoun clearly derives from Chapel & Toun, indicating that a small settlement existed around the chapel in much the same way as many 'Kirktons' exist as at Kilmaurs-Glencairn and Stewarton kirks. Dobie in 1876 records that Hugh, Earl of Eglinton inherited in May 1661 the 10 merkland of Langshaw with the patronage of the Chapel of the Blessed Virgin within these lands. A reference is made to a James Wyllie, whose family held these lands for several generations. This statement is made as part of a reference to the 5 merk lands of Gallaberry which were part of a larger area of land, most of which belonged to the estate of Dunlop. The name Gallaberry is thought to be derived from the Saxon word burgh and the Celtic word Gauls, the term meaning therefore the burgh, mansion or strength of the Gauls. Sanderson mentions a rural chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mother Mary located on the Lainshaw lands. It is relevant here to note that Dobie lists three families with the name Tempiltoun in the Kilmaurs valuation role of 1640 while no other Cunninghame parishes have this name listed. One of the oldest graves in Kilmaurs-Glencairn churchyard, dating from the 17th century, is that of a Tempiltoun. The family Bible of the Templetons is held (2008) by the Forrests of Byres Farm, who are direct descendants. The Chapel and the Chapel Hill / Burial Mound / Moot Hill Dobie states that two chapels existed, one at Lainshaw and one at Chapeltoun, however he may have confused the term 'attached' which can mean that it was on the land of or had been endowed by the owner or the Lord of the Barony, rather than necessarily being in close proximity to the castle/house of Lainshaw. If Patersons statement implying that only one chapel existed and that it was at Chapelton is correct, and he was brought up locally, then our knowledge of the history of the Chapel of St. Mary is greatly increased. The Topographical Dictionary of Scotland in 1846 states that "About a mile from the town (Stewarton), on the farm of Chapelton (now Chapeltoun Mains), were recently dug up the foundations of an ancient chapel, of which however, no authentic records have been preserved." The Chapel Hill, Chapeltoun In January 1678 Robert Cunynghame, druggist / apothecary / surgeon in Edinburgh, is stated to be the heir to Anne, daughter of Sir Robert Cunynghame of Auchenharvie. She was his cousin-german and part of the inheritance was 10 merk land of Fairlie-Crivoch, with the chapel lands and glebe of Fairlie-Crivoch. No other chapel is in the locality, so this most probably refers to the Chapel at Chapelton. He also owned much of the lands of Lambroughton. Crivoch was a barony and the lands had been split into Lindsay-Crevoch and Montgomerie-Crevoch. Fairlie Crevoch is probably the property close to the old Crivoch Mill at Kennox. The chapel can never have been very large and was abandoned at the time of the Protestant reformation in Scotland led by the ex-Roman Catholic priest John Knox (1514 to 1572). It is not marked as a ruin on the 1775 Armstrong map, but as a small mansion house, implying that a Chapel House existed somewhere in the vicinity, in addition to the 1775 Laigh (possibly later named Chapelton). It has been stated that this site was just called 'chapel' at this time and this is the name given on Armstrong's map. No evidence for the site of the priest's dwelling exists, however the site of the old Templeton/Chapelton House suggest itself. If the Laigh marked on the 1775 map refers to Laigh Chapelton then the antiquity of the site is further enhanced as it is the only other named site in the vicinity of the chapel. The history of the monastic settlement and the chapel of Saint Mary at the Chapel Crags beside the Thugart stane/T'Ogra Stane/Thurgatstane/Thorgatstane/Field Spirit Stane/Ogrestane near Dunlop is a parallel example to the Chapel on the Chapel Hill. The pagan stone is still in existence, long, broad and high, but no evidence of the Christian sites is visible, apart from the inconspicuous Holy Well in the field bordered by the burn. Bayne states that the stone may have been a rocking or 'logan stone' at one time and it is recorded that the farmer was not permitted to plough within a set distance of the stone, presumably because of a tradition of pagan burials around this monument, which is a 'glacial erratic' in origin. It was still worshiped up until "the times of popery" according to McIntosh. The Annick Water looking upstream from Chapeltoun Bridge. The topography of the area is typical of the sort of site chosen for early ecclesiastical establishments and the building of chapels or churches on pagan sites is a classic example of the way that Christianity supplanted pagan beliefs and practices. Both these religious sites are also in sheltered valleys, with ample running water and they are hidden from view. As stated the 1775 Armstrong map of Ayrshire clearly shows a 'Chapel' marked, so it was known to exist at this time, however the remains would have been mined/removed over the years by local farmers and used for building work, etc. The remains of the chapel would have been hard to locate by the early 18th century. Arrowsmith's 1807 map shows Chapel marked near Linshaw (Lainshaw) and no Laigh mentioned, while Ainslie's 1821 map shows a Chapel and a Laigh. It is likely that the term Chapel on most maps could be referring to a dwelling or farm and not the Chapel on the mound. The 1856 'Name Book' of the OS states that part of the house of Chapelton (NS 395 441) is believed to have been a chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary. Though parts of the building are of great age, it is not certain that this was the chapel; it may have been the residence of the chaplain, while the chapel stood near Chapel Hill. This Chapel Hill is a circular artificial hill. About 1850, Mr. J McAlister raised it to its present height by taking the earth etc. that had slid from its sides, and putting it on the top. While doing this, a quantity of human bones was found near the base on the S and E sides, and also some stones which from their appearance Mr. McAlister thought had been exposed to fire, suggesting that the old chapel was destroyed by fire. Mr. R Miller, a former proprietor, stated that when the present road past Chapel Hill was being made, a quantity of bones was found, giving the idea that there had been a burial ground here. The Bonnie wood o' Lambroughton. Smith, the well known antiquarian, in 1895 describes the mound as being 22 paces in diameter, high on the low side and high on the high side. He states that it is well cared for and that a flight of steps, not clearly visible today, ran up from its base to the top. However significantly he makes no reference to any remains of the chapel itself. The 1897 25" to the mile OS shows a path at the Chapelhill House side of the mound and a possibly a curving path or steps up. Smith also states that the mound was repaired some fifty years before, which fits in with the approximate dates for the likely construction of the Chapelton (old) house, by or for James McAlister who is given as the owner of Chapelton at around this time, and it is stated in 1874 that the chapel ruins were found some 40 years before, i.e. around 1834. The 1846 record states that they had been found recently however (Topo Dict Scot). In 1842 it is recorded that "Near the farm house of Low Chapelton, above a mile below Stewarton, on the right bank of the Annock, there appears to have once been a chapel, the ruins of which were lately dug up, when the proprietor was engaged in planting trees. There are now no records remaining of the place of worship." Fullarton records that ".. it derived its name from an ancient chapel which stood here, and some fragments of the walls of which still remain connected with this chaste and elegant cottage residence. The site is peculiarly monastic, in a finely sheltered depression close by the brink of the stream." The Ardossan & Saltcoats Herald on 28.11.1863 ran an article that stated that: "The Chaplehill, an artificial mound, not unlike the one at Castleton, as large, (some people think larger) and of an equally perfect shape. A portion of one side had been thrown down in the last century, to form part of a private road; but when James McAllisiter, Esq., succeeded to the place, in 1847, he found the road had long been disused, and with good taste restored the hill to what had been its original form. In doing so, we believe, he found a good many bones, but not in coffins; and from their position had been evidently disturbed. A large quantity had been found on a former occasion. No very remote date is assigned to these remains. The place probably had been used as a Catholic Burying ground. There was also found a small portion of what seems to have been a clay urn; also, two very ancient copper coins, so ancient indeed, that it is impossible to make anything of them; one or two of those circular pieces of a sort of thick slate, with a hole perforated through the centre, and believed to be the currency of the early ages; and a stone ball, about the size of an ordinary ball. It is therefore presumable that the Roman Catholic Chapel and Burying ground occupied the site of the more ancient faith." The Scotsman for Wednesday, 26 September 1866 records the sale of the 176 acre estate and states that the dwelling house was built around the ancient chapel of St Mary, being repaired and improved. In the 1980s a group of 'Wicca' chose the Chapel Hill top to hold a 'Halloween' festival with a large bonfire, etc., much to the surprise of the locals. The Moot of Chapelton A Moot Hill of Chapelton is recorded in the Register of the Great Seal of Scotland as being specifically excluded by King James from a grant of lands including Lainshaw, Robertland and Gallowberry to Alexander Hume in the 15th century. This could be a secondary use of a burial mound, although a number of the 'Moot' or 'Justice' Hills seem to have been constructed for the purpose. It may imply that the chapel itself was not on the hill, given that the 15th-century date is pre-reformation and the chapel would therefore be still in use. Alternative names for the Chapel Hill The Chapel Hill from near Chapeltoun Mains. Alternative local names for the burial mound are the 'Jockey's cap' and the 'Monk's Graveyard', the 1897 OS map states that human bones were found in the hill. The Forrest family of Byres Farm are direct descendants of the Templetons and they use the term 'Monk's Graveyard' for the Chapel Hill. The validity of oral tradition in this case is exceptionally strong and may indicate that the chapel was not on the mound but on the site of the old Chapelton House. John Dobie in his additional notes to his father's work calls the site 'the Chapeltons'. The mound itself is one of the finest preserved Bronze Age burial mounds in Ayrshire. A previous owner of the Chapel Hill mound allowed an unofficial excavation to take place in around 2001. It is not known if any finds were made. A visit by the OS in August 1982 stated that "It is difficult to make any accurate assessment of this feature. It has obviously been altered and landscaped beyond any recognition of its original form, and in its present state has an ornamental appearance. Situated on the edge of a natural N–S scarp line at approximately 60 m, it is possible that this was at one time just a slightly raised promontory, but as such, it is almost certainly not a motte and would be more typical of a homestead position in this region." The name 'Jockey's Cap' originates from the days when the annual 'Stewarton Bonnet Guild Festival' included horse racing – like the 'Irvine Marymass' Celebrations still do. The mound was the perfect site for viewing the 'racecourse' set out on the field below 'Chapeltoun Mains'. The shape of the mound is reminiscent of a jockey's cap. Chapelton and the Kennox connection Sir Neil Montgomery of Lainshaw married Elizabeth Cunninghame of Aiket and one of their sons, John of Cockilbie, had a son named John of Crivoch in the mid-17th century. He may have lived at Crivoch before it was purchased by the Somervilles and passed by marriage to the MacAlisters. Signature of John Somervell of Kennox, 1728.The letters of Sir David Cunningham of Auchenharvie to his cousin the laird of Robertland preserved in the National Archives of Scotland detail his efforts to purchase some of these lands (NAS GD237/25/1-4) He sold some of them in turn to James Douglas of Chesters in 1642 (RGS, ix, (1634–1651), no.1189) In around 1700 John Somerville of the Kennox Estate in Lanarkshire purchased the Bollingshaw (now Bonshaw) Barony, including Chapeltoun, and built Kennox (also Kenox in 1832 and Kennoch in 1792) House on the lands of Montgomerie – Crevoch. Image:Jamesmillerlaighchapelton.jpg|Signature of James Miller who inherited Chapelton, then called Laigh Chapelton, in 1775. Image:Johnmillerlaighchapelton.jpg|Signature of John Miller who inherited Chapelton, then called Laigh Chapelton, from his father James in 1789. Image:Charlesmcalesterkennox.jpg|Signature of Col. Charles Somerville McAlester Esq. who purchased Chapelton on 6 February 1827. Image:Jamesmcalesterchapelton.jpg|Signature of James Somerville McAlester Esq. of Kennox who inherited Laigh Chapelton from his father Charles on 25 April 1848. Image: Johncunninghamchapelton.jpg|Signature of John Cunningham, Ironmaster of Barrhead who purchased the Chapelton estate from James McAlester Esq. in May 1874. Image:Archibaldbrownliechapelton.jpg|Signature of John Archibald Brownlie of Monkcastle purchased the Chapelton estate on 21 November 1888 from John Cunningham, Ironmaster, Barrhead. Image:Johnffaulsmosshead.jpg|Signature of John Faulds who lived at Mosshead in 1728. Image:Williamcunninghamlainshaw.jpg|1848 Signature on vellum of William Cuninghame Esq. of Lainshaw, superior of the Barony of Lainshaw. Hugh Montfode of that Ilk's sister Jean was married to John Miller of Laigh Chapelton who died in 1622; they had a son Hugh Miller. Jean Montfode nominated John Miller to be her executor. The American genealogist Steve Miller has revealed that in 1828 the deceased John Miller, was through his son James who was then living at Montfode House, being sued by Col Charles S. McAlister of Kennox. Charles S. McAlister and Janet had four children. They bequeathed the part of the Barony of Bollingshaw named Chapelton (the glebes and chapel lands of the Register of Sasines) to their younger son James, who never married and died in 1857. The gates and remains of the old lodges at Kennox House in 2007. No date is given for when James Somerville obtained Chapelton, however we know from Dobie that James McAlister, nephew of the aforementioned James, was the owner in 1874. This James McAlister, the nephew of James Somerville, also never married. Chapelton had been re-acquired into the Bollingshaw Barony for him by his father, Charles McAlister. Templeton becomes Chapelton and develops into an Estate The Armstrong map of 1775 show a 'Laigh' in fairly close proximity to the 'Chapel'. This is in all probability Laigh Chapelton, suggesting that a dwelling existed at this date and adding strength to the supposition that Laigh Chapelton was a building, or the site of a building, of some considerable antiquity. A legal document, 'Defences for James Wilson of High Chapelton sued by John Miller of Laigh Chapelton' in 1820 gives us the names of the tenants of both of these properties at this time The rental valuie circa 1820 was £180. The formal name change from Templeton to Chapelton did not occur as a result of the rediscovery of the St. Mary's Chapel ruins by the new landowner, James McAlister, for it had clearly never been truly lost as such. However the discovery may help provide an approximate date for the reconstruction / extension of the house at Laigh Chapelton. Paterson says in 1866 that the chapel discovery was some years before, evidence from Dobie gives us the date of 1836 and Smith's evidence gives the date of 1845. Aitken shows only a Laigh Chapelton Farm in 1829 and all this suggests that the 'old' Chapelton House and estate were developed in around 1830 to 1850. The early to mid-19th century is a time during which many country houses were built, modernised or extended and OS maps show the increasing importance of the Laigh Chapelton estate around this time, with the development of formal gardens (from the 1858 OS), new driveways, etc. Chapeltoun Mains Chapeltoun Mains farm with 'Black Sawney's Park' in front, taken from near Chapeltoun Bridge. Chapeltoun (Chapleton, Chappleton, Chapeltown, etc.) Mains farm changes its name from simple Chapelton, which Laigh Chapelton now adopts as the site of the new mansion house, sometime between 1829 and 1858. This suggests that at this time Chapelton Mains was the home farm prior to the building of what is now Chapelhill House in around 1911, as judged from the OS maps. A small building appears near the site of Chapelburn Cottage from 1858. The area around the front of the farm is referred to as 'Black Sawneys Park'; 'Sawney' being a Scots term for 'Alexander'. At one time it effectively meant a 'Scotsman', as with the use of the name 'Jock'. Another explanation is that the field had black sandy soil due to the river flooding onto the holm and creating rich fertile soil. Wattshode The shelter belt and site of Wattshode. A small property set in of the 5 Merk lands of Chapelton, named Wattshode or Wattshod is mentioned as far back as 1723 in the Chapeltoun Mains legal papers. Armstrong records a 'Wetshode' in 1775. In 1598 the word 'Wattshode' was some sort of fabric, frequently described as blue. It could include the local surname name 'Watt'. The Scotsman for Wednesday 26 September 1866 advertises the sale of Chapeltoun, Wattshode and Mosshead. A shelter belt beside the track up to Bogflat and signs of nettle growth restricted to the possible site of a building suggests that Wattshode stood in this field behind Cankerton (previously Cantkertonhole). General Roy's map of 1747 – 55 marks only Watshode and Chapeltoun by name. 'Red Wat-shod' is a Scots expression used by Robert Burns meaning blood-spattered boots. Chapelton Moss Head, Bottoms point Crivoch, and Bogside Bottoms point Crevoch Farm. A farm originally called Chapelton Moss Head by Thomson in 1828 or Mosshead of Chapelton, is later called just Mosshead and was situated in the fields of Bottoms Farm with its entrance just after the bridge over the Chapel Burn. All traces of it above ground have vanished, while Bogside cottage is still represented by building debris at the edge of the field near the entrance to the Bogflat Farm. Bogside had a rental value of £10 in 1820 and the proprietor was Robert Stevenson. Bottoms point Crevoch farm still exists close to Kennox (2009). The Scotsman newspaper in 1866 records the sale of the lands of Chapeltoun, Wattshode and Mosshead. Bogflat Bogflat Farm. Bogflat Farm has been lovingly rebuilt circa 2004 by Stuart Kerr and his wife Stephanie. Stewarton Old Parish Records show Hugh Parker and his spouse Susanna Wardrop living at Bogflat in 1809 when their daughter Annabella was born. The Parkers were still in residence at the time of the 1841 census. Neighbours Susanna Wardrop Parker of Bogflat Farm and Agnes Wardrop Watt in Parkside Farm were sisters. John Earl and Isobel his spouse were residing at Bogside in 1827. In 1881 an Alexander Muir, aged 38, a general merchant lived at Bogflat with his wife Margaret and sons David and John. A building named Bog is marked on Armstrong's 1775 map and this was most likely Bogflat for we know from a Marriage stone from Bogflat, now in the Stewarton Museum, that a dwelling was there in 1711 with a 'JR' recorded and other initials, unfortunately now cut off. In 1919 Robert Bryce, Import and Export Merchant of Melbourne, Australia owned Chapelton and Bogflat. In May 1941 a bomb was dropped on the nearby Anderson's Mount and a pipe was laid from the resultamt crater to the well at Bogflat as the crater had filled with water and was kept full by the springs here (see video). Parkside (Windwaird) and Cankerton Hollow Cankerton, previously Cakertonhole, from near Wattshode. Windwaird is the name given by Aitken in 1829 to a house on the Torranyard to Stewarton road, not far from the fairly recently created entrance for pedestrians to Lainshaw House that runs through the Anderson Plantation (a name marked on the maps but not used by the local farmers). This building is called Parkside on the OS maps, first shown on the 1832 map, it is marked on the 1960, but not the 1974 OS. Stewarton Old Parish Records show Alexander Watt and his wife Agnes (Wardrop) in Parkside when their daughter Mary was born in May 1809. In 1809, neighbours Susanna Wardrop Parker in Bogflat Farm and Agnes Wardrop Watt in Parkside Farm were sisters. The last family to live here were the Muir's, relatives of the Muir's of Gillmill (also Gillmiln) Farm. A 'park' refers to an area of enclosed land in the days when most land was not enclosed with hedges or fencing. In 1616 the "lands of the Waird, etc." were conveyed to David Cunninghame of Robertland by William, Lord Kilmaurs (McNaught 1912), but any connection with this site is unproven. A waird is a feudal land tenure right conferred through military service obligations of tenants (see Definitions and Scot's words). Wardpark near Lochridge is spelt Wairdpark in Pont's map of 1604. Cankerton or Cankerton Hollow is rarely indicated by name; it was the home of James Orr, farmer who died on 6 April 1859 aged 43 (born 31 May 1845). His wife Mary King Brown had died on 12 July 1845 aged just 25 (born 20 September 1820). Another John Orr farmed here with his spouse Janet Wilson. He died on 21 January 1847, aged 68, and she died on 16 October 1889, aged 79, having moved into High Chapeltoun to live with her brothers. Husband & spouse were buried at the Laigh Kirk, Stewarton. Cankerton, originally Cankerton was also found locally as a surname, but the etymology is unclear, a 'canker' usually meaning a 'blight, a fungal disease' of trees or cereals. A Cankerton Estate is listed under a survey of coal deposits. Image:Maryreadchapelton.JPG|The gravestone of Mary Reid of Chapelton & Stacklawhill. Image:Chapeltonwalls1.JPG|The old gateposts from the demolished Chapelton House lying near the Chapel Hill. The drystone dykes in the background were built with stones from the old house. Image:Chapeltouncrest.jpg|Archibald Brownlie's headed notepaper of 1895. Image:Hughneilson.jpg|Signature of Hugh Neilson who purchased Chapelton in 1899 from J Archibald Brownlie of Monkcastle, Banker. High Chapeltoun High Chapelton is first marked on the 1829 and the 1858 maps, together with a limekiln and a ford over the Annick. An old track is seen running from the farm to the field containing the 'grain barn' near Laigh Castleton; ploughing in this field has not turned up any stones, building or otherwise therefore suggesting a building constructed from wood. James Wilson and his spouse Mary Steven farmed at High Chapeltoun in 1760, when she died, aged 56. They were buried at the Laigh Kirk in Stewarton. Mary Reid of High Chapelton and Stacklawhill was born here on 20 January 1827, daughter of Thomas Reid of Stacklawhill. His wife was Mary Wilson of High Chapelton. The memorial stone is in the Stewarton cemetery. The rental value in around 1820 was £137. Chapelton (old) house and gardens The old Chapeltoun House prior to 1908. The 1858 OS shows two buildings on the site, very close to each other but not physically connected. One building probably being the old Laigh Chapelton Farm and the other, on the right, being the residence built for James McAlister. The photograph (Davis 1991) seems to be of the side of the house facing onto the road and the Chapel Hill. The 1851 OS shows formal gardens with a boundary wall, paths and a central feature, possibly a pond. The 1897 OS shows one large building with wings and extensions which appear to be porches and possibly a conservatory. By this date the formal gardens are absent, as in the 1911 OS. The ha-ha is not shown in the large scale map of 1897 OS, but appears to be present in the 1858 and the 1911 editions. No footbridge can be made out, however the OS maps have a number of errors and omissions, especially the exact outlines of buildings which are often only 'approximations'. Between 1858 and 1897 a main driveway has been constructed into the grounds from nearly opposite the Chapel Hill and a formal path with steps leads from the position of today's main entrance down to Chapelton House. Construction of the New Chapeltoun House and Estate The Chapelton (old) House was demolished in around 1908, possibly following a fire as this is the strong local tradition for the demise of the house. A Miss Mary McAllister may have been the last occupant of the house. Some of the dressed stonework may have been used in the building of the new house, garden and drive walls, the sides of the Chapel burn and elsewhere. The walling around the field side of the Chapel Hill mound is not entirely built with stones from Chapelton (old) House as some old building rubble was brought in from elsewhere at a much later date by the owner of Chapeltoun Mains, Mr. A. Robinson. The gate to the field below the mound has three sandstone gateposts laid horizontally, two of them are exceptionally large and could be the ornamented gateposts from the old entrance and driveway to Chapelton (old) House. The actual drive is now represented by the curling pond behind the walled up entrance and the OS maps show an entrance here until at least 1911. Chapeltoun Mains has only one gatepost and both High Chapeltoun and Chapelhill house have none. These changes probably reflect the requirement to have access for large modern farm machinery. The gateposts are machine cut sandstone and the same design is found elsewhere, such as at the Kennox lodge, Cankerton and opposite Peacockbank Farm (previously Pearce Bank) near Stewarton, near the original entrance road to Lochridge. In 1775 Armstrong's map shows the road going no further than Lochridge (formerly Lochrig). A wind-pump is shown situated above Chapeltoun House on the 1923 OS map. Chapeltoun House During demolition it was noted that the stonework in the lower story of Chapelton (old) House was noticeably older than the upper story as would be expected if Laigh Chapelton had developed into Chapelton when it acquired an owner with greater financial means, Mr. James McAlister (or MacAlester), who added first a new 'mansion house', later an upper story to the old farm, developed the ornamental gardens and probably built the bridge over the river with the associated 'ha-ha' (see the section on the estate gardens and landscape). Michael Davis records that Hugh Neilson, the owner of 'Summerlee Iron Company' had the present mansion house designed in 1908 by Alexander Cullen, an architect from Hamilton. Harling is used extensively on the walls and this was originally left in an unpainted, artistic, grey state. The family moved into the house in 1910, however The gate-lodge was not built until around 1918, having been designed by Cullen, Lochhead and Brown. R.W.Schultz had proposed a terraced garden in 1911, but it is not known to what extent the existing terraces reflect this design. The pillars at the base of the main flight of steps incorporate old ornamental worked sandstone, presumably from the Chapelton (old) House. A separate conservatory building existed in front of the house at one time according to the Kilmarnock Glenfiled Ramblers. The name 'Chapeltoun', with the extra letter 'u' was presumably adopted for the new mansion house. A small iron cannon dated 1840 once stood in front of the house having been built by Mr Neilson at his Oak Bank Foundry. The lodgehouse at Chapeltoun House. Hugh Neilson was a keen player of the bagpipes and the music could be heard at many of the surrounding farms, drifting up from the estate gardens. He was also very fond of curling and as soon as the weather was cold enough he would invite all the locals down for a match and a dram at his curling pond (Hastings 1995). It is believed to have been restored when the house was a hotel, using concrete and tarmac. The Chapeltoun Estate was never very large, incorporating Chapeltoun Mains, High Chapeltoun, the home farm (now Chapelhill House), Chapelburn Cottage, Mosshead of Chapelton Farm, Bogside cottage and Bogflat. Cankerton (Cankertonhole) and Bloomridge (Bloomrig) were part of the Kennox Estate. Between 1924 and 1960 the Neilsons owned Linn House in Dalry. Bogside cottage was lived in by Mr. Troop and his family and later on by a Mr. McGaw who worked at Chapeltoun Mains. He was the Chapeltoun House gardener. Mr. Thow (pronounced Thor) a forester, lived with his family at the Bogflat Farmhouse. A chauffeur, a Mr. McLean lived at Chapelburn cottage and Firbank existed as a small copse with a possible (unrecorded) standing stone, the bungalow was built in the 1970s. An incident remembered by Mrs. Wilson is that of Mr. Neilson challenging a young man from Kilmaurs to a fist fight because he had found that the man was courting one of his housemaids. The 'mansion' house of 1910 has had a number of changes of use after it was a private house, being the headquarters of an insurance company and a hotel under several different owners, before becoming a family home again around 2004. The Lobnitz family of Chapeltoun House moved to High Clunch. The Third Statistical Account of 1953 still records Chapeltoun as being one of the six main estates in the parish of Stewarton. Gardens and landscape A finial from Chapelton House or possibly a 'wheat sheaf' from the old Monks' Well is used as a feature in the gardens. Apart from pure ornamentation the finial can also function as a lightning rod, and was once believed to act as a deterrent to witches on broomsticks attempting to land on one's roof. On making her final landing approach to a roof, the witch, spotting the obstructing finial, was forced to sheer off and land elsewhere. An old lintel from a door is recorded in 1939 as being built into a wall in the garden with the inscription 'S.M. 1740', possibly standing for one of the 'Miller' family'. The Monks' well A possible finial from the entrance porch at old Chapelton House or a 'wheat sheaf' from the Monks' Well. In the woodland policies of Chapeltoun House is the Monks' Well (OS 1974), fountain or spring as indicated on the OS maps going back as far as 1858. Its present appearance is probably as a Victorian or Edwardian 'whimsy' or 'folly' with a large, thick sandstone 'tombstone appearance' with a slightly damaged cross carved in relief upon it and a spout through which the spring water once passed into a cast iron 'bowl'. The Kilmarnock Glenfield Rambler's visited Chapeltoun in 1939 and recorded that a gargoyle had once been present as a spout and that the 'cross' was actually a 'wheat sheaf' that had stood on top of the stone. It seems unlikely from the workmanship that the well's stone and 'cross' have anything to do with the old chapel, but one possibility is that it came from over the entrance door to Laigh Chapelton as the custom was for a Templar property to have the 'cross' symbol of the order displayed in such a fashion. On the other hand it could have been made for the Chapelton (old) House to associate the building with the Christian history of the site. The stone is unusually thick and has been clearly reworked to pass a spout through it. The OS record that in the 1970s a Mr. H.Gollan of Chapeltown stated that the 'Monk's Well', was believed to have been associated with the chapel. In July 1956 the OS state that the 'Monk's Well' is a spring emerging through a stone pipe, situated in a stone-faced cutting in the hill slope. Above the spring is a stone slab with a cross in relief. The Curling pond A well is marked near the Chapelton (old) House which became a pump later and may now be represented by a surviving stone lined well with steps leading down to it. The water from this well was used to fill the Curling Pond which was built by the Neilsen's on the site of the original driveway into the old house/farm. It is said that the curling pond was constructed on the site of the old stables. A view of the Chapelton ha-ha. At the top edge of riverside meadow are to be found a couple of sizeable glacial erratics, which were dug out during the construction of the sewerage treatment plant. The remains of the abutments of a footbridge across the river are visible where the garden boundary hedge meets the Annick and Florence Miller remembers the bridge as still standing in the late 1920s. This presumably Victorian or Edwardian feature would take people across to the area delineated by a small ha-ha, now thick with rhododendrons (R.ponticum), typically planted by estate owners. The ha-ha On the Lambroughton side of the river is a substantial wall with a wide ditch in front, built with considerable labour and of no drainage function. This structure was probably a ha-ha (sometimes spelt har har) or sunken fence which is a type of boundary to a garden, pleasure-ground, or park so designed as not to interrupt the view and to not be seen until closely approached. The ha-ha consists of a trench, the inner side of which is perpendicular and faced with stone, with the outer slope face sloped and turfed – making it in effect a sunken fence. The ha-ha is a feature in many landscape gardens laid and was an essential component of the "swept" views of Lancelot Capability Brown. "The contiguous ground of the park without the sunk fence was to be harmonized with the land within; and the garden in its turn was to be set free from its prim regularity, that it might assort with the wilder country without". Most typically they are found in the grounds of grand country houses and estates and acted as a means of keeping the cattle and sheep out of the formal gardens, without the need for obtrusive fencing. They vary in depth from about 5 feet (Chapeltoun House) to 9 feet (Petworth). The old driveway to Lainshaw House off the Stewarton to Torranyard road also has a ha-ha on the side facing the home farm before it reaches the woods. The name ha-ha may be derived from the response of ordinary folk on encountering them and that they were, "...then deemed so astonishing, that the common people called them Ha! Ha's! to express their surprise at finding a sudden and unperceived check to their walk." An alternative theory is that it describes the laughter of those who see a walker fall down the unexpected hole. A seat may have been situated by the ha-ha and the woodland view would have been, and indeed still is, very attractive as this area is clearly an ancient woodland remnant. The stone boundary wall stops in line with the ha-ha. Chapeltoun Bridge The Chapeltoun Bridge over the Annick and is a carefully designed sandstone structure complementing the scene. 'Stepping stones' are marked on the 1897 OS map as being located just downstream from here. The name Annick, previously Annock, Annoch (1791) or Annack Water, possibly derives from the Gaelic abhuin, meaning water and oc or aig meaning little or small. The valley which this river runs through was once called Strathannock. Immense labour has been expended building walls on either side of the river and even the Chapel Burn bed is 'cobbled'. 'Fossilised' linear bands of stone deposition in gardens which were part of this 'boundary' field suggest that the old Rig and furrow system was used hereabouts, however extensive modern ploughing has hidden the 'tell tale' signs. The amount of stone clearance in the 'Lambroughton Woods' bearing plough scoring, illustrates the extent of the ploughing. Other fields in the area still show these unmistakable signs of cultivation and place names such as Lochrig (now Lochridge) and Righead Smithy preserve the history of the practice. Natural history The area of 'wild-wood' beyond the ha-ha, with its 'sheets of bluebells', the wood rushes, wood sorrel, dog's mercury, snowdrops, celandine, broad buckler, lady and male-shield ferns, helleborine orchids and other species typical of long established woodlands, abruptly ends at the 'march' (estate boundary) indicated by a large earth bund and a coppiced boundary beech. The 1858 OS shows the wood as confined to the area of the ha-ha, however by 1897 the OS shows woodland as far up as the march. The Lambroughton woods beyond (until recently the property of the Montgomery / Southannan Estate) are not shown on the older maps including the 1911 OS, they are shown in the 1960 OS map as a pine plantations amongst what was scrub or partial woodland cover containing elder, gean, ash, etc. Before this time the area above the river was not even fenced off at the top where it becomes 'level' with the field. Image:LainshawHaHa.jpg|The Coach Road through the policies near the Lainshaw ha-ha prior to the creation of the SWAT paths. Image:ChapeltounBridge.jpg|Chapeltoun Bridge and the River Annick from Chapel Hill. Image:ChapeltounWoods.jpg|The woods above the River Annick as viewed from East Lambroughton. Image:ChapeltounMarchTree.jpg|The Coppiced Boundary March beech Tree. Image:Glazertford.JPG|A view of the old Glazert ford at Haysmuir, with the Bonshaw woodlands in the background. One rail is left of an old footbridge. Although giant hogweed is taking hold along the Annick (2006), however the riparian (water side) flora is still indicative of long established and undisturbed habitats. The rare crosswort, (a relative of the goosegrass or cleavers) is found nearby. The river contains, amongst others, brown trout, sea trout, salmon, eels, minnows, and stickleback. The water quality is much improved since the Stewarton cloth mills closed and the river no longer carries their dyes and other pollutants as shown by the presence of freshwater limpets and shrimps, together with leeches, caddis fly larvae and water snail species. Kingfishers have been seen just downstream and the estate's woodland policies and river contain, amongst others, tawny and barn owls, herons, mallard, ravens, rooks, treecreepers, buzzards, peewits or lapwings, roe deer, mink, moles, shrews, grey squirrels, hares, hedgehogs, foxes, badgers, pipistrelle bats and probably otters. Migrating Canada and greylag geese frequent the nearby fields on their way up from the Caerlaverock or coming down from Spitzbergen in the winter. Duncan McNaught in 1895 records that he found a kingfisher's nest at an arms length inside an earthen burrow at Chapelton on the Annick. The estate woodlands contains typical species, such as copper beech, horse-chestnut, yew, bay-laurel, oaks, ornamental pines, and a fine walnut. Several very large beeches and sycamores are also present. The Glenfield Ramblers recorded two especially rare species in the area of the Lainshaw Estate, the lesser wintergreen and the bird's nest orchid. Unfortunately no precise details of the site were recorded. The hedgerow trees accepted today as part of the familiar landscape were not planted by farmers for visual effect, they were crops and the wood was used for building and fencing and the millers needed beech or hornbeam wood for mill machinery, in particular for the sacrificial cogs on the main drive gears. It is not generally appreciated how much the Ayrshire landscape has changed its character, for even in 1760–70 the Statistical Account it is stated that "there was no such thing to be seen as trees or hedges in the parish; all was naked and open". The Glazert burn, previously Glazart or Glassert has otters and the rare freshwater mussel (source of freshwater pearls). The name may come from the celtic, glas in Gaelic meaning grey or green and dur meaning water. It is recorded by Dobie in 1876 as being a favourite resort of fishermen and this is still very much the case today (2006). Another River Glazert, runs through a considerable part of the parish of Campsie, emptying itself into the Kelvin, opposite the town of Kirkintilloch. A number of small woodlands are marked as 'fox coverts', such as below Chapeltoun Mains and near Anderson's Plantation, left for foxes to breed and shelter in safety. The local Eglinton hunt used to meet at Chapeltoun House. The Toll Road and Milestones A Milestone near Stewarton in East Ayrshire. Wheeled vehicles were unknown to farmers in the area until the end of the 17th century and prior to this sledges were used to haul loads as wheeled vehicles were useless. Roads were mere tracks and such bridges as there were could only take pedestrians, men on horseback or pack-animals. The first wheeled vehicles to be used in Ayrshire were carts offered gratis to labourers working on Riccarton Bridge in 1726. In 1763 it was still said that no roads existed between Glasgow and Kilmarnock or Kilmarnock and Ayr and the whole traffic was by twelve pack horses, the first of which had a bell around its neck. A mill-wand was the rounded piece of wood acting as an axle with which several people would role a millstone form the quarry to the mill and to permit this the width of some early roads was set at a 'mill-wand breadth'. Crossgates Farm. The Stewarton to Torranyard (Torrenzairds in 1613) road was a turnpike as witnessed by the farm name Crossgates (Stewarton 3 and Irvine 5 miles), Gateside (near Stacklawhill Farm) and the check bars that are shown on the 1858 OS at Crossgates and at the Bickethall (previously Bihetland) road end to prevent vehicles, horse riders, etc. turning off the turnpike and avoiding the toll charges. A small toll house is shown at Crossgates, now demolished, on the left when facing Torranyard. In Scots a 'bicket' is a 'pocket', an appropriate description of the area the farm lies in. A modern cottage nearby is called 'Robelle' after the farmers Robert and Isabelle from Bickethall. Bloomridge farm from Bogside. The name 'Turnpike' originated from the original 'gate' used being just a simple wooden bar attached at one end to a hinge on the supporting post. The hinge allowed it to 'open' or 'turn' This bar looked like the 'pike' used as a weapon in the army at that time and therefore we get 'turnpike'. The term was also used by the military for barriers set up on roads specifically to prevent the passage of horses. Other than providing better roads, the turnpikes settled the confusion of the different lengths given to miles, which had varied from 4,854 to nearly . Long miles, short miles, Scotch or Scot's miles (5,928 ft), Irish miles (6,720 ft), etc. all existed. Another point is that when the toll roads were constructed the Turnpike trusts went to considerable trouble to improve the route of the new roads and these changes could be quite considerable. The tolls on roads were abolished in 1878 to be replaced by a road assessment, which was taken over by the County Council in 1889. Colonel McAlester was a member of the Turnpike Trust and no doubt exerted considerable influence over the route of the turnpike and other matters. John Loudon McAdam was very actively involved with Scottish Turnpikes, living at Sauchrie near Ayr until he moved to Bristol to become Surveyor to the local Turnpike Trust in 1826. None of the toll road milestones are visible because they were buried during the Second World War to prevent them from being used by invading troops, agents, etc. This seems to have happened all over Scotland, however Fife was more fortunate than Ayrshire, for the stones were taken into storage and put back in place after the war had finished. The milestone near Bloomridge Farm and Kirkmuir Farm are likewise missing, presumed buried. Kirkmuir, Kirkhill, Gillmill, Righead and the Freezeland Plantation A view of Gill Mill farm in 2007. A view of Kirkmuir farm in 2007. Close to Kirkmuir (previously Laigh Kirkmuir), a farm occupied by William Mure in 1692, is the Freezeland plantation (previously Fold Park) on the turnpike as marked on the 1858 OS. Nowadays it is a smallholding without a dwelling house. The origin of the name is unclear, although 'furz' or furs' is old Scots for gorse or whin, however the existence of this small patch of fenced off land may be linked to the reference in Thomson's 1832 map to a fold, either for sheep or cattle. In 1799 the surrounding field is known as Fold Park. It could have been a pen for strayed stock or be connected with the tolls on the turnpike in some way or a 'stell', the Scot's word for a partial enclosure made by a wall or trees, to serve as a shelter for sheep or cattle. A building may have existed here. Kirkmuir was farmed by John Brown (died 21 August 1880, aged 54) and his wife Catherine Anderson (died 27 August 1895, aged 72). James Walker (died 11 December 1926, aged 86) and his wife Mary Woodburn (died 27 April 1899, aged 57) also farmed Kirkmuir. They were all buried in the Laigh Kirk graveyard. The field between Kirkmuir & Righead was known as Lady Moss Meadow. Righead was a tollhouse at a later stage, however it was built as a 'butt and ben'. Skirmshaw is the name of some fields nearby in 1797, although no building appears to be present at that time. Picken's (formerly Padzean) Park was across the road from Righead, behind the estate tree boundary. Picken (Padzean) is a fairly common local name (see Kirkhill). Millstone Flat Park is the field above the chalybeate spring on its side of the Ha Ha.through Lady Moss Meadow Kirkmuir was originally a farm on the Longridge Plantation near Highcross Farm (Thomson 1832), later becoming Little Kirkmuir and being marked but not named by 1895, before ceasing to be recorded at all on the OS maps by 1921. Righead Toll overlooking the old Picken's Park in Lainshaw. A view across Canaan Park to Bickethall farm in 2007. A 'Kirkhill' dwelling is last marked on the 1858 and 1895 0S, below Kirkhill and near to South Kilbride. Andrew Picken was the farmer here in 1867, when his spouse, Ann Blair died, aged 59; she was buried at the Laigh Kirk in Stewarton. It was close to a small burn running from Water Plantation, above Stewarton, in a sheltered glen, typical of early religious settlements and the Kirkhill itself, which was wooded in 1858, is an excellent viewpoint. A track led up to it from Gillmill Farm and it had an entrance near that of South Kilbride. Robert Stevenson farmed at Gillmill and died on 27 May 1810, aged 48. In the 1850s, Mr Picking was the tenant, and he was able to identify a site identified by dark soil that had a rectangular & square which had the correct compass points for a church and the ground was very stony. The farm was surrounded by Lainshaw Estate lands. Freezeland smallholding. Freezeland smallholding. The plethora of religious names in this area – the Kirkmuirs, Kirkhill, Lady Moss, High Cross, Canaan and the Kilbrides, suggest that at some point in the distant past a pre-Christian and Christian site was located here. No documentary evidence appears to survive and the earliest record is for Kirkry in 1654, now Kilbride. Bride, Brigit or St. Brigid was originally a Celtic Goddess linked with the festival of Imbolc, the eve of the first of February. She was the goddess of spring and was associated with healing and sacred wells. The Carlin Stone at Commoncrags in Dunlop is associated with the 'old winter hag', the antithesis of the goddess Bride. The name Canaan at Kirkmuir was in use as early as 1779. In 1922 James Martin and Mary Gilmour purchased Gillmill and Canaan from the Cunninghames of Lainshaw. High Cross was occupied by the Harvies in 1951, who had purchased the farm from the Nairnshaw Estate in 1921. According to Strawhorn they had reconditioned the old thatched farmhouse in 1915 and added a gravitation water supply, bathroom, telephone and electricity. The farm buildings are now (2006) abandoned and the site awaits a new use. Mineral wells and the source of the Chapel Burn Paterson (1866) states that there is a mineral spring near Stewarton, called the Bloak Well. Robinson gives the Scot's word 'blout' as meaning the 'eruption of fluid' or a place that is soft or wet. Both meanings would fit in this context. Blout and Bloak are very similar words, with a Bloak Moss not very far away at Auchentiber. A view of Bloak Well, now called Salt Well in 2006. A well recorded as Bloak Well was first discovered in 1800, around 1826 (Paterson 1866) or 1810 or 1800, by the fact that pigeons from Lainshaw House and the neighbouring parishes were found to flock here to drink. Mr. Cunningham of Lainshaw built a handsome house over the well in 1833 and appointed a keeper to take care of it as the mineral water was of some value owing to healing properties attributed to it. The well was located in the middle of the kitchen. The Chapel Burn rises near the Anderson Plantation in the fields below Lainshaw Mains and it is marked as a chalybeate or mineral spring on the 1911 6" OS map. Bore holes nearby suggest that the water was put to a more formal use at one time, supplying cattle troughs or possibly even for a stand pipe as mineral water was popular for its supposed curative properties. According to the opinion of the day, it could cure 'the colic, the melancholy, and the vapours; it made the lean fat, the fat lean; it killed flat worms in the belly, loosened the clammy humours of the body, and dried the over-moist brain. The main spring here has been covered over and the water piped out to the burn. The Chapel Burn near its confluence with the Annick Water. The chalybeate spring (otherwise known as Siderite, a mineral consisting of iron(II) carbonate, FeCO3 – 48 percent iron) described here is not the only well / spring in the area which is identified as being a mineral spring, for there is still a cottage named Saltwell in what was the hamlet of Bloak. This information is stated by the Topographical Dictionary of Scotland, however Mrs. Florence Miller of Saltwell recollects that this well was never known specifically as the Bloak Well. The present building was purchased from the Cunninghames of Lainshaw in the 1920s, having been built between 1800 and 1850. It is thought that the salt well now lies beneath the floor of the building and various physical features of the building suggest that it is the structure built by the Cunninghames. The well was first discovered by the fact that migrating birds, especially swifts and swallows, flocked to it. It is of unknown composition and is not listed as chalybeate. The cottage was a 'but and ben' and it is a 'handsome' building as described by Paterson. A Redwells Farm is located nearby at Auchentiber, the etymology of tiber itself refers to a well. In 1930 the Kilmarnock Glenfield Ramblers' Society record a Ramble during which they walked past the well known local spring, its waters rich in iron, on their way to the Kennox Estate, having already visited the Lainshaw Estate. This must be the source of the Chapel Burn. The March Dyke and a dispute between neighbours The Chapeltoun march is a significant historic survival in an Ayrshire context and in addition we have some information about its construction. Defence for James Wilson Sued by John Miller 7th. August 1820. Manuscript and personal communications. We are told in 1820 that "the march dyke was built some many years ago when such boundaries were quite a new thing and thought by some to be rather an incovenience". Ditchers were employed to build it and thorns and trees were purchased to plant on it. The word fence is used as well as dyke in regards of the construction method. Part of the march dyke is still clearly indicated by a large coppiced beech and we know that this coppicing or pollarding was done because such 'marker' trees will live considerably longer than trees which have been left untouched. The Wilson family grave at the Laigh Kirk in Stewarton. The Miller family grave at the Laigh Kirk in Stewarton. James Wilson of High Chapelton and John Miller of Laigh Chapelton went to court over the matter of the march dyke built between their lands by the father of James. The document makes it clear that such inclosures were unusual at the time and although John's father very reluctantly agreed to the march dyke being built with a straightening of the old boundary, he did not pay anything towards its construction or for its maintenance, despite the march being of a level of construction which required skilled ditchers to be employed for the task. The ill-feeling seems to have spread into the next generation for James records that John has cut 'march' trees down in the past and has thrown thorns and brambles from the march into the High Chapeltoun's hayfields. The irony is that John of Laigh Chapelton is suing James for cutting down trees from the march dyke and requires money to plant new trees and to compensate for the inconvenience he has been put through. We do not know the outcome, however the action is described as "trifling and frivolous". The clue to the ill-feeling may be in the term 'straightening' which may imply that John's father agreed to a new march which may have resulted in some small loss of his lands. Part of the disputed Lambroughton March. The rental value of High Chapelton was £137 in 1820 and Laigh Chapelton was £180. The memorial stone to the Miller family of Chapelton (Chapelton is the spelling on the tombstone) is very well preserved at the Laigh Kirk, Stewarton. John Miller died on 3 December 1734, aged 30, and his spouse, Jean Gilmour died on 24 November 1747, aged 42. Their son James died on 1 November 1793, aged 60, and his spouse, Margaret Gilmour, died on 1 April 1802, aged 61. Their son John is the one involved in the dispute; he died on 25 December 1825, aged 59. His spouse was Grizel Gray, who died on 7 January 1855. The march dyke is clearly marked on the 1885 OS map, following the course of the bank above the water meadow from the riverside and then running up as a 'v' shape towards High Chapeltoun before coming back down to join the lane near the Chapel mound. It doesn't follow the line of the natural ridge above the waterside meadow. Aiton in 1811 mentions "a curious notion that has long prevailed in the County of Ayr, and elsewhere, that the wool of sheep was pernicious to the growth of thorns" (hawthorn or whitethorn and blackthorn or sloe). Other sites of interest in the area Crivoch Mill Crivoch Cottage with the Kennox estate in the background Etymology The name Crevoch most likely derives from the Scots Gaelic for place of the trees, indicating that a substantial wooded area existed in the locality in times past. Crivoch or Crevoch (also Crevock in 1821) mill, part of which was recently (2005) rebuilt as Angel Cottage, a family home, was the site of a Mill and associated miller's dwelling, byre, etc. as far back as 1678. 'Cruive' is Scots for a pen for livestock. Angel Cottage in 2007 at Crivoch. The old cornmill was part of the Barony of Crevoch and lay in the portion which was called Crivoch-Lindsay. In 1608 Archibald Lindsay was heir to Andrew Lindsay the owner, however by 1617 the lands were in the hands of James Dunlop, whose father was James Dunlop of that Ilk. In January 1678 Robert Cunynghame, apothecary / druggist in Edinburgh, is stated to be the heir to Anne, daughter of Sir Robert Cunynghame of Auchenharvie. She was his cousin-german and part of the inheritance was the 5 merk land of Fairlie-Crivoch and the mill. He also owned some of the lands of Lambroughton and Auchenharvie near Cunninghamhead / Perceton. A Robert and Jonet Galt are recorded as living at Crivoch in around 1668. In 1742 William Millar, Baillie, was 'Milner in Crivoch Miln'. The mother of the late Mrs. Minnie Hastings of West Lambroughton Farm had been one of the last occupants of the house at the Crevoch Mill site. The family name was Kerr. A track led from Crivoch up to Bottoms farm and this gave access through to Chapeltoun. The full name of Bottoms farm is Bottoms at Point Crivoch. The dusky cranesbill, a rare garden escape, was recorded by the Glenfield Ramblers' at Crivoch mill in the 1850s and was still growing at the site in 2004. In 1735 John Cummin, a schoolmaster, is recorded as living at Crivoch. The Gallowayford Cists and Farm A view of the Glazert at Gallowayford. Etymology At Gallowayford near Kennox is the site of the discovery in 1850 of stone-lined graves about square, in a group of tumuli, in which were found two urns containing flint arrowheads and some 'Druid's glass' beads. Charles McAlister Esq. of Kennox House, the laird, had ordered these graves to be opened and examined. The flints and the eleven beads (probably made of amber) have been lost after having been taken into the keeping of the laird. They had at least been photographed and sketched by a visitor in the 1920s. The urns were also feared lost; however, it was found that they had been recorded under Loup and not Kennox (as the owner was Laird of both places) in the record of the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland. In 1949 they had been purchased from the estate. This find is one of the very few where two urns were found in the same cist, and the assemblage of grave goods is unusual. Gallowayford Farm is no longer in existence; however, the remains of the dam or weir in the Glazert nearby can be clearly seen. Robertson (1820) regards this as being a valuable property, the proprietor being James Millar, with a valued rent of £21. A distant view of the enigmatic Mound Wood on Kennox Moss in 2007 A view of the enigmatic Mound Wood on Kennox Moss in 2006 Close to the cists site is the Mound Wood on Kennox Moss, an oval shaped artificial structure made of piled turf and surrounded by a well constructed drystone wall. It has not been investigated archaeologically. An access track ran up to it at one time and Roy's map of 1747 indicates that a dwelling known as Water House existed in this vicinity at that time. The Gallowayford Farmhouse is now (2006) just a jumble of stones, however John Shields and his spouse Jean Guthrie farmed here in the mid-19th century, Jean dying on 4 October 1887 and John on 22 September 1908; they lost a daughter, Isabella at the age of 4 in 1862. James Miller farmed here previously, dying on 3 April 1813. They are all buried at the Laigh Kirk in Stewarton. General Roy's map of 1747–55 clearly shows Gallowayford and Irvinhill. Bonshaw Bonshaw (formerly Bollingshaw or Bonstonshaw) was a small estate and barony of the Boyd's, a cadet of the Boyds, Lords of Kilmarnock. Stacklawhill The possible moot or gallows hill at Stacklawhill. The possible moot or gallows hill at Stacklawhill. Near Stacklawhill is the site of the discovery of celts (axe heads) and earthenware in 1875. John Craufurd Taylor is recorded as living at Stackly hill in 1735. Mr Muir of Bonnyton farm was the great-grandson of Mr Thomas Reid of Stacklawhill farm who had owned the Bonnyton estate in 1827. The properties of Mossend Huist and Bogue were incorporated within Stacklawhill. Bankend or Sandilands Farm The 1764 coat of arms of the Sandilands, Lords Torphichen A view of Bankend Farm from the Glazert Bankend Farm near the Annick is marked on the 1775 Armstrong's map, however it shown as a ruin as far back as 1858. Its name was transferred to the farm of Sandilands sometime after 1923 and the name Sandielands (1820), Sandilands or Sandylands dropped, 'apart' from the cottage nearby which uses the name Sandbank. Nothing of old Bankend remains on the site, the rubble now being located on the riverbank. A Hugh Watt lived here in the 18th century. The Sandilands family, with the title Lord Torphichen, held the temple-lands and this would have included "the chapel lands and glebe of Fairlie-Crivoch." The soil in these parts is not sandy and the land ownership may very well be the explanation for the origin of the placename given the connection between the Sandylands or Sandilands family and the former Knights Templar estates. The Lainshaw Estate plan of 1779–91 by William Crawford for William Cunningham Esq. names the area as Sandylands and marks a steading called Sandiriggs. The farms of Bankend and Sandylands became combined as the property of Sandilands. A ford crossed the river at this point, the road then running up the hill to West Lambroughton. This was an important crossing as no bridge, road or ford existed at Chapeltoun until possibly the time of the building of Chapelton House in the 1850s. Clonbeith Castle Given as 'Klonbyith' by Pont in the 1690s Clonbeith was then the property of William Cuninghame, Scion of this cadet branch of the Glencairn Cuninghames through those of Aiket Castle. John Cuninghame shot and killed the Earl of Eglinton in 1586 and was caught and 'cut to pieces' in Hamilton, possibly at Hamilton palace. The Cowlinn burn runs down to join the Lugton Water at the site of Montgreenan castle or the Bishop's Palace. A dwelling called Cowlinn is marked on the Thomson's 1820 map and a Clonbeith Mill was nearby. Stewarton area local and social history Limekilns are a common feature of the area and limestone was quarried in a number of places, such as at Stacklawhill. Limekilns seem to have come into regular use about the 18th century and were located at Stacklawhill, Haysmuir, Bonshaw, High Chapeltoun, Bloomridge (Blinridge in 1828), Gillmill, Sandylands (now Bank End) and Crossgates. Large limestone blocks were used for building but the smaller pieces were burnt, using coal dug in the parish to produce lime which was a useful commodity in various ways: it could be spread on the fields to reduce acidity, for lime-mortar in buildings or for lime-washing on farm buildings. It was regarded as cleansing agent. A number of small whinstone, sand and sandstone quarries were also present in the area and brick clay was excavated near Kirkmuir. Aiton in 1811 comments on the growing of carrots by William Cunningham of Lainshaw as an 'excellent article of food for the human species'. This was one of the first estates to grow them in quantity. A small standing stone in Firbank Plantation. In 1820 only six people were qualified to vote as freeholders in Stewarton Parish, being proprietors of Robertland (Hunter Blair), Kirkhill (Col. J. S. Barns), Kennox (McAlester), Lainshaw (Cunninghame), Lochridge (Stewart) and Corsehill (Montgomery Cunninghame). The Gallery of Modern Art (GOMA) is a neo-classical building in Royal Exchange Square in the Glasgow city centre, which was built in 1778 as the townhouse of William Cunninghame of Lainshaw, a wealthy tobacco lord. The building has undergone a series of different uses; It was used by the Royal Bank of Scotland; it then became the Royal Exchange. Reconstruction for this use resulted in many additions to the building, namely the Corinthian pillars to the Queen Street facade, the cupola above and the large hall to the rear of the old house. Shoes were only used for Sunday best and for many of the younger folk going bare foot was the order of the day. The family at High Chapeltoun were one of the last to do this on a day to day basis. The Royal Mail re-organised its postal districts in the 1930s and at that point many hamlets and localities ceased to exist officially, such as Chapeltoun, Lambroughton and other areas in Stewarton district. Greater woodrush (Luzula sylvatica)in spring. James Boswell of Auchinleck House, the famous biographer and friend of Dr. Samuel Johnson was married to his cousin Margaret Montgomerie in Lainshaw Castle. He had gone to Ireland with Margaret, with the intention of courting another wealthy cousin, however he fell in love with the penniless Margaret and married her instead. The room they were married in was one floor above the room in which the Earl of Eglinton was laid after he was murdered by Cunninghame at the old brig or ford on the Annick Water near the entrance to the castle on the Stewarton road. David Montgomery of Lainshaw married a daughter of Lord Auchinleck. John Kerr of Stewarton built the first practical beehive in the World in 1819, octagonal in shape with a bee-space and a queen separator introduced by 1849. The shape was thought to be closest to the natural tree-trunk shape which bees were thought to favour. L. L. Langstroth is often credited with these developments, however an examination of the records shows that John Kerr, a cabinet maker, was the first to use these features in a working hive. Beeboles and straw skeps were used previous to these developments and here the bees had to be killed to obtain the honey. Running from Anderson's Plantation across the hill and back down to the old driveway near to the walled garden is a wall or dyke replacing a tree lined hedge shown in 1858. The wall or dyke is very unusual in that it is made from roughly equal sized rounded whinstones and it is held together by cement. A great deal of expense and effort would have been needed to build this long section of dyke, which seems to have been in place by 1911. The estate wall running from near Freezeland to near the Law Mount was built by unemployed labourers in the early 19th century. Rudolf Hess's Messerschmitt Bf 110 was spotted by locals as he flew on his mission from Nazi Germany to meet with the Duke of Hamilton in 1941. He crashed in Eaglesham on Floors Farm.

Introduction Iraq has had three vice presidents or deputy presidents serving concurrently. The office of Vice President was historically largely ceremonial but prestigious. In post-war Iraq, the Constitution of Iraq, in its "Transitional Guidelines," creates a three-member presidency (or presidential) council, consisting of the president of Iraq and two deputy presidents, who must act in unison. The presidency council had three members to accommodate Iraq's three largest groups: Sunni Muslim Arabs, Shiite Muslim Arabs, and the mostly Sunni Kurds. As a unit, the Presidency Council was meant to symbolize the unity of the nation. This arrangement is required by the constitution to continue until the Council of Representatives, enters its second set of sessions. At this point, the Presidency Council would be replaced by a solitary President of the Republic, who would have only one deputy, the vice-president. In any case, the Presidency is appointed by the Council of Representatives. The three-member arrangement was a hold-over from the Iraqi Interim Government and the Iraqi Transitional Government. In September 2014, three new vice presidents were elected: former prime ministers Nouri al-Maliki and Ayad Allawi and former speaker of Parliament Osama al-Nujaifi. On August 11, 2015, the Council of Representatives approved the al Abadi government plan to abolish the posts of both vice president and deputy prime minister. Later, Osama al-Nujaifi filed a complaint against the decision, considering it to be against the Constitution. Also Nuri al-Maliki promised to cling to his post. On 10 October 2016, the three posts of vice president were restored by the Federal Supreme Court of Iraq which deemed their abolition unconstitutional. The three offices have been vacant since October 2, 2018. List of officeholders Under Iraqi Republic and Ba'athist Iraq The Ba'athist regime of Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr and Saddam Hussein also used the office of Vice President. However, the post was not as influential as the Vice Chairmen of the Revolutionary Command Council. Vice Presidents were appointed at the discretion of the President. Portrait Name Term of office Political party President Notes Took office Left office Time in office 80px Ahmed Hassan al-Bakrأحمد حسن البكر November 1963 January 1964 Iraqi Ba'ath Party Abdul Salam Arif 80px Saddam Husseinصدام حسين July 1968 July 1979 years Iraqi Ba'ath Party Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 80px Hardan al-Tikritiحردان عبدالغفار التكريتي April 1970 October 1970 Iraqi Ba'ath Party 80px Salih Mahdi Ammashصالح مهدي عماش April 1970 December 1971 Iraqi Ba'ath Party 80px Taha Muhie-eldin Maroufطه محيي الدين معروف April 1974 April 2003 years Iraqi Ba'ath Party Ahmed Hassan al-BakrSaddam Hussein 80px Izzat Ibrahim al-Douriعزة إبراهيم الدوري July 1979 April 2003 Iraqi Ba'ath Party Saddam Hussein 80px Taha Yassin Ramadanطه ياسين رمضان الجزراوي‎ March 1991 April 2003 Iraqi Ba'ath Party Republic of Iraq since 2004 Portrait Name Term of office Political party President Notes Took office Left office Time in office 80px Ibrahim al-Jaafariإبراهيم الجعفري 1 June 2004 7 April 2005 Islamic Dawa Party Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer 80px Rowsch Shawaysروز نورى شاويس 1 June 2004 7 April 2005 Kurdistan Democratic Party 80px Adil Abdul-Mahdiعادل عبد المهدي 7 April 2005 11 July 2011 Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq Jalal Talabani 80px Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawerغازي مشعل عجيل الياور 7 April 2005 22 April 2006 The Iraqis 80px Tariq al-Hashimiطارق الهاشمي 22 April 2006 10 September 2012 Iraqi Islamic Party 80px Khodair al-Khozaeiخضير الخزاعي 13 May 2011 9 September 2014 Islamic Dawa Party – Iraq Organisation Jalal TalabaniFuad Masum 80px Nouri al-Malikiنوري المالكي 9 September 2014 11 August 2015 Islamic Dawa Party Fuad Masum 80px Osama al-Nujaifiأسامة النجيفي 9 September 2014 11 August 2015 Muttahidoon 80px Ayad Allawiأياد علاوي 9 September 2014 11 August 2015 Iraqi National Accord Post abolished (–) Post restored (–present) 80px Nouri al-Malikiنوري المالكي 10 October 2016 2 October 2018 Islamic Dawa Party Fuad Masum 80px Osama al-Nujaifiأسامة النجيفي 10 October 2016 2 October 2018 Muttahidoon 80px Ayad Allawiأياد علاوي 10 October 2016 2 October 2018 Iraqi National Accord

Introduction Inquirer Libre is a free, bilingual (Filipino and English) tabloid published in the Philippines by the Philippine Daily Inquirer as a trimmed-down version of the newspaper for distribution on public transport. Established on November 19, 2001, it is the Philippines' first and Asia's second-oldest free newspaper. The newspaper is available in all stations of the LRT, MRT, and PNR, the Eva Macapagal Super Terminal at the Port of Manila's South Harbor, as well as selected branches of McDonald's. In 2011, a digital print edition was made available for subscribers of the Inquirer digital print subscription service. Unlike other Philippine tabloids, Inquirer Libre seeks to provide commuters access to decent, useful and meaningful news and current events. The income generated from distributing Inquirer Libre comes from advertising. On October 9, 2017, Inquirer Libre relaunched as a weekly commuter paper. It will be distributed every Monday. The new schedule also enabled it to follow the look and layout of its sister paper, the Inquirer. Inquirer Libre hosted Inquirer Libre day, an event where everything is FREE (LIBRE) last May 18, 2019 at Ayala Malls Circuit. It was attended by over 10,000 people and enjoyed free food and concert (with Rox Puno, After 5 and Janine Tenoso in the line up).

Introduction Santiago Bernabéu may refer to: Santiago Bernabéu (footballer) (1895–1978), former Real Madrid footballer and president Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, the football stadium in Madrid of Real Madrid CF named after the above Trofeo Santiago Bernabéu, a Spanish football summer trophy named after the above Santiago Bernabéu (Madrid Metro), a metro station outside the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium

Introduction The William Pitt Union, built in 1898 as the Hotel Schenley, is the student union building of the University of Pittsburgh main campus, and is a Pennsylvania and Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation Historic Landmark. Designed by Pittsburgh-based architects Rutan & Russell in the Beaux-Arts style of architecture, the Schenley Hotel catered to local and visiting well-to-do people. The University of Pittsburgh acquired the property in 1956. History The Schenley Hotel circa 1900 The Schenley The building, originally known as the Hotel Schenley and designed by architects Rutan & Russell, opened in 1898, became the keystone of entrepreneur Franklin Nicola’s dream of Oakland as a center for culture, art and education. Nicola had been instrumental in the formation of the Bellefield Company with the help of Andrew W. Mellon, Henry Clay Frick, Andrew Carnegie, George Westinghouse and H.J. Heinz, who were among the first stockholders to share Nicola’s vision for Oakland. They erected the beaux-arts structure on land once owned by fellow stockholder Mary Croghan Schenley. The Schenley Hotel was Pittsburgh's first large, steel-framed "skyscraper hotel" it was described as "Pittsburgh's class hotel of the early 20th century". Famous guests Forbes Avenue side of the William Pitt Union Full of marble, chandeliers, and Louis XV architecture, the Schenley quickly became the Pittsburgh home to the great and the near-great. Presidents Woodrow Wilson, Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the register at the Schenley, as did Eleanor Roosevelt. Singer-actress Lillian Russell lived in suite 437 and married Pittsburgh publisher Alexander Moore in the French Room (now a dining room on the first floor). Dramatic tenor Enrico Caruso and his entourage occupied seven suites during their stay. Sarah Bernhardt, Nelson Eddy, Jeanette MacDonald, Henry Fonda, Katharine Hepburn, and Spencer Tracy stayed at the Schenley. Italian tragedian Eleonora Duse succumbed to pneumonia in suite 524. The Schenley was not just the place to stay in Pittsburgh as the 20th century began: it was where the young ladies of society "came out," where couples married, and where one could dine on the "haute cuisine" of the day. It was also the place where Pittsburgh power brokers met and many of the discussions leading to the birth of the U.S. Steel Corporation were held at the Schenley. Its formation was celebrated at the "Meal of Millionaires" in 1901. Later in 1914, the Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) was organized at the Schenley Hotel. The state of Pennsylvania dedicated a historical marker outside of union in 1967 to commemorate the event. Many famous industrialists and businessmen, including Andrew Carnegie and Diamond Jim Brady, had eaten at various times at the hotel. The Lower Lounge atrium in the William Pitt Union often serves as place of rest or study for students, or for university functions. 1909 was a year that changed the Hotel Schenley forever. That summer, Forbes Field opened just down the street and the University of Pittsburgh moved from its Northside location to Oakland. From that time on, the "Waldorf of Pittsburgh" gradually became the home of the National League baseball players in town to play the Pittsburgh Pirates, and students and faculty took their place among the Pittsburgh elite. Now added to the register were names such as Babe Ruth, Casey Stengel, Ty Cobb, and Rogers Hornsby. The deals struck over dinner at the Schenley now included baseball trades. For the next 40-plus years the Schenley continued to operate albeit on a less grand scale. Pittsburgh's Renaissance I brought modern hotels to downtown Pittsburgh and, ironically, Frank Nicola's dream of an Oakland civic center turned out to be a nightmare for the Schenley. The turn-of-the-century marvel had been built in rural Pittsburgh. The 1950s Schenley was surrounded by hospitals, educational facilities, concert halls, and private clubs with no parking to serve the hotel's mobile guests. A part of Pitt The William Pitt Union Ballroom In 1956, the then Schenley Park Hotel was sold to the University of Pittsburgh. The hotel underwent a $1 million ($ in dollars) renovation to convert it to university use. The top four floors first served as a men's dormitory called Schenley House while the rest of the building was purposed as a student union, which was named Schenley Hall. Shortly after this, during the height of the cold war in September 1959, the Schenley Hall ballroom in the Union was the site of a luncheon for Nikita Khrushchev, chairman of the Soviet Union, and various Soviet and U.S. officials, including Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. that was hosted by the University of Pittsburgh and Pitt Chancellor Edward Litchfield. Pittsburgh and the university was the last stop in his eleven-day transcontinental tour prior to a three-day conference with President Dwight D. Eisenhower. The New York Times proclaimed "Pittsburgh Stop Warmest of Tour". As the student population of the Pittsburgh campus blossomed to 30,000-plus and their activities diversified and grew, it became clear that the grand structure needed an overhaul. The Kurtzman Room In 1980, the university announced a $13.9 million ($ in dollars) renovation and restoration for the Union, made possible by bonds sold through the Allegheny County Higher Education Building Authority. During the 18-month project and restoration led by Williams Trebilcock Whitehead, seven upper floors were gutted to make way for modern offices for students and the student affairs administration. A 10th floor, which had been added several years after the hotel was first built, was removed to relieve stress on the building. However, the turn-of-the-century character of the main floor was restored through careful restoration of the Louis XV mirrored ballroom, the lower lounge that had enclosed the original Bigelow Boulevard-side porch 13 years after the hotel was originally built, and the marbled-wall former hotel lobby, now called the Tansky Family Lounge, which includes the "stairway to nowhere", a remnant of a previous renovation. In addition, the rarely used basement was transformed into a functional lower level with a new Forbes Avenue Entrance and plaza. The original wooden hotel room doors salvage from the upstairs renovation were used for the walls of the lower-level student recreation room, now called "Nordy's Place". Further, a third west entrance facing the university's Schenley Quadrangle and Litchfield Towers dormitories was added and included a new multi-level glass roofed atrium just inside the new entrance. The renovations were completed in 1983 and the building was renamed the William Pitt Union. Legends The Tansky Family Lounge in the William Pitt Union formerly served as the Schenley Hotel's lobby A ghostly legend passed down among students begins with the story of a visit by the Russian National Ballet where it took up accommodations in the historic Schenley Hotel prior to opening its tour of the United States in Pittsburgh. The prima ballerina, tired from travel, decided to rest before the premiere performance, drifted off, and slept through her curtain call and the whole of the performance. The company's director, either so incensed by her missing the premiere, or so impressed by the stage presence of her understudy, decided to replace the prima ballerina with the young upstart for the remainder of the tour. The ballerina was so distraught that she took her own life that night, ashamed and humiliated that she would be replaced by the young understudy. It is now said if one were to ever take a nap or fall asleep for whatever reason in the Tansky Family Lounge, also known as the Red Room, they will always wake up just in time for whatever exam, class, meeting, appointment, etc. they may have missed. The Prima Ballerina haunts the room to make sure they never succumb to her same fate. Another tale tells of a ghost haunting the Lillian Russell Room, room 437 within the offices of The Pitt News, in the area of Lillian Russell's former residence when the union served as the Schenley Hotel. A notable infamous incident at the Schenley Hotel occurred on July 12, 1950, when a hotel night guard went on a shooting spree that resulted in the deaths of two men and the wounding of another. Current use International Academy of Jazz Hall of Fame in the Union The William Pitt Union now serves as the student union and hub of the University of Pittsburgh and contains a variety of lounges, ballrooms, reception, performance, and meeting spaces. One of the most notable facilities is the Louis XV style William Pitt Union Ballroom on the main floor which features vaulted ceiling, mirrored walls, two grand crystal chandeliers, and detailed moldings and artwork that are faithful restored to the condition of the Hotel Schenley. Other formal rooms include the Kurtzman Room and lower atrium of the Tansky Family lounge on the main floor, as well as two dining rooms on the first floor. The Tansky Lounge itself is the restored grand lobby of the hotel. In addition, the William Pitt Union Assembly Room, the largest room on the main floor at , contains a stage with theatrical lighting and serves as the facility's primary multi-purpose event space. The William Pitt Union is also the home to the International Academy of Jazz Hall of Fame (dedicated in 1984), C. M. Kimbo Art Gallery, a dance studio, meeting and conference rooms, university offices, and, on the lower level, a food court. The upper floors of the union serve as the primary location for the offices for over 300 student organizations, including the student newspaper, The Pitt News, the student radio station, WPTS, and the student government. The fourth floor also contains Lillian Russell Room of The Pitt News office which is the location of her former residence during the union's days as the Schenley Hotel. The Russell Room contains a portrait or Russell, a fireplace, stained glass fanlight, decorative moldings, and other elements. In 2007, the recreation room on the ground floor of the union was renovated and by resolution of the Pitt Student Government Board in December 2007, was named "Nordy's Place" in honor of Chancellor Mark Nordenberg who the board resolved was a student favorite and worthy of the honor. Gigs Game Center, outfitted with videogame hardware and software, is also located on the lower level. In 2009, renovations to the second floor improved the accommodations of the student careers center and renovations to the fifth floor were completed to provide six new meeting spaces for student organizations, four of which with hard-surface flooring enabling groups to practice dance routines and other activities. In addition, a formal area was created where student organizations can host special events such as workshops and award presentations. In 2010, a $2 million project was undertaken to renovate of space on the ninth floor. The renovation, completed in 2011, created a new student study and lounge area, a 20-person conference room, a kitchen/coffee area, file/storage areas, and new offices for Residence Life, and Pitt Arts, and Student Volunteer Outreach. A $1.93 million renovation of the Assembly Room, which included uncovering three large windows to allow in natural light, as well as a stage extension and technology upgrades, was completed in 2013. In addition, a $390,000 renovation of first floor restrooms and $1.85 million renovation of the lower levels of the union, including its food court and dining spaces, was completed in 2013. Gallery File:William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham by William Hoare.jpg|William Pitt, namesake of city, university, and student union File:MLKatPitt1966.jpg|Martin Luther King Jr. delivering a speech to Pitt students and faculty in the William Pitt Union ballroom on November 2, 1966 File:WPUBallroomB.jpg|Dining Room A was known as the French Room when it was still the Schenley Hotel and held several weddings, including actress Lillian Russell's File:NordysPlaceWPU.JPG|Nordy's Place in the lower level of the William Pitt Union WPUAssemblyRoom.jpg|The Assembly Room, as seen prior to its 2013 renovations, holds a variety of large meetings and functions Image:WPUstairs.jpg|The "Stairway to Nowhere" with a bronze tablet in honor of Eleanora Duse by Frank Vittor located in the Tansky Family Lounge Image:Panther in WPU.jpg|Panther by Giuseppe Moretti in the Tansky Lounge Image:GeneKellyPlaqueAtPitt.JPG|Gene Kelly star near the Forbes Avenue entrance Image:VFWHistoricMarkerPittsburgh.jpg|State historical marker Image:WPUlawn.jpg|Union Lawn Image:WPUloby.jpg|Lower atrium

Introduction Ban Khor Sign Language is a village sign language used by at least 400 people of a rice-farming community in the village of Ban Khor in a remote area of Isan (northeastern Thailand). Known locally as pasa kidd, it developed in the 1930s due to a high number of deaf people. Estimated number of users in 2009 was 16 deaf and approximately 400 hearing out of 2741 villagers. It is a language isolate, independent of the other sign languages of Thailand such as Old Bangkok Sign Language and the national Thai Sign Language. Thai Sign Language is increasingly exerting an influence on BKSL. Younger Deaf attend distant residential Deaf schools where they learn Thai Sign Language. Even middle-aged hearing people are using Thai SL vocabulary mixed with BKSL. Attitudes favoring Thai SL over BKSL are beginning to be expressed. Other local sign languages Other village sign languages have been reported from the Ban Khor area, in the villages of Plaa Pag, Huay Hai and Na Sai. They have not been documented, so it is not known if they are dialects of BKSL or if they are distinct languages.

Introduction Gusti in 1938 Gusti on a 2018 stamp sheet of Romania Dimitrie Gusti was a Romanian sociologist, ethnologist, historian, and voluntarist philosopher; a professor at the University of Iaşi and the University of Bucharest, he served as Romania's Minister of Education in 1932–1933. Gusti was elected a member of the Romanian Academy in 1919, and was its president between 1944 and 1946. He was the main contributor to the creation of a new Romanian school of sociology. He was a prominent member of the Peasants' Party, and later of the National Peasants' Party into which the former had merged. Biography Born in Iași, he began studying Letters at the University of Iași before moving on to the Universität unter den Linden and the University of Leipzig, where he studied and completed a doctorate in Philosophy (1904). In 1905, he began the study of Sociology, Law, and Political economy at the Universität unter den Linden. Gusti was appointed to the Department of Ancient History, Ethics and Sociology of the University of Iași in 1910, and was one of the main contributors to the creation of a new Romanian school of sociology. He moved to Bucharest in 1920, and began work as a professor at the University of Bucharest, in the Department of Sociology, Ethics, Politics, and Aesthetics of the latter's Faculty of Letters and Philosophy. His lectures became a center of interest inside the academic community, and he attracted students with diverse backgrounds and political convictions (the far right Mircea Vulcănescu, the communist Miron Constantinescu, the Austromarxist Henri H. Stahl, and the left-wing artist Lena Constante). Creator of the Bucharest School of Sociology and several Institutes, he also led, between 1925 and 1948, the intense research of Romanian villages and the publishing of its results as detailed monographs (a work in which he was notably assisted by Gheorghe Vlădescu-Răcoasa and Stahl). In 1936, together with Stahl and Victor Ion Popa, Gusti created the Village Museum in Bucharest. He left the National Peasants' Party after 1938, disagreeing with its decision to oppose the authoritarian regime of King Carol II, and collaborated with the newly created National Renaissance Front. Consequently, he was threatened by the rise of the fascist Iron Guard (with the late 1940 establishment of the National Legionary State); following the Legionary Rebellion and the Guard's defeat, he sent a congratulatory telegram to Conducător Ion Antonescu. After the end of World War II, Gusti was approached by the new Communist government with offers of collaboration. He was invited to attend official ceremonies inside the Soviet Union, and was a member of the Romanian Society for Friendship with the Soviet Union. He died in Bucharest in 1955, and was buried at Eternitatea Cemetery in Iași. Theory Gusti defined his view on society as dependent on a set of principles: Society is composed of "social units", as groups of humans linked by a voluntary organizing activity and interconnected spiritually. The essence of life is "social will". "Social will" is expressed in economics and spirituality, both of which are regulated by law and politics. "Social will" is conditioned by factors which are included in four fundamental and parallel categories: cosmical, biological, psychological, and historical. The changes engineered by the factors are known as "social processes". The premises of development one can observe in present society, and thus can predict with some accuracy, are known as "social trends". A creator of the sociological monographic method, Gusti favored and theoretised first-hand intensive observation of social units and phenomena, as well as interdisciplinarity, with the research work being carried out through intensive collaboration within the field of social sciences, but also with doctors, agronomists, schoolteachers, etc. Main works *Egoismus und Altruismus, 1904 Die soziologischen Betrehungen in der neuen Ethik, 1908 Cosmologia elenă, 1929 Sociologia militans, (vol. 1, 1935; vols. 2–3, 1946) Enciclopedia României, vols. I-IV, Bucharest, 1938, 1943 Cunoaştere şi acţiune în serviciul naţiunii, (2 vols., 1939) Problema sociologiei, 1940 La science de la réalité sociale, 1941

Introduction # Christopher Matthew Zebroski is an English footballer and who plays as a forward and coach for Fleet Town. Club career Zebroski was a youth player for his hometown club Swindon Town, but was released after failing to earn a professional contract. After his release there he trained under the watch of former Wales international Steve Lowndes at Cirencester football academy, it was from here that he was spotted by scouts of Championship club Plymouth Argyle and signed as a youth player by the club. He later signed a professional contract, and made four first-team appearances for Argyle before his contract was terminated after he was found guilty of gross misconduct by the club. This followed an incident involving the club captain Paul Wotton. Three weeks after leaving Plymouth Argyle, he was signed for Millwall by manager Nigel Spackman. On 21 March 2007, Zebroski joined Oxford United on a month's loan. On 31 July 2007, Zebroski signed for Conference National side Torquay United on loan until May 2008, and went on to score 19 goals in league and cup competitions during the 2007–08 season. He was transferred to Wycombe Wanderers for £20,000 in June 2008. Zebroski finished the 2008–09 season with seven goals from 33 league matches, mostly from the wing, helping the team win promotion to League One. The start of the 2009–10 season saw Zebroski score two goals in a 3–2 defeat at Charlton Athletic.On 20 November 2009, Zebroski returned to Torquay United on loan with a view to permanent transfer in January. On 26 November 2010 Zebroski was given a 12-month community order and fine for kicking and punching a soldier in a street fight in Torquay in August 2010. He scored twice in a 5–0 home win against Darlington on 12 December and the move later became permanent. After helping the club avoid relegation from League Two during the 2009–10 campaign, Zebroski scored 16 league goals to help the club finish seventh and reach the play-offs the following season. In the semi-final first leg versus Shrewsbury at Plainmoor, Zebroski scored the first goal to set up a 2–0 victory. The second leg finished 0–0, leaving Torquay to play Stevenage in the play-off final at Old Trafford. Stevenage won the match 1–0. In July 2011 he followed former Torquay manager Paul Buckle to his new club, Bristol Rovers. In August 2012 Zebroski joined Cheltenham Town. His contract with Cheltenham was cancelled by mutual consent on 4 January 2013 after Zebroski withdrew from the matchday squad at short notice on a number of occasions. On Monday 25 February 2013, it was announced that Zebroski had joined Conference South side Eastleigh. He scored his first goal for the club in the 1–0 win over Eastbourne Borough on 2 March 2013. On 5 June 2013 Zebroski signed for newly promoted League Two club Newport County. In April 2015 he was jailed for 4 years and 4 months after he "admitted four charges of robbery, attempted robbery and assault relating to two incidents". Zebroski attributed the incidents to alcoholism, and failed in an appeal against the sentence. He served two years of his sentence at HMP Prescoed, and was released in 2017. Following his release from prison, Zebroski rejoined Eastleigh in June 2017. On 8 August 2019, Zebroski signed for National League South side Chippenham Town. He departed the club in May 2021. Zebroski joined Hellenic Football League Division One side Malmesbury Victoria in August 2021. Less than one month later, he joined Southern Football League Premier Division South side Swindon Supermarine. In December 2021 he transferred to Wantage Town. Following Wantage Town's relegation, Zebroski joined Melksham Town in July 2022. On 12 December 2022, Zebroski signed for Combined Counties League Premier Division South club Fleet Town as a player-coach. Career statistics + Appearances and goals by club, season and competition Club Season League FA Cup League Cup Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Plymouth Argyle 2005–06 Championship 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 5 0 Millwall 2006–07 League One 25 3 4 0 1 0 2 0 32 3 Oxford United (loan) 2006–07 Conference National 8 2 0 0 — 2 0 10 2 Torquay United (loan) 2007–08 Conference Premier 46 18 1 0 — 5 1 52 19 Wycombe Wanderers 2008–09 League Two 33 7 2 0 1 0 1 0 37 7 2009–10 League One 15 2 2 0 1 0 0 0 18 2 Wycombe total 48 9 4 0 2 0 1 0 55 9 Torquay United (loan) 2009–10 League Two 7 4 — — — 7 4 Torquay United League Two 23 2 — — — 23 2 2010–11 44 14 4 0 1 0 4 1 53 15 Torquay total 67 16 4 0 1 0 4 1 76 17 Bristol Rovers 2011–12 League Two 39 3 3 1 2 1 0 0 44 5 Cheltenham Town 2012–13 League Two 21 5 2 1 1 0 0 0 24 6 Eastleigh 2012–13 Conference South 12 3 0 0 — 2 1 14 4 Newport County 2013–14 League Two 35 12 1 0 2 0 1 1 39 13 2014–15 36 7 1 0 0 0 1 0 38 7 Newport total 71 19 2 0 2 0 2 1 77 20 Eastleigh 2017–18 National League 22 11 0 0 — 1 0 23 11 Career total 370 85 20 2 10 1 19 4 419 92 Honours ;Wycombe Wanderers Football League Two Third Place (Promoted): 2008–09 Newport Player of the Season 2013–2014

Introduction In each year of its ten-year existence (1960–1969), numerous sports-news services named their choice for the American Football League's best first-year player. The choices by the major services are shown below. 1960 ABNER HAYNES, halfback, Dallas Texans (UPI, TSN) In 1960, though drafted by the NFL, Haynes chose to play for the American Football League's Dallas Texans, and led the AFL in rushing attempts, yards, and touchdowns in the league's first year. Haynes helped launch the AFL as the fledgling league's first Most Valuable Player, and its first Rookie of the Year (in 1961, all players in the league were technically rookies). He captured the AFL's first rushing crown with 875 yards, and also led the Texans in receiving, punt returns, and kickoff returns. 1961 EARL FAISON, defensive end, San Diego Chargers (UPI, TSN) Despite being double and triple-teamed, Earl Faison was chosen as the AFL Rookie of the Year in 1961. The 6-foot-5, 260-pound Faison blew by opposing offensive lineman on his way to smashing American Football League quarterbacks as one of the original "Fearsome Foursome", and was chosen to the AFL All-Star team in 1961. 1962 CURTIS McCLINTON, fullback, Dallas Texans (UPI, TSN) McClinton had 604 Yards on 111 carries for a 5.4 yards per carry average and two touchdowns. He added 333 yards on 29 receptions and was a member of the 1962 AFL All-Star team. 1963 BILLY JOE, fullback, Denver Broncos (UPI, TSN) An eleventh-round draft choice by the Broncos, Joe had 646 yards on 154 carries for a 4.2 yards per carry average, four rushing touchdowns, and a reception for a touchdown. 1964 MATT SNELL, fullback, New York Jets (UPI, TSN) Selected in the third round in the NFL draft, Matt Snell was picked in the first round as the first player drafted by the AFL's New York franchise after new owner Sonny Werblin changed the team's name from the Titans of New York. Snell rolled up 948 yards on 215 carries, for a 4.4 yards per carry average, with an additional 393 yards on 56 receptions, with four touchdowns rushing and one receiving. He was also named to the 1964 AFL All-Star team. 1965 JOE NAMATH, quarterback, New York Jets (UPI, TSN) Choosing the American Football League's Jets (and $427,000) over the NFL, Namath was 164 of 340 for 2,220 yards and 18 touchdowns in his rookie season for the Jets, and was selected to the 1965 AFL All-Star team. 1966 BOBBY BURNETT, halfback, Buffalo Bills (UPI, TSN) Arkansas' Bobby Burnett had a combined total of 1,185 yards rushing and receiving at the halfback position, with over 12 yards per catch and 4 touchdowns on 34 receptions, and 766 yards on 187 rushes, with 4 rushing touchdowns. He was also selected to the 1966 AFL All-Star team. 1967 GEORGE WEBSTER, linebacker, Houston Oilers (UPI, TSN) George Webster created the "roverback" position, as a linebacker with a defensive back's moves and speed. He started as a rookie and had 15 tackles in his first game. The Oilers' defense held opponents under 200 points in 1967, helping them win the East Division title. He averaged more than ten tackles a game and was first-team All-AFL in 1967. 1968 PAUL ROBINSON, halfback, Cincinnati Bengals (UPI, TSN) Paul Robinson played only one year at the University of Arizona, but in his first year as a professional, he gained 1,023 yards rushing and scored eight touchdowns. He was named to the 1968 All-AFL team and led the Western AFL All-Star team to victory over the Eastern All-Stars. 1969 GREG COOK, quarterback, Cincinnati Bengals (UPI, TSN) The University of Cincinnati's 6-foot-4, 220-pound quarterback Greg Cook stayed in Cincinnati to play professional football. In his rookie year, he passed for 1,854 yards and 15 touchdowns. Injury prevented him from reaching his potential with the Bengals.

Introduction Paul Burke may refer to: Paul Burke (actor) (1926–2009), American actor in TV series Naked City and 12 O'Clock High Paul Burke (boxer) (born 1966), English professional lightweight and light welterweight boxer Paul Burke (rugby union, born 1973), English born Ireland international Paul Burke (rugby union, born 1982), Scottish rugby union player Paul "Bud" Burke (1934–2017), Kansas state legislator

Introduction The Bajo de la Carpa Formation is a geologic formation of the Neuquén Basin that crops out in northern Patagonia, in the provinces of Río Negro and Neuquén, Argentina. It is the oldest of two formations belonging to the Río Colorado Subgroup within the Neuquén Group. Formerly, that subgroup was treated as a formation, and the Bajo de la Carpa Formation was known as the Bajo de la Carpa Member. At its base, this formation conformably overlies the Plottier Formation of the older Río Neuquén Subgroup, and it is in turn overlain by the Anacleto Formation, the youngest and uppermost formation of the Neuquén Group. The Bajo de la Carpa Formation can reach in thickness in some locations, and consists mainly of sandstones of various colors, all of fluvial origin, with thin layers of mudstone and siltstone in between. Geological features such as geodes, chemical nodules, impressions of raindrops, and paleosols (fossil soils) are commonly found in this formation as well. Fossil content Comahuesuchus brachybuccalis Notosuchus terrestris Vertebrate fossils are abundant within the Bajo de la Carpa Formation: a snake-necked turtle, Lomalatachelys a lizard, Paleochelco the snake Dinilysia diverse crocodylomorphs occupying a range of ecological niches: Comahuesuchus, Cynodontosuchus, Lomasuchus, Gasparinisuchus, Neuquensuchus universitas, Notosuchus, Peirosaurus, Kinesuchus overoi, and Barrosasuchus neuquenianus titanosaurian sauropods including Bonitasaura, Overosaurus, Rinconsaurus, and Traukutitan the ceratosaurian theropods Llukalkan, Velocisaurus, and Viavenator exxoni the megaraptoran theropod Tratayenia rosalesi the bird-like theropods Achillesaurus and Alvarezsaurus the enantiornithine bird Neuquenornis the oldest known true flightless bird Patagopteryx the basal ornithopod Mahuidacursor an ankylosaur Small nests with eggs inside, found in this formation, probably belonged to the bird Neuquenornis. Fossil wasp nests have also been found in these rocks.

Introduction Greg Irons was an American poster artist, underground cartoonist, animator and tattoo artist. Profile Irons was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He moved to San Francisco, California, in 1967, where he soon found work designing posters for Bill Graham at The Fillmore Auditorium. He worked on the film Yellow Submarine, then returned to work for Graham Productions. He soon branched out into album covers and "comix" work for the Print Mint, Last Gasp Eco-Funnies, and other local underground publishers. Irons' collaborations with writer Tom Veitch in the early 1970s (the creative team was known as "GI/TV") included Deviant Slice Funnies, Legion of Charlies. Other contributions to underground comics included Skull Comix and Slow Death. A solo comic entitled Light Comitragies was published in June 1971 by the Print Mint. In the mid-1970s he began book illustration work, mainly for Bellerophon Books. One of these was a coloring-book format illustration of Chaucer's "The Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale" which was issued with "The Miller's Tale" illustrated by Gilbert Shelton. In 1979, he illustrated The Official Advanced Dungeons & Dragons Coloring Album which was both a coloring book and a short adventure module authored by Gary Gygax. It was also around this time he began doing tattooing. On November 14, 1984, while on a working vacation in Bangkok, Thailand, Irons was struck and killed by a bus driver. The August 1985 issue of Swamp Thing, vol. 2, issue #39, written by Alan Moore, is dedicated to Greg Irons.

Introduction Below is list of Italian language exonyms for places in non-Italian-speaking areas of the world Albania English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Bajram Curri Valbona Bajram Curri Ballsh Balsidi Ballsh Berat Berati, Belgrado Berat Bilisht Biclista, Beliste Bilisht Bulqizë Sant'Anastasia Bulqizë Burrel Birelli, Burelli Burrel Çorovodë Moscopoli Çorovodë Delvinë Delvino Delvinë Dukat Ducati Dukat Durrës Durazzo Durrës Elbasan (Al)bassania, Scampa Elbasan Ersekë Erseca, Ersecco Ersekë Fier Fieri(ca) Fier Gjirokastër (Ar)girocastro Gjirokastër Gramshi Gramsci, Gremsi Gramshi Himarë Chimara Himarë Kavajë Cava(gl)ia Kavajë Koplik Copi(a)cco, Cuplienicco Koplik Korçë Corcia, Coriz(z)a Korçë Krujë Croia Krujë Krumë Cruma, Icrama Krumë Kuçovë Cuciova, Cluca Kuçovë Kukës Albanopoli, Zuchisi Kukës Laç Lacci Laç Lezhë Alessio Lezhë Librazhd Casali di Sgombi, Scampia, Liborasi Librazhd Lushnjë Lisignano Lushnjë Peqin Pechigna, Pechini Peqin Përmet Permiti, Premiti Përmet Peshkopi (E)piscop(e)ia Peshkopi Pogradec Basogrado Pogradec Pukë Pubblicana, Puca Pukë Rrëshen (Sant'Alessandro di) Orosci Rrëshen Sarandë Porto Edda, Santi Quaranda, Saranda Sarandë Sazanit Isola di Saseno Sazanit Shkodër Scutari Shkodër Tirana Tirana, Terranda Tiranë Tepelenë Tepelenia Tepelenë Vlorë Val(l)ona Vlorë Algeria English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Algiers Algeri Al-Jaza'ir Constantine Costantina Qusanṭīnah Oran Orano Wahran Australia English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Christmas Island Isola di Natale Great Barrier Reef Grande Barriera Corallina New South Wales Nuovo Galles del Sud Austria English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Arnoldstein Oristagno Carinthia Carinzia Kärnten Gail Zelia Hermagor-Pressegger See Sant'Ermagora Innsbruck Enoponte, Isprucco, Ponténo Landeck Landecca Lienz Agonto, Luenza Nauders Nodrio Salzburg Salisburgo Styria Stiria Steiermark Tyrol Tirolo Tirol Villach Villaco Vienna Vienna Wien Bangladesh English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Dhaka Dacca Belgium Belgio English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Antwerp Anversa Bruges Bruges, Bruggia Brussels Bruxelles, Borsella, Brusselle pr. /bruk'sɛl/ Charleroi Charleroi, Carloré Courtrai Cortraco Dendermonde Dendermonda Flanders Fiandre Ghent Gand, Guanto Leuven Lovanio Liège Liegi Limburg Limburgo Luxembourg Lussemburgo Mechelen Malines, Mellina Nieuwport Neoporto Ostend Ostenda Wallonia Vallonia Ypres Ypres, Ipro Brazil Brasile English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Amazon River Rio delle Amazzoni Rio Amazonas Amazonia Amazzonia Amazônia São Paulo San Paolo del Brasile, San Paolo São Paulo Bulgaria English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Maritsa Evros/ Ebro, Marica/ Maritsa/ Marizza Nikopol Nicopoli Plovdiv Filippopoli Struma Strimone Burkina Faso English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Red Volta Volta Rosso Nazinon Canada English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language British Columbia Columbia Britannica Great Bear Lake Grande Lago degli Orsi Great Slave Lake Grande Lago degli Schiavi Lesser Slave Lake Piccolo Lago degli Schiavi Newfoundland Terranova Northwest Territories Territori del Nord-Ovest Nova Scotia Nuova Scozia Prince Edward Island Isola del Principe Edoardo Reindeer Lake Lago delle Renne Saint Lawrence River Fiume San Lorenzo Chile Cile English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Easter island Isola di Pasqua Isla de Pascua spanish Santiago, Santiago de Chile Santiago del Cile, San Giacomo del Cile Santiago spanish China Cina English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Beijing Pechino, Beijing 北京 (Běijīng) Han Chinese Guangzhou Canton, Guangzhou 广州 (Guǎngzhōu) Han Chinese Dzungaria Zungaria 准噶尔， 北疆 (Zhǔngá'ěr, Běijiāng) Han Chinese Nanjing Nanchino 南京 (Nánjīng) Han Chinese Shanghai Shanghai, Sciangai 上海 (Shànghǎi) Han Chinese Tianjin Tientsin 天津 (Tiānjīn) Han Chinese Italian concession of Tientsin was a small territory controlled by the Kingdom of Italy between 1901 and 1943. Yangzi River Fiume Azzurro 长江，杨子江 (Cháng Jiāng, Yángzǐ Jiāng) Han Chinese Yellow River Fiume Giallo 黄河 (Huáng Hé) Han Chinese Pearl River Fiume delle Perle 珠江，粤江 (Zhū Jiāng, Yuè Jiāng) Han Chinese Comoros Comore English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Réunion Riunione Saint Helena Sant'Elena Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) Costa d’Avorio English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Black Volta Volta Nero Mouhoun Croatia For Italian language exonyms in Istria, see : Italian exonyms (Istria) For Italian language exonyms in Dalmatia, see : Italian exonyms (Dalmatia) Croazia English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Bakar Buccari Brač Brazza Cavtat Ragusavecchia Crikvenica Ciquenizza Cres Cherso Drniš Dernis Dragonja Dragogna Dubrovik Ragusa Hvar Lesina Karlobag Carlopago Karlovac Carlostadio Kastav Castua Knin Tenin Komiža Comisa Korčula Curzola Kraljevica Porto Re Krk Veglia Kvarner Quarnaro Labin Albona Lastovo Lagosta Lokrum Lacroma Mirna Quieto Neretva Narenta Ogulin Ugulino Omiš Almiossa Osijek Esse(c)chio Pag Pago Pazin Pisino Poreč Parenzo Požega Possega Pula Pola Rab Arbe Raša Arsa Ravna Gora Montecampo Rijeka Fiume Rječina Rovigno Rovinj Rovigno Senj Segna Šibenik Sebenico Sinj Signo Sisak Siscia Skradin Scardona Susak Sansego Split Spalato Trogir Traù Učka Monte Maggiore Umag Umago Varaždin Varasdino Veprinac Apriano Vis Lissa Vodnjan Dignano d'Istria Vukovar Volco Zadar Zara Zagreb Zagabria Zrmanja Zermagna These Italian names are not full exonyms, since they are used by the autochthonous Italian population. Cuba English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Bay of Pigs Baia dei Porci Bahía de los Cochinos spanish Havana L'Avana La Habana spanish Isla de la Juventud Isola della Gioventù Isla de la Juventud spanish Santiago de Cuba Santiago di Cuba Santiago de Cuba spanish Cyprus Cipro English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Famagusta Famagosta Larnaka Larnaca Limassol Limisso Olympus Olimpo Paphos Pafo Czech Republic Cechia English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Brno Brno, Bruna Bohemia Boemia Čechy Bohemian Forest Selva Boema Šumava Moravia Moravia Morava Moravian Wallachia Valacchia morava Valašsko Opava Troppavia Plzeň Pilsen Prague Praga Praha Silesia Slesia Slezsko Vltava Moldava Denmark Danimarca English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Copenhagen Copenaghen, Copenaga København Funen Fionia Fyn Greenland Groenlandia Kalaallit Nunaat (Greenlandic), Grønland (Danish) Helsingør Elsinore Helsinør Jutland Jutland Jylland Zealand Selandia Sjælland Djibouti Gibuti English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Djibouti Gibuti جيبوتي, Djibouti arabic, french Egypt Egitto English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Alexandria Alessandria d'Egitto Al-Iskandariyya Annaba Bona Annaba Aswan Assuan Aswan Cairo Il Cairo Qāhira Damiette Damietta Dumyat Luxor Luxor al-ʾuqṣur Mansoura Mansura al-Manṣūra Nile Nilo Nīl Port Said Porto Said Būr Sa'id 6th of October 6 ottobre al-Sādis min Uktūbir Suez Suez Suways Eritrea English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Asmera Asmara, L'Asmara Ethiopia Etiopia English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Abergele Avergallè Abiy Adi Abbi Addi Adami Adami Tullo Addis Ababa Addis Abeba Addi Ar Kay Addi Arcai Adigala Addagolla Adis Alem Addis Alem Agaro Aggarò Agere Maryam Alga/ Aghe(re) Mariam Agula Agulà Akaki Beseka Acachi Aksum Axum Aleta Wondo Uando Amba Giyorgis Amba Georgis Ara Bure Ara Buri Arba Minch Arba Minghi Asebe Teferi Asba Littoria Asella Asellè Asosa Asosà Awash Auasc Badatino Batatin(o) Bahir Dar Bahr dar Ghiorhis Bambesi Bombasci Bati Batie Bichena Biccenà Birkuta Bircutan Biye Kobe Bio Caboba Bonga Caffa Bure Burei Ch'ando Ciando Chelenkko Cialanco Chenna Cianna Chichela Giocatà Debarq Debarech Debre Berhan Debra Brehan Debre Markos Debra Marcos Debre Sina Debra Sina Debre Tabor Debra Tabor Debre Werk Debra Uorc Debre Zeyit Debra Zeit, Biscioftu Bishoftu Oromo Dembecha Dembeccià Dembidolo Dembi Dollo Dese Dessiè Diredawa Dirdabò Fiche Ficcè Finarwa Fenaroa Gambela Porto Villagio Gendawa Ghendaui Genet Nanagoscia Ginir Ghigner Godibedjei Cambilgè Goha Tsiyon Guatior Gonder Gondar Gore Ghenud Goscia Gocciò Guba Gubba Habru Woreda Gherado Harar Harrar Harewa Harraua Hosaina Hosseinà Idga Hamus Edagà Hamus Injibara Engiabara, Ingiabara Jeldesa Gildessa Jiga Gigga Jijiga Giggiga Jima Gimma Jubaland Oltregiuba Kachisi Caccisì Kebri Dehar Gabredarre Keftiya Cadta Kelafo Callafo Kibre Mengist Adola, Angedi Kobo Cobbò Kobecha Cobaccia K'orahe Gorrahei Korem Quoram Kosa Cossa Kulito Coluto Mahdere Maryam Mahadera Mariam Megalo Magalo Mekane Selame Uoghhiddi Mekele Macallè Melka Jilo Malca Gilo Mertule Maryam Martula Mariam Metema Gallabat Mojo Moggio Nefas Meewcha Nefas Mocià Nejo Neggio Nekemte Lecamti, Lechemti, Lechenti Nogara Noggara Samre Sanrè Selekleka Selaciaco Sembo Sombò Serdo Sardo Shashemene Sciasciamanna Shebe Sciabe Shehet Sechet Shek Husen Scech Hussein Sheno Sciano Sherada Sciaradda Shewa Gimira Scioa/ Sceui Ghimir(r)a Smara Sangherra Sodo Soddo, Soddu Teda Tadda Wacha Ua(c)cia Wagna Uacnè, Uacnia Web Anna Guia Ueb Welkite Nonno Were Ilu Uorra Hailù Wuchale Uccialli Wukro Ougerat Yirga Alem Irgalem Ziway Zuai France Italian was the official language of Corsica, the County of Nice, and Savoy until 1859–1861. Francia English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Abbeville Abbevilla Adour Aturo Agde Agda, Agata Agino Agenno, Agia Agen Aigues-Mortes Acquamorta Ain Idano Aire Atura, Aturo Aisne Assonia Aix-en-Provence Acchisi, Acque Sestie, Acqui, Ecchisi Ajaccio Aiaccio Founded with Italian name Alais Alesia Alanches Alanca Albertville Villalberto Albi Albi(a), Albi(n)ga Alençon Alanzone, Alenzone, Alenconio, Lanzona Alsace Alsazia Ambletouse Ambletosa Amboise Ambosa Ambournay Ambroniaco Amiens Ambiana, A(mb)iano, Amiene Angers Angero Angersa, Angiò Angoulême Angolem(m)e, Equolesima Angoumois Angol(e)mese Anjou Angiò Annecy Anneci, Anessi Annonay Annonai, Annoneo Antibes Antibo Apt Apta Aquitaine Aquitania Arcachon Arcas(s)one Ardennes Ardenne Argentan Argentano Argonne Argona Arles Arle, Arli Armagnac Armagnaco Armentieres Armentiera Armorica Armorique Armorique Arras Arrasso, Arragia, Arrazzo Artois Artesia Aubagne Albagna Aubusson Albussone, Albuzio Aurrillac Origliaco Auch Ausci, Oscia Auge Algia Aumale Almala, Omala Aunis Alniense, A(l)nis(i)o Autun Aitone di Borgogna, Autuno Auvergne Alvernia Auxerre Ausserra, Ausserre, Ausonna Auxonne Ausson(n)a Avallon Avaglione Avesnes Avenna Avignon Avignone Avranches Av(a)ranca, Avrange Bapaume Bapalma Bar Bar, Bario Bar-le-Duc Bario il Duca Barcelonnette Barcellonetta / Barciloneta (old) Barege Baregio Barjols Bargiolio Bayeux Baioca, Bajoce (old) Bayonne Baiona Bazas Basate, Basato Béarn Bearne, Bearnia, Bearno Beaucaire Belcaro (old) Beauce Belsia Beaujeu Belgiuoco Beaujolais Belloiese Beaune Beona / Belna (old) Beauvais Bovesia, Bellovaco (old) Belgodère Belgodere (the Italian form being the original) Belley Bellei Bergerac Bergherago Berry Berri, Beri, Bituria Besançon Besanzone, Bisanzone Béziers Besiera Bigorre Bigorra Bouches de Bonifacio Bocche di Bonifacio (the Italian form being the original) Blaye Blaia, Blavia Blois Blesa Bordeaux Bordò / Bordea, Bordeo, Bordella (old) Boulogne-sur-Mer Bologna di mare, Bologna a mare, Bulogna Bourbonnais Borbonese, Burbonese (old) Bourges Borge / Borghi (old) Bourg-en-Bresse Borgo in Bressia / Borgonbrescia (very old) Bresse Bressia / (Brescia)- hist. – rare Brest Bresta, Bresto (old) Bourgogne Borgogna Briançon Brianzone, Briganzone (old) Bretagne Bretagna, Brettagna Brie Brigia, Bregia Brignoles Brignolle Brioude Brioda (old) Brive-la-Gaillarde Briva-La Gagliarda (old) Caen Cadomo (old) Cahors Caorsa / Cadurco (old) Calais Calesia, Calesse, Caleto / Calei Cambrai Cameraco / Camaraco (old) Cannes Canna Cap Corse Capo Corso (the Italian form being the original) Carcassonne Carcassona (old), Carcassone, Carcasciona, Carcassonne (Italian pronunciation) Cargèse Cargese (the Italian form being the original) Carpentras Carpentrasso or Carpentorato Castelsarrasin Castel Sarassino Castres Castro Caudebec (Caudebec-en-Caux) Caldabecca Caur Calete Cavaillon Cavaglione Cévennes Cevenne Chablais Chiablese, Ciablese / Sciablese Chalon-sur-Saône Cialone sulla Saona / Scialone / Celona in Borgogna / Cabilone (old) Châlons-en-Champagne Cialone sulla Marna / Scialona, Scialone / Cialona / Catalauno (old) Chambéry Sciamberì or Ciamberì (hist.) Champagne Sciampagna (old) Charente Caranta / Sciarenta (old) Charolais Carolese Charolles Sciarolla Chartres Sciartre, Ciartre / Sciartra, Carnuto (old) Chartreuse Certosa Châteaubriant Castel Briante Châteaudun Castelduno / Castelloduno (old) Châtellerault Castellaraldo, Castell' Araldo Chaumont Calcemonte Cherbourg Cerburgo, Scierborgo, Caroborgo (old) Chinon Chinone, Scinon Cholet Coleto / Cauleto (old) Clamecy Clamessi, Clamiaco Clermont-Ferrand Chiermonte, Clermonte, Chiaromonte or Chiaramonte -Ferrante / Chiarmonferrando (old) Cligny Cligni Cognac Cognacco (old) Colmar Colmaria, Columbaria (old) Combeaufontaine Combofontana (old) Comminges Comminge Compiègne Compigno / Compendio (old) Comtat Venaissin Contado Venassino Condom Condomio, Condonio / Condomo (old) Corbière Corbare Cornouailles Cornovaglia Corsica (French Corse) Corsica Côte-d'Azur Costa Azzurra Côte-d'Or Costa d'Oro Coulommiers Colombiera / La Colombaria (old) Coutances Cutanza Craon Craone, Craonio Crech Cresci Dauphiné Delfinato Dax Acque / Dacia / Acquense (old) Die Dia Dieppe Dieppa Digne-les-Bains Digno delle Terme / Digna Dijon Digione Dinan Dinante Dole Dola Dombes Dombe Donzère Donzera Dordogne Dordogna Douai Doaggio Draguignan Draghignano Dreux Droge, Droco / Durocassio (hist.) Drôme Droma Dunquerque Duncherche, Duncherque Durance Duranza, Druenza Elbeuf Elbovio (old) Embrun Ambrone / Ambruno / Ebroduno, Embruno (old) Épernay Sparnaco (old) Épinal Spinale Escaut Schelda Essonne Esonna Étampes Stampa (old) Eure Eura, Ebura Évreux Ebroica (old) Falaise Falesia, Falesa (old) Fargeau Fargeoli Faucigny Fossigni Fayence Favenza, Faianza (old) Fismes Fima Foix Fois, Foro, Fusso (old) Fontainebleau Fontaneblo, Fontenblo, Fontanablò (old) Forcalquier Forcalcario, Forcalchieri Forez Forese Fougères Fogera (old) Franche-Comté Franca Contea Fréjus Frejo, Frejulo, Foro di Giulio rare / Fregiù (old) Frontignan Frontignano Galéria Galeria Gap Gape, Gapo Gard Gardo, Vardo Garonne Garonna Gascony Guascogna Gâtinais Gatinese, Guastinese Gers Gerso Gévaudan Gevodano, Gabalitano (old) Gex Gesio Gironde Gironda Gisors Gisorzio Glandeves Glandeva Graisivaudan Gresivodano Grasse Grassa Grenoble Granopoli, / Grazianopoli (old) Guadeloupe Guadalupa Guerche Guerscia Golfe du Lion Golfo del Leone Guyenne Guienna, Ghienna Hennebon Hennebono Houlme Holmia Hyères Iera Île-de-France Isola di Francia Ille-et-Vilaine Ille e Villena Isère Isera, Issara Issoudun Issolduno Joinville Gienvilla Labourd Laburdo Landes Lande Landun Lauduno Langeac Langiaco Langres Langra, Lingone (old) Languedoc-Roussillon Linguadoca-Rossiglione Laon Laone La Rochelle La Roccella, La Roccelle Laval Lavalle Lavaur Lavauro Lectoure Lettora (old) Le Havre Avro di Grazia (old) Le Mans Mansa, Cenomano, Mano rare Lens Lenza (old) Le Puy Podio / Poi / Poggio (old) Libourne Liborno / Liburno / Linborno (old) Lille Lilla Limagne Limagna Limoges Limoge Limousin Limosino L'Île-Rousse Isolarossa (the Italian form being the original) Lisieux Lisobia, Lesovio (old) Lodève Lodeva Loire Loira, Lora Longwy Lungovico / Longovico (old) Lons-le-Saunier Ledone Salinario / Ledone Salinaro (old) Lorraine Lorena Loudun Luduno Lozère Lozera Luberon Leberone Lude Ludo Lure Ludera / Lura / Ludra (old) Luxeuil Lussovio (old) Lyon Lione Lyonnais Lionese Mâcon Macone, Mascone / Maconne / Matiscona (old) Mâconnais Maconese, Masconese Maine Mania, Maiese, Maini Maine-et-Loire dep. Maina e Loira Manche Manica Manosque Manosca, Manesco or Manosco Mantes Manta or Mante Marche Marca Marmande Marmanda Marne Marna Marseille Marsiglia Martinique Martinica Marvejols Marvegio Massif Central Massiccio Centrale Maubeuge Mauboge Mauriac Mauriaca Maurienne Moriana (hist.) Mayenne Maienna Meaux Meldi (old) Médoc Medoco, Medocche, Medolico Melun Meluno (old) Mende Menda Menton Mentone (the Italian form being the original) Metz Meta, Mes Millau Amilliavo (very old) Mirande Miranda or Meranda Mirebeau Mirabella Mirecourt Miracorte Mirepoix Mirapinca (old) Moïta Moita (the Italian form being the original) Montargis Montargì (old) Montauban Montalbano / Montealbano / Montelbano Montbard Monte Bardo (old) Montbéliard Monbeliardo, Monte Belicardo (old) Mont-de-Marsan Monte Marsano Montélimar Montelimare / Montiglio a mare (old) Montereau Monasteriolo (old) Montluçon Monte Lussone / Monlussone Montmirail Montemiraglio Montpellier Monpellieri, Monpeglieri / Monpolieri, Monpegliere / Mompeglieri (old) Mont Ventoux Monte Ventoso Morbihan Morbiano Morlaix Morlasso (old) Morvan Morvando Moselle Mosella Nancy Nanci, Nansi / Nancea (old) Nantes Nante / Nanta / Nannete (old) Narbonne Narbona Navarrenx Navarrino Nemours Nemosio Nevers Niverno Nice Nizza, Nizza Marittima (the Italian form being the original) Niçois Nizzardo Nievre Niva Nîmes Nimme, Nisma / Nimissi / Nimese / Nemauso (old) Niort Niorto, Noviorito (old) Nivernais Nivernese Normandie Normandia Noyon Noione Nunts Nuzio Nyons Nione (old) Oise Oisa Oloron-Sainte-Marie Olerone Orange Orangia, Arausione / Aurenga (old) Orchies Orchesio Orléans Orleano / Aureliano (old) Orléanais Orleanese Orthez Ortesio Palois Palomese Pamiers Pamiero / Apamea (old) Paris Parigi Parisien Parigino Pau Palo Pays-de-Caux Calchese Peaux-Rouges Pelli Rossi Perche Percese, Pertica Périgord Perigordia, Petrocoria Périgueux Petrogorio Peronne Perona Perpignan Perpignano Picardie Piccardia Poitevin Pittovano Poissy Poassi Poitiers Potieri, Pittieri / Pottieri (old) Poitou Poatù, / Poitù, Pittavia Pons Ponte Pont-de-l'Arche Ponte dell'Arca Ponthieu Pontivia Pontoise Pontosa, Pontisara (old) Privas Privato Provence Provenza Provins Provino, Pruvino (old) Pujoles Puggiolo Pyrenees Pirenei Quercy Querci, Cadurcia Quesnoy Querceto Quimper Quimpero Rambouillet Rambuglietto (old) Reims Remi / Remisi (old) Remiremont Romarimonte, Monte Romarico (old) Remois Remese Rennais Rennese Rennes Renna, Renne / Redona (old) Rhodez Rodesia Rhône Rodano Ribemont Ribemonte Rieux Rivi (old) Roanne Roana, Rodone (old) Romans Romano Romorantin-Lanthenay Castel Romorantino (old) Roquebrune Roccabruna (the Italian form being the original) Roubaix Rubaci Rouen Roano Rouergue Roverga, Rutenico hist. Roussillon Rossiglione, Catalogna del Nord Saint-Brieuc San Brioco (old) Saint-Denys San Dionisio Saint-Dizier San Desiderio Saint-Étienne Santo Stefano Saint-Florent San Fiorenzo (the Italian form being the original) Saint-Flour San Floro Saint-Ligier San Lizerio Saint-Lô San Lo, Santo Lo Saint-Malo San Malo Saint-Nazaire San Nazaro, San Nazario Saint-Omer Sant'Omero Saint-Quentin San Quintino (historical) Saint-Tropez San Torpe Saintes Santes / Santi (old) Saintonge Santongia, Santonia / Santonico (old) Sarlat-la-Canéda Sarlato Sartène Sartena (the Italian form being the original) Seine Senna Saône Saona Saulieu Salvoloco, Salvoluogo / Sedeloco (old) Saumur Salmuro / Salmure, Salmore (old) Savoie Savoia Senlis Silvanetto (old) Sens Senone, Seno Sisteron Sisterone Soissons Soassone, Suassone / Soissone (old) Sologne Sologna Sombernon Sombernone Strasbourg Strasburgo / Argentina (old) Tarascon Tarascona Tarentaise Tarantasia, Tarentasia Tarbes Tarba, Tarbe, Turba / Turbia (old) Territoire de Belfort Territorio di Belforte Therouanne Teruana, Tarvenna (old) Thierache Tiraccia Thouars Toarcio / Toarco (old) Tonnerre Tonnero / Tornodero rare Toul Tulo Toulon Tolone Toulouse Tolosa Touraine Turenna Tournon Tornone (old) Tours Turse, Turone / Torso Tox Tocchisi (old) Troyes Tresetto (old) Tulle Tulla / Tutela (old) Vaison-la-Romaine Vaisone Valence Valenza nel Delfinato Valenciennes Valenziana, Valenzino / Valenziano (old) Valenciennois Valenzianese Valentinois Valentinese Valois Valese Vannes Vanna / Venne (old) Varennes Varenne Vaucluse Valchiusa Velay Velesia Vence Venza Vendée Vendea or Vandea Vendôme Vendoma or Vandomino, Vendomo, Vendosmo (old) / Vindocino (rare) Mont Ventoux Monte Ventoso Verdèse Verdese (the Italian form being the original) Verdun Verduno or Veroduno / Verdunno (old) Vermandois Vermandua Vernon Vernone Versailles Versaglia (old) Vervins Verbino / Vervino (old) Vesoul Vesula, Vesulo / Vesolo (old) Vienne Vienna del Delfinato (old) Vire Vira Vivarais Vivarese Viviers Vivierse Wissant Guizzante (old) Yonne Jonna Yssingeaux Issengio (old) Nice All these names were officially used until 1861, because the County of Nice was part of the Kingdom of Sardinia, an Italian State. In 1861 the County passed to France. Ascros Ascroso, Scroso Aspremont Aspromonte di Nizza Auvare Auvara Bairols Bairolo Beaulieu-sur-Mer Belluogo Beausoleil Belsole Belvédère Belvedere Bendejun Bendigiuno, Bendegiuno Berre-les-Alpes Berra, Berre dell'Alpi, Bera Beuil Boglio, Boglio Montano Blausasc Bleusasco, Blausasco Bonson Bonsone, Bausone Breil-sur-Roya Breglio, Breglio sul Roia Cantaron Cantarone Cap-d'Ail Capodaglio, Capo d'Aglio, Capo d'Aggio Castagniers Castagnera, Castagneto Castellar Castellaro, Castellaro di Mentone Castillon Castiglione, Castiglione di Mentone Châteauneuf-d'Entraunes Castelnuovo d'Entraune, Castelnuovo d'Entrone Châteauneuf-Villevieille Castelnuovo-Villavecchia Clans Clanzo, Clanso, Clanzio Coaraze Coarazza, Coarasa Colomars Colombar del Varo, Colomarte, Colombare Contes Conte, Conti Cuébris Cuebri, Cuebris, Quebris Daluis Dàlui, Daluigi Drap Drappo, Drapo Duranus Durano*, Duranuzzo, Duranusso Entraunes Entraune, Entrone Èze Eza, Esa Falicon Falicone Fontan Fontano Gilette Giletta Gorbio Gorbio Guillaumes Guglielmi Ilonse Ilonza, Illonza Isola Isola nel Mercantore, Isola delle Cascate La Bollène-Vésubie Bollena, Bolena La Brigue Briga Marittima, Briga La Croix-sur-Roudoule La Croce sul Rodola La Roquette-sur-Var Rocchetta del Varo L'Escarène Scarena Lantosque Lantosca La Penne La Penna La Trinité Trinità, Trinità Vittoria, Trinità Vittorio La Tour La Torre La Turbie Turbia, La Turbia Levens Levenzo, Levenso Lieuche Lieucia, Liuchia, Leuca Lucéram Lucerame, Luceramo, Lucera Nizzarda Malaussène Malaussena, Magliassene Marie Maria Massoins Massoino, Maissone, Massoine Moulinet Molinetto Peille Peglia, Peglio di Nizza Peillon Peglione Péone Peona Pierlas Pierlasso, Pietralasso, Pietralassa, (Pierlazzo) Pierrefeu Pietrafuoco, Pietrafoco Puget-Rostang Poggetto Rostagno, Poggetto Rostagni Puget-Théniers Poggetto Tenieri, Poggetto sul Varo Revest-les-Roches Revesto Rigaud Rigaudo, Rigaldo Rimplas Rimplasso, Reimplasso, Rimpiazzo d'Ilonza Roquebillière Roccabigliera Roquebrune-Cap-Martin Roccabruna sul Capo Martino Roquesteron Roccasterone Roubion Robione, Robbione Roure Rorà Saint-André-de-la-Roche Sant'Andrea di Nizza Saint-Antonin Sant'Antonino Saint-Blaise San Biagio di Nizza Saint-Dalmas-le-Selvage San Dalmazzo il Selvatico, San Dalmazzo Selvaggio Sainte-Agnès Sant'Agnese Saint-Étienne-de-Tinée Santo Stefano di Tinea Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat San Giovanni Capoferrato Saint-Léger San Laugerio, San Leggero Saint-Martin-d'Entraunes San Martino d'Entraune, San Martino d'Entrone Saint-Martin-du-Var San Martino del Varo Saint-Martin-Vésubie San Martino Lantosca, San Martino Vesubia Saint-Sauveur-sur-Tinée San Salvatore di Tinea Sauze Salice, Sause, Salici Saorge Saorgio Sigale Cigalla, Cigala, Sigalla Sospel Sospello Tende Tenda Thiéry Tieri Toudon Todone Touët-de-l'Escarène Toetto-Scarena Touët-sur-Var Toetto di Boglio, Toetto sul Varo Tourette-du-Château La Torretta Tourrette-Levens Torretta Levenzo, Torrette Chiabaudi Tournefort Tornaforte Utelle Utello, Utelle, Utella, Uteglia Valdeblore Valdiblora Venanson Venanzone, Venansone Villefranche-sur-Mer Villafranca, Villafranca Marittima, Villafranca sul mare Villeneuve-d'Entraunes Villanova d'Entraune, Villanuova d'Entrone Villars-sur-Var Villar del Varo, Villare del Varo Grasse Aiglun Aigluno Amirat Ammirato Andon Andone Antibes Antibo or Antipoli Auribeau-sur-Siagne Auribello Bézaudun-les-Alpes Besalduno Biot Biotto Bouyon Boione Briançonnet Brianzonetto Cabris Cabri Cagnes-sur-Mer Cagna, Cagno Ligure Caille Caglia Cannes Canna, Canne Carros Carrosio Caussols Caussole Châteauneuf-Grasse Castelnuovo di Grassa Cipières Cippiera Collongues Coalunga, Cologna Conségudes Consecuta Courmes Corma, Cormi Coursegoules Corsegola Escragnolles Scragnola Gars Garzo Gattières Gattiera Gourdon Gordone Grasse Grassa Gréolières Greoliera*, Agrioleri, Grisolia La Colle-sur-Loup Colla, La Colla La Gaude La Gauda La Roque-en-Provence Rocca La Roquette-sur-Siagne Rocchetta sulla Ciagna Le Bar-sur-Loup Albarno Le Broc Brocco or Brocca Le Cannet Canneto or il Caneto Le Mas Masio Le Rouret Roreto or Rovereto Le Tignet Tignetto Les Ferres Ferre, Ferri Les Mujouls Moggioli Mandelieu-la-Napoule Mandaloco-la Napola Mouans-Sartoux Moano Sartole*, Murziani-Sarti Mougins Mogino*, Mugini Opio Oppia Pégomas Pegomasso Peymeinade Peimenada*, Poggio Mainata Roquefort-les-Pins Roccaforte dei Pini Saint-Auban Sant'Albano sull'Esterone Saint-Cézaire-sur-Siagne San Cesario Saint-Jeannet San Giannetto Saint-Laurent-du-Var San Lorenzo sul Varo Saint-Paul-de-Vence San Paolo di Venza Saint-Vallier-de-Thiey San Valerio Sallagriffon Salagrifone, Sallagriffone Séranon Seranone Spéracèdes Speiraceta Théoule-sur-Mer Teola, Teula, Tegola Tourrettes-sur-Loup Torretta di Venza Valbonne Valbona Valderoure Val di Rora, Valdirora Vallauris Vallauria, Valloria Vence Venza Villeneuve-Loubet Villanova Lobetto*, Villanuova Lopetto Historical parts Annot Annotta, Annoto Aurent Aurenco Braux Brauso Castellet-les-Sausses Castelletto Salza Castellet-Saint-Cassien Castelletto San Cassiano Entrevaux Entrovalli, Entrevàuso la Rochette Rocchetta le Fugeret Felceto Méailles Meaglia Peyresq Peiresco Saint-Benoît San Benedetto Sausses Salza Ubraye Ubraia or Ubraja Val-de-Chalvagne Val di Chiavagna Villevieille Cittavecchia di Entrevàuso, Villavecchia Aosta Valley fr. Vallée d'Aoste – it. Valle d'Aosta: Italian names to 1861, /1924–1928/, (1939–1947) Under Mussolini, a forced program of Italianization that included the translation of all toponyms into Italian occurred. As the region gained special autonomous status after the end of World War Two; the province of Aosta ceased to exist in 1945 and all the original French toponyms were reestablished as all the Italian ones were abolished, except from Aosta (co-official with the French Aoste). Allein ..., /Agliene d'Aosta/, (Alleno, Alliano) Antey-Saint-André Antei, /Antei/, (Antei Sant'Andrea) Aoste – Aosta Arnad ..., /Arnado/, (Arnado, Arnaz) Arvier Arviere, /Arviere/, (Arviero, Arverio, Arvie) Avise ..., /.../, (Aviso, Avisia) Ayas ..., /Ajas/, (Aias, Aiassa, Aiazzo) Aymavilles Aimavilla, /Aimaville/, (Aimavilla, Aimavilia) Bard Bardo, /Bardo d'Aosta/, (Bardo) Bionaz Bionazzo, /Bionazzo/, (Biona) Brissogne ..., /.../, (Brissogno) Brusson ..., /Bruzzone/, (Brussone) Challand-Saint-Anselme ..., /.../, (Villa Sant'Anselmo) Challand-Saint-Victor ..., /.../, (Villa San Vittorio, Villa San Vittore) Chambave Ciambava, /Ciambava/, (Ciambave, Cambavia) Chamois Ciamese, /Ciamese/, (Camoscio, Camosio) Champdepraz ..., /Campo di Prazzo/, (Campodiprati) Champorcher Camporciero, Campo Porcaro, /.../, (Campo Laris) Charvensod ..., /.../, (Carvenso, Carvensolo, Campo Mussolini) Châtillon Ciatiglione, /Castiglion Dora/, (Castiglione Dora) Cogne ..., /.../, (Cogno) Courmayeur Cortemaggiore, Cormaggiore, /Cortemaggiore o Cormaggiore d'Aosta/, (Cormaiore) Donnas Donnazzo, /Donna/, (Donnaz, Donas) Doues Dove, /Dué/, (Dovia d'Aosta, Dovia di Aosta, Dovesia) Emarèse ..., /.../, (Emarese) Étroubles Estroble, /Ettruglie/, (Etroble, Stipule) Fontainemore ..., /.../, (Fontanamora) Fénis ..., /.../, (Fenisso, Fenice) Gaby ..., /.../, (Gabi, Gabbio) Gignod Gignodo, /Gignodo/, (Gigno, Gignolo) Gressan ..., /Grecciano/, (Gressano) Gressoney-La-Trinité Gressonei, /Gressonei/, (Gressonei La Trinità) Gressoney-Saint-Jean Gressonei, /Gressonei/, (Gressonei San Giovanni) Hône Ona, /One/, (Ono) Introd Introdo, /Introdo/, (Introdo) Issime ..., /.../, (Issimo, Issime) Issogne ..., /.../, (Issogno) Jovençan Giovenzano, /Giovinazzo d'Aosta/, (Giovencano, Giovenzano) La Magdeleine ..., /La Maddalena d'Aosta/, (La maddalena d'Aosta, Antei La Maddalena) La Salle ..., /.../, (Sala Dora) La Thuile La Tuila, /La Tegola/, (Porta Littoria, Tuillia) Lillianes Lilliane, /Ligliano/, (Liliana, Lilliana) Montjovet ..., /Montegiove d'Aosta/, (Mongiove) Morgex Morgezzo, /Morgesso/, (Valdigna d'Aosta) Nus Nusso, /Nuzzo/, (Noce di Aosta) Ollomont Olomonte, /.../, (Ollomonte) Oyace Ojace, /.../, (Oiasse, Ojace) Perloz ..., /Perlo'/, (Perlozzo) Pollein ..., /Poglieno/, (Polleno, Pollano) Pont-Saint-Martin ..., /Ponte di San Martino/, (Ponte San Martino) Pontboset ..., /Ponte del Duca d'Aosta/, (Pianboseto, Ponboseto) Pontey Pontei, /Pontei/, (Pontesano, Pontei) Pré-Saint-Didier ..., /Prezzo di Savoia/, (San Desiderio Terme, Prato San Desiderio) Quart Quarto, /Quarto d'Aosta/, (Quarto Pretoria, Quarto Praetoria) Rhêmes-Notre-Dame ..., /Vittorio Nostra Signora/, (Nostra Signora di Rema, Val di Rema di Sotto, Madonna di Rema) Rhêmes-Saint-Georges ..., /Vittorio San Giorgio/, (San Giorgio di Rema, Val di Rema di Sopra) Roisan ..., /Rossano del Monte/, (Roisano, Rosano) Saint-Christophe ..., /San Cristoforo Vittorio/, (San Cristoforo) Saint-Denis ..., /San Denizzo/, (San Dionigi) Saint-Marcel ..., /San Marcello d'Aosta/, (San Marcello) Saint-Nicolas ..., /San Nicola d'Aosta/, (San Nicola) Saint-Oyen ..., /Sant, Oglieno/, (Sant'Eugenio, Santo Eugendo, Sant'Ogendo) Saint-Pierre ..., /San Pietro Latino/, (San Pietro, San Pietro e Paolo) Saint-Rhémy ..., /.../, (San Remigio) Saint-Vincent ..., /San Vincenzo/, (San Vincenzo della Fonte) Sarre ..., /.../, (Sarra) Torgnon ..., /Torgnone/, (Torgnone, Tornione) Valgrisenche Val Grisanza, /Valgrisenze/, (Valgrisenza) Valpelline Valpellina, /Valpellina/, (Valpellina) Valsavarenche ..., /Val Savarance/, (Valsavara) Valtournenche Val Tornenza, /Valturnezze/, (Valtornenza, Val Tornenza) Verrayes ..., /.../, (Verraio, Verraglie) Verrès Verrezzo, /Castelverres/, (Castel Verres) Villeneuve ..., /Villanova de' Monti/, (Villanova Baltea) Georgia English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Abkhazia Abcasia Apkhazeti Tbilisi Tbilisi, Tiblisi Germany Germania English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Aachen Aquisgrana Augsburg Augusta Bamberg Bamberga Berlin Berlino Brandenburg Brandeburgo Braunschweig Brunswick, Brunsviga Breisgau Brisgovia Bremen Brema Coburg Coburgo Cologne Colonia Dresden Dresda Frankfurt am Main Francoforte sul Meno Frankfurt an der Oder Francoforte sull'Odra Freiburg im Breisgau Friburgo in Brisgovia Freising Frisinga Göttingen Gottinga Hamburg Amburgo Heidelberg Aidelberga, Eidelberga Koblenz Coblenza Konstanz Costanza Leipzig Lipsia Lübeck Lubecca Lüneburg Luneburgo Magdeburg Magdeburgo Mainz Magonza Mecklenburg Meclemburgo Meißen Misnia Munich Monaco (di Baviera) Nuremberg Norimberga Oldenburg Oldemburgo Palatinate Palatinato Passau Passavia Regensburg Ratisbona Rhein Reno Rheinland Renania Saxony Sassonia Speyer Spira Stuttgart Stoccarda Trier Treviri Tübingen Tubinga Ulm Ulma Westphalia Vestfalia/ Westfalia Worms Vormazia Wittenberg Vittembergo Ghana English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language White Volta Volta Bianco Nakambe Greece Grecia English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Acheloös Acheloo, Aspropotamo Actium Azio Aegina Egina Aetolia-Acarnania Etolia-Acarnania Agios Efstratios Agiostrati Alexandroupoli Alessandropoli Alfeios Alfeo Alimnia Lìmona Alonissos Alonneso, Chilidromi Amphipolis Anfipoli Amorgos Amorgo Andros Andro Antikythira Anticitera, Cerigotto Antiparos Antiparo Archaia Olympia Olimpia Argolis Argolide Argos Argo Argostolion Argostolio Astypalaia Astipalea, Stampalia Athens Atene Athína Athos Athos, Santo Attica Attica Attiki Boeotia Beozia Cephalonia Cefalonia Cephissus Cefiso Chaeronea Cheronea, Coronea Chalcis Calcide, Negroponte Chania La Canea Chameria Ciamuria Tsamouriá Chios Scio, Chio Cithaeron Citerone Corfu Corfu, Corcira Corinth Corinto Crete Creta Cyclades Cicladi Cynthus Cinto Delos Delo Dodecanese Dodecanneso, Dodecaneso Epidaurus Epidauro Epirus Epiro Ermoupoli Hermopoli Euboea Eubea, Negroponte Eurotas Eurota Folegandros Policandro Haliakmon Aliacmone Halki Calchi Helikon Elicona Heraklion Candia Hymettus Imetto Ymettos Igoumenitsa Gomenizza, Igumenizaa Ilisos Ilisso Ioannina Giannina Irakleia Iraclia Ithaca Itaca Ithomi Itome Kalabaka Calampaca Kalamaria Cala Maria Kalamata Calamatta Kalymnos Calimno, Càlino Karpathos Scarpanto Kasos Caso Kastelli Castelli Kastellorizo Castelrosso Kavala Cavala Kea Ceo Kechries Cencrea Kissamos Cisamo Koroni Gallo Kos Coo, Icaria Kyparissia Arcadia Kythira Cerigo, Citera Laurium Laurio Lefkada Santa Maura Lycabettus Licabetto Mainalo Menalo Marathon Maratona Maritsa Ebro Megalopolis Megalopoli Messenia Messenia Messinia Methoni Modone Missolonghi Missolungi Monemvasia Malvasia Mykenes Micene Mycenae Micene Mykonos Mìcono Mystras Mistrà Nafpaktos Lepanto Nafplion Nafplia Naxos Nasso Nisyros Nisiro Olympus Olimpo Orcomeno Orchomenos Pangaio Pangeo Patmos Patmo Patras Patrasso Pelion Pelio Peloponnese Pelopnneso, Morea Pentelicus Pentelico Pineios Pineo Pindus Pindo Pindos Piraeus Il Pireo Preveza Prevesa Pylos Navarino, Pilo Pyrgos Pirgo Rethimno Retimo Rhodes Rodi Samothrace Samotracia Santorini Santorini, Santorino Thira Serifos Sefanto, Serifo Serres Sere Skianthos Sciato Skopelos Scopelo Skyros Sciro Sparta Sparti, Sparta Sparti Struma Strimone Taygetus Taigeto Thassos Tasso, Egitto Thermopylae Termopili Thessaloniki Salonicco Thessaly Tessaglia Thebes Tebe Thrace Tracia Tilos Píscopi Tinos Tine Volos Volo Xanthi Lagos Zakynthos Zante, Zacinto Guatemala English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Guatemala City Città del Guatemala Ciudad de Guatemala Hungary Ungheria English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Esztergom Strigonio Esztergom Pécs Cinquechiese Pécs Pest Ezzelburgo Pest Szeged Seghedino Szeged Székesfehérvár Albareale Székesfehérvár India English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Ganges Gange Kolkata Calcutta Kolkata New Delhi Nuova Delhi Naī Dillī Sindhu Indo Indonesia English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Borneo Borneo Kalimantan Celebes Celebes Sulawesi Melacca Molucche Maluku Sunda Islands Isole della Sonda Iraq English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Basra Bàssora Euphrates Eufrate Mosul Mos(s)ul Tigris Tigri Ireland English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Dublin Dublino Baile Átha Cliath Irish Israel Israele English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Acre Acri Ashkelon Ascalona Caesarea Cesareo Keisarya Capernaum Cafarnao Galilee Galilea Jaffa Giaffa Jerusalem Gerusalemme Judea Giudea Nazareth Nazaret Tiberias Tiberiade Latvia Lettonia English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Courland Curlandia Kurzeme Latgallia Latgallia Latgale Semigallia Semgallia Zemgale Lebanon Libano English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Litani Leonte Sidon Sidone Tripoli Tripoli (del Libano) Tyre Tiro Libya Libia English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Abu Kammash Punta Piatta Abu Nujaym Bungeim, Gholaia Alaluas Capo Rosso Algowaa Marabutto Al Fuqaha Fógaha, Fughaa Al Haniyah Nausido Al Hashan Henni Al Jaghbub Giarabub Al Jawf Purità, Giof Al Khums Homs Al Marj Barca, Barce Al Maya Lemaia Al Mikhili Mechilì Al Quawarishah Guarscia Al Uqylah Aghéila An Nawwaqiyah Naughia Ash Shu'bah Esc-Sciáaba Ash Shurayf Esc-Sciuàraf Awbari Ubari Awjilah Áugìla Ayn al Ulaymah Platea Az Zawiyah Zauia, Zavia Bani Walid Orfella, Bani Ulid Battah Villaggio Oberdan Bayda Beda Littoria Benghazi Bengasi, Berenice Banghazi Bin Ghashir Fòndugh Ben Gascir Bombah Bomba Bu Al Ashhar Belascehar Bu Nujaym Bu Ngem Buzaymah Buseima Cyrenaica Cirenaica Barqah Dafniya Zeira Ad Dafiniyah Darnah Derna Gandula Sira Gargarish Gargaresh Garyan Gharian, Gariani Gasr Garabulli Castelverde, Caraboli Ghadames Gadames, Cadiamo Gorje Gurgi Jaddai'im Geddaim Jadu Giado Jaghbub Giarabub Jalu Giálo Janzur Zanzur Jarafa Gefara Jufra Giofra Kambut Gasr Cambút Ki'am Porto di Ugra Kirissah Afrodisia Marsa Susa Apollonia Massah Razza Mechili Sciafa Misratah Mesurata, Misurata Msallata Cussabat, Curabatti Murzuq Murzuch Qaminis Ghemínes, Gemine Qatrun Gatrone Quarqarish Gargáresc Ras Al'Uwayjia Ras El-Augia Sabha Sebcha, Carda Sabratha Tripoli Vecchio Sawknah Socna Shahhat Cirene Sirte Sirte Surt Suluntah Slonta Suluq Solue Tabaqah Tobga Tajarhi Tegerri Tajoura Tagiura Taknis Magara Tarhunah Tarhuna Tawergha Taurgia, Targia Tazirbu Taiserbo, Tazerbo Tripoli Tripoli Tarabulus Tobruk Tobruch, Antipirgo Tolmeita Tolemaide, Tolmet(t)a Tomeithah Umar al Mukhtar Mameli, Goffredo Mameli Waddan Ueddan, Uadan Wadi Al Hayaa Uadi El-Agial Wadi Al Shatii Was Esc-Sciati Yafran Iefren Zanatah Menscia Zawiyat Sciara Zliten Sliten Zuwara Zuara, Cadula Lithuania Lituania English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Sudovia Sudovia Suvalkija Vilnius Vilna Vilnius Samogitia Samogizia Žemaitija Luxemburg Lussemburgo English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Luxemburg Lussemburgo Luxemburg, Luxembourg, Lëtzebuerg Malta Italian was Malta's official language until 1934. English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Birgu Vittoriosa Birżebbuġa Birzebbugia Bormla Cospicua Dingli Dingle Fgura Figura Filfla Filfola Għajnsielem Gainsielem Għarb Garbo Għargħur Gargur Għasri G(h)asri Għawdex Goz(z)o Gżira Gezira Ħal Għaxaq Asciac Iklin L'Iclin Isla Senglea Kemmuna Comino Kemmunett Cominetto, Cominotto Marsaxlokk Marsaslocca, Marsa Scirocco Mdina Medina, Notabile Mġarr Mugiarro Mosta Musta Mqabba Micabba Msida Misida Mtarfa Marfa Munxar Monsciar Naxxar Nasciaro Qala La Cala Qormi Curmi, Città Pinto Qrendi Crendi Rabat Rabatto del Castello, Rabato della Notabile Raħal Ġdid Paola San Ġiljan San Giuliano San Ġwann San Giovanni San Lawrenz San Lorenzo San Pawl Il-Baħar Baia di San Paolo Siġġiewi Suggeui Tarxien (Casal) Tarscen Valletta La Valletta Wied Il-Għajn Marsascala Xagħra Sciara, Casal Caccia Xewkija Casal Xeuchia Xgħajra Sciaira Żebbuġ Casal Zebbugi(a) Żejtun Santa Caterina Żurrieq Zurrico Mexico Messico English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Mexico City Città del Messico Ciudad de México spanish Montenegro All these names were used by the Italian autochthonous population and by Venetian Republic English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Bar Antivari Boka Kotorska Bocche di Cattaro Budva Budua Cetinje Cettigne Herceg Novi Castalnuovo Kotor Cattaro Perast Perasto Prčanj Perzagno Risan Risano Tivat Teodo Ulcinj Dulcigno Morocco Marocco English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Atlas Mountains Atlante Casablanca Casablanca Fez Fès, Fes, Fez Tangier Tangeri Netherlands Paesi Bassi English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Gelderland Gheldria Groningen Groninga Holland Olanda Leiden Leida Limburg Limburgo Nijmegen Nimega 's-Hertogenbosch Boscoducale The Hague L'Aia Den Haag Vlissingen Flessinga Zeeland Zelanda New Zealand Nuova Zelanda English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Bay of Plenty Region Baia dell'Abbondanza Te Moana-a-Toi Southern Alps Alpi meridionali Kā Tiritiri o te Moana North Macedonia Macedonia del Nord English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Ohrid Ocrida Oman English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Muscat Mascate Masqaṭ Palestine Palestina English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Bethlehem Betlemme Gaza Gaza Hebron Hebron Jericho Gerico Nablus, Shkhem Nablus, Sichem West Bank Cisgiordania Poland Polonia English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Gdańsk Danzica Gdańsk Kraków Cracovia Kraków Kujawy Cuiavia Kujawy Lublin Lublino Lublin Mazovia Masovia Mazowsze Mazuria Masuria Mazury Podlachia Podlachia Podlasie Podkarpacie Precarpazia Podkarpacie Pomerania Pomerania Pomorze Poznań Posen, Posnania Poznań Silesia Slesia Śląsk Szczecin Stettino Szczecin Toruń Turonia Toruń Vistula Vistola Wisła Warsaw Varsavia Warszawa Wrocław Breslavia Wrocław Portugal Portogallo English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Azores Azzorre Açores Portuguese Bragança Braganza Bragança Portuguese Lisbon Lisbona Lisboa Portuguese Madeira Madera Madeira Portuguese Porto Oporto Porto Portuguese Tagus Tago Tejo Portuguese Romania English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Banat Banato Banat Bessarabia Bessarabia Basarabia Bucharest Bucarest București Constanţa Costanza, Tomi Constanţa Oradea Mare Gran Varadino Oradea Mare Wallachia Valacchia Valahia Russia English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Adygea Adighezia Arkhangelsk Arcangelo Bashkortostan Baschiria Big Diomede island Grande Diomede ostrov Ratmanova Buryatiya Buriazia Chechnya Cecenia Commander Islands Isole del Commodoro Ingushetia Inguscezia Jewish Autonomous Oblast Provincia autonoma degli Ebrei Yevreyskaya avtonomnaya oblastYidishe avtonome gegnt Kalmykia Calmucchia Krachay-Cherkessia Karačaj-Circassia Karelia Carelia Moscow Mosca Moskva Moskva River Moscova Novaya Zemlya Terra Nuova Ossetia Ossezia Primorsky Krai, Maritime Territory Territorio del Litorale Rostov-on-Don Rostov sul Don Saint Petersburg (San) Pietroburgo, Leningrado Severnaya Zemlya Terra del Nord Siberia Siberia Sibir Tatarstan Tartaria Tolyatti Togliattigrad Vladivostok Vladìvostok Saudi Arabia Arabia Saudita English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Hejaz Hegiaz Mecca La Mecca Medina Medina Serbia English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Belgrade Belgrado Beograd Niš Naisso, Nissa Niš Slovakia Slovacchia English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Bratislava Presburgo Bratislava Historical Košice Cassovia Košice Archaic Slovenia English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Ajdovščina Aidussina Ajševica Aisevizza Anhovo Anicova Ankaran Ancarano Banjšice Bainsizza Battuja Battuglia Bertoki Bertocchi Bezovica Besovizza Boršt Boste Bošamarin Bossamarin Bovec Plezzo Branik Rifembergo Brda Collio Breginj Bregogna Brje Bria dei Furlani Butari Buttari Carinthia Carinzia Koroška Carniola Carniola Kranjska Celje Celeia, Cilli Čentur Centora Čepovan Chiap(p)ovano Cerknica Circonia Cerkno Circhina Čežarji Cesari Črnice Cernizza Goriziana Črni Vrh Montenero d'Idria Col Zolla Dekani Villa Deccani Divača Divaccia Dobravlje Dobraule Dobrovo Castel Dobra Dolga Poljana Campologno di Vipacco Dornberk Montespino Drežnica Dresenza Fiesa Fiesso Gaberje Gabria Gradišče nad Prvačino Gradiscutto Grgar Gargaro Hrpelje-Kozina Erpelle-Cosina Ilirska Bistrica Villa del Nevoso Izola Isola d'Istria Jalovec Gialuz Kal nad Kanalom Cal di Canale Kamnje Camigne Kampel Campel(lo) Kanal Canale d'Isonzo Kanjavec Cima degli Agnelli Kobarid Caporetto Komen Comeno Koper Capodistria Košeč Cossis Kranj Cragno Krkavče Carcasse Krn Nero Krnice Carnizza Kromberk Moncorona Libušnje Libussina Lipica Lipizza Ljubljana Lubiana Logatec Longatico Lokavec Locavizza Marezige Maresego Maribor Marburgo Matavun San Canziano Miren Merna Most na Soči Santa Lucia Nova Gorica Nuova Gorizia Nova Mesto Nova Urbe Novaki Novacchi Opatje Selo Opachiasella Ozeljan Ossegliano Piran Pirano Pivka San Pietro del Carso Podnanos San Vito di Vipacco Pomjan Paugnano Porezen Porsena Portorož Portorose Postojna Postumia Prekmurje Oltremura Ptuj Petovio Rakitovec Acquaviva dei Vena Renče Renzano Rižana Risano Sečovlje Secciole Šempas San Basso Šempeter-Vrtojba San Pietro-Vertoiba Sežana Sesana Škabrijel San Gabriele Skrilje Scrilla Šmartno San Martino Snežnik Nevoso Solkan Salcano Šmarje Samaria Soča Sonzia Štanjel San Daniele Strunjan Strugnano Šturje Sturie delle Fusine Styria Styria Štajerska Temnica Temenizza Tinjan Antignano Tolmin Tolmino Triglav Tricorno Vipava Vipacco Vipavski Križ Santa Croce di Aidussina Vrhnika Nauporto, Verconico Vrtovin Vertovino Žablje Sable Somalia English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Berbera Berbera Barbara Galkayo Gallacaio, Galcaio, Rocca Littorio Jowhar Villaggio Duca degli Abruzzi, Villaggio Abruzzi, Villabruzzi Merca Merca Marka Mogadishu Mogadiscio Puntland Migiurtinia Ras Asir Capo Guardafui South Africa Sudafrica English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Cape of Good Hope Capo di Buona Speranza Cape Town Città del Capo South Korea Corea del Sud English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Seoul Seul Spain Spagna English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Andalusia Andalusia Andalucía Aragon Aragona Asturias Asturie Balearic Island Isole Baleari Islas Baleares Barcelona Barcellona Basque Country Paesi Baschi Euskadi Basque Biscay Biscaglia Vizcaya Cádiz Cadice Canary Island Isole Canarie Canarias Castile Castiglia Castilla Castile-La Mancha Castiglia-La Mancia Castilla-La Mancha Catalonia Catalogna Catalunya Catalan Córdoba Cordova Extremadura Estremadura Galicia Galizia Granada Granata Ibiza Ibiza, Iviza Eivissa Catalan Mallorca Maiorca Menorca Minorca Palma de Mallorca Palma di Maiorca Santiago de Compostela San Giacomo di Compostella, Santiago di Compostella Santiago de Compostela Seville Siviglia Seville Tagus Tago Valencia Valenza Zaragoza Saragozza Sweden Svezia English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Gothenburg Gotemburgo Göteborg Swedish Stockholm Stoccolma Stockholm Swedish Switzerland Italian is one of the four official languages in Switzerland. Svizzera English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Aargau Argovia Appenzell Appenzello Basel Basilea Bern Berna Bever Bevero Biel Bienna Brig Briga Casti-Wergenstein Castello Vergasteno Chur Coira Davos Tavate Engiadina Engadina Fribourg Friborgo, Friburgo Geneva Ginevra Genève Glarus Glarona Göschenen Casinotta Grisons Grigioni Habsburg Asburgo Jura Giura La Punt Chamues-ch Ponte-Campovasto Lausanne Losanna Lohn Laone Lucern Lucerna Luzern Madolene Madulain Matterhorn Cervino Maloja Maloggia Nufenen Nufena Nufenen Pass Novena Piz Palü Pizzo Palù Prättigau Prettigovia Rongellen Roncaglia S-chanf Scanevo Sankt Gallen San Gallo Sankt Moritz San Maurizio Schaffhausen Sciaffusa Schwyz Svitto Simplon Sempione Sils im Engadin Sils in Engadina Solothurn Soletta Splügen Spluga Thusis Tosanna Thurgau Turgovia Valais Vallese Zernez Cernezzo Zug Zugo Zürich Zurigo Zwischbergen Gondo Canton of the Grisons Historical Italian Names of the Municipalities in the Canton Grisons (ital. Cantone dei Grigioni) -This material is taken from the book: ,,I Principali toponimi della Rezia curiense,,_Aurelio Garobbio_(autor)_/1941/- these names are marked with_*- Almens Lumine*, Almenno Alvaneu Alvagnè*, Alvignino or Alvegnino Alvaneubad Bagni d'Alvagnè*, Bagno d'Alvignino or Bagno d'Alvegnino Alvaschein Alvascino*, Alvesagno Andeer Andero*, Andera Andest Andeste*, Andesto Ardez Ardezzo, Ardez* Arosa Arosa Avers Àvero*, Avra Beiva Bivio Bergün Borgogno*, Bergogno Bevers Bevero Bonaduz Panadosso or Beneduzzo, Bonaduz* Brienz Brienzola* Breil/Brigels Brigeglio, Brigello* Buchen im Prättigau Fàggio*, Faggeto in Prettigovia Calfreisen Cafràssino Camuns Ca'dei Monti*, Camonzo Casti-Wergenstein Castello_(Casti Sessame*)-Vergasteno Castiel Castello, Castel Scanavica* Castrisch Càstrice* Cazis Cassi or Cassis, Càzas* Celerina Cellerina or Celerina Champfer Campofare Chur Coira Churwalden Corvànzia*, Corvalda Clugin Clugino*, Chiugino Conters im Oberhalbstein Contra, Cuntèr di Sursette* Conters im Prättigau Contra in Prettigovia, Cuntèr di Partenzo* Cumbel Combello* Dalin Dalino Davos Tavate Davos Platz Tavate Piazza* Disentis/Mustér Desertinaor Tisitis Domat/Ems Damede or Damet, Dòmat* Donath Anede or Donato, Donat* Duvin Dovino or Duvin* Fanas Fanasio, Fànas* Feldis Felda*, Foldaone or Velda Falera Falera*, Fallera Felsberg Favognoor Villa Fagonio Ferrera = Ferrera: Ausserferrera Ferrera di Fuori, Ferrera d'Àvero* Innerferrera Ferrera di Dentro, Calangìl* Fideris Fidrisio Filisur Villasura*, Felisorre Fläsch Flasce*, Fiasca Flerden Flerda Flims Flemo, Fleme* Flond Flondo* Ftan Fetanno or Fettano Fuldera Fuldera Furna Furna* Fürstenau Maiòria*, Firstinao Grüsch Croce in Prettigovia, Croce di Partenzoor Crusca Guarda Guarda* Haldenstein Lanze di Sotto* Hinterrhein Valdireno or San Pietro Valreno* Igels Egene, _Dègen* Igis Egino, _Èigias* Ilanz Ilonte or Iante*, Ilanza Jenaz Gianazzo*, Giovanaccio or Giovannaccio Jenins Gianino, Genine* Kästris Castrisio Klosters-Serneus Claustraor Chiostro / C.-Cernèus* Küblis Cupelina*, Cubliaso or Convalle Laax Laghi, Lages* Ladir Ladiro Landquart Langaro* Langwies Pralongoor Pralungo Lantsch Lanze di Sopra*, Lanzo Lavin Lavino, Lavina* Lenzerheide Planèira* Lohn Laone or Lon* Lü Luio or Lü Lüen Leune* Lumbrein Lamareneor Lumarene Luven Loveno or Luvene* Luzein Luciano*, Luceina or Lucigno Madulein Maduleno*, Madulene Maienfeld Maiavilla or Maggiavilla Maladers Maladro, Maladre* Malans Malanza or Malànzia* Malix Umbligo or Umbelico, Umblies* Maloja Maloggia Marmorera Marmorera Martina Pommartina, Ponte Martina* Masans Mezzane Masein Masene*, Medezeno or Masagno Mastrils Monasteriolo* Mathon Matone or Màton* Medels im Oberland Medèl in Surselva* Medels im Rheinwald Medèl in Valreno Meierhof Corte Maiòria*, Cortemaggiore Molinis Molina di Scanavica*, Molini Mons Monno or Mons* Morissen Muricia*, Morissa Mulegns Molini di Sursette* Müstair Monastero di Tubre* Mutten Monte or Motta*, Mutta Nufenen Novena Obersaxen Sursassoor Soprasasso Pagig Pagigo*, Puigo Panix Pignono, Pignìu* Parpan Parpano*, Parpanno Paspels Pasquale* Patzen-Fardün Pàzeno-Faldone/Fardeno* Peiden San Pietro di Lunganezza*, Peida Peist Peste, Paiste* Pignia Pignia*, Pignigo Pitasch Pitàccio* Pontresina Pontresina* Portein Porteno*, Purtino Praden Prada*, Prata or Prati Pratval Pratavalle*, Prato del Valle Parsonz Prasanzo*, Presanzo Präz Prezio or Parezzo* La Punt Chamues-ch Ponte Campovasto Ramosch Ramoggia, Ramoscio* Reischen Reseno* Riom Riamio* Reichenau Ponte or la Punt* Rhäzüns Razeno, Razeneor Ronzone Riein Renio* Rodels Roteno, Rotene* Rona Rona or Rovena, Rovina* Rongellen Roncaglia, Roncàlia* Rothenbrunnen Fontana Rossa, Juvalta* Ruis Ruane*, Roano or Rovano Ruschein Rusene* Saas im Prättigau Sàlice di Partenzo*, Sausa Safien-Platz Piazza Stossavia Safiental Stossavia or Val Stossavia Sagogn Sagogno or Sagagno Salouf Salucco, Salugo* Samaden Samedano or Samada Samnaun Samignone Sankt Antönien-Ascharina Acerina di Sant'Antonio* Sankt Antönien-Castels Castel Sant'Antonio* Sankt Antönien-Rüti Ronco di Sant'Antonio* Sankt Martin_(Lugnez) San Martino di Lunganezza* Sankt Moritz San Maurizio d'Engadina Sankt Peter San Pietro di Scanavica* Santa Maria Val Müstair Santa Maria in Val Monastero Sarn Sarno* Savognin Savognino Says Sèio* S-chanf Scanevo or Scanfio, Scanfo* Scharans Cerrone*, Gironzio Scheid Scèdio* Schiers Àcera*, Acereto Schlans Selauno, Selane* Schluein Slovegno, Sluenio* Schnaus Sinaus* Schuders Scudero Schmitten Ferrera d'Albula* Sculms Scolmo Scuol Scolio Sedruns Sedrone Sevgein Sevigeneor Savienno, Sevino* Seewis im Prättigau Sievia, Sevisio in Prettigovia or Sequìgia* Sent Sento Seth Sette* S-charl Scarlo or Scarli Sils im Domleschg Siglio in Domigliasca or Segli in Domigliasca* Sils im Engadin Siglio in Engadina or Sèglio d'Engadina* Silvaplana Selvapiana or Silvapiana Somvix Sommovicoor Sonvico Splügen Spluga Stierva Stirvia or Stierva* Sufers Suverio, Sur in Valreno* Sur Sora or Sur d'Albula* Surava Sorava Surcasti Surcastelloor Sur Castello* Surcuolm Surcolma* Susch Susio, Susa* Tamins Tumegno or Tamino* Tarasp Taraspo or Taraspa* Tartar Tartaro* Tenna Tenna* Tersnaus Terzinasso* Thusis Tosanna or Tosana Tiefencastel Castino or Imocastello / (Castelfondo)* Tinizong Tinizzone, Tinezone, Tinizugno Tomils Tomiglio, Domìglio* Trans Trano or Tràunes* Trimmis Trèmine*, Trimmo Trin Turunnio or Turunio, Trino Trun Tronte* Tschappina Ciappina*, Ceppina Tschiertschen Circello*, Cerceno or Cercene Tschierv Cervo*, Cervi Tschlin Cellino or Celino, Celine* Tujetsch Tovieggio, Tavèccio* Untervaz Vazze di Sotto* Uors Biforco*, Furze Urmein Urmeno*, Urmino Valchava Valcava Valendas Valendano* Vals Valle San Pietro, San Pietro in Valle* Valzeina Valsèina* Vaz/Obervaz Vazze di Sopra* Vazerol Visarolo Vella Villa* Versam Versomma or Fersamio, Versomi* Vignogn Vigogno, Vignone* Vnà Manà* Vrin Varino or Vrino, Aurino, Vrin* Waltensburg Vurze*, Vuorze, Vurceor Vorce* Weinberg Ovella* Wiesen Tèinor Tegno Zernez Cernezzo Zillis Zirano or Cirano, Cirane*, Cerano Zizers Zìzure*, Zizero or Cicero Zuoz Zozzio Syria Siria English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Aleppo Aleppo Damascus Damasco Tunisia English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Bizerte Biserta Carthage Cartagine, Carthago Ghar el-Melh Porto Farina La Goulette La Goletta Sfax Sfax Tunis Tunisi Turkey Turchia English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Anatolia Anatolia Anadolu Ankara Angora Antakya Antiochia Antalya Adalia Bodrum Alicarnasso Bosphorus Bosforo Boğaziçi, İstanbul Boğazı Bursa Brussa, Prusa Büyük Menderes Fiume Meandro Cappadocia Cappadocia Kapadokya Cilicia Cilicia Kilikya Dardanelles Dardanelli, Ellesponto Edirne Adrianopoli Gallipoli Gallipoli Gelibolu İskenderun Alessandretta İstanbul Costantinopoli; Bisanzio, Stambul İzmir Smirne İzmit Nicomedia Kayseri Cesarea Karamenderes Fiume Scamandro Kocabaş Fiume Granico Köprüçsay Fiume Eurimedonte Trabzon Trebisonda Troy Troia, Ilio Truva Ukraine Ucràina/Ucraìna English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Crimea Crimea Krim Dnieper Nipro Dniester Nistro Kyiv, Kiev Kiev Київ (Kyïv) Lviv Leopoli Lviv Odessa Odessa Odesa Podolia Podolia Podilija Sevastopol Sebastopoli Sevastopol Simferopol Sinferopoli Simferopol Volhynia Volinia Volyn Yalta Jalta, Ialta Zakarpattia Transcarpazia Zakarpatska oblast United Kingdom Regno Unito English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Channel Islands Isole del Canale, Isole Anglo-normanne Cornwall Cornovaglia Edinburgh Edimburgo England Inghliterra English Channel (Canale del)la Manica Gibraltar Gibilterra Glasgow Glascovia Gloucester Glocester Hebrides Isole Ebridi Isles of Scilly Isole Sorlinghe London Londra Newcastle Novocastro Northern Ireland Irlanda del Nord Orkney Isole Orcadi Scotland Scozia Thames Tamigi Wales Galles United States Stati Uniti d'America English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Aleutian Islands Isole Aleutine Baltimore Baltimora Death Valley Valle della Morte Great Salt Lake Grande Lago Salato Lake Superior Lago Superiore Mariana Islands Isole Marianne Missouri Missuri New Mexico Nuovo Messico New Orleans Nuova Orleans New York Nuova York North Carolina Carolina del Nord North Dakota Dakota del Nord Pennsylvania Pensilvania Philadelphia Filadelfia Rocky Mountains Montagne Rocciose South Carolina Carolina del Sud South Dakota Dakota del Sud Virgin Islands Isole Vergini Vietnam English name Italian name Endomym Notes Name Language Tonkin Tonchino Unsorted Carpathian Mountains Monti Carpazi Ceraunian Mountains Monti Acrocerauni (Albania) Danube Danubio Elbe Elba (Czech Republic, Germany, Poland) Euskadi: Paesi Baschi (France) English Channel: La Manica (England, France) Frisian Islands Isole Frisone (Denmark, Germany, Netherlands) Krkonoše Monti dei Giganti (Czech Republic, Poland) Lapland Lapponia (Sweden) Lausitz/Łužyca/Łużyce/Lužice Lusazia (Czech Republic, Germany, Poland) Meuse/Maas: Mosa (Belgium, France, Netherlands) Ore Mountains Monti Metalliferi (Czech Republic, Germany) Pyrenees: Pirenei (France, Spain) Rhine Reno (Netherlands, Switzerland) Saint George's Channel Canale San Giorgio (Ireland, United Kingdom) Scheldt Schelda (Belgium, France, Netherlands) Tauern Monti Tauri (Austria)

Introduction Ryan Anthony Dickson is an English former professional footballer who last played as a midfielder for Truro City. Predominantly a left back during his 14-year career in the Football League, Dickson began his career at Plymouth Argyle, before moving to Brentford, Southampton, Colchester United, Crawley Town, Yeovil Town and Torquay United. He has appeared on loan for Torquay United on two occasions, Brentford, Yeovil Town, Leyton Orient and Bradford City. He is currently Torquay United u18s manager having been appointed in July 2022. Career Plymouth Argyle Born in Saltash, Cornwall, Dickson is a product of the Plymouth Argyle youth system, turning professional in May 2004. He made his league debut on 16 October 2004, as a second-half substitute for David Worrell in a 2–1 home defeat by Wigan Athletic. His first senior start came just three days later as Plymouth won on the road against Rotherham United. Dickson made no first-team appearances through the 2005–06 season having struggled to overcome injury problems. In August 2006, he trained with Scottish Premier League club Motherwell with a view to a loan move, but the deal eventually fell through. He had to wait until 30 December 2006 for his next first-team experience with the Pilgrims, albeit as a substitute in the 90th minute against Derby County. He played his final league game for the club in his next match against Southampton, coming on in the 80th minute in a 1–1 draw on New Year's Day 2007. Torquay United loans Dickson joined Torquay United on loan in January 2007, signing until the end of the season. Plymouth manager Ian Holloway explained that the loan spell would allow Dickson to increase his fitness before returning to Plymouth's squad for the following season. He made his Torquay debut the following day, playing in a 2–2 draw at home to Bury. He scored once in three games for the Gulls before returning to Plymouth with a hernia injury. However, on 22 March 2007, Dickson returned to Torquay on loan for a second stint until the end of the season, making five appearances. Brentford Dickson initially joined Brentford on loan in November 2007, making his debut in a 2–0 home defeat by Darlington on 17 November. During his 10 loan matches with the Bees, Dickson impressed Brentford manager Andy Scott enough that he was offered a long-term contract by the club in January 2008. After making 21 further appearances as a full-time Brentford player in the 2007–08 season, Dickson played 43 times during Brentford's 2008–09 League Two title-winning season as he also scored the winning penalty in a Football League Trophy match against Yeovil Town. He registered one league goal in that campaign during a comfortable home win against Accrington Stanley on 18 April 2009. Dickson made an effective step-up to League One level, making 32 appearances in all competitions through the season and scoring twice; the opening goal in a victory over Norwich City and the final goal in a 3–1 victory against Carlisle United. Southampton Dickson's good form with Brentford had not gone unnoticed, as on 10 June 2010 it was reported that Dickson had signed a deal to join the Bees' league rivals Southampton, with the transfer fee set to be agreed at a tribunal. At the tribunal, the fee was set at £125,000 with a further £25,000 for every ten appearances Dickson made for Southampton on 10, 20, 30 and 40 games. There would also be a £25,000 fee due if Southampton won promotion within three years, together with a 20 percent sell-on clause. He made his debut for the Saints on 7 August 2010, a 1–0 home defeat by his former club Plymouth. His only goal for the club came in the reverse fixture, a 3–1 victory for Southampton, a game which saw Southampton effectively promoted to the Championship thanks to a vastly superior goal difference to Huddersfield Town in third position. His subsequent Southampton career was heavily affected by back problems and an ankle reconstruction. Yeovil Town loan With the Saints playing Championship football in 2011–12, Dickson found himself limited to League Cup appearances in the early stages of the season. On 6 January 2012, Dickson was sent out on loan to League One side Yeovil Town for an initial month. He made his debut in a 4–0 thrashing by Sheffield United on 10 January and went on to make five appearances for the Glovers, scoring once in a 3–2 defeat by Bury on 21 January. Leyton Orient loan Following the expiry of his Yeovil spell, Dickson signed on emergency loan for Leyton Orient on 9 February 2012, joining up with the O's until the end of the season. He made his debut on 15 February as Orient beat AFC Bournemouth 2–1 at Dean Court. During his nine games with the club, Dickson was sent off twice, once for a second bookable offence in a 1–0 win against Oldham Athletic on 27 March and the second a straight red card on 14 April against Sheffield United. Bradford City loan With his club now plying their trade in the Premier League, Dickson found himself further out of favour, as he was eventually loaned out to Bradford City on 11 January until the end of the season. He made his debut for the Bantams in their 2–1 home loss to Oxford United the following day. He scored once in his six appearances for City, netting in a 2–2 draw with Fleetwood Town on 2 February. Dickson's loan spell was cut short after being ruled out for six months as he required ankle surgery. Dickson was subsequently released from Southampton in June 2013. Colchester United Following an unsuccessful trial spell with his former club Plymouth Argyle, Dickson joined League One club Colchester United on trial prior to signing a one-year contract with the club in July 2013. He made his debut for the U's in the opening game of the 2013–14 season, a 1–0 win at Gillingham on 3 August. After a sprightly start to his Colchester career, Dickson was knocked back by a debilitating illness in September 2013, leaving him out of action for two months, as he was replaced by Everton loanee Luke Garbutt. He recovered to end the season with 35 appearances to his name. Crawley Town Ryan Dickson was Crawley Town's third signing of the season on a two-year contract after leaving Colchester United. Dickson was awarded Crawley Town's player of the season award for the 2014–15 season. Yeovil Town On 1 July 2015, Dickson joined Yeovil Town on a two-year contract for a nominal fee after requesting to leave Crawley Town. He was released by Yeovil at the end of the 2017–18 season. Torquay United On 16 July 2018, Dickson signed for National League South side Torquay United. He was signed to play a central midfield role at the club. Career statistics + Appearances and goals by club, season and competition Club Season League FA Cup League Cup Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Plymouth Argyle 2004–05 Championship 3 0 0 0 0 0 — 3 0 2005–06 Championship 0 0 0 0 0 0 — 0 0 2006–07 Championship 2 0 1 0 0 0 — 3 0 2007–08 Championship 0 0 0 0 1 0 — 1 0 Total 5 0 1 0 1 0 — 7 0 Torquay United (loan) 2006–07 League Two 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 2006–07 League Two 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 Total 9 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 1 Brentford (loan) 2007–08 League Two 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 Brentford 2007–08 League Two 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 2008–09 League Two 39 1 2 0 0 0 2 0 43 1 2009–10 League One 27 2 4 0 1 0 0 0 32 2 Total 87 3 6 0 1 0 2 0 96 3 Southampton 2010–11 League One 23 1 3 0 1 0 1 0 28 1 2011–12 Championship 0 0 0 0 2 0 — 2 0 2012–13 Premier League 0 0 0 0 0 0 — 0 0 Total 23 1 3 0 3 0 1 0 30 1 Yeovil Town (loan) 2011–12 League One 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 Leyton Orient (loan) 2011–12 League One 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 Bradford City (loan) 2012–13 League Two 5 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 6 1 Colchester United 2013–14 League One 32 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 35 0 Crawley Town 2014–15 League One 32 1 1 0 2 0 2 0 37 1 Yeovil Town 2015–16 League Two 37 2 4 0 0 0 1 0 42 2 2016–17 League Two 34 0 1 0 1 0 4 0 40 0 2017–18 League Two 36 0 4 0 1 0 2 0 43 0 Total 107 2 9 0 2 0 7 0 125 2 Torquay United 2018–19 National League South 28 0 1 0 — 0 0 29 0 2019–20 National League 2 0 0 0 — 0 0 2 0 Total 30 0 1 0 — 0 0 31 0 Truro City (loan) 2019–20 Southern League Premier Division 5 0 — — — 5 0 Career total 359 10 22 0 10 0 14 0 405 10 Honours Brentford Football League Two: 2008–09 Torquay United National League South: 2018–19 Individual Crawley Town Player of the Year: 2014–15

Introduction Location of Teramo in Italy Villa Vomano is a small village in the province of Teramo, in the Abruzzo region of central Italy. It is a frazione of the town of Teramo. Geography The village lies about 10 miles from Teramo, the provincial capital. It sits on the left bank of the Vomano River along State Road 81. Villa Vomano is midway between the Adriatic Sea and Monti della Laga hills which eventually lead to the Gran Sasso. History A stone bridge connects Villa Vomano to the adjacent village of Val Vomano sitting on the opposite bank of the Vomano river. This bridge was the scene of an event deemed by many to be miraculous in nature. A bus filled with tourists making a pilgrimage to the sanctuary of Saint Gabriel of Our Lady of Sorrows had a tragic accident and slid nearly completely off the bridge. For some time it remained precariously balanced 35 feet above the Vomano River below and a rescue mission ended in success. Amazingly, no one was seriously injured and in appreciation a statue dedicated to the saint was erected along one of the banks of the river. Given its close proximity to the highway running from Teramo to Rome, Villa Vomano in recent years has increased greatly in population and witnessed a good deal of building construction.

Introduction Mozart Santos Batista Júnior, usually known simply as Mozart is a Brazilian football coach and former player who played in both the defensive midfielder and attacking midfielder positions. He is the current head coach of Atlético Goianiense. Playing career Born in Curitiba, Paraná, Mozart started his career with Paraná Clube, before moving to France with FC Girondins de Bordeaux in 1998, although he did not play any games for them. He returned to play in Brazil for Coritiba, joining the club in July 1998 and being initially assigned to the under-20s. Promoted to the first team for the 1999 season, Mozart subsequently became a starter for the club, and joined fellow top tier side Flamengo in March 2000, for a fee of US$ 3.5 million. At that time, he also appeared for the Olympic national team in the 2000 Summer Olympics. In October 2000, Mozart was sold to Serie A's Reggina Calcio, for a fee of US$4 million. He subsequently became a regular starter for the side, helping in their promotion back to the first division in 2003. In August 2005, Mozart moved to Spartak Moscow, for a fee of around €6 million. He terminated his contract with Spartak in March 2009, and the following month he signed for Palmeiras. Mozart's time at Palmeiras ended in August 2009 when he joined Livorno. He left the club in July 2010, staying more than a year without a club before signing for Chinese side Nanchang Bayi. After that short stint he retired, initially dedicating his time to producing cachaça in his native state. Managerial career In June 2013, Mozart was named manager of Canoinhas Atlético Clube for the second division of the Campeonato Catarinense, but was dismissed without managing the team in a single match, after altercations with the club's board. Late in the month, he took over Sport Club Jaraguá in the same state's third division. On 21 July 2014, Mozart was named Francesco Cozza's assistant at Reggina 1914. In the following year, he returned to Coritiba, being initially named assistant manager of the under-20 squad and later appointed manager of the side in December. Mozart was later appointed assistant manager of the main squad during the 2019 season, and was named interim manager on 20 August 2020 after the dismissal of Eduardo Barroca. He was in charge for one match, and returned to his assistant role after the arrival of Jorginho. On 18 September 2020, Mozart was named manager of Série B side CSA. He renewed his contract for a further season on 28 December, and subsequently narrowly missed out promotion to the first division. On 18 April 2021, Mozart resigned from CSA and took over Chapecoense, newly promoted to the top tier. He was sacked on 27 May, after losing the year's Campeonato Catarinense, and took over Cruzeiro back in the second division on 10 June. On 30 July 2021, Mozart resigned from Cruzeiro, and returned to CSA exactly one month later. On 13 June 2022, he resigned from the latter side, and took over fellow second division side Guarani fifteen days later. On 19 February 2023, Mozart was sacked by Bugre after a poor start of the campaign, and took over fellow second division side Atlético Goianiense on 11 March. International career Mozart was in the Brazil squad for the 2000 Summer Olympics. Career statistics Club Season League State League Cup Continental Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Coritiba 1999 Série A 18 0 14 0 5 0 — 2 0 39 0 2000 0 0 0 0 0 0 — 2 0 2 0 Total 18 0 14 0 5 0 — 4 0 41 0 Flamengo 2000 Série A 11 0 15 0 7 1 1 0 4 0 38 1 Reggina 2000–01 Serie A 13 1 — — — — 13 1 2001–02 Serie B 36 2 — 2 1 — — 38 3 2002–03 28 2 — 0 0 — — 28 2 2003–04 Serie A 26 2 — 1 0 — — 27 2 2004–05 35 2 — 1 0 — — 36 2 Total 138 9 — 4 1 — — 142 10 Spartak Moscow 2005 Russian Premier League 7 0 — 0 0 — — 7 0 2006 22 4 — 0 0 10 1 — 32 5 2007 18 1 — 0 0 9 1 1 0 28 2 2008 21 2 — 0 0 4 0 — 25 2 Total 68 7 — 0 0 23 2 1 0 92 9 Palmeiras 2009 Série A 6 0 — — 2 0 — 8 0 Livorno 2009–10 Série A 21 0 — 1 0 — — 22 0 Career total 262 16 29 0 17 2 26 2 9 0 343 20 Managerial statistics + Managerial record by team and tenure Team Nat From To Record Canoinhas 7 February 2013 17 April 2013 SC Jaraguá 20 June 2013 November 2013 Coritiba (interim) 20 August 2020 23 August 2020 CSA 18 September 2020 18 April 2021 Chapecoense 18 April 2021 27 May 2021 Cruzeiro 10 June 2021 3 August 2021 CSA 2 September 2021 13 June 2022 Guarani 28 June 2022 present Total —

Introduction Simon Owen is a professional golfer from New Zealand. Early life Owen was born in Wanganui. Professional career He turned professional in 1971 and has won several tournaments in Australasia. He played on the European Tour from the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s, winning the 1974 German Open and the 1976 Double Diamond Individual Championship. His best finish on the European Tour Order of Merit was eleventh in 1974. His best finish in a major was at the 1978 British Open, when he finished tied for second behind Jack Nicklaus. Earlier in the year he finished in second place at the Malaysian Dunlop Masters. Since 2001 Owen has played senior professional golf, and he has won two tournaments on the European Seniors Tour. He has also won the New Zealand PGA Seniors Championship on two occasions. Owen's brother Craig is also a professional golfer and played for New Zealand in the World Cup in 1979 and 1980. Professional wins (15) European Tour wins (2) No. Date Tournament Winning score Margin ofvictory Runner(s)-up 1 4 Aug 1974 German Open −12 (69-68-70-69=276) Playoff Peter Oosterhuis 2 18 Aug 1976 Double Diamond Individual Championship −8 (65-67=132) 2 strokes Brian Huggett, David Ingram European Tour playoff record (1–0) No. Year Tournament Opponent Result 1 1974 German Open Peter Oosterhuis Won with birdie on first extra hole PGA Tour of Australasia wins (3) No. Date Tournament Winning score Margin ofvictory Runner(s)-up 1 5 Dec 1976 New Zealand Open −8 (70-69-73-72=284) 7 strokes Doug McClelland 2 3 Jan 1978 New Zealand PGA Championship −6 (73-70-64-67=274) 1 stroke Guy Wolstenholme 3 24 Feb 1980 Dunhill South Australian Open +3 (75-73-71-72=291) 1 stroke Rodger Davis, Greg Norman Other Australasian wins (3) 1984 Hawkes Bay 72 Hole Classic (New Zealand) 1989 Hawkes Bay 72 Hole Classic (New Zealand) 1990 City of Auckland 72 Hole Classic Other wins (2) 1972 Air New Zealand Fiji Open 1991 Tahiti Open, Cable & Wireless - Pacific Harbour Open (Fiji) European Senior Tour wins (2) No. Date Tournament Winning score Margin ofvictory Runner(s)-up 1 19 Oct 2001 Tunisian Seniors Open −8 (69-73-66=208) Playoff Bob Lendzion 2 20 May 2007 Sharp Italian Seniors Open −8 (70-65-73=208) Playoff Tony Allen, John Benda, Carl Mason European Senior Tour playoff record (2–0) No. Year Tournament Opponent(s) Result 1 2001 Tunisian Seniors Open Bob Lendzion Won with birdie on second extra hole 2 2007 Sharp Italian Seniors Open Tony Allen, John Benda, Carl Mason Won with birdie on first extra hole Other senior wins (3) 2001 New Zealand PGA Seniors Championship 2003 New Zealand PGA Seniors Championship 2014 Australian PGA Seniors Championship Results in major championships Tournament 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 Masters Tournament CUT The Open Championship CUT CUT CUT T2 T13 64 T23 CUT CUT Note: Owen only played in the Masters Tournament and The Open Championship. CUT = missed the half-way cut (3rd round cut in 1977 and 1982 Open Championships) "T" indicates a tie for a place Team appearances *Dunhill Cup (representing New Zealand): 1989, 1990 World Cup (representing New Zealand): 1973, 1976, 1989

Introduction 10th ADG Awards February 11, 2006 ---- Period or Fantasy Film: Memoirs of a Geisha ---- Contemporary Film: Walk the Line The 10th Art Directors Guild Awards, given on 11 February 2006, honored the best art directors of 2005. Winners Film Contemporary David J. Bomba – Walk the Line Laurence Bennett – Crash Dennis Gassner – Jarhead Mark Teldesley – The Constant Gardener Dan Weil – Syriana Fantasy or Period John Myhre – Memoirs of a Geisha Jim D. Bissell – Good Night, and Good Luck. Nathan Crowley – Batman Begins Grant Major – King Kong Alex McDowell – Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Television Single Camera Series: *Joseph Bennett – Rome for Episode 1 Multiple Camera Series: *John Sabato – Mad TV for Episode 1106 Television Movie or Miniseries: *Stuart Wurtzel – Empire Falls Awards Show, Variety or Music Special, or Documentary: *Roy Christopher – 77th Academy Awards Commercial, Promo or PSA: *Jeremy Reed – Bud Light

Introduction Solon Ben Wixler is an American indie rock musician. He was Guitarist for the bands Thirty Seconds to Mars (2001-2003) and Earlimart. He is currently the lead male vocal and guitar player in the band Great Northern. Early life He was born Solon Ben Wixler to a musically inclined family, whose musical past included a band called The Wild Blue Yonder, which included his parents and uncle. Solon started to play drums at the age of four. Music was heavily involved in Solon and his brother's lives. His mother died in the early 1980s. His father later remarried and had another child. On October 11, 2014 he married Rachel Stolte. Music In 2001, Solon joined Thirty Seconds to Mars playing guitar. He left the band in 2003 due to issues related to touring. Since 30 Seconds to Mars, Solon has played in a revolving array of bands such as All Smiles, Earlimart and Sea Wolf. Over the years Solon and Rachel Stolte had been trading music recorded on their own four-track recorders. Eventually this led to creation of Great Northern. Solon, in order to get a band together, asked Davey Latter to join. Latter originally played bass guitar but later moved to drums when Ashley Dzerigian joined.

Introduction Lakeside view of Monrepos View from the park side Monrepos is a lakeside schloss in Ludwigsburg, Germany. Although quite far and almost separate from Favorite Palace and Ludwigsburg Palace, it is connected to the rest of the grounds by way of pedestrian paths. It is one of the two minor palaces on the estate, along with the main one. The smaller ones were used as hunting lodges. Of all three, this is the only one that is still owned by the royal family of Württemberg after its overthrow in 1918. Much of the privately owned land surrounding Monrepos is now an 18-hole golf course, unlike the state-owned part, which is made up of parks and museums. Since the 16th century, the Dukes of Württemberg enjoyed hunting along the Eglosheimer Lake. In 1714, Duke Eberhard Ludwig had an octagonal pavilion, the Seehäuslein, constructed on the northern shore.

Introduction LT was a Swedish car made by Anders Rudolf Lindström, Gottfrid Hansson and Simon Resare. It got its name from the initials of "Lindström and Torsby" the designer Anders Rudolf Lindström and Torsby in northern Värmland, Sweden, but it was nicknamed "Långsam tillverkning" (Swedish for "slow production"). Car production was first planned in 1909 or possibly earlier, but this first car wasn't a success. In 1923 they made a second model. It had a painted grille, raked windscreen and the design may have been inspired by French cars like the Avions Voisin. It was powered by an air-cooled, two-cylinder engine of their own design and cast at Solbergs Mekaniska in Forshaga. The engine produced 20 HP and was connected to a three-speed gearbox driving the front wheels. The chassis was made of steel tubing and the bodywork of wood veneer. A series of 50 cars was planned, but money was a problem. A car dealer approached Lindström wanting to hire him for his own production, but Lindström declined the offer hoping for better days to come but the workshop was destroyed in a fire and that was the end of LT with only three cars made. The rights were taken over by a company in Örebro for a modest sum. Today all that remains are some photos, one engine and some casting models at Torsby Fordonsmuseum.

Introduction Nelly Andrée Viennot is a French football referee. An international woman's referee since 1995, she served as an assistant referee in the 2003 FIFA Women's World Cup. Viennot attracted the attention of the wider football community when she was shortlisted, along with 82 other elite referees, as a possible assistant referee for the 2006 FIFA World Cup. Viennot attended a four-day FIFA workshop in Frankfurt, hoping to become one of the 60 referees eventually chosen as assistant referees for the world's largest football tournament. However, she failed a sprint test on 21 April 2006, ending her consideration for participation. She would have been the first ever female referee at a male World Cup; no other referee has come as close to officiating in the tournament. Viennot's refereeing career began in 1987, and she refereed her first international woman's match on 1 January 1995. Since 2002 she has regularly refereed French football at the top levels, and made appearances in the UEFA Champions League. Honours *Chevalier of the Ordre national du Mérite: 2003

Introduction Malcolm Sinclair is a British stage and television actor and former President of Trade Union, Equity 2010–18 when he stood down after 4 terms and was replaced by Maureen Beattie. He played Assistant Chief Constable Freddy Fisher in the television series Pie in the Sky from 1994–1997. Malcolm's brother is Keith Sinclair, the former Bishop of Birkenhead. Career A former pupil at Trinity School in Croydon, and a student at the University of Hull and Bristol Old Vic Theatre School, Sinclair has performed with theatre companies such as the Royal National Theatre and Royal Shakespeare Company. He has performed widely, both in Britain and internationally, in roles that have included Shakespeare (Hamlet, Malvolio), Oscar Wilde, George Bernard Shaw, Ibsen and Noël Coward. Sinclair appeared in the play Little Lies, starring Sir John Mills, at Wyndham's Theatre, London, England, which ran from July 1983 through February 1984, written by Joseph George Caruso and produced by Robert Mackintosh and William de Silva, and was directed by Tony Tanner. The play also starred Connie Booth, Anthony Bate, Dominic Guard, Paul Hardwick, Angela Scoular, Katherine Kath, Alison Neil and Gregory Cox. After the London production, the play transferred to the Royal Alexandra Theatre, Toronto, Canada, for a limited engagement of six weeks. This production was directed by Michael Attenborough. In 2001 Sinclair won the Clarence Derwent Award for his role as Gavin Ryng-Maine in the Royal National Theatre's production of House/Garden. He was also nominated for an Olivier Award as best supporting actor for his performance as Major Miles Flack in Privates on Parade. Recently he has performed in a number of BBC Radio 4 dramatisations of the Agatha Raisin book series alongside Penelope Keith. Penelope Keith stars as Agatha, while Malcolm Sinclair portrays her neighbour James Lacey, who is also an object of Agatha's affection. Equity In July 2010 Sinclair was elected president of Equity, the actors' and performance professionals' trade union. Act for Change Project In January 2014, after responding to a trailer for a new season of TV drama which failed to include a single BAME artist, the actor Danny Lee Wynter brought together a group of friends and colleagues, Ruth Wilson, Stephanie Street, Daniel Evans, Andy Pryor, Malcolm Sinclair, Kobna Holdbrook-Smith, Ony Uhiara, and Matthew Xia, to find a way to inspire change in TV drama. Together they wanted to send out the message that TV drama must reflect everyone regardless of race, gender, class, sexual orientation or disability. What started as a small handful of voices soon became the Act for Change project. In 2015 The Act For Change Project became a registered charity and in 2016, Malcolm Sinclair became an ambassador for the charity. Malcolm also serves as a Trustee of ACT, the Actors' Children's Trust, and Denville Hall, the actors' care home. Selected credits Television credits include: Andor as Colonel Wullf Yularen (2022) Midsomer Murders in S18E5 “Saints and Sinners” as Rev Peter Corby (2016) Salting the Battlefield Foyle's War Midsomer Murders – in 'Shot at Dawn' as Johnny Hammond (2008) Daphne as Noël Coward (2007) Falling – as Anthony (2005) Rosemary & Thyme – in 'They Understand Me in Paris' as Quentin Glazer (2004) Murder Rooms – in 'The Patient's Eyes' as Blythe (2001) Victoria & Albert – as 'Lord Conyngham (2001) A&E – as Clive Thornton (2001) Anna Karenina as Prince Shcherbatsky (2000) Midsomer Murders – in 'Beyond the Grave' as Alan Bradford (2000) The Bill – in 'Tinderbox' as Geoffrey Levinson (1999) Kavanagh QC – in 'The More Loving One' as Giles Luckhurst (1999) Casualty – in 'Toys and Boys' as Mike Price (1998) Pie in the Sky – as ACC Freddy Fisher (1994–1997) A Touch of Frost – in 'Quarry' as Chief Constable (1995) The Scarlet and the Black – as Abbé Castanede (1993) Agatha Christie's Poirot – in 'The Mystery of the Spanish Chest' as Edward Clayton (1991) Hancock as John Le Mesurier (1991) Rumpole of the Bailey – in 'Rumpole and the Age of Miracles' as Peter Lambert (1988) The Prisoner of Zenda – as Rudolf Rassendyll / King Rudolf V (1984) Film credits include: Casino Royale as Dryden (2006) V for Vendetta as Major Wilson (2005) Secret Passage The Statement as the Cardinal of Lyon (2003) The Young Poisoner's Handbook as Dr. Triefus (1995) Success Is the Best Revenge Radio credits include: Mr Bridger's Orphan as Noël Coward (BBC Radio 4 15 March 2013) Our Man in Jamaica as Noël Coward (BBC Radio 4 2007) Death at the Desert Inn as Noël Coward (BBC Radio 4 11 December 2004) A Bullet at Balmain's as Noël Coward (BBC Radio 4 8 November 2003) Blithe Spy as Noël Coward (BBC Radio 4 2002) Design for Murder as Noël Coward (BBC Radio 4 8 January 2000) By Jeeves as Jeeves (BBC Radio 2 November 1996) Stage credits include: Pressure as Dwight D Eisenhower (Royal Lyceum Theatre / Chichester Festival Theatre) Rattigan's Nijinsky Racing Demon as Lionel Espy (Crucible Theatre) The Habit of Art as Henry/Benjamin Britten (National Theatre) The Power of Yes as Scholes (National Theatre) Ivanov as Shabelsky (Donmar Warehouse at Wyndham's Theatre) Rosmersholm as Dr Kroll (Almeida Theatre) Dealer's Choice, as Stephen (Trafalgar Studios) The History Boys as the Headmaster (National Theatre and Broadway) Uncle Vanya as Serebryakov (Royal Shakespeare Company at the Young Vic) House/Garden as Gavin Ryng-Maine (Royal National Theatre) for which he won a Clarence Derwent Award in 2001 My Fair Lady as Col Pickering (Theatre Royal, Drury Lane) Privates on Parade as 'Major Miles Flack' (Donmar Warehouse), for which he was nominated for an Olivier Award By Jeeves as Jeeves (Duke of York's Theatre) Heartbreak House as Mazzini Dunn (Almeida Theatre) Hay Fever as Richard Greatham (Tour and Savoy Theatre) Der Freischütz as Narrator (Barbican Concert Hall, London)

Introduction Avalon, also known as Otherworld, is a fictional dimension appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. It is based on the mythical Avalon from Celtic and, more specifically, Welsh mythology. Avalon first appeared in Fantastic Four #54 (September 1966) by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. Avalon's dimension was referred to as 'Otherworld' for the first time in Captain Britain #1 (October 1976) by Chris Claremont, Herb Trimpe, and Fred Kida. General description Avalon is a small other-dimensional planetary body located in a pocket dimension adjacent to Earth. It is formed by the collective subconscious of the inhabitants of the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. The dimension of Avalon is also known as Otherworld. However, the island of Avalon within this dimension is actually only a small part of the larger dimension that is Otherworld. Other places within this dimension include Fomor, Annwn, and other locales associated with Celtic mythology. Notably, this pocket dimension also contains the Starlight Citadel, home of the fictional otherworld being, Roma, and the base of the Captain Britain Corps. Otherworld is a high fantasy world; gods, elves, dragons, and many other beings live in small towns and large castles with no heavy industry. Large forests and bright lakes separate the several islands and locations from one another. Sorcery and magic are a part of daily life, although the Captain Britain Corps and Avalon also possess highly advanced technology. History Within the fictional historical setting of Avalon, there previously existed many ways to travel from Earth to Avalon and back during ancient times, which was created by characters in the setting known as the Twelve Walkers. Six of the Twelve Walkers, depicted within the story as evil, then created false paths that would lead travellers to dangerous places or drive them to the point of insanity, which resulted in a backlash from the human inhabitants of Earth against all magical creatures. It is described within the comics at this point much of the magical creatures relocated to Avalon, and having left most of the paths between Earth and Avalon destroyed, with only a few remaining functional. After the death of King Arthur, his body was taken to Avalon by Merlin. The city of Camelot was also taken to Avalon including all of the Knights of the Round Table, the process through which it was taken to Avalon was unclear. Merlyn, Roma and the Starlight Citadel Merlyn created the Starlight Citadel, located on a different island than Avalon. From the Starlight Citadel he founded the Captain Britain Corps, a group of superhuman heroes who would patrol the countless Earths in the Omniverse. Merlyn became the Omniversal Guardian and was assisted in his task by the Omniversal Majestor/Majestrix. His task was to safeguard the Omniverse against any threats and the technology Merlyn provided was capable of destroying entire universes that posed a serious danger. When Mad Jim Jaspers appeared, Merlyn faked his death and was replaced by Roma as Omniversal Guardian. Saturnyne became the Omniversal Majestrix. Years later, Mastermind conquered the island of the Starlight Citadel, destroyed most of the Captain Britain Corps and disguised himself as Roma. Mastermind wanted the Amulet of Right and the Sword of Might, two mystical artifacts which had once empowered Brian Braddock, also known as Captain Britain and his enemy Joshua Stragg, the Reaver. Braddock found the artifacts before Mastermind, and discovered that he was the rightful heir to them. Through the use of those artifacts, he was able to defeat Mastermind, and Roma named him the new ruler of Avalon, while she remained as his advisor. Brian recently left his throne after the events in House of M and returned to Earth. The island of Avalon and the Celtic Gods On the island of Avalon, home to the Celtic Gods also known as the Tuatha da Danaan, druids would forge the magical artifact known as the Evil Eye. The Eye was given to Prester John, who travelled back to Earth with it. The Celtic Gods themselves would have an endless war with the Fomorians, who would try to invade Avalon repeatedly. The Celtic Gods would receive assistance from Thor in repelling several invasions. One of the Celtic Gods, the Lady of the Lake, safeguarded Excalibur, King Arthur's sword. She became a close ally of the Black Knight and even gave him Excalibur when he lost his weapon, the Ebony Blade. Years later, the Lady of the Lake gave the Black Knight his new weapons: the Sword of Light and the Shield of Night. In return the Black Knight became her protector. The Black Knight would often travel between Earth and Avalon and seek the Lady of the Lake for advice. Avalon is also the home of the Green Knight, a primordial nature spirit. From the Green Chapel he empowers select warriors as his Pendragons to battle the servants of the Red Lord and his followers; known as the Bane. Pendragons of the past include Arthur, Merlin & the Knights of the Round Table, Robin Hood and the Merry Men, the World War I superhero Albion, detective Dai Thomas, Captain Britain, Union Jack, and others. The Lady of the Lake called Black Knight "The new Pendragon" when she gave him the Sword of Light and Shield of Night, it is unclear if Dane was tapping into the same mystical power that empowered the other Pendragon Knights. The Green Knight's Pendragons support nature, creation, and life; while the Bane champion decay, destruction, and death. The Red Lord operates from a hell-realm called Anwyn. During the Secret Invasion storyline, the Skrulls invaded Avalon where they seemingly destroy the Lady of the Lake and the Green Knight. Pete Wisdom later used the shard to free Merlin from his imprisonment who managed to revive Captain Britain. When Merlin gave Captain Britain Excalibur, he used it to end the Skrull's invasion of Britain. Pete Wisdom later restored the Lady of the Lake and the Green Knight to life. During the Chaos War storyline, Amatsu-Mikaboshi led an army of enslaved alien gods in an invasion of Avalon, where they defeated King Arthur and his allies. However, Avalon was restored by the Greek god Hercules after he used his newly-enhanced powers to trap Amatsu-Mikaboshi in a pocket dimension. The Manchester Gods A druid by the name of Master Wilson spontaneously materialized in the north of the Otherworld as a personification of the industrialization and urbanization of present-day Britain. He held the belief that the monarchies that predominated the Otherworld for centuries were unjust for the townsfolk, and that it was time for Avalon to urbanize and modernize so that it could more accurately reflect the collective subconscious of present-day Britain. To achieve this, Master Wilson struck a deal with the fire demon Surtur of Muspelheim, whereby Surtur provided Master Wilson with the raw power to construct massive mechanized cities known as the "Manchester Gods" to wage war upon Merlyn, Captain Britain, the Tuatha da Dannan, Pendragon's Court, and the other ruling elite of Avalon. Within the comics, following a destructive war, Master Wilson and the Manchester Gods forced the leaders of Avalon to sign an armistice and surrender, thereby establishing a parliamentary democracy. However, when Surtur later assaulted the Nine Realms of Asgard using the technology of the Manchester Gods, the Asgardians Thor and Loki travelled to Otherworld and confronted Master Wilson, who was depicted as being regretful of having unwittingly helped Surtur and subsequently sacrificed himself and the Manchester Gods to stop Surtur's plan in the Nine Realms. Notable inhabitants Individuals Captain Britain and Meggan: When Brian Braddock became ruler of Otherworld, he relocated together with Meggan to live on Otherworld. After Meggan's disappearance during House of M, Brian returned to his homeworld Earth-616. Green Knight: Lord Bercilak de Hautdesert is the Green Knight of unknown origin. King Arthur: The ruler of Camelot. The Lady of the Lake: A Celtic goddess who lives both on Camelot and on Earth at the same time. Merlin: The wizard who was an ally of King Arthur. Merlyn: Former Omniversal Guardian who posed as the Merlin of legend. His current location is unknown, but he often visits his daughter, Roma. Roma: Omniversal Guardian, current leader of Otherworld. Opal Luna Saturnyne: Omniversal Majestrix, servant of Roma and former inhabitant of Earth 9. Groups The Captain Britain Corps is based on Otherworld, though most Captain Britains live on their own Earth and only come to Otherworld for meetings. The Celtic Gods of Marvel Comics live on the island of Avalon, including Leir. The Knights of Pendragon of Marvel Comics were transported together with Camelot to the island of Avalon. Other versions In Avataars: Covenant of the Shield, Eurth's Avalon is a kingdom that is ruled by Captain Avalon and protected by the Champions of the Realm.

Introduction The Amnion are a fictional alien species in Stephen R. Donaldson's The Gap Cycle. They are shown to be the only alien race humanity has made contact with and play a major role in the series from Forbidden Knowledge onwards. Amnion are fundamentally different from any Earth creature - particularly humankind - in their mental and emotional structure. Physically they are humanoid: the Amnioni with whom first contact is made is described in Forbidden Knowledge as "a humanoid sea-anemone with too many arms." Amnion are however severely different from each other in physical appearance, with differing numbers of limbs, eyes, and other organs, as well as varying vastly in size and shape. This physical individuality contrasts with their mental identicality - their mentality can be likened to that of an insect hive. They are analogous to the Borg in the Star Trek universe, both in their collective intelligence (or "mind union") and in their aim to conquer through assimilation (turning humans into members of their own species). Despite their fundamental opposition and Cold War-type conflict with humanity, they are not portrayed as the main antagonists in The Gap Cycle. Rather they serve as a driving force for the conflict between the human characters. First Contact Forbidden Knowledge explains that in the universe of the Gap Cycle, there is some argument over when first contact can be said to have started. Captain Sixten Vertigus, aboard the Deep Star was the first human to meet an actual Amnioni aboard the Amnion 'defensive' Solidarity: this is where the above description of an Amnioni comes from. Vertigus's instructions were to "establish proximity with any alien vessel or base" and then broadcast the contents of a tape prepared specially for the occasion. They would record any reply that they were able to for as long as possible, then to "escape into the gap in a way that would confuse pursuit". This seemingly-paranoid set of instructions was due to the unwillingness of Holt Fasner to reveal too much to any alien race "whose intentions were unguessable". Vertigus however was willing to disobey these orders directly: something of an idealist, he resolved to travel to the Amnion ship and deliver the tape in person, mostly out of a desire to lay eyes on at least one Amnioni, but also in the hope of kick-starting diplomatic relations between the two races. The Amnion in return gave him a canister containing mutagenic material - the same sort of material that had led Vertigus there in the first place. This is where the debate over 'first contact' started from: the Amnion's existence had already been known, and aside from matters of appearance, Captain Vertigus learnt nothing new about the race. The Amnion had been discovered when the ship Far Star encountered a satellite of alien origin, containing mutagens, in a far extrasolar system. The return of Far Star to Earth is touted as having "enough scientific, economic, and cultural impact to qualify as 'first contact'." Mutagens The main threat of the Amnion is their mutagenic technology. Mutagens have the ability to rewrite the DNA of a non-Amnioni so it becomes at least partially Amnion. This ability was first discovered by humans during tests on the material discovered in the Amnion satellite - Donaldson remarks that "Earth science being what it was... the tests eventually included feeding a bit of the substance to a rat." This has a drastic effect on the rat, which now resembles "a mobile clump of seaweed". Dissection reveals a fundamental genetic change - basic life processes remain intact, but protein and DNA structure are radically different. The new mutants can breed with each other (though not with mutated members of other species) and, most disturbingly, display a significantly increased level of intelligence. When the mutagen was tested on a human being, she only survived for a day and a half - autopsies cite the only possible cause of death as fright. Later in the series the trauma of mutation into an Amnioni is mentioned - this is probably what killed her. Before her death she wrote down galactic co-ordinates, which is where the Deep Star found the Solidarity. An anti-mutagen drug is developed by Intertech, but one of the many storylines in the series is the suppression of the drug and all research relating to it by the United Mining Companies Police, and why this was done. Actions in the series The Amnion are not introduced until Forbidden Knowledge, but play an important part in all four books following. Note: This list is not intended to be a definitive plot summary, more an overview of the parts the Amnion play, and it is assumed that the article on The Gap Cycle has already been read. Forbidden Knowledge Morn Hyland is taken to Enablement Station to have her child force-grown by the Amnion. This is the only possibility, as she has convinced Nick Succorso that the child is his son. The Amnion expose Morn's deceptions, by informing Nick both that Morn's son is not Nick's son, and that Morn has a zone implant - therefore revealing that her love for him is not real. The Amnion wish to study the effects of the zone implant on Morn's son (Davies) and demand that Nick return him to them, but Morn sabotages the escape pod that Davies is in, sending it towards the illegal shipyard of Billingate. The Amnion also attempt to study Nick's blood, as he was injected with mutagens last time he visited Enablement, but showed immunity - this is because he has supplies of the immunity drug, given to him by the UMC Police. The Amnion repair the gap drive of Captain's Fancy, but sabotage it to test components that they, themselves, are developing that will allow their war ships to travel at near-light space-normal speeds. A Dark and Hungry God Arises The 'Bill' (the mayor of Billingate, and an illegal) recaptures Davies. Morn is traded to the Amnion, but survives being injected by their mutagens as she has stolen some of Nick's immunity drug. Milos Taverner, who has come to Billingate with Angus Thermopyle, is injected with mutagens and becomes an Amnioni. Angus, with the help of various members of Nick's crew and Nick himself, recapture Morn - Taverner, as an Amnioni, attempts to use his priority-codes to control Angus, but new programming protects him. Angus sabotages the fusion reactors and destroys Billingate - meanwhile, one Amnion defensive, Tranquil Hegemony, is rammed and destroyed by Captain's Fancy, and the second, Calm Horizons, pursues the fleeing Gap-scout Trumpet. Chaos and Order Calm Horizons, with the aid of the pirate ship Soar, pursues Trumpet. It is revealed that Soars captain, Sorus Chantelaine, is controlled by the Amnion through use of delayed-action mutagens. The cabin boy aboard Trumpet, Ciro Vasaczk, is captured by Sorus and blackmailed into sabotaging the drive of Trumpet using the same mutagens. Calm Horizons attempts to destroy Trumpet to prevent the broadcasting of the anti-mutagen drug formula, but is engaged by the UMCP ship Punisher and, due to the turning of Soar against Calm Horizons, is unable to destroy either Punisher or Trumpet, though Soar is destroyed. The book ends with Calm Horizons speeding for Earth. This Day All Gods Die Calm Horizons arrives in Earth orbit and threatens to use its super-light proton cannon to destroy the Governing Council for Earth and Space. Warden Dios, head of the UMCP, agrees to go aboard Calm Horizons and negotiate with Marc Vestabule. He reluctantly agrees to their demands, hoping that the crew of Trumpet, who have taken command of Punisher, can save him. Dios is injected with delayed-action mutagens but is rescued by Davies Hyland, Angus Thermopyle and Vector Shaheed, though Vector dies in the attempt. They escape from Calm Horizons, Angus having sabotaged the super-light proton cannon by filling it with hull sealant, so it explodes when the ship attempts to fire. Calm Horizons flees, but is destroyed by Ciro Vasaczk using a singularity grenade, though he dies doing so. Notable Amnion The Amnion do not appear to have individuals in the human sense of the word, or if so, they do not show it. The only Amnion given names are those who were previously human, and have been mutated. Marc Vestabule - Originally sold to the Amnion by Angus Thermopyle before the latter was made into a cyborg. He undertakes the majority of the diplomatic negotiations with humans in the series - it is stated that due to once being human, he can understand humankind better than most Amnion, who seem to struggle with concepts such as betrayal, lying, and individual survival instinct. It is suggested that the major instinct of the Amnion is the expansion and propagation of the Amnion race. Milos Taverner - Originally an agent of Com-Mine Security, and then blackmailed by the UMCP into accompanying Angus to Billingate. He attempts to sell information to the Amnion, but is mutated by them. He then tries to take control of Angus, later escaping the destruction of Billingate onboard Soar. Sorus Chatelaine kills him before attacking Calm Horizons. Also of note are the three Amnion ships mentioned: Calm Horizons - one of two defensives pursuing Captain's Fancy. Commits an act of war by crossing into human space. Attempts to destroy the GCES but is sabotaged and later destroyed. Tranquil Hegemony - the second defensive pursuing Captain's Fancy. Attempts to blast Morn Hyland and her rescuers on the surface of Thanatos Minor, where Billingate is located. Rammed by Captain's Fancy to prevent her doing so. Solidarity - the ship that Captain Sixten Vertigus (arguably) makes first contact with.

Introduction George Wycliffe McBride was an American politician and businessman from the U.S. state of Oregon. An Oregon native, he served in the Oregon Legislative Assembly as Speaker of the House and as Oregon Secretary of State for two terms before election as United States Senator from Oregon. A Republican, he was the first native Oregonian to serve in the Senate. His father and two of his brothers were also politicians. Early life George McBride was born on March 13, 1854, near Lafayette, in Yamhill County, Oregon. His father was James McBride, a physician from Tennessee and Missouri, and his mother the former Mahala Miller. George was one of fourteen children in the family that included brother John Rogers, who was a U.S. Representative from Oregon, and Thomas who served on the Oregon Supreme Court from 1909 to 1930. George attended the local public schools before enrolling in the preparatory department of Willamette University in Salem, Oregon. After one year at Willamette he enrolled at Monmouth Christian College (now Western Oregon University) in Monmouth, Oregon, where he spent two years. McBride then studied law and was admitted to the bar, but never practiced. He moved to St. Helens where he engaged in mercantile pursuits for nine years. Politics McBride was elected to the Oregon House of Representatives in 1882 to serve Columbia County. Elected as a Republican, he was selected by fellow legislators to serve as Speaker of the House. After his lone session in the legislative assembly, he was elected as the Oregon Secretary of State in 1886 to a four-year term and re-elected in 1890 to a second term. He was in office from January 10, 1887, until January 14, 1895, when Harrison R. Kincaid took office. On February 23, 1895, the Oregon Legislative Assembly selected McBride to serve in the United States Senate. Elected as a Republican, he served one term in office from March 4, 1895, to March 3, 1901. In the Senate he was chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Transportation Routes to the Seaboard during the Fifty-fourth Congress, though the committee may never have met during his tenure, and also a member of the Committee on Coast Defenses during both Fifty-fifth and Fifty-sixth Congresses. He was the first native Oregonian to serve in the Senate. He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1900. Later life McBride was appointed as a United States commissioner to the St. Louis Exposition of 1904. After politics he was engaged as an agent of the Western Pacific Railroad in California. On May 24, 1902, in New York City he married Laura W. Walter with whom he had one daughter. In 1911 McBride died in Portland, Oregon, at the age of 57. His remains were cremated and the ashes interred in the Masonic Cemetery in St. Helens.

Introduction Charles "Blackie" Chen or Chen Chien-chou is a Taiwanese television host, actor, basketball manager, entrepreneur, and a former basketball player. He is also the founder and current chief executive officer of the Taiwanese professional basketball league P. League+. Career Basketball Chen at the 5th Taipei Supau Cup Mini-Marathon in 2007 Chen Chien-chou made the Chinese Taipei junior national team when he was 18 and played in the 1995 ABC Under-18 Championship, where they finished 5th. Although only 190 cm (short for even Taiwanese basketball player standards), Chen played in the paint. He modeled his game after Charles Barkley, also an undersized big man (hence his English name of "Charles Chen"). In 1999, after missing the cut for the Chinese Taipei national basketball team, he played for the B national team at the William Jones Cup. Later, playing for a club in the Singaporean league (where he led the league in scoring and rebounding), he tore his anterior cruciate ligament for the second time in an accident. His basketball career ended prematurely as a result. In 2020, along with Taipei Fubon Braves, Formosa Dreamers, Hsinchu Lioneers, and Taoyuan Airape, he founded a Taiwanese professional basketball league, P. League+, serving as the CEO and founder. Entertainment Chen became a performing artist, and a host of numerous variety shows. Because of his dark skin, he has come to be known by the nickname "Blackie", it is also because the name rhymes with Jackie Chan, in which they both are trained in judo, which Blackie obtained a blue belt. He has been in a relationship with Christine Fan for 10 years, before finally getting engaged in 2010. They were married in Taipei on May 7, 2011. Currently the team leader and head of marketing for the Taiwan Beer Basketball Team, Chen directed a 2008 documentary entitled Attitude () on the team's quest to become Super Basketball League champion. The documentary was well received and earned him widespread acclaim and accolades from the Taiwanese film industry. Many consider it the high-water mark of Taiwanese sports related documentary films. Chen is also a television personality and host for several television shows. He is slated to play Peng Dehuai in the highly anticipated miniseries Untold Stories of 1949, to be produced for HBO Asia. Chen, along with his wife Christine Fan, are also the co-founder and spokespeople for the Love Life campaign, after becoming a Christian, as influenced by her mother-in-law while Christine was recovering from severe depression and mild anorexia. Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 2001 2005 Perfect Match Charlie 2007 I Wish Lee Bing 2008 Attitude himself documentary, also producer 2009 Love Life himself documentary, also producer The Wedding Game Tom 2010 Future X-Cops Misfortune 2013 Amazing Blackie Television series Year Title Role Notes 2001 2002 Purple Corner Chang Shih-chuan Meteor Garden II Hsin 2004 Love Bird Wang Li-hsin 2005 A Story of Soldiers Shao Chan-sheng 2006 Mico, Go! Peter 2007 The Teen Age School Superintendent 2010 Summer's Desire Host cameo 2015 Lonely Gourmet Charles Variety show host Channel V|Channel V Pai Pai Zou () asia+ Trivia Party Channel V|Channel V Hei Se Hui Mei Mei() Channel V|Channel V - 青春全员集合 Sanlih E-Television - 超級接班人

Introduction The New Men are a fictional group of characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. They are depicted as uplifted animals created by the High Evolutionary. Publication history The New Men first appeared in Thor #134 and were created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. Fictional group history The New Men are the result of Wyndham's first experiments in accelerated evolution. When Wyndham learns that Wundagore Mountain (on which his advanced genetics research citadel was based) is the prison of the powerful demon known as Chthon, he decides to train some of his creations in chivalry and battle tactics so that they can oppose Chthon should he ever return where these elite New Men warriors are called the Knights of Wundagore. The High Evolutionary equips the Knights of Wundagore with advanced weaponry and armor and gives them flying "atomic steeds" on which to ride. He is assisted in this endeavor by the ghost of the 6th century magician named Magnus the Sorcerer. When the wife of Magneto had died, the High Evolutionary enlisted a New-Man named Bova to watch over Magneto's children Quicksilver and Scarlet Witch As seen in flashbacks, the New Men become an extended family to Luna Maximoff. Wyndham later converts his citadel into a spaceship and he and most of his New Men leave to explore the stars. They eventually settle on a planet which they name Wundagore II. When the Evolutionary learned that the god-like Celestials were coming to Earth to judge whether humanity should continue to exist or perish, he allied with the Evolutionaries in order to eradicate those they've deemed "tainted", fearing that their unnatural presence may cause the Celestials to deem the planet unworthy. He himself began slaughtering systematically his own creations. When the High Evolutionary's Counter-Earth resurfaced under unknown circumstances, some of the New Men were seen living on it. They are routinely exterminated and recreated by the High Evolutionary when they fail to meet his standards. Some of these New Men "flaws" have taken refuge in Lowtown where they are given shelter by a man called the Low Evolutionary. Several New Men showed up in Lexington, Kentucky when the High Evolutionary plotted to sync the vibration frequencies of Earth and Counter-Earth so that he can combine them. During the "Hunted" storyline, Kraven the Hunter hunted some New Men in order to draw out the High Evolutionary. Kraven cuts a deal with the High Evolutionary to take his DNA sample and create 87 clones of him in order for them to go out into the world and prove themselves to Kraven. The High Evolutionary agrees to the terms. Members Known New Men have included: Ani-Men III - This incarnation of the Ani-Men was created by the High Evolutionary. Buzzard - An uplifted hawk. Crushtacean - An uplifted crab. Flying Fox - An uplifted bat. Komodo - An uplifted Komodo dragon. Spinneret - An uplifted spider. Ani-Mutants - A group of New Men who the High Evolutionary cast aside in favor of the Godpack. They became followers of Man-Beast. Simbus - An uplifted lion and an ally of Man-Beast. Although Simbus was first seen with an orange mane, it changed to purple when he sided with Man-Beast. Tantaro - Tantaro is an uplifted elephant from the Bronx Zoo. Urson-Wellz - Urson-Wellz is an uplifted bear from the Bronx Zoo. The High Evolutionary admitted he had a sense of humor and suggested it was the reason to name this New Man after movie star Orson Welles. Barber - An unnamed uplifted mouse that works as a barber. After Thor shaved his beard, the barber gave the shaving bowl containing Thor's blood and hair to Count Tagar which the High Evolutionary later used to create Nobilus. Bova - An uplifted Guernsey cattle who serves as the foster mother to Pietro Maximoff and Wanda Maximoff. She was also used by the High Evolutionary to raise and nurture the young New Men as their nanny. Caninus - An uplifted dog. Cult of the Jackal - A group of New Men who formed a cult that worships Jackal and long to be fully human. The cult was dissolved when Scarlet Spider and High Evolutionary told them that it's not their path to be given human forms and to accept the forms that they have. Anubia - An uplifted jackal. Caiman - An uplifted caiman. Harrier - An uplifted hawk. Piranis - An uplifted piranha. Dempsey - A dalmatian who was the High Evolutionary's first creation. He was killed by some poachers and his body was taken away by the High Evolutionary. Dicero - A young uplifted black rhinoceros and a student of Prosimia and Lady Bova. Drhovo - An unspecified uplifted amphibian that is one of the High Evolutionary's bodyguards. Eaglus - An uplifted eagle. Equius - An uplifted horse. Felinatus - An uplifted cat. Gorr - An uplifted golden gorilla, Gorr first appears in Fantastic Four #171. He acts as the High Evolutionary's valet. Inheritor - An uplifted bladehandle cockroach. Inheritor rebels against the High Evolutionary. During a battle with Hulk, he is returned to his original form. Ja'Rue - An uplifted cheetah. Kingii - Kingii is an uplifted frill-necked lizard who was created by the High Evolutionary and then experimented upon by Man-Beast. He was devolved by the High Evolutionary. Kohbra - An uplifted snake that resides on Counter-Earth. Knights of Wundagore - The Knights of Wundagore are a group of elite New Men warriors who were trained by the High Evolutionary to prepare for the return of Chthon. Each of its members were advanced armors and ride "Atomic Steeds" which the High Evolutionary constructed with help from the ghost of Magnus. Count Tagar - An uplifted tiger created on Counter-Earth, Tagar first appears in Thor #133. He rebels against the High Evolutionary. Lady Ursula - Lady Ursula is an uplifted brown bear who is boisterous and vicious. She proves to be just when she commits suicide rather than allow the Man-Beast to enslave her. Lady Vermin - Lady Vermin is an uplifted rat who uses a small jetpack to get around. Lord Anon - Lord Anon is an uplifted red wolf. He is killed by Man-Beast. Lord Byson - Lord Byson is an uplifted bison. Even though it was stated that he was evolved from a bison, Lord Byson had the appearance of a cape buffalo. Lord Churchill - Lord Churchill is an uplifted bulldog who is honorable, loyal, and clever. He is killed by Man-Beast. Lord Gator - Lord Gator is an uplifted alligator who is quiet and mysterious striking only when foes least expect it. Lord Tyger - Lord Tyger is an uplifted tiger who is scholarly and wise. He is paradoxically just as decadent as any civilized person. Lord Tyger is the leader of the Knights of Wundagore. Sir Delphis - Sir Delphis is an uplifted dolphin who is an inquisitive character that thinks through his plans before acting. He later left the team. Sir Gote - An uplifted goat. Sir Hogg - An unidentified uplifted pig. Sir Lepard - Sir Lepard is an uplifted leopard. He dies during a battle with the Rigellians. Sir Lepard II - A second character with this name and successor to the original Sir Lepard. Sir Lyan - Sir Lyan is an uplifted lion. He is the second-in-command of the Knights of Wundagore. Sir Ossilot - Sir Ossilot is an uplifted ocelot. He dies during a battle with the Rigellians. Sir Panther - Sir Panther is an uplifted panther. Sir Porga - Sir Porga is an uplifted pig. He is killed by his fellow New Men when they started to give in to their animalistic natures. Sir Ram - An uplifted ram who is noble and knightly. He is pledged in faith to his lord and master. He is killed when the ship he was on with Bruce Banner was hit with radiation. Sir Ram II - A second character with this name that was the successor of the original Sir Ram. Sir Steed - Steed is an uplifted horse. He jumps in front of a blast intended to kill Luna. Sir Ursus - An uplifted bear Snow Queen - Snow Queen is an uplifted white tigress who is the sister of White Tiger. She appears in chapter 2 of X-Men: Endangered Species where she fights Beast when he tries to enter Wungadore without permission. Kohbra - An uplifted snake. Lady Shadra - An uplifted black panther who is one of the High Evolutionary's first New Men. She is known for training Count Tagar and Sir Ram. Her legend is first told in Wolverine: First Class #3. Man-Beast - Man-Beast is an uplifted red wolf that has developed vast mental powers. He schemes to destroy humanity and the High Evolutionary, but he is eventually devolved back into a red wolf with the help of Quicksilver. He first appears in Thor #134. Man-Beast's Followers - A group of New Men that are on Man-Beast's side. Barachuudar - An uplifted fish who works for Man-Beast as one of his presidential aides on Counter-Earth. Cobrah - An uplifted cobra who works for Man-Beast as one of his presidential aides on Counter-Earth. He is not to be confused with Kohbra. Haukk - An uplifted hawk. Lizhardus - An uplifted lizard. Monck - An uplifted gibbon. Pih-Junn - An uplifted pigeon who was partnered with Haukk. Snakar - An uplifted snake who works for Man-Beast as one of the presidential aides on Counter-Earth. Triax the Terrible - Triax is an uplifted common warthog who is a follower of Man-Beast. Weezhil - An uplifted weasel who works for Man-Beast as one of his presidential aides on Counter-Earth. Mongoose - An uplifted mongoose possesses super strength, speed, agility and reflexes. He is a former member of the Thunderbolts. Mynos - An uplifted cattle that works for the New Immortals. Porcunis - An uplifted porcupine. Prosimia - Prosimia is an uplifted ring-tailed lemur and storyteller. He sacrifices his life to protect Kitty Pryde from Man-Beast's attack. Squire Gulo - Gulo is an uplifted wolverine who is trained by Lady Shandra. His legend is first told in Wolverine: First Class #3. Tabur - Tabur was an uplifted cat. He is at one point the leader of the Cat People. Agatha Harkness casts a spell on him while he is fighting Tigra and he is reverted into a cat. White Tiger - White Tiger was an uplifted white tigress created to hunt down Man-Beast. She returns to her animal form following Man-Beast's defeat. White Tiger was later revealed to have a sister named Snow Queen. In other media The New Men appear in the X-Men episode "Family Ties". Besides Lady Bova, other New Men featured are a goat, a lion, a rhinoceros, a deer, a panda, a zebra, some musk oxen, a snow leopard, and a warthog amongst others. Lady Bova is the foster mother of Quicksilver and Scarlet Witch before giving them to a man named Django and his wife to look after. Years later, Quicksilver and Scarlet Witch come to Wundagore to look for her. After a DNA match, the High Evolutionary takes them to see her. She is the one who told them that Magneto is their father. Some of the New Men are sent to trap Magneto only to also trap Scarlet Witch, Quicksilver, and Wolverine. Following the battle with the X-Men, Magneto, Quicksilver, and Scarlet Witch, the New Men manage to escape with the High Evolutionary. The New Men appear in Spider-Man Unlimited. In this series, the High Evolutionary's New Men and other creations that reside on Counter-Earth are called "Bestials." Within the series, the Beastials are the dominant species of Counter-Earth while the humans are a second-class minority. Sir Ram, Sir Tyger, Lady Ursula, and Lady Vermin are the only members of the New Men that appear retaining their title of "Knights of Wundagore". The Knights of Wundagore are assisted by the Machine Men.

Introduction Matthew Walter "Matt" Wachter is an American musician best known for playing bass in the alternative rock bands Thirty Seconds to Mars and Angels & Airwaves. Biography Wachter was born in Pottsville, Pennsylvania. As a child, he spent most of his time with his family in New Jersey and Boston. An active child, he participated in baseball and soccer, taking up swimming as well, he also went to United States Space Camp, along with Space Academy. His interest in music bloomed when he was around five years old, and between the ages of five and eight, he experimented with various instruments, focusing primarily on the piano and drums. Wachter reached the peak of his musical interest around high school and spent most of his time playing in bands. He picked up the bass, he stated, because he "wanted to play in a band, and the band needed a bass player." He had no previous experience with the bass, the closest being experimenting with the guitar. He credited former Metallica bassist, the late Cliff Burton, as his inspiration for wanting to play the bass guitar. Wachter attended the Berklee College of Music in Boston and moved to Los Angeles after graduating to pursue his career in music. Wachter was rumored to have worked in a slaughterhouse, but confessed in an interview that he and his bandmates made up the story to stir up an otherwise dull interview. Career Thirty Seconds to Mars (2001–2007) Wachter joined Jared Leto, Shannon Leto, and Solon Bixler, rounding out the Thirty Seconds to Mars line-up, in 2001. Bixler was replaced with Tomo Milicevic in 2003. Wachter often stands in a "pigeon-toed" stance (both feet turned in toward each other) when he plays his bass, and stares down at his feet. He says doing this allows him to focus on what he's playing and keeps him from being distracted by fans. In the early days of Thirty Seconds to Mars, Wachter complained of consistent headaches after performing, but no pain while he was on stage. After a visit to the hospital and a CT scan, it was discovered that he developed a concussion from frequent head-banging on stage. This prompted his mother to suggest he "wiggle his hips like Elvis", as mentioned in the fan yearbook. The head-banging has since stopped. The first two dates of the 2006 "Forever Night, Never Day" headlining tour had to be postponed after Wachter hurt himself. The injury resulted from changing one of his car's headlights (or as Shannon Leto says "He was left alone with a pair of scissors." to which Wachter replied "A pair of scissors and a light bulb. I'll leave the rest to your imagination."), pushing the tour back an additional two weeks. The band issued press release to fans on March 2. While on tour in El Paso, Texas, on March 1, 2007, Jared Leto announced to the arena that Wachter would be playing his last show with the band. He dedicated the song, "R-Evolve", to Wachter. After that, Tim Kelleher filled in as the bassist on the March 2 show in Dallas, Texas. Angels & Airwaves (2007–2014, 2018–2019) Following the departure of Ryan Sinn from the band on 23 April 2007, Wachter joined Angels & Airwaves in Sinn's place. He was later confirmed as a band member, and worked with Angels & Airwaves on their second album I-Empire. The band released their third studio album, titled Love, in February 2010, along with its follow-up Love: Part Two in 2011. On June 24, 2014, Tom Delonge posted a photo of Matt stating his intention to leave the band to focus on his family life at home, stating "Matt still might join us later down the road somewhere and somehow." On March 9, 2017, a video posted to Tom DeLonge's Instagram account showed Wachter playing bass, to which DeLonge states he has "been looking for Wachter". This led to speculation that Wachter had returned to Angels & Airwaves. This was confirmed by DeLonge on April 18, 2018, posting that both Wachter and guitarist David Kennedy had rejoined Angels & Airwaves and would appear on the next album. When the band released new music in May 2019, however, Wachter was absent from both the band's new press photos and from the list of members listed on the band's Facebook page. Neither the band nor Wachter have released statements concerning the departure, although producer Aaron Rubin stated that Wachter was not involved with any of the band's new music. Other works Wachter serves as an occasional guest host on Get The Fuck Up Radio. The radio show is hosted by two of his friends, Aaron Farley and Jeremy Weiss and is featured on Little Radio, out of Los Angeles. In mid-2009, Wachter recorded bass on all tracks for the upcoming release by Street Drum Corps, for release in 2010. Personal life Wachter is an avid Boston Red Sox fan. He is also an avid fan of video games, like video game systems, such as GameCube, PS2, Nintendo, Xbox, and PlayStation. Wachter is a big fan of body art and claims to have over 20 tattoos. Some of these include "Rock-n-Roll" in script on his stomach, two swallows on both pectorals, a winged bomb on his right arm, and a switch blade with Latin quotation on his right side. These specific tattoos were done by artist Josh Hoffman at Olde City Tattoo in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He also has Dia De Los Muertos, or Day of the Dead skulls tattooed on each foot, as well as numerous other inkings in various locations. Wachter has a deer head tattooed on his right leg as well. He had this done while he was on tour in Japan. On his right inner arm he has yellow jackets to remind him that he is allergic. Also, on his chest there is a locked heart filled with his wife's name Libby. On May 14, 2009, Matt and Libby (née' Lawson) welcomed their first child, Sailor Mae Wachter. Discography Title Release Label Band A Beautiful Lie 2005 Immortal/Virgin Thirty Seconds to Mars I-Empire 2007 Geffen Angels & Airwaves Love 2010 To The Stars Records Love, Part Two 2011

Introduction 9th ADG Awards February 12, 2005 ---- Contemporary Film: The Terminal ---- Period or Fantasy Film: Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events The 9th Art Directors Guild Awards, given on 12 February 2005, honored the best art directors of 2004. Winners and nominees Film Contemporary Film: Alex McDowell – The Terminal *David Wasco – Collateral *Dan Leigh – Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind *Mark Friedberg – The Life Aquatic *Henry Bumstead – Million Dollar Baby Fantasy or Period Film: Rick Heinrichs – Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events *Dante Ferretti – The Aviator *Gemma Jackson – Finding Neverland *Lou Romano – The Incredibles *Anthony Pratt – The Phantom of the Opera

Introduction Cagliari Elmas Airport is an international airport located in the territory of Elmas, near Cagliari, on the Italian island of Sardinia. History Check-in hall The airport opened on 3 May 1937. It was upgraded in 2003 and the terminal was expanded and provided with 6 jetbridges for passenger boarding, with a capacity of 4 million passengers per year. In 2018, the airport handled 4,370,014 passengers. It was named in 1937 after Mario Mameli, a bomber pilot from the fascist-era Italian airforce shot down in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. Airlines and destinations The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights at Cagliari Elmas Airport: Statistics Ground transportation The airport is about 7 km from Cagliari city centre. A railway station serving the airport enables connections to most Sardinian towns.

Introduction Logo of the Human Genome Project The Human Genome Project was an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identifying, mapping and sequencing all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint. It started in 1990 and was completed in 2003. It remains the world's largest collaborative biological project. Planning for the project started after it was adopted in 1984 by the US government, and it officially launched in 1990. It was declared complete on April 14, 2003, and included about 92% of the genome. Level "complete genome" was achieved in May 2021, with a remaining only 0.3% bases covered by potential issues. The final gapless assembly was finished in January 2022. Funding came from the United States government through the National Institutes of Health (NIH) as well as numerous other groups from around the world. A parallel project was conducted outside the government by the Celera Corporation, or Celera Genomics, which was formally launched in 1998. Most of the government-sponsored sequencing was performed in twenty universities and research centres in the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, France, Germany, and China, working in the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (IHGSC). The Human Genome Project originally aimed to map the complete set of nucleotides contained in a human haploid reference genome, of which there are more than three billion. The "genome" of any given individual is unique; mapping the "human genome" involved sequencing samples collected from a small number of individuals and then assembling the sequenced fragments to get a complete sequence for each of 24 human chromosomes (22 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes). Therefore, the finished human genome is a mosaic, not representing any one individual. Much of the project's utility comes from the fact that the vast majority of the human genome is the same in all humans. History thumb The Human Genome Project was a 15 year-long publicly funded project initiated in 1990 with the objective of determining the DNA sequence of the entire euchromatic human genome within 13 years. In May 1985, Robert Sinsheimer organized a workshop at the University of California, Santa Cruz, to discuss the feasibility of building a systematic reference genome using gene sequencing technologies. In March 1986, the Santa Fe Workshop was organized by Charles DeLisi and David Smith of the Department of Energy's Office of Health and Environmental Research (OHER). At the same time Renato Dulbecco, President of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, first proposed the concept of whole genome sequencing in an essay in Science. The published work, titled "A Turning Point in Cancer Research: Sequencing the Human Genome", was shortened from the original proposal of using the sequence to understand the genetic basis of breast cancer. James Watson, one of the discoverers of the double helix shape of DNA in the 1970s, followed two months later with a workshop held at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Thus the idea for obtaining a reference sequence had three independent origins: Sinsheimer, Dulbecco and DeLisi. Ultimately it was the actions by DeLisi that launched the project. The fact that the Santa Fe Workshop was motivated and supported by a federal agency opened a path, albeit a difficult and tortuous one, for converting the idea into public policy in the United States. In a memo to the Assistant Secretary for Energy Research Alvin Trivelpiece, then-Director of the OHER Charles DeLisi outlined a broad plan for the project. This started a long and complex chain of events which led to approved reprogramming of funds that enabled the OHER to launch the project in 1986, and to recommend the first line item for the HGP, which was in President Reagan's 1988 budget submission, and ultimately approved by Congress. Of particular importance in congressional approval was the advocacy of New Mexico Senator Pete Domenici, whom DeLisi had befriended. Domenici chaired the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, as well as the Budget Committee, both of which were key in the DOE budget process. Congress added a comparable amount to the NIH budget, thereby beginning official funding by both agencies. Trivelpiece sought and obtained the approval of DeLisi's proposal by Deputy Secretary William Flynn Martin. This chart was used by Trivelpiece in the spring of 1986 to brief Martin and Under Secretary Joseph Salgado regarding his intention to reprogram $4 million to initiate the project with the approval of John S. Herrington. This reprogramming was followed by a line item budget of $16 million in the Reagan administration's 1987 budget submission to Congress. It subsequently passed both Houses. The project was planned to be completed within 15 years. In 1990, the two major funding agencies, DOE and the National Institutes of Health, developed a memorandum of understanding in order to coordinate plans and set the clock for the initiation of the Project to 1990. At that time, David Galas was Director of the renamed "Office of Biological and Environmental Research" in the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science and James Watson headed the NIH Genome Program. In 1993, Aristides Patrinos succeeded Galas and Francis Collins succeeded Watson, assuming the role of overall Project Head as Director of the NIH National Center for Human Genome Research (which would later become the National Human Genome Research Institute). A working draft of the genome was announced in 2000 and the papers describing it were published in February 2001. A more complete draft was published in 2003, and genome "finishing" work continued for more than a decade after that. The $3 billion project was formally founded in 1990 by the US Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health, and was expected to take 15 years. In addition to the United States, the international consortium comprised geneticists in the United Kingdom, France, Australia, China, and myriad other spontaneous relationships. The project ended up costing less than expected, at about $2.7 billion (equivalent to about $5 billion in 2021). Two technologies enabled the project: gene mapping and DNA sequencing. The gene mapping technique of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) arose from the search for the location of the breast cancer gene by Dr. Mark Skolnick of the University of Utah, which began in 1974. Seeing a linkage marker for the gene, collaboration with David Botstein, Ray White and Ron Davies conceived of a way to construct a genetic linkage map of the human genome. This enabled scientists to launch the larger human genome effort. Because of widespread international cooperation and advances in the field of genomics (especially in sequence analysis), as well as parallel advances in computing technology, a 'rough draft' of the genome was finished in 2000 (announced jointly by U.S. President Bill Clinton and British Prime Minister Tony Blair on June 26, 2000). This first available rough draft assembly of the genome was completed by the Genome Bioinformatics Group at the University of California, Santa Cruz, primarily led by then-graduate student Jim Kent and his advisor David Haussler. Ongoing sequencing led to the announcement of the essentially complete genome on April 14, 2003, two years earlier than planned. In May 2006, another milestone was passed on the way to completion of the project when the sequence of the very last chromosome was published in Nature. The various institutions, companies, and laboratories which participated in the Human Genome Project are listed below, according to the NIH: No. Nation Name Affiliation 1 The Whitehead Institute/MIT Center for Genome Research Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2 The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Wellcome Trust 3 Washington University School of Medicine Genome Sequencing Center Washington University in St. Louis 4 United States DOE Joint Genome Institute United States Department of Energy 5 Baylor College of Medicine Human Genome Sequencing Center Baylor College of Medicine 6 RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center Riken 7 Genoscope and CNRS UMR-8030 French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission 8 GTC Sequencing Center Genome Therapeutics Corporation, whose sequencing division is acquired by ABI 9 Department of Genome Analysis Fritz Lipmann Institute, name changed from Institute of Molecular Biotechnology 10 Beijing Genomics Institute/Human Genome Center Chinese Academy of Sciences 11 Multimegabase Sequencing Center Institute for Systems Biology 12 Stanford Genome Technology Center Stanford University 13 Stanford Human Genome Center and Department of Genetics Stanford University School of Medicine 14 University of Washington Genome Center University of Washington 15 Department of Molecular Biology Keio University School of Medicine 16 University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas University of Texas 17 University of Oklahoma's Advanced Center for Genome Technology Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma 18 Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics Max Planck Society 19 Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Center Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory 20 GBF/German Research Centre for Biotechnology Reorganized and renamed to Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Additionally, beginning in 2000 and continuing for three years in Russia, the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFFI; ) provided a grant of about 500 thousand rubles to fund genome mapping of Russians, three groups: Vologda-Vyatka () Ilmen-Belozersk () Valdai () by the Laboratory of Human Population Genetics of the of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences (). Although the top Russian geneticist in 2004 was (), the research was headed by Doctor of Biological Sciences () at the Laboratory of Human Population Genetics in Moscow. Since 2004, is the scientific supervisor of the Medical Genetics Center in Moscow. State of completion Notably, the project was not able to sequence all of the DNA found in human cells; rather, the aim was to sequence only euchromatic regions of the nuclear genome, which make up 92.1% of the human genome. The remaining 7.9% exists in scattered heterochromatic regions such as those found in centromeres and telomeres. These regions by their nature are generally more difficult to sequence and so were not included as part of the project's original plans. The Human Genome Project (HGP) was declared complete in April 2003. An initial rough draft of the human genome was available in June 2000 and by February 2001 a working draft had been completed and published followed by the final sequencing mapping of the human genome on April 14, 2003. Although this was reported to cover 99% of the euchromatic human genome with 99.99% accuracy, a major quality assessment of the human genome sequence was published on May 27, 2004, indicating over 92% of sampling exceeded 99.99% accuracy which was within the intended goal. In March 2009, the Genome Reference Consortium (GRC) released a more accurate version of the human genome, but that still left more than 300 gaps, while 160 such gaps remained in 2015. Though in May 2020, the GRC reported 79 "unresolved" gaps, accounting for as much as 5% of the human genome, months later, the application of new long-range sequencing techniques and a hydatidiform mole-derived cell line in which both copies of each chromosome are identical led to the first telomere-to-telomere, truly complete sequence of a human chromosome, the X chromosome. Similarly, an end-to-end complete sequence of human autosomal chromosome 8 followed several months later. In 2021, it was reported that the Telomere-to-Telomere (T2T) consortium had filled in all of the gaps except five in repetitive regions of ribosomal DNA. Months later, those gaps had also been closed. The full sequence did not contain the Y chromosome, which causes the embryo to become male, being absent in the cell line that served as the source for the DNA analyzed. About 0.3% of the full sequence proved difficult to check for quality, and thus might have contained errors, which were being targeted for confirmation. In April 2022, the complete non-Y chromosome sequence was formally published, providing a view of much of the 8% of the genome left out by the HGP. In December, 2022, a preprint article claimed that the sequencing of the remaining missing regions of Y chromosome had been performed, thus completing the sequencing of all 24 human chromosomes. Applications and proposed benefits The sequencing of the human genome holds benefits for many fields, from molecular medicine to human evolution. The Human Genome Project, through its sequencing of the DNA, can help researchers understand diseases including: genotyping of specific viruses to direct appropriate treatment; identification of mutations linked to different forms of cancer; the design of medication and more accurate prediction of their effects; advancement in forensic applied sciences; biofuels and other energy applications; agriculture, animal husbandry, bioprocessing; risk assessment; bioarcheology, anthropology and evolution. Another proposed benefit is the commercial development of genomics research related to DNA-based products, a multibillion-dollar industry. The sequence of the DNA is stored in databases available to anyone on the Internet. The U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information (and sister organizations in Europe and Japan) house the gene sequence in a database known as GenBank, along with sequences of known and hypothetical genes and proteins. Other organizations, such as the UCSC Genome Browser at the University of California, Santa Cruz, and Ensembl present additional data and annotation and powerful tools for visualizing and searching it. Computer programs have been developed to analyze the data because the data itself is difficult to interpret without such programs. Generally speaking, advances in genome sequencing technology have followed Moore's Law, a concept from computer science which states that integrated circuits can increase in complexity at an exponential rate. This means that the speeds at which whole genomes can be sequenced can increase at a similar rate, as was seen during the development of the Human Genome Project. Techniques and analysis The process of identifying the boundaries between genes and other features in a raw DNA sequence is called genome annotation and is in the domain of bioinformatics. While expert biologists make the best annotators, their work proceeds slowly, and computer programs are increasingly used to meet the high-throughput demands of genome sequencing projects. Beginning in 2008, a new technology known as RNA-seq was introduced that allowed scientists to directly sequence the messenger RNA in cells. This replaced previous methods of annotation, which relied on the inherent properties of the DNA sequence, with direct measurement, which was much more accurate. Today, annotation of the human genome and other genomes relies primarily on deep sequencing of the transcripts in every human tissue using RNA-seq. These experiments have revealed that over 90% of genes contain at least one and usually several alternative splice variants, in which the exons are combined in different ways to produce 2 or more gene products from the same locus. Subsequent projects sequenced the genomes of multiple distinct ethnic groups, though as of 2019 there is still only one "reference genome". Findings Key findings of the draft (2001) and complete (2004) genome sequences include: # There are approximately 22,300 protein-coding genes in human beings, the same range as in other mammals. # The human genome has significantly more segmental duplications (nearly identical, repeated sections of DNA) than had been previously suspected. # At the time when the draft sequence was published, fewer than 7% of protein families appeared to be vertebrate specific. Accomplishments The first printout of the human genome to be presented as a series of books, displayed at the Wellcome Collection, London The human genome has approximately 3.1 billion base pairs. The Human Genome Project was started in 1990 with the goal of sequencing and identifying all base pairs in the human genetic instruction set, finding the genetic roots of disease and then developing treatments. It is considered a megaproject. The genome was broken into smaller pieces; approximately 150,000 base pairs in length. These pieces were then ligated into a type of vector known as "bacterial artificial chromosomes", or BACs, which are derived from bacterial chromosomes which have been genetically engineered. The vectors containing the genes can be inserted into bacteria where they are copied by the bacterial DNA replication machinery. Each of these pieces was then sequenced separately as a small "shotgun" project and then assembled. The larger, 150,000 base pairs go together to create chromosomes. This is known as the "hierarchical shotgun" approach, because the genome is first broken into relatively large chunks, which are then mapped to chromosomes before being selected for sequencing. Funding came from the US government through the National Institutes of Health in the United States, and a UK charity organization, the Wellcome Trust, as well as numerous other groups from around the world. The funding supported a number of large sequencing centers including those at Whitehead Institute, the Wellcome Sanger Institute (then called The Sanger Centre) based at the Wellcome Genome Campus, Washington University in St. Louis, and Baylor College of Medicine. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) served as an important channel for the involvement of developing countries in the Human Genome Project. Public vis-à-vis private approaches In 1998, a similar, privately funded quest was launched by the American researcher Craig Venter, and his firm Celera Genomics. Venter was a scientist at the NIH during the early 1990s when the project was initiated. The $300M Celera effort was intended to proceed at a faster pace and at a fraction of the cost of the roughly $3 billion publicly funded project. The Celera approach was able to proceed at a much more rapid rate and at a lower cost, than the public project. While it made use of publicly available maps at GeneBank, those were of low quality and only slowed down the project. Celera used a technique called whole genome shotgun sequencing, employing pairwise end sequencing, which had been used to sequence bacterial genomes of up to six million base pairs in length, but not for anything nearly as large as the three billion base pair human genome. Celera initially announced that it would seek patent protection on "only 200–300" genes, but later amended this to seeking "intellectual property protection" on "fully-characterized important structures" amounting to 100–300 targets. The firm eventually filed preliminary ("place-holder") patent applications on 6,500 whole or partial genes. Celera also promised to publish their findings in accordance with the terms of the 1996 "Bermuda Statement", by releasing new data annually (the HGP released its new data daily), although, unlike the publicly funded project, they would not permit free redistribution or scientific use of the data. The publicly funded competitors were compelled to release the first draft of the human genome before Celera for this reason. On July 7, 2000, the UCSC Genome Bioinformatics Group released a first working draft on the web. The scientific community downloaded about 500 GB of information from the UCSC genome server in the first 24 hours of free and unrestricted access. In March 2000, President Clinton, along with Prime Minister Tony Blair in a dual statement, urged that all researchers who wished to research the sequence should have "unencumbered access" to the genome sequence. The statement sent Celera's stock plummeting and dragged down the biotechnology-heavy Nasdaq. The biotechnology sector lost about $50 billion in market capitalization in two days. Although the working draft was announced in June 2000, it was not until February 2001 that Celera and the HGP scientists published details of their drafts. Special issues of Nature described the methods used to produce the draft sequence and offered analysis of the sequence. These drafts covered about 83% of the genome (90% of the euchromatic regions with 150,000 gaps and the order and orientation of many segments not yet established). In February 2001, at the time of the joint publications, press releases announced that the project had been completed by both groups. Improved drafts were announced in 2003 and 2005, filling in to approximately 92% of the sequence currently. Genome donors In the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (IHGSC) public-sector HGP, researchers collected blood (female) or sperm (male) samples from a large number of donors. Only a few of many collected samples were processed as DNA resources. Thus the donor identities were protected so neither donors nor scientists could know whose DNA was sequenced. DNA clones taken from many different libraries were used in the overall project, with most of those libraries being created by Dr. Pieter J. de Jong. Much of the sequence (>70%) of the reference genome produced by the public HGP came from a single anonymous male donor from Buffalo, New York, (code name RP11; the "RP" refers to Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center). karyogram of a human, showing an overview of the human genome, with 22 homologous chromosomes, both the female (XX) and male (XY) versions of the sex chromosome (bottom right), as well as the mitochondrial genome (to scale at bottom left). The blue scale to the left of each chromosome pair (and the mitochondrial genome) shows its length in terms of millions of DNA base pairs. HGP scientists used white blood cells from the blood of two male and two female donors (randomly selected from 20 of each) – each donor yielding a separate DNA library. One of these libraries (RP11) was used considerably more than others, because of quality considerations. One minor technical issue is that male samples contain just over half as much DNA from the sex chromosomes (one X chromosome and one Y chromosome) compared to female samples (which contain two X chromosomes). The other 22 chromosomes (the autosomes) are the same for both sexes. Although the main sequencing phase of the HGP has been completed, studies of DNA variation continued in the International HapMap Project, whose goal was to identify patterns of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) groups (called haplotypes, or "haps"). The DNA samples for the HapMap came from a total of 270 individuals; Yoruba people in Ibadan, Nigeria; Japanese people in Tokyo; Han Chinese in Beijing; and the French Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH) resource, which consisted of residents of the United States having ancestry from Western and Northern Europe. In the Celera Genomics private-sector project, DNA from five different individuals were used for sequencing. The lead scientist of Celera Genomics at that time, Craig Venter, later acknowledged (in a public letter to the journal Science) that his DNA was one of 21 samples in the pool, five of which were selected for use. Developments With the sequence in hand, the next step was to identify the genetic variants that increase the risk for common diseases like cancer and diabetes. It is anticipated that detailed knowledge of the human genome will provide new avenues for advances in medicine and biotechnology. Clear practical results of the project emerged even before the work was finished. For example, a number of companies, such as Myriad Genetics, started offering easy ways to administer genetic tests that can show predisposition to a variety of illnesses, including breast cancer, hemostasis disorders, cystic fibrosis, liver diseases and many others. Also, the etiologies for cancers, Alzheimer's disease and other areas of clinical interest are considered likely to benefit from genome information and possibly may lead in the long term to significant advances in their management. There are also many tangible benefits for biologists. For example, a researcher investigating a certain form of cancer may have narrowed down their search to a particular gene. By visiting the human genome database on the World Wide Web, this researcher can examine what other scientists have written about this gene, including (potentially) the three-dimensional structure of its product, its functions, its evolutionary relationships to other human genes, or to genes in mice, yeast, or fruit flies, possible detrimental mutations, interactions with other genes, body tissues in which this gene is activated, and diseases associated with this gene or other datatypes. Further, a deeper understanding of the disease processes at the level of molecular biology may determine new therapeutic procedures. Given the established importance of DNA in molecular biology and its central role in determining the fundamental operation of cellular processes, it is likely that expanded knowledge in this area will facilitate medical advances in numerous areas of clinical interest that may not have been possible without them. The analysis of similarities between DNA sequences from different organisms is also opening new avenues in the study of evolution. In many cases, evolutionary questions can now be framed in terms of molecular biology; indeed, many major evolutionary milestones (the emergence of the ribosome and organelles, the development of embryos with body plans, the vertebrate immune system) can be related to the molecular level. Many questions about the similarities and differences between humans and their closest relatives (the primates, and indeed the other mammals) are expected to be illuminated by the data in this project. The project inspired and paved the way for genomic work in other fields, such as agriculture. For example, by studying the genetic composition of Tritium aestivum, the world's most commonly used bread wheat, great insight has been gained into the ways that domestication has impacted the evolution of the plant. It is being investigated which loci are most susceptible to manipulation, and how this plays out in evolutionary terms. Genetic sequencing has allowed these questions to be addressed for the first time, as specific loci can be compared in wild and domesticated strains of the plant. This will allow for advances in the genetic modification in the future which could yield healthier and disease-resistant wheat crops, among other things. Ethical, legal, and social issues At the onset of the Human Genome Project, several ethical, legal, and social concerns were raised in regard to how increased knowledge of the human genome could be used to discriminate against people. One of the main concerns of most individuals was the fear that both employers and health insurance companies would refuse to hire individuals or refuse to provide insurance to people because of a health concern indicated by someone's genes. In 1996, the United States passed the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), which protects against the unauthorized and non-consensual release of individually identifiable health information to any entity not actively engaged in the provision of healthcare services to a patient. Along with identifying all of the approximately 20,000–25,000 genes in the human genome (estimated at between 80,000 and 140,000 at the start of the project), the Human Genome Project also sought to address the ethical, legal, and social issues that were created by the onset of the project. For that, the Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI) program was founded in 1990. Five percent of the annual budget was allocated to address the ELSI arising from the project. This budget started at approximately $1.57 million in the year 1990, but increased to approximately $18 million in the year 2014. Whilst the project may offer significant benefits to medicine and scientific research, some authors have emphasized the need to address the potential social consequences of mapping the human genome. Historian of science Hans-Jörg Rheinberger wrote that "the prospect of 'molecularizing' diseases and their possible cure will have a profound impact on what patients expect from medical help, and on a new generation of doctors' perception of illness." See also