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Introduction 100px The Kingston Aces were a pair of senior ice hockey teams based in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. The first Kingston Aces were members of the Ontario Hockey Association (OHA). They played in the OHA Senior A League from 1965 to 1973, and played home games at the Kingston Memorial Centre. The Aces won the J. Ross Robertson Cup as league champions during the 1966–67 season. The second Kingston Aces played in the OHA's Eastern Ontario Senior Hockey League in 2005 and 2006. During this time the league was at Senior AAA level, having just been promoted from Senior A.

Introduction The Norwood Vipers were a Senior "AAA" ice hockey team from Norwood, Ontario, Canada. They played in the Ontario Hockey Association's Allan Cup Hockey League. History In 2004, the Norwood Vipers joined the Eastern Ontario Senior Hockey League. They won the league championship in their first season after downing the Whitby Dunlops in six-games. In 2008, the Eastern Ontario Senior Hockey League folded and the Vipers joined Major League Hockey which changed its name to Allan Cup Hockey for the 2011-12 season. The Vipers sat out the 2012-13 season. The 2013-14 season started under a new owner, Bob McCleery. Season-by-season results Season GP W L T OTL GF GA P Results Playoffs 2004-05 32 29 2005-06 30 22 2006-07 28 14 2007-08 28 15 2008-09 28 15 2009-10 24 10 2010-11 24 10 2011-12 28 6 2012-13 Did Not Participate 2013-14 24 2

Introduction "Raoul" is both the second and the fifth single from Not Accepted Anywhere, the first album by the Welsh band The Automatic. The single was released twice, first on 27 March 2006 and again on 8 January 2007 at the decision of the band's record labels Polydor and B-Unique. Composition The song's lyrics deal with people's day-to-day lives – getting stuck in the same routines and casting aside ambitions. Raoul, a sandwich shop owner in Cardiff, was where the band went during days spent in their studio to get away from this drill. The vocals on Raoul were originally split three ways between Robin Hawkins (lead), Alex Pennie (shouts over the top) and James Frost (joint lead in the second verse and backing in the choruses). After Pennie's departure and the addition of Paul Mullen in 2007 the vocals continued to be split three ways. In 2008, the band re-worked the track, replacing the guitar and bass guitar in the first verse, with both Frost and Mullen playing synthesisers, building into two guitars in the choruses. Release "Raoul" was originally released on 27 March 2006 on CD, digital download and limited edition 7" vinyl. Selected Tastemaker Stores stocked limited amounts of signed "Raoul" 7" vinyls. The release was promoted on the band's tour with Goldie Lookin Chain in March 2006, with "Raoul" pre-order passwords handed out on flyers on the tour dates. The release had two new tracks along with "Raoul" – "On The Campaign Trail" on the CD single and "Trophy Wives" on the 7" vinyl. Three in-store signings with performances were used to mark the single's release: Bridgend Jungle on 27 March, Cardiff Spillers on 28 March and Manchester Fopp on 30 March. The release was also celebrated by a sandwich giveaway courtesy of a Cardiff sandwich shop, Obriens, limited to 500 through the band's website. In 2007, the band's record labels Polydor Records and B-Unique Records decided to re-release "Raoul" against the band's wishes to release another track from Not Accepted Anywhere or their newly recorded tracks "Steve McQueen" and "Revolution". The re-release was accompanied by a cover of Kanye West's "Gold Digger" as a B-side, as well as a new track, "Easy Target". It's not something us as a band wanted to do, but the radio were begging for us to re-release it again. Basically we had radio stations begging us saying if you release this song we'll play it. It's really frustrating for a band to be releasing the same things when all you want to do is put out new stuff and get people to listening to your other music – Iwan Griffiths discusses the "Raoul" re-release The band's first TV appearance was performing "Raoul" on London Live. The song was also performed on Channel 4's Popworld, The Friday Night Project and T4 on the Beach in 2006. The track was played live on Later with Jools Holland, along with "Thats What She Said" and "Monster". "Raoul" has been used on Soccer Am's 2006 Soundtrack, as well as being remixed by Culprit 1. However, unlike the "Recover" and "Monster" remixes by Culprit 1, the remix was not released on the single. All of the release's artwork was created by Dean 'D*Face' Stockton, except for the original artwork which was only used for promotional CDs which was created by Antar. The globe style artwork was recreated by 'Rock Drops' and used in tour and festival appearances by the band as a stage banner. Music video Top: the original video, the band with an actor representing "Raoul". Bottom: the band performing "Raoul" at an office party in the re-release music video. Original The video directed by Charlie Paul depicts the band 'taking a break' from studio work. They leave the studio and begin walking through a 1970s style concert where they look at themselves playing. They then walk through a gym and into another room where they are playing in a smaller dark venue. The video ends with them at Raoul's sandwich shop, with an actor who represents 'Raoul' making their sandwiches. The line from the song "Let's go back to work" then links in to the video, as they leave. Re-release The 2007 video directed by Up the Resolution is set in an office, and opens with a man singing "Monster". Another man does not seem to appreciate this and pushes him against a wall, possibly showing how the band are not happy with just being known for that song. The video goes on to show the band members working in the office. Robin Hawkins is delivering mail to the other employees, whilst in clips the whole band is shown at an office party, performing "Raoul", while Alex Pennie makes out with another older employee, whose husband is in a meeting with James Frost's character. The video ends with Iwan Griffiths urinating in a bowl. Reception The single received fairly mixed reviews on both of its releases, many reviewers believing it did not match up to its predecessors "Recover" and "Monster". Lee Eynon of God is in the TV reviewed the track stating; "it isn’t really the colossal moby dick sized hook they need to follow their summer blockbuster", Donna Dobson of Click Music also listed how the track does not have "the charm or quirkiness of 'Monster'". During its original single run in 2006 Scott Colothan at Gigwise.com stated how the song didn't match up to the standards of the band's first single from 2005 – "Recover". Joanne Nugent of Contactmusic.com praised the track saying "definitely worth a listen and easily likeable" Tim Lee of Music OHM had mixed feeling on the song, ending his review with "as derivative additions to an over-saturated genre go, it's damn fine". Charting "Raoul" and "Monster" both competed for success in the UK Singles Chart after "Monster" left the top 40, and re-entered when Downloads via iTunes and other online stores were allowed to be included in the singles charts. The single only reached No. 30, with "Monster" re-entering at #33. Chart Peak Date UK Singles Chart #32 original release 9 April 2006 UK Singles Chart #30 re-release 14 January 2007 Track listing Personnel ;Musicians Robin Hawkins – bass guitar, lead vocals Alex Pennie – synthesiser, percussion, vocals James Frost – guitar, vocals Iwan Griffiths – drums ;Production Stephen Harris – producer Richard Jackson – producer, mixing (B-sides only) Sean Sinnot – engineer Simon Francis – mixing

Introduction Convective cloud's thickness, between its base and top, shown on the background scale at different stages of its life The cloud height, more commonly known as cloud thickness or depth, is the distance between the cloud base and the cloud top. It is traditionally expressed either in metres or as a pressure difference in hectopascal (hPa, equivalent to millibar). Sometimes, the expression cloud height is used instead of cloud base, in which case the context has to clarify whether the intent is to designate the height of the base of the cloud or the size of it. Measurement Cloud height is not measured directly but is derived from separate measurements of cloud base and cloud top altitudes. Weather and climate relevance Cloud height is often related to the intensity of precipitation generated by a cloud: deeper clouds tend to produce more intense rainfall. For instance, cumulonimbus clouds can develop vertically through a substantial part of the troposphere and often result in thunderstorms with lightning and heavy showers. By contrast, very thin clouds (such as cirrus clouds) do not generate any precipitation at the surface of the Earth. For a synthetic discussion of the impact of clouds on the climate system, see the IPCC Third Assessment Report, in particular chapter 7.2.

Introduction "Stand by Me" is the third single from the second United Kingdom X Factor winner, Shayne Ward. It was released in the UK on 10 July 2006 and is an original track from his debut album, Shayne Ward. The song failed to match the success of his previous singles and charted at number 14 on the UK Singles Chart. Track listing # "Stand by Me" (single mix) – 4:24 # "Easy to Love You" – 3:14 # "Hit the Ground Running" – 3:41 Charts Chart (2006) Peakposition

Introduction Michael Delfino is a fictional character on the ABC television series Desperate Housewives. The character is portrayed by James Denton from the show's inception, until the eighth and final season of the show. Storylines Backstory Michael "Mike" Delfino was born in 1967 as the second child of Adele and Nick Delfino. He was engaged to Deirdre Taylor. He was very popular in high school until his father was arrested and sent to prison for murdering a coworker. Afterwards, his maternal grandfather raised him and Adele. During this time, Mike fell into drug addiction and killed a police officer in self-defense while protecting a woman. In 1987, he was sentenced to 66 months in a Kansas prison. In September 1988, his girlfriend Deirdre visited him in prison and they had a conjugal visit, during which she became pregnant with a son, Dana. Deirdre later lied to him that she carried out the abortion and then disappeared from his life. In 1992, he moved to Los Angeles and got married. The woman died in 2003. They had no children but left him a dog named Bongo. He came to Fairview because there were nightmares. He was hired by Deirdre's father as a private investigator to find out what happened with Deirdre. Season 1 Mike moves into 4356 Wisteria Lane, renting the Simms' house, and poses as the friendly neighborhood plumber. He is quietly searching for his missing ex-girlfriend (Deirdre Taylor), and during this time, begins a relationship with Susan Mayer. Her father, Noah, wants to know what had happened to her before he died. Deirdre's remains are inside Zach’s toy chest, and are buried under the family pool. After Mary Alice commits suicide, Paul Young excavates the toy chest out of the pool, wraps it, and tapes it up, and drives away with it to throw it in a body of water, though it is eventually recovered by the police. The police are able to trace it to Paul as the maker kept a list of all clients he had done work for. Zach steps in and falsely claims the chest was damaged by him and thrown away when he was a child. Zach later believes Paul has lied to him about his memories of the chest and the private investigator who tried to take Zach away when he was a young child but Paul convinces him he didn't. In the interim, Paul also murders Martha Huber in a fit of rage after finding out that she was responsible for blackmailing Mary Alice, and tries to pin the murder on Mike. Susan temporarily breaks up with Mike when she finds out about his prison time, but reconciles with him after meeting with Kendra and Noah, and learning the truth from them. Mike eventually determines Paul's connection to Deirdre's murder. He takes Paul hostage, and contemplates killing him, reconsidering when Paul reveals the whole truth about what happened, and realizes that Zach is his biological son. Meanwhile, Zach has taken Susan hostage because he has just found out about the kidnapping. Season 2 Mike returns to Fairview and rescues Susan from Zach. Susan is stunned to discover that Zach is Mike's son, and although understanding, she is also wary of Zach because of his behavior towards her daughter Julie, particularly when she asks him not to see Julie as much. She encourages Zach to go to Utah, looking for Paul and gives him money. Mike is furious with Susan when he finds out what she did, and breaks up with her. Upon Zach's return, Mike tries getting to properly know him, and Zach is initially interested. Paul, however, takes issue with Zach's obsession with two people who hadn't loved him enough to keep him. For all of Mike's efforts, After that, Zach makes it clear that he views Paul as his father. After Edie Britt burns down Susan's house, Mike helps Susan get recording equipment so she can get Edie to confess on tape to what happened. By the season finale, Mike decides he wants to marry Susan. However, en route to meet her, he is run over by Orson Hodge and hospitalized. Season 3 Mike spends the next six months in a coma. When he wakes up, he is diagnosed with retrograde amnesia, with no recollection of the last two years. Edie takes advantage of this to make a move on Mike, lying to him and claiming that Susan had treated him like dirt. Mike enters a relationship with Edie, which ends when she breaks up with him after he is arrested for Monique Polier's murder. Hearing of the arrest, Susan persuades her current boyfriend Ian Hainsworth to help hire a defense attorney for Mike. Paul approaches Mike in jail, and engineers an attempt on his life that he "rescues" him from, as a way of getting a favor from Mike. Paul wants Mike to get Zach to visit him and help him find Felicia Tilman (Martha Huber's sister), who has gotten Paul locked up by faking her death and planting evidence to suggest he murdered her. Upon Mike's release from prison, he seeks out the help of a hypnotherapist to recover his lost memories. Initially, these efforts are focused on helping him recover his memory of the night Monique died, which help Mike realize that Orson (who has since married Bree Van De Kamp in the six months since the accident) was involved in her death. Mike confronts him on the hospital roof, and accidentally knocks Orson over the side. Mike is eventually cleared when Alma dies, and Orson plants a bag containing Monique's teeth in her hands along with a suicide note that Alma had written as part of a gambit by her and Orson to lure him over to her house so she could rape him. Mike is saddened when he finds that Susan has become engaged to Ian, knowing that Mike had intended to propose the night of his accident. Mike challenges Ian at poker game and they make a deal: if Mike wins, he can tell Susan but if Ian wins, he can't. Ian wins the bet, and although Mike keeps his distance, Ian is forced to thank Mike when he rescues him and Susan after she crashes their car into a lake trying to avoid a deer. Following an argument with Ian, Mike consoles Susan and shares a kiss with her, renewing his hope that they would reconcile. Despite his deal with Ian, he tells Susan what happened at the poker game. Susan is furious, refusing to see either of them but eventually deciding to marry Ian. With broken Heart, Mike leaves her a goodbye message and leaves town, unaware that Ian has ended things with Susan. Susan follows him to a national park where he's gone camping, but gets offended by her guide's suggestion that she invites in drama, and gets lost trying to find Mike on her own. When she is reported missing, Mike recognizes her from her description, and tracks her down. To mark the one year anniversary of the day Mike originally intended to propose to Susan, they hold an approximation of that night in her driveway, even bringing the trailer that Susan and Julie were living out of at that time. This time, Mike is able to properly propose to Susan. While Susan initially considers going for a big and lavish wedding comparable to Gaby's upcoming wedding to Victor Lang, she eventually decides otherwise, and she and Mike marry in a small private late night ceremony, with just Julie as their sole witness. Season 4 Shortly after marrying, Susan finds out that she is pregnant. Mike couldn't be happier, but problems arise when they have a brief disagreement over whether or not to let Julie attend a party at a house where Mike has seem some rather sketchy behavior. Although Mike respects Susan's decisions about how to raise Julie, he expects her to consult him on how they raised their child. Due to Susan's age, their doctor suggests that they get genetic counseling. In the process, Mike is forced to admit to Susan to the fact that his father is alive and doing life in prison for murder. When they visit Nick in prison, Susan is shocked by how cold-hearted he is. Wanting to know whether Nick felt remorse for his crimes, decides to visit him alone a day later. To Susan's dismay, Nick does not show any remorse for his crimes, only for how his actions affected Mike's popularity. During this time, the strain of lingering back pain from his accident plus working overtime to support the baby leads Mike to turn to painkillers, eventually developing an addicition. Bree discovers this when Mike drops a pill in her house. She informs Susan about this, and she confronts Mike after finding that he has a secret stash of pills in his flashlight. Mike throws the pills down the sink, insisting that he's not an addict, but later retrieves them. As his drug dealer is harassing him for money, Mike turns to blackmailing Adam and Orson into prescribing him more. At one point, Mike's drug dealer comes over to the Delfino house and Susan tries to set him up for a date with Julie before Mike recognizes him and kicks him out. Caught in a lie, Mike reluctantly admits to having bought the drugs so he could keep working, as he's worried about the cost of raising a child. Susan thinks that Mike has stopped taking them, only to find pills in the car that he had been getting from Adam and Orson. Susan confronts Mike, and in the midst of a heated argument, he accidentally pushes her down the stairs. Fearing that something might have happened to the baby, Susan is rushed to the hospital. Unfortunately, with a tornado bearing down on Wisteria Lane, the hospital is in crisis mode and the Delfinos have to wait. Mike becomes impatient and punches a hospital worker, and has to be handcuffed to a seat. Fortunately, Susan and her baby are fine and she merely has a sprained ankle. She is prescribed painkillers, but when Mike asks for one, she demands that he go to rehab under the threat of leaving him. Reluctantly, Mike agrees. Mike misses Susan's first Lamaze class as he is getting his 30 day chip, but is there for the second. While Mike is in rehab, Bree and Orson temporarily move in with Susan and Julie, and Orson's guilt over running Mike over and prescribing him pills leads him to take up sleepwalking. When Julie catches him confessing to the hit and run in one of these episodes, she relays this information to Mike, who in turn tells Susan about this. Susan is furious at Orson, demanding that he stay away from her family, although she comes to forgive Orson with some persuasion from Mike. When Mike's mother comes to town to visit them, Mike scolds her for her attitude towards Susan — asking personal questions and unable to believe that Susan couldn't cook. She apologizes just before Susan gave birth to their baby boy. Mike wants to name him Maynard after his maternal grandfather (who was a father figure for him), but Susan prefers to call him Connor. They eventually settle on naming their son Maynard James Delfino (M.J. for short), honoring both of Mike's grandfathers. 5-year leap As the plot fast forwards 5 years in the future, Susan is seen coming home to a man who is not Mike. Season 5 The reason for Mike and Susan's split is because one night, three years into the time skip, they got into a collision with another car. Although Mike and Susan survived, the occupants of the other car--Lila Dash and her daughter Paige--were killed. Mike claimed to the police that he was driving as Susan didn't have her license on her. Despite being found not responsible, as they had the right of way and the Dashs' car pulled out in front of them, Susan blamed herself and Mike, and the trauma took its toll on their marriage. In the present day, Susan is now in a casual relationship with her house painter, Jackson Braddock. Mike is now dating Katherine Mayfair, Susan's older friend. Mike and Katherine bond over bad dates and realize they are attracted to each other. When Susan finds out that they are dating and that Bree was aware, it is clear that she still has feelings for Mike. This bad feeling spills over into M.J., when he attacks Katherine by throwing chewed chewing gum at her head. It emerges that this is a result of what Susan told M.J. when she and Mike first split up; that they would get back together eventually. Worried about her and Mike's relationship, Katherine tells him that her daughter Dylan wants her to move to Maryland, but isn't sure if she should go. Mike is non-committal, but realizes thanks to Dave Williams that he is falling in love with Katherine, and leaves her a basket of roses with a note saying "Don't go". When Katherine finds them, she is thrilled. What neither Mike nor Katherine know is that Dave is actually David Dash, the widow of Lila Dash, and he has come to seek revenge for hers and Paige's deaths. Thinking Mike is responsible, he plans to take Mike and Katherine camping, then gun Katherine down with a sniper rifle and blame it on poachers. Fortunately for Katherine, Edie (who Dave married in order to have a reason to move onto Wisteria Lane) texts him right as he's about to take the shot, having found out the truth about him through investigating. Edie attempts to call Mike to warn him when Dave nearly strangles her. Shaken, Edie rushes out, but crashes her car into a utility pole while trying to avoid Orson and is electrocuted to death. Dave later learns that he nearly killed the wrong person when Susan confesses to him that she was the driver on the night of the accident. As a result, Dave changes his plans and decides that he will murder M.J. to get revenge by proxy. Mike later struggles with his feelings for Susan and Katherine, and proposes to Katherine, who gladly accepts. In the finale, Dave gives Mike a videotape which he says is rehearsal footage of their band; however, he mistakenly gives Mike one containing a video confession that he wanted Mike to see after M.J. was killed. Needing a videotape to use at the wedding, Katherine puts it in her camera. While waiting at the airport for their flight, Katherine takes her wallet to buy cappuccinos and inadvertently hits the camera, causing Mike to see the confession tape. Realizing M.J. is in grave danger, he abandons Katherine at the airport, and calls Susan (who Dave is taking with M.J. to the place where he intends to kill the latter) to warn her. He speaks to Dave, offering himself in Susan and M.J.'s place. Dave agrees and tells Mike to meet them at the site of the accident. Unknown to Mike, Dave plans to have Mike crash into his car and kill M.J., just as Susan did when she killed Lila and Paige. Susan manages to escape and tries to warn Mike, but he crashes his truck into Dave's car anyway. Fortunately, M.J. survives, as Susan's pleading leads Dave to imagine seeing his dead daughter where M.J. is and prompt him to leave the car. Susan, Mike, and M.J. share a hug, and Mike kisses Susan. At the end of the finale, Mike is seen marrying someone whose face is not shown. Season 6 Mike breaks up with Katherine and decides to re-marry Susan. She accepts and they plan their wedding. Julie returns to Wisteria Lane to help them out. Though Susan is happy and in love with Mike, Katherine is devastated and jealous, and their friendship is deeply scarred by this. During the wedding, Katherine approaches Susan and explains how she feels and asks for her to make a public apology during the ceremony under the threat of humiliating her. Susan then locks Katherine in a closet for the duration of the ceremony. Despite this, Katherine breaks out and confronts Mike and Susan after they've tied the knot. Although Susan reluctantly makes a public apology to Katherine, Katherine decides to declare war on her. Although Mike tries to help Susan through this feud, he hits his breaking point when Katherine lies to M.J. that Susan stole Mike away from her. Enraged, Mike verbally blasts her, saying he never loved Katherine and was thinking of Susan the whole time they were together. When a hurt Katherine suggests it'd be less painful for Mike to stab her with a knife, he retorts that he doesn't care enough about Katherine to kill her. After he leaves, Katherine stabs herself with a knife that Mike had touched, and calls the police to implicate Mike. While Mike is in jail, Susan calls up Dylan, and it turns out that Katherine has been lying to her and claiming that she (and not Susan) has been married to Mike. When Dylan confronts her mother, Katherine has a full breakdown and is committed, and Mike is exonerated. Mike soon runs into financial problems and massive debts, which culminate in his truck getting repossessed. While he refuses any help coming from Susan, he takes a loan from Carlos Solis. Susan eventually learns of their financial ruin and, after going over their finances she and Mike realize they need to cut back significantly. This includes them moving to an apartment across town, and renting out their home. Though Mike knows it will help them get back on their feet, Susan becomes very angry with him as she is forced to leave the house where she raised her children. Though they make up and leave Wisteria Lane, they quickly find a renter for their house. Unbeknownst to them, the renter in question is Paul Young. Season 7 When Susan tells Mike about her lingerie job on the Internet and Paul Young's plan to buy their house, Mike decides to take an oil rig job in Alaska in order to earn more money. He has also been communicating with Felicia Tilman. When Susan develops kidney problems after being trampled during a riot on Wisteria Lane, Mike surprises her at the hospital. They both fear the prospect of Susan succumbing to her disease and so they decide to have an early anniversary which turns into a sham. After everything backfires Mike admits he's not ready to lose Susan and tells her that she'll find a kidney donor. After Paul recovers from a shooting, he asks for Mike's help in finding Zach. Mike rejects but later changes his mind when he realizes that Zach is on drugs. Both Mike and Paul visit Zach and ask him to go to rehab. When Susan gets a kidney, courtesy of Paul's new wife Beth committing suicide, they both cannot wait for their sex drought to end with Susan dreaming of having sex but cannot recall her male counterpart. Season 8 Making the fatal mistake of crossing Donny, an unruly and vengeful loan shark/extortionist who harasses Renee, Mike is killed in a drive-by shooting by Donny himself in front of his home on Wisteria Lane, just seconds after expressing his love toward Susan. He pushes Susan down to the ground in order to save her while he is shot in the chest. He is then remembered by the housewives at his funeral. The fate of Mike's killer is never shown afterwards, but Bree is later told that an arrest had been made. When Susan is cleaning out Mike's closet, she finds papers indicating that Mike was writing checks to a woman. Susan visits the address she finds in Mike's possessions and discovers that Mike had a sister, Laura, whom he only learned about eight years before as Adele did not want to be "inconvenienced" by their special needs child. In the final moments of the series, as Susan leaves Wisteria Lane, Mike is among the spirits watching her go. Characterization and casting Marc Cherry observed that the mystery surrounding Mike made him alluring and initially wanted to cast an Italian actor to portray him. Cherry settled with James Denton because he found him wholesome: "We think he's a good guy, and we want him to be a good guy, but he's not acting like a good guy." Mike is introduced as the new neighbor on Wisteria Lane with a mysterious past. Denton explains, "He's on a very personal mission. He's not a cop or a private eye. Mike is there because somebody in his past has done him wrong." In 2005, Denton stated that he knew his importance to the series was tied to Teri Hatcher and that there was no guarantee he would kept onboard. Denton furthered, “In a perfect world. I’ll get four more years out of Desperate Housewives, and then nobody will ever see me again." Denton admitted to not being a fan of the time-skip between seasons four and five before eventually coming around: "I thought it was gimmicky, and even Marc admitted he sort of stole it. But I realized they were right. So that’s why I’m not a writer." In August 2011, ABC president Paul Lee confirmed the eighth season of Desperate Housewives would be the show's last. Denton believed Cherry "had a pretty good feel for when the show was going to end based on the first couple of episodes that felt so much like season one in terms of dealing with the same kind of note from the pilot" and that he personally had a feeling the show was ending before it was officially announced. Denton observed that by the eighth season, "Mike and Susan are pretty secure and If they broke up it would really surprise me. I think it’s much more interesting for the writers, now that they’ve got them together after all these years, to watch them deal with these crazy situations in a realistic way that couples all across the country have to face all the time." Reception Screen Rant ranked Mike's death as the most emotional of the series, and added that the "fact that Mike's ghost is looking on as Susan says goodbye to Wisteria Lane makes this even more tragic and beautiful." When they ranked the seasons of the series, Screen Rant cited "the pointless decision to kill off Mike Delfino so close to the show’s end" as the reason the eighth season lost major points. Christina Tran wrote that she was still in denial about Mike's death even after knowing it would happen due to her fondness for the character: "Aside from the core four, Mike was the last person I wanted to see go."

Introduction Imperatritsa Mariya was the lead ship of her class of three dreadnoughts built for the Imperial Russian Navy during World War I. She served with the Black Sea Fleet during the war and covered older pre-dreadnought battleships as they bombarded Ottoman facilities in 1915. The ship engaged the Ottoman light cruiser Midilli, several times without inflicting anything more serious than splinter damage. Imperatritsa Mariya was sunk at anchor in Sevastopol by a magazine explosion in late 1916, killing 228 crewmen. She was subsequently raised, but her condition was very poor. She was finally scrapped in 1926, after the end of the Russian Civil War. Description Imperatritsa Mariya at anchor on 24 June 1915; the structure on her bow is a mooring boom, not a bowsprit Imperatritsa Mariya was long at the waterline. She had a beam of and a draft of . Her displacement was at load, more than her designed displacement of . She proved to be very bow-heavy in service and tended to ship large amounts of water through her forward casemates. The ammunition for the forward guns was reduced from 100 to 70 rounds each, while the ammunition was reduced from 245 to 100 rounds per gun, in an attempt to compensate for her trim. This did not fully cure the problem, but Imperatritsa Mariya was lost before any other changes could be implemented. The ship was fitted with four Parsons-type steam turbines imported from John Brown & Company of the United Kingdom. They were designed for a total of , but produced on her sea trials using steam produced by 20 mixed-firing triangular Yarrow boilers with a working pressure of . Designed speed was . Her maximum coal capacity was plus of fuel oil, which gave her a range of at maximum speed. All of her electrical power was generated by three Curtis main turbo generators and two auxiliary units. Her main armament consisted of a dozen 12-inch Obukhovskii Pattern 1907 guns mounted in four triple gun turrets distributed the length of the ship. Her secondary armament consisted of twenty 130 mm B7 Pattern 1913 guns mounted in casemates. They were arranged in two groups, six guns per side from the forward turret to the rear funnel and the remaining four were clustered around the rear turret. She was fitted with four anti-aircraft guns, one mounted on the roof of each turret. Four submerged torpedo tubes were carried, two tubes on each broadside abaft the forward magazine. Service Imperatritsa Mariya, named after Tsarina Maria Feodorovna, mother of Tsar Nicholas II, was built by the Russud Shipyard at Nikolayev, Russian Empire. She was laid down on 30 October 1911 along with her sister ships Imperator Aleksander III and Imperatritsa Ekaterina Velikaya, but this was merely a ceremonial event as the design had not yet been finalized nor the contract signed. She was launched on 19 October 1913 and arrived in Sevastopol on 13 July 1915, where she completed her fitting out during the next few months and conducted sea trials. On 1 October she provided cover for the Black Sea Fleet's pre-dreadnoughts as they bombarded targets in Kozlu, Zonguldak and Karadeniz Ereğli. She did much the same when older battleships bombarded targets in Bulgaria on 20–22 October and then Varna itself on 27 October. The light cruiser Midilli narrowly escaped a running engagement with the Imperatritsa Mariya on 4 April 1916 as the battleship narrowly missed her several times before she could disengage. Three months later both Imperatritsa Mariya and Imperatritsa Ekaterina Velikaya, alerted by intercepted radio transmissions, sortied from Sevastopol in an attempt to intercept the ex-German battlecruiser Yavuz as she returned from a bombardment of the Russian port of Tuapse on 4 July. The Yavuz dodged north and avoided the Russians by paralleling the Bulgarian coastline back to the Bosphorus. The Midilli mined the harbor of Novorossiysk on 21 July, but the Russians, again alerted by radio intercepts, attempted to catch her on her return journey. Midilli was lured into range of Imperatritsa Mariyas guns the next day when the cruiser pursued the , but she managed to escape with only splinter damage. alt=A large ship upside-down and braced in a drydock On the morning of 20 October 1916, a fire was discovered in the Imperatritsa Mariyas forward powder magazine while at anchor in Sevastopol, but it exploded before any efforts could be made to fight the fire. Sailors led by Engineer-Mechanic Midshipman Ignatyev, however, managed to flood the forward shell magazine before the explosion at the cost of their own lives. Their action probably prevented a catastrophic detonation and all of the other magazines were flooded as a precaution. About forty minutes after the first explosion, a second occurred in the vicinity of the torpedo compartment that destroyed the watertight integrity of the rest of the forward bulkheads. Imperatritsa Mariya began to sink by the bow and listed to starboard. She capsized a few minutes later, taking 228 sailors with her. The subsequent investigation determined that the explosion was probably the result of spontaneous combustion of the nitrocellulose-based propellant as it decomposed. Following a complex salvage operation, the ship was eventually refloated on 18 May 1918 and moved into Sevastopol's Northern Dry Dock on 31 May, still upside down. The chaos of the Russian Revolution and Civil War prevented further repair work, although her 130 mm guns were removed. By 1923, the wooden blocks supporting her in place were rotting. She was floated out and grounded in shallow water in 1923. She was approved for scrapping in June 1925 and officially stricken on 21 November 1925, although the work did not begin until 1926 when she was refloated and moved back into the dry dock. Her gun turrets, which had fallen out of the ship when she capsized, were later salvaged. Two of them were used as the 30th Coast Defense Battery defending the city during the Siege of Sevastopol in World War II.

Introduction Official 1908 Highlight Film 10m Platform @ 1:12 The men's 10 metre platform, also known as the high diving competition, was one of two diving events on the diving at the 1908 Summer Olympics programme, along with the men's 3 metre springboard. The competition was held from Monday 20 to Friday 24 July 1908. Twenty-four divers from six nations competed. Each nation could enter up to 12 divers. Competition format The competition was actually held from both 10 metre and 5 metre platforms. Divers performed a running plain dive and a backward somersault from the 5 metre platform, a running plain dive and a standing plain dive from the 10 metre platform, and three dives of the competitor's choice from the 10 metre platform. The voluntary dives were selected from a list of 14 options. Each judge gave a score between 0 and 10 points, in increments of half a point, for each dive. The scores for the voluntary dives were multiplied by the degree of difficulty (difficulty ranged from 1.2 to 2.1 per dive). No degree of difficulty multiplier was used for the compulsory dives. The dive scores from each judge were summed and divided by 3, with the three judges' results added to give a final score. However, the final scores were not technically determinative (except as tie-breakers); after the scores were calculated, each judge ranked the competitors (and could choose to follow the scores or not) and the competition was decided on a point-for-place system with the competitor with the lowest total ranking from the three judges winning. Final scores were used as tie-breakers if this aggregate ranking was tied. In no case was the point-for-place result different for any round from the final scores, however; the Official Report contains only the final scores and not the ordinal rankings from the judges. Indeed, it appears that "the ordinal scores are not recorded in any source" and "the individual judges' scores are not known, so it is not possible to reconstruct the ordinal placements." The competition was held over three rounds (first round, semifinals, and final). The first round consisted of 5 groups of between 4 and 6 divers each; the top 2 divers in each group advanced to the semifinals. The semifinals consisted of 2 groups of 5 divers each. The top 2 divers in each group advanced to the final. The final featured 5 divers (due to a successful protest leading to an additional diver advancing). Results First round The two divers who scored the greatest number of points in each group of the first round advanced to the semifinals. Group 1 Rank Diver Nation Score Notes 1 81.8 2 76.0 3 74.1 4 69.7 5 68.0 Group 2 Rank Diver Nation Score Notes 1 78.4 2 73.95 3 65.2 4 Group 3 Rank Diver Nation Score Notes 1 68.9 2 67.3 3 64.8 4 57.7 5 56.5 Group 4 Cane landed poorly in one of his dives, passing out in the water. Hjalmar Johansson, who had won group 2 and would eventually take the gold medal, rescued him. Cane "was quickly revived and sustained no major injuries,", but "was so seriously shaken as to be unable to leave his bed for some days." This incident led to calls to ban double somersaults. Double somersaults do not appear to have been permitted again until 1928. Rank Diver Nation Score Notes 1 79.2 2 76.8 3 73.1 4 65.70 Group 5 Rank Diver Nation Score Notes 1 73.55 2 69.5 3 62.8 4 57.6 5 54.5 6 53.15 Semifinals The two divers from each semifinal with the highest scores advanced to the final. Following a protest, a third diver from the second semifinal, George Gaidzik, was also included in the final. One of the judges had given Gaidzik dive scores of 0, asserting that Gaidzik was receiving coaching from a teammate signaling from the ground; the American team protested successfully, resulting in Gaidzik advancing along with the two top divers. Semifinal 1 Arvid Spångberg winning the bronze medal. Rank Diver Nation Score Notes 1 72.3 2 67.0 3 62.7 4 59.18 5 52.81 Semifinal 2 Rank Diver Nation Score Notes 1 80.75 2 66.75 3 61.0 4 59.48 5 48.8 Final Rank Diver Nation Score 83.75 78.73 74.00 4 68.30 5 56.30

Introduction Kyle Baker's portrait of Lou Stathis at work. Heavy Metal magazine, mid 1980's, photo by Jeff Schalles Lou in his office at High Times magazine, 1988, photo by Jeff Schalles Louis J. Stathis was an American author, critic and editor, mainly in the areas of fantasy and science fiction. During the last four years of his life he was an editor for DC Comics' Vertigo line, working on such titles as Preacher, Doom Patrol, Industrial Gothic, Peter Kuper's The System, and Dhampire. Work Stathis was a columnist and editor for Heavy Metal and a columnist for Ted White's Fantastic magazine; during the late 1970s and early 1980s, he also wrote a monthly column on contemporary popular music for Gallery magazine. He worked as an editor for Ace Books, High Times and Reflex magazine. Stathis collaborated with cartoonist Matt Howarth, co-writing the first few issues of Those Annoying Post Bros., published by Vortex Comics in 1985. In 1989, Stathis wrote The Venus Interface, a Heavy Metal graphic novel with a cover by Olivia De Berardinis and interior art by Jim Fletcher, Rick Geary, Peter Kuper, Mark Pacella, Kenneth Smith, Arthur Suydam and Michael Uman. In writing and editing, Stathis took a prismatic approach, noting popular culture linkages: While he was an editor at Vertigo, Stathis began having headaches that kept him from working. He died of respiratory failure ten months after being diagnosed with a brain tumor. Awards In June 1997, he received a special award from the International Horror Guild.

Introduction Mladost is a district of Varna, Varna Municipality in Varna Province, Bulgaria. It is situated in the northwestern part of the city. Its population is just over 87,000 according to Census 2011. Administrators *Mayor: Yordanka Yunakova Deputy mayor: Alexi Alexiev Secretary: Natasha Milivoeva

Introduction Methanosarcina is a genus of euryarchaeote archaea that produce methane. These single-celled organisms are known as anaerobic methanogens that produce methane using all three metabolic pathways for methanogenesis. They live in diverse environments where they can remain safe from the effects of oxygen, whether on the earth's surface, in groundwater, in deep sea vents, and in animal digestive tracts. Methanosarcina grow in colonies. The amino acid pyrrolysine was first discovered in a Methanosarcina species, M. barkeri. Primitive versions of hemoglobin have been found in M. acetivorans, suggesting the microbe or an ancestor of it may have played a crucial role in the evolution of life on Earth. Species of Methanosarcina are also noted for unusually large genomes. M. acetivorans has the largest known genome of any archaeon. According to a theory published in 2014, Methanosarcina may have been largely responsible for the largest extinction event in the Earth's history, the Permian–Triassic extinction event. The theory suggests that acquisition of a new metabolic pathway via gene transfer followed by exponential reproduction allowed the microbe to rapidly consume vast deposits of organic carbon in marine sediments, leading to a sharp buildup of methane and carbon dioxide in the Earth's oceans and atmosphere that killed around 90% of the world's species. This theory could better explain the observed carbon isotope level in period deposits than other theories such as volcanic activity. Methanosarcina has been used in waste water treatment since the mid-1980s. Researchers have sought ways to use it as an alternative power source. Methanosarcina strains were grown in single-cell morphology ( Sowers et al. 1993) at 35 °C in HS broth medium containing 125 mM methanol plus 40 mM sodium acetate (HS-MA medium). Overview Methanosarcina may be the only known anaerobic methanogens that produce methane using all three known metabolic pathways for methanogenesis. Methanogenesis is critical to the waste-treatment industry and biologically produced methane also represents an important alternative fuel source. Most methanogens make methane from carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas. Others utilize acetate in the acetoclastic pathway. In addition to these two pathways, species of Methanosarcina can also metabolize methylated one-carbon compounds through methylotrophic methanogenesis. Such one-carbon compounds include methylamines, methanol, and methyl thiols. Only Methanosarcina species possess all three known pathways for methanogenesis, and are capable of utilizing no less than nine methanogenic substrates, including acetate. Methanosarcina are the world's most diverse methanogens in terms of ecology. They are found in environments such as landfills, sewage heaps, deep sea vents, deep subsurface groundwater, and even in the gut of many different ungulates, including cows, sheep, goats, and deer. Methanosarcina have also been found in the human digestive tract. M. barkeri can withstand extreme temperature fluctuations and go without water for extended periods. It can consume a variety of compounds or survive solely on hydrogen and carbon dioxide. It can also survive in low pH environments that are typically hazardous for life. Noting its extreme versatility, biologist Kevin Sowers postulated that M. barkeri could even survive on Mars. Methanosarcina grow in colonies and show primitive cellular differentiation. In 2002, the amino acid pyrrolysine was discovered in M. barkeri by Ohio State University researchers. Earlier research by the team had shown that a gene in M. barkeri had an in-frame amber (UAG) codon that did not signal the end of a protein, as would normally be expected. This behavior suggested the possibility of an unknown amino acid which was confirmed over several years by slicing the protein into peptides and sequencing them. Pyrrolysine was the first genetically-encoded amino acid discovered since 1986, and 22nd overall. It has subsequently been found throughout the family Methanosarcinaceae as well as in a single bacterium, Desulfitobacterium hafniense. Both M. acetivorans and M. mazei have exceptionally large genomes. As of August 2008, M. acetivorans possessed the largest sequenced archaeal genome with 5,751,492 base pairs. The genome of M. mazei has 4,096,345 base pairs. Methanosarcina cell membranes are made of relatively short lipids, primarily of C25 hydrocarbons and C20 ethers. The majority of other methanogens have C30 hydrocarbons and a mixture of C20 and C40 ethers. Role in early development of life on Earth In 2004, two primitive versions of hemoglobin were discovered in M. acetivorans and another archaeon, Aeropyrum pernix. Known as protoglobins, these globins bind with oxygen much as hemoglobin does. In M. acetivorans, this allows for the removal of unwanted oxygen which would otherwise be toxic to this anaerobic organism. Protoglobins thus may have created a path for the evolution of later lifeforms which are dependent on oxygen. Following the Great Oxygenation Event, once there was free oxygen in Earth's atmosphere, the ability to process oxygen led to widespread radiation of life, and is one of the most fundamental stages in the evolution of Earth's lifeforms. Inspired by M. acetivorans, a team of Penn State researchers led by James G. Ferry and Christopher House proposed a new "thermodynamical theory of evolution" in 2006. It was observed that M. acetivorans converts carbon monoxide into acetate, the scientists hypothesized that early "proto-cells" attached to mineral could have similarly used primitive enzymes to generate energy while excreting acetate. The theory thus sought to unify the "heterotrophic" theory of early evolution, where the primordial soup of simple molecules arose from non-biological processes, and the "chemoautotrophic" theory, where the earliest lifeforms created most simple molecules. The authors observed that though the "debate between the heterotrophic and chemotrophic theories revolved around carbon fixation", in actuality "these pathways evolved first to make energy. Afterwards, they evolved to fix carbon." The scientists further proposed mechanisms which would have allowed the mineral-bound proto-cell to become free-living and for the evolution of acetate metabolism into methane, using the same energy-based pathways. They speculated that M. acetivorans was one of the first lifeforms on Earth, a direct descendant of the early proto-cells. The research was published in Molecular Biology and Evolution in June 2006. Recently researchers have proposed an evolution hypothesis for acetate kinase and phosphoacetyl transferase with genomic evidence from Methanosarcina. Scientists hypothesize acetate kinase could be the urokinase in a major protein superfamily that includes actin. Evidence suggests acetate kinase evolved in an ancient halophilic Methanosarcina genome through duplication and divergence of the acetyl coA synthetase gene. Role in the Permian–Triassic extinction event It was hypothesized that Methanosarcina's methane production may have been one of the causes of the Permian–Triassic extinction event. It is estimated that 70% of shell creatures died from ocean acidification, due to over-populated Methanosarcina. A study conducted by Chinese and American researchers supports that hypothesis. Using genetic analysis of about 50 Methanosarcina genomes, the team concluded that the microbe likely acquired the ability to efficiently consume acetate using acetate kinase and phosphoacetyl transferase roughly 240 ± 41 million years ago, about the time of the extinction event 252 million years ago. The genes for these enzymes may have been acquired from a cellulose-degrading bacterium via gene transfer. The scientists concluded that these new genes, combined with widely available organic carbon deposits in the ocean and a plentiful supply of nickel, allowed Methanosarcina populations to increase dramatically. Under their theory, this led to the release of abundant methane as waste. Then, some of the methane would have been broken down into carbon dioxide by other organisms. The buildup of these two gases would have caused oxygen levels in the ocean to decrease dramatically, while also increasing acidity. Terrestrial climates would simultaneously have experienced rising temperatures and significant climate change from the release of these greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. It is possible the buildup of carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere eventually caused the release of hydrogen sulfide gas, further stressing terrestrial life. The team's findings were published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in March 2014. The microbe theory's proponents argue that it would better explain the rapid, but continual, rise of carbon isotope level in period sediment deposits than volcanic eruption, which causes a spike in carbon levels followed by a slow decline. The microbe theory suggests that volcanic activity played a different role - supplying the nickel which Methanosarcina required as a cofactor. Thus, the microbe theory holds that Siberian volcanic activity was a catalyst for, but not the primary cause of the mass extinction. Use by humans In 1985, Shimizu Construction developed a bioreactor that uses Methanosarcina to treat waste water from food processing plants and paper mills. The water is fed into the reactor where the microbes break down the waste particulate. The methane produced by the bacteria is then used to power the reactor, making it cheap to run. In tests, Methanosarcina reduced the waste concentration from 5,000–10,000 parts per million (ppm) to 80–100 ppm. Further treatment was necessary to finish the cleansing process. According to a 1994 report in Chemistry and Industry, bioreactors utilizing anaerobic digestion by Methanothrix soehngenii or Methanosarcina produced less sludge byproduct than aerobic counterparts. Methanosarcina reactors operate at temperatures ranging from 35 to 55 °C and pH ranges of 6.5-7.5. Researchers have sought ways to utilize Methanosarcina's methane-producing abilities more broadly as an alternative power source. In December 2010, University of Arkansas researchers successfully spliced a gene into M. acetivorans that allowed it to break down esters. They argued that this would allow it to more efficiently convert biomass into methane gas for power production. In 2011, it was shown that most methane produced during decomposition at landfills comes from M. barkeri. The researchers found that the microbe can survive in low pH environments and that it consumes acid, thereby raising the pH and allowing a wider range of life to flourish. They argued that their findings could help accelerate research into using archaea-generated methane as an alternate power source.

Introduction Imperatritsa Ekaterina Velikaya) was the second of three dreadnoughts built for the Imperial Russian Navy during World War I. Completed in 1915, she was assigned to the Black Sea Fleet. She engaged the ex-German battlecruiser Yavûz Sultân Selîm once, but only inflicted splinter damage while taking no damage herself. The ship briefly encountered an Ottoman light cruiser, but mostly covered the actions of smaller ships during the war without firing her guns. These included minelaying operations off the Bosporus and anti-shipping sweeps of the coast of Anatolia. Imperatritsa Ekaterina Velikaya was renamed Svobodnaya Rossiya after the February Revolution of 1917. She was evacuated from Sevastopol as German troops approached the city in May 1918, but was scuttled in Novorossiysk harbor the following month when the Germans demanded that the Soviets hand her over according to the terms of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Svobodnaya Rossiya was only partially salvaged after the war. Description Awarded the contract for one of the three Black Sea battleships authorized in 1911, the Associated Factories and Shipyards of Nikolayev (ONZiV) lacked an experienced design staff of its own, the company hired the British shipbuilder Vickers Limited to assist with the process of producing detailed drawings from the preliminary sketch design. Based on the historic tendency for Russian ships to be overweight, the Vickers consultants suggested that the ship's hull be enlarged to create a greater reserve of buoyancy and the Naval Ministry agreed despite the additional costs involved. Imperatritsa Ekaterina Velikaya was long at the waterline and had a beam of ; longer and wider than her half-sisters. Her exact draft is not known, but she had a draft of during her sea trials. The ship displaced at normal load, over more than her designed displacement of . The lead ship of the class, , had proven to be very bow-heavy in service and tended to take large amounts of water through her forward casemates. The ammunition for Imperatritsa Ekaterina Velikayas forward guns was reduced from 100 to 70 rounds each while the ammunition for the forward guns was reduced from 245 to 100 rounds per gun in a successful attempt to compensate for her trim. This was successful because Imperatritsa Ekaterina Velikayas longer length meant that she was less affected by the trim problem to begin with. Imperatritsa Ekaterina Velikaya was fitted with four license-built Parsons steam turbine sets, each driving one shaft using steam provided by 20 triangular Yarrow boilers that burned either coal or fuel oil at a working pressure of . Designed to produce which was intended to give the ship a speed was , the turbines produced on trials, although no figures for her speed have been found. The ship carried enough coal and fuel oil to give her a range of at full speed and at a more economical speed. All of her electrical power was generated by four primary Curtis turbo generators and two auxiliary units. Armament and protection Her main battery consisted of a dozen Obukhovskii 12-inch Pattern 1907 guns mounted in four triple turrets distributed over the length of the ship. Her secondary armament consisted of 10 130 mm B7 Pattern 1913 guns mounted in hull-mounted casemates. They were arranged in two groups, six guns per side from the forward turret to the rear funnel and the remaining four clustered around the rear turret. Imperatritsa Ekaterina Velikaya was also fitted with three anti-aircraft guns, one mounted on the roof of the fore turret and two side by side on the aft turret. The ship was fitted with four submerged torpedo tubes, two tubes on each broadside. The waterline armor belt of the Imperatritsa Mariya class was thick with the thickest portion covering the length of the ships between the barbettes. The armor of their gun turrets was also 9.8 inches thick and their decks ranged from in thickness. The armor plates protecting the conning tower were thick Service Imperatritsa Ekaterina Velikaya was built by the ONZiV Shipyard at Nikolayev. She was laid down on 30 October 1911 as Ekaterina II, but this was just a ceremonial event as neither the design had been finalized nor the contract signed. ONZiV decided, on advice from Vickers, to increase her dimensions over those of her sisters to prevent her from being overweight. This added over two million gold rubles to her cost and delayed the start of her construction three months past her half-sisters. She was launched on 6 June 1914, renamed on 27 June 1915, and completed on 18 October. She ran her trials over the remainder of the year. She was nearly sunk by the on 5 January 1916 when the destroyer fired seven torpedoes at her in a case of mistaken identity; luckily they all missed. Three days later she encountered the Yavûz Sultân Selîm at long range. The battlecruiser was in pursuit of the Russian destroyers and after they had sunk the collier earlier that morning. The destroyers had alerted Imperatritsa Ekaterina Velikaya which had increased her speed in an attempt to intercept the faster Ottoman ship. The ships opened fire at about and Yavûz Sultân Selîm fired five salvoes without damaging the Russian battleship before she disengaged from the slower ship. Imperatritsa Ekaterina Velikaya fired 96 shells from her longer-ranged guns, but inflicted only splinter damage on Yavûz Sultân Selîm before she pulled out of range. Imperatritsa Ekaterina Velikaya was escorting three seaplane carriers to attack Varna, Bulgaria, on 9 March when the operation was cancelled after a destroyer reconnoitering the harbor struck a mine and sank. At the end of the month, she helped to cover the movement of 36 transports from Odessa to Novorossiysk in preparation for an amphibious landing the next month. The battleship may have briefly engaged the light cruiser on 4 April, firing at the smaller ship for about 15 minutes with little effect before she was able to disengage. Other sources, however, state that the Ottoman ship actually encountered Imperatritsa Mariya. Three months later Imperatritsa Ekaterina Velikaya and her half-sister Imperatritsa Mariya, alerted by intercepted radio transmissions, sortied from Sevastopol in an attempt to intercept Yavuz and Midilli as they returned from a bombardment of the Russian port of Tuapse on 4 July. The Ottoman ships dodged north and avoided the Russians by paralleling the Bulgarian coastline back to the Bosporus. Imperatritsa Ekaterina Velikaya escorted another seaplane carrier attack on Varna harbor on 25 August; German aircraft counterattacked and damaged one of the escorting destroyers. On 11 October 1916, she ran aground off Sevastopol. She was refloated and taken in to Sevastopol for repairs. 1917–1918 Together with three pre-dreadnought battleships and the protected cruiser , the battleship patrolled off the northwestern coast of Anatolia on 5–9 January 1917, helping to sink 39 sailing cargo ships. Escorted by three destroyers and Pamiat Merkuria, Imperatritsa Ekaterina Velikaya cruised off the Anatolian coast on 23–25 February and her escorts sank 3 sailing ships. After the February Revolution she was renamed Svobodnaya Rossiya on 29 April. She was part of the covering force for minelaying operations off the mouth of the Bosporus on 17–24 May. While covering another such operation a month later, the ship briefly engaged Midilli on 25 June as the cruiser was returning from a minelaying sortie off the mouths of the Danube River. Svobodnaya Rossiya was only able to fire nine salvos from her forward turret without effect before the much faster Midilli was able to disengage. On 24 August Svobodnaya Rossiya helped to screen a raid on the harbor of the Anatolian city of Ordu. The ship was ordered to intercept Midilli on 1 November, but the crew refused to participate and returned to Sevastopol. The navy ceased offensive operations against the Central Powers in early November in response to the Bolshevik Decree on Peace before a formal Armistice was signed the next month. The ship sailed from Sevastopol to Novorossiysk on 30 April 1918 as German troops approached the city. Svobodnaya Rossiya was scuttled on 19 June by four torpedoes fired by the destroyer in Novorossiysk harbor to prevent her from being turned over to the Germans as required by the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. The fourth torpedo caused a massive explosion and she capsized and sank in four minutes. No attempt was made to salvage her during the 1920s, but the 12-inch shells were salvaged from her wreck. Explosive charges were used to gain access to her magazines until one day in 1930 when a charge set off a torpedo warhead, which caused a nearby powder magazine to explode, throwing a column of water into the air. No one was injured, but work of this type ceased, although parts of her engines and boilers were later salvaged.

Introduction Imperator Aleksandr III was the third, and last, ship of the dreadnoughts of the Imperial Russian Navy. She was begun before World War I, completed during the war and saw service with the Black Sea Fleet. She was renamed Volia or Volya before her completion and then General Alekseyev in 1920. The ship was delivered in 1917, but the disruptions of the February Revolution rendered the Black Sea Fleet ineffective and she saw no combat. Volia was surrendered to the Germans in 1918, but they were forced to turn her over to the British by the terms of the Armistice. The British turned her over to the White Russians in 1919 and they used her to help evacuate the Crimea in 1920. She was interned in Bizerte, French Tunisia, by the French and ultimately scrapped by them in 1936 to pay her docking fees. Her guns were put into storage and were later used by the Germans and Finns for coastal artillery during World War II. Both countries continued to use them throughout the Cold War. Description Imperator Aleksandr III was long at the waterline. She had a beam of and a draft of . Her displacement was at load, more than her designed displacement of . Her sister Imperatritsa Mariya had proved to be very bow heavy in service and tended to ship large amounts of water through her forward casemates; Imperator Aleksandr IIIs forward pair of 130 mm guns were removed before she was completed in an attempt to compensate for her trim. Imperator Aleksandr III was fitted with four Parsons-type steam turbines imported from John Brown & Company of the United Kingdom. They were designed for a total of , but produced on trials. 20 mixed-firing triangular Yarrow water-tube boilers powered the turbines with a working pressure of . Her designed speed was . Her maximum coal capacity was plus of fuel oil which gave her a range of at . All of her electrical power was generated by three Curtis main turbo generators and two auxiliary units. The ship's main armament consisted of a dozen Obukhovskii Pattern 1907 guns mounted in four triple turrets distributed the length of the ship. Her secondary armament consisted of eighteen B7 Pattern 1913 guns mounted in casemates. They were arranged in two groups, five guns per side from the forward turret to the rear funnel and the remaining four clustered around the rear turret. She was fitted with four 'Lender' anti-aircraft guns, two each mounted on the roof of the fore and aft turrets. Four submerged torpedo tubes were mounted, two tubes on each broadside abaft the forward magazine. Construction and career Imperator Aleksandr III was built by the Russud Shipyard at Nikolayev. She was laid down on 30 October 1911, but this was just a ceremonial event as her design had not yet been finalized or the contract signed. She suffered from a number of delays during construction. First the method of fastening the armour to its supports was changed and the armour plates were locked together by a type of mortise and tenon joint to better distribute the shock of an impact based on the full-scale armour trials conducted using the hulk of the old pre-dreadnought battleship in 1913. This added almost of weight to the ship and raised her cost by 220,000 rubles. Then her priority was reduced after the start of World War I to concentrate efforts on her more advanced sister ships to complete them more quickly. She was not expected to be finished before 1916, but her British-built turbines were also delayed. Imperator Aleksandr III was launched on 15 April 1914, but did not arrive at Sevastopol for fitting out until 17 July 1917, by which time the ship had been renamed Volia (Freedom). She conducted her sea trials over the next several months. By this time the Black Sea Fleet was totally ineffective as a result of the political situation after the February Revolution and Volia did not see any combat. Volia sailed from Sevastopol to Novorossiysk on 1 May 1918 to avoid capture by advancing German troops. While at Novorossiysk she received an order to scuttle on 19 June 1918, but the majority of the crew (933 versus 640) refused to do so and decided to return to Sevastopol. Upon arrival she was disarmed and only guards were left on board, but the Germans took control on 1 October. The ship made a brief cruise with a German crew on 15 October, but her guns were still inoperable. Less than a month later the Germans were forced to turn her over to the British on 24 November in accordance with the Armistice when a party from the light cruiser took charge of her. A month later she was sailed for the port of İzmit, on the Sea of Marmara, by a crew from the pre-dreadnought , which also escorted her. On 29 October 1919 she was sailed back to Sevastopol by a crew from the battleship and turned over to the White Russians on 1 November. They renamed her General Alekseyev and carried out shore bombardments with only three of her of twelve guns operable. With the collapse of the White Russian armies in Southern Russia in 1920, the ship helped to evacuate the Whites from the Crimea to Bizerte, where she was interned with the rest of Wrangel's fleet. The French decided not to sell her back to the Soviet Union and she was sold for scrap in the late 1920s to pay her docking costs although she was not actually broken up until 1936. The ship's guns were placed into storage in Bizerte. In January 1940 France gave them to Finland, after refusing to sell seven to the Finns in the summer of 1939. Of the twelve main guns, eight made it to Finland, while four were seized by Germany when it invaded Norway in April 1940 and captured them on board SS Nina in Narvik harbor. The Germans emplaced all four guns, after rebuilding them to accept German ammunition, in armoured turrets in Batterie Mirus on Guernsey. The Finns used four guns in coastal artillery positions at Isosaari and Mäkiluoto. Two other guns were used to repair Soviet TM-3-12 railway guns abandoned at Hanko when the Soviets evacuated in 1941. After the war, these were handed over to the Soviet Union, where they were kept operational until the 1990s. The remaining two guns were kept as spares for the others, one of which was used to replace one gun damaged during tests with 'super charges' in the 1970s. One gun turret is now a memorial at Isosaari while the remaining spare barrel is preserved at the Finnish Coast Artillery Museum at Kuivasaari. Nina also carried some of General Alekseyevs 13 cm guns. Several of these were used at the fort at Tangane on the island of Rugsundøy. They engaged the British light cruiser , reportedly scoring one hit on the cruiser, during Operation Archery in 1941, but saw no other combat during the war.

Introduction Bronze monument of a krasnoludek: the memorial of "Pomarańczowa Alternatywa" ("Orange Alternative"), Polish unofficial social movement (1982-1988) against the communist regime. Wrocław, Poland. Krasnoludek or krasnal is the Polish name for a mythological type of gnome or dwarf, common in many Polish and translated folk tales (for example, Brothers Grimm Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs is translated into the Polish language as Królewna Śnieżka i siedmiu krasnoludków). They resemble small humans and wear pointy red hats. Due to the popularization of fantasy literature, they are now differentiated from both gnomes (Polish: gnom) and dwarfs (Polish: krasnolud), both of which are used in fantasy literature context, while the word krasnoludek still remains mostly the domain of older folk tales. The word krasnal ogrodowy is also used to describe garden gnomes. The mythological dwarf is of Germanic origin and appeared in Polish folktales in the 16th or 17th century. The word krasnoludek comes from the old Polish krasny, kraśny ("red, colorful," "nice-looking," or "good") and Polish ludek. Waldemar Friedrich, founder of the Orange Alternative movement, dressed as a Krasnoludek.

Introduction Leyland Lynx in Liverpool Halton Transport was a bus operator running within the Borough of Halton (including the towns of Widnes and Runcorn) and into the surrounding area, including Warrington, St Helens, Prescot, Whiston, Huyton, and Liverpool. It ceased trading in January 2020. History Halton Transport's origins can be traced back to April 1909 when Widnes Corporation Motor Omnibus Department commenced operating a bus service. Over the next few decades the network expanded to most parts of Widnes and in 1961 following the opening of the Runcorn Bridge extended to Runcorn. As part of local government organisation in 1974 control passed to the Halton Council. To comply with the Transport Act 1985, the operation was transferred into a separate legal entity. Unlike many other municipal operators it was not privatised and remained owned by Halton Borough Council. Bus deregulation saw Halton Transport expand its sphere of operation to other areas including Liverpool. The company was placed in liquidation in January 2020, after accumulating losses for several years. Fleet The fleet consisted of 64 buses in January 2014. Halton Transport were a long-time Leyland National operator, purchasing 20 new vehicles between 1972 and 1985, including the last one built. A further 27 were purchased second hand between 1986 and 1989. It then purchased 36 Leyland Lynxes between 1986 and 1992 including the last one built. Between 1994 and 2005, Halton standardised on the Dennis Dart, purchasing a total of 80 new and three secondhand. Bodywork for the majority was supplied by Marshall Bus, but the final 21, delivered between late 2002 and spring 2005, received East Lancs Myllennium bodywork. From 2007 to 2010 sixteen examples of the Dart's successor, the Alexander Dennis Enviro200, were purchased, the first twelve having MCV Evolution bodywork. Between 2013 and 2015 Halton purchased a number of secondhand vehicles from various operators. These included six Optare Solo minibuses in 2013 and then 14 Scania Omnicities in 2014 from Metrobus, followed by three Plaxton Pointer Dennis Dart SLFs in 2015 from Abellio Surrey.

Introduction The following is a list of centroids of various two-dimensional and three-dimensional objects. The centroid of an object in -dimensional space is the intersection of all hyperplanes that divide into two parts of equal moment about the hyperplane. Informally, it is the "average" of all points of . For an object of uniform composition, the centroid of a body is also its center of mass. In the case of two-dimensional objects shown below, the hyperplanes are simply lines. 2-D Centroids For each two-dimensional shape below, the area and the centroid coordinates are given: Shape Figure Area rectangle area 250px General triangular area 200px Isosceles-triangular area 120px Right-triangular area 200px Circular area 180px Quarter-circular area 200px Semicircular area 200px Circular sector 200px Circular segment 200px Annular sector 200px Quarter-circular arc The points on the circle and in the first quadrant Semicircular arc The points on the circle and above the axis Arc of circle The points on the curve (in polar coordinates) , from to elliptical area 200px Quarter-elliptical area 200px Semielliptical area 200px Parabolic area The area between the curve and the line Semiparabolic area The area between the curve and the axis, from to 200px Parabolic spandrel The area between the curve and the axis, from to General spandrel The area between the curve and the axis, from to Where the centroid coordinates are marked as zero, the coordinates are at the origin, and the equations to get those points are the lengths of the included axes divided by two, in order to reach the center which in these cases are the origin and thus zero. 3-D Centroids For each three-dimensional body below, the volume and the centroid coordinates are given: Shape Figure Volume Cuboid a, b = the sides of the cuboid's base c = the third side of the cuboid Right-rectangular pyramid a, b = the sides of the base h = the distance is from base to the apex General triangular prism b = the base side of the prism's triangular base, h = the height of the prism's triangular base L = the length of the prism see above for general triangular base Isosceles triangular prism b = the base side of the prism's triangular base, h = the height of the prism's triangular base L = the length of the prism Right-triangular prism b = the base side of the prism's triangular base, h = the perpendicular side of the prism's triangular base L = the length of the prism Right circular cylinder r = the radius of the cylinder h = the height of the cylinder Right circular solid cone r = the radius of the cone's base h = the distance is from base to the apex Solid sphere r = the radius of the sphere Solid hemisphere r = the radius of the hemisphere Solid semi-ellipsoid of revolution around z-axe a = the radius of the base circle h = the height of the semi-ellipsoid from the base cicle's center to the edge Solid paraboloid of revolution around z-axe a = the radius of the base circle h = the height of the paboloid from the base cicle's center to the edge Solid ellipsoid a, b, c = the principal semi-axes of the ellipsoid Solid semi-ellipsoid around z-axe a, b = the principal semi-axes of the base ellipse c = the principal z-semi-axe from the center of base ellipse Solid paraboloid around z-axe a, b = the principal semi-axes of the base ellipse c = the principal z-semi-axe from the center of base ellipse

Introduction The Koger Center for the Arts The Koger Center for the Arts is an arts center located in Columbia, South Carolina, on the University of South Carolina campus. It was built in 1988, and has 2,256 saleable seats. The center is the home of the Columbia City Ballet, the South Carolina Philharmonic, and is also used for other functions such as The State of the State Address, The South Carolina Body Building Championships, The South Carolina Science Fair, Freshman Orientation, The Conductor's Institute, The Columbia Classical Ballet, and the dance concerts for the Columbia City Ballet, Southern Strutt's year-end concert and the university's doctoral hooding ceremonies. The center is named for philanthropists Ira and Nancy Koger, who made a substantial donation for construction of the $15 million center. The descendants of Ambrose Elliott Gonzales, Narciso Gener Gonzales, and William Elliott Gonzales also made a large donation to the center and the Gonzales Hall auditorium was named in acknowledgement of their contribution. The London Philharmonic Orchestra gave the first performance at the Koger Center on Saturday, January 14, 1989. James Taylor from Chapel Hill performed there in 1992 (he's performed there 3x). New Edition performed a benefit concert there on August 26, 2006, which was televised on BET. Ben Folds from Chapel Hill performed there in '06. Canadian Gordon Lightfoot performed there in '09. Comedian Daniel Tosh of Tosh.0 performed there in 2010, and reggae singer Matisyahu performed there in 2011. The Blue Man Group ('12), Art Garfunkel ('14), Weird Al Yankovic ('16), The Beach Boys ('17), Alice Cooper ('17), funk rock group The Time (band) with Sheila E. ('18), Joe Gatto of Impractical Jokers in '22, and Kevin James in '23, and Ryan Stiles of Whose Line Is It Anyway? in '23. Riverdance, and Celtic Woman have performed at the Koger Center in recent years.

Introduction Muhwagwa is a 1935 Korean film directed by Na Woon-gyu. It premiered at the Woomikwan theater. Plot This film is a melodrama in which Yun Bong-Choon stars as a violinist in love with a dancer played by Jeon Choon-woo. Their relationship is ruined by the interference of a rich man, played by Lee Bok-bun.

Introduction The Lopburi River is a tributary of the Chao Phraya River in central Thailand. It splits from the Chao Phraya river at Tambon Bang Phutsa, Singburi. Passing through Tha Wung district and the town of Lopburi, it enters the Chao Phraya together with the Pa Sak River at the town of Ayutthaya. It is about long.

Introduction A Santa Fe Trails Blue Bird CSRE CNG bus on Cerrillos Road Santa Fe Trails is the local transit agency in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Santa Fe Trails operates ten bus routes which serve most areas of the city. Nearly all of the routes originate at either the Downtown Transit Center one block west of the Plaza, or the Santa Fe Place Transit Center. The fleet consists of 2001 model Blue Bird CSRE buses (being replaced), 2008 and 2009 model ElDorado EZ Rider II MAX buses, and 2009 model ElDorado Passport buses. In late 2011, Santa Fe Trails announced an order for two Gillig Low Floor buses, which entered service in 2012. Five additional Gillig Low Floor buses, which are 35 feet long, entered service in 2014. All buses are powered by compressed natural gas. Santa Fe Trails has operated one of the first bus fleets to be entirely powered by CNG, and continues to be today. All buses are wheelchair accessible and are to in length. In early 2013, Santa Fe Trails placed an order for five 35-foot Gillig Low Floor buses, which entered service in November 2014; these are the first 35-foot buses for Santa Fe Trails. An additional seven 35-foot Gillig Low Floor buses were ordered in 2014 and are scheduled for delivery in 2015. Routes and schedules 1 Agua Fria Route Map Weekday Saturday Sunday 2 Cerrillos Rd Route Map Weekday Saturday Sunday 4 Southside Route Map Weekday Saturday Sunday 5 West Alameda/St. Michael's Route Map Weekday Saturday 6 Rodeo Rd Route Map Weekday Saturday 21 Community College Route Map Weekday 22 HSD/Rancho Viejo Route Map Weekday 24 Country Club Route Map Weekday Saturday Sunday 26 Santa Fe Place, South Cerrillos, and Fashion Outlets Route Map Weekday Saturday Sunday M Museum Hill Route Map Weekday Saturday Sunday Fares Fare category Standard Fare 1-Day Pass 31-Day Pass Adult (18–59) US$1.00 US$2.00 US$20.00 Senior (60+) and mobility impaired US$0.50 US$1.00 US$10.00 Youth (0–18 years old) Free Free Free Fleet Numbers (quantity) Year Model Length Engine Type Comments 2101-2120 (20 buses) 2001 Blue Bird CSRE 3204 CNG John Deere 6068 CNG Originally equipped with Luminator flip-dot signs, later retrofitted with TwinVision Amber LED signs. Some retired, remainder of fleet to be retired in 2015. 801-806 (6 buses) 2008 ElDorado National E-Z Rider II MAX CNG Cummins Westport ISL G First low floor buses for Santa Fe Trails. 901-904 (4 buses) 2009 ElDorado National Passport CNG General Motors Vortec 8.1L CNG Based on GM C5500 chassis. Used on lower ridership routes. 807-812 (6 buses) 2011 ElDorado National E-Z Rider II MAX CNG Cummins Westport ISL G 1101-1102 (2 buses) 2012 Gillig Low Floor CNG Cummins Westport ISL G 1401-1405 (5 buses) 2014 Gillig Low Floor CNG Cummins Westport ISL G On order Quantity Year Model Length Engine Type 7 buses 2015 Gillig Low Floor CNG Cummins Westport ISL G

Introduction Mercy Williams, a teacher turned politician, was the 16th Mayor of Kochi, Kerala, and the first woman to hold that position in Kochi. A member of the Left Democratic Front, she was elected via an open ballot over opposing United Democratic Front candidate Winnie Abraham by a ratio of 47 to 23 votes among Kochi corporation council members. On the council, Williams represented the municipal corporation's 36th division (Kunnumpuram). Biography Mercy graduated with a Master of Arts (MA) in Sociology from the St. Teresa's College of the University of Kerala with distinction as first rank holder and gold medallist. She also did a doctoral research paper on the "Renaissance of Kochi City". Mercy worked in the St. Teresa's College, initially as lecturer and headed the Sociology department at retirement in 2005. She was married to T.J. Williams and has a son, Anoop Joachim. After Mercy retired from her teaching career, the same year she entered politics and contested elections to represent as a civic council member to the Kunnumpuram division of the City Municipal Corporation of Kochi. She contested the election as an independent candidate but with the support of the Communist Party of India {Marxists) (CPI (M)} whose candidate C.K. Manisankar was elected Deputy Mayor. After winning the council elections Williams was elected by the council members as the 16th Mayor of the Council, the first woman mayor of the city; she was elected by a margin of 48 votes in favour and 23 against her. She remained the first citizen of the city from 2005 to 2010. Her teaching of urban sociology and urban planning, and her doctoral research work provided her confidence to conduct the functions of the mayor of the city smoothly. She, during her tenure as mayor, made it a point to attend all meetings held by the Union Urban Development Ministry on projects under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM). As mayor she performed her tasks efficiently and ensured that the city which was known for its garbage dumps when she took charge was declared and awarded as the cleanest city in India before the end of her tenure. She enacted bylaws for the city's waste management system, the first of its kind in Kerala. She adopted a decentralized waste segregation (by issuing buckets to every house) system for the city. By her persevering approach she was able to mobilize funds to the extent of Rs 900 crores for city development including funds from the Asian Development Bank and the JNNURM. She died of cancer at the age of 67. She was buried in the St John The Baptist Church in Palarivattom on 20 November 2014.

Introduction Rosso (Rossendale Transport Limited) is a bus operator providing local services in Greater Manchester, Lancashire and West Yorkshire, England. It is a subsidiary of Transdev Blazefield, which operates bus services across Greater Manchester, Lancashire, North Yorkshire and West Yorkshire. History The company's history dates back to December 1907, when both Haslingden Corporation Transport and Rawtenstall Corporation Transport first ran a motor bus within their boroughs. In 1968, both undertakings merged to form the Rossendale Joint Transport Committee. Following local government reorganisation in April 1974, the boroughs were merged, along with nearby Bacup and Whitworth, forming the present-day Borough of Rossendale. In 1986, as part of the deregulation of bus services and to comply with the Transport Act 1985, the company's assets were transferred to a new legal entity. The company expanded over the following twenty years, operating local buses in Bury, Rochdale and Rossendale, as well as neighbouring Blackburn, Bolton, Burnley and Todmorden. In September 1990, a new depot was established in Rochdale, in order to support new routes introduced in the town following the deregulation of bus services. In September 2008, the company's main depot and office facilities were moved from Rawtenstall to Haslingden, with the former buildings subsequently demolished. In early 2009, concerns were raised about the council's intentions, in relation to their continued ownership of the company. It culminated in a public protest outside Rawtenstall Town Hall, with the aim of dissuading Rossendale Borough Council from selling. In July 2009, the council announced that it was retaining its ownership of the company, with an acceptable valuation not having been met by any potentially interested parties. In August 2013, the network was rebranded, with a new livery design of red, orange, yellow and white. At the same time, the company was renamed Rosso. Following the granting of approval on 20 December 2017, the company was sold by Rossendale Borough Council on 12 January 2018. The sale saw the company's 240 staff and 102 vehicles join Transdev Blazefield – a move which saw the investment of £3 million in a new fleet of high-specification vehicles for routes in and around Bury, Rochdale and Rossendale. In April 2018, the company's Haslingden depot, which opened ten years earlier, was closed. Staff and vehicles were reassigned within the business to nearby depots across Lancashire. Services and branding 464 The 464 service operates between Accrington and Rochdale via Rawtenstall up to every 15 minutes, with a half-hourly frequency during the evening and on Sunday. This route is operated by a fleet of Optare Versa single-deck vehicles branded in a two-tone purple and pink livery. Features include free Wifi, USB and wireless charging and audio-visual next stop announcements. Bury Bolts The Bury Bolts brand encompasses a number of local services operating in and around the town of Bury. Services are operated by a fleet of Alexander Dennis Enviro 200 single-deck vehicles, branded in a two-tone yellow livery. Routes Include:B1 (Bury - Woodhill - Burrs - Summerseat - Ramsbottom - Peel Brow), B2 (Bury - Fernhill - Chesham - Limefield - Nangreaves), B3 (Bury - Pimhole - Ferngrove) & B4 (Bury - Pimhole - Fairfield - Jericho - Heywood). Irwell Line The Irwell Line brand encompasses two services, which operate along the Irwell Valley. The routes operate between Blackburn (481) or Burnley (483) and Bury via Rawtenstall. Services are operated by a fleet of Volvo B7RLE/Wright Eclipse Urban single-deck vehicles, branded in a two-tone teal and yellow livery. Features include free WiFi, USB charging and audio-visual next stop announcements. Lakeline The Lakeline brand encompasses two services (457 and 458), which operate between Littleborough and Rochdale via Smallbridge. Services are operated by a fleet of Wright Streetlite single-deck vehicles, branded in a two-tone blue and yellow livery. Features include free WiFi and USB charging. Rochdale Runners The Rochdale Runners brand encompasses a number of local services operating in and around the town of Rochdale. Services are operated by a fleet of Alexander Dennis Enviro 200 single-deck vehicles, branded in a two-tone yellow livery. Rossendale Rovers Launched in January 2021, Rossendale Rovers is a brand encompassing a number of local services operating in and around the Rossendale Valley. Services are operated by a fleet of Optare Solo single-deck vehicles, branded in a two-tone yellow livery. Features include audio-visual next stop announcements. Tottington Line Tottington Line is the brand for service 469, which operates between Bury and Tottington up to every 15 minutes, with a half-hourly service during the evening and on Sunday. The service is operated by a fleet of Wright Streetlite single-deck vehicles, branded in a two-tone green and yellow livery. Features include free WiFi and USB charging. Trax The Trax brand encompasses two services (467 and 468), which operate between Bury and Rochdale via Bamford at a combined half-hourly frequency. Services are operated by a fleet of Wright Streetlite single-deck vehicles, branded in a two-tone orange and yellow livery. Features include free WiFi and USB charging. Fleet and operations Depots As of April 2022, the company operates from a single depot in Rochdale, as well as sharing Burnley depot with The Burnley Bus Company. Vehicles As of April 2022, the fleet consists of in the region of 100 buses. The fleet consists of diesel-powered single and double-deck buses manufactured by Alexander Dennis, Optare, Volvo and Wrightbus.

Introduction RPB may refer to: Racing Plast Burträsk, Swedish company Rally for the People of Burundi Reverse path broadcast, a routing method similar to reverse path forwarding Reverse penhold backhand, a grip in table tennis RPB subunits of RNA polymerase, encoded by POL genes

Introduction The Andrei Pervozvanny class were a pair of pre-dreadnought battleships built in the first decade of the twentieth century for the Baltic Fleet of the Imperial Russian Navy. They were conceived by the Naval Technical Committee in 1903 as an incremental development of the s with increased displacement and heavier secondary armament. The disastrous experiences of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 and the unrest resulting from the 1905 Russian Revolution led to countless redesigns, change orders and delays in construction. Despite the designers' repeated attempts to modernize the ships while under construction, they were obsolete in concept from the beginning, and even more so when they entered service in 1911. In the first year of World War I, Andrei Pervozvanny and Imperator Pavel I formed the core of the Baltic Fleet. For most of the war they remained moored in the safety of Sveaborg and Helsingfors. Idle, demoralized ratings subscribed to Bolshevik ideology and on took control of the ships in a violent mutiny, killing many of their officers in the process. The battleships participated in the Ice Cruise of 1918, and Andrei Pervozvanny later helped to put down the Krasnaya Gorka fort mutiny of 1919. After the Kronstadt rebellion of 1921, the Bolshevik government lost interest in maintaining the battleships, and they were scrapped beginning in November–December 1923. Design Right elevation and plan from Brassey's Naval Annual 1912. The shaded areas show the ships' armour. The planned completion of the five s in 1904 would leave Russian shipbuilders with little work, so the Naval Technical Committee (NTC) organized a conference in late 1902 on the new 20-year shipbuilding program, which included money for four battleships in 1903 and 1904, a pair for the Black Sea Fleet () and another pair for the Baltic Fleet. Based on the recommendations of the participants, the NTC chose a much larger and heavily armoured version of the Borodinos for the Baltic ships, with their secondary armament upgraded to quick-firing guns rather than the guns of the older ships. The initial estimate of the design's displacement became an informal upper limit which constrained the design of the ships. At the beginning of 1903, the Russian Naval General Staff considered sketch designs by the designer of the Borodino class, Dmitry Skvortsov, and the NTC and selected the former's proposal. It also issued more detailed requirements for the new ships. They were to be fitted with 12- and 8-inch guns, each in twin-gun turrets, and equipped with twenty guns for defence against torpedo boats. Their protection was to consist of a waterline belt with an upper strake of armour or a uniform belt 8 inches thick. The speed of the battleships was to be no less than and they were to have a maximum draught of to allow passage through the Suez Canal. Concerned about stability, the staff reduced the superstructure by one deck. Skvortsov presented his drawings and calculations in June. Skortsov warned about the unacceptable drag of the hull form that he was forced to use and Alexey Krylov, then chief of the Navy's ship model basin agreed, but nothing was done to improve its efficiency. Krylov's planned departure for the Far East forced the NTC to hasten official approval of the draft design. Their presentation on ended in an embarrassment: the NTC intended to award the contract for one of two new ships to Baltic Works, but did not even inform its master builder Sergey Ratnik about the project's existence. Ratnik, who had built two of the Borodino-class ships, believed that the new design was inferior to its predecessors. It had no displacement reserve compared to the allowed for the Borodino class and the British standard of at least 4% of displacement. The NTC overruled his objections and approved the design for construction. At the end of July, Ratnik appealed to the NTC again, arguing that the mechanisms and systems overlooked by the designers would add to the ship's weight. The NTC dismissed his complaint and proceeded with the flawed design. In line with Russian practice of the period, it was a collective work signed off by a ring of designers and bureaucrats. No one dared to take the lead and assume full responsibility. In August the NTC finalized the design with only marginal improvements. On the Ministry of the Navy awarded construction contracts to the Galernyi Island Shipyard (Andrei Pervozvanny) and the Baltic Works (Imperator Pavel I) in Saint Petersburg. Construction Actual work on Andrei Pervozvanny commenced on and construction began on Imperator Pavel I on . Coal-firing boilers and steam engines were ordered from the Franco-Russian Works. In an inexplicable twist of the NTC bureaucracy, engines for the two sister ships were ordered to different specifications. In line with Russian tradition Andrei Pervozvanny was formally laid down in May 1905, after more than a year of construction work. The ceremony coincided with the beginning of a six-month hiatus (May–October 1905) caused by the 1905 Russian Revolution. Baltic Works cancelled the laying-down ceremony of Imperator Pavel I altogether: officially, Pavel was laid down and launched on the same date, . Construction proceeded at a slow pace, frequently interrupted by redesign proposals, change orders, rework and inevitable delays. After the completion of Andrei Pervozvanny its builders identified seventeen distinct stages of its design. The sinking of the battleship Petropavlovsk in April 1904, which was blamed on a detonation of its stored naval mines or the forward 12-inch magazine, or both, compelled the NTC to reconsider the use of mines. Russian battleships carried their own stock of naval mines to protect themselves at anchorage, even when accompanied by minelayers and destroyers. The NTC banned mines from battleships on . In December 1904 the NTC also agreed to strip the new battleships of their stern torpedo tubes, but kept the bow and broadside tubes. In mid-1905 the torpedo armament was reduced to only two broadside tubes. The NTC flooded Skvortsov in 1905 with a chain of conflicting and poorly formulated change orders influenced by war-time experience. The war demonstrated the uselessness of keeping small-calibre guns on capital ships; in the NTC replaced the guns with more 75 mm guns in an upper-deck casemate. The 75 mm guns were replaced with guns on , a few days after the Battle of Tsushima. More thorough analysis of the battle revealed that earlier Russian ships relied too much on unarmoured plating to preserve stability and that splinters from shells that penetrated the unarmoured sides could damage or disable important equipment like ammunition hoists and boiler exhausts. The additional armour required to cover the entire side of the design boosted its displacement to as of late 1905. In May 1906, the NTC decided to save weight by replacing the central 8-inch turret with three 8-inch guns in casemates. It also eliminated openings in the sides of the hull such as gun embrasures and portholes, believing that they were a flooding danger if damaged or if the ship had a list. This caused major problems with ventilation and adversely affecting their habitability, while the 120-millimetre guns had to be moved to positions above the central casemate. Assessment of the damage incurred in the Battle of the Yellow Sea led the NTC to another incorrect conclusion. The NTC tacticians noted that a single hit on the mast of Tsesarevich had nearly knocked it down; a fallen mast would have probably disabled its secondary-gun turrets. Lattice masts, introduced with the American s, seemed to be a robust solution and the Andrei Pervozvanny-class ships became the only Russian battleships fitted with them. They proved to be unstable and prone to vibration in service and the signal positions in them were regularly enveloped by funnel gases. Despite those drawbacks, the captain of Andrei Pervozvanny fiercely defended them and objected to all alternatives proposed by the NTC. On the day when Austria-Hungary declared war against Russia, the captain of Imperator Pavel I, who held an opposite opinion, volunteered to replace the masts in three days. Fleet commander Admiral Nikolai von Essen concurred, and by the middle of August 1914, the old lattice masts were largely gone. Both ships retained the lower baskets of their masts, cut at different heights. Description The Andrei Pervozvanny-class ships were long at the waterline and long overall. They had a beam of and a draught of at deep load. The ships displaced at normal load and at deep load. Their hull was subdivided by 17 transverse watertight bulkheads and the engine rooms were divided by a centreline longitudinal bulkhead. They had a double bottom and a metacentric height of . The ships' crew consisted of 31 officers and 924 crewmen. The ships had two 4-cylinder vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving a propeller, using steam provided by twenty-five Belleville boilers at a working pressure of . The engines had a total designed output of . During the ships' sea trials, they produced and gave the sisters a top speed of . The ships carried a maximum load of of coal that gave at a speed of . Electricity was provided by six steam-driven dynamos. Armament The main armament consisted of four Model 1895 40-caliber guns mounted in twin-gun turrets fore and aft. These guns had a maximum elevation of 35° and could depress to -5°. Eighty rounds per gun were carried and they could fire about one round per minute. The guns could be loaded at any angle between +5° and -3°. They fired a M1911 armour-piercing (AP) shell at a muzzle velocity of . At maximum elevation the guns had a range of . Eight of the fourteen 50-caliber Model 1905 guns were mounted in four twin-gun turrets at the corners of the superstructure while six were mounted in casemates in the superstructure. The turret-mounted guns had a rate of fire of two rounds per minute and a maximum elevation of +25° while the casemate guns were faster at 2.8 rounds per minute, but could only elevate to +19°. Each gun was provided with 128 rounds. Their M1913 shells weighed and were fired at a muzzle velocity of to a range of at an elevation of +15°10'. For close-range defence against torpedo boats, the ships carried twelve guns mounted in casemates above the eight-inch guns in the superstructure. The corner guns were positioned to give them a clear field of fire over the eight-inch gun turrets. They had a rate of fire of 10 rounds per minute and the ships carried a total of 2,628 rounds (219 per gun) for them. While their maximum elevation was +23°, they had a range of at +18° using their AP shell. Two underwater torpedo tubes were mounted, one on each side, and they were provided with six spare torpedoes. The ships would have used M1908 torpedoes that had three range/speed settings: at , at , or at . Protection The sides of the hull were completely protected by Krupp cemented armour. The main waterline belt had a thickness of abreast the engine and boiler rooms and tapered to a thickness of at the lower edge. Abreast the main gun magazines the belt was in thickness and extended to the bow using plates with a thickness of . Aft of the rear magazine the belt used and plates to the stern. The belt was high, of which was underwater. The upper strake of armour had a maximum thickness of 5 inches amidships and it was high. It extended to the ends of the ship in plates 4 and thick. The front and sides of the main-gun turrets were 8 inches thick and their roofs were thick. Their barbettes ranged from 4 to 5 inches in thickness. The armour plates on the front and sides of the secondary-gun turrets were 6 and 5 inches thick, respectively, and their roofs were 2.5 inches thick. The barbettes for the secondary turrets were protected by armour 4 inches thick. Protection for the single 8-inch guns consisted of 5-inch armour plates on the sides of the casemate while the transverse bulkheads protecting the guns ranged from 4 (on the centreline) to 5 inches in thickness. The gun shields for the single guns were thick. Armour plates protecting the 120 mm guns were thick. A centreline bulkhead divided the casemate and the armour protecting the funnel uptakes ranged in thickness from . The greatest thickness of deck armour was . Ships Name Namesake Builder Construction commenced Laid down ceremony Launched Entered service Fate Andrew the First-Called Galeryni Island Shipyard, Saint Petersburg Scrapped, Tsar Paul I Baltic Works, Saint Petersburg Cancelled until launch Scrapped, Service histories Andrei Pervozanny about 1913 The sisters conducted their sea trials in September–October 1910. They turned out very "wet" ships even in calm seas because the protruding bow ram forced the bow wave up and over the forecastle. On one high-speed voyage to Reval (modern Tallinn), Estonia, in October during Force 3–4 weather, Imperator Pavel Is captain reported that the forecastle was covered by "a mass of water, in the form of a solid, unbroken rain of spray, flooding not only the upper deck, but also the 12- and 8-inch turrets, the lower bridge, conning tower and it even struck the 120 mm casemate deck". Ivan Bubnov recommended fitting Andreis ram with a scoop-shaped fairing, which was intended to decrease bow-wave height from to and eliminate flooding, but the NTC shelved the proposal. The powerplants of both ships performed well at the speed trials, but post-trial examination of Imperator Pavel I revealed unacceptable defects of its boilers, engine cylinders and crankshaft bearings. The NTC had no funds to replace the defective boilers and postponed the repairs until the following year, but this did not happen as the navy committed all available financing to the dreadnought program. Andrei Pervozvanny and Imperator Pavel I were not properly completed until late 1912. They saw very limited seagoing service in 1910 through 1912; their few voyages within Baltic waters were trials, rather than active duty. Their combat readiness was crippled by shortage of personnel. Absence of proper portholes and the limited capacity of the electrical ventilation fans made living conditions unbearable, thus commissioned officers evaded transfer to the "ugly sisters" at all costs. The NTC seriously considered cutting portholes through the armour, but found it too expensive to be done. The ratings sabotaged the system by jamming the fan switches in "on" position, which caused frequent electrical failures. The Navy "fixed the problem" by building steel lockers around the switches but could not contain the discontent of the sailors. On officers of Imperator Pavel I received first warnings of a conspiracy among the ratings, who allegedly planned an open mutiny on the night of July 24–25. In the few days preceding the strike the sailors openly disobeyed and taunted their officers, but refrained from violence. Only a minority of the ratings (around 160) subscribed to the mutiny; the majority remained loyal and kept the officers informed. On July 24 the ringleaders were arrested, more arrests followed throughout July and August. 53 sailors of Imperator Pavel I were sentenced to terms ranging from six months to sixteen years. Attempts to spread the mutiny to Andrei Pervozvanny were foiled at the very beginning. The sisters made a port visit to Copenhagen, Denmark, in September 1912. A year later they made port visits to Portland, England, Cherbourg Naval Base, France, and Stavanger, Norway, in September 1913. At this time the ships still harbored active Bolshevik militants, notably the future Red Army commander Pavel Dybenko, the future chief of the Soviet Black Sea Fleet and naval historian Nikolay Izmaylov and the future chief of the Soviet Navy Ivan Sladkov. Andrei Pervozvanny ran aground on Osmussaar Island off the Estonian coast on and was under repair for several months afterwards. World War I During June–July 1914 the ships represented the Empire in joint naval reviews with friendly British, French and Dutch ships in the Gulf of Finland. Sweden had not yet declared its neutrality, and, on , Imperator Pavel I, the predreadnoughts and Tsesarevich and the armoured cruiser sailed out to Stockholm to intimidate the Swedes. The diplomats called the fleet back, and Imperator Pavel I missed her chance to engage a weak German scouting flotilla operating in the same area. In August–September the battleships actively sailed north of the Gulf of Riga, but failed to intercept the German cruisers Augsburg and Blücher that were operating in the area. The torpedoing of the armoured cruiser by the German submarine on effectively confined both Andrei Pervozvanny-class ships to harbour for the rest of the war. All battleships were ordered to return to safety of Finnish bases and stay there until the Navy could cope with the submarine threat. Slava and Tsesarevich returned to action in the Battle of the Gulf of Riga in 1915, but Imperator Pavel I remained moored in Helsingfors. Andrei Pervozvanny was mobilized for active operations twice, in April and November 1916. The first operation, a raid on a German convoy near the Swedish coast, was a moderate success; the second ended in a humiliating retreat after Rurik struck a mine laid by the German submarine UC 27. In October 1916 the crew of Imperator Pavel I, demoralized by boredom and Bolshevik propaganda, refused to obey orders and demanded better rations and easing of service. The Navy preferred to appease the sailors, and the ringleaders escaped punishment. In late 1916, the ships were fitted with four 3-inch Lender anti-aircraft guns. Revolution Andrei Pervozanny, 1919 During the outbreak of the February Revolution of 1917, both battleships were moored in Helsinki. The ratings, demoralized by idle life and revolutionary propaganda, had already been organized for a mutiny by a well-entrenched core of conspirators. The exact history of the fleet revolt has been sanitized by Soviet historiography in the wake of the Kronstadt rebellion. It is known that the revolt of was coordinated from Imperator Pavel I. Sailors of Imperator Pavel I took control of the ship, killed the officers who stood in their way and signalled instructions to other ships. The two battleships accounted for the majority of casualties of this day. The captain of Imperator Pavel I did not even try to subdue the sailors and save his officers; he survived the mutiny and was killed by the Cheka in 1921. The captain of Andrei Pervozvanny opposed the revolt and emigrated overseas. The commander of the battleship squadron refused to confront the sailors and was killed on shore. The ratings almost completely subscribed to communism, 520 sailors of Imperator Pavel I were carrying Bolshevik party cards by the end of April. On , the ship was renamed Respublika. The ship provided quarters to civilian Bolshevik functionaries who felt unsafe among the ethnic Finns of Helsinki. The disorganized crew declared allegiance to the Russian Provisional Government and even sailed out for a gunnery practice on orders from Alexander Kerensky. In August 1917 Respublika escorted Slava to her last station at Moon Sound. The latter was scuttled during Operation Albion, but neither Respublika nor Andrei Pervozvanny was sent to support her. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk of 1917 required the Soviets to evacuate their naval base at Helsinki in March 1918 or have their ships interned by newly independent Finland even though the Gulf of Finland was still frozen over. The sisters led the second group of ships on 5 April and reached Kronstadt five days later in what became known as the "Ice Voyage". Respublika was hulked in September 1918 and saw no further activity. Andrei Pervozvanny, now commanded by Lev Galler, although neglected by its revolutionary crew, remained in active service. On June 13–15, together with the dreadnought , the ship bombarded Fort Krasnaya Gorka whose garrison had mutinied against the Bolsheviks. She fired 170 main-gun shells and 408 eight-inch shells and the garrison surrendered on June 17 when Leon Trotsky promised them their lives, only to subsequently order them machine-gunned. Two months later, on the night of August 16/17, 1919, British Coastal Motor Boats attacked ships in Kronstadt harbour with torpedoes. One hit Andrei Pervozvannys armour belt, killing one sailor and flooding an isolated watertight compartment. Repairs continued slowly until the Kronstadt Rebellion of 1921 and completely stopped after its suppression due to a lack of resources. The sisters were sent to the breaker's yard in November–December 1923.

Introduction upright Atala or Attala was a disciple of Columbanus and his successor as abbot of Bobbio from 615. Attala was originally from Burgundy, and first became a monk at the abbey of Lérins. Displeased with the loose discipline prevailing there, he instead entered the abbey of Luxeuil, which had just been founded by Columbanus. When the latter was expelled from Luxeuil by King Theuderic II, Attala would have succeeded him as abbot, but preferred to follow him into exile. They settled on the banks of the river Trebbia, a little northeast of Genoa, where they together founded Bobbio. After the Columbanus' death in 615, Attala succeeded him as abbot. He and his monks suffered many hardships at the hands of King Arioald, who was an Arian and not a Catholic. As abbot, Attala insisted on strict discipline and when a large number of his monks rebelled, declaring his discipline too rigorous, he permitted them to leave the monastery. According to Attala's biographer, Jonas, when some of these monks perished miserably, the others considered their deaths a punishment from God and returned to the monastery. Attala also restored the binding of the books in the monastic library. A surviving palimpsest copy of the works of Ulfilas bears the inscription "a book from the cupboard of lord Atala" (liber de arca domno atalani). Attala was buried in Bobbio, where his liturgical feast is celebrated on March 10.

Introduction Mary Alice Young is a fictional character from the ABC television series Desperate Housewives. The character was created by television producer and screenwriter Marc Cherry and is portrayed by Brenda Strong, who also serves as the narrator of the series from beyond the grave; the character's suicide in the pilot episode served as the catalyst of the series. The narration provided by Mary Alice is essential to the tale of Wisteria Lane, as the series revolves around her sharing the secrets of her friends and neighbors. Her narration technique is akin in style to Edgar Lee Masters' Spoon River Anthology. Mary Alice is considered the most mysterious of the housewives as only parts of her story are originally known. A loving, doting wife and mother who was generous to her family and neighbors, she was the last person any of them expected to commit suicide. In death, Mary Alice sees things she would not have seen when she was alive: her friends' vulnerabilities, lies, and secrets. She does not judge them so much as love them more because of their foibles, pitying them for the ways they manipulate and hurt those they care about most. Although deceased since the pilot episode, Mary Alice continued to have a leading storyline throughout the first and second seasons of the series, with the story being led by her husband Paul Young (Mark Moses) and son Zach (Cody Kasch). Thereafter, Strong continued to make sporadic appearances as Mary Alice in flashbacks, dreams and as a ghost to other characters while narrating almost every episode of the series. Strong was the subject of acclaim for both her portrayal and narration as the character, with some critics describing her voice as one of the most recognizable on television at the end of the series. She was nominated for two Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance for her narration as Mary Alice and received two Screen Actors Guild Awards as a cast member of Desperate Housewives. Casting and development Sheryl Lee portrayed Mary Alice in the series' original pilot for ABC but was replaced soon after, when the producers decided she was not right for the part. In Marc Cherry's first script for the pilot of Desperate Housewives, the character was originally named Mary Alice Scott, but he was later forced to change the character's surname when the series was picked up by ABC. In the book Desperate Housewives: Behind Closed Doors, a companion to the first season of the series, he explained: "We changed Mary Alice Scott to Mary Alice Young because we couldn't get the name cleared with our lawyers. If over three people in the country have that name you're fine but with anything less than that, they make you use a different name. Apparently there was one Mary Alice Scott in the country." The role of Mary Alice was originally given to Sheryl Lee, who portrayed the character in the original pilot that was filmed for ABC, but Lee was soon replaced by Strong after Cherry and the producers decided that Lee was not right for the part. Marcia Cross, who would later be cast as Bree Van de Kamp, also expressed interest in Mary Alice, but after reading for the part Cherry insisted that she read for Bree instead. Strong explained in Desperate Housewives: Behind Closed Doors that she believed there to be a "conceptual shift" after the filming of the original pilot with Lee, and "they realized they needed something different", stating: "There certainly wasn't something wrong with what Lee did. It was just that instead of vanilla they wanted chocolate, and I happened to be chocolate. When I walked in to audition, Marc Cherry was so sweet. He said, 'I hope you don't mind, but I'm going to close my eyes, because I really want to hear how you sound.' When I was done with the audition, he opened his eyes and this angelic smile crept across his face, and I thought, 'Oh, good. Something went right.'" The actress also explained that she watched the pilot filmed with Lee and while that was helpful for her own portrayal, she saw that what she had to offer for the role was different, saying: "It's a little strange when you watch someone else in a role you're auditioning for because his or her performance lives in your mind. It can be hard to distinguish yourself sometimes, but I had fun with it." Scenes featuring Lee were refilmed with Strong as her replacement. Strong stated years later that her role and narration as Mary Alice led to her voice becoming significantly recognizable, explaining in a 2012 interview with Entertainment Weekly that fans of the series would recognize her in coffee shops solely by her voice. The actress served as the narrator of almost every episode of the series, with the exceptions of the third season episode "My Husband, the Pig" (in which Steven Culp narrates the episode as the deceased Rex Van de Kamp) and the fifth season episode "Look Into Their Eyes and You See What They Know" (in which Nicollette Sheridan narrates the episode as the deceased Edie Britt). The mystery surrounding Mary Alice and her family was the main storyline in the first season of the series, and it is resolved in the first-season finale. Cherry had wanted there to be a "definite end" to the mystery, hoping to avoid similar viewer fatigue that Twin Peaks suffered after drawing out its central mystery past its first season. ABC executives initially protested the writers' decision to have Mary Alice purposefully kill Deirdre Taylor (Jolie Jenkins), the woman whose child she had illegally purchased, prompting the writers to make Deirdre violent in order to justify Mary Alice's actions. Although Mary Alice and her family do not have much of a leading storyline thereafter, the mystery surrounding the character's suicide in the inaugural season is said to have informed and influenced every other season of the series. In 2006, when asked during an interview what viewers could expect from Mary Alice for the series' third season, Strong said that the character was "going to be back with an attitude", stating: "She will be a little less surreal, ethereal and a little more sassy, which means the show is going to be sassier." During the series' final season in 2011, the actress appears as Mary Alice's ghost to her suicidal friend Bree (Marcia Cross). Strong enjoyed filming that particular scene, as it was the only scene during the entire series that featured solely Mary Alice and Bree. She described the scene as one of her personal favorites and called it an "extraordinary opportunity", saying: "In a way, Mary Alice becomes Bree's conscience and her guide and her muse in knowing what to do with her life. And it was an exquisitely written scene and it was really, I think in my experience on the show, one of my favorite scenes I have ever shot." Storylines First season In the pilot episode, Mary Alice introduces herself as the stereotypical American housewife to husband Paul Young (Mark Moses) and son Zach (Cody Kasch). On one Thursday, she proceeds to go to her hall closet to retrieve a revolver, and shoot herself in the head with it. Paul asks Mary Alice’s neighbors and friends, Susan (Teri Hatcher), Lynette (Felicity Huffman), Bree (Marcia Cross) and Gabrielle (Eva Longoria), to go through her clothes and other belongings and then pack them up, as he thinks it will be too hard for him. The women end up finding a letter addressed to Mary Alice, a blackmail note reading, "I know what you did, it makes me sick, I’m going to tell." Thereafter, the women make a series of discoveries concerning Mary Alice’s past and her possible motives for ending her life; she was being treated by Dr. Albert Goldfine (Sam Lloyd) where she revealed that she once went by the name Angela, and she may have had something to do with a baby that went missing. Paul soon discovers who sent Mary Alice the note, their next-door neighbor struggling with financial difficulty, Martha Huber (Christine Estabrook), whom he ends up strangling to death out of pure rage and burying her body in the nearby forest. Meanwhile, her son Zach begins having flashbacks and is under the impression he killed a baby named Dana, who he believed to be his younger sister and reveals this to Julie Mayer (Andrea Bowen), Susan’s daughter. Paul worries over what Susan is spreading about their family, so he tells Susan in private that Zach accidentally killed his younger sister, Dana, and that he and Mary Alice covered it up to protect him. However, it becomes evident that this is not the case when Paul tells Zach that Dana is still very much alive. Paul (Mark Moses) arrive on Wisteria Lane with their son Zach, in hopes of living a new life. Felicia Tilman (Harriet Sansom Harris), Martha’s sister, soon arrives on Wisteria Lane to find out what happened to her sister. While inside Paul and Mary Alice’s house, she recognizes a picture of Mary Alice and claims her to be Angela, a nurse she worked with years prior in Utah, but Paul is adamant that she is mistaken. Felicia, however, knows that Mary Alice was in fact Angela and later tells Zach that she knew him when he was a baby, and that his original name was so lovely: Dana. In the first-season finale, the mystery behind Mary Alice’s suicide is revealed in full. In March 1990, Todd and Angela Forrest could not conceive and one night a woman named Deirdre Taylor (Jolie Jenkins), a heroin addict whom Angela had treated at the rehabilitation hospital where she worked as a nurse, came to their house looking for money and offered to sell her son to them, to which they eventually agreed. When Deirdre returned to the hospital as a patient soon after and suspicion arose as to where her child was, Angela knew they had to leave town. They moved to Fairview and bought a house on Wisteria Lane, changing their names to Paul, Mary Alice and Zach Young. In 1993, however, Deirdre came to their home, seemingly sober, demanding that she reclaim her son. After a verbal fight, Deirdre went to take her child, when Mary Alice stabbed and killed her. Zach woke up and saw the body, which led to years of his parents brushing off his memories of that night as nothing. Paul and Mary Alice dismembered Deirdre’s body, put it in a toy chest and buried it under their pool. Years later, Martha recognized Mary Alice in a group photo in Felicia’s house, leading to Felicia to tell Martha about how Angela and Todd possibly disappeared with Deirdre’s child and hopefully gave Dana a proper home. Martha then blackmailed Mary Alice and she, in desperation, committed suicide. Later seasons Mary Alice appears in flashbacks and dream sequences in the remainder of the series, during which several previously unknown details about the day she committed suicide are revealed. In season two, Mary Alice was the first of the housewives to move onto Wisteria Lane, to which she recounts how she met each of them and how they all became friends. In season three, Lynette has a recurring nightmare of the last time she spoke to Mary Alice; while she was reading her blackmail note for the first time on her front lawn, the day she committed suicide. Lynette asks if she is okay, to which Mary Alice says she is and while Lynette knew otherwise, she had groceries that needed refrigeration, so she simply told Mary Alice she would see her later. After a hostage situation at the local grocery store, Lynette has one final dream in which she speaks to Mary Alice and asks how she can help her; she tells her that we can’t prevent what we can’t predict, and to enjoy the beautiful day, as we get so few of them. Afterward, Mary Alice states that this was the last time Lynette would ever dream of her, and for her sake, she is grateful. In season four, Mary Alice appears in two separate flashbacks to when Katherine Mayfair (Dana Delany) was first living on Wisteria Lane; in "Now You Know", she and Susan knock on Katherine’s door wondering why there is a moving truck outside her house, to which a rattled Katherine says she got a new job in Chicago. In "Free", Mary Alice is shown to have been babysitting Katherine's daughter Dylan (Hailee Denham) on the night that Dylan's father Wayne (Gary Cole) returned, to which Katherine looks immediately panicked and Mary Alice apologizes for any wrongdoing. In season five, Mary Alice appears in multiple flashbacks in "The Best Thing That Ever Could Have Happened", including when handyman Eli Scruggs (Beau Bridges) was first starting out and approached Mary Alice on the street, asking her if she had any work for him. After initially declining, she notices a hole in his shoe and asks if he can fix a broken vase. Years later, on the day Mary Alice committed suicide, Eli was at her house dropping something off. He asks if she is all right, to which she says she is, and just as he is about to leave she picks up the vase he glued for her and says she wants him to have it. Eli asks again if she is all right, and she politely asks him to leave. Later that day, after Mary Alice had shot herself, Eli watches emergency workers and neighbors gossiping from afar, regretting that he did nothing to save her. He then makes a vow to God to not only fix people's belongings but their lives as much as he can as well. In season six, Mary Alice again appears in a flashback in "Epiphany", when she notices four-year-old Eddie Orlofsky (Davin Ransom) witnessing his father leave their family. Mary Alice continues to check on Eddie and his mother Barbara (Diane Farr), bringing them a hot meal and later to bring a teddy bear for Eddie, where she finds the young child left home alone. Mary Alice finds Barbara in a bar, brings her home and scolds her for her poor parenting skills. In season eight, Mary Alice appears in several flashbacks and as a ghost. In "Making the Connection", it is revealed that she contemplated calling her friends for advice and support after receiving the blackmail note, but ultimately chose not to and then committed suicide. In "Putting It Together", Mary Alice appears as a ghost to a suicidal Bree, who asks her if she remembers how happy their lives were on Wisteria Lane when she was alive and if she is happy now, to which Mary Alice says she is not unhappy. The series finale opens with the day Mary Alice arrived on Wisteria Lane. Martha is the first to greet her, and when Mary Alice seems unwilling to talk about where she is from, Martha guesses she has a secret and makes it her mission from that day forward to figure out what it is. At the end of the episode, Mary Alice's spirit is seen with the ghosts of those who have died over the years on Wisteria Lane, explaining her presence all this time has been in the hopes that they can give a message to those left behind that while their lives may be desperate, they are still worth living. Reception Brenda Strong was the subject of mainly positive reviews for her narration and occasional performances as Mary Alice. Both the character and her role as narrator were generally well received by critics throughout the series, and for which Strong received nominations for multiple accolades. In his review of the pilot, Tom Shales of The Washington Post complimented Mary Alice character's narrations, writing: "Even though narration has become the most overused technique in prime-time television (needed, perhaps, to help move the narrative along quickly now that hour-length shows have shrunk to as little as 41 minutes plus commercials), the producers of Desperate Housewives use it well, and Strong's uncomplaining perkiness adds yet another layer of irony to the enterprise." Peter Schorn of IGN commended Strong's narrations as well as the mystery surrounding Mary Alice's suicide, calling the character's "dark secret" the "McGuffin that powers this first season". Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe described Mary Alice's suicide scene as "mysterious and somber but mostly funny", pointing out that the soundtrack music remains "light and happy" throughout and likened the character's narration to that of Glenn Close in Reversal of Fortune. Celia Wren, also writing for The Washington Post, confirmed that the "idyllic small-town" setting of Desperate Housewives as well as Mary Alice's narration style as a deceased and omniscient narrator were influenced by Edgar Lee Masters' Spoon River Anthology, for which she complimented the series, writing: "There's a lot of material to work with: Masters's poetic portrait gallery from 1915 gets its oomph from blowtorching the concept of idyllic small-town America. Its largely embittered personalities speak from beyond the grave of murders, seductions, suicides, hypocrisies, political corruption—enough scandalous behavior to make Desperate Housewives look like Little Women." While reviewing the first-season finale, Dalton Ross of Entertainment Weekly praised the resolution to the mystery surrounding Mary Alice's death, calling it "both shocking and satisfying." On the other hand, Ann Hodgman of Entertainment Weekly was negative in her review and criticized the writers' decision to devoting too much of the episode to the Mary Alice storyline rather than focusing on the other characters. Tanner Stransky, also writing for the magazine, wrote that the producers "artfully blended" the mystery surrounding Mary Alice's suicide with "hot-button and often titillating plotlines" throughout the series' first season. In an article celebrating the tenth anniversary of the airing of the series' pilot episode, Matthew Jacobs of The Huffington Post complimented the "many layers of Mary Alice and her family's mystery" and likened it as "just as captivating" as the first season of Lost. In 2009, Stransky was favorable of both Strong's narration and performance in the fifth season episode "The Best Thing That Could Have Ever Happened", describing Mary Alice's role in the episode as "heartbreaking" and writing: "I know we hear Brenda Strong nearly every week in her voiceovers, but it was so nice to see her on screen again! That lady can act." Matt Richenthal of TV Fanatic was bored by Mary Alice's flashback scenes in the sixth season episode "Epiphany", believing them to be unrealistic. Daniel Goldberg of Slant Magazine praised Mary Alice's narration in the series finale in 2012, writing: "There was one resolution that truly resonated. When the ladies all move out of Wisteria Lane and politely promise to keep in touch and visit, Mary Alice (Brenda Strong) takes the opportunity to unearth one last lie. With one of her most somber voiceovers ever, she lets us in on a secret that the housewives already know: They won’t keep in touch, and they won’t visit. The moment is far more unsettling and existential than the overblown sequence of the desperately deceased gathering to wave Susan goodbye. Deep friendships and passing acquaintances can never be replicated, and these are the endings we experience every day, even as we try to deny their finality." Writing for Backstage magazine in 2012, Jeffery Self wrote that Strong's narration as Mary Alice led to her voice becoming "one of the most familiar on television". As a result of her popularity as the series' narrator, Anna Silman of Vulture magazine described Strong as "everybody's favorite deceased housewife/omniscient narrator" in 2014. For her narration as Mary Alice, Strong was twice nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance in 2011 and 2012. Additionally, as a cast member of Desperate Housewives, she twice received the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series, among five consecutive nominations for the award between 2005 and 2009.

Introduction Yippee, Yappee and Yahooey is a Hanna-Barbera animated television series that premiered September 16, 1964. It was presented as a segment of The Peter Potamus Show, along with Breezly and Sneezly and Peter Potamus. Plot Yippee, Yappee and Yahooey are dogs who serve the King as his Royal Guards. They are usually called the goofy guards by the king. They must always protect, serve and obey the King. They are loosely based on the Three Musketeers. The King doesn't like calling them, because due to their incompetence the King ends up being accidentally hurt, bruised, squashed, and involved in various disasters in each episode. At times, the three heroes find themselves fighting a fire-breathing dragon and other villains. A common mistake in nearly every short is that Yippee, Yappee and Yahooey's voices tend to get mixed up with one another. Irving Berlin wrote a stage show while in the Army during World War I entitled "Yip Yip Yaphank" at Camp Yaphank from which names were taken for this cartoon. Yahooey spoke very much like Jerry Lewis. Episode list The show had 23 episodes of 6 minutes each. # Title Summary 1 The Volunteers Yippee, Yappee and Yahooey are trained by Sergeant to become soldiers, but their clumsiness becomes too much for the Sergeant and eventually makes the King mad. 2 Black Bart Yippee, Yappee and Yahooey get fired by the King for overuse of his money on things like sword polish. But they get their jobs back when they unwittingly keep him away from the notorious highwayman Black Bart, who is mistaken by the King for Yahooey. 3 Double Dragon 4 Outlaw In-Law 5 Horse Shoo Fly 6 Wild Child 7 Witch is Which? 8 Wise Quacking 9 Nautical Nitwits 10 Job Robbed 11 Unicorn on the Cob The King hires Yippie, Yappee, and Yahooey to help him catch a unicorn. 12 Mouse Rout 13 Handy Dandy Lion 14 Sappy Birthday 15 King of the Roadhogs 16 Palace Pal Panic 17 Sleepy Time King 18 Pie Pie Blackbird 19 What the Hex Going On? 20 Eviction Capers 21 Hero Sandwiched 22 Throne for a Loss 23 Royal Rhubarb Voice cast Doug Young - Yippee Hal Smith - Yappee, The King Daws Butler - Yahooey DVD release The episode "The Volunteers" is available on the DVD Saturday Morning Cartoons 1960's vol. 1. The episode "Black Bart" is available on the DVD Saturday Morning Cartoons 1960's vol. 2. Pop culture In the later animated TV series Animaniacs, the character Slappy Squirrel claims Yakko, Wakko and Dot remind her of a young Yippee, Yappee and Yahooey. The Warners look puzzled, and Dot said she does not know who they are, or what she meant by that statement. Yippee, Yappee and Yahooey appear in Jellystone!, with Yippee played by Jim Conroy, Yappee by Grace Helbig, and Yahooey by C. H. Greenblatt. Yappee is female in the show. ''Yippee, Yappee and Yahooey'' in other languages Spanish: Viva, Bravo y Hurra Italian: Tippete, Tappete, Toppete Brazilian: Mosquete, Mosquito e Moscato

Introduction Poplar (East India Road) was a railway station located on the East India Dock Road in Poplar, London. It was opened in 1866 by the North London Railway. It was the southern passenger terminus of the NLR, although goods trains ran on to connect to the London and Blackwall Railway (LBR) for the East India Docks or to the LBR's Millwall Extension Railway for the West India Docks. The station site is now (2021) occupied by All Saints DLR station whilst Poplar DLR station is to the south and west. Description The station building was located on the south side of the East India Dock Road bridge over the railway and was a substantial brick building with some Portland Stone features designed by architect Thomas Matthews. There were four arched windows arranged either side of three arched doors. It had a flat roof. Within the building was a parcels office and ticket office and after passing the ticket inspector the passenger had the choice of the going left for the terminating platform (although some services operated through to Blackwall between 1870 and 1890), or right for services via Bow to Broad Street. There were some goods sidings adjacent to the Broad Street (up direction) platform used for wagon storage. The stationmaster's office and lavatories were located on the up platform. Two NLR carriage sidings were located south of the station and there was initially two signal boxes in the area although these were combined into a signal box named Poplar Central on 9 September 1888. This was located south of the station on the up side of the line. South of the station the line and the Poplar High Street bridge the line split with the easterly line diverging and rising up and over by means of a bridge the London and Blackwall Railway (LBR) route to the North London basin and sidings in the docks area. The LBR had refused an at-grade crossing on their already busy line but there was a further junction off this line (known as Poplar Junction) that was used to allow through running to Blackwall in 1870. The other route from Poplar went to Harrow Lane sidings where traffic could be routed to other docks on the Isle of Dogs. 1906 Railway Clearing House diagram - the station is shown as Poplar NL. Note that Poplar Junction had been removed by the date of this map and the two carriage sidings are shown as the curved lines. History Pre grouping (1850-1922) The East & West India Docks & Birmingham Junction Railway (later North London Railway (NLR)) was incorporated by Act of Parliament on 26 August 1846. It was empowered to construct a railway from the district of Poplar and the docks to Camden Town in north London. The railway's headquarters and locomotive works were initially in Bow. Services started running on 26 September 1850 but Poplar (East India Road) station was not built and the trains (initially from Islington) ran to Bow and then via Gas Factory Junction to Fenchurch Street as the line did not have a central London terminus. The line through Poplar opened on 1 January 1852 to goods traffic only. Although a station had been built (known as Poplar High Street) at the time and located south of the East India Road site it never had a passenger train service. It was not until 1865 that East India Road station was built and the station was named Poplar, but the LBR also had a station of the same name nearby on Brunswick Street, close to the northern entrance of the Blackwall Tunnel, so the new station was referred to as 'Poplar (East India Road)' to distinguish it. Services started operating to Broad Street which opened in the same year and the former Fenchurch Street service operated as a connecting shuttle service from Bow. In 1870 NLR passenger services were able to access the London & Blackwall Railway's Blackwall railway station and a service started operating in 1870. Blackwall was connected by various Thames steamers to downstream locations. This service lasted until 1 July 1890 and Poplar Junction was removed and the remaining track work converted into a carriage siding for NLR services. The line through to the North London docks continued in operation after 1890. In 1904 the road bridge carrying East India Dock Road was rebuilt in connection with the forthcoming electrification of the tram service. The new tram service had a negative effect on passenger numbers using the North London's Broad Street service which saw a decline through the following decades. The London & North Western Railway (LNWR) took over the working of the North London Railway under a common management arrangement on 1 February 1909 although the North London Railway continued to exist until 1922. London Midland & Scottish Railway (1923-1944) Following the Railways Act 1921, also known as the grouping act, operation of the station fall under the control of the London Midland & Scottish Railway. When the former LBR Poplar station closed in 1926 (then operated by the London & North Eastern Railway), the LMS station became known simply as 'Poplar'. Sunday services to Poplar were withdrawn on 29 January 1940. The station was badly damaged in the first London Blitz with bomb damage recorded on 20 March, 10 and 11 May 1940. It was however an attack on 29 January 1944 that saw the station buildings severely damaged and out of use although access to the platforms was still possible. Damage to other stations on the line saw the LMS decide to withdraw the service on 15 May 1944. A further attack in June 1944 saw the station further damaged beyond reasonable repair. Although replacement bus services operated for a period the station was officially closed on 23 April 1945. After closure The ruined buildings were demolished in March 1947 although the platforms and some low level remains of the station buildings remained hidden by advertising hoardings. Despite the closure of the station the lines through the platforms were re-opened as they were a major route for goods trains running through to the docks. The docks saw a gradual decline in traffic and Poplar Central Signal Box officially closed on 2 December 1970 with all points being set for train crew operation. The inevitable followed some 13 years later and closure to all rail traffic occurred on 3 October 1983 with the track being lifted during May 1984. After closure, work started on building the Docklands Light Railway and All Saints DLR station was built on the site. The few remains of the station were demolished around this time. The new station had services between Stratford and Island Gardens commencing on 31 August 1987. In 2021 a more frequent service operates between Stratford and Canary Wharf with some peak hour trains extended to and from Lewisham. Note - between 1870 and 1890 some trains worked through to Blackwall railway station.

Introduction Paul Young is a fictional character on ABC television series Desperate Housewives. The character is played by actor Mark Moses, and is the widower of Mary Alice Young, the show's narrator. After leaving the show in the third season, Paul returned in the sixth season's finale and becomes a regular again in the seventh season, in which he is the center of the yearly mystery. Development and casting Mark Moses was part of the original cast of the series, and continued his starring role throughout the second season of the series. After his character is imprisoned in the second-season finale, Moses left the main cast, but still made some guest appearances in the third season. Moses returned to the series as a series regular after appearing briefly in the sixth-season finale. On his return, Moses commented, "There was some talk about me coming back a year ago. And there's often talk in Hollywood. Sometimes it pans out, sometimes it doesn't. I don't get super-excited about a 'maybe' in this town, because there are lots of maybes that don't happen. But then this last year they called up my agent and said, 'We're really thinking seriously about this.' And eventually, they made an offer, and I was very pleased." After his character's mystery ended in episode "And Lots of Security...", Moses left again the main cast and only made one last guest appearance in the eighth and final season of the series. Storylines Season 1 In 1993 (as mentioned in Season 1, Episode 14 "Love is in the Air"), Paul helps Mary Alice dispose of Deirdre Taylor's body after she accidentally killed her. After Mary Alice's suicide, her friends find a threatening note in her belongings and give it to Paul. He discovers his neighbor, Martha Huber was responsible and confronts her, asking why she sent it; but Martha shows no remorse, saying "Mary Alice was a horrible person". This enrages Paul, and he kills her. Paul buries her body and tries framing Mike Delfino. However, Martha's sister, Felicia Tilman, recognizes Mary Alice, revealing that Paul and Mary Alice's real names are Todd and Angela Forrest. She worked with Mary Alice in Utah and knows they snatched Deirdre's son, Dana Taylor, now known as Zach Young. The police find Deirdre's remains and start asking questions. Susan Mayer suspects Paul of Martha's murder and Felicia threatens him with Martha's journal if he doesn't leave. She gives Paul copies of Martha's journal and gives Mike the originals. Paul leaves, but Zach stays with Felicia. Later, Felicia asks Mike to murder Paul, knowing that Mike once had a relationship with Deirdre. Zach doesn't want to stay with Felicia; and, when she tells him about Paul leaving, he attacks her. Mike kidnaps Paul and takes him to an abandoned calcium mine, intending to kill him, but lets Paul go upon learning that he himself, rather than Paul, is Zach's father. Mike leaves him and returns home. Season 2 Paul returns home and Mary Alice's friends call the police on Paul on suspicion of Martha's murder. Felicia, however, is still intent on making Paul pay for her sister's death. Felicia plans to inform Deirdre's father Noah Taylor about Paul's involvement in her death, hoping Noah would take justice into his own hands. Her plan fails, however, when Zach Young blackmails Noah into sparing Paul. Felicia moves back to Wisteria Lane and begins terrorizing Paul, using various antics like greasing his front steps with shortening and replacing the lighter fluid for his grill with gasoline. After Paul attacks her in front of witnesses in response to her calling an exterminator to fumigate his house, she seizes her chance and fakes her own murder by spilling large quantities of her own blood in his kitchen as well as cutting off two fingers on her left hand and leaving them in the trunk of his car. Paul is arrested and subsequently abandoned by Zach, who has inherited his grandfather's fortune and realized Paul was responsible for Martha's death. Season 3 Paul makes a brief appearance when Mike encounters him in prison after being arrested on suspicion of involvement in the death of Monique Pollier. Paul, whom Mike has no memory of, tells Mike that he believes him when he says he is innocent, but nonetheless pays two inmates to attack him so he can "rescue" him and gain his trust. As a favor, Paul asks Mike to get Zach to visit him in prison. Zach agrees to visit Paul but refuses to help him locate Felicia, who has gone into hiding in a remote mountain cabin under Martha's name. Season 6 In the episode "I Guess This Is Goodbye" Paul returns to Wisteria Lane in the final moments of season six in a black Lincoln Town Car, renting Susan and Mike's house. When Lee McDermott tells him about how nice the neighbors in Wisteria Lane are, Paul responds by saying, "Oh, I know the neighborhood very well. The truth is: I used to live here." Lee says that everyone would be excited to see that he has moved back. Paul says, "They absolutely will." Season 7 Paul has been released from jail because Felicia's deception was discovered after she was pulled over for speeding and driving without any identification. Paul has also received a large settlement for wrongful incarceration. His return to the Lane is met with surprise by the neighbors who feel guilty about not believing him. He visits Felicia in jail, confirming her suspicion that he murdered her sister. He tells Lee he wants to buy his old house and seems intent on buying other houses on the Lane, threatening Mrs. McCluskey and blackmailing Susan to convince Mike to sell their house after discovering her internet job. Mary Alice's narration states that Paul's plan is to turn the residents of Wisteria Lane on each other and "it would work." Paul reveals that he married a woman named Beth while he was in prison. However, Beth appears unsure of being with Paul now that he is free, admitting she doesn't want to share their bed as she's a virgin. They eventually consummate their marriage but Beth is worried about Paul's secrets. When Paul's former cellmate moves on to the Lane, Beth blackmails him into revealing Paul's plan. She confronts him, telling him she knows but is supportive of him, claiming to understand wanting revenge. What Paul does not know is that Beth is Felicia's daughter, aiding her mother in her plan for revenge on Paul. In the episode "Pleasant Little Kingdom", the residents of Wisteria Lane see a sign announcing that a halfway house for former prisoners will locate in the neighborhood. At a neighborhood meeting to stop this plan, Paul reveals that he has bought several houses in the neighborhood, and intends to buy more, to control the vote on whether the facility should locate there. Paul claims that he wants other prisoners to experience the warmth such a neighborhood offers, which may keep them from returning to prison. In reality, he seems pleased to watch the neighbors bickering. He tells everyone he owns enough houses to open his center and that the mayor will be giving him a special award for it. In the episode "Down the Block There's a Riot", Lynette Scavo organizes a protest with aid from neighboring communities but it turns into a riot, causing mass fighting and destruction on the Lane. Paul always knew this would happen and planned it. When Lynette tries to blame the riot on him, Paul asks her "What makes them better than a bunch of ex-cons?" Later that night, as Paul walks around the Lane celebrating his triumph, he is shot by an unknown assailant. Questioned by detectives in the hospital, Paul is stunned to learn that Beth is Felicia's daughter but hides it, insisting he and Felicia are on good terms. Checking out of the hospital, Paul plans a cabin getaway with Beth, the implication being he plans to kill her there. Before they leave, the detectives return to show the gun they suspect of having been used to shoot Paul. Paul recognizes it as the gun Mary Alice used to kill herself but keeps quiet. He cancels the trip and is seen staring at a photo of Zach, realizing his son is somehow involved. Paul tries to track Zach down, discovering the young man has lost his fortune. Paul goes to Mike, stating how he believes Zach shot him and wants to see him. Mike locates Zach at a run-down motel where the boy is strung out on drugs, confessing to shooting Paul. Mike tells Paul where Zach is, saying that whatever Paul plans to do, it can't be worse than what Zach is doing to himself and the two confront Zach. In the episode "Farewell Letter", Paul, upset by his encounter with Zach, confronts Beth as to why she brought a gun into his house. Beth insists that it was only for protection, asking Paul to move past all his recent troubles. He tells her that betrayal means that it is impossible for life to be good again. At the drug rehab facility, Zach blames Paul for all of his problems in life, including Mary Alice's suicide. He tells Paul that he is evil, and that no one could ever love him. This prompts Paul to tell Beth that he knows about her true identity and, although she begs for forgiveness and tells him that she truly loves him, he kicks her out of his house, telling her that no one could ever love him. Beth tries to get back with Paul, brushing the fight as nothing serious. Paul believes this is part of Felicia's game with Beth replying she no longer believes her mother's claims of Paul killing her aunt. Paul then reveals that he did indeed murder Martha, horrifying Beth. At the end of the episode, Beth commits suicide at the hospital, the same way Mary Alice did twelve years ago. Paul is jarred at Beth's suicide and as she is brain dead but on life support, he refuses to let her go and let Susan have her kidney. Felicia meets Paul in prison, telling him that Beth truly loved him and that their feud has cost them both the life of someone special. Paul tells Susan he is turning off Beth's life support and letting Susan have the kidney. When Susan tells him how sorry she is, Paul breaks into tears. Felicia is released from jail, and decides to get revenge on Paul. They go to a lake to scatter Beth's ashes, Paul bringing a gun with for protection. Felicia takes it from him and holds it on him but then throws it away, saying they have to let go of the hate. They scatter the ashes but it is revealed they were fake, Felicia keeping the real ones and promising a more satisfying revenge on Paul. Felicia kidnaps Paul and hooks him up to a drip full of antifreeze and has a syringe of potassium chloride threatening to kill him instantly if he screams when she takes the duct tape off. Felicia says she wants him to feel remorse for murdering Martha, but Paul confesses, unaware that Felicia video taped everything. Susan, who is moving back home and wants to surprise M.J. Delfino by putting his favorite things in his room, walks in on Felicia and tricks her into leaving after calling the cops. Felicia comes back and tries to murder Susan with the potassium chloride syringe but Paul breaks free and strangles Felicia in the same way he killed Martha, but Susan talks him out of it. Felicia flees and dies when her car is hit by a semi-truck. Paul decides that if he is ever to redeem himself, he must atone for Martha's murder. He confesses to the police about Martha's murder, and is arrested. Season 8 In the second episode of season 8,"Making the Connection", Bree Van de Kamp visits Paul in prison, prompted by a threatening note she received which is identical to the one sent to Mary Alice Young in the pilot that led to her suicide. Paul denies any prior knowledge of the note or who could have sent it, becoming angry that she would suspect him of capitalizing on his first wife's suicide. He then advises her not keep it to herself, suggesting that if Mary Alice had told her friends her secret like she had originally intended, she may not have killed herself. Later, Paul phones Bree when he remembers the name of the cop who he confessed the story about Mary Alice and Martha's letter to on the night he was arrested: Chuck Vance. Reception While reviewing the seventh-season premiere Neal Justin of the Star Tribune said, "the premiere is packed with the zippy zingers that made us fall in love with the dramedy in the first place," accrediting the series' improved quality over season six to the return of Moses as Paul. John Griffiths of Us Weekly called the Paul storyline "corny".

Introduction Dead time is the time after an event during which detection systems are not able to record another event. Dead Time or Dead time may also refer to: Dead Time, a Doctor Who audio production based on the television series Dead Time: Kala, a 2007 Indonesian film Dead Time, the pilot episode of an A&E television series named Paranormal State Dead time (imprisonment), time spent institutionalized that does not count as credit toward the defendant's sentence. Dead Time (Creaming Jesus), a 1991 EP by the band Creaming Jesus

Introduction Operation Ortsac was the code name for a possible invasion of Cuba planned by the United States military in 1962. The name was derived from then Cuban President Fidel Castro by spelling his surname backwards. During the Cuban Missile Crisis, upon discovery of SS-4 missiles being assembled in Cuba, the U.S. Government considered several options including a blockade (an act of war under international law, so it was called a "quarantine"), an airstrike, or a military strike against the Cuban missile positions. The nuclear weapons supplied from the Soviet Union could be destroyed by a military strike with the help of substantial air raids before they were operational. The plans were rejected in favor of a blockade, as U.S. President John F. Kennedy was against a sneak attack. It can be argued that an American attack could have resulted in the deaths of Soviet soldiers and lead to a retaliatory strike on the United States. Such moves would likely have resulted in World War III. An airstrike would probably have failed to destroy in entirety all of the missiles, with many of the positions hidden to U-2 reconnaissance planes, and would also have failed to prevent Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev from sending further reinforcements to Cuba, making a full blown military strike deposing Castro necessary to prevent further missiles from being placed on Cuba. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Russians revealed that the medium-range missiles on Cuba were already almost fully operational at that time, and operational command of smaller, battlefield-tactical nuclear missiles also present had, incredibly, been given to field officers, though that authorization was quickly rescinded. Order of battle Cuban Invasion Force (Corps) 101st Airborne Division (Secure Jose Martí and San Antonio de los Baños Airfields) 82nd Airborne Division (Secure Mariel and Baracoa Airfields) 1st Marine Division (Secure beaches at Tarará) 2nd Marine Division (Secure beaches at Tarará)

Introduction José Luis Perlaza Napa is an Ecuadoran former footballer who played as a centre back for C.D. Olmedo. He was named in the Ecuador national team for the 2006 FIFA World Cup. Club career Perlaza started his career at Sport Estudiantes when he was only 15. After Cinco de Agosto bought him, he was loaned out to Calvi F.C., Audaz Octubrino, and Olmedo. Perlaza had a successful season with Olmedo. He managed to make a good first impression and they bought him for the next season. In Olmedo, Perlaza has played many important games in Copa Libertadores and the Ecuadorian Serie A. He soon became Olmedo's first choice center back due to his tremendous size and skill. Perlaza played 203 games and scored 2 goals total for Olmedo before being transferred out. In April 2009, Perlaza went on trial for MLS club Toronto FC. In May 2009, Perlaza joined Ecuadorian team, Barcelona. International career Perlaza was part of Ecuador's squad for the FIFA World Cup 2006. Perlaza scored his first goal for Ecuador in an unofficial friendly match against LDU Quito. Ecuador won, 5-0.

Introduction The Asháninka arboreal chinchilla rat is a large species of chinchilla rats from the Andes of far northern Cusco in Peru. It was first scientifically described in 1999. The first specimen of this species was discovered by Louise Emmons, a researcher of the Smithsonian Institution from Washington, D.C., who found it by chance while climbing in the Vilcabamba Mountains near Machu Picchu. Emmons named the genus after the city of Cusco, and she named the species for the Asháninka people who live in Peru. Description and habitat The animal has grey fur, with a white nose and lips, large claws, and a line of white fur running down its head. It is in length, with a tail of . It weighs . Ashaninka arboreal chinchilla rats live in dwarf forest and are hunted by long-tailed weasels. Classification When described, it was placed in the family Abrocomidae, but was considered different enough from existing species for the creation of the genus Cuscomys. Since then, the Machu Picchu arboreal chinchilla rat (Cuscomys oblativus), a species of chinchilla rats originally placed in the genus Abrocoma, has been shown to be a member of Cuscomys. Although it was considered extinct by the IUCN at the time, photos of a rodent showing some similarities to C. ashaninka taken at Machu Picchu in late 2009 may show C. oblativus.

Introduction Centralized computing is computing done at a central location, using terminals that are attached to a central computer. The computer itself may control all the peripherals directly (if they are physically connected to the central computer), or they may be attached via a terminal server. Alternatively, if the terminals have the capability, they may be able to connect to the central computer over the network. The terminals may be text terminals or thin clients, for example. It offers greater security over decentralized systems because all of the processing is controlled in a central location. In addition, if one terminal breaks down, the user can simply go to another terminal and log in again, and all of their files will still be accessible. Depending on the system, they may even be able to resume their session from the point they were at before, as if nothing had happened. This type of arrangement does have some disadvantages. The central computer performs the computing functions and controls the remote terminals. This type of system relies totally on the central computer. Should the central computer crash, the entire system will "go down" (i.e. will be unavailable). Another disadvantage is that central computing relies heavily on the quality of administration and resources provided to its users. Should the central computer be inadequately supported by any means (e.g. size of home directories, problems regarding administration), then your usage will suffer greatly. The reverse situation, however, (i.e., a system supported better than your needs) is one of the key advantages to centralized computing. History The very first computers did not have separate terminals as such; their primitive input/output devices were built in. However, soon it was found to be extremely useful for multiple people to be able to use a computer at the same time, for reasons of cost – early computers were very expensive, both to produce and maintain, and occupied large amounts of floor space. The idea of centralized computing was born. Early text terminals used electro-mechanical teletypewriters, but these were replaced by cathode ray tube displays (as found in 20th century televisions and computers). The text terminal model dominated computing from the 1960s, until the rise to dominance of home computers and personal computers in the 1980s. Contemporary status As of 2007, centralized computing is now coming back into fashion – to a certain extent. Cloud computing has had an important role in the return of centralized computing. Thin clients have been used for many years by businesses to reduce total cost of ownership, while web applications are becoming more popular because they can potentially be used on many types of computing device without any need for software installation. Already, however, there are signs that the pendulum is swinging back again, away from pure centralization, as thin client devices become more like diskless workstations due to increased computing power, and web applications start to do more processing on the client side, with technologies such as AJAX and rich clients. In addition, mainframes are still being used for some mission-critical applications, such as payroll, or for processing day-to-day account transactions in banks. These mainframes will typically be accessed either using terminal emulators (real terminal devices are not used much any more) or via modern front-ends such as web applications – or (in the case of automated access) protocols such as web services protocols. Diskless node model Some organizations use a diskless node model partway between centralized computing and conventional desktop computing, in which some applications (such as web browsers) are run locally, while other applications (such as critical business systems) are run on the terminal server. One way to implement this is simply by running remote desktop software on a standard desktop computer. Hosted computing model A relatively new method of centralized computing, hosted computing, solves many of the problems associated with traditional distributed computing systems. By centralizing processing and storage on powerful server hardware located in a data center, rather than in a local office, it relieves organizations of the many responsibilities in owning and maintaining an information technology system. These services are typically delivered on a subscription basis by an application service provider (ASP).

Introduction Cuscomys is a genus of rodents found in the Andes of Cusco in southern Peru. These relatively large chinchilla rats are dark grey with a distinct white line running from the crown to the nose. The genus was coined in 1999 when C. ashaninka was scientifically described, but later it was discovered that C. oblativus, a species traditionally placed in the genus Abrocoma, actually belonged in Cuscomys. They are very poorly known, as C. ashaninka only is known from the holotype, while C. oblativus usually has been considered extinct, as it was only known from remains found in 1912, buried alongside people in ancient Inca tombs at the Machu Picchu ruins. However, photos of a rodent taken at the ruins in late 2009 likely show this species. It is unclear if the Cuscomys truly are extremely rare, as they may be easily overlooked due to their remote distributions and arboreal habits. Species *Cuscomys ashaninka – Asháninka Arboreal Chinchilla Rat Cuscomys oblativus – Machu Picchu Arboreal Chinchilla Rat

Introduction The 2008–09 IFA Interim Intermediate League was a temporary league in Northern Ireland for one season only, consisting of the former members of the IFA Intermediate League who did not meet the criteria for the new IFA Championship. Members of the Interim League had one year to make improvements in order to gain entry to the 2009–10 IFA Championship. The title was won by Harland & Wolff Welders. With the Championship expanding to two divisions the following season; Championship 1 and Championship 2, ten of the twelve members of the league succeeded in gaining entry to the 2009–10 IFA Championship 2, with only Oxford United Stars and Brantwood failing to do so, dropping out of national football. League table IFA Interim Intermediate League Cup A knock-out competition for members of the Interim League - the IFA Interim Intermediate League Cup - took place during 2008-09 and was won by Harland & Wolff Welders, who beat Dundela in the final on 9 December 2008.

Introduction A baby carrot is a carrot harvested before reaching maturity and sold at that smaller size. A baby-cut carrot is a small piece cut from a larger carrot; baby-cut carrots are often marketed as "baby carrots", leading to potential confusion. Baby carrots Baby carrots The immature roots of the carrot plant are sometimes harvested simply as the result of crop thinning, but are also grown to this size as a specialty crop. Certain cultivars of carrots have been bred to be used at the "baby" stage. One such cultivar is 'Amsterdam Forcing'. This process was developed at Beechnut Farms, bought by Zellwin Farms. These farms originally developed food for World War II, but wanted to sell food for civilians. A team of two led the research. According to Dole, baby carrots are sweeter and more tender than full-grown carrots. "Baby-cut" carrots "Baby-cut" carrots Taking fully grown carrots and cutting them to a smaller size was an innovation made by California carrot farmer Mike Yurosek in 1986. In 2006, nearly three-quarters of the fresh "baby-cut" carrots produced in the United States came from Bakersfield, California. Bolthouse Farms and Grimmway Farms are the world's two largest growers, processors, and shippers of "baby-cut" carrots. Production To make "baby-cut" carrots, large carrots are put into a machine and cut into sections, then abraded (scraped) down to size, their ends rounded by the same process. # In the field, two-story carrot harvesters use long metal prongs to open up the soil, while rubber belts grab the green tops and pull. The carrots ride up the belts to the top of the picker, where an automated cutter snips off the greens. # They are trucked to the processing plant, where they are put in icy water to bring their temperature down to to inhibit spoiling. # They are sorted by thickness. Thin carrots continue on the processing line; the others will be used as whole carrots, juice, or cattle feed. An inspector looks for rocks, debris or malformed carrots that slip through. # The carrots are shaped into pieces by automated cutters. An optical sorter discards any piece that has green on it. # The pieces are pumped through pipes to the peeling tanks. The peelers rotate, scraping the skin off the carrots. There are two stages: an initial rough peel and then a final "polishing." # To reduce microbial contamination, "baby-cut" carrots may be treated with small amounts of chlorine. Those that are so treated will be subsequently rinsed with potable water to remove the excess chlorine before being packaged. According to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, the use of chlorine as an antimicrobial treatment (similar to the chlorination of drinking water) is a current accepted practice in the processing for all fresh-cut ready-to-eat vegetables. # The carrots are weighed and bagged by an automated scale and packager, then placed in cold storage until they are shipped. The white blush sometimes visible on the surface of "baby-cut" carrots is caused by dehydration of the cut surface. "Baby-cut" carrots are more prone to develop this because their entire surface area is a cut surface. Low-temperature, high-humidity storage can minimize the white appearance. Marketing In September 2010, a marketing initiative was launched in the United States by a group of nearly 50 carrot producers led by Bolthouse Farms (calling themselves "A Bunch of Carrot Farmers") that sought to promote baby-cut carrots as an alternative to junk food. The campaign mimicked tactics typically employed by snack food marketers, including snack-food-like packaging; futuristic, sexual, and extreme sports-themed TV commercials; carrot vending machines in schools; and an iPhone game and website.

Introduction Beresteiska is a station on Kyiv Metro's Sviatoshynsko-Brovarska Line. The station was opened in 1971 as part of the second stage of the Sviatoshynsky radius. The station is located under the junction between the Prospect Beresteiskyi and the Mykoly Vasylenka/Dehtiarivska streets, and having only one vestibule which is interlinked with subways allowing access to both sides of the intersection. The station, along with its two other neighbours on the same stage, was the first in Kyiv to be a shallow level design built by a cut and cover method, and the first to show the common pillar-trispan design. Although pillar-trispans, were not new in Soviet Metro construction technology, most of the ones built prior to these stations, particularly in Moscow with the layout of two rows of 40 pillars (resulting in the popular colloquial name ), were criticised for their lack of any decorative innovation and originality, hence the almost identical appearances. Kyiv's first centipedes were built and opened when the official policy on aesthetic design in Soviet architecture was removed, and as a result the stations are all different and each has its own distinct image. Beresteiska's design (architects B. Priymak, I. Maslenkov, V. Bohdanovsky and T. Tselikovska.) originates from its former name Zhovtneva, which translated means October station, or in honour of the October Revolution. Its decoration consists of pillars faced with reflective metallic sheets, orange and black rows of ceramic tiles on the walls and red granite for the floor. Lighting is done by fluorescent tubes on the top of the pillars for the platform, and large circular niches on the ceiling of the central span with ten spiraling fluorescent tubes inside them. The far end of the central platform has a large wall faced with pink marble that originally held a bronze bas-relief of Vladimir Lenin (work of sculptor B. Karlovsky), but this was removed in the early 1990s leaving an empty space that is now often occupied by advertisements. This influenced the architectural theme of the station which lost its key decoration. Prior to Russian language becoming official in the Metro during the 1980s, Russian press and media referred to this station as Zhovtnevaya (Rus: ) instead of its standard translation - Oktyabrskaya (Rus:). Because the current name relates to Brest, Belarus voters chose to rename the station Buchanska - referring to the Bucha massacre; other choices included Irpenska and Palianytsia - in a poll taken during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. File:Beresteyska metro station Kiev 2010 02.jpg|Central hall File:Beresteyska metro station Kiev 2010 03.jpg|Station platform File:Beresteyska metro station Kiev 2010 04.jpg|The decoration door on the wall of the track; the pictured hammer and sickle is due to be removed due to 2015 decommunization laws File:Beresteyska metro station Kiev 2010 05.jpg|The name of station on the wall of the track

Introduction The Liga Premier is the third tier of football in Mexico within the Mexican football league system that governs Serie A and Serie B leagues/group competitions. They compete from the fall to spring each season, promotion and relegation between each group, and promotion to Liga de Expansión MX and relegation to Liga TDP within the league system. History The 1993–94 season Segunda División champion was the last to be promoted to the Primera División. In 1994–95 season, the Mexican Football Federation created the "Primera División A" (renamed Ascenso MX in 2012) with 15 teams from the Segunda División, and all other teams remained in the league that continued to be called 'Segunda División' (Second Division) but at the new third tier of the Mexican football league system. Each season has Segunda División teams divided into geographic zones with matches predominantly among the teams of that group. Each season had two tournaments: Apertura (opening) and Clausura (closing) tournament with one team each year being promoted to Primera División A. In 2008, the Mexican Football Federation, with the approval of the chairmen of the clubs in the Second and Third tiers, change the format of the league dividing the number of teams into two divisions, the Liga Premier de Ascenso and the Liga de Nuevos Talentos. Each of the new leagues was divided into geographic groups. The winning club could earn promotion to Primera División A, renamed Liga de Ascenso in 2009, provided their stadium and financial stability met the licensing requirements of Liga de Ascenso. From 2011 and 2016, no teams were relegated to Liga Premier, although Pumas Morelos was to be relegated in 2013 but they dissolved before they could play in the lower league. Promotion still occurred during these years provided the club was licensed to participate. In June 2016, Ascenso MX announced they would resume relegating teams. Rebranding In June 2017, Segunda División announced a rebranding of the league. Instead of being referred to as the Second Division they would be called Liga Premier (Premier League). The league would continue to have two divisions, however these new divisions would be called Serie A de México and Serie B de México. Serie A which would have independent teams as well as the affiliate teams of the higher level leagues in Mexico, Liga MX and Ascenso MX, while Serie B would only have independent teams. Promotion and relegation would be formalized between the leagues. Serie A would promote one club to Ascenso MX and would accept one club relegated from Ascenco MX each year. Additionally, one Serie B club could promote to Serie A and one club would be relegated from Serie A each year. Finally, two Serie B clubs would be relegated each year to Tercera División de México ("Liga TDP"), and two clubs would be promoted from Liga TDP provided they meet the Serie requirements of Article 57. Current structure Serie A de México league has 33 teams (1 Liga MX Reserve Team, 5 Liga de Expansión MX Reserve Teams and 27 Serie A Teams) divided into three geographical groups. The top 4 teams from each group at end of the season will play for promotion to Liga de Expansión MX provided that the club meets the requirements for the stadium and financial stability. Serie B de México has 11 teams (3 Liga de Expansión MX Reserve Teams and 8 Serie B Teams). Serie A clubs Below are listed the member clubs of the Serie A for the 2022-23 season. Group I Group II Group III Chihuahua Cimarrones de Sonora Coras Halcones de Zapopan Leones Negros UdeG Los Cabos United Mexicali Mineros de Fresnillo Tecos Tritones Vallarta Tuzos UAZ Aguacateros CDU Catedráticos Elite Colima Gavilanes de Matamoros Inter de Querétaro La Piedad Lobos ULMX Saltillo Tampico Madero Tulancingo UAT Cafetaleros de Chiapas Deportiva Venados Dongu Escorpiones Inter Playa del Carmen Leviatán Montañeses Pachuca Real de Arteaga Sporting Canamy Yalmakán Serie B clubs Below are listed the member clubs of the Serie B for the 2022-23 season. Group I Alebrijes de Oaxaca Atlético Angelópolis Calor Cañoneros Chilpancingo Ciervos Huracanes Izcalli Mazorqueros Pioneros de Cancún T'hó Mayas Zitácuaro On hiatus Cuautla Guerreros de Xico Champions

Introduction The Schottenring was a motorsport race track situated near Schotten in the Vogelsbergkreis of Hesse, between Fulda and Gießen. After Nürburgring, Schleizer Dreieck, Solituderennen and AVUS, it was one of Germany's oldest race tracks, inaugurated on 22 July 1925. The track was popular for club events, and had attracted 90,000 spectators to its first post war event in 1947. In 1953, partially as the result of a compromise between Germany's two controlling bodies, the DMV and the ADAC, it was selected to host the German motorcycle Grand Prix. Even by the standards of the day, the track had never been regarded as particularly safe, and after an inspection made before practice had begun, the factory teams from AJS, Norton, Gilera and Moto Guzzi decided unanimously that the track was too narrow for "modern" 350s and 500s to race. Bordered on many fast corners by trees and with a track surface so slippery at the most dangerous points that it would be disastrous to run a championship event there. With the unprecedented departure of the majority of major teams even before racing was due to begin, officials from the FIM decided that the only way to proceed at such short notice was to allow the event to continue, but that only the smaller 125cc and 250cc races would count towards the World Championship. Racing was discontinued after 1956, but rallies and classic bikes events are still held on a shortened version.

Introduction See You in the Obituary is a 1995 television documentary directed by Janko Baljak, and scripted by Aleksandar Knežević and Vojislav Tufegdžić. It is based on the book The Crime that Changed Serbia by Knežević and Tufegdžić and was produced by the Belgrade-based independent news broadcaster B92. The unprecedented contacts and subsequent interviews with the criminals would have not been possible had not Knežević and Tufegdžić been covering the post of organised crime in their respective magazines, gaining the trust of the depicted characters. In more than 90 percent of cases Knežević and Tugedžić, due to the dangerous circumstances that required extreme caution and as small film crew as possible, were accompanied only by a camera operator. Made in the form of an extended news report and narrated by journalist Dina Čolić-Anđelković, the film presents a snapshot of the chaotic Belgrade criminal underworld in the early 1990s which sprung up against the backdrop of Yugoslav wars. The film is composed of fragments from interviews with individuals directly involved with criminal activities either through perpetrating them or through trying to stop them. Over the years the film developed a cult following, mainly due to its raw authenticity, characters interviewed, and the portrayal of the politically, economically and socially turbulent period of the early and mid 1990s in Serbia. Synopsis As the opening credits roll the film begins with shots of the infamous Milorad Ulemek (later commander of the Serbian police Special Operations Unit who was convicted for his role in the 2003 assassination of Prime Minister Zoran Đinđić) inspecting troops. Ulemek is not mentioned by name as he was still very much unknown to the Serbian general public at the time. The narrator Dina Čolić-Anđelković sets the tone by informing the audience that although Serbia was not directly and officially involved in the Yugoslav Wars, the country still very much felt its effects: country is under the United Nations trade embargo, the inflation rate is skyrocketing, streets of Serbian cities are flooded with weapons, and the brain drain is in full swing with young professionals leaving abroad. At the same time many local career criminals plying their trade in Western Europe have returned home to take advantage of the chaotic situation. To further its point, the narration refers to the heinous crime that occurred on 1 December 1993 in the Belgrade municipality of Novi Beograd. Two returnees from the frontlines, Ilija Vujić and Darko Lončarić, broke during early afternoon into the apartment at Pohorska Street inhabited by Verica Židić and her 13-year-old son Davor. Vujić shot the mother in the liver, a technique he learned in the war that apparently allows the victim to live a little longer before succumbing, in order to have enough time to question her about her savings they were after. He then proceeded to kill her son as well. Belgrade police inspector Ljuba Milanović is then interviewed about the gruesome double murder. He says that during questioning, Vujić's response to their question as to why he killed the son was: "Fuck the kid, he was supposed to be in school at that time of day, anyway." Narrator then says that before being apprehended by police, Vujić and Lončarić had recounted their crime in detail in a packed Belgrade cafe. None of the cafe guests who had heard the story found it necessary to call the police. In the end, Vujić received the death penalty. The movie then shifts to interviews with various Belgrade gangsters. While some of them act through close-knit criminal clans, others seem to be freelancers. Many of them have also done work for the Serbian state security agencies. The movie ends with showing funerals of three actors that were killed during the production of the movie. Kristijan Golubović is one of best known actors of very few still alive today. Curiosities Author and screenplay writer Aleksandar Knežević became an Eastern Orthodox monk and as Fr Romilo lives in the Monastery of Hilandar on Mount Athos, Greece. Knežević is also the author of the book 'Time and Cognition;Theological Reading of Marcel Proust' (Orthodox Theological Faculty of Belgrade, 2011 - the work is Knežević's MPhil thesis defended in 2010 at the Department for the Theory of Literature, Faculty of Philology, University of Belgrade). At the moment, Knežević is doing his doctorate in theology at Balliol College, University of Oxford.

Introduction Christian Rolando Lara Anangonó, nicknamed Diablito (born April 27, 1980 in Quito), is an Ecuadorian footballer. Club career He spent most of his career with C.D. El Nacional football team in Ecuador. After a spell in Al-Wakrah SC in the Qatari League, he returned to his homeland from the Middle East to play for Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito (LDU) and went on to win the Ecuadorian Championship. He was then transferred to another Ecuadorian team in the city of Guayaquil Barcelona SC. In the year 2007 he received the award of being the best player playing in Ecuador's league. On January 2, he signed for Colombian team Deportivo Pereira. On June 17, 2009 Lara was signed again with Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito. International career He is a midfielder. He made his Ecuador national team debut in 2001. Looked on for a long time as one of Ecuador's most promising players, he scored and made an assist against Argentina in the CONMEBOL 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL) to lead Ecuador to a 2-0 win over the South American giants. He was in the team's squad for the 2006 FIFA World Cup, Ecuador's second appearance in the finals. At 162 cm, he was considered the shortest player to play in the Germany 06 edition. In his last current played with Ecuador game against El Salvador, he scored the first goal in a 5-1 home win in Quito. Career statistics Club Club Season League Cup Continental Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals El Nacional 2000 Serie A 3 1 — 0 0 3 1 2001 Serie A 34 15 — 3 1 37 16 2002 Serie A 40 11 — 8 0 48 11 2003 Serie A 40 9 — 3 0 43 9 2004 Serie A 38 6 — 6 0 44 6 2005 Serie A 40 11 — 2 1 42 12 2006 Serie A 16 2 — 6 1 22 3 Total 211 55 — 28 3 239 58 Al-Wakrah SC 2006–07 Q-League 12 2 0 0 0 0 12 2 Total 12 2 0 0 0 0 12 2 L.D.U. Quito 2007 Serie A 44 16 — 6 0 50 16 Total 44 16 — 6 0 50 16 Barcelona SC 2008 Serie A 41 4 — 0 0 41 4 Total 41 4 — 0 0 41 4 Deportivo Pereira 2009 Liga Águila 16 2 0 0 0 0 16 2 Total 16 2 0 0 0 0 16 2 L.D.U. Quito 2009 Serie A 14 0 — 7 0 21 0 2010 Serie A 34 3 — 5 0 39 3 Total 48 3 — 12 0 60 3 El Nacional 2011 Serie A 31 3 — 0 0 31 3 Total 31 3 — 0 0 31 3 Real Cartagena 2012 Liga Águila 8 0 3 0 0 0 11 0 Total 8 0 3 0 0 0 11 0 Manta FC 2012 Serie A 20 3 — 0 0 20 3 2013 Serie A 18 2 — 0 0 18 2 Total 38 5 — 0 0 38 5 Deportivo Quito 2014 Serie A 43 8 — 2 0 45 8 Total 43 8 — 2 0 45 8 El Nacional 2015 Serie A 41 4 — 0 0 41 4 2016 Serie A 40 10 — 0 0 40 10 Total 81 14 — 0 0 81 14 Dorados de Sinaloa 2017 Ascenso MX 3 0 4 1 0 0 7 1 Total 3 0 4 1 0 0 7 1 Clan Juvenil 2018 Serie B 14 3 — 0 0 14 3 Total 14 3 — 0 0 14 3 El Nacional 2018 Serie A 0 0 — 0 0 0 0 Total 0 0 — 0 0 0 0 Career total 590 115 7 1 48 3 645 119 Honors El Nacional Serie A: 2005 Clausura LDU Quito Serie A: 2007, 2010 Copa Sudamericana: 2009 Recopa Sudamericana: 2009, 2010

Introduction Soupir is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France. History Located south of the Chemin des Dames, the village was largely destroyed during the Second Battle of the Aisne in World War I. Today, five national cemeteries are located in Soupir: two for France, and one each for Germany, the UK, and Italy. Population

Introduction North One Sports, formally known as International Sportsworld Communicators, is a United Kingdom based company which owned the commercial rights to the World Rally Championship between 1996 and 2012. History ISC logo Bernie Ecclestone founded ISC in July 1982. In 1996 ISC signed a 14-year agreement with the FIA for the exclusive broadcasting rights for 18 FIA championships. In 1999, the European Commission investigated FIA, ISC and FOA for abusing dominant position and restricting competition. As a result, in early 2000 the ISC and FIA made a new agreement to reduce the number of rights packages to two, the World Rally and Regional Rally Championships. In April 2000 Ecclestone sold ISC to a group led by David Richards. In October 2007, North One Television purchased ISC. In 2009, the FIA announced that ISC had been awarded the tender to act as promoter of the World Rally Championship, with the ten year deal set to run until 2020. In June 2001, Simon Long joined International Sportsworld Communicators as Sales Director before later being promoted to Media Director. In June 2003 Simon was appointed to the position of CEO of ISC replacing William Morrison.. In February 2010 ISC was renamed North One Sports. North One Sports were acquired by the sports marketing group Convers Sports Initiatives (CSI) in March 2011. CSI entered administration in November 2011, resulting in the FIA terminating its contact with North One Sport ahead of the 2012 World Rally Championship season.

Introduction Félix Alexander Borja Valencia is an Ecuadorian footballer, who last played for El Nacional in the Ecuadorian Serie A. He is nicknamed the "kangaroo", or "the cobra of Ecuador", for the spring in his jump. His height makes it easy to score goals for his club and country. Club career El Nacional Felix Borja previously played for El Nacional of Ecuador. Olympiacos His transfer to Greek league champions Olympiacos made him the first Ecuadorian player to play for a Greek team. Borja was declared Copa Libertadores de América's joint top goalscorer two months after his transfer to Olympiacos. Mainz 05 Due to his sub-standard performances for Olympiacos in his first season, as well as the fact that he occupies a non-EU player spot at his current team's roster, Olympiacos had the desire at the end of the 2006–07 season to sell him or loan him for the upcoming season. Due to that decision by the club, Borja was loaned out to German club Mainz 05 for the 2007–08 season. At the end of the season, Mainz signed him permanently. During the winter transfer window of the 2010-11 season, Borja was allowed to leave on a free transfer ahead of an expected move to Mexican club Puebla F.C. Puebla Having limited success, especially after Mainz earned promotion to the Bundesliga, he transferred to the Mexican club Puebla. Pachuca In the 2011–12 Apertaura season, he was transferred to Pachuca F.C. Loan to Chivas USA On 14 August 2014, Borja joined Major League Soccer team Chivas USA on loan from LDU Quito. South China On 28 December 2015, Hong Kong giants South China announced the capture of the player via Facebook. Return to El Nacional On 24 January 2017, Felix Borja signed a contract with El Nacional. Previously he was a free agent. International career He was included in the Ecuador for the 2006 FIFA World Cup. He played in several of the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualifying matches for the Ecuador national team, including the game against Uruguay which confirmed their passage to Germany 06. He made one appearance at the tournament against Germany, where they were defeated 0–3. He featured in friendlies after the FIFA World Cup, even scoring against Brazil in an October 2006 friendly in Sweden. He was called up to Ecuador for the 2007 Copa América, and started in the final group game against Brazil. International goals :Scores and results list Ecuador's goal tally first. No Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition 1. 18 August 2005 Estadio Federativo Reina del Cisne, Loja, Ecuador 1–0 3–1 Friendly 2. 27 December 2005 Cairo International Stadium, Cairo, Egypt 1–1 1–2 2005 LG Cup 3. 10 October 2006 Råsunda Stadium, Stockholm, Sweden 1–0 1–2 Friendly Career statistics Club Season League Cup Continental Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals El Nacional 2001 Serie A 9 4 – 1 0 10 4 2002 Serie A 21 4 – 0 0 21 4 2003 Serie A 11 6 – 0 0 11 6 2004 Serie A 29 3 – 4 4 33 7 2005 Serie A 49 26 – 2 0 51 26 2006 Serie A 10 7 – 6 5 16 12 Total 129 50 – 13 9 142 59 Olympiacos 2006–07 Superleague 23 5 0 0 4 0 27 5 Total 23 5 0 0 4 0 27 5 Mainz 05 2007–08 2. Bundesliga 32 16 1 1 0 0 33 17 2008–09 2. Bundesliga 19 6 2 0 0 0 21 6 2009–10 Bundesliga 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Total 52 22 3 1 0 0 55 23 Puebla 2011 Clausura Liga MX 15 6 0 0 0 0 15 6 Total 15 6 0 0 0 0 15 6 Pachuca 2011–12 Liga MX 30 5 0 0 0 0 30 5 2012 Apertura Liga MX 12 5 1 1 0 0 13 6 Total 42 10 1 1 0 0 43 11 Puebla 2013 Clausura Liga MX 14 7 2 1 0 0 16 8 2013 Apertura Liga MX 11 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 Total 25 7 2 1 0 0 27 8 LDU Quito 2014 Serie A 16 2 – 0 0 16 2 Total 16 2 – 0 0 16 2 Chivas USA 2014 MLS 12 3 0 0 0 0 12 3 Total 12 3 0 0 0 0 12 3 Mushuc Runa 2015 Serie A 11 1 – 0 0 11 1 Total 11 1 – 0 0 11 1 Real Garcilaso 2015 Primera División 14 1 – 0 0 14 1 Total 14 1 – 0 0 14 1 South China 2015–16 Premier League 5 0 6 3 0 0 11 3 Total 5 0 6 3 0 0 11 3 Career total 344 107 12 6 17 9 373 122 Honours *Serie A de Ecuador: *2005 C, 2006 Super League Greece: *2006–07

Introduction The Machu Picchu arboreal chinchilla rat is a large species of South American chinchilla rats, known from skeletal remains found by members of the Peruvian Expedition of 1912. The animals were buried alongside people in ancient Inca tombs at Machu Picchu in Peru. It was considered extinct by the IUCN in 2008, but conservation status was changed to data deficient in 2016. Photos of a rodent taken at Machu Picchu in late 2009 likely show this species, a finding apparently confirmed in 2014. In 2020, as part of biodiversity study, a report was released with images that captured the rodent in the surroundings of Machu Picchu sanctuary. Originally assigned to the genus Abrocoma, recent studies showed it to be more closely allied to Cuscomys ashaninka, a species unknown to science until 1999.

Introduction Fab is an ice cream brand made by Nestlé. Both the ice lolly on a stick brands 'Zoom' and 'FAB', were introduced in United Kingdom by J. Lyons & Co. Ltd., and were brought out in order to take advantage of the popularity of Gerry Anderson's television series Fireball XL5 and Thunderbirds. The brand Zoom was launched first, in April/May 1963, to capitalise on Fireball XL5, with Fab appearing in May 1967. Initially the Zoom's commercial target was for boys only, being rocket shaped, which left a vast market niche that was filled by the development of the "Fab"; a more feminine looking lolly designed in mind for girls. The lolly was originally pitched at the female market with the association to purchase being the attraction of Lady Penelope. Regularly used in the show was the phrase "F-A-B" as an equivalent to "Roger" (communications jargon indicating that a message has been received). The original lolly packaging had a prominent image of Lady Penelope and her butler/driver Parker on the wrapper. The lolly consists of strawberry fruit ice and cream with the top portion dipped in chocolate and coated with sugar confectionery (Sugar strands). In the modern era, their popularity has reduced having been replaced by lollies such as the Twister and various ice snacks based on cartoon characters, however Nestlé still continue production of the iced snack into the 21st century, both as a single item and as part of a multipack. The description on the packaging reads "Real Strawberry and vanilla flavour ice lolly with chocolate flavour coating (5%) and sugar strands (5%)". The fab lolly, Fruit And Berries, has changed from a jelly type centre many years ago, to strawberry ice used now. An orange variety has also been manufactured as has a limited edition lemon flavour, a limited edition apple and blackcurrant flavour (in 2000), and a limited edition tropical flavour in 2003. A new limited edition lolly was created in 2018, to celebrate fifty years of Fab lollies. The "Birthday Cake" lolly has raspberry water and sponge cake flavour ice with a vanilla flavour coating and sugar strands. In 2019 Nestlé introduced a Raspberry Doughnut flavour of the brand with a Raspberry doughnut flavour water ice lolly with a raspberry sauce centre, with the usual chocolate flavour coating and sugar strands. The brand's connection to the Thunderbirds television series has not been maintained, and was quietly dropped in the early-1970s.

Introduction Michael Hext is a trombonist in the Orchestra of the Royal Opera House. In 1978 he was the inaugural winner of the BBC Young Musician of the Year Competition. Career Michael Hext was educated at Bedford Modern School. In 1978, at the age of 17, he became the inaugural winner of the BBC Young Musician of the Year Competition. Following study at the Royal College of Music with John Iveson, Hext has become a successful orchestral trombonist but performs on occasions as a soloist, including a tour with the European Union Youth Orchestra conducted by Claudio Abbado. He has performed recitals and concertos at the Wigmore Hall, the Royal Festival Hall, the Queen Elizabeth Hall and many other concert halls. He has also had a number of pieces written for him including a concerto by Edward Gregson (pub. Novello). Amongst a wide variety of freelance performances he played with the Philip Jones Brass Ensemble. In 1983 he joined the Halle Orchestra as Principal Trombone. After one year he took up the same position with the London Philharmonic Orchestra for nine years. For a period Michael Hext was Professor of Trombone at the Royal Academy of Music and then the Royal College of Music. Since joining the Orchestra of the Royal Opera House on Principal Trombone he moved to Sub-principal Trombone in 2000.

Introduction The Ferrari 500 was a Formula 2 racing car designed by Aurelio Lampredi and used by Ferrari in and , when the World Championship was run to F2 regulations. Racing history For 1952, the FIA announced that Grand Prix races counting towards the World Championship of Drivers would be run to Formula 2 specification rather than to Formula 1, after the withdrawal of Alfa Romeo from the sport. Ferrari were the only team to have a car specifically designed for the new formula. The car was powered by an inline four-cylinder engine which was mounted behind the front axle, improving weight distribution. Alberto Ascari used the car to win his first world championship, winning all but one race with the simple 500. The race he missed was because he was driving the 4.5-litre Ferrari at the Indianapolis 500, however Ferrari won the race he was absent from as well. The following season, Ascari won his second world championship, and Ferrari won all but the final race, which was won by Juan Manuel Fangio, back in racing after an accident which had damaged his neck. Ascari won seven consecutive World Championship races in the 500, a record which stood until Sebastian Vettel broke it in 2013. If the 1953 Indianapolis 500 (which was run to a different formula, and in which Ascari was not entered) is discounted, the run is extended to nine. 625 F1 For the 1954 season and the return to Formula One engine regulations, Ferrari 500 chassis were modified for the new regulations with the 2.5-litre 625 engine and would win two more races, one each in 1954 and 1955, although it was not quite fast enough compared to the Mercedes-Benz W196 and Maserati 250F. Despite two new models appearing during this period the 625 was not completely replaced until when Ferrari began using the D50 chassis Ferrari purchased along with the Lancia Formula One team. In May 1955, Maurice Trintignant had won the Monte Carlo GP for the first time for Ferrari. The 625 F1 Lampredi inline-four engine displaced 2498.32 cc and could produce between at 7000 rpm with two Weber 50DCO carburettors. The car had an independent front suspension and de Dion axle at the rear. Transverse leaf-springs and Houdaille hydraulic shock absorbers were used on both ends. File:1954 Ferrari 625 F1 front.jpg|alt=Ferrari 625 F1 front view File:1954 Ferrari 625 F1 rear.jpg|alt=Ferrari 625 F1 rear view File:1954 Ferrari 625 F1 interior.jpg|alt=Ferrari 625 F1 interior view Partial Formula One World Championship results (This table contains results of Ferrari works cars; privateer results can be found here) (key) (results in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap) Year Chassis Engine Tyres Driver 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Points WCC 500 500 2.0 L4 SUI 500 BEL FRA GBR GER NED ITA n/a n/a Giuseppe Farina Ret/Ret2 2 2 6 2 2 4 Piero Taruffi 1 Ret 3 2 4 7 Andre Simon Ret2 6 Alberto Ascari 1 1 1 1 1 1 Luigi Villoresi 3 3 500 500 2.0 L4 ARG 500 NED BEL FRA GBR GER SUI ITA n/a n/a Giuseppe Farina Ret 2 Ret 5 3 1 2 2 Alberto Ascari 1 1 1 4 1 8 2 1 Ret Mike Hawthorn 4 4 6 1 5 3 3 4 Luigi Villoresi 2 Ret 2 6 Ret 8 2 6 3 1 – The Constructors' World Championship did not exist before 1958. 2 – Shared Drive.

Introduction Kanggeonneo maeul (The Town Across the River) is a 1935 Korean film directed by Na Woon-gyu. It premiered at the Dansungsa theater in downtown Seoul. Plot This film is a melodrama concerning a spoiled only son, played by Jeon Taek-yi. After his father scolds him for his excessive drinking, he sells the family's only cow for money to leave for Seoul. Finding life difficult on his own in Seoul, he returns to his family begging forgiveness. Artistic significance The film aimed for socialist realism.

Introduction Bank of China Building viewed from Cheung Kong Center. Bank hall interior in 1950s architectural style Des Voeux Road Central entrance. Bank of China Building is located at no.2A Des Voeux Road Central, Central, Hong Kong. It is a sub-branch of Bank of China (Hong Kong). History The site was originally occupied by the eastern part of the old City Hall, which had been built in 1869. The western part of the City Hall was demolished in 1933 to make way for the 3rd generation of the Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank Building, while the eastern part was demolished in 1947 to make way for the Bank of China Building. It was designed by Palmer & Turner and built by Wimpey Construction in 1951 with a goal to surpass the 3rd generation Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank Building nearby to become the tallest building in Hong Kong at the time. The Bank of China Building was originally the headquarters of Bank of China in Hong Kong. When the headquarters moved into the new Bank of China Tower in 1991, this building was used by Sin Hua Bank as its headquarters. After the restructuring of China's banks to form Bank of China (Hong Kong) in 2001, the building was returned to the Bank of China again and is used as a sub-branch. Features The China Club, a retro-chic, Shanghai-style club and restaurant, opened on 8 September 1991 on the top three floors (13th/14th/15th) of the building.

Introduction Movses Silikyan or Silikov was an Armenian general who served in the Imperial Russian Army during World War I and later in the army of the First Republic of Armenia. He is regarded as a national hero in Armenia for his role in the Armenian victory at the Battle of Sardarabad. Following Russia's withdrawal from Transcaucasia and conclusion of a separate peace with the Ottoman Empire under the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918, Silikyan and other Armenian generals organized the defense of Armenia against invading Ottoman forces. After the Armenian victories at the battles of Sardarabad, Karakilisa and Bash Abaran in May 1918, the First Republic of Armenia declared its independence. Silikyan received the rank of lieutenant general of the Armenian army and held various top military positions. Following the Sovietization of Armenia in 1920, Silikyan was exiled to Ryazan along with other high-ranking Armenian military officers, but was allowed to return to Armenia the next year. During the Great Purge of 1937, Silikyan was arrested and executed. He was rehabilitated in 1987. Early life and education Silikyan was born on 14 September 1862 in the mixed Armenian-Udi village of Vartashen (present-day Oğuz, Azerbaijan) in the Nukha Uyezd of the Elisabethpol Governorate of the Russian Empire. He was of ethnic Udi origin. Silikyan graduated from the Moscow Military Gymnasium No. 1 and the Alexandrov Military School No. 3. Later, in 1904, he graduated from the Infantry Officers' School of the Oranienbaum Military Academy. Military career Silikyan began his service in the Imperial Russian Army in 1884. After graduating from military school, he was appointed commander of a company in the 155th Kuban Regiment stationed in Kars with the rank of podporuchik. He served in the expeditionary force sent to Persia during the Russian occupation of Tabriz. He rose through the ranks of the army, eventually receiving the rank of colonel in 1914. On the eve of the First World War, he was the commander of the 6th Caucasian Infantry Regiment of General Tovmas Nazarbekyan's 2nd Caucasian Infantry Brigade (later division) in the Caucasus Army. World War I – Caucasus Campaign In the early stages of the Caucasus campaign, Silikyan's regiment crossed into northern Persia with the rest of the 2nd Caucasian Brigade and defeated Ottoman forces at the Battle of Dilman in April 1915. In January–February 1916, Silikyan commanded the rearguard during the Battle of Erzurum and was appointed commandant of the city following its capture. In late March 1916, Silikyan's forces were stationed in Bitlis. In early April, he was ordered to leave two battalions in Bitlis and advance toward Mush. In Mush, Silikyan assisted Garo Sassouni in forming militia detachments consisting of Armenians from Mush and Sasun. Also under Silikyan's command was the 2nd Armenian Volunteer Battalion commanded by Drastamat Kanayan (Dro). After the February Revolution, Silikyan was appointed commander of the Van detachment. Some time later he was appointed brigade commander. In August 1917, he received the rank of major general. Silikyan received various honors during the war, including the Saint George Sword. First Republic of Armenia Movses Silikyan After the October Revolution in November 1917, the Caucasus Army disintegrated. Soviet Russia signed the Armistice of Erzincan with the Ottoman Empire in December 1917, and virtually all Russian forces had left the Caucasus front by the end of the year, leaving only badly outnumbered Armenian forces to defend the frontline against the Ottomans. Silikyan was in Van until January 1918, when he was called to Tiflis by the Armenian National Council and appointed commander of the 2nd Armenian Infantry Division by General Nazarbekyan. On 3 March 1918, Soviet Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which stipulated the cession of the districts of Batum, Kars, and Ardahan to the Ottoman Empire. By May 1918, the Ottoman Third Army had retaken the territory earlier captured by Russia and advanced to capture Batum, Kars, Ardahan, and Alexandropol. At the battles of Sardarabad and Bash Abaran, Silikyan's forces (the Yerevan detachment) put a halt to the Ottoman advance. These victories are credited with preventing the total destruction of the Armenian nation at the hands of the Ottoman army. On 28 May 1918, the First Republic of Armenia was declared, which soon after signed the Treaty of Batum with the Ottoman Empire, putting an end to the hostilities at the cost of severe territorial concessions. On 26 June 1918, Silikyan was appointed commander of the sole Armenian division allowed to be maintained according to the conditions of the Treaty of Batum. He participated in the Armeno-Georgian War of December 1918. On 25 March 1919, the Military Council of the Armenian Army was created with General Nazarbekyan as its chairman; Silikyan was appointed a member of the council on April 24. On June 1 he received the rank of lieutenant general of the Armenian Army. In April 1920 Silikyan was appointed Governor-General of the provinces of Nor Bayazet and Daralagyaz. The main purpose of his appointment was to provide support to Drastamat Kanayan's expedition to Mountainous Karabagh. During the Bolshevik-led May Uprising in 1920, Silikyan was taken prisoner by the Bolshevik rebels, but was freed after the suppression of the uprising. In September 1920, Turkish nationalist forces loyal to the Government of the Grand National Assembly started the Turkish–Armenian War in order to capture territory from Armenia and prevent the cession of four Ottoman provinces to Armenia according to the Treaty of Sèvres. During the war, Silikyan commanded the Kars-Alexandropol front from his headquarters in Alexandropol. On 4 November 1920, Silikyan was ordered by General Nazarbekyan to request a ceasefire from the Turkish forces. Later life and death Following the Armenian defeat in the Turkish–Armenian War and the Sovietization of Armenia, Silikyan was arrested along with other high-ranking Armenian military officers and forced to walk from Yerevan to Aghstafa, whence they were taken by train to Ryazan. He was allowed to return to Armenia in September 1921. Silikyan first found work as an accountant at a Swedish company's branch in Alexandropol, then began working for the American Committee for Relief in the Near East, which provided humanitarian relief for survivors of the Armenian genocide. Silikyan also maintained correspondence with his old commander Tovmas Nazarbekyan in Tiflis and helped the latter compile his memoirs. Silikyan was arrested by the Soviet authorities in 1927 and sent into internal exile in Rostov-on-Don by administrative decision, but was allowed to return to Armenia the same year. He was arrested again in November 1935 and accused of holding monarchist views, persecuting communists during his time as Governor-General of Nor Bayazet, and maintaining contacts with members of the outlawed Armenian Revolutionary Federation. Silikyan was released in February 1936 after signing an affidavit not to leave Yerevan. The criminal case against Silikyan was dropped in April 1936. However, in 1937, during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge, Silikyan was arrested once again and sentenced to death by decision of an NKVD troika on 16 November 1937. Silikyan and another former Armenian general, Christophor Araratov, were accused of being members of a "counterrevolutionary officers' organization" involving multiple high-ranking officers of the Red Army (these accusations also formed the basis of the Tukhachevsky case). Silikyan was executed on 22 November 1937. He was rehabilitated on 10 November 1987 by decision of the Supreme Court of the Armenian SSR. Ivan Bagramyan, who served under Silikyan and later became Marshal of the Soviet Union, described him as "the most talented out of all the Armenian commanders" of the period of World War I and the First Republic of Armenia. Silikyan's contemporary, the historian Hovhannes Ter-Martirosyan (A-Do), described him as "a short, humble man with a kind face who did not know Armenian, but was an exemplary Armenian person." Legacy and honors Order of Saint Stanislaus, 2nd class (1910) Order of St. George (1916) These were restored to him (his descendants) after rehabilitation.

Introduction Sonia, Sonja or Sonya, a name of Greek origin meaning wisdom, may refer to: People Sonia (name), a feminine given name (lists people named, Sonia, Sonja and Sonya) :Sonia (actress), Indian film actress in Malayalam and Tamil films :Sonia (singer), British pop singer Sonia Evans :Sonia, pen name of Ottavia Vitagliano (1894–1975), an Italian writer :Sonia, code-name of Ursula Kuczynski, also known as Beurton, a spy for the USSR :*Queen Sonja of Norway :*Sonia Ben Ammar, French fashion model, actress and singer known mononymously as SONIA Sonia people, an ethnic group on the Great Papuan Plateau of Papua New Guinea Other Sonia, the allied code name for the Mitsubishi Ki-51, Japanese WW2 era bomber SONIA, Sterling OverNight Index Average, a financial market rate Sonia, a 1991 album by Sonia Evans Sonia, a 1921 British silent film Sonja, a 1943 Swedish directed by Hampe Faustman Sonia, a genus of moths M/V Sonia, a passenger ferry

Introduction Ralph Harris, Baron Harris of High Cross was a British economist. He was head of the Institute of Economic Affairs from 1957 to 1988. Background Harris, the son of a tramways inspector, was "one of four children born to working-class parents on a council estate in Tottenham, north-east London". He was educated at Tottenham Grammar School. He read Economics at Queens' College, Cambridge, graduating with a first-class degree. At Cambridge he was influenced by Stanley Dennison, "who introduced him to the works of Friedrich von Hayek". Career After working at the Conservative Political Centre at Conservative Central Office, Harris was a lecturer in political economy at St Andrews University from 1949 to 1965. He was an unsuccessful Conservative Party candidate for Kirkcaldy in 1951 and for Edinburgh Central in 1955, and became a leader writer for the Glasgow Herald in 1956. Harris became general director of the Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA) in 1957. He remained in this post until 1988, when he stepped down to become its chairman and was replaced by Graham Mather. Harris was then a founding president of the IEA from 1990 to his death. The IEA was set up by Antony Fisher and Oliver Smedley in 1955. Friedrich Hayek had suggested that an intellectual counterweight was necessary to combat the prevailing Keynesian consensus "Butskellism" of R. A. Butler and Hugh Gaitskell. Harris, together with editorial director Arthur Seldon, built the IEA into a bastion of free market liberal economics. The IEA developed links with economists such as Friedrich Hayek, Gottfried Haberler, Harry Johnson, Milton Friedman, George Stigler and James Buchanan, and published many pamphlets and papers on public finance issues, such as taxation, pensions, education, health, transport, and exchange rates. In 1979, during Margaret Thatcher's first few months in power, he was made a life peer as Baron Harris of High Cross, of Tottenham in Greater London. Yet, despite his strong affiliation with Tory free-marketeers, Harris sat on the crossbenches in the House of Lords to show his independence from any political party. He served on the council of the University of Buckingham from 1980 until 1995. It was founded in 1976 following a call from Harris and Seldon in 1968 for an independent university. Harris was Secretary of the Mont Pelerin Society from 1967, and its president from 1982 to 1984. He was "a moving spirit in the Wincott Foundation and the founding of the Social Affairs Unit". He did not like to be described as a "Thatcherite", but was a founder of the No Turning Back group in 1985. Harris became a Eurosceptic, and was chairman of the Bruges Group from 1989 to 1991. He was a director of Rupert Murdoch's Times Newspapers company from 1988 to 2001, although he read and wrote for The Daily Telegraph. Nonetheless, Harris described Murdoch as the "Saviour of what we used to call Fleet Street". Harris helped set up a fighting fund so Neil Hamilton could sue the BBC for libel in 1986 and Mohamed Al Fayed for libel in 1999. He was chairman of Civitas from 2000. He also supported the poll tax. Harris was interviewed about his work at the IEA and the rise of Thatcherism for the 2006 BBC TV documentary series Tory! Tory! Tory!. In August 2006 he told Andy Beckett, who interviewed Harris for his book When the Lights Went Out – Britain in the 1970s, that he voted Labour twice at the two General Elections in 1974 because he was angry at Heath's U-turn of 1972, his inability to stand up to the miners, and because if you voted Labour at least you knew what you were getting. A pipe smoker, he was a chairman of smokers' rights campaigners, FOREST, and its president in 2003. He was not convinced that passive smoking was dangerous and published and campaigned against the banning of smoking on trains from Brighton to Victoria station in 1995. Harris died suddenly of an ruptured aortic aneurysm at his home in North London on the morning of 19 October 2006. Personal life Harris married Jose Pauline Jeffery in 1949. They had two sons and a daughter. His sons predeceased him, dying in 1979 and 1992. Lady Harris died in 2017. Bibliography Own writings Politics without prejudice Hire purchase in a free society Choice in Welfare 1965 The Urgency of an Independent University Choice in Welfare 1970 Down with the Poor Not from Benevolence Overruled on Welfare (1979) No, Prime Minister! Murder a Cigarette Primary sources

Introduction 3 Chains o' Gold is a 1994 American direct-to-video film produced and directed by Prince and starring Prince and The New Power Generation. It is a collection of videos for songs from Love Symbol, tied together with a loose plotline. The film was the 69th best-selling video of 1994. Plot The story begins with the assassination of Egyptian Princess Mayte's father by seven unknown assailants. Mayte believes that the assassins were after the sacred "3 Chains of Gold". She sets out to meet with Prince, as she believes he is the only one that can protect the chains from the seven assassins. What follows is a romance between Prince and Mayte, and Prince organizing the assassination of the assailants (accompanied by the song "7"). Local television anchors Randy Meier and Lauren Green were featured in this film, sitting at the anchor desk, while Kirstie Alley reported from the field. Film and album The film was accompanied by the Love Symbol album; however, not all of the album's songs make an appearance in the film, and some of the songs are edited versions. The film's title song is only an instrumental at the end. However, some of the dialogue from the album does appear in the film (a phone call from a reporter, played by Kirstie Alley, to Prince). The final speech of the film (made by Mayte) does not appear on the album; instead, another phone call is in its place. The actual songs that appear in the film are: "My Name Is Prince" "Sexy MF" "Love 2 the 9s" "The Morning Papers" "The Max" "Blue Light" "I Wanna Melt with U" "Sweet Baby" "The Continental" "Damn U" "7" "The Call"

Introduction The Club Atlético Celaya was a Mexican football club from Celaya, Guanajuato. The club was formed in 1994 when the two second-division clubs Atletico Cuernavaca (Morelos) and Escuadra Celeste de Celaya (Guanajuato) merged. Another team, Atlético Español, was also merged at a later date. The club folded in 2003. History All merging clubs have brought a piece of their old identity into the new formed club: from Atlético Cuernavaca were taken the name to the new club (although its name is also identical with former Atlético Español), from Celeste de Celaya were taken their light blue colors and from Atlético Español the mascot, the bull, which has also given the new team their nickname toros. Atlético Celaya has taken the second-division position of their predecessors and has immediately reached the top-level. The first year in Primera División was also their most successful season ever. First, they could win their group and in the play-offs they could make their way up to the finals in which they lost only due to the away-goal-rule after playing 1:1 and 0:0 with Necaxa. But from now on the club finds itself in lower regions of the table. They had also financial problems which led to the sale of their first-division-license to an industrialist from Morelos in winter 2002–03. He formed a new team with the name Colibríes de Morelos but it disappeared as fast as it once appeared. At the same time when Atlético Celaya has disappeared, their older city neighbour Club Celaya was reactivated again when CF La Piedad moved to Celaya. Crest and colours The club's original colors in the 1950s were red and white. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the club started using black and white with a topical v shape across the chest for home games and a black stripe shirt for away games, which they still use to this date. Colours ;First kit evolution Famous players Diego Cagna Diego Latorre Antonio Mohamed Richard Zambrano Ivan Hurtado"El Avetruz" Julio César de León"El Leon Indomable" Carlos Pavón "El Tanque Catracho" Ignacio Ambríz José Damasceno "Tiba" Félix Fernández Jaime Lozano Hugo Sánchez Pepe Soto Emilio Butragueño Rafael Martín Vázquez Míchel Rafael Paz Honours *Won promotion to the Primera División in 1994–95 Emilio Butrageño & Hugo Sanchez retired from Atletico Celaya

Introduction Events from the year 1953 in the United Kingdom. This is the year of the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II and the North Sea flood. Incumbents Monarch – Elizabeth II Prime Minister – Winston Churchill (Conservative) Parliament – 40th Events A breach at Erith after the North Sea flood 28 January – Nineteen-year old Derek Bentley is hanged at Wandsworth Prison in London for his part in the murder of PC Sidney Miles. 31 January – Car ferry , sailing from Stranraer, Scotland, to Larne, Northern Ireland, sinks in the Irish Sea killing 133 people on board. Among the dead are: Northern Ireland Finance Minister and Deputy Prime Minister Major Maynard Sinclair, and Sir Walter Smiles, the Ulster Unionist MP for North Down. 31 January–1 February – The North Sea flood of 1953 kills 307 people on the east coast of Britain, with more at sea. A corvette and a submarine sink at their moorings in HM Dockyard Sheerness. 1 February – Pool petrol, introduced during World War II, is replaced by individual brands. 5 February – Rationing of sweets, introduced during World War II, ends. 28 February – James D. Watson and Francis Crick announce that they have discovered the structure of the DNA molecule. 4 March – Tommy Taylor, 21-year-old centre forward, becomes Britain's most expensive footballer in a £29,999 transfer from Barnsley to Manchester United. 16 March – Josip Tito, the leader of Yugoslavia visits the UK, the first Communist leader to do so. 24 March Queen Mary, consort of the late King George V dies in her sleep at Marlborough House. The 10 Rillington Place murders are uncovered in London. 31 March – The funeral of Queen Mary takes place at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. DNA double helix 13 April – Ian Fleming publishes his first James Bond novel, Casino Royale. 15 April – Britain awards the George Medal to 22-year-old American airman Reis Leming who rescued 27 people in last winter's floods in East Anglia. 16 April – The Queen launches the Royal Yacht Britannia at John Brown & Company shipbuilders on the Clyde. 24 April – Prime Minister Winston Churchill receives a knighthood from the Queen. 25 April – Francis Crick and James D. Watson publish their description of the double helix structure of DNA in the paper "Molecular structure of Nucleic Acids". 2 May – Blackpool F.C. win the FA Cup final with a 4–3 victory over Bolton Wanderers, who have been 3–1 ahead until the final quarter of the game. Stan Mortensen scores a hat-trick, but the 38-year-old winger Stanley Matthews is instrumental in winning the game for Blackpool, who have never won a major trophy before. 25 May – Whitsun bank holiday; many businesses postpone the holiday for a week. Coronation portrait of Elizabeth II and The Duke of Edinburgh, June 2 June The coronation of Queen Elizabeth II takes place at Westminster Abbey, celebrated as a public holiday. The Times exclusively carries James Morris's scoop of the conquest of Mount Everest by a British expedition on 29 May. 6 June – The Epsom Derby is won by Pinza, the only Derby victory for Gordon Richards at his 28th attempt, days after becoming the only jockey to be made a knight. The Queen's horse, Aureole, finishes second. 23 June – Prime Minister Winston Churchill, 78, suffers a stroke at a dinner for the Italian Prime Minister Alcide De Gasperi. On 27 June the public are told that he is suffering from fatigue. 25 June – John Christie, a 54-year-old Londoner, is sentenced to death for the murder of his wife Ethel Christie. A total of eight bodies have been found at Christie's home, 10 Rillington Place in Notting Hill, including those of the wife and daughter of Timothy Evans who had been hanged in 1950 for his daughter's murder. 26 June – Eskdalemuir enters the UK Weather Records for the highest rainfall in a 30-minute period with 80mm, a record that will remain for at least sixty years. 30 June – First roll-on/roll-off ferry crossing of the English Channel, Dover–Boulogne. 15 July – John Christie is hanged at Pentonville Prison, where a crowd of some two hundred people stand to wait for the notice of execution to be posted. 18 July – The Quatermass Experiment, first of the Quatermass science-fiction serials by Nigel Kneale, begins its run on BBC Television. 20 July – The Good Old Days, filmed at the Leeds City Varieties, begins its 30-year run on BBC Television. 19 August The England cricket team under Len Hutton defeat Australia to win The Ashes for the first time in nineteen years. Iranian coup d'état ("Operation Boot"): Overthrow of the democratically elected Prime Minister of Iran by Iranian military in favour of strengthening the rule of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi with the support of the United States and UK. Autumn – Myxomatosis reaches the UK, first being illegally introduced onto an estate in West Sussex. 19 September – Sir Hubert Parry's 1916 setting of William Blake's "Jerusalem" first appears as a permanent feature of the Last Night of the Proms (televised). 26 September – End of post-war sugar rationing. 6 October – The government sends troops to the colony of British Guiana, blaming Communists for causing unrest. 27 October – Arbroath life-boat Robert Lindsay capsizes on service: six crew killed. November – The first production Blue Danube atomic bomb, the first British-developed and -built nuclear weapon, is delivered to the Bomber Command stockpile at RAF Wittering, concluding the High Explosive Research project to develop it. 2 November – The Samaritans telephone counselling service for the suicidal is started by Rev. Chad Varah in London. 11 November – Current affairs series Panorama first airs on BBC Television, it will still be running more than seventy years later. 17 November – Italian cargo steamer Vittoria Claudia sinks after collision with French motor vessel Perou in the English Channel, killing twenty Italian sailors. 20 November – The Piltdown Man, which was discovered in 1912 and thought to be the fossilised remains of a hitherto unknown form of early human, is exposed as a hoax. 25 November – Match of the Century: England v Hungary football match at Wembley Stadium results in a 6–3 defeat suffered by the England national football team against Hungary, ending a 90-year unbeaten home run against sides from outside the British Isles. 26 November – The House of Lords votes in favour of the government's proposals for commercial television. 30 November – Kabaka crisis: Edward Mutesa II, the kabaka of Buganda, is deposed and exiled to London by Sir Andrew Benjamin Cohen, Governor of Uganda. c. December – Matchbox toy vehicles are introduced by Lesney Products of London. 10 December Winston Churchill wins the Nobel Prize in Literature "for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values". Hans Adolf Krebs wins the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for his discovery of the citric acid cycle". Pilkington Brothers take out their first patent for the float glass process developed by Alastair Pilkington. Undated Michael Ventris deciphers the Minoan language Linear B. First Italian espresso coffee bar opens in the UK, The Moka in Frith Street, Soho, London. Jazz musician John Dankworth sets up his big band, the Johnny Dankworth Orchestra. Laura Ashley sells her first printed fabrics. J. C. Bamford of Rocester introduce the backhoe loader. E. Gomme introduce the popular G-Plan furniture range. House of Fraser take over the Sunderland-based Binns group of department stores. Some 25% of British households now own a television set, seventeen years after the first sets became available. Many families buy a set this year to watch the Coronation of Elizabeth II. Publications Agatha Christie's novels After the Funeral and A Pocket Full of Rye. Gerald Durrell's first book, The Overloaded Ark. Lawrence Durrell's book Reflections on a Marine Venus. Islwyn Ffowc Elis's Welsh novel Cysgod y Cryman Ian Fleming's first James Bond novel, Casino Royale. L. P. Hartley's novel The Go-Between. C. S. Lewis' novel The Silver Chair. Evelyn Waugh's novel Love Among the Ruins. A Romance of the Near Future. Geoffrey Willans and Ronald Searle's Molesworth book Down With Skool. John Wyndham's novel The Kraken Wakes. Births 1 January – Maureen Beattie, Irish-born Scottish actress 4 January *Jackie Ballard, journalist and politician *Richard Boden, director and producer *Vicki Bruce, psychologist and academic 6 January - Malcolm Young, Scottish-born Australian guitarist (died 2017) 11 January – John Sessions, actor (died 2020) 19 January – Linda Hayden, actress 29 January *Ronnie Moore, footballer and manager *Richard Younger-Ross, politician 17 February – Norman Pace, actor and comedian 18 February – Ian Jenkins, archaeologist and curator (died 2020) 22 February – Geoffrey Perkins, comedy producer, writer and performer (died 2008) 3 March – Robyn Hitchcock, alternative rock singer-songwriter 26 March – Christopher Fowler, thriller writer 4 April – Sammy Wilson, Northern Irish politician 9 April – John Howard, glam-pop singer-songwriter 11 April – Andrew Wiles, mathematician known for proving Fermat's Last Theorem 13 April – Stephen Byers, politician 18 April – Steven Pimlott, theatre director (died 2007) 20 April – Sebastian Faulks, novelist 24 April – Tim Woodward, screen actor 26 April – David Reddaway, Canadian-English diplomat, British High Commissioner to Canada 6 May Tony Blair, Prime Minister (1997-2007) Graeme Souness, Scottish footballer and manager 7 May – Ian McKay, soldier, recipient of VC posthumously (killed 1982) 10 May – John Diamond, journalist (died 2001) 15 May – Mike Oldfield, musician 19 May – Victoria Wood, comic performer (died 2016) 21 May – Jim Devine, politician 24 May – Alfred Molina, actor 26 May – Michael Portillo, politician 31 May – Linda Riordan, politician 2 June – Dave Boy Green, boxer and businessman 3 June – John Moulder-Brown, actor 7 June – Johnny Clegg, mbaqanga and Afro-pop musician and musical anthropologist (died 2019) 8 June – Billy Hayes, trade union leader 19 June – Hilary Jones, physician, television host and media personality 23 June – John Stahl, Scottish actor (died 2022) 26 June – Neil Record, businessman, author and economist 1 July – Alan Sunderland, footballer 4 July – Francis Maude, politician 15 July – John Denham, politician 21 July – David Ervine, leader of the Progressive Unionist Party (died 2007) 24 July – Julian Brazier, politician 29 July – Willie Donald, Scottish cricket player and administrator (died 2022) 8 August – Nigel Mansell, racing driver 9 August – Roberta Tovey, actress 15 August – Carol Thatcher, journalist, and Mark Thatcher 16 August – David Spiegelhalter, statistician 18 August – Patrick Cowdell, English boxer 23 August – Bobby G (Robert Gubby), singer (Bucks Fizz) 2 September – Keith Allen, actor 12 September – Fiona Mactaggart, educator and politician 27 September – Diane Abbott, politician 10 October – Janet Bloomfield, disarmament campaigner (died 2007) 12 October – Les Dennis, television presenter, actor and comedian 13 October – John Simpson, lexicographer and scholar 21 October – Peter Mandelson, politician 24 October John Barton, English footballer and manager Andrew Turner, academic and politician David Wright, composer and music producer 26 October – Roger Allam, actor 27 October Paul Alcock, football referee (died 2018) Peter Firth, actor 28 October – Phil Dwyer, Welsh footballer (died 2021) 4 November – Peter Lord, British film producer and director 7 November – Lucinda Green, equestrian 11 November – Andy Partridge, rock singer-songwriter 16 November – Griff Rhys Jones, comedian, actor and writer 26 November – Hilary Benn, politician 28 November – Alistair Darling, politician 29 November – Rose West, serial killer 2 December – David Anderson, English miner and politician 6 December – Geoff Hoon, politician 13 December – Jim Davidson, comedian Deaths 13 January – Sir Edward Marsh, polymath and civil servant (born 1872) 28 January – Derek Bentley, criminal (born 1933) (hanged) 29 January Sir Norman MacEwen, RAF commander (born 1881) Sir Reginald Wingate, general and colonial administrator (born 1861) 9 February – Cecil Hepworth, film director (born 1874) 23 February – Sir Cecil Hunter-Rodwell, colonial administrator (born 1874) 24 March – Queen Mary, consort of King George V, grandmother of Queen Elizabeth II (born 1867) 6 April – Idris Davies, Welsh poet (born 1905) 9 April – C. E. M. Joad, philosopher and broadcaster (born 1891) 25 May – Edmund Dulac, French-born illustrator and designer (Wilding series) (born 1882) 1 June – Alex James, footballer (born 1901) 16 June – Margaret Bondfield, politician and trade unionist (born 1873) 9 July – Annie Kenney, suffragette (born 1879) 15 July – John Christie, serial killer (born 1899) (hanged) 16 July – Hilaire Belloc, writer (born 1870) 18 July – Lucy Booth, Salvationist, fifth daughter of William and Catherine Booth (born 1868) 29 July – Rosa May Billinghurst, suffragette (born 1875) 30 September Robert Mawdesley, stage and radio actor (born c. 1900) Lewis Fry Richardson, mathematical physicist (born 1881) 3 October – Sir Arnold Bax, composer (born 1883) 8 October Nigel Bruce, character actor (born 1895) Kathleen Ferrier, contralto (born 1912) 14 October – Arthur Wimperis, illustrator and playwright (born 1874) 20 October – Sir Robert Brooke-Popham, air chief marshal (born 1878) 21 October – Sir Muirhead Bone, etcher (born 1876) 27 October – Thomas Wass, cricketer (born 1873) 9 November – Dylan Thomas, Welsh poet and author (born 1914) 27 November – T. F. Powys, novelist (born 1875) 29 November – Ernest Barnes, mathematician, scientist, theologian and Bishop of Birmingham (born 1874) 25 December – William Haselden, cartoonist (born 1872)

Introduction Betty Applewhite is a fictional character played by actress Alfre Woodard on the ABC television series Desperate Housewives. The character is introduced in the last episodes of the series' first season, and becomes the center of the mystery of the second season, along with her two sons, Matthew and Caleb. Development and casting Regarding Betty Applewhite and the mystery storyline of her family, series creator Marc Cherry stated: "They come on the street; they seem like nice people — but they've got a secret. And it's pretty gothic. It's real and human and awful all at the same time." Woodard commented that her character "never means harm... Let's just say she has flaws. She had to make some really tough decisions quick and if the law ever catches up with her, she'll have to serve time... But they'll never catch her." The final scene of the season 2 premiere in which Betty and Matthew bring food to the prisoner in their basement was originally intended for the first season finale but saved for "Next" instead. While the Applewhites are regarded as the first major black characters on the series, Cherry stated that the role of Betty was originally offered to two white film actresses, both of whom turned it down due to financial and time commitment issues. He clarified: "There's nothing strategically black about her character. Her color is incidental." Woodard stated that she had never seen the show before accepting the role, something that led the producers to send her fifteen episodes of the show, which she divided amongst various family members. After they compared storylines, Woodard recalled that she became "instantly hooked" on the series. Storylines Betty Applewhite is the first African-American housewife to be a major character on Desperate Housewives, and is described as a "deeply religious, overbearing single mother". Betty grew up in a very religious household, and is a gifted pianist. Betty married young to a man named Virgil Applewhite. Betty and Virgil had two sons named Matthew and Caleb Applewhite. Virgil started being abusive which led to Betty leaving him. She took Matthew and Caleb with her. Matthew lied to Bree and Danielle Van de Kamp saying that Virgil was dead when the Applewhites first meet the Van de Kamps. While living in Chicago, Matthew had an off and on relationship with a girl named Melanie Foster. One night he broke up with her for good. Melanie wanted to make it a real goodbye so they decided to meet in a lumberyard. Caleb got there first and said that he could be her boyfriend. After Melanie laughed in his face, he started beating her with an axe. He ran away covered in blood. Matthew killed her for real when she threatened to send Caleb away forever. Matthew had Caleb blamed. Betty begins her recurring role in the final two episodes of the show's first season, when she buys a house on Wisteria Lane from Edie Britt over the phone and moves during the night. In the first episode of season 2, she agrees to be the organist at Rex Van de Kamp's funeral at the request of Bree Van de Kamp. Betty is an astute woman not to be trifled with, as revealed in unpleasant and threatening exchanges with Bree. Her reasons for moving from Chicago to Wisteria Lane are mysterious due to the fact she has locked up her son Caleb, who is somewhat "slow" and lacking in social skills, in her basement. Because of the way she bought her house, she arouses the suspicions of the housewives. She eventually reveals to Bree that Caleb murdered Melanie Foster. Meanwhile, her son Matthew has been dating Danielle Van de Kamp, Bree's daughter. Matthew wants a "normal life" without the secrets and pressures of keeping a fugitive out of sight. He and Danielle hatch a scheme to have Caleb put down. Matthew tricks his brother into going to Danielle's house to rape her. Bree finds out and informs Betty that she will call the cops and send Caleb away forever. Betty will not have this and decides to poison Caleb because she refuses to have him locked away. By poisoning him, she thinks she will give him peace. Betty takes Caleb on a picnic where she treats him to a bowl of ice cream that she has poisoned. Caleb asks if Matthew is mad at him, and Betty asks why. He tells her what really happened, and Betty stops Caleb from eating the ice cream. Back on Wisteria Lane, she tricks Matthew into going into the basement, where she locks him in for punishment. Danielle comes to Matthew's aid and strikes Betty with a crowbar. She and Matthew flee, leaving Betty on the basement floor. After she comes to, Betty decides to leave Wisteria Lane. She packs her belongings and prepares to depart with Caleb in the middle of the night. However, the police show up and arrest her before she can leave. In jail, Betty learns that it wasn't Caleb behind Melanie Foster's murder—it was Matthew. Betty calls Bree, who is in a psychiatric hospital, and warns her that they need to get Danielle to safety. As Bree escapes the hospital, Matthew and Danielle head back to the neighborhood to grab some things. While Danielle attempts to break into her mother's safe, Matthew heads to the Applewhite home to pick up some cash. Betty is there to confront him and reveals that she has learned the shocking truth and is even more shocked that he has placed the blame on his brother. According to Matthew, Betty loved Caleb more than she loved him. Betty argues that she was the only person Caleb was going to receive love from. Matthew leaves to get Danielle from her house before Betty alerts the authorities. As Matthew prepares to flee with Danielle, they are confronted by Bree. In the resulting confrontation, Matthew pulls a gun on Bree, and just as he is about to pull the trigger, he is shot dead by a police sniper. Betty decides that this dark chapter of her life is over. She packs and leaves Wisteria Lane with Caleb. Reception As soon as Woodard accepted the role of Betty Applewhite, she reported experiencing heavy media attention. Woodard's portrayal of Betty was praised and resulted in a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series. However, her mystery as a whole had mixed reviews. In a review of the second-season premiere, Michael Slezak of Entertainment Weekly thought that the Applewhite mystery would help reduce the show's chances of falling into a sophomore slump. He praised Woodard's acting as well as her character's storyline, opining, "there's something so inherently warm and maternal in Woodard's performance, such apple-pie wholesomeness, that it makes her touches of menace all the more chilling." However, as the season progressed, there were many complaints about Betty's lack of interaction with the other housewives.While reviewing the Extra Juicy Edition of the DVD of the second season, Kristopowitz noted that many of the bad reviews received by the second season were because of Betty. Even several seasons after Betty's departure, her mystery was a target of negative reviews and comparisons. In his review of the fourth season premiere, Matt Roush of TV Guide complimented the addition of Katherine Mayfair (Dana Delany), writing "while she's obviously harboring a dark secret, at least there's no one trapped in the basement." While reviewing the third episode of the fifth season, Tanner Stransky of Entertainment Weekly hoped that, after finding the truth behind the mystery of Dave Williams (Neal McDonough), the audience would not feel "Applewhited", commenting that "After episodes of buildup and rattling chains coming from her basement, the story line was such a disappointment." Four episodes into the sixth season, Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly declared that the mystery storyline of Angie Bolen (Drea de Matteo) was suffering from the lack of interaction between the character and the other leading women, similar to Betty's storyline in season two. When Vanessa Williams was cast as Renee Perry, who became the second African-American housewife to be a major character on the series, she admitted to having been a fan of the series during its first year, but stopped watching because of the racially insensitive Applewhite mystery storyline. Williams explained to Entertainment Weekly, "Betty had her son in chains in the basement. It was like, 'Really? Do we have to go there with our first Black character?' I honestly fell off the show after that. I think it was just so implausible and just an image that Black folks don't want to see: their child chained and shackled in the basement."

Introduction Zhivko Milanov is a Bulgarian former professional footballer who is currently an assistant manager of Lokomotiv Sofia. He was primarily deployed as a right back, but when needed he could also operate on the left side. Milanov was capped 28 times for the Bulgarian national team. Milanov spent the majority of his playing career at Levski Sofia, but he also had several stints abroad at Vaslui, Tom Tomsk and APOEL. After ending his playing career, in 2021 he became an assistant manager of Levski, later also spending some time as head coach of the club. Career Levski Sofia Milanov made his league debut in 2003. With Levski Sofia he reached the quarter finals of UEFA Cup in 2005–06. Next season, Levski Sofia reached the group-stage of UEFA Champions League, becoming the first Bulgarian team to do so. He became a Champion of Bulgaria in 2009. Vaslui Milanov joined Vaslui on 14 January 2010 on a -year contract. The deal was reported by media to be worth $350,000. He was seen as the perfect substitute for Vaslui's captain Buhuș, whose long-term injury would keep him out from the field for the rest of the season. He made his league debut against Gaz Metan Mediaş, wearing the number 20 for Vaslui. He did not missed a single match for his new team, and helped Vaslui finishing third in Liga I, and reaching the Romanian Cup final, eventually lost at the penalty shootout. After Buhuș's departure, he established himself as Vaslui's first-choice right back. On 23 July 2010, in Liga I's opening match, Milanov received his first red card since his arrival in Vaslui. Following Luz's long term-injury and Bălace's bad shape, Milanov was sent to play on the left side. However, because of Papp's unsuccessful try out on the right side, Milanov was sent back on his favourite position. In his second season in Vaslui, he ended third in Liga I, after a long battle, between Oţelul Galaţi, Poli Timişoara and SC Vaslui, for their first championship. On 23 July 2011, Milanov received his second red card, in Vaslui's opening match against Rapid București. On 19 August, he scored his first goal for Vaslui, against Sparta Prague helping his team qualify for the first time to the UEFA Europa League's Group Stages. Tom Tomsk After his contract with Vaslui expired, Milanov joined Russian Premier League club Tom Tomsk on a free transfer on 24 June 2013. He signed a two-year contract. Return to Levski Sofia Milanov returned to Levski Sofia in early September 2015 and played for the Blues during the autumn part of the 2015–16 A Group, receiving praise for his performance. APOEL On 30 December 2015, Milanov signed an 18-month contract with Cypriot First Division champions APOEL. He made his debut on 10 January 2016, playing the full 90 minutes in APOEL's 2–1 away victory against Aris Limassol for the Cypriot First Division. A few months after joining APOEL, he crowned champion as his team managed to win the Cypriot First Division title for a fourth time in the row. On 2 March 2017, Milanov signed a two-year contract extension with APOEL, running until 31 May 2019. Third stint at Levski Sofia and retirement After agreeing with APOEL to rescind his contract, Milanov returned again to Levski Sofia. On 11 February 2019 he signed a 1,5-year contract with the club. On 23 June 2020, Milanov played his last professional match against Lokomotiv Plovdiv in a semi-final Cup tie, finishing 0-0. After the match, he stated that a lung disease made him retire on the age of 34. International career Milanov started playing for the Bulgarian national team in 2006, and has been capped 28 times during his international career. He announced his retirement from the national team on 21 March 2017, at the age of 32. Career statistics Club Club Season Division League Cup Europe Other Total Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Levski Sofia 2002–03 A Group 4 0 1 0 0 0 — 5 0 2003–04 3 0 1 0 1 0 — 5 0 2004–05 20 1 4 0 4 0 — 28 1 2005–06 19 1 2 0 9 0 0 0 30 1 2006–07 18 1 1 0 8 0 1 0 28 1 2007–08 25 3 3 1 2 0 1 0 31 4 2008–09 23 2 4 0 4 0 — 31 2 2009–10 10 0 1 1 8 0 0 0 19 1 Total 122 8 17 2 36 0 2 0 177 10 Vaslui 2009–10 Liga I 17 0 3 0 — — 20 0 2010–11 30 0 1 0 2 0 — 33 0 2011–12 27 0 2 0 10 1 — 39 1 2012–13 30 1 1 0 3 0 — 34 1 Total 104 1 7 0 15 1 — 126 2 Tom Tomsk 2013–14 Premier Liga 28 0 3 0 — 2 0 33 0 2014–15 1.Division 27 1 0 0 — 2 0 29 1 Total 55 1 3 0 — 4 0 62 1 Levski Sofia 2015–16 A Group 12 1 2 0 — — 14 1 Total 12 1 2 0 — — 14 1 APOEL 2015–16 Cypriot First Division 16 0 6 0 — — 22 0 2016–17 27 0 5 0 16 0 1 0 49 0 2017–18 2 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 8 0 2018–19 5 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 11 0 Total 50 0 11 0 28 0 1 0 90 0 Levski Sofia 2018–19 First League 11 1 0 0 0 0 — 11 1 2019–20 23 0 4 0 3 0 — 30 0 Total 34 1 4 0 3 0 — 41 1 Career total 377 12 44 2 82 1 7 0 510 15 International Bulgaria Year Apps Goals 2006 1 0 2007 2 0 2008 6 0 2009 5 0 2010 6 0 2011 3 0 2015 2 0 2016 3 0 Total 28 0 Honours Levski Sofia A PFG (3): 2005–06, 2006–07, 2008–09 Bulgarian Cup (3): 2002–03, 2004–05, 2006–07 Bulgarian Supercup (3): 2005, 2007, 2009 APOEL Cypriot First Division (4): 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19

Introduction The beneficiary rule, commonly referred to as the "lucky dog" or "free pass", is a rule in some motor racing leagues allowing the closest lapped driver to the front of the field to gain back a lap when a caution is called. The driver is called to move to the end of the longest line of the cars at the end of that caution period. This rule was instituted to prevent drivers from racing back to the start/finish line when a caution was called. The rule was first implemented by NASCAR in the 2003 seasons of its three national series, and in all NASCAR-sanctioned series by 2005. Background Before the rule was installed, drivers would "race back to the caution"; however, there was a gentlemen's agreement not to race, but to slow down and not pass, to allow slower cars to get their laps back. During a September 14, 2003, Sylvania 300 at New Hampshire International Speedway, Casey Mears came close to contacting the stalled car of Dale Jarrett while racing back to the line during a caution caused by Jarrett's crash. NASCAR chose to abandon the practice and stop racing immediately in the wake of the incident. The rule was created as a way of continuing the practice of yielding to the slower cars without sacrificing safety. Naming The popular term for this rule, Lucky Dog, was first used by Benny Parsons in 2003 during a TNT broadcast at Dover International Speedway. His boothmate Wally Dallenbach Jr., concurred when Jimmy Spencer, who drove a car sponsored by Sirius Satellite Radio (whose company mascot was a dog, named "Deejay Mongobot"), saying, "That IS a lucky dog." This became used by all NBC and TNT broadcasts, along with the Performance Racing Network radio broadcasts. The term is also used by NASCAR SimRacing and iRacing, among other licensed NASCAR video games produced after the rule was implemented. Another oft-used term, Free pass, was first used by Mike Joy during the 2004 broadcast of the Subway 400 at North Carolina Speedway in Rockingham, North Carolina. Sometimes, Larry McReynolds, especially during the 2004 season, would refer to it as a pardon, and sometimes Darrell Waltrip uses it only for the #38 Robert Yates Racing Ford and later #18 Joe Gibbs Racing Toyota, because that car is sponsored by Mars, Incorporated, which manufactures the Pedigree dog food brand. It is used by MRN Radio and Fox Sports by its main announcers, and is used by the Fox graphics package. (Note that starting in 2007, TNT's coverage is produced by Fox Sports; as part of the 2009 restart rule changes, the TNT graphics package states the driver with the Free Pass and Wave-Around before the restart.) On Speed Channel and ESPN the term Aaron's "Lucky Dog" is used. During ESPN broadcasts, it is used only when it is officially awarded. During ESPN broadcasts, Jerry Punch follows the code established by ESPN producer Neil Goldberg, using Free Pass. In the NASCAR Pinty's Series, the term VTech Lucky Dog is a contingency award among drivers who were Beneficiaries during the race. The highest-finishing driver who had earned a Beneficiary Rule lap wins a CAD 1,000 prize. Reception The use of the term lucky dog is often criticized by specific Fox staff members for not being informative and producer Neil Goldberg, who has since moved to ESPN. Mike Joy has mocked the term on Fox broadcasts, first in March 2005 during the Busch Series Telcel-Motorola 200 at the Autodromo Hermanos Rodriguez, where a dog ran across the track during a caution, and in April 2006 during the DirecTV 500 in Martinsville Speedway, where Joy referred to Ryan Newman's love of pets and said despite his love of dogs, he hadn't been a lucky dog. During a 2004 conversation with fans on the Fox Sports website, Waltrip said, "You're not lucky, and you're not a dog. You just happen to be the recipient of a free pass. You get to go around the track and get back on the lead lap." Conversely, Goldberg told the NASCAR.COM Viewer's Guide in April 2004 the term free pass suits the audience easily because "it easily bridged us into explaining of what it is each time it happens." He also mentioned, for new viewers, the Fox terminology is easier to explain, especially since "we feel 'free pass' signals something happening better than throwing out the term 'lucky dog.'" Later, however, Fox agreed to use the term on-air after rent-to-own company Aaron's paid to sponsor the 'award', even creating a cartoon dog character to accompany the captioning. Conditions The rule applies regardless of the number of laps a car is behind the leader. Furthermore, a driver may not receive a beneficiary rule lap in certain situations: The driver caused the situation bringing out the yellow. The driver had been penalized one (or more) laps for rough driving. This rule may be waived if the driver passes the leader and regains his lap back, and then is passed back. There are two restrictions on the pitting in regards to the beneficiary rule: The driver pits with the lap-down cars, unless officials declare a quick yellow, when all cars may pit. During that pit stop, it is the only lap that car may take fuel. This rule was implemented October 30, 2004, after Ryan Newman won the first race with the beneficiary rule by stopping for fuel multiple times after gaining the free pass during that caution period, resulting in a win. In 2006, NASCAR began to use this rule at road course races, despite previous years where it was not used at road course events. In June 2009, double-file restart rule changes resulted in changes to the Beneficiary Rule: The beneficiary would now be implemented during the entire race. Previously, the beneficiary was discontinued when less than ten laps remained in the race. After pit stops, once the starter signals one lap before the restart, the pit is closed, and all cars between the safety car and leader will be allowed to advance to the rear of the field. The leader will be the first car on the restart. Cars that were not waved around (such as lead lap cars, but not the beneficiary) will be allowed to pit. Such a situation occurs when the leaders pit, but some lapped cars do not pit. This usually occurs when different pit strategies are used between leaders, or when a cycle of pit stops is interrupted by a caution; those cars which have pitted and are lapped will take the wave-around, restarting behind the leaders who pitted, and advancing one lap. The 2009 NASCAR rule change brings it in line with Grand-Am road racing, while rules where lapped cars between leaders may gain one lap were adopted in Formula One as of 2007. The lapped-car rule in Formula One applies when the "lapped cars may overtake" signal appears on team monitors from race control. In the IndyCar Series, lapped cars ahead of the leader following pit stops (which may happen if a lapped car does not pit during yellow when the lead lap cars do so) are allowed to move to the tail end of the lead lap on restarts on the one lap to go signal—which automatically closes the pit lane until the restart. This ensures that the leaders take the green flag without interference from lapped traffic. NASCAR follows the same policy with the 2009 change to the Beneficiary Rule, except that pit lane is only closed to those cars that were waved around the safety car to allow the leaders to start at the front. Statistics According to Jayski.com, seven drivers have won a race being the beneficiary in NASCAR Cup Series alone, with two drivers doing it twice. #Ryan Newman, Dover, September 2003 and Michigan, June 2004 #Mark Martin, Dover, June 2004 #Jeff Gordon, Martinsville, April 2005 #Kyle Busch, Phoenix, November 2005 and Talladega, April 2008 #Kurt Busch, Bristol, March 2006 #Kasey Kahne, Michigan, June 2006 #Joey Logano, New Hampshire, June 2009 #Kevin Harvick, Daytona, July 2010 Another notable win that occurred with a driver receiving the Beneficiary rule was when Aric Almirola and Denny Hamlin (who was not credited for the win) won the 2007 AT&T 250 in the NASCAR Xfinity Series after their driver change put them a lap down. Most beneficiaries accumulated in a race: #Jamie McMurray, 6, Talladega, May 2014, finished 29th #Kyle Busch, 5, Watkins Glen, August 2006, finished 9th #David Reutimann, 5, Daytona, July 2008, finished 21st #Joe Nemechek, 5, New Hampshire, July 2013, finished 25th #Kevin Lepage, 4, Charlotte, October 2005, finished 21st #Bobby Labonte, 4, Talladega, April 2007, finished 20th #David Gilliland, 4, Talladega, October 2007, finished 27th #Kevin Lepage, 3, Charlotte, May 2005 #Kevin Lepage, 3, Chicago, July 2005 #Mike Wallace, 3, Bristol, August 2005 #Dale Earnhardt Jr., 3, Bristol, August 2005 #Kyle Petty, 3, Talladega, October 2005 #Rusty Wallace, 3, Charlotte, October 2005, finished 24th #Terry Labonte, 3, Bristol, March 2006, finished 27th #Jeff Gordon, 3. Martinsville, April 2005, finished 1st #Jeff Gordon, 3, Indianapolis, August 2006, finished 16th #David Stremme, 3, Michigan, August 2006, finished 28th #David Ragan, 3, Martinsville, October 2006, finished 25th #Jimmie Johnson, 3, Pocono, August 2009, finished 13th NOTE: Kyle Busch was the beneficiary in five consecutive caution periods at the 2006 AMD at the Glen; the beneficiary rule was not used on road course events in 2004. The first driver not on the lead lap—no matter how many laps they are behind the leader—gains one lap back per beneficiary; another reason the rule is somewhat unpopular. In Busch's case, he lost five laps from repairs caused by an oil leak, and upon returning to the track, gained all five laps back through the beneficiary rule because no other driver was between him and the lead lap on any of the caution periods. Aric Almirola and Denny Hamlin (who was not credited for the win) won the 2007 AT&T 250 put them a lap down.

Introduction Lúcio Wagner Freitas de Souza, known simply as Lúcio Wagner, is a retired Brazilian-born Bulgarian international footballer who played as a left-back. Achieving mild success in Bulgaria, where he won eight major titles during a seven year span with Levski Sofia, he would receive Bulgarian citizenship in 2006 and play for their national team on 15 occasions. Club career Born in Rio de Janeiro, Wagner started at Náutico, a club competing in the Campeonato Pernambucano. During his time there, the club was runner-up in the 1994 Pernambucano State Championship. In 1995, he signed with Corinthians Alagoano, who loans him to Benfica in 1997, together with Marcos Alemão, Cáju and Deco. After spending time at the farm team, he moved to Benfica in March 1997, making three appearances during his time in Da Luz, making his league debut on 12 April 1997 against Boavista. After the failed stint in Portugal, Corinthians loaned him to Sevilla, at the time playing in the second tier. In 2000, Wagner joined CA Juventus in the Campeonato Paulista, playing 39 matches, scoring two goals during the two seasons there. In 2002, he moved to Cherno More in the Bulgarian league, racking up twenty league appearances in 2002–03 season, which led to a move to the larger Levski Sofia in 2003. Appearing for the first time on 8 August 2003, he would assume regular starter role, winning three league titles in 2005-06, 2006–07, 2008–09 and helping Levski reach the quarter-finals of the 2005–06 UEFA Cup where they were stopped by Schalke 04, and the group stage of the 2006–07 UEFA Champions League, after eliminating Sioni Bolnisi and Chievo, being the first Bulgarian team to do so. In 2010, the 34 year-old was released by Levski Sofia after 173 appearances for the Bulgarians. International career In 2006, Wagner was granted Bulgarian nationality, and made his debut for the national team on 9 May, in a Kirin Cup match against Japan. He would represent Bulgaria five times during the qualifying stages of UEFA Euro 2008, and once in the qualification for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Career statistics Club Season League Cup Europe Total Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Benfica 1996–97 2 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 Total 2 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 Levski Sofia 2003–04 21 0 5 0 5 0 31 0 2004–05 18 0 6 2 1 2 25 4 2005–06 23 0 2 0 14 0 39 0 2006–07 19 1 2 0 8 0 29 1 2007–08 14 0 0 0 2 0 16 0 2008–09 16 0 4 0 4 0 24 0 2009–10 7 0 0 0 2 0 9 0 Total 118 1 19 2 36 2 173 5 Career total 118 1 19 2 36 2 173 5 Honours ;Levski Sofia A Group (3): 2005-06, 2006–07, 2008–09 Bulgarian Cup (2): 2004-05, 2006–07 Bulgarian Supercup (3): 2005, 2007, 2009

Introduction Godiva's is a Canadian television comedy-drama series created by Michael MacLennan with Julia Keatley of Keatley Entertainment. It debuted on Bravo! and Citytv in 2005 and was celebrated for its intelligent, fast-paced depiction of young Canadians in the restaurant industry. The series was nominated for numerous Gemini Awards including Best Series. Although the series was critically well received, after completing a successful two-season run in 2006, it was not renewed for a third season by CHUM broadcasting. Plot Set in Vancouver's Yaletown district, the series revolved around ten young friends working at the hip Godiva's bistro. Cast Erin Karpluk played Kate, the restaurant's manager. She is a transplant to Vancouver from Toronto. At the beginning of the series, she is engaged to Bruce, but they break up after she cheats on him with their realtor, Zach. After that, she goes through several brief relationships, and is eventually date-raped by Joe, a man who picks her up at a club. At the same time, she deals with fending off Garth, a property manager who is trying to buy the neighbourhood in which the Godiva's building is situated. Stephen Lobo played Ramir, the head chef. He is an East Indian chef who often has to deal with his overbearing parents, who are disappointed with his chosen career path (mainly because he frequently cooks meat). He is known as a player and has an on-and-off relationship with Jenna throughout the series, though he is more interested in the physical aspects of it than the emotional ones. He becomes engaged to Rajni, the daughter of family friends, who tells him that she is a lesbian. She convinces him to ask for her hand so they can satisfy their parents, but he abruptly leaves her during the middle of their wedding. This leads his father to disown him. Ramir consistently debates between continuing work at Godiva's and opening his own restaurant, at one point offering Martin the opportunity to become his partner in a potential new venture. Carmen Moore played Simone, the bartender. She is known for her sarcastic commentary and her wide-ranging knowledge of alcoholic drinks, which was likely gleaned during her period as an alcoholic. She throws out her back in the middle of the series and becomes addicted to her painkillers, but she quickly solves this by seeking acupuncture treatments from Victor. She has a daughter named Chantal, who shows up unexpectedly near the end of the series and ends up running away with T.J. Neil Grayston played Martin, the sous chef. He is Ramir's roommate and frequently has to deal with the "noises" coming from Ramir's bedroom. He shows almost zero interest in women at the beginning of the series and almost resigns himself to asexuality, though he eventually begins taking hormone treatments, whose side effects cause his budding relationship with a woman named Jane to fail miserably. Michael McMurtry played Cordell, the waiter. He is a flamboyant homosexual who often makes no secret of his effeminate nature, as proven when he tells Daisy, "Just don't expect me to put out." He has a fragile relationship with a man named Drew, who is more interested in monogamy than the more promiscuous Cordell. This catches up with Cordell when he fears that he may have contracted HIV. Though primarily a waiter, Cordell becomes the restaurant's sommelier with the instruction of Simone and a wine expert named Telmo, with whom he sleeps one night. Sonja Bennett played Daisy, the pastry chef. She is a devout vegetarian and the "peacemaker" of the group. She develops a close friendship with Victor after he begins his medical practice. She begins dating Sam, a local organic farmer, who runs the meditation group she joins after witnessing a harrowing death. His influence causes her to rename herself "Savitri" (Sanskrit for "daughter of the sun") and behave erratically in the kitchen. Daisy is fired from Godiva's after stealing from her co-workers in order to help the meditation group's charity project. After a particularly uncomfortable encounter with a fellow member and pressure from Cordell and Victor, she leaves the group and is allowed to return to her old job at Godiva's. Matthew Currie Holmes played Stick, the prep chef. He is considered the slacker of the kitchen crew, often seen with his surfboard at Wreck Beach, or smoking marijuana on the restaurant's loading dock. He comes from a wealthy Vancouver family that he generally tries to avoid, though their social influence helped him get out of jail for dealing drugs. He develops a crush on Jenna while she is having problems with Ramir, and later becomes her boyfriend. Rick Tae played Victor, the dishwasher. He was a doctor in his native China, but due to his poor English, he cannot get a medical license in Canada. For a short time, he offered medical treatment to patients at the back of the restaurant, but quickly halted his "practice" after a patient was killed. He lives with his wife, Su Fei, and their daughter, Anita. Noel Fisher played TJ, the busboy and the owner's son. He is often immature and rude to the fellow restaurant staff, which may stem from the constant absence of Godiva, his mother. He is sometimes seen with a group of hard-edged classmates, Coulter, Mitchell, and Dani, who at one point almost burn down the restaurant when he lets them in after closing. He eventually becomes a DJ, running a nightclub out of his apartment above the restaurant. At the close of the series, he runs away with Chantal, Simone's daughter — ironically, he had lost his virginity to Simone in a much earlier episode. Leah Cairns played Jenna, the waitress. She is an aspiring dancer who has trouble finding a role, once because of her age. She has a one-sided, mostly physical relationship with Ramir at the beginning of the show. She later gets together with the more romantic Stick. Episodes # Title Airdate Synopsis 101 "Begin It Now" March 16, 2005 102 "The Hungry Ghost" March 23, 2005 103 "Having Her Cake" March 30, 2005 104 "Masters of Delusion" April 6, 2005 105 "Fancy Footwork" April 13, 2005 106 "Fast and Loose" April 20, 2005 201 "Floodgates" February 14, 2006 202 "Flipping Switches" February 21, 2006 203 "Out the Door" February 28, 2006 204 "Champagne Kisses" March 7, 2006 205 "Dead Flowers" March 12, 2006 206 "Forbidden Fruit" March 21, 2006 207 "Rubbing Shoulders" March 28, 2006 208 "The Bigger Man" April 4, 2006 209 "Tempting the Spice" April 15, 2006 210 "Little Engines" April 22, 2006 211 "The Fifth Taste" April 29, 2006 212 "Inked" May 6, 2006 213 "Exit Strategies" May 13, 2006 Reviews "Created by Michael MacLennan and Julia Keatley, the show throbs with style and confidence. It is, in a word, outstanding. ... In the interest of balance, I tried, repeatedly, to come up with something negative but was stumped. One pompous chef describes Ramir's cooking as "assertive yet complex." You could say the same thing about this show." - Vinay Menon, Toronto Star "Godiva's looks as if it could be the most exciting opening act in Canadian TV drama since The Eleventh Hour." - Alex Strachan, National Post "The dialogue sparkles with wit and bite." - John Doyle, The Globe and Mail "The kudos are warranted. Godiva's ... sharp writing, three-dimensional characters and moments of unexpected sensitivity make Godiva's air of jaded hipness ring with an authenticity foreign to most prime-time series. Deftly veering from comedy to drama, the show's ability to convey the subtle shadings of real life not only give it a grit and urgency, but it also makes us care about characters who—in a different format—would seem unlikable and off-putting. In the end, Godiva's edgy rock-and-roll attitude is a clever illusion. Deep down, this is a show about heart." - Joel Rubinoff, Hamilton Spectator Awards and nominations Canadian Screen Awards Year Category Nominee Result Ref 2005 Best Dramatic Series Gigi Boyd, Michael MacLennan, Julia Keatley Best Performance by an Actor in a Featured Supporting Role in a Dramatic Series Noel Fisher 2006 Best Performance by an Actor in a Featured Supporting Role in a Dramatic Series Rick Tae Michael McMurtry Best Performance by an Actress in a Continuing Leading Dramatic Role Erin Karpluk Directors Guild of Canada Awards Year Category Nominee Result Ref 2007 Outstanding Television Series - Drama Directing Team - Episode 212: Inked Leo Awards Year Category Nominee Result Ref 2005 Best Dramatic Series Julia Keatley, Michael MacLennan, Gigi Boyd Best Screenwriting in a Dramatic Series Michael MacLennan Best Picture Editing in a Dramatic Series Mike Banas Best Musical Score in a Dramatic Series James Jandrisch Best Supporting Performance by a Male in a Dramatic Series Matthew Currie Holmes Rick Tae Best Supporting Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series Sonja Bennett Best Lead Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series Erin Karpluk 2006 Best Direction in a Dramatic Series Gary Harvey Anthony Atkins Best Screenwriting in a Dramatic Series Michael MacLennan Michael MacLennan, Abigail Kinch Best Picture Editing in a Dramatic Series Mike Banas Best Guest Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series Veena Sood Best Supporting Performance by a Male in a Dramatic Series Rick Tae Matthew Currie Holmes Neil Grayston Best Supporting Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series Carmen Moore Sonja Bennett Leah Cairns Best Lead Performance by a Male in a Dramatic Series Stephen Lobo Best Lead Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series Erin Karpluk

Introduction Charlie Panigoniak (, 7 March 1946 – 6 March 2019), born in Chesterfield Inlet, Northwest Territories in what is now Nunavut, Canada, was an Inuk singer-songwriter and guitarist whose albums reflect on northern life. He began recording in the early 1970s, including projects for broadcaster CBC Northern Service. His Inuktitut language rendition of "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" (, ) with Lorna Tasseor was featured on the 1996 compilation A Northern Christmas. Biography Charlie Panigoniak was born on 7 March 1946 in the town of Chesterfield Inlet, Northwest Territories. By the time he was 30, he was already a prominent performer of Inuit music in many different Inuit communities around what is now Nunavut. Panigoniak is an interesting artist because he has taken mainstream music and songs and covered them using his own unique style of music. Perhaps the most well known example of this is Panigoniak's cover of "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer", a popular children's Christmas song. Panigoniak has collaborated with his partner Lorna Tasseor for the past 30 years. He is not only the lead singer and song writer but also plays guitar and keyboard with Tasseor as an accompanying singer. Panigoniak was born in the north of Canada. This meant that he was cut off from the majority of the mainstream cultural happenings in Canada and would have been heavily influenced by the traditions of his community. In the late 1950s the Canadian government decided to settle starving inland Inuit in a variety of coastal communities. With these new immigrants to the area came new thoughts and ideas and, perhaps, a potential to hear mainstream Canadian music. Panigoniak's father gave him his first guitar when the musician was 21. This guitar was made from a tin can. It allowed Panigoniak to become a "skillful manipulator of the country music idiom". In 1967, Panigoniak had to travel to Brandon, Manitoba to receive treatment for tuberculosis. This excursion to a big city not only opened the musician's eyes to new forms of music. It also gave him the opportunity to buy his first real guitar. Since getting that guitar Panigoniak has developed a country folk style of music. His songs often concern his friends, family and everyday occurrences and events from his life. These songs are written in the Inuktitut language. This shows how important traditions and his northern home are to Panigoniak. While playing at Rankin Inlet, Northwest Territories in 1973 Panigoniak was overheard by Doug Ward. Ward was a producer with CBC and liked Panigoniak's sound so much that he arranged for a recording session in Toronto during the following summer. Panigoniak went on to record 3 records for the CBC Northern Service. These records include two EPs (11 songs) and the LPs Inuktitut Christmas & Gospel Songs, My Seasons and Just for Kids. The children's album was recorded with Tasseor, Panigoniak's "frequent partner" from this point on. This album shows Panigoniak's love of singing for children. Panigoniak has also made two CBC broadcast EPs. In 2012, he was awarded the territory's highest honour, the Order of Nunavut, along with artist Kenojuak Ashevak and they were both named "ambassadors for our territory and its people". The honour "acknowledges achievement and contribution to the territory, which has either a cultural, social, or economic significance". Panigoniak died 6 March 2019 at his home in Rankin Inlet, one day prior to his 73rd birthday.

Introduction Finn Berstad was a Norwegian footballer. Club career Berstad was a striker in his early career, but was later used as a central defender. Some remember Berstad for his penalty kick against Swedish team Djurgården in the summer of 1920 on Brann stadion, when he missed on a blank goal on purpose. He played for SK Brann, and won the Norwegian cup title in 1923 and 1925. International career In addition he played 32 matches and scored 13 goals for the Norway national football team.

Introduction Jennifer Elizabeth Pike (born 9 November 1989) is a British violinist. Early years and education Pike began playing the violin at the age of five, and after auditioning at the age of eight she gained a place at Chetham's School of Music in Manchester. At the age of ten she was chosen to play at a concert attended by the Prince of Wales at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden. She soon made her concerto debut, playing Haydn's Violin Concerto in G with her school orchestra. Her professional orchestra debut was with The Hallé at Bridgewater Hall aged 11. In 2002 Pike became the thirteenth person to win the BBC Young Musician of the Year Award, following her performance of Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto with the BBC Symphony Orchestra conducted by Sir Andrew Davis. Aged twelve at the time, she was the youngest ever winner of the competition until six years later. Earlier the same year she also won fourth prize in the Junior Section of the Yehudi Menuhin International Violin Competition, making her the youngest major prize-winner of the Competition. At age 16, she was awarded a scholarship to study at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama. She graduated with First Class Honours in Music from Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford in 2012, where she is now the Artist-In-Residence. Pike was a member of the BBC Radio 3 New Generation Artists scheme from 2008–2010. Career highlights Following her success in the BBC Young Musician of the Year, Pike has played in concerts and recitals in major venues all over the world. In July 2005 she took part in the BBC Proms in the Royal Albert Hall, and in November 2005 she made her evening recital debut in the Wigmore Hall, both to great critical acclaim. In 2009, Pike was a BBC Proms featured artist. She then took part in the 'Night of the Proms' 2016 tour to Poland, where she performed at the Atlas Arena in Łódź to an audience of 11,000, which was also broadcast on Polish TV. On 19 April 2012, she took part in a live concert in Glasgow, accompanied by the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra under the direction of Andrew Manze. The programme, which was aired through BBC Radio 3, included music of Bach and Vaughan Williams. On 4 August 2014, Pike performed Vaughan Williams's The Lark Ascending at the service of commemoration for the 100th anniversary of World War I at Westminster Abbey. In 2015 and 16, Pike toured of Mexico with the London Philharmonic Orchestra, performing with the Oslo Philharmonic as part of the Sibelius festival 150th year celebrations and performing as a director and soloist with the BBC Philharmonic. She also took part in a broadcast performance of Schindler's List as part of BBC Two's Holocaust Memorial Day tribute, as well as a live broadcast on Classic FM for the Queen's 90th Birthday celebration concert. Pike was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2020 Birthday Honours for services to classical music. Contemporary music and commissions In 2017 Pike curated 'Polish Music Day' at Wigmore Hall in London, featuring three concerts of Polish music including a specially commissioned work by contemporary Polish composer Paulina Załubska, and the UK premiere of Krzysztof Penderecki’s Capriccio for solo violin. Pike has had many pieces written specially for her, such as Hafliði Hallgrímsson’s Violin Concerto, which she premiered with the Iceland Symphony Orchestra and Scottish Chamber Orchestra. Other commissions for Pike include Andrew Schultz’s Violin Concerto and Sonatina for solo violin, and Charlotte Bray’s Scenes from Wonderland, premiered with the London Philharmonic Orchestra at Royal Festival Hall in London. In celebration of the 40th anniversary of BBC Young Musician, Pike performed the world premiere performance of David Bruce's 'Sidechaining' as part of a BBC commission for four soloists and orchestra at the 2018 Proms. She was joined by fellow BBC Young Musician winners Nicholas Daniel, Michael Collins and Ben Goldscheider, performing with the BBC Concert Orchestra under Andrew Gourlay. In 2020 Pike performed the world premiere of a piece by composer Dani Howard called 'Dualism' for violin and piano. Written specifically for Pike and pianist Martin Roscoe, the piece received its premiere at Wigmore Hall in January 2020. Charitable work Pike works with multiple charities across the UK, and is an acting ambassador for The Prince's Foundation for Children and the Arts, The Prince's Trust, London Music Masters, City Music Foundation and The Wellspring in her home town of Stockport. She also spoke out in support for the performing arts following the Covid-19 pandemic, including a performance on the steps of Manchester Central Library with Vanessa Redgrave to bring media attention to the plight of struggling artists. Discography Her extensive discography includes recordings with Chandos, Sony and ABC Classics. She has recorded with the Bergen Symphony and Sir Andrew Davis, the BBC Philharmonic and Rumon Gamba, the Tasmanian Symphony Orchestra and the City of Birmingham Symphony and Edward Gardner. Albums Title Details Debussy, Ravel and Franck Sonatas Released: November 2010 Label: Chandos Formats: Digital download, CD Miklós Rózsa: Variations on a Hungarian Peasant Song Released: May 2011 Label: Chandos Formats: Digital download, CD Andrew Schultz Violin Concerto Released: July 2011 Label: ABC Classics Miklós Rósza: Violin Concerto Released: October 2012 Label: Chandos Formats: Digital download, CD Chausson Concert Released: November 2012 Label: Chandos Formats: Digital download, CD Brahms & Schumann Sonatas, Clara Schumann Romances Released: November 2012 Label: Chandos Formats: Digital download, CD Sibelius Violin Concerto Released: February 2014 Label: Chandos Formats: Digital download, CD Janacek, Dvorak and Suk: Music for Violin and Piano Released: July 2014 Label: Chandos Formats: Digital download, CD Bach to Moog Released: May 2015 Label: Sony Classical Formats: Digital download, CD David Bednall Stabat Mater Released: December 2015 Label: Regent Records Formats: Digital download, CD Mendelssohn Violin Concerto Released: December 2015 Label: Chandos Formats: Digital download, CD Vaughan Williams The Lark Ascending Released: November 2016 Label: Naxos Formats: Digital download, CD The Polish Violin Released: February 2019 Label: Chandos Formats: Digital download, CD Like to the Lark Released: January 2020 Label: Chandos Formats: Digital download, CD Elgar/Vaughan Williams sonatas; The Lark Ascending (1914 version) Released: July 2020 Label: Chandos Formats: Digital download, CD

Introduction William Clyde Caldwell was an Ontario businessman and political figure. He represented Lanark North in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario as a Liberal member four times from 1872 to 1875, 1879 to 1886, 1888 to 1894 and 1898 to 1905. He was born William Caldwell in Lanark in Canada West in 1843. He worked in his father's timber company and later became a partner in the business. He received a Bachelor of Arts from Queen's College in 1866. Around 1872, he adopted the middle name Clyde, after the Clyde River in Lanark County where the family held timber limits, to distinguish himself from several other William Caldwells in the province. On his father's death, he inherited the company and several mills in Lanark. He became part-owner of a grist mill in Carleton Place and built a sawmill in Almonte. He also owned a woollen mill in Lanark. He was elected in an 1872 by-election to represent Lanark North in the Ontario legislature. In 1883, he moved to Kingston but kept property in Lanark. Caldwell was also a member of the Freemasons. He died in Lanark in 1905. Caldwell Street in Lanark is named after him.

Introduction The Manx Grand Prix motorcycle races are held on the Isle of Man TT Course (or 'Mountain Circuit') every year for a two-week period, usually spanning the end of August and early September. New for 2022 is a period reduction from 14 to 9 days. The MGP or Manx is considered to be the amateur rider's alternative and a learning experience for the Isle of Man TT races held in May/June. The event differs from the TT in that it does not cater for sidecars. A 'Classic TT' race category for historic racing machines was added in 2013 as part of the Manx Government Department of Economic Development's expansion to create what is termed Festival of Motorcycling. These new races also allowed for professional and experienced riders to compete. The event consists of six four-lap races of the circuit which begins at the TT Grandstand in Douglas, the island's capital. The separate classes are the Newcomers Class, Lightweight/Ultra Lightweight Class, Junior Class, Senior Class and the Junior/Lightweight and Senior Classic races for older machines ('Classics'). History The MGP began in 1923 as the 'Manx Amateur Road Races' or MARC. The MARC continued until 1930 when renamed as the Manx Grand Prix. Problems were encountered initially over the definition of an 'Amateur' and the first rules were extensive and open to various interpretations. Nowadays, many riders who have achieved success in the MGP move on to race in the TT but regulations prevent them from re-entering 'The Manx' unless they wish to do so on Classic machinery. Chris Palmer (former British 125cc champion) and the late Richard Britton both followed this route in 2005 aboard Manx Nortons. upright=0.7 In 1989 Gloria Clark became the first woman to race in the MGP. In 1991 she gained an entry into the Guinness Book Of Records for being the fastest lady on the TT Circuit. Carolynn Sells was entered into the Guinness World Records as the first female winner on the Snaefell Mountain Course of the Ultra-Lightweight event at the 2009 Manx Grand Prix. The MGP is organised by the Manx Motor Cycle Club (MMCC) based on the rules and regulations of the Auto-Cycle Union (ACU) which governs most British motorcycle events. Classes The Newcomers class caters for riders who have no previous experience of the Mountain Circuit. Such a class does not feature in the programme of the TT and is thus the only opportunity for newcomers to race the circuit in competition. Classes are usually over-subscribed as a result. Riders are limited to machinery with a capacity not exceeding 750cc and must wear coloured bibs over their leathers during 'Practice' (see below). Newcomers are also permitted to submit an application for any of the other classes but may or may not be granted a ride depending on their levels of experience. The Lightweight/Ultra Lightweight class is represented by machinery of 125cc, 250cc and 400cc capacity. This class featured at the TT until 2004 but is now defunct and so, like the Newcomers' class, is extremely popular. 'Lightweight' refers to the 250cc 2-stroke machines whilst Ultra-Lightweight is the 125 2-strokes and 400cc 4-stroke bikes. This class is run as two separate races on Race Days (see below) but all the machines leave the start line in the same 'Session' (see below)The Manx Grand Prix Ultra Lightweight class lap record is still held by a Yamaha fzr 400. 109.86.mph Still held by Keith Taylor. This was before tuned mini twins were made eligible. The Junior Class features machines whose capacity must not exceed 750cc. Machines of any engine capacity between 200 and 750cc are permitted but the vast majority of entrants opt to race four-stroke 4-cylinder 600cc bikes. Some 2-stroke 250cc machines are entered and there is a separate award for the highest-placed 2-stroke finisher (see 'Awards' below.) The Senior Class is the final race of MGP fortnight and allows for motorcycles with an engine capacity not exceeding 1000cc. Again 600cc bikes are more popular than any other but a number of 750s are sprinkled in the start list. The Senior Classic race features the most diverse range of marques and is very popular, with a full quota of 105 entrants accepted in 2005. Entrants must field a machine with an engine capacity between 350 and 500cc. Most riders choose machines with a capacity of between 450 and 500cc and common marques include Norton, Honda, Seeley and Matchless with the odd BSA and Ducati. The Junior/Lightweight Classic is open to machines of 350cc capacity or lower. Run as separate races for machines between 250-350cc (Junior) and under 250cc (Lightweight) all bikes are on-circuit at the same time during the race, but are released at separate class intervals. (This procedure also applies to the Lightweight/Ultra Lightweight.) In 2008 the Manx Motor Cycle Club recognised the emergence of Post Classic racing These machines manufactured in the 1980s have also had a history of being raced on the Isle of Man TT course. The 2009 Post Classic Race was introduced with regulations designed to test machine availability. They stated "it has been agreed to keep these regulations as flexible as possible, but they may be subject to change in 2010". Whilst being encouraged by the interest in the 2009 Post Classic Race the number of four stroke entries were fewer than expected. The reasons were perceived to be certain restrictions, and the cut off date of 1981. The Formula Classic race is to allow 750cc pre-1973 Classic four stroke machines (now 850cc pre 1974 as for the 2011 meeting) to compete alongside the 500cc "Senior Classic" machines. The Senior Post Classic: for 601 to 1050cc four stroke machines and 351 to 750cc two stroke machines, cut off date 31 December 1985. The Junior Post Classic: four stroke machines up to 600cc, cut off date 31 December 1985 and two stroke machines up to 350cc, Grand Prix Factory Bikes Steel frame or period aluminium frame, any brakes, any wheels, cut off date 31 December 1984. Standard frames, Standard fairing, any ignition, no airboxes. Any brakes. Cut off dates 1 January 1985 – 31 December 1991. Both the Senior Post Classic and Junior Post Classic are being run concurrently meaning one race with 2 separate classes. By 2011, the Senior Post Classic was renamed as the Classic Superbike race or "Polo Class" and the introduction of a Twin Cylinder (Super Twin) MGP Race incorporating 650cc four stroke and 250cc two stroke machines and the reworking of the Lightweight MGP Race, limiting the race to 400cc four stroke, 125cc two stroke and the exciting new 450cc single cylinder machines. As mentioned previously, newcomers must wear a coloured bib (usually orange or yellow) during practice sessions to distinguish themselves to other riders. Similarly, classic riders are obliged to wear white bibs. This does not apply during races as all the riders are obviously in the same class. Format of the races The first week of MGP fortnight is devoted to 'Practice.' Riders are given the opportunity to familiarise themselves with the course and must complete a minimum number of laps at a satisfactory speed in order to qualify for the races held in week 2. Practising always begins on a Saturday evening (19 August in 2006) and is held the following Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday and Saturday. Marshals around the course 'Close the Roads' at 6pm and practising begins at 6.15pm, with roads re-opening to the public at around 8.15pm. Practice is split into two 'groups' – 'All classes except Classic and Ultra Lightweight' and 'Classic and Ultra Lightweight only.' Session times are 6.15pm to 7.10pm and 7.15pm to 8.10pm and throughout the course of the week these groups interchange between the sessions, so for example Classic/Ultra L'Weight may start at 6.15 on Monday and 7.15 on Tuesday. On the first evening of Practice, Newcomers are escorted around the course on a speed-controlled lap by the Traveling Marshals (8 marshals on bikes who lap the course regularly to check for problems.) They are then at liberty to circulate at their desired pace. Racing then begins 2 days later on the Monday (28 August in 2006.) Practices are NEVER held on Sundays but continue into 'Race Week' for some of the later classes in the 'Race Programme' (see immediately below.) The Race Programme is identical every year, with two races held on Monday, Wednesday and Friday of Race Week to make up the six classes. All classes cover four laps of the course, a distance of . Nathan Harrison descends Bray Hill on his way to victory in 2019 Senior Manx Grand Prix Saturday: Newcomers Race Class A & Class B 17.30pm 3 Laps 113.00 miles Monday: 350cc/250cc Classic Grand Prix 10.15am and Junior 1.15pm Wednesday: 500cc Classic Grand Prix/Formula Classic Race 10.15am and Supertwin/Lightweight 1.15pm Friday: Senior Manx Grand Prix 10.15am and Classic Superbike/Junior Post Classic Superbike 1.15pm In the event of bad weather races can be delayed for later on the same days or even rescheduled for Tuesday or Thursday. In the past racing has extended beyond Friday and race distances can also be reduced by the organisers. Famous MGP names The Manx Grand Prix has been the stepping stone for many great riders who have gone on to become internationally famous. The likes of Martin Finnegan, Davy Morgan, Ray Porter and Kenneth McCrea are now well-established TT stars who also compete in road racing events elsewhere in the British Isles, especially the Irish road racing circuit. Other famous names from bygone decades include Freddie Frith, Phil Read and the great Geoff Duke and the great Mike Casey winner of 1995, all of whom raced at the TT – Duke and Read went on to become multiple world champions. The late Gary Carswell, Senior race winner in 1997, with the A.B. Crookall Trophy 'King of the Mountain' Joey Dunlop, the most successful TT rider of all time with 26 victories, also tried his hand at the MGP on a Classic Aermacchi and achieved a podium finish. Awards Various awards are given at the MGP each year. The Manx Motorcycle Club relies exclusively on entry fees and donations to fund the awards. Many trophies and cups have been donated in the past and range from 'Fastest Lap of the meeting' to "Most meritorious performance by a newcomer." The winner of the Junior Manx Grand Prix receives the Douglas Pirie Trophy whilst the victor of the Senior Manx Grand Prix is awarded the A.B. Crookall Trophy. Convention however dictates that the A.B. Crookall Trophy can only be won once, as the winner of the Senior Manx Grand Prix is then obliged to enter the TT Races. All riders completing a race receive a Finisher's Medal, and any who finish a race within a certain percentage of the winner's overall time are given a 'Replica.' Replicas are awarded to those finishing within 110% of the winners time. Team awards are also raced for although they are not always awarded every year. Such awards are not only aimed at riders competing for the same sponsor but also riders from the same motorcycle club. In total there are about 42 separate awards and the list will doubtless continue to grow. Other MGP fortnight events The MGP is popular with many motorcycle fans and is viewed as having a more relaxed atmosphere to that of the TT. Throughout the duration of the races there are various club meetings (particularly of classic machines) and there is also a Classic Parade on closed roads. Unlike the TT there is no funfair on Douglas Promenade but various entertainments include visiting and local music acts and the Manx 3-day Trial. Total overall Manx Grand Prix race winners (including Manx Amateur Road Race winners) Rider Wins Bob Heath 11 Ryan Farquhar, Roy Richardson 10 Bill Swallow 9 Denis Parkinson, Richard Swallow, Bob Jackson 5 Michael Dunlop, Austin Munks, Ewan Hamilton, Alan 'Bud' Jackson, Chris McGahan 4 Ken Bills, James Courtney, Michael Evans, Jason Griffiths, Dan Kneen, Ricky Mitchell, Chris Palmer, Doug Pirie, Dave Pither, Richard Quayle 3 Craig Atkinson, Gordon Blackley, Andrew Brady, Eric Briggs, Jimmy Buchan, Maurice Cann, James Courtney, Don Crossley, Barry Davidson, Tony Duncan, Chris Fargher, Jack Findlay, Alan Holmes, Tim Hunt, Tom Knight, Norman Kneen, Eric Lea, George Lindsay, Oliver Linsdell, Phillip McCallen, Dave Milling, Bernard Murray, Len Randles, Michael Russell, Craig Ryding, Dan Sayle, Martin Sharpe, Michael Sweeney, Geoff Tanner, Malcolm Uphill, Brian Venables, Clive Watts, Barry Wood, Buddy Yeardsley, Nathan Harrison 2 Rex Adams, Dave Arnold, Mark Baldwin, Brian Ball, Adam Barclay, Nigel Barton, Nigel Beattie, Simon Beck, Gavin Bell, George Bell, Peter Bell, Alan Bennallick, Dave Bennett, Alan Bennie, Gordon Blackley, Ellis Boyce, Colin Breeze, Derek Brien, Dave Broadhead, Clive Brown, George Buchan, Graham Cannell, Phil Carpenter, John Carr, Gary Carswell, Mike Casey, Alan Cooper, Paul Corrin, George Costain, Dennis Craine, Eddie Crooks, Dickie Dale, Harold Daniell, Gordon Daniels, Peter Darvill, Snuffy Davies, Nigel Davies, Robin Dawson, Tom Dickie, Wayne Dinham, Tommy Diver, H.G. Dobbs, Chris Dowling, Paul Duckett, Robin Duffy, Geoff Duke, Robert Dunlop, Samuel Dunlop, Joe Dunphy, Derek Ennett, Dave East, Michael (Miggy) Evans, Bob Farmer, Gordon Farmer, Derek Farrant, John Findlay, Frank Fox, Freddie Frith, Elwyn Fryer, Simon Fulton, Alex George, Phil Gilder, Norman Gledhill, Grant Goodings, Seamus Green, Selwyn Griffiths, Billy Guthrie, Rod Harris, Phil Haslam, Paul Harbinson, Bob Hayes, Steve Hazlett, Russ Henley, Dave Hickman, Jamie Hodson, Rob Hodson, Chris Hook, Ken Huggett, Dave Hughes, Paul Hunt, Alan Jackson, Bud Jackson, Nick Jefferies, Griff Jenkins, Geoff Johnson, Ross Johnson, Dave Johnston, Gordon Keith, Neil Kent, Wayne Kirwan, Mike Kneen, Tom Knight, Steve Kuenne, Con Law, Gavin Lee, George Linder, Darran Lindsay, Joe Lindsay, Gary Linham, Ernie Lyons, Dave Madsen-Mygdal, Tim Maher, Cromie McCandless, Bob McIntyre, Sam McClements, Philip McGurk, Stephen McIlvenna, Sean McStay, Harry Meageen, Ernie Merrill, Peter Middleton, Ned Minihan, Donald Mitchell, Dave Moffitt, Dave Montgomery, Nigel Moore, Davy Morgan, Ian Morris, Steve Moynihan, J.M.Muir, Ian Newton, Dave O'Leary, Alan Oversby, Mark Parrett, Len Parsons, Cliff Patterson, Ian Patterson, Dave Pither, Gary Radcliffe, Steve Rae, Brian Raynor, Phil Read, Paddy Reid, Frank Reynolds, Peter Richardson, Roy Richardson, Kevin Riley, Eddie Roberts, Nigel Rollason, Peter Romaine, Andrew Soar, Carolynn Sells, Martin Sharpe, Alan Shepherd, Robin Sherry, Danny Shimmin, Dave Silvester, John Simpson, Mick Skene, Billy Smith, Stephen Smith, Alan Steele, Matt Stevenson, Keith Stewart, Steve Sturrock, Ralph Sutcliffe, Roger Sutcliffe, James Kelly Swanston, Peter Symes, Keith Taylor, Keith Townsend, Les Trotter, Peter Turnball, Nick Turner, Steve Ward, Ernie Washer, Tom Weeden, John Wetherall, Charlie Williams, David Williams, Steve Williams, J H 'Crasher' White, Frank Whiteway 1 Current Manx Grand Prix lap records Category Rider Machine Year Time Average speed Outright Manx Grand Prix Michael Evans Suzuki 750 cc 2017 18 mins 25.495 secs 122.866 mph Outright Classic TT Bruce Anstey Yamaha YZR500 2017 17 mins 45.348 secs 127.496 mph Newcomers Race 'A' Brad Vicars Honda CBR600RR 2017 19 mins 03.471 secs 118.786 mph Newcomers Race 'B' Marc Ironside Kawasaki 650 cc 2016 20 mins 22.56 secs 111.101 mph Superbike Classic TT Bruce Anstey Yamaha YZR500 2017 17 mins 45.348 secs 127.496 mph Lightweight Classic TT Bruce Anstey Honda 250 cc 2017 18 mins 47.438 secs 120.475 mph Senior Classic TT John McGuinness Paton 500 cc 2016 19 mins 58.39 secs 113.342 mph Junior Classic TT Lee Johnston MV Agusta 350 cc 2014 21 mins 30.66 secs 105.239 mph Junior Manx Grand Prix Michael Evans Honda CBR600RR 2017 18 mins 46.088 secs 120.619 mph Lightweight Race Nigel Beattie Honda 250 cc 2002 19 mins 53.8 secs 113.770 mph Supertwin Race Rob Hodson Kawasaki 650 cc 2015 19 mins 45.75 secs 114.550 mph Senior Manx Grand Prix Michael Evans Suzuki 750 cc 2017 18 mins 25.495 secs 122.866 mph Awards Race winner trophies Race Trophy Rider Machine Year Average speed Senior Manx Grand Prix A.B. Crookall Trophy Stephen Smith Kawasaki 600cc 2022 121.796 mph Junior Manx Grand Prix Douglas Pirie Trophy Nathan Harrison Honda 600cc 2019 120.818 mph Lightweight Race The Motor Cycle Trophy James Hind Yamaha 250 cc 2019 115.200 mph Lightweight Race Albert Moule Trophy James Hind Yamaha 250 cc 2019 115.200 mph 500cc Classic TT Race Francis Beart Trophy Ian Lougher Paton 499 cc 2014 104.481 mph 350cc Junior Classic TT Race Harold Rowell Trophy Lee Johnson MV Agusta 350 cc 2014 104.134 mph 250cc Classic TT Lightweight Race Phil Read Cup Tom Jackson Suzuki 249 cc 2014 93.062  mph Newcomers Race 'A' Aitcheson Trophy Peter Wilkinson Yamaha 600 cc 2015 111.552 mph Newcomers Race 'B' Braddan Bridge Trophy Gary Vines Yamaha 250 cc 2015 104.563 mph Newcomers Race 'C' Wayne Hamilton Memorial Trophy Elwyn Fryer Kawasaki 400 cc 2015 101.051 mph Formula 1 Classic TT Phink Trophy Bruce Anstey Yamaha 500 cc 2014 121.957 mph Formula 2 Classic TT Ewan Hamilton Trophy Ian Lougher Yamaha 250 cc 2014 107.993 mph Sources

Introduction Hristo Georgiev Yovov (born 4 November 1977) is a Bulgarian former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder. He spent all of his club career in his native Bulgaria with the exception of his three shorter stays abroad with German club 1860 Munich and Cypriot sides Aris Limassol and Apollon Limassol. He made 29 appearances scoring 5 goals for the Bulgaria national team between 1998 and 2007. Yovov started his career with Levski Sofia. In 1998, he moved to Bundesliga club 1860 Munich. After playing little in one season and a half, he returned to Bulgaria joining Lokomotiv Sofia on loan for the second half of the 1998–99 season. He signed with Litex Lovech where he scored 47 goals in 96 matches over four-and-a-half seasons. Halfway through the 2004–05 season he began a second, three-year stint at Levski Sofia. He spent the second half of the 2007–08 season and the first half of the 2008–09 seasons in Cyprus, with Aris Limassol and Apollon Limassol. In 2009 he returned to Levski Sofia once more playing three-and-a-half seasons before retiring in summer 2013. Career Early career During the 1994–95 season, before his 18th birthday, Yovov made his senior debut for Levski Sofia. His first match for Levski in European tournament competitions was on 22 August 1995, in the 1–1 draw (after extra time) against Romanian team Dinamo București in a UEFA Cup match. He scored 19 goals in 56 matches, before he moved to 1860 Munich in January 1998. Yovov spent most of his time with the German side on the substitutes' bench, making for the year only nine Bundesliga appearances in the 1997–98 season. He made his debut in a 3–0 defeat to Hansa Rostock on 31 January 1998, coming on as a 59th-minute substitute for Horst Heldt and scored his first – and only – goal for 1860 in a 5–1 away win over 1. FC Nürnberg on 3 October 1998. In January 1999, Yovov joined Lokomotiv Sofia on loan and quickly became part of the main team. He made his league debut for Lokomotiv against Litex Lovech on 26 February 1999, in a 1–0 home win. He scored his first competitive goal in a Lokomotiv shirt against Minyor Pernik on 6 March in a 5–1 away win. Litex Lovech In January 2000, Yovov joined Litex Lovech. On 4 March, he made his league debut in a 4–1 home win against Dobrudzha Dobrich. Two weeks later, Yovov scored his first goal for Litex in a 1–1 draw against Pirin Blagoevgrad. He scored 9 goals in 12 games for Litex in his first season. In the following 2000–01 season, Yovov formed an impressive partnership with Zoran Janković, contributing 20 goals in all competitions. Litex won the Bulgarian Cup, with he scoring three goals in the tournament. On 15 August 2002, Yovov scored his first-ever UEFA Cup goals, scoring twice in a 5–0 home win over Atlantas in their qualifying round first leg tie. Levski Sofia On 2 December 2005, Yovov scored a brilliant winning goal in a 1–0 home win over Marseille, after which he was called "The Jeweler" by fans and journalists. With Levski, he reached quarter-finals of UEFA Cup in 2005–06. The next season, Levski reached the group-stage of UEFA Champions League, becoming the first Bulgarian team to do so. Aris Limassol On 4 January 2008, Yovov joined Cypriot club Aris Limassol for a transfer fee of around €100,000. He was transferred because he no longer featured in the coach's plans. Yovov made his Cypriot First Division debut for Aris in a 1–0 home loss against Ethnikos Achna on 12 January, coming on as a 17th-minute substitute for Laurențiu Diniță. He played 14 games for the club, scoring once in a 2–1 home win over Enosis Neon Paralimni, but Aris were relegated at the end of the season and his contract was terminated by mutual consent. Apollon Limassol On 3 June 2008, Yovov signed a two-year contract with Apollon Limassol and scored his first goal in a 2–1 home loss against Anorthosis Famagusta on 23 November 2008. Return to Levski Sofia On 2 February 2009, he officially joinеd Levski Sofia, taking the number 10 shirt. He made his second debut for Levski came on 4 March in a 2–0 win over Vihren Sandanski. Yovov holds the record of the fastest goal ever scored in A PFG, scoring in the 19th second of the match against Lokomotiv Plovdiv. Yovov became a Champion of Bulgaria in 2009. On 21 July 2009, Yovov opened his goal account for the new 2009–10 season in the second match of the second qualifying round of the Champions League, where Levski beat Sant Julià away, 5–0. On 18 December 2009, Yovov scored the winning goal in a game against Lazio in a UEFA Europa League match. In the 2009–10 season, Levski achieved qualification for the Europa League by finishing third in the final league table. During the season, Yovov finished as topscorer for Levski with 13 goals in all competitions. Levski started the 2010–11 season with a match against Dundalk in a second qualifying round for Europa League. Levski won the first match and the result was 6–0, with Yovov scoring in the 11th minute, Levski's first goal. During the 2011–12 season, Yovov continued to be first choice for Levski, managing 8 goals in 23 A PFG appearances, but was sent off on two occasions – on 15 March 2012, in a Bulgarian Cup match against Lokomotiv Plovdiv, and on 2 April in a championship game against Ludogorets Razgrad. On 19 July 2012, Yovov played for Levski in the 1–0 home win over FK Sarajevo in a Europa League match and thus became the player with the most appearances for Bulgarian teams in European competitions, surpassing the record set by former Levski teammate Elin Topuzakov. Yovov has participated in 66 matches for Bulgarian teams in European club tournaments (50 with Levski and 16 with Litex Lovech). His milestone was itself eclipsed on 4 October 2018 when both Svetoslav Dyakov and Cosmin Moți played in Ludogorets' 0:1 away loss against FC Zürich in the group stage of the UEFA Europa League. On 6 May 2013, in the 2–1 home win over Minyor Pernik, Yovov made his 300th A PFG appearance. International career Yovov earned his first cap for the Bulgaria national team on 10 March 1998, in the 2–0 away loss against Argentina in a friendly match, coming on as a late second half substitute for Marian Hristov. Political career During the 2011 local elections in Bulgaria, Yovov was a mayoral candidate for his home town of Svoge, finishing in third place after the first election round. Career statistics Club + Appearances and goals by club, season and competition Club Season League Cups Europe Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Levski Sofia 1994–95 A Group 0 0 1 0 0 0 – 1 0 1995–96 A Group 25 10 6 1 3 0 – 33 11 1996–97 A Group 21 6 7 3 0 0 – 28 9 1997–98 A Group 11 3 3 1 2 0 – 16 4 Total 56 19 17 5 5 0 0 0 78 24 1860 Munich 1997–98 Bundesliga 5 0 0 0 — — 5 0 1998–99 Bundesliga 4 1 2 0 — — 6 1 Total 9 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 11 1 Lokomotiv Sofia (loan) 1998–99 A Group 12 — — 15 6 Litex Lovech 1999–2000 A Group 12 0 12 9 2000–01 A Group 20 0 20 17 2001–02 A Group 31 8 39 12 2002–03 A Group 20 4 24 9 2003–04 A Group 4 1 5 0 2004–05 A Group 9 3 12 9 Total 96 47 0 0 16 2 0 0 112 49 Levski Sofia 2004–05 A Group 9 4 2 0 0 0 – 11 4 2005–06 A Group 19 4 2 0 13 3 – 34 7 2006–07 A Group 24 13 5 1 9 0 1 0 39 14 2007–08 A Group 11 1 1 0 2 0 1 0 15 1 Total 63 22 10 1 24 3 2 0 99 26 Aris Limassol 2007–08 Cypriot First Division 14 1 ? ? — — 14 1 Apollon Limassol 2008–09 Cypriot First Division 7 2 ? ? — — 7 2 Levski Sofia 2008–09 A Group 11 4 2 0 0 0 – 13 4 2009–10 A Group 24 11 0 0 11 3 – 35 14 2010–11 A Group 16 7 0 0 7 1 – 23 8 2011–12 A Group 25 8 3 0 2 0 – 30 8 2012–13 A Group 20 2 6 1 1 0 – 27 2 Total 96 32 11 1 21 4 0 0 128 37 Career total 353 130 43 7 66 9 2 0 464 146 International :Scores and results list Bulgaria's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Yovov goal. + List of international goals scored by Hristo Yovov No. Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition 1 16 February 1999 Mong Kok Stadium, Mong Kok, Hong Kong 1–3 1–3 1999 Lunar New Year Cup 19 February 1999 Mong Kok Stadium, Mong Kok, Hong Kong Hong Kong League XI 2–0 3–0 1999 Lunar New Year Cup (unofficial friendly) 3–0 2 3 March 1999 Stadion Beroe, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria 2–0 2–0 Friendly 3 27 March 1999 Stade Roi Baudouin, Brussels, Belgium 1–0 1–0 Friendly 4 14 November 2000 Stade du 5 Juillet, Algiers, Algeria 2–1 2–1 Friendly 5 6 February 2007 GSZ Stadium, Larnaca, Cyprus 2–0 2–0 Friendly Awards Champion of Bulgaria: 1995, 2006, 2007, 2009 Bulgarian Cup: 2005, 2007 Bulgarian Supercup: 2005, 2007, 2009

Introduction Taktsé can refer to: Taktsé Castle in central Tibet. Dagzê District in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. Taktse International School in Sikkim, India.

Introduction Geir Sigurd Karlsen is a retired Norwegian football goalkeeper. Geir Karlsen's first club was Skidar, a local club in Skien, Norway. He made his debut for Odd in 1966, and stayed there until he joined Rosenborg BK in 1970. He won one cap with Norway while playing for Odd, and was capped 32 times in total. In 1980, he returned to Odd after spells with Dunfermline Athletic and Vålerengen. He retired as a player in 1984.

Introduction In computing, keyboard interrupt may refer to: A special case of signal (computing), a condition (often implemented as an exception) usually generated by the keyboard in the text user interface A hardware interrupt generated when a key is pressed or released, see keyboard controller (computing)

Introduction Geulimja is a 1935 Korean film directed by Na Woon-gyu. It premiered at the Woo Mi Kwan theater. Plot The story is a melodrama concerning a young woman, played by Yun Bong-choon, who is abused by her stepmother and half-sister. After her stepmother expels her from her home, she stabs her stepmother.

Introduction Festeros parading Pasodoble as a military march Pasodoble on ice: Luca Lanotte & Anna Cappellini Poster for a bull fight in Barcelona Pasodoble is a fast-paced Spanish military march used by infantry troops. Its speed allowed troops to give 120 steps per minute (double the average of a regular unit, hence its name). This military march gave rise recently to a modern Spanish dance, a musical genre including both voice and instruments, and a genre of instrumental music often played during bullfight. Both the dance and the non martial compositions are also called pasodoble. Structure All pasodobles have binary rhythm. Its musical structure consists of an introduction based on the dominant chord of the piece, followed by a first fragment based on the main tone and a second part, called "the trío", based on the sub-dominant note, based yet again on the dominant chord. Each change is preceded by a brieph. The last segment of the pasodoble is usually "the trío" strongly played. The different types of pasodoble- popular, taurino, militar- can vary in rhythm, with the taurine pasodobles being the slowest and the popular being faster and often incorporating voice. Pasodoble as we know it started in Spain but is now played in a wide variety of Hispanic nations. Each region has developed its own subgenre and personal style of pasodoble, adjusting some formal aspects of the structure to fit their local musical tradition. In modern Spain, the most prolific composition of pasodobles is happening in the Levantine coast, associated to the festivals of Moors and Christians. In the dance form is very free regarding figures. The dancers must remain one in front of the other, and keep their bodies parallel to each other at all times, lining slightly to the left. They must give one step per tempo. The left hand of the male and the right hand of the woman must remain united almost permanently. Besides this, almost all motions and figures are accepted, which allows space for dramatization. The dance can be similar to the one-step, except for the speed and number of steps given. History The origin of this form of music is disputed. The facts known about it from historical evidence are that it was written as early as the 18th century, since Spain has pasodoble scores dating back to 1780; that it was incorporated into comedies and adopted as a regulatory step for the Spanish infantry; and that the music was not introduced into bullfights until the 19th century. One hypothesis suggests, based on the etymology of the name, that it comes from the French "pas-redouble", a form of speedy march of the French infantry during the late 18th century. It is calimed to have both Spanish and French characteristics. The modern steps often contain French terms, but the dance resembles the nature of the bullfight. It is said to have emerged from southern French culture during the 1930s. Supporters of this hypothesis, mostly French musicologists, suggested that pasodoble was a way for the French to portray the techniques used in Spanish bullfights. This hypothesis neglects to explain the presence of scores dating from 1780, that Spanish infantry already marched at double speed before the French army did and French musicologist usually refers the bullfight-related movements or themes, peculiarity that does not make sense since in Spain it was associated with bullfighting a long time later. A hypothesis based on the dance's free figures and rhythm states that its binary rhythm and moderated movement points to an origin in traditional Spanish music and dances of the early 16th century. These dances, developed around 1538, were a gradual combination of Castillian music and dance (seguidillas) with the "garrotín", a fast and repetitive Romani couples dance, adapted into a march form. Famous musicologist José Subirá considers that the origin of the style was a combination of military marches and light music from Spanish popular theatre, that gradually permeated the "entremeses" of more respectable plays. Others Famous bullfighters have been honored with pasodoble tunes named for them. Other tunes have been inspired by patriotic motifs or local characters. The pasodoble is well-known and used today for dance competitions. During the early 20th century, the pasodoble became part of the repertoire of Italian American musicians in San Francisco playing in the ballo liscio style. Four pasodobles were collected by Sidney Robertson Cowell for the WPA California Folk Music Project in 1939 by Mexican American wedding party band on mandolin, guitar, and violin. Types of pasodoble By objective March pasodoble Also called "military pasodoble", it was created as, or keeps its role as, an infantry march. It is usually fast and lacks lyrics. Famous examples are "Soldadito español", "El Abanico", "Los nardos", "Las Corsarias" or " Los Voluntarios" Taurine pasodoble Often played during bullfights, or with that intense atmosphere in mind. They are slowed and more dramatic than martial pasodobles, and lack lyrics, too. This pasodoble is based on music played at bullfights during the bullfighters' entrance (paseo), or during the passes (faena) just before the kill. It is also composed to honor outstanding bullfighters. Some of the most famous are Suspiros de España, España cañí, Agüero, La Gracia de Dios,1 El Gato Montés, Viva el pasodoble, Tercio de Quites, Pan y toros, Cielo Andaluz, La Morena de mi Copla, Francisco Alegre, Amparito Roca, El Beso, Plaza de las Ventas. Popular pasodoble Made to dance in popular celebrations and social reunions. They tend to be upbeat, but can also be emotional and introspective, with the occasional melancholic or patriotic theme. They usually require a small number of instruments and musicians and have lyrics. Some famous examples are "Islas Canarias", "En er Mundo", "Costa Dorada" or "Valencia". Band pasodoble Pasodobles that require an entire band to be played, and are almost exclusively designed for popular parades and village celebrations. They often use colorful characters of the region and light hearted subjects as inspiration. This pasodobles are very alive in Spain, Today, the largest center for the mass production and creation of new pasodobles is the southeast of Spain, mainly the Valencian Community, related to the popular Moors and Christians festivals. The traditional ones can be heard in Spanish popular celebrations, patron saint verbenas, and weddings. Well known examples are "Paquito el Chocolatero", "Fiesta en Benidorm", "Alegría Agostense" or "Pirata Quiero Ser". Display pasodoble A pasodoble performed mostly for spectacle purposes, sometimes in a bullfighting ring. This pasodoble may or may not have lyrics, but it often adapts other styles of pasodoble and just changes the dancing to make it more spectacular for the public – often tourists. Essentially, this pasodoble dance involves role-playing. This two-person dance form has the man performing as the bullfighter and the woman as the cape. It is known as one of the fastest Latin ballroom dances because dancers make around 120 to 130 beats/steps per minute. In some versions, the man portrays the matador in the dance, and the woman portrays the bull. Flamenco-like qualities infuse the dance as the man and woman challenge each other. alt=El pasodoble Amparito Roca interpretado por la Banda de Zestoa en las fiestas de 2010 The leader of this dance plays the part of the matador. The follower generally plays the part of the matador's cape, but can also represent the shadow of the matador, as well as the flamenco dancer in some figures. The follower never represents the bull, although this is a common misconception. This form of pasodoble is a lively style of dance to the duple meter march-like music, and is often performed in the context of theater. This form of pasodoble was mistakenly taken as the original form by English and French musicologists visiting Spain in the 20th century. Tunas Tunas is the name given to a brotherhood of students that play popular music together on the street to get some extra coins, or under the window of the beloved of one of them, to try and help the lovestruck member to get a date with her. Tunas have become one of the main forces keeping Spanish pasodoble alive. Tunas tend to adapt or repeat simple pieces that are already composed, but they sometimes compose their own, satirical pieces. By region In addition to the Spanish pasodoble, already discussed, this rhythm has been adopted and modified by other nations: Mexican pasodoble Mexico has produced master composers of pasodoble, especially taurine pasodobles. Agustín Lara or Silverio Pérez. Some of the best known Mexican pasodobles are El Piti, El Charro Cárdenas, El abuelito, El banderillero, María Caballé, El Berrendito de San Juan, Tarde de toros, Toros en San Miguel, Joselito Huerta and Toros de Llaguno. Puerto Rican pasodobles Puerto Rican pasodobles are known for their nostalgic quality. Some of the most famous are: Ecos de Puerto Rico (El Maestro Ladi), Morena (Noro Morales), Cuando pienso en España (Juan Peña Reyes), Reminiscencias (Juan Peña Reyes), El trueno (Juan Peña Reyes), Himno a Humacao (Miguel López), Sol andaluz (Manuel Peña Vázquez). Colombian pasodobles Pasodoble is not as popular in Colombia as in other countries, but the Colombia pasodoble, "Feria de Manizales", is an emblematic piece. It was composed in 1957, with lyrics by Guillermo González Ospina and music by Juan Mari Asins inspired by the Spanish classic "España Cañi". This pasodoble is based on the development of a parade and a dance with every single "Queen of the city" of Manizales, and it lasts one week. Spanish pasodobles Amparito Roca El Beso La Entrada El gato montés from the opera with the same name El Relicario No te vayas de Navarra Agüero España cañí Islas Canarias named after Canary Islands. La Gracia de Dios Feria de Manizales Manolete, named after Manolete. La Morena de mi Copla Plaza de las Ventas Paquito el Chocolatero. The tune has a dance of its own. Sombreros y Mantilles Suspiros de España Que Viva España Valencia La Virgen de la Macarena Pasodoble hace salir el sol (The pasodoble makes the sun come up) Ballroom Many pasodoble songs are variations of España Cañi. The song has breaks or "highlights" in fixed positions in the song (two highlights at syllabus levels, three highlights and a longer song at open levels). Highlights emphasize music and are more powerful than other parts of the music. Usually, dancers strike a dramatic pose and then hold position until the end of the highlight. Traditionally, pasodoble routines are choreographed to match these highlights, as well as the musical phrases. Accordingly, most ballroom pasodoble tunes are written with similar highlights (those without are simply avoided in competition). Because of its heavily choreographed tradition, ballroom pasodoble is danced mostly competitively, almost never socially, or without a previously learned routine. That said, in Spain, France, Vietnam, Colombia, Costa Rica and some parts of Germany, it is danced socially as a led (unchoreographed) dance. In Venezuela, pasodoble is almost a must-have dance in weddings and big parties. It became especially famous thanks to the hit song "Guitarra Española" by Los Melódicos. This dance gained popularity in the US in 1930. It was too difficult to achieve widespread popularity. All moves are sharp and quick. Pasodoble takes up a lot of space, limiting it to special occasions. In competitive dance, modern pasodoble is combined with other four dances (samba, cha-cha-cha, rumba and jive) under the banner International Latin. Modern pasodoble dance consists of two dancing parts and one break in between for dancers of class D and of three parts and two breaks in between for dancers of class C, B, A, according to the IDSF classification. Dancers of lower than D-class usually perform only four official dances of the Latin-American Program, that excludes pasodoble. Pasedoble Galaball2011

Introduction By Bizarre Hands is the first collection of short stories by American writer Joe R. Lansdale, published in 1989. The collection was nominated for a Bram Stoker Award for best fiction collection, and contains two stories which won Stokers. It has an introduction by Lewis Shiner. This book was re-issued as By Bizarre Hands Rides Again in 2010. The re-issue contains a new introduction by Joe R. Lansdale and new artwork by Alex McVey. This book is limited to 300 copies and is signed by both writer and artist. It also contains two stories not in the original issue. First edition (publ. Mark V. Ziesing)Cover artist by J. K. Potter List of short stories "Boys Will Be Boys" (1985, originally published in Hardboiled #3) (excerpt of novel The Nightrunners) "By Bizarre Hands" (1988, originally published in Hardboiled #9) "Down By the Sea Near the Great Big Rock" (1984, originally published in Masques #1) "Duck Hunt" (1986, originally published in After Midnight) "The Fat Man and the Elephant" (previously unpublished) "Fish Night" (1982, originally published in Specter!) "Hell Through A Windshield" (1985, extended from shorter version published in Twilight Zone Magazine - non-fiction) "I Tell You It's Love" (1983, originally published in Modern Stories, 1983) "Letter From the South, Two Moons West of Nacogdoches" {1986, originally published in Last Wave #5 (1986)} "Night They Missed the Horror Show" (1988, originally published in Silver Scream - Bram Stoker Award winner) "On the Far Side of the Cadillac Desert With Dead Folks" (1989, originally published in Book of the Dead - Bram Stoker Award winner) "The Pit" (1987, originally published in The Black Lizard Anthology of Crime Fiction, ed. Ed Gorman (1987)} "The Steel Valentine" (previously unpublished) "Tight Little Stitches in a Dead Man's Back" (1986, originally published in Nukes) "Trains Not Taken" (1987, originally published in RE:AL) "The Windstorm Passes" (1986, originally published in Pulpsmith) (excerpt of novel The Magic Wagon This collection contains nothing truly exclusive; although no other collection has included "Boys Will Be Boys" or "The Windstorm Passes", both are actually excerpts from novels which were sold as short stories when no company would buy the novels. The novels have been published, though they are both currently out of print. Comics Cover of the first Dark Horse issue By Bizarre Hands was also the name of two different comic book limited series, a 3-issue published by Dark Horse Comics and a 6-issue published by Avatar Press in 2004, where other authors and artists adapted some of Lansdale's stories to comic book form. The Dark Horse series was collected as part of Atomic Chili: The Illustrated Joe R. Lansdale. The stories in the Dark Horse series are, by issue: # "Tight Little Stitches in a Dead Man's Back" (adapted by Neal Barrett Jr. - art by Phil Hester) # "By Bizarre Hands" (adapted by Jerry Prosser - art by Dean Rohrer) # "Night They Missed the Picture Show" (adapted by Jerry Prosser - art by Dean Rohrer) The stories in the Avatar series are, by issue: # "By Bizarre Hands" (adapted by Dheeraj Verma) # "Not From Detroit" (adapted by Armando Rossi) # "The Pit" (adapted by Andres Guinaldo) # "Tight Little Stitches In A Dead Man's Back" (adapted by Dheeraj Verma) # "Night They Missed the Picture Show" (adapted by Andres Guinaldo) # "God of the Razor" and "My Dead Dog Bobby" (adapted by Dheeraj Verma)

Introduction Clarkson v R, 1986 1 S.C.R. 383 is a leading Supreme Court of Canada decision on the right to retain and instruct counsel under section 10(b) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The Court held that in order for an accused to waive their right to retain and instruct counsel they must be clear and unequivocal, and the accused must be aware of the consequences of the waiver. Background On December 8, 1982, Lana Louise Clarkson, in an intoxicated state, called to her sister to tell her that her husband, Mr. Clarkson, had been shot. Several members of the family came over to find Clarkson in a hysterical state. Her husband was in the livingroom slumped in a chair with a bullet hole in his head. When the police arrived they arrested Clarkson, informed her of her right to retain and instruct counsel, and then charged her with the murder of Mr. Clarkson. Clarkson was taken to the hospital along with her aunt, Lorna Estey. Along the way the police overheard Clarkson make several inculpatory statements to her aunt. Afterwards the police took Clarkson to the station where she was informed of her rights again. However, she refused to contact a lawyer. During interrogation Estey was present and made several attempts to stop Clarkson from answering and insisted that she get a lawyer. Nevertheless, Clarkson made several incriminating statements. At trial, the court found that the statements were made in violation of section 10(b) and excluded under section 24(2) of the Charter. On appeal the decision was overturned and Clarkson was convicted. The issue before the Supreme Court was whether the police violated her rights under section 10(b) and if so whether the statements should be excluded under section 24(2). Opinion of the Court Justice Wilson, writing for the majority, held that the trial judge was correct and that Clarkson should be acquitted. Wilson noted that in order for a waiver of right to counsel to be valid it "must be premised on a true appreciation of the consequences of giving up that right." She identified the purpose of the right is to ensure that the accused will be treated fairly. She proposed that an accused must satisfy an "awareness of the consequences test" to properly waive their rights. On the facts, there was evidence that due to her intoxication Clarkson was not entirely aware of the consequences of her waiver. The police, in their questioning, violated 10(b) and the statements should be excluded under section 24(2).

Introduction Ljubomir "Ljupko" Petrović is a Serbian professional football manager and former player. He also holds a Bosnian passport. As a manager, Petrović's biggest success was winning the European Cup in the 1990–91 season with Red Star Belgrade. Playing career Born in Brusnica Velika (a village near Bosanski Brod) in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Yugoslavia, Petrović, Started playing for NK Darda and then moved to NK Osijek during most of his career. After his career at Osijek he also spent some time in the United States. Managerial career As a manager, he has been in charge of NK Osijek, FK Spartak Subotica, FK Rad, FK Vojvodina, and finally Red Star Belgrade, with whom he won the 1991 European Cup. He has also managed Spanish side RCD Espanyol, Uruguayan C.A. Peñarol, Austrian Grazer AK (where he was dismissed after slapping Boban Dmitrović) and Chinese Shanghai Shenhua and Beijing Guoan. He had another two spells at Red Star before moving to Bulgaria in the 2000s to coach PFC Levski Sofia and later PFC Litex Lovech. He came back to Serbia in March 2008 to become the manager of OFK Beograd, but he resigned from this position one month later. On 2 July 2008, Petrović became the head coach of Croatian First League team Croatia Sesvete, thus becoming the first Serbian head coach of a Croatian first division team after the Yugoslav wars. On 23 December 2008, he was appointed for the head coach of his former team FK Vojvodina from Novi Sad, title challengers in the Serbian Superliga for the 2008–09 season. Yet, after gaining only one point in the first two matches of the second part of the season, he resigned from this position on 8 March 2009. In 2010 he coached Croatian side NK Lokomotiva Zagreb a feeding club of Croatian football giant GNK Dinamo Zagreb. In the summer of 2015 Petrović managed Litex Lovech for three matches, leading them to first place in the 2015–16 A PFG standings, but left the team in early August for family reasons. In early December he returned to the team from Lovech once again after the position of manager was vacated by Laurențiu Reghecampf. Petrović guided them to the 1/2 finals of the Bulgarian Cup. However, it eventually turned out to be another short-lived appointment for the Serbian head coach, as Litex were expelled from the A PFG by the Bulgarian Football Union after their players were ordered off the pitch in a heated derby match against Levski Sofia held on 12 December. In May 2016, he was unveiled as the new manager of Levski Sofia, replacing Stoycho Stoev. He left Levski on 22 October 2016. After Levski he also managed Vietnemese club Thanh Hoa FC and Rwandan club APR FC. In December 2018, Petrović became a consultant at PFC CSKA Sofia. Since 21 July 2019 he is officially the head coach of PFC CSKA Sofia, replacing Dobromir Mitov who was demoted to assistant. In 2020, he returned to Vietnam to manage FLC Thanh Hóa, currently Đông Á Thanh Hóa once again for the 2021 V.League 1 season. FK Sarajevo controversy On 8 April 2014, Petrović was announced as the successor of the recently sacked Croatian manager Robert Jarni as the head of the FK Sarajevo team. However, only two days after, a picture of the manager and deceased Serbian paramilitary commander Arkan erupted in the Bosnian media depicting Petrović holding a weapon while instructed by the war criminal. This resulted in a hurried press conference where the FK Sarajevo board of members announced that no contract would be signed with Petrović. The manager himself agreed to the decision, citing the possibility of strained working conditions after the unexpected publication. He however claimed no involvement in the Yugoslav wars nor the paramilitary activities of Arkan. Petrović managed FK Sarajevo for only one day, conducting a single training with the players. The authenticity of the photo has later been brought to doubt. Personal life Petrović is married to Snežana with whom he has two children: son Srđan and daughter Svetlana. He also has three grandchildren: Nikola, Anastasija and Viktor. Honours Player Osijek Yugoslav Second League: 1969–70 (West), 1972–73 (West), 1976–77 (West) Manager Spartak Subotica Yugoslav Second League: 1987–88 (West) Vojvodina Yugoslav First League: 1988–89 Red Star Belgrade Yugoslav First League: 1990–91 Serbia and Montenegro First League 1994–95 Serbia and Montenegro Cup: 1994–95 European Cup: 1990–91 Levski Sofia Bulgarian Championship: 2000–01 Beijing Guoan Chinese FA Cup: 2003 Litex Lovech Bulgarian Cup: 2003–04 APR FC Rwanda National Football League: 2013–14, 2017–18

Introduction Randy Moss Motorsports with HTM was a NASCAR Camping World Truck Series team. It was owned by David Dollar and NFL Hall of Fame wide receiver Randy Moss. Former driver Rob Morgan co-owned the team until 2004. The team was originally based in Hennessey, Oklahoma, where it competed in Pro-Stock, Modified, and Asphalt Late Model races until it moved to North Carolina in 2004. Truck No. 5 history The No. 5 truck debuted in 1997 at Sears Point International Raceway. Joe Bean qualified the No. 46 Ford F-150 in 28th place, but finished in ninth. Morgan ran two races for the team in 1998 with Acxiom sponsorship at Heartland Park Topeka and Sears Point, finishing 28th, and 26th, respectively. Morgan returned to drive full-time in 1999, posting a fifth-place finish at Topeka and finishing 19th in points. In 2000, he finished eighth at Kentucky Speedway and moved up to eighteenth in points. After that season, Morgan retired from driving but remained on board as a partner with the team. They also switched to Chevy and hired Dennis Setzer as driver. In his first year, Setzer won three poles as well as a race at Memphis Motorsports Park, earning him a seventh-place points finish. After dropping to ninth in points in 2002, Setzer picked up three wins and finished second in points in 2003. Setzer also received sponsorship from the Chevy Silverado brand, and won four races in 2005. The team finished second in points for three consecutive years between 2003–2005. For 2006, Morgan-Dollar Motorsports became the flagship team for Chevrolet. Chevrolet changed the team's factory sponsorship from Silverado to FlexFuel E85 Ethanol. The change was to help initiate General Motors' new Live Green Go Yellow initiative to promote the use of E85 Ethanol and the variety of FlexFuel vehicles the company produces. The team switched truck numbers from No. 46 to No. 85 to coincide with the E85 sponsorship. Setzer failed to win a race for the first time since 1997, causing him to leave the team. Kinser and Jesus Hernandez were originally scheduled to share the No. 47 truck in 2007, but after the merger between their primary owner Ginn Racing and Dale Earnhardt, Inc., Regan Smith became the team's new primary driver for the rest of the year. Timothy Peters drove the No. 47 at Martinsville Speedway with Tahoe Smokeless sponsoring, finishing 19th. For 2009, Randy Moss Motorsports with HTM reopened the No. 47 team, renumbered to 46, then to No. 5, and named Mike Skinner the driver. Skinner gave Randy Moss Motorsports with HTM its first ever victory on April 27, 2009, at Kansas Speedway, behind the wheel of the No. 5 Bad Boy Mowers Toyota Tundra. Skinner went on to take the checkered flag twice more in 2009, on his way to 3rd place in the final points standings. Crew chief Eric Phillips left for Kyle Busch Motorsports after 2009 and was replaced by Gene Nead. However, Skinner's performance would drop dramatically, even more so when Nead left the team and was replaced by engineer Stacy Johnson. Skinner garnered only two top 5s and 8th place in points. Skinner left RMM at season's end, Exide also left the team at the season's end, citing issues with chemistry after losing Phillips. He was replaced by Travis Kvapil and crew chief Ricky Viers, who formerly worked with Roush Fenway Racing for the 2011 season. After early season struggles, Kvapil was replaced. In July, Todd Bodine became the driver of the No. 5 truck after a merger with Germain Racing after sponsorship issues plagued both operations. Germain ran the No. 5 truck out of their shop using RMM's equipment. However, Bodine went winless and departed for Red Horse Racing at the end of 2011. In early 2012, Camping World Truck reporter Ray Dunlap tweeted about the No. 5: "equipment sold, building locked, team defunct!" Former crew chief Richie Wauters bought the remnants of the team and the owner points in January 2012, and the team was reformed as Wauters Motorsports. Truck No. 25 history Kraig Kinser's No. 46 truck qualifying at Texas in 2006 The truck now numbered as No. 25 made its debut as the No. 47 in 2000 at the Bully Hill Vineyards 150. Morgan's father Charles drove the truck to an eighteenth-place finish. The truck did not run again until 2004 when the Morgan-Dollar team debuted a special program called the Chevrolet Silverado All-Stars program, which was a unique program showcasing popular music stars and Chevrolet's Nextel Cup drivers. Michael Waltrip was the debut driver for this special program and drove the No. 47 truck to a fifth-place finish at the Infineon 200 at Lowe's Motor Speedway. Waltrip's truck carried a paint scheme featuring Sheryl Crow. For the remainder of the 2004 season, a series of rotating drivers raced the truck, with Tony Stewart, Robby Gordon and Bobby Labonte posting top-five finishes in the truck. The truck featured Sara Evans (Stewart), George Thorogood (Robby Gordon), Big and Rich (Ron Hornaday Jr.), Josh Turner (Labonte), Joe Nichols (Jason Leffler), Acxiom (Kyle Busch and J. J. Yeley), and Chevrolet Silverado (Labonte) as sponsors on the truck for the remainder of the season. Acxiom and Chevrolet Silverado split primary sponsorship on all of the trucks, except at Michigan International Speedway and Indianapolis Raceway Park (where Acxiom was on both the hood and quarter panels with drivers Yeley and Busch, respectively). The Silverado All-Stars program returned in 2005, with Stewart, Labonte, Kevin Harvick, Aric Almirola, and Willie Allen all running. The truck featured sponsorship from Phil Vassar), Econo Lodge, Rodeway Inn, Trick Pony, Tork, Diamond Rio, Makita Tools, FedEx, Home Depot, City of Nashville, Julie Roberts, and Kiss. The truck came within .008 of a second from scoring its first victory with Labonte at the Atlanta Motor Speedway race in March 2005, then finally scored their first win with Labonte back at the wheel the next week at Martinsville Speedway. In 2006, MB2 Motorsports development driver Kraig Kinser took over the truck, expanding Morgan-Dollar to two full-time truck teams. After DNQ-ing at California Speedway, the team switched to the No. 29 briefly to assume K Automotive Racing's owner's points, then switched to the No. 46. The truck alternated sponsors between Centrix Auto Finance and the U.S. Army, and also sported sponsorships from Ginn Clubs and Resorts and the Veterans of Foreign Wars (Kansas Speedway, July 2006). Kinser was replaced in the truck by Clint Bowyer at New Hampshire International Speedway in September. Kinser returned to the truck for his final 2006 NCWTS race two weeks later at Las Vegas Motor Speedway. Joe Nemechek and Bowyer were announced as replacements in the truck for the races at Talladega and Texas, respectively. Bowyer gave the team a victory at Texas. Mike Wallace drove the truck at the beginning of the season at Daytona, but crashed at the beginning of the race. Timothy Peters drove the 46 in three races, with a top ten. Erin Crocker drove the first two races for this team in 2008, followed by Scott Speed who drove the truck at Atlanta and Martinsville, followed by Landon Cassill at Mansfield and Lowe's with the godaddy.com sponsorship. Aric Almirola and Regan Smith drove in between races when Cassill was fulfilling obligations for his Nationwide Series team. Cassill had the team's best finish of the year and the final top-five as Morgan-Dollar, when he finished 3rd at the Milwaukee Mile. After MDM's buyout by Randy Moss, 2007 Truck Series Rookie of the Year Willie Allen debuted Randy Moss Motorsports at Kentucky driving the No. 81 Rascal Flatts Chevy Silverado, with the truck number being a tribute to Moss' jersey number. Allen finished 15th in the race. Hendrick Motorsports development driver Landon Cassill scored a 14th-place finish at Kentucky and a 7th-place finish at ORP. Sprint Cup driver Jimmie Johnson made his Truck Series debut at Bristol and led 28 laps but crashed on lap 102 and finished 34th. Joe Gibbs Racing development driver Marc Davis and rookie Donny Lia completed the 2008 schedule for RMM. Before the 2009 season, Randy Moss Motorsports with HTM signed Tayler Malsam to drive the No. 81 Toyota Tundra, after he and new teammate Mike Skinner were released from Triad Racing Technologies. In 2010, Malsam signed with the new Kyle Busch Motorsports, while RMM picked up David Starr and part-time sponsorship from Zachry. Starr was in the top 10 in points heading into the EnjoyIllinois.com 225 when RMM shut down the No. 81 team due to a lack of funding. Starr and Zachry would both leave RMM and drive the No. 81 Toyota for SS-Green Light Racing for the rest of the 2010 season. Malsam returned to the team on September 21, driving the newly numbered 25 Toyota Tundra sponsored by Exide, in a one race deal. RMM also announced that Malsam would run the full 2011 season for the team. However, after failing to qualify at Daytona and Phoenix and suffering a bad finish at Darlington, the team withdrew from Martinsville and presumably shut down.

Introduction Vendée Poiré sur Vie Football is a French football club based in Le Poiré-sur-Vie (Vendée). History The club, founded in 1954, reached the third tier Championnat National, but suffered administrative relegation in 2015 and again from the fifth-tier Championnat National 3 in 2018 both for financial reasons. The latter relegation placed it in Régional 2 at the seventh tier. In 2020 the club returned to the Championnat National 3, having secured back-to-back promotions. One of the club's players, Richmond Forson, was called up to represent Togo at the 2006 World Cup. Current squad

Introduction Kenneth Leroy Roberts Jr. is an American former professional Grand Prix motorcycle road racer who won the 2000 FIM Road Racing World Championship, after finishing runner-up in . Roberts Jr. is an 8-time Premier Class race winner. He joins his father Kenny Roberts as the only father-son duo to have won 500cc World Championships. Roberts was inducted into the F.I.M. MotoGP Hall of Fame in 2017. Career Early years Roberts first raced in the 250cc class at Willow Springs in 1990, winning 5 races in his debut season in road racing. By 1993, he made his World 500cc debut at the Laguna Seca Raceway event, and was a full-time 250cc racer for 1994 and 1995 with the Marlboro-Yamaha team. Team Roberts Roberts moved up to 500cc World Championship racing with Yamaha in 1996. He finished his debut season in 500cc in 13th position overall and Yamaha decided not to renew his contract. He then joined his father's team in 1997, spending two years developing their Modenas two-stroke bike. In those two years, he struggled to get into the top position, finishing 16th and 13th respectively in 1997 and 1998. Suzuki years Kenny Roberts Jr. (pictured at Donington Park) riding the Suzuki RGV500 in . In 1999, Suzuki signed him to their Grand Prix team. His debut race with Suzuki in Malaysia resulted in a surprise win, defeating the reigning champion, Michael Doohan. He went on to win the second race in Japan, where he again defeated Doohan. This winning streak put him as a strong contender to challenge Doohan for the championship. However, Doohan retired due to injuries suffered in an accident on the third race in Spain. Afterwards, the main challenge for the championship came from Doohan's teammate, Àlex Crivillé. Roberts failed to find consistency during the rest of the season, notching only two more wins and another four podiums. His lead in the championship subsequently was taken over by Crivillé, who later went on to win the title. Roberts would finish a respectable second in the championship. He renewed his championship challenge in 2000. With Crivillé failing to regain his form, Roberts' main challenge came from Valentino Rossi, a rookie rider fresh from winning the 250cc title. This time, Roberts managed to find consistency by taking four wins and five podiums in 16 races. Roberts clinched his first title, two races before the end of the season, at the Rio Grand Prix after finishing 6th, although Rossi won the race. He became the first son of a former champion to also win the title. His victory also meant Suzuki broke Honda's six-year championship win streak. Suzuki GSV-R, 2002. In 2001, Roberts and Suzuki faced a tough task to defend the title. With Rossi dominating the series to win the title, Roberts only managed a single podium and finished the season in disappointing 11th position. This also marked the end of the two-stroke 500cc bike era as the regulations changed for 2002 Between 2002 and 2005, Roberts faced a difficult time in developing the new four-stroke 990cc Suzuki GSV-R bike to challenge Honda and Yamaha. He was also being challenged by his younger teammate, John Hopkins, who often outperformed him. Even in 2003 and 2004, Hopkins managed to finish the season ahead of Roberts. During the 4-year period, Roberts managed to gain only two podiums, one in 2002 and one in 2005. At the end of 2005, Suzuki decided not to renew Roberts' contract and opted for a younger rider in Chris Vermeulen. Return to Team Roberts He returned to his father's team in 2006. Honda provided the RC211V V5 engine with the frame being designed by Team Roberts and the bike subsequently named KR211V. He took his first podium of the season at Catalunya, having started on the front row. A run of five successive top-five grid positions in mid-season showed the bike's promise. He again finished 3rd at Estoril, having led with one lap to go. Kenny later explained that he had miscounted the number of laps, and when he came onto the final straight with one lap to go, he expected to see the chequered flag, and that this distracted him and prevented him blocking Toni Elías' passing move. With these two podium finishes, he finished 6th in the standings at the end of the year, aided by riders such as Casey Stoner and Sete Gibernau missing races. This was Roberts' best result since winning the championship in 2000. Roberts remained on his father's team at the start of 2007. However, 2007 again marked a new era as 990cc bike were replaced with an 800cc displacement formula. He rode the KR212V bike which are using the RC212V's V4 engine supplied by Honda. The 2007 season was less successful, due to Honda concentrating on improving the underperforming Repsol Honda factory machine. After only 4 points in the first part of the season, Kenny Jr. stopped racing midseason, replaced by his brother Kurtis, and never returned in 2007. Both Kenny and the entire team did not participate in 2008 season. Career statistics Grand Prix motorcycle racing By season Season Class Motorcycle Team Number Race Win Podium Pole FLap Pts Plcd WCh 1993 250cc Yamaha TZM250 Team Roberts 75 1 0 0 0 0 6 27th – 1994 250cc Yamaha TZM250 Team Roberts 25 4 0 0 0 0 23 18th – 1995 250cc Yamaha TZM250 Team Roberts 25 13 0 0 0 0 82 8th – 1996 500cc Yamaha YZR500 Marlboro Team Roberts 10 13 0 0 0 0 69 13th – 1997 500cc Modenas KR3 Marlboro Team Roberts 10 15 0 0 0 0 37 16th – 1998 500cc Modenas KR3 Team Roberts 10 13 0 0 0 0 59 13th – 1999 500cc Suzuki RGV500 Suzuki Grand Prix Team 10 16 4 8 5 5 220 2nd – 2000 500cc Suzuki RGV500 Telefónica Movistar Suzuki 2 16 4 9 4 3 258 1st 1 2001 500cc Suzuki RGV500 Telefónica Movistar Suzuki 1 16 0 1 0 0 97 11th – 2002 MotoGP Suzuki GSV-R Telefónica Movistar Suzuki 10 15 0 1 0 0 99 9th – 2003 MotoGP Suzuki GSV-R Suzuki Grand Prix Team 10 13 0 0 0 0 22 19th – 2004 MotoGP Suzuki GSV-R Team Suzuki MotoGP 10 12 0 0 1 0 37 18th – 2005 MotoGP Suzuki GSV-R Team Suzuki MotoGP 10 14 0 1 0 0 63 13th – 2006 MotoGP KR211V Team Roberts 10 17 0 2 0 1 134 6th – 2007 MotoGP KR212V Team Roberts 10 7 0 0 0 0 4 24th – Total 185 8 22 10 9 1210 1 Races by year (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest lap) Year Class Bike 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Pos Pts 1993 250cc Yamaha AUS MAL JPN SPA AUT GER NED EUR RSM GBR CZE ITA USA10 FIM 27th 6 1994 250cc Yamaha AUS MAL JPN SPA AUT GER NED ITA FRA GBR CZERet USA8 ARG6 EUR11 18th 23 1995 250cc Yamaha AUS7 MAL9 JPNRet SPARet GER4 ITA6 NED5 FRA6 GBRRet CZE8 BRA13 ARGRet EUR5 8th 82 1996 500cc Yamaha MAL INA JPN12 SPA6 ITA10 FRARet NED5 GER5 GBRRet AUTRet CZE4 IMO10 CATRet BRA13 AUS11 13th 69 1997 500cc Modenas MALRet JPNRet SPA18 ITARet AUTRet FRARet NED8 IMO17 GERRet BRARet GBR11 CZE9 CAT8 INA9 AUS14 16th 37 1998 500cc Modenas JPN11 MAL11 SPA9 ITARet FRA13 MADDNQ NED9 GBRRet GER6 CZE10 IMO14 CAT10 AUS10 ARG11 13th 59 1999 500cc Suzuki MAL1 JPN1 SPA13 FRARet ITA5 CAT6 NED2 GBR8 GER1 CZE3 IMO6 VAL 2 AUS10 RSA22 BRA3 ARG1 2nd 220 2000 500cc Suzuki RSA6 MAL1 JPN2 SPA1 FRA6 ITA6 CAT1 NEDRet GBR2 GER3 CZE4 POR2 VAL2 BRA6 PAC1 AUS7 1st 258 2001 500cc Suzuki JPN7 RSA7 SPA7 FRA6 ITARet CATRet NED6 GBR8 GER9 CZERet POR6 VAL3 PAC8 AUS15 MALRet BRA16 11th 97 2002 MotoGP Suzuki JPNRet RSARet SPA8 FRA5 ITARet CAT7 NED6 GBR14 GER CZE11 POR4 BRA3 PAC6 MAL8 AUS9 VALRet 9th 99 2003 MotoGP Suzuki JPN14 RSA15 SPA13 FRA16 ITARet CAT NED GBR GER15 CZE20 POR17 BRA17 PAC15 MAL14 AUS9 VAL11 19th 22 2004 MotoGP Suzuki RSARet SPA8 FRA12 ITARet CAT17 NED16 BRA7 GER8 GBR17 CZE10 POR14 JPNRet QAT MAL AUS VAL 18th 37 2005 MotoGP Suzuki SPARet POR12 CHNRet FRA13 ITA15 CAT15 NED16 USA14 GBR2 GER11 CZE11 JPN8 MAL7 QAT11 AUSWD TUR VAL 13th 63 2006 MotoGP KR211V SPA8 QAT10 TUR13 CHN13 FRARet ITA8 CAT3 NED5 GBR5 GERRet USA4 CZE4 MAL7 AUS14 JPN9 POR3 VAL8 6th 134 2007 MotoGP KR212V QAT13 SPA16 TUR16 CHN15 FRARet ITA17 CAT16 GBR NED GER USA CZE RSM POR JPN AUS MAL VAL 24th 4

Introduction Rhoda Faye Morgenstern, portrayed by Valerie Harper, is a fictional character on the television sitcom The Mary Tyler Moore Show and subsequent spin-off, Rhoda. Character background The original opening of the series Rhoda establishes that Rhoda Faye Morgenstern was born in the Bronx, New York, in December 1941. Her family is Jewish. She is the daughter of Ida and Martin Morgenstern (Nancy Walker and Harold Gould), and grew up in New York before moving to Minneapolis, Minnesota sometime in the late 1960s. On The Mary Tyler Moore Show Rhoda had a sister named Debbie (Liberty Williams), seen in one episode, and a briefly-mentioned brother named Arnold; these two were retconned out of the back story when the character got her own series. On Rhoda, Rhoda's only sibling was a younger sister named Brenda, although in the sixth episode, Brenda refers to herself as Rhoda's "youngest sister." ''The Mary Tyler Moore Show'' Mary and Rhoda with Debbie Morgenstern. Relocating from New York City, Rhoda was a window dresser at Hempel's after being fired from Bloomfield's department store in Minneapolis. (She also became the proprietor of a plant boutique in one third-season episode, though this was not referenced again). She rented an attic loft apartment in the same house as the building manager, Phyllis Lindstrom. In the debut episode, Mary Richards moved into the larger apartment, one floor below, which Rhoda had been trying to secure for herself. This caused the two to initially clash, but in spite of themselves and their differences (Mary was a polite, sophisticated mid-westerner, Rhoda was an astringent, brash New Yorker) they quickly became best friends. Throughout the series, Rhoda and Phyllis maintained an adversarial but somewhat friendly relationship. She also developed a close bond with Phyllis's daughter, Bess, who referred to Rhoda as her "aunt." While living in Minneapolis, Rhoda received infrequent visits from her parents. ''Rhoda'' Joe and Rhoda In 1974, Harper departed from The Mary Tyler Moore Show to star in Rhoda. In Rhoda, Rhoda Morgenstern moved back to New York City, where she met ruggedly handsome Joe Gerard (David Groh) and married him soon afterward. The couple moved into the same building occupied by Rhoda's sister, Brenda, and for the first two years of the show, Rhoda worked in her own small window dressing company while Joe pursued his career as a building contractor. Brenda, a single, insecure, self-conscious bank teller, often turned to Rhoda for advice (especially about her love life), and Rhoda's parents Ida and Martin were seen frequently. Rhoda's marriage soured after two years, and Rhoda and Joe eventually divorced. Later episodes featured Rhoda tentatively re-entering the dating scene. She also wound down her struggling window dressing company, and took a job at a costume company. ''Mary and Rhoda'' Rhoda gave up her career as a window dresser/costume designer and pursued a career as a photographer in the time between the 1978 cancellation of Rhoda and the 2000 made-for-television movie Mary and Rhoda. By this time she had also married and divorced Jean-Pierre Rousseau, a union which produced her only child, a daughter named Meredith. Mary and Rhoda had lost track of one-another after an argument over Rhoda's second husband, whom Mary disliked, but they reconnected and reestablished their friendship in the 2000 movie. Reception Harper won four Primetime Emmy Awards for her portrayal of Rhoda, with three of these awards for The Mary Tyler Moore Show and one for Rhoda. In 2006, Entertainment Weekly ranked Rhoda Morgenstern 23rd on its list of the best sidekicks ever. Bravo ranked Rhoda 57th on their list of the 100 greatest TV characters. In 2000, Time magazine stated that Rhoda's relationship with Mary Richards was "one of the most renowned friendships in TV."

Introduction Blanching is the whitening of metal, by various means, such as soaking in acid or by coating with tin. This term is commonly used in coinage, in which pieces are given a lustre and brilliance before images are struck into the surface. The ancient method of blanching involved putting the pieces, after heating, in a large vessel of water, and some ounces of aqua fortis, but in different proportions for gold and silver. This method is no longer used, partly due to its expense, and partly because it diminishes the weight of the metal.

Introduction An open gate to a field Leave the gate as you found it is an important rule of courtesy in rural areas throughout the world. If a gate is found open, it should be left open, and if it is closed, it should be left closed. If a closed gate absolutely must be traversed, it should be closed again afterwards. It applies to visitors travelling onto or across farms, ranches, and stations. In low-rainfall areas, closing gates can cut livestock off from water supplies. For example, most of the land used for grazing in Australia has no natural water supplies, so drinking water for the stock must be supplied by the farmer or landowner, often by using a windmill to pump groundwater. Even visitors who know how a stock water system works may be unaware of breakdowns. During hot weather, cattle require large quantities of water to drink and can die in less than a day if they do not get it. Sheep need less water and can survive longer without it, but will die if cut off from water for several hot days. In all agricultural areas, farmers need to keep groups of livestock separate, for reasons including breeding for disease resistance and increased production, pest control, and controlling when ewes deliver their lambs. Unwanted mingling of flocks or herds can deprive a farmer of significant income. The original versions of the United Kingdom's Country Code advised visitors to always close gates. The revised Countryside Code now suggests that gates should be left as found.

Introduction Thomas Lüthi is a Swiss sporting director at Prüstel GP, and former Grand Prix motorcycle racer. He spent 19 years in Grand Prix world championships, becoming one of only six riders to reach 300 race starts, spending much of his career with the Interwetten Paddock team, with who he became the 2005 season's 125cc world champion. Career Early career Lüthi was born in Oberdiessbach, Kanton Bern, Switzerland, but grew up in Emmental. Lüthi started racing pocket bikes at the age of nine. He won pocket bike championships in 1999 and 2000. In 2002, he finished second overall in the European 125cc Championship, and third in the German 125cc series. 125cc World Championship Lüthi made his first 125cc World Championship appearance at the 2002 German Grand Prix, which he finished in 26th place. In the 2003 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season, Lüthi was invited by Daniel Epp to ride for his team, known as the "Elit Grand Prix Team"; Epp became his manager. Lüthi scored his first podium in Barcelona and ended in second place. In 2004, he retired from four races in a row, missed four races because of injury, and scored 14 points. Andy Ibbott of California Superbike School started training Thomas during the 2005 season. Lüthi scored his first 125cc class Grand Prix win in 2005 at Le Mans, followed by three more victories that season, including one at his team's home race at Brno, Czech Republic. On 6 November 2005 Lüthi secured his first world championship in the 125cc class, the sixth-youngest person to do so; this took place at Valencia. While using a Honda RS125R kit, Lüthi won the world championship title in the 125cc class, being five points ahead of Mika Kallio. Lüthi was voted Swiss sportsman of the year in 2005 and also won the annual "Swiss Award" in the category of sport. After winning the 2005 125cc World Championship, he was partnered by Sandro Cortese of Germany and the team name was changed to "Elit — Caffè Latte". He scored his only win and only podium of the season at the 2006 French Grand Prix. He lost his championship title to Álvaro Bautista. 250cc World Championship After the 2006 season, Lüthi moved on to 250cc. The team changed their name to "Emmi — Caffè Latte", and defected to Aprilia, racing on the Aprilia RSA 250. For 2008, Lüthi continued with the Aprilia RSA 250. Daniel Epp also ran an Aprillia LE for Lukáš Pešek, under the Auto Kelly - CP branding. Lüthi did not have any podiums until the 2008 Italian GP, where he finished at the podium in third place. At Assen, he finished in second place behind Álvaro Bautista. At Brno, Lüthi crashed out of the race due to an apparent brake failure. In 2009, he finished seventh overall in 250cc, although without a podium. Moto2 World Championship 2011 Portuguese Grand Prix For 2010, he remained with the team in the Moto2 class that replaced the 250cc category. At Silverstone, Lüthi finished in second place. Lüthi finished in third place at Assen, which was a position he acquired on the last lap after being in first place earlier in the race. Lüthi had a collarbone injury during those two races. MotoGP World Championship On 24 August 2017, it was announced that Lüthi would move up to MotoGP for the 2018 season, partnering Moto2 title rival Franco Morbidelli at EG 0,0 Marc VDS. Lüthi did not score a single point throughout his first MotoGP campaign, with his best result being 16th place at Losail, Le Mans, Brno, Phillip Island, and Sepang. Return to Moto2 On 12 August 2018, it was announced that Lüthi would step back to Moto2 for the 2019 season, joining Dynavolt Intact GP. He replaced Xavi Vierge, who moved to Marc VDS. Retirement On 19 August 2021, he announced his retirement from racing after the season. He will take on the role of Sports Director of the Prüstel GP Moto3 team, as well as their Junior Team, starting 2022. Career statistics Grand Prix motorcycle racing By season Season Class Motorcycle Type Team Race Win Podium Pole FLap Pts Plcd WCh 125cc Honda Honda RS125R Elit Grand Prix 7 0 0 0 0 7 27th – 125cc Honda Honda RS125R Elit Grand Prix 15 0 1 0 0 68 15th – 125cc Honda Honda RS125R Elit Grand Prix 13 0 0 0 0 14 25th – 125cc Honda Honda RS125R Elit Grand Prix 16 4 8 5 1 242 1st 1 125cc Honda Honda RS125R Elit – Caffe Latte 16 1 1 0 0 113 8th – 250cc Aprilia Aprilia RSA 250 Emmi – Caffe Latte 17 0 0 0 0 133 8th – 250cc Aprilia Aprilia RSA 250 Emmi – Caffe Latte 14 0 2 0 0 108 11th – 250cc Aprilia Aprilia RSA 250 Emmi – Caffe Latte 16 0 0 0 0 120 7th – Moto2 Moriwaki Moriwaki MD600 Interwetten Moriwaki Moto2 17 0 5 0 2 156 4th – Moto2 Suter Suter MMX2 Interwetten Paddock Moto2 17 1 4 1 0 151 5th – Moto2 Suter Suter MMX2 Interwetten-Paddock 17 1 6 1 3 191 4th – Moto2 Suter Suter MMX2 Interwetten Paddock Moto2 15 0 6 0 1 155 6th – 2014 Moto2 Suter Suter MMX2 Interwetten Paddock Moto2 18 2 4 0 2 194 4th – 2015 Moto2 Kalex Kalex Moto2 Derendinger Racing Interwetten 18 1 4 1 3 179 5th – 2016 Moto2 Kalex Kalex Moto2 Garage Plus Interwetten 17 4 6 3 2 234 2nd – 2017 Moto2 Kalex Kalex Moto2 Garage Plus Interwetten 16 2 10 1 1 243 2nd – 2018 MotoGP Honda Honda RC213V EG 0,0 Marc VDS 18 0 0 0 0 0 29th – 2019 Moto2 Kalex Kalex Moto2 Dynavolt Intact GP 18 1 8 0 4 250 3rd – 2020 Moto2 Kalex Kalex Moto2 Liqui Moly Intact GP 15 0 0 0 0 72 11th – Moto2 Kalex Kalex Moto2 Pertamina Mandalika SAG Team 17 0 0 0 0 27 22nd – Total 317 17 65 12 19 2657 1 By class Class Seasons 1st GP 1st Pod 1st Win Race Win Podiums Pole FLap Pts WChmp 125cc 2002–2006 2002 Germany 2003 Catalunya 2005 France 67 5 10 5 1 444 1 250cc 2007–2009 2007 Qatar 2008 Italy 47 0 2 0 0 361 0 Moto2 2010–2017, 2019–2021 2010 Qatar 2010 Spain 2011 Malaysia 185 12 53 7 18 1852 0 MotoGP 2018 2018 Qatar 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 2002–2021 317 17 65 12 19 2657 1 Races by year (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest lap) Year Class Bike 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Pos Pts 125cc Honda JPN RSA SPA FRA ITA CAT NED GBR GER CZE POR BRA PAC MAL AUS VAL 27th 7 125cc Honda JPN RSA SPA FRA ITA CAT NED GBR GER CZE POR BRA PAC MAL AUS VAL 15th 68 125cc Honda RSA SPA FRA ITA CAT NED BRA GER GBR CZE POR JPN QAT MAL AUS VAL 25th 14 125cc Honda SPA POR CHN FRA ITA CAT NED GBR GER CZE JPN MAL QAT AUS TUR VAL 1st 242 125cc Honda SPA QAT TUR CHN FRA ITA CAT NED GBR GER CZE MAL AUS JPN POR VAL 8th 113 250cc Aprilia QAT SPA TUR CHN FRA ITA CAT GBR NED GER CZE RSM POR JPN AUS MAL VAL 8th 133 250cc Aprilia QAT SPA POR CHN FRA ITA CAT GBR NED GER CZE RSM IND JPN AUS MAL VAL 11th 108 250cc Aprilia QAT JPN SPA FRA ITA CAT NED GER GBR CZE IND RSM POR AUS MAL VAL 7th 120 Moto2 Moriwaki QAT SPA FRA ITA GBR NED CAT GER CZE IND RSM ARA JPN MAL AUS POR VAL 4th 156 Moto2 Suter QAT SPA POR FRA CAT GBR NED ITA GER CZE IND RSM ARA JPN AUS MAL VAL 5th 151 Moto2 Suter QAT SPA POR FRA CAT GBR NED GER ITA IND CZE RSM ARA JPN MAL AUS VAL 4th 191 Moto2 Suter QAT AME SPA FRA ITA CAT NED GER IND CZE GBR RSM ARA MAL AUS JPN VAL 6th 155 2014 Moto2 Suter QAT AME ARG SPA FRA ITA CAT NED GER IND CZE GBR RSM ARA JPN AUS MAL VAL 4th 194 2015 Moto2 Kalex QAT AME ARG SPA FRA ITA CAT NED GER IND CZE GBR RSM ARA JPN AUS MAL VAL 5th 179 2016 Moto2 Kalex QAT ARG AME SPA FRA ITA CAT NED GER AUT CZE GBR RSM ARA JPN AUS MAL VAL 2nd 234 2017 Moto2 Kalex QAT ARG AME SPA FRA ITA CAT NED GER CZE AUT GBR RSM ARA JPN AUS MAL VAL 2nd 243 2018 MotoGP Honda QAT ARG AME SPA FRA ITA CAT NED GER CZE AUT GBR RSM ARA THA JPN AUS MAL VAL 29th 0 2019 Moto2 Kalex QAT ARG AME SPA FRA ITA CAT NED GER CZE AUT GBR RSM ARA THA JPN AUS MAL VAL 3rd 250 2020 Moto2 Kalex QAT SPA ANC CZE AUT STY RSM EMI CAT FRA ARA TER EUR VAL POR 11th 72 Moto2 Kalex QAT DOH POR SPA FRA ITA CAT GER NED STY AUT GBR ARA RSM AME EMI ALR VAL 22nd 27

Introduction Tree-stump vase with seated duck, Hirado ware, 19th century. A bird stump is a type of vase made in the shape of a tree stump with a bird sitting on or next to it. The branches forking from the main trunk are chopped off short and form tubes into which the stems of flowers can be inserted. The most elaborate versions have multiple branches and vines twining around the trunk. Bird stumps are generally made of ceramics like porcelain, though some are made of cast iron. They were popular from the Victorian period up through the 1920s in England. A so-called bird stump (actually a "firugeal urn" sic) plays a role as the MacGuffin in Connie Willis's 1998 time travel science fiction novel To Say Nothing of the Dog: or, How We Found the Bishop's Bird Stump at Last.

Introduction Stanisław Potocki may refer to: Stanisław "Rewera" Potocki, 1579–1667, hetman, voivode, podkomorzy, Stanisław Potocki (1659-1683), son of Andrzej Potocki Stanisław Potocki (died 1760), voivode Stanisław Potocki (1734–1802), krajczy Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki (1753–1805), voivode, Artillery General Stanisław Potocki (1782-1831), Russian commander in the Patriotic War of 1812, son of Stanisław Szczęsny Stanisław Kostka Potocki (1755–1821), podstoli, Artillery General Stanisław Antoni Potocki (1837–1884)

Introduction Joaquín de Montserrat, marqués de Cruillas, Viceroy of New Spain Joaquín de Montserrat, 1st Marquess of Cruillas was Spanish viceroy of New Spain, from October 6, 1760 to August 24, 1766. First years as viceroy Joaquín de Montserrat was named viceroy of New Spain early in 1760. The transfer of power was made September 19, 1760 in Otumba, and his formal entry into Mexico City was October 6, 1760. Among his immediate and most important concerns was the organization of a true colonial army. As he passed through Puebla he reviewed a battalion of militia formed of Negroes and Mulattoes. Their arms were very irregular, and the new viceroy made a formal request to Spain for new rifles to arm them. In 1761 there was an epidemic of smallpox that principally attacked the Indians. Estimates were 14,600 dead in Mexico City and up to 80,000 in Puebla. The government nearly emptied its coffers (hardly full to begin with) to provide what palliative assistance was possible. Viceroy Montserrat took economy measures, ordered the collection of back taxes, and prohibited hoarding of foodstuffs and merchandise. On November 20, 1761, Mayas under Jacinto Canek rose in rebellion in Cisteil, Yucatan. Canek was captured, and on December 14, 1761 he was tortured and quartered in the plaza of Valladolid. Other disasters during Montserrat's term of office included a major flood in Guanajuato that paralyzed the operation of the silver mines (April, 1762), and another epidemic (of "fever") that caused many deaths (1763). He also had to send military assistance to Sonora, where a revolt of Pimas and Seris had broken out against their maltreatment by the Spanish colonists. The rebels had killed the garrisons of two presidios and the governor before escaping to the mountains, where they were finally subdued. War with the English In January, 1762, after the accession of Charles III to the Spanish throne, Spain was again at war with England (the Seven Years' War). Havana fell to the English on August 13, 1762, and Veracruz was under imminent threat of a landing. Montserrat strengthened the fortifications at Veracruz and made sure they were well supplied. He raised more troops and ensured that they were organized and trained to fight effectively. To guard the trade merchandise, he organized two companies of grenadiers, of Negroes and Mulattoes. The population dubbed these "Los Morenos" (the dark-skinned ones). The merchants of Veracruz formed another company and paid their salaries, arms and equipment. Other battalions and regiments were raised in the provinces, including battalions in Valladolid, León, Puebla and Oaxaca. Cavalry and militia were also raised in the large cities. A peace ending the Seven Years' War was signed at Paris on February 10, 1763. Spain received Louisiana and regained Havana and Manila, but ceded Florida to England, as well as the right of settlement and timber-harvesting in Belize. In 1764 he organized the postal service, sent aid to Cuba, and continued work on the drainage system of Mexico City. Reorganization of the colonial army This viceroy is considered the organizer of the first true professional army of New Spain. The soldiers were Mestizos, Negroes and Mulattoes, but the high ranks were reserved for whites only. Indians were not accepted for military service. Because the army officials at the time of his arrival were volunteers of good family, but not trained in military service, the viceroy requested that Spain send military instructors. On November 1, 1765, Lt. Gen. Juan de Villalba arrived in Veracruz, with five other generals and various other officers, officials and men. These were the instructors for the new colonial army. On September 30, 1765, José María Morelos, hero of Mexican independence, was born in Valladolid, Michoacan. Last years in office Charles III had lost confidence in Montserrat because of a perceived decrease in the collection of royal rents. The Crown named José de Gálvez as visitador, with full powers to reform the administration and introduce new economic ideas. Gálvez, a minister of the Council of the Indies, arrived on August 2, 1765. In 1766 Montserrat granted concessions to the miners of Guanajuato, who had rebelled. He also created new presidios in the north of the colony. Thereafter, disgusted with his loss of authority to the visitador, he resigned and returned to Spain.

Introduction In medicine, collateralization, also vessel collateralization and blood vessel collateralization, is the growth of a blood vessel or several blood vessels that serve the same end organ or vascular bed as another blood vessel that cannot adequately supply that end organ or vascular bed sufficiently. Coronary collateralization is considered a normal response to hypoxia and may be induced, under some circumstances, by exercise. It is considered to be protective. Collateral or anastomotic blood vessels also exist even when blood supply is adequate to an area, and these blood vessels are often taken advantage of in surgery. Some notable areas where this occurs include the abdomen, rectum, knee, shoulder, and head. Coronary collateralization Coronary collateralization exists latently in the normal heart. Microscopic collateral vessels of the heart undergo a process called transformation that widens the vessel lumen at the expense of its cell wall in response to myocardial stresses—specifically, myocardial spasm and hypoxia secondary to myocardial infarction or acutely stressful exercise. The status of the coronary collaterals has also been shown to be influenced by the presence of diabetes mellitus. The functional significance of the coronary collateral vessels is a matter of continuing experimental investigation although their existence has been known for over three centuries and been documented repeatedly in man and beast over the past seven decades. Although a now-classic series of experiments by Schaper in the late 1960s and '70s expanded our understanding of the mechanisms by which these usually redundant, microscopic (40-10 um in diameter in their native state) ur-arterioles are transformed by ischemia or stenosis into vessels with life-preserving blood capacity, equally as many studies have denied the function of these vessels to preserve myocardium by salvaging tissue perfusion and maintaining blood pressure as have documented this. It was only during the 1980s that a consensus among researchers was reached that these vessels can preserve as much as 30 to 40% of coronary blood flow to an otherwise-occluded blood vessel, and, while not capable of preventing ischemia in the event of high-output exercise, can nevertheless maintain aortic, pulmonic, and atrial blood pressure, redirect ST elevation into less serious ST depression in ischemia, and prevent infarction and symptoms of infarction, even in the case of complete left main coronary artery stenosis. The native collaterals are small vessels, with a narrow endothelial lining, a layer or two of smooth muscle, and a variable amount of elastic tissue. They are rarely if ever observed during angiography in the absence of severe ischemia (vessels less than 200 micrometers are not visible, generally), and only coronary stenosis, anemia, and exercise have experimentally been shown to cause transformation. Most observers agree that a 90% occlusion is necessary to bring about transformation in the absence of other factors, though a recent article suggests that they may appear as a result of coronary spasm in the absence of total occlusion (see below). Within ninety seconds of occlusion, the pressure gradient between the segment of the coronary vessel distal to the occlusion and the incipient collateral vessel precipitates damage to the internal elastic lamina, provoking an inflammatory response; monocytes and polycytes migrate to the vascular wall, which has, as a result of the occlusion, become permeable to the blood's cellular components. The internal diameter of these vessels expands exponentially in the first hours and days following an occlusion, as mitotic division of the cell wall narrows the wall's diameter and expands each vessel's lumen.Within four weeks, the functional capacity of the vessels has reached a maximum, accompanied by a 90% reduction in their resistance, though structural remodeling continues by cell proliferation and synthesis of elastin and collagen over a period of up to six months. Schaper summarizes the status-2009 knowledge of coronary collateral transformation in a recent review: "Following an arterial occlusion outward remodeling of pre-existent inter-connecting arterioles occurs by proliferation of vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells. This is initiated by deformation of the endothelial cells through increased pulsatile fluid shear stress (FSS) caused by the steep pressure gradient between the high pre-occlusive and the very low post-occlusive pressure regions that are interconnected by collateral vessels. Shear stress leads to the activation and expression of all nitric oxide synthetase (NOS) isoforms and nitric oxide production, followed by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion, which induces monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) synthesis in the endothelium and in the smooth muscle of the media. This leads to attraction and activation of monocytes and T-cells into the adventitial space (peripheral collateral vessels) or attachment of these cells to the endothelium (coronary collaterals). Mononuclear cells produce proteases and growth factors to digest the extra-cellular scaffold and allow motility and provide space for the new cells. They also produce NO from inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS), which is essential for arteriogenesis. The bulk of new tissue production is carried by the smooth muscles of the media, which transform their phenotype from a contractile into a synthetic and proliferative one. Important roles are played by actin binding proteins like actin-binding Rho-activating protein (ABRA), cofilin, and thymosin beta 4 which determine actin polymerization and maturation. Integrins and connexins are markedly up-regulated. A key role in this concerted action, which leads to a 2-to-20 fold increase in vascular diameter, depending on species size (mouse versus human), are the transcription factors AP-1, egr-1, carp, ets, by the Rho pathway and by the mitogen activated kinases ERK-1 and -2. In spite of the enormous increase in tissue mass (up to 50-fold), the degree of functional restoration of blood flow capacity is incomplete and ends at 30% of maximal coronary conductance and 40% in the vascular periphery. The process of arteriogenesis can be drastically stimulated by increases in FSS (arterio-venous fistulas) and can be completely blocked by inhibition of NO production, by pharmacological blockade of VEGF-A, and by the inhibition of the Rho-pathway. Pharmacological stimulation of arteriogenesis, important for the treatment of arterial occlusive diseases, seems feasible with NO donors." Kolibash's 1982 study of the effect of collaterals on rest and stress myocardial perfusion, left ventricular function, and myocardial infarction prevention was most influential in turning the tide of professional opinion toward acknowledging the impact of these vessels on the jeopardized heart. In 91 patients examined by angiography, 90% of which had exertional angina, Kolibash discovered 110 occluded LAD and RCA vessels, 101 of which showed evidence of collateral vessels in their proximal areas. Kolibash divided these 101 proximal areas into two groups: those with normal perfusion at rest (43) and those with abnormal perfusion at rest (58). Wall motion abnormalities were significantly less evident in areas with normal rest perfusion—only 35% of these areas showed decreased segment shortening. By comparison, 72% of areas with abnormal rest perfusion showed decreased segment shortening. Infarctions also occurred less often in the normals than in the abnormals (12% vs. 62%). Examining four variables—rest perfusion, stress perfusion, wall motion abnormalities, and EKG evidence of MI, Kolibash found that 86% of the variables were normal in the normal perfusion group and 81% of the variables were abnormal in the abnormal perfusion group. Neither the extent of coronary disease nor the appearance of the collateral vessels during angiography differed between the two groups, leading Kolibash to conclude that angiography is inadequate in and of itself to evaluate the functional significance of collateral vessels, and that "several physiologic variables" are most likely responsible for myocardial status in any given clinical situation. That so many adequately collateralized areas showed no evidence of subsequent improvement in myocardial perfusion also provided evidence that collaterals may often be of little or no significance. However, it is possible that such collaterals appeared too late after infarction to significantly improve overall perfusion. Since Kolibash's study, newer techniques have been used effectively to investigate the issues he raised and to characterize both the mechanism of the transformation of the native collaterals and assess their impact on myocardial perfusion and function—among them percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), ergovine-provocative spasm tests, and myocardial perfusion studies. Using PTCA, Rentrop demonstrated that collateral vessel filling jumps dramatically during coronary occlusion by balloon inflation—within ninety seconds of total occlusion. Filling improved in 15 of 16 patients; neither chest pain nor pre-inflation angina correlated with the extent of collateral filling, and coronary spasm did not occur. Rentrop did not generalize about the functional significance of these collaterals, which he said was "unknown," but their existence suggests that they may exert a preemptive, protective effect. Subsequently, Rentrop's associate Cohen prospectively evaluated 23 patients undergoing PTCA and observed that during balloon inflation, the mean grade of collateral filling increased dramatically. Nineteen of 23 patients showed improvement (p=0.01) but post-PTCA arteriography revealed no visible collaterals in any patient. The functional effect of filling was dramatic: using an index of ischemia (based on the percent of hypocontractile perimeter of myocardium, sum of ST segment elevation, and time of onset of angina), Cohen found that grade 0 or 1 filling confers only nominal protection from ischemia (i.e., filling is non-existent or of side branches only), but partial filling (i.e. grade 2 or greater) of these segments provides almost complete preservation of the affected myocardium from the asynergy associated with critical coronary stenosis. Pain was observed in all nine patients with 0 or 1 filling, but in only five of 14 patients with grade 2 or 3 filling. Thus, the severity of symptoms correlated inversely with the degree of observed collateral filling. In another often-cited study, Freedman focused on the issue of MI prevention by selecting 121 patients with severe single vessel disease. 64 had Q-wave infarction and 57 did not; 32 had unstable angina or subendocardial infarction. 74 totally occluded vessels and 47 subtotally occluded vessels were identified in this study, and the presence of total occlusion was the most significant predictor of the existence of collaterals. 63 of 74 (85%) of the "totalled" vessels were accompanied by evidence of collaterals, compared to 8 of 47 (17%) of the subtotalled vessels (p=0.001). Collaterals were completely absent beside arteries with less than 90% stenosis. Totally occluded arteries were found in 29 of 57 patients in the group without Q-wave myocardial infarctions, and all 29 showed collaterals. In comparison, 76% of those who lacked totally occluded arteries showed collaterals (p is less than 0.005). In contrast, all 24 of those 57 patients without Q-wave MI's who did not have collaterals had subtotal stenosis of their diseased vessel. Though smoking, cholesterol levels, and the presence of angina did not differ between the groups, the presence of subendocardial infarction was significantly greater in those with collaterals, suggesting either that subendocardial infarction precipitates the formation of collaterals to an extent comparable to Q-wave infarcts, or that preexisting collaterals prevent subendocardial infarctions from becoming transmural infarctions. Among several Japanese studies utilizing the ergovine-provocative spasm test to simulate ischemia in man and beast, including those of Takeshita and Tada, one by Yamagishi found that spasm in the LAD resulted in (1) ST segment elevation more commonly in those without collaterals than in those with them (8 of 9 vs. 2 of 7; p=0.05); (2) greater increases in pulmonary artery end diastolic pressure in those without collaterals (p=0.05); and (3) great cardiac vein flow that was significantly greater in those with collaterals than in those without them. Spasm resulted in mild angina associated with slight elevation of pulmonary artery end diastolic pressure and ST depression when collaterals were present rather than elevation and lower cardiac lactate production, suggesting strongly that collaterals do salvage myocardium when ischemia is produced by spasm. Whether angina causes collateral development is still debatable, but at least one investigator, Fujita, believes that angina is either symptomatic of, or somehow promotes the development of, collateral circulation, and, in any case, sometimes precedes, and often prevents, infarction by relieving the critically occluded vessel before thrombosis can occur. Examining 37 patients who underwent intercoronary thrombolysis within six hours of MI, Fujita found that 2 of 19 patients without preinfarct angina had collaterals and 9 of 18 patients with angina had them. No other variables pertaining to collateral development distinguished the groups. Fujita therefore suggests that the absence of symptomatic angina may not always portend favorable developments, and infarct prevention must surely be targeted to those with coronary disease who are without symptoms, as they may be without the protective effects of collateral development provoked by the presence of angina. Relation to angiogenesis Collateralization differs from angiogenesis in that several blood vessels supply one vascular bed and these vessels are maintained (one does not involute/regress).

Introduction Baldwin High School is located at 155 Highway 49 West in Milledgeville, Georgia, United States. New additions since 2003 include a classroom wing, a JROTC building, a fine arts wing, cafeteria and a vocational building. Baldwin is the only public high school in Baldwin County, and the largest of the three total high schools. The other two are private schools: John Milledge Academy and Georgia Military College. Mascot controversy A Mascot Advisory Committee was formed by the Baldwin County Board of Education in 2016. After a year of discussion, the board decided to retain the "Braves" mascot name but remove some of the stereotypical imagery. Notable alumni Tasha Butts, former basketball player at University of Tennessee, former assistant coach for the women's UCLA Bruins, current assistant coach at Louisiana State University Lady Tigers Earnest Byner, former professional football player for the Cleveland Browns, Washington Redskins, and Baltimore Ravens, and coach with the Ravens and the Tennessee Titans Nick Harper, former professional football player with the Tennessee Titans and Indianapolis Colts Leroy Hill, professional football player with the Seattle Seahawks Maurice Hurt, professional football player with the Washington Redskins Darius Marshall, college football player at Marshall University Otis Murphy, professional saxophonist Audra Smith, college basketball coach Malcolm Thomas

Introduction Puxada de Rede is a Brazilian folkloric theatrical play, seen in many capoeira performances. It is based on a traditional Brazilian legend. Plot A fisherman goes out to fish at night on a jangada, a handmade seaworthy sailing raft used by fishermen of north-eastern Brazil. His wife has a presentiment of something wrong and tries to stop him from going fishing that night. He goes anyway, leaving his wife crying and his kids scared. His wife waits the whole night for him on the beach, and around 5:00am, the usual arrival time, she sees the jangada. The fishermen have a very sad expression and some are even crying, but she does not see her husband. The fishermen tell her that her husband has fallen off the jangada by accident. As they start to withdraw the net, they find his body amongst the fish. His friends carry his body on their arms, in a traditional funeral ritual on the beach. Lyrics English translation in italics where available. NO MAR No mar, no mar, no mar, no mar eu ouvi cantar       In the sea, in the sea, in the sea, in the sea I heard singing No mar, no mar, no mar minha sereia, ela é sereia       In the sea, in the sea, in the sea my mermaid, she is a mermaid MINHA JANGADA VAI SAIR P'RO MAR Minha jangada vai sair p'ro mar       My jangada is going out to sea Vou trabalhar, meu bem querer       I'm going to work, my love. Se Deus quiser quando eu voltar do mar       If God wants when I return from the sea Um peixe bom, eu vou trazer       A good fish, I will bring Meus companheiros tambem vão voltar       My friends will also return E a Deus do céu vamos agradecer       and to God we will give thanks A REDE PUXA A puxa a marra marinheiro A rede puxa A puxa lá que eu puxo cá A rede puxa A puxa a marra samangolê A rede puxa PUXA A MARRA MARINHEIRO Puxa a marra marinheiro puxa a marra E olha o vento que te leva pela a barra

Introduction The Puerto Rican owl or múcaro común, formerly known as the Puerto Rican screech owl, is a mid-sized "typical owl" in subfamily Striginae. It is endemic to the archipelago of Puerto Rico though it formerly also inhabited the Virgin Islands. Taxonomy and systematics The Puerto Rican owl was formally described in 1800 by the French zoologist François Marie Daudin from specimens collected in Puerto Rico. He coined the binomial name Strix nudipes. The species was subsequently placed either in the genus Otus with the scops owls or in Megascops with the screech owls. It is now the only species assigned to the genus Gymnasio that was introduced in 1854 specifically for the Puerto Rican owl by Charles Lucien Bonaparte. The genus name combines the Ancient Greek gumnos meaning "bare" or "naked" with the Latin asio, a type of eared owl. The specific epithet nudipes is Latin meaning "bare-footed". A species endemic to the Virgin Islands was described in 1860 by George Newbold Lawrence under the binomial Gymnoglaux newtoni. This is treated as a subspecies of the Puerto Rican owl (Gymnasio nudipes newtoni), but its identity as a separate subspecies has been questioned because it is based on minor differences in plumage. The taxon is probably extinct as surveys of the Virgin Islands conducted since 1995 have failed to detect any Puerto Rican owls. A molecular phylogenetic study of the owls published in 2019 found that the Puerto Rican owl is a sister species to the flammulated owl (Psiloscops flammeolus), a migratory species in North America. Description The Puerto Rican owl is long with a wingspan of . It weighs , with females being slightly heavier than males. It has a rounded head with no "ear" tufts. It has three color morphs; the brown one predominates, the rufous one is fairly common, and the gray one is rare. The brown morph has brown upperparts with irregular paler brown bars and vermiculation. The tail is also brown with paler vermiculation. The wing coverts have some whitish spots. Its facial discs have narrow light and dark brown bars; the supercilium and lores are white. The underparts are mostly white with much brown or dusky streaking, barring, and vermiculation. The belly and undertail coverts are usually plain white. The legs are not feathered, which is unusual in owls, and led to another former common name, the Puerto Rican bare-legged owl. The eye is brown, the bill greenish yellow, and the legs and feet pale brown to grayish yellow. The rufous morph replaces the brown with pale reddish brown or ochre buff. Putative subspecies G. n. newtoni has somewhat paler upperparts and less heavily streaked underparts than the nominate. Distribution and habitat The Puerto Rican owl is found throughout the main island of Puerto Rico. The putative subspecies G. n. newtoni certainly occurred on St. Croix, St. John, and St. Thomas in the Virgin Islands but has not been positively recorded there since the mid 1800s. It possibly occurred on other Virgin Islands and on Vieques and Culebra, but no documentation supports those assertions. On Puerto Rico its primary natural habitat is humid lowland forest but it also occurs in dry forest and urban areas. "Any small territory with available nest cavities is ideal for this species." Behavior Movement The Puerto Rican owl is resident throughout its range. Feeding The Puerto Rican owl is a nocturnal hunter. Its primary prey is large arthropods such as cockroaches, grasshoppers, and moths. It also regularly eats small vertebrates such as frogs, lizards, rodents, and birds. Breeding The Puerto Rican owl's breeding season spans from April to June. It nests in cavities in trees and lays a clutch of up to three white eggs. Little else is known about its breeding phenology. Vocalization The Puerto Rican owl's territorial song is "a short, relatively deep, somewhat guttural, toad-like quavering trill...rrurrrrrrr." It also makes "a soft cackling gu-gu and "a loud coo-coo"; the latter call provides the local colloquial name "cuckoo bird". Status The IUCN has assessed the Puerto Rican owl as being of Least Concern. Though it has a relatively small range, its population exceeds 10,000 mature individuals and is believed to be stable. No specific threats have been identified. Its disappearance from the Virgin Islands is thought to have happened because the native forests there were mostly cleared by the end of the nineteenth century. Gallery File:Megascops nudipes-Mucarito-Screech Owl of Puerto Rico Second Bird.jpeg|An adult at the western municipality of Aguada File:Megascops nudipes Owlet Mucarito-Screech Owl of Puerto Rico.jpeg|An owlet

Introduction Jim Tunney is a former American football official in the National Football League (NFL) from 1960 to 1990. In his 31 years as an NFL official, Tunney received a record 29 post-season assignments, including ten Championship games and Super Bowls VI, XI and XII and named as an alternate in Super Bowl XVIII. He remains the only referee who has worked consecutive Super Bowls and likely will be the only one to do so. Following Ben Dreith's death in April 2021, Tunney is the only referee from the first 16 Super Bowls who is still alive. Life and career Nicknamed the "Dean of NFL Referees", Tunney was the first official to be named to the "All-Madden Team" in 1990 and won the "Gold Whistle Award" in 1992 from the National Association of Sports Officials (NASO). He wore uniform number 32 for most of his career but when the NFL numbered each position separately from 1979 through 1981 rather than assigning one number per official, he wore number 3. Tunney's trademark signal upon a successful field goal, or extra point, featured raising his arms with fists clenched then opening both fists simultaneously to indicate the attempt as "good". Officials who worked on Tunney's crew for many years included former NFL great Pat Harder at umpire and head linesman Burl Toler, the NFL's first African-American official. Tunney graduated from Franklin High School in Los Angeles class of 1947 then after he graduated from nearby Occidental College in 1951, Tunney began officiating football and basketball working high school, college and Pacific Coast Conference (Pac-10) games until 1967. In 1960, he was hired to work in the NFL as a field judge before being promoted to the referee position in 1967 where he would stay for the remainder of his career until retiring after the 1990 NFL season. His final game was the 1990 AFC Championship Game between the Buffalo Bills and Los Angeles Raiders played January 20, 1991. He currently works on the NFL officiating staff as an Observer, attending games each week helping with improvement of the current game officials. Still active in league affairs and many sports issues, Tunney was a member of Commissioner Tagliabue's Officiating 2000 Committee and was Vice Chair of the U.S. Olympic Committee for Northern California (Sydney 2000 Games). In 1993, he founded the Jim Tunney Youth Foundation, which supports community programs and resources that work with youth to develop leadership, work skills, wellness and self-esteem. He writes a weekly column for the Monterey Herald and is a motivational speaker. Jim Tunney was the Boys' Vice Principal at Abraham Lincoln High School in the City of Los Angeles, California. He also served as the Principal of Fairfax High School in Los Angeles from 1964 to 1970. Memorable games Here is a listing of some notable games Tunney was involved in: "The Field Goal" - Baltimore at Green Bay (December 26, 1965) - field judge "The Ice Bowl" - Dallas at Green Bay (December 31, 1967) - alternate referee "The Kick" - Detroit at New Orleans (November 8, 1970) 1979 AFC championship game - Houston at Pittsburgh (January 6, 1980) (In this game, Oilers wide receiver Mike Renfro was ruled to have been out of bounds on an apparent touchdown pass from Dan Pastorini late in the third quarter that would have tied the game. Replays showed that Renfro got both feet down inbounds, but Houston had to settle for a field goal.) "The Catch" - Dallas at San Francisco (January 10, 1982) "The 100th Game" - Green Bay at Chicago (November 20, 1983) "The Snowball Game" - San Francisco at Denver (November 11, 1985) "The Fumble" - Cleveland at Denver (January 17, 1988) "The Fog Bowl" - Philadelphia at Chicago (December 31, 1988) Other game notes Tunney is the last referee to conduct the coin toss for the Super Bowl, and was also the first referee to supervise a coin toss conducted by a special guest. Prior to Super Bowl XII, Pro Football Hall of Fame running back Red Grange tossed the coin at the Louisiana Superdome. During the 1987 AFC Championship game, two legendary referees were on the field when Earnest Byner fumbled near the goal line late in the contest. Alternate referee Jerry Seeman was forced to take over at field judge (now back judge) when Dick Dolack, the regular field judge who was also a long-time member of Tunney's regular season crew, pulled his hamstring on a long touchdown pass from John Elway to Mark Jackson. Seeman gave the initial signal that Denver's Jeremiah Castille recovered Byner's fumble. Tunney would indicate a successful field goal or PAT by raising both arms with fists clenched, followed by unclenching his fists and extending all ten fingers upward. Tunney worked as the referee for the first 18 editions of Battle of the Network Stars. As of 2021, Tunney is the only referee from the 1970 season, the first following the AFL-NFL merger, still living. Educator Off the field, Tunney had a long career as an educator and school administrator, starting out in 1951 as a teacher at Los Angeles' Lincoln High School, later becoming vice principal from 1959 to 1964. He then served as a principal of Los Angeles high schools Fairfax (1964–1970), Franklin (1972–1973), and Hollywood High School (1973–74). He became assistant superintendent of secondary education for the Bellflower Unified School District in 1975 and served as the district's superintendent in 1977. He left education for 16 years before becoming headmaster from 1993 to 1994 of the York School in Monterey, California, joining the school's board of trustees in 1995 and remaining in that post to this day. He also joined the board of trustees for Monterey Peninsula College in 1997 and served on that board until 2009 (12 years - 6 of which were as board chair. He was awarded MPC's President's Award in 2009 - only the third so named as well as 2009 Public Official of the Year by the Monterey Peninsula Chamber of Commerce. In 2011, he was inducted into the Fairfax High School Hall of Fame (the only administrator so inducted). In 2011, he was also inducted into the California Community Coaches Hall of Fame. Books by Tunney *Impartial Judgment: "The Dean of NFL Referees" Calls Pro Football As He Sees It, 1988 () Chicken Soup for the Sports Fan's Soul, 2000 () It's The Will, Not The Skill, 2004 () "101 Best of Tunney Side of Sports" 2014 ()

Introduction The Sony Open in Hawaii is a professional golf tournament on the PGA Tour, and is part of the tour's FedEx Cup Series. It has been contested at the Waialae Country Club in Honolulu, Hawaii, since the event's modern-day inception as the Hawaiian Open in November 1965. In addition to the usual PGA Tour eligibility criteria, the Sony Open may invite up to three professional golfers from emerging markets. History Setting for the Sony Open: the Waialae Country Club on Oahu Originally a mid-autumn event for its first five editions, it was skipped in 1970 as it moved to its winter slot in early February 1971. Currently, it is held in mid-January and is the first full-field event of the calendar year, following the Tournament of Champions on Maui. The front and back nines of Waialae are switched for the PGA Tour event, finishing at the dogleg ninth hole. The first lead sponsor was United Airlines in 1991, succeeded by current sponsor Sony in 1999. There have been five multiple winners of the tournament, all two-time champions: Hubert Green, Corey Pavin, Lanny Wadkins, Ernie Els, and Jimmy Walker. All have won major championships. The tournament is currently organized by Friends of Hawaii Charities. In 1983, forty-year-old Isao Aoki became Japan's first winner on the PGA Tour. He holed out a wedge shot for an eagle-3 on the 72nd hole to beat Jack Renner by a stroke. In 1998, John Huston broke the then PGA Tour scoring record to par. He shot 28 under par, beating Ben Hogan's record originally set in 1945. The Sony Open gained attention for granting four consecutive sponsor invitations ( PGA Tour Exemption #11) to Michelle Wie, the first in 2004 when she was age 14. She missed the cut in all four appearances, and did not receive one of the four available sponsor exemptions in 2008. One of the invitations went to Alex Ching, a 17-year-old former high school classmate of Wie. In 2007, amateur Tadd Fujikawa become the second youngest player ever (16 years, 4 days) to make a 36-hole cut in an official PGA Tour event. His achievement was highlighted by a eagle putt on his 36th hole, Waialae's 551-yard par-5 18th. Incidentally, the PGA Tour's 2006 media guide shows that the youngest player ever to make a 36-hole cut in an official Tour event was Bob Panasik (15 years, 8 months, and 20 days) in 1957 at the Canadian Open, 3½ months younger than Fujikawa. Ben Martin (left) at a Birdies for the Brave event following his round at the 2014 Sony Open Preparations for the 2018 Sony Open were briefly disrupted by a false emergency alert stating that a ballistic missile had been launched toward Hawaii. Staff members reportedly attempted to take shelter in the players' locker room, the media center was ordered to evacuate, and several players posted messages on social media about the erroneous alert, which was sent to all smartphones in the state. The alert was ultimately determined to have been sent in error. Before the final round, Golf Channel cameramen also staged a walkout. Winners Year Winner Score To par Margin ofvictory Runner(s)-up Winner'sshare ($) Sony Open in Hawaii 2023 Kim Si-woo 262 −18 1 stroke Hayden Buckley 1,422,000 2022 Hideki Matsuyama 257 −23 Playoff Russell Henley 1,350,000 2021 Kevin Na 259 −21 1 stroke Chris Kirk Joaquín Niemann 1,188,000 2020 Cameron Smith 269 −11 Playoff Brendan Steele 1,188,000 2019 Matt Kuchar 258 −22 4 strokes Andrew Putnam 1,152,000 2018 Patton Kizzire 263 −17 Playoff James Hahn 1,116,000 2017 Justin Thomas 253 −27 7 strokes Justin Rose 1,080,000 2016 Fabián Gómez 260 −20 Playoff Brandt Snedeker 1,044,000 2015 Jimmy Walker (2) 257 −23 9 strokes Scott Piercy 1,008,000 2014 Jimmy Walker 263 −17 1 stroke Chris Kirk 1,008,000 2013 Russell Henley 256 −24 3 strokes Tim Clark 1,008,000 2012 Johnson Wagner 267 −13 2 strokes Harrison Frazar Charles Howell III Sean O'Hair Carl Pettersson 990,000 2011 Mark Wilson 264 −16 2 strokes Tim Clark Steve Marino 990,000 2010 Ryan Palmer 265 −15 1 stroke Robert Allenby 990,000 2009 Zach Johnson 265 −15 2 strokes Adam Scott David Toms 972,000 2008 K. J. Choi 266 −14 3 strokes Rory Sabbatini 954,000 2007 Paul Goydos 266 −14 1 stroke Luke Donald Charles Howell III 936,000 2006 David Toms 261 −19 5 strokes Chad Campbell Rory Sabbatini 918,000 2005 Vijay Singh 269 −11 1 stroke Ernie Els 864,000 2004 Ernie Els (2) 262 −18 Playoff Harrison Frazar 864,000 2003 Ernie Els 264 −16 Playoff Aaron Baddeley 810,000 2002 Jerry Kelly 266 −14 1 stroke John Cook 720,000 2001 Brad Faxon 260 −20 4 strokes Tom Lehman 720,000 2000 Paul Azinger 261 −19 7 strokes Stuart Appleby 522,000 1999 Jeff Sluman 271 −9 2 strokes Davis Love III Jeff Maggert Len Mattiace Chris Perry Tommy Tolles 468,000 United Airlines Hawaiian Open 1998 John Huston 260 −28 7 strokes Tom Watson 324,000 1997 Paul Stankowski 271 −17 Playoff Jim Furyk Mike Reid 216,000 1996 Jim Furyk 277 −11 Playoff Brad Faxon 216,000 1995 John Morse 269 −19 3 strokes Tom Lehman Duffy Waldorf 216,000 1994 Brett Ogle 269 −19 1 stroke Davis Love III 216,000 1993 Howard Twitty 269 −19 4 strokes Joey Sindelar 216,000 1992 John Cook 265 −23 2 strokes Paul Azinger 216,000 United Hawaiian Open 1991 Lanny Wadkins (2) 270 −18 4 strokes John Cook 198,000 Hawaiian Open 1990 David Ishii 279 −9 1 stroke Paul Azinger 180,000 1989 Gene Sauers 197 −19 1 stroke David Ogrin 135,000 1988 Lanny Wadkins 271 −17 1 stroke Richard Zokol 108,000 1987 Corey Pavin (2) 270 −18 Playoff Craig Stadler 108,000 1986 Corey Pavin 272 −16 2 strokes Paul Azinger 90,000 1985 Mark O'Meara 267 −21 1 stroke Craig Stadler 90,000 1984 Jack Renner 271 −17 Playoff Wayne Levi 90,000 1983 Isao Aoki 268 −20 1 stroke Jack Renner 58,500 1982 Wayne Levi 277 −11 1 stroke Scott Simpson 58,500 1981 Hale Irwin 265 −23 6 strokes Don January 58,500 1980 Andy Bean 266 −22 3 strokes Lee Trevino 58,500 1979 Hubert Green (2) 267 −21 3 strokes Fuzzy Zoeller 54,000 1978 Hubert Green 274 −14 Playoff Billy Kratzert 50,000 1977 Bruce Lietzke 273 −15 3 strokes Don January Takashi Murakami 48,000 1976 Ben Crenshaw 270 −18 4 strokes Hale Irwin Larry Nelson 46,000 1975 Gary Groh 274 −14 1 stroke Al Geiberger 44,000 1974 Jack Nicklaus 271 −17 3 strokes Eddie Pearce 44,000 1973 John Schlee 273 −15 2 strokes Orville Moody 40,000 1972 Grier Jones 274 −14 Playoff Bob Murphy 40,000 1971 Tom Shaw 273 −15 1 stroke Miller Barber 40,000 1970: No tournament 1969 Bruce Crampton 274 −14 4 strokes Jack Nicklaus 25,000 1968 Lee Trevino 272 −16 2 strokes George Archer 25,000 1967 Dudley Wysong 284 −4 Playoff Billy Casper 20,000 1966 Ted Makalena 271 −17 3 strokes Billy Casper Gay Brewer 8,500 1965 Gay Brewer 281 −7 Playoff Bob Goalby 9,000 Note: Green highlight indicates scoring records. ;Previous incarnations recognized by PGA Tour Year Player Score To par Winner'sshare ($) 1948 Cary Middlecoff 274 −10 2,000 1947 Dutch Harrison 275 −13 2,000 1929 Craig Wood 289 +1 1,600 1928 Bill Mehlhorn 291 Multiple winners Five men have won this tournament more than once through 2023. 2 wins *Hubert Green: 1978, 1979 *Corey Pavin: 1986, 1987 *Lanny Wadkins: 1988, 1991 *Ernie Els: 2003, 2004 *Jimmy Walker: 2014, 2015 Records *Tournament record: 253 (Justin Thomas, 2017) 54-hole record: 188 (Justin Thomas, 2017) 36-hole record: 123 (Justin Thomas, 2017) 18-hole record: 59 (Justin Thomas, 2017)

Introduction Valley of Kings, Taktsé is on the right, up the hill. Taktsé Castle was a castle located in the Chingwa () district of Chonggyä (') in central Tibet. According to legend, it was home to the kings of Tibet before Songtsen Gampo (604–650) moved his capital to Lhasa. It later became the birthplace of the Great Fifth Dalai Lama (1617–1682), whose aristocratic family had made their home there. Its ruins remain. History The power that became the Tibetan state originated at the Taktsé Castle, which, according to legend, had been built by the 9th Emperor of Tibet, Chatri Tsenpo, and thus was, of old, the centre of power of the future Tibetan monarchy. According to the Old Tibetan Chronicle, in the early 7th century a group convinced Tagbu Nyazig (Stag-bu snya-gzigs) to rebel against Gudri Zingpoje (Dgu-gri Zing-po-rje), who was, in turn, a vassal of the Zhangzhung empire under the Lig Myi dynasty. The group prevailed against Zingpoje. At this point, Namri Songtsen (also known as Namri Löntsän) led his clan to, one by one, prevail over all his neighboring clans, using the easily defensible Taktse Castle effectively for military purposes. Before his assassination around 618, he gained control of all the area around what is now Lhasa, laying the stage for his son, Songsten Gampo, to craft the regional state that would later become known as the Tibetan Empire. The government of Namri Songtsen, centred at the castle, also sent two embassies to the Chinese Sui Dynasty in 608 and 609, marking the appearance of Tibet on the international scene.

Introduction New York State Route 246 is a north–south state highway located in western New York in the United States. All but of the route are located in Wyoming County; the northernmost intersection on the highway is in Genesee County instead. The southern terminus of the route is at an intersection with NY 39 in the village of Perry and its northern terminus is at a junction with NY 63 in the town of Pavilion. NY 246 intersects U.S. Route 20A (US 20A) north of Perry village and also passes through the town of Covington. The route was assigned as part of 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York to a proposed highway that eventually became what is now NY 39 between Perry and US 20A. At the time, the segment of modern NY 246 south of Perry Center was part of NY 245 while the part north of the hamlet was unnumbered. The alignments of NY 245 and NY 246 north of Perry were swapped , and NY 246 was extended northward to its current terminus in Pavilion in the early 1950s. Route description NY 246 through Perry NY 246 begins at an intersection with NY 39 in the village of Perry, southwest of the community's central business district. The route heads north as Center Street, crossing Silver Lake Outlet and passing by several blocks of homes. After six blocks, the residences give way to open farmland as NY 246 heads out of the village and across the town of Perry. Farther north, the route serves several large farms on its way to the more residential hamlet of Perry Center, where NY 246 meets US 20A at the center of the community. Outside of Perry Center, the farmlands return as the route progresses generally northward, serving farms of varying sizes and connecting to roads of mostly local importance. The surroundings change temporarily at the hamlet of Lagrange north of Perry Center, at which point NY 246 crosses into the town of Covington. Across the town line, NY 246, now named Perry Road, initially traverses similar surroundings to those in Perry. About into Covington, NY 246 descends into a small valley surrounding Pearl Creek, which feeds into the larger Oatka Creek to the west. While in the valley, NY 246 passes through the isolated hamlet of Paines Corner, consisting of little more than a large farm. North of Paines Corner, the route ascends out of the valley and passes between a pair of large hills to access the linear hamlet of Covington, spread out across of NY 246. Past Covington, NY 246 traverses more fields on its way to a junction with NY 63. Just before it meets the route, however, NY 246 crosses into the Genesee County town of Pavilion. The route continues north of the county line for just before ending at NY 63. NY 246 in Pavilion, south from NY 63 History The north–south highway connecting the village of Perry to Perry Center was taken over by the state of New York by 1926 and designated as part of NY 245 in the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York. At the same time, NY 246 was assigned to a proposed highway connecting NY 245 in the village of Perry to NY 36 north of the village of Mount Morris. When construction on the highway began , the road was reconfigured on its northeastern end to merge with US 20 (now US 20A) southwest of Leicester instead. The highway, now part of NY 39, was completed by the following year; however, it opened as part of a realigned NY 245 while NY 246 was reassigned to NY 245's former routing along the Perry–Perry Center highway. NY 246 was extended north to NY 63 in Pavilion in the early 1950s. Major intersections

Introduction Emil Angelov is a former Bulgarian footballer who played as a forward. Career His career began at Svilengrad, having played for Haskovo as a youth. In 2001 Angelov joined Chernomorets Burgas. In his two and a half-year stint with the team, he played 55 games scoring 18 goals in the Bulgarian A PFG. Levski Sofia Angelov joined Levski Sofia on 24 January 2004 on a four-year contract for a transfer fee of €140,000. He made his league debut for Levski on 14 February and scored his first goal in the process, netting Levski's third of a 3–0 victory over Chernomorets Burgas. Angelov scored his first-ever European goal on 12 August 2004, in a 5–0 home win over Modriča in their UEFA Cup second qualifying round first leg tie. Litex Lovech On 8 January 2008 Angelov was bought by Litex Lovech. He made his debut for Litex on 18 January 2008 in a friendly match against Al-Karamah which ended in a draw. Angelov played during the second half of the match. His first goal for Litex was on 13 February 2008 against JEF United Ichihara Chiba. He scored it in 85th minute. The result of the match was 2:1 win for Litex. Emil Angelov made his official debut for Litex on 1 March 2008 against CSKA Sofia. The result of the match was 0:0 with a guest draw for Litex. Denizlispor In 2009, he signed with Süper Lig club Denizlispor. Karabükspor In 2010, he signed with Süper Lig club Karabükspor. Anorthosis On 10 July 2011, Angelov signed for Cypriot First Division side Anorthosis Famagusta on a one-year deal. Few hours later, he made his first appearance for Anorthosis in a 2–0 friendly win over Lokomotiv Plovdiv. Angelov made his competitive debut on 28 July, in a 0–2 home loss against Rabotnički Skopje in the third qualifying round of the Europa League, coming on as a substitute for Ricardo Laborde. Haskovo In 2013, Angelov joined his hometown club Haskovo. He announced his retirement from football in January 2015 and joined the coaching staff, becoming assistant to Emil Velev. International career On 1 March 2006, Angelov made his debut for Bulgaria in the friendly match against Macedonia. Honours ;Levski Sofia Bulgarian A PFG – 2006, 2007 Bulgarian Cup – 2005, 2007 Bulgarian Supercup – 2005, 2007 ;Litex Lovech Bulgarian Cup – 2009 ;Beroe Stara Zagora Bulgarian Cup – 2013 Bulgarian Supercup – 2013 Career statistics Club Season League Cup Europe Total Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Chernomorets Burgas 2001–02 29 12 0 0 – – 29 12 2002–03 14 1 4 0 – – 18 1 2003–04 12 5 2 0 – – 14 5 Total 55 18 6 0 0 0 61 18 Levski Sofia 2003–04 13 3 0 0 0 0 13 3 2004–05 26 11 2 0 3 1 31 12 2005–06 21 6 2 2 12 5 35 13 2006–07 19 9 3 0 6 2 28 11 2007–08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 79 29 7 2 21 8 107 39 Litex Lovech 2007–08 11 2 2 0 0 0 13 2 2008–09 15 2 2 0 4 0 21 2 Total 26 4 4 0 4 0 34 4 Denizlispor 2008–09 15 6 1 1 – – 16 7 2009–10 28 5 7 6 – – 35 11 Total 43 11 8 7 0 0 51 18 Karabükspor 2010–11 21 2 1 0 – – 22 2 Total 21 2 1 0 0 0 22 2 Anorthosis Famagusta 2011–12 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 Total 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 Beroe Stara Zagora 2011–12 21 6 0 0 – – 21 6 Total 21 6 0 0 0 0 21 6 Konyaspor 2012–13 1 0 0 0 – – 1 0 Total 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

Introduction The Omni Broadcasting Network was a small over-the-air broadcast television network in the United States (not to be confused with the Canadian broadcast system Omni Television). The company's motto was "Less Edge and More Entertaining". Omni's flagship station was low-power station KSSY-LP. The network's reach was reported as 50 million households, according to a quote in Variety. History The Omni Broadcasting Network was incorporated in 2001. Its parent company, OBN Holdings, produced films as well as television. OBN's target demographic was adults age 25 and older during prime time, and ages 8 to 13 on weekend mornings. Broadcast operations began in September 2003. In December 2003, Omni announced affiliation agreements with 119 stations and cable systems, as well as the All Sports Television Network. According to an Omni executive, the network struggled to get the funding necessary for new projects. OBN Holdings' stock was delisted in 2013. Programming Omni broadcast 60 hours of programming per week, 21 hours during prime time. The network primarily ran classic films, usually during late-night hours or on the weekends. Omni also offered a few original programs. One was "Thirteen O'Clock Theater", an umbrella title for old science fiction and horror films in public domain, shown at 1 AM. The network also showed older children's programming such as Birdz, (to meet FCC requirements for educational and informative programming requirements), as well as The MovieTime Showcase, The Flutemaster, The Mini-Movie Hour, and Wizards Tales. The network also broadcast the 50th Anniversary concert of the Four Tops. This was the network's first original production, taped July 28, 2004, Titled From the Heart: The Four Tops 50th Anniversary and Celebration, the special aired in 2005, and starred musicians Aretha Franklin, Paul Rodgers, Dennis Edwards (of The Temptations), and Mary Wilson (of The Supremes), in addition to the Four Tops themselves. The special won the network a Telly Award. Other original programs included The Vegas Variety Hour and The Adventures of Unit 28. Former affiliates The following were signed or pending OBN affiliates in December 2003: Station or channel Location Notes AncCityTV St. Augustine, FL Cable only BCC7 Brewton, AL Cable only Channel 23 Hornell, NY Cable only Channel 5 Litchfield, CT Cable only GCTV Tracy City, TN Cable only K23BJ Lake Havasu City, AZ K27FA Craig, CO K47FW Casa Grande, AZ K64FO Fayetteville, AR K68AL/K62AY Lakeport, CA KADY-TV Santa Barbara, CA KATA-LP Mesquite, TX KAZV Modesto, CA KBAX Twin Falls, ID KBSC Brookings, OR KBSU Bemidji, MN KCBO-LP Corpus Christi, TX KCCE San Luis Obispo, CA KCFG Flagstaff, AZ KCLA Alexandria, LA KCNS San Francisco, CA KCTU Wichita, KS KDAO-CD Marshalltown, IA KEEN Las Vegas, NV KHIZ Victorville, CA KIDZ Abilene, TX KJLA Los Angeles, CA KJLR Little Rock, AR KKAX-LP Kingman, AZ KMBA Ontario, OR KMNO Monroe, LA KPBN Baton Rouge, LA KPVM Pahrump, NV KQEG-CD La Crosse, WI KSSY San Luis Obispo, CA KTOV Corpus Christi, TX KTSS Hope, AR KTUD Las Vegas, NV KTYJ Coeur d'Alene, ID KVHF Fresno, CA KVMD-TV Joshua Tree, CA KWBJ Morgan City, LA KWEM-TV Stillwater, OK KXGN Glendive, MT KXI Columbia, MO Cable only KXOC/KSBI Oklahoma City, OK KXOK Enid, OK Lakes TV Spirit Lake, IA Cable only LTV New York City, NY Cable only MCTV-48 Michigan City, IN Cable only NSU22 Natchitoches, LA Cable only SCTTA Cortez, CO Cable only Shelby TV Shelby Township, MI Cable only TV98 Orlando, FL Cable only TV6 Sylacauga, AL Cable only Ultavision Morehead, KY Cable only VTV Vernal, UT Cable only W02BP/W06BC Sterling, KY W07BY/W10BM Morehead, KY W34AX Henderson, NC W35AY Hilton Head Island, SC W35BB Dublin, GA W38AQ Lenoir City, TN W52CT Nashville, TN W67CD Sanford, NC WACW-LP Rocky Mount, NC WAOC Cleveland, OH WBCF-LD Florence, AL WBPH Bethlehem, PA WBQD Davenport, IA WBQP-LP Pensacola, FL WBTR Baton Rouge, LA WBWP West Palm Beach, FL WCJT-LP Mt. Carmel, IL WCLL Columbus, OH WCMN-LP St. Cloud, MN WEBU Webb, MS WFEM-LP Heiskell, TN WGTN Worthington, MN WHCQ-LD Cleveland, MS WISF-LP Oneonta, NY WJJN-TV Dothan, AL WJTS Jasper, IN WKAG Hopkinsville, KY WKFK-LD Pascagoula, MS WLLS Indiana, PA WLMO Lima, OH WLOT-LP Watertown, NY WLQP Lima, OH WLYH Lancaster, PA WMFP Boston, MA WMJF-CD Towson, MD WMLW Milwaukee, WI WMPG London, KY WNCE Glens Falls, NY WOBT Union City, TN WOBZ-LP Bernstadt, KY WPFS-TV Troy, OH WPHJ-LD Vidalia, GA WPO Cable 4 Winslow, IN Cable only WPRQ Clarksdale, MS WQXT St. Augustine, FL WRAY-TV Raleigh, NC WRCF-CD Orlando, FL WRCX-LD Dayton, OH WREP-LD Martinsville, IN WRNN-TV Kingston, NY WSAH-TV Bridgeport, CT WSPY-LD Plano, IL WSTY-LP Hammond, LA WTCN Stuart, FL WUPT Crystal Falls, MI WVBC Machias, ME WVVH-TV Southampton, NY WWCI-CD Vero Beach, FL WYBE Southern Pines, NC WYLN Hazleton, PA WYPN Gainesville, FL Additionally, the following major network stations aired OBN's From the Heart: The Four Tops 50th Anniversary and Celebration special: KCRG-TV, Cedar Rapids, IA, channel 9 KTVF, Fairbanks, AK, channel 11 WCTI-TV, Greenville, NC, channel 12 WHP-TV, Harrisburg, PA, channel 21 WIVT, Binghamton, NY, channel 34 WKOW-TV, Madison, WI, channel 27

Introduction Nouvelle is a French word, the feminine form of "new". It may refer to: ;Places Nouvelle, Quebec, a municipality in Quebec, Canada Nouvelle-Église, a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department, France Port-la-Nouvelle, a commune in the Aude department, France ;Other Nouvelle, the French name for a novella Nouvelle AI, an approach to the artificial intelligence in the 1980s Nouvelle Chanson, a musical genre which emerged in France in the 1990s Battle of the Brave (Nouvelle-France), a 2004 historical romance film directed by Jean Beaudin Nouvelle histoire, a French historiographic current from the 1970s Nouvelle Planète, a Swiss non-profit organization Nouvelle Star, a French television series based on the Pop Idol programme Nouvelle Tendance, an art movement founded in Yugoslavia in 1961 Nouvelle Vague, informal denomination of a movement of French filmmakers of the late 1950s and 1960s La Nouvelle Tribune, a weekly francophone Moroccan newspaper

Introduction Kevin Parent is a Canadian singer-songwriter from Quebec. He is fluent in both English and French. Early life Although his first language is English, he was born in Greenfield Park, Quebec (now a borough of the city of Longueuil), and was raised and educated in the French-speaking area of Bay of Chaleur (Gaspé Peninsula) in the municipality of Nouvelle during his childhood and attended high school at the École Antoine-Bernard in Carleton-sur-Mer. Career In 1993, Parent participated in a songwriting competition, and was consequently signed to Tacca Musique shortly thereafter. His first album, "Pigeon d'argile" sold over 360,000 copies, making it one of the greatest Québécois album sales successes of the decade. Hit singles "Nomade sedentaire", "Seigneur" and "Boomerang", made Parent became well known in Quebec music in the 1990s, winning a number of Felix Awards in the province and touring on both sides of the Atlantic. Two years later, Kevin released "Grand Parleur, Petit Faiseur", which also sold more than 350,000 copies and earned Kevin the Felix Award for Rock Album of the Year in 1998. His follow-up albums, Les Vents ont changé and Retrouvailles, which featured collaborations with Claire Pelletier, Catherine Durand, among others, both achieved multi-platinum status and earned him Juno Award nominations (including a win for the best selling Francophone album of 2002) and Felix Awards. Parent has also worked as an actor, with acting roles including Jean-Marc Vallée's 2011 film Café de Flore and Sonia Boileau's 2019 film Rustic Oracle. He now lives in the town of Miguasha. Miguasha is also the title of one album he published in 2009. Discography Parent (right) with Tony Levin 1995: Pigeon d'argile 1998: Grand parleur, petit faiseur 2001: Les Vents ont changé 2003: Retrouvailles 2007: Fangless Wolf Facing Winter – English album 2009: Miguasha 2016: Kanji – English album Compilation 2006: Kevin Parent Compilation

Introduction Florin Alexandru Tene is a retired Romanian footballer and current goalkeeper coach at Neftchi Baku. Club career Florin Tene was born on 10 November 1968 in Bucharest, Romania and started to play junior level football at local club, Dinamo under the guidance of coaches Ioan Timar, Iosif Varga and Ilie Balaci, also until his youth period ended in 1987 he was teammate with fellow goalkeepers Bogdan Stelea, Florin Prunea and Răzvan Lucescu. He made his Divizia A debut, playing for The Red Dogs on 18 June 1987 under coach Mircea Lucescu in a 5–4 loss in front of Sportul Studențesc București which would remain his only appearance for the team, afterwards leaving to play for Autobuzul București in Divizia B. After one season spent at Autobuzul, Tene returned back to Divizia A football at Flacăra Moreni where he spent two seasons, earning a 4th place in the first one that granted the team the qualification to the 1989–90 UEFA Cup, a occasion which gave him the opportunity to make his debut in European competitions, appearing in both legs of the 4–1 loss on aggregate in front FC Porto in the first round. In 1990 he went to play for Gloria Bistrița and during the 1991–92 season he was transferred back at Dinamo, being used by coach Florin Halagian in 21 league games until the end of the season as the team won the title. In the following season he played all the four games in the 1992–93 Champions League campaign, helping The Red Dogs eliminate Kuusysi Lahti in the preliminary round, being eliminated by Olympique Marseille in the first round and in the middle of the season he returned to play for Gloria where in the following season he helped the club win the 1993–94 Cupa României by playing five games in the campaign, including keeping a clean sheet in the 1–0 victory against Universitatea Craiova from the final, also in the same season he scored the only goal of his career from a penalty kick in a 5–0 victory against Sportul Studențesc. In 1994, Tene went to play for a third spell at Dinamo, then in the middle of the 1995–96 season he switched teams again, this time going for one year and a half at Rapid București and afterwards he had his only experience outside Romania, playing 10 games in the 1997–98 1.Lig for Karabükspor in Turkey. He returned in Romania at Steaua București with whom in one season he won two trophies by keeping a clean sheet in the 4–0 victory against Rapid in the 1998 Supercupa României and made two appearances in the victorious 1998–99 Cupa României campaign but without being used in the final. He played the first half of the 1999–2000 Divizia A season at Rocar București and the second at Argeș Pitești and in the following season he went for a fourth spell at Dinamo where he made his last five Divizia A appearances, having a total of 275 matches and one goal scored in the competition and a total of 15 games in European competitions. International career Florin Tene played 6 friendly games at international level for Romania, making his debut under coach Cornel Dinu on 26 August 1992 in a 2–0 victory against Mexico. He was selected by coach Anghel Iordănescu to be part of Romania's squad at the Euro 1996 final tournament, however he was not used in any games, the same year he played his last international match on 14 August in a 2–0 victory against Israel. For representing his country at Euro 1996, Tene was decorated by President of Romania Traian Băsescu on 25 March 2008 with the Ordinul "Meritul Sportiv" – (The Medal "The Sportive Merit") class III. International stats Romania national team Year Apps Goals 1992 1 0 1993 2 0 1994 0 0 1995 0 0 1996 3 0 Total 6 0 Managerial career After he ended his playing career, Florin Tene worked mostly as a goalkeeper coach at various teams, having only two spells as head coach at CS Otopeni and Sportul Studențesc and since 2013 he became a part of Laurențiu Reghecampf's staff at the teams he coached which include Steaua București, Al Hilal, Litex Lovech, Al Wahda or Neftchi Baku. Honours Dinamo București Divizia A: 1991–92 Gloria Bistriţa Cupa României: 1993–94 Steaua București Cupa României: 1998–99 Supercupa României: 1998

Introduction Darkside Of The Force is a Norwegian hip hop band made up of the half-brothers Oscar Sepulveda and Salvador Sanchez. They currently reside in Kristiansand, Norway (2007). In 1998 they released their debut album Darkside Of The Force. On May 8, 2006, they released the follow-up El Dia De Los Puercos. This album gained them Spellemannprisen 2006 in the hip-hop category. Their single "Indigenous flow" was nominated for the 2009 NME Awards.