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Introduction Cheer Up is the only studio album by Plexi, released on Sub Pop on October 8, 1996. Overview The packaging is an elaborate fold-out design, encased by a slide-off black external slipcase. There are three large photos of band members preening in front of bathroom mirrors; there is also "BYE PLEXI & PALS (adios, amigos)" written on one of the mirrors with lipstick in guitarist Michael Barragan's handwriting. Though "Star Star" shares a title with a 1973 Rolling Stones song (the uncensored title of the Stones' song is actually "Starfucker"), it is not a cover. "Peel" and "Magnet" are re-recorded versions of songs from prior Plexi EPs. "Peel" was given a radically different 2nd half with lyrics, instead of the instrumental noise coda called "He" with which it had previously ended. After a few minutes of reverb-heavy, hypnotic droning about how "she can't stand her hair, she can't stand her face," "Peel" now had a chorus of, "She was gonna swing/ She was gonna swing from her neckbone..." "Bunny" is a 2-minute ambient segue apparently based on a sampled loop of an orchestra, with sounds of explosions in the distance; it concludes with a muffled, echoing scream of "We're gonna die..." Barragan handled the vocals on "56", a song said to be inspired by his love of numerology; the album's sleeve also had cryptic "23" artwork on it. In the liner notes, Barragan thanks the NHRA in the liner notes. The band as a whole thanks the L.A. Free Clinic, Dave Navarro, "and of course, the vagina." Promotional copies came in a plain black sleeve with a photo of the band, and a removable mini foldout poster; the poster contained Plexi's discography to date, and a mostly false biography detailing their meeting at a Taoist retreat. (This in-joke is possibly continued via the band's publishing company, which was entitled Three Pious Egoists.) Reissue, video, singles Cheer Up was re-released on CD and cassette on July 29, 1997, as a joint release by Sub Pop/Lava/Atlantic (the vinyl LP version remains in print solely on Sub Pop). The "23" rune design on the CD itself was slightly changed in size and color, but overall, the packaging remained very faithful to the original design. A video was shot for "Forest Ranger," featuring the band cavorting in a bathtub and in the studio; it aired a few times on MTV's 120 Minutes in September '97. (This song was slightly remixed by Tom Lord-Alge for radio play on the reissue.) "Forest Ranger" was also used in the movie Book of Shadows: Blair Witch 2 in 2000, but did not appear on the soundtrack album. "Roller Rock Cam" was released as a 1-track promotional CD single to radio stations. In 1997, the promotional Mountains EP was released. It featured the Cheer Up version of "Mountains," plus live recordings of "Forest Ranger," "Change" and "Simple Man." "Dimension" appeared on Spring Lineup: A Compilation of Sub Pop's Heavy Hitters in early 1997. "Bunny" appeared on Brine: The Antisurf Soundtrack in 1997. Track listing *All songs written by Plexi. #"Forest Ranger" – 4:01 #"Dimension" – 2:25 #"Roller Rock Cam" – 3:08 #"Peel" – 5:02 #"Dayglo" – 3:09 #"Ordinary Things" – 4:01 #"Bunny" – 2:08 #"Change" – 2:58 #"Fourget" – 2:20 #"Mountains" – 3:01 #"Magnet" – 2:30 #"56" – 2:04 #"Star Star" – 3:58 Personnel ;Plexi Michael Angelos – vocals, bass Michael Barragan – guitar, noises, Minimoog, Rhodes 88, vocals on "56" Norm Block – drums, percussion ;Additional Melora Creager – cello on "Ordinary Things", "Star Star" Paul Roessler – keyboards on "Dayglo" and various other sounds Jonathan Poneman – executive producer Jeff Kleinsmith – art direction / design Robert Sebree, Derrick Ion – photography

Introduction Hollerith constants, named in honor of Herman Hollerith, were used in early FORTRAN programs to allow manipulation of character data. Early FORTRAN had no CHARACTER data type, only numeric types. In order to perform character manipulation, characters needed to be placed into numeric variables using Hollerith constants. For example, the constant 3HABC specified a three-character string "ABC", identified by the initial integer representing the string length 3 and the specified Hollerith character H, followed by the string data ABC. These constants were typeless, so that there were no type conversion issues. If the constant specified fewer characters than was possible to hold in a data item, the characters were then stored in the item left-justified and blank-filled. Mechanics By the FORTRAN 66 Standard, Hollerith syntax was allowed in the following uses: As constants in DATA statements As constant actual arguments in subroutine CALL statements As edit descriptors in FORMAT statements Portability was problematic with Hollerith constants. First, word sizes varied on different computer systems, so the number of characters that could be placed in each data item likewise varied. Implementations varied from as few as two to as many as ten characters per word. Second, it was difficult to manipulate individual characters within a word in a portable fashion. This led to a great deal of shifting and masking code using non-standard, vendor-specific, features. The fact that character sets varied between machines also complicated the issue. Some authors were of the opinion that for best portability, only a single character should be used per data item. However considering the small memory sizes of machines of the day, this technique was considered extremely wasteful. Technological obsolescence One of the major features of FORTRAN 77 was the CHARACTER string data type. Use of this data type dramatically simplified character manipulation in Fortran programs rendering almost all uses of the Hollerith constant technique obsolete. Hollerith constants were removed from the FORTRAN 77 Standard, though still described in an appendix for those wishing to continue support. Hollerith edit descriptors were allowed through Fortran 90, and were removed from the Fortran 95 Standard. Examples The following is a FORTRAN 66 hello world program using Hollerith constants. It assumes that at least four characters per word are supported by the implementation: PROGRAM HELLO1 C INTEGER IHWSTR(3) DATA IHWSTR/4HHELL,4HO WO,3HRLD/ C WRITE (6,100) IHWSTR STOP 100 FORMAT (3A4) END Besides DATA statements, Hollerith constants were also allowed as actual arguments in subroutine calls. However, there was no way that the callee could know how many characters were passed in. The programmer had to pass the information explicitly. The hello world program could be written as follows on a machine where four characters are stored in a word: PROGRAM HELLO2 CALL WRTOUT (11HHELLO WORLD, 11) STOP END C SUBROUTINE WRTOUT (IARRAY, NCHRS) C INTEGER IARRAY(1) INTEGER NCHRS C INTEGER ICPW DATA ICPW/4/ INTEGER I, NWRDS C NWRDS = (NCHRS + ICPW - 1) /ICPW WRITE (6,100) (IARRAY(I), I=1,NWRDS) RETURN 100 FORMAT (100A4) END Although technically not a Hollerith constant, the same Hollerith syntax was allowed as an edit descriptor in FORMAT statements. The hello world program could also be written as: PROGRAM HELLO3 WRITE (6,100) STOP 100 FORMAT (11HHELLO WORLD) END One of the most surprising features was the behaviour of Hollerith edit descriptors when used for input. The following program would change at run time HELLO WORLD to whatever would happen to be the next eleven characters in the input stream and print that input: PROGRAM WHAT1 READ (5,100) WRITE (6,100) STOP 100 FORMAT (11HHELLO WORLD) END

Introduction Mererid Hopwood is a Welsh poet. She became in 2001 the first woman to win the bardic chair at the National Eisteddfod of Wales. Teaching Originally from Cardiff, Hopwood graduated with first-class honours in Spanish and German from the University of Wales, Aberystwyth. She was a lecturer in German at the University of Wales, Swansea, and since 2001 has also been a Creative Writing tutor in the Welsh Department. She was a Spanish teacher in Ysgol Gyfun Gymraeg Bro Myrddin Carmarthen until January 2010, and is currently a lecturer at the Trinity University of Carmarthen. Hopwood was appointed in October 2020 as Professor of Welsh and Celtic Studies at Aberystwyth University. Eisteddfodau In 2003 she won the Crown at the National Eisteddfod in Meifod, and in 2008 the Eisteddfod's Prose Medal for her book O Ran. She is also an S4C presenter. In 2012 she was awarded the Glyndwr Award by MOMA, Machynlleth. She now lives in Carmarthen with her husband and three children, Hanna, Miriam and Llewelyn. In August 2009, Hopwood was put forward for the position of Archdruid of the National Eisteddfod, following the death of Dic Jones. It was the first time a woman had been nominated. In November she decided to withdraw from the contest, leaving T. James Jones to fill the vacancy. Works *Sarah Kirsch Singing in Chains: Listening to Welsh Verse Seren Lowri Plentyn Ar Bwys O Ran Nes Draw Cantata Memoria to music by Karl Jenkins (2016) Wythnos yng Nghymru Fydd to the opera by Gareth Glyn (2017)

Introduction The office of Mayor of the City and County of Limerick is currently the title used by the chairperson of Limerick City and County Council. Prior to the establishment of the council, the Mayor of Limerick was the chairperson of Limerick City Council. The office was originally established in 1195 and reinforced by a charter issued in 1197. Election to the office The Mayor is elected to office annually by councillors of Limerick City and County Council from amongst its members. There is currently no popular vote, but in May 2019 a plebiscite was held during the local elections which voted in favour of a directly elected mayor, with the first expected to be elected in 2022. Current practice is for the term of office to begin in June with the former Mayor presenting the Chain of Office to the incoming Mayor, thus formally inaugurating a new term. The process is repeated the following June, unless the same person is given a second consecutive term. History of the office The office has existed, in one form or another, since it was inaugurated in 1195. The title of Provost was used up to the 14th century. Selected list of mayors Throne of Limerick mayors Thomas Smyth (1764–1765, 1776–1777), MP and Colonel of Limerick Militia John Vereker, 3rd Viscount Gort (1831–1832), MP and later Irish Peer Stephen O'Mara (1885–1887), nationalist MP and later Cummann na nGael Senator, first nationalist Mayor of Limerick John Daly (1899–1901), revolutionary nationalist MP, leading member of Irish Republican Brotherhood involved in 1867 rising Michael Joyce (1905–1907), nationalist MP, leader of Irish National League, founder of Garryowen Football Club Phons O'Mara (1918–1920), republican, negotiated truce with Limerick Soviet in 1919 George Clancy (1921), Sinn Féin Mayor shot dead in office by Black and Tans in 1921 Stephen M. O'Mara (1921–1923), republican politician, later Fianna Fail member of the Council of State Michael Keyes (1928–1930), Labour Party TD, Minister for Local Government and Posts and Telegraphs and President of the Irish Trades Union Congress, the first Limerick person to be a cabinet member since independence Stephen Coughlan (1951–1952, 1969–1970), Labour Party TD Ted Russell (1954–1957, 1967–1968, 1976–1977), Independent and later Fine Gael politician, TD and Senator, Donogh O'Malley (1961–1962), Fianna Fail Minister for Education and Health, introduced free secondary education up to Intermediate Certificate Frances Condell (1962–1964), first elected woman Mayor Michael Lipper (1973–1974), Democratic Labour and Labour Party TD Pat Kennedy (1974–1975), Fine Gael Senator Thady Coughlan (1975–1976), Labour Party, aged 24, youngest Mayor since 1842 Frank Prendergast (1977–1978, 1984–1985), Labour Party TD Tony Bromell (1982–1983), Fianna Fail Senator Jim Kemmy (1991–1992, 1995–1996), Labour Party TD Jan O'Sullivan (1993–1994), later Labour Party Senator, TD, Minister for Education and Skills Kevin Kiely (2009–2010), Fine Gael councillor

Introduction The Brabham BT49 is a Formula One racing car designed by South African Gordon Murray for the British Brabham team. The BT49 competed in the to Formula One World Championships and was used by Brazilian driver Nelson Piquet to win his first World Championship in . The car was initially designed in 1979 as a short notice replacement for the team's Alfa Romeo-engined BT48, after Brabham team owner Bernie Ecclestone decided to end his relationship with the Italian engine manufacturer. The BT49 was created in only six weeks using elements of the BT48 chassis together with the widely used Cosworth DFV engine. The monocoque chassis is made from aluminium alloy and carbon fibre composites. The car was fitted with controversial hydropneumatic suspension and water-cooled brakes at different points in its life. The BT49 was updated over four seasons taking a total of seven wins, six poles and 135 points. Seventeen were eventually built, most of which survive today. Some are used successfully in historic motorsport; Christian Glaesel won the 2005 FIA Historic Formula One Championship driving a BT49D. Concept The BT49 was created by South African designer Gordon Murray for the Brabham team during the 1979 season of the Formula One motor racing World Championship. The Brabham team had been competing in partnership with engine supplier Alfa Romeo since 1976 and won races in the 1978 season. However, the team's 1979 car, the BT48, was not a great success. Alfa Romeo entered their own Type 177 and Type 179 cars in Formula One Grands Prix that summer, helping to convince the Brabham team owner Bernie Ecclestone that the partnership was over. Motorsport author Alan Henry writes that Ecclestone did not want his team to take second place to an Alfa Romeo works team, and that the team designing Alfa Romeo's cars was drawing on Brabham knowledge. Alfa's engines were powerful, but had proved troublesome and according to Henry, "the days during which pure power was the main criterion had temporarily vanished by the start of 1979". Instead aerodynamic ground effect, as brought to Formula One by the Lotus 78 two years earlier, was the most important factor. To allow them to focus on this, the Brabham team reverted to a known quantity, the reliable and widely used Ford Cosworth DFV engine that it had last used in 1975. Three BT49s were designed and built in only six weeks for the Canadian Grand Prix on 30 September 1979; two of them were converted BT48 chassis and one was newly built. Chassis and suspension BT49C without its aerodynamic bodywork, which can be seen sitting on the ground behind the chassis Like all of its Formula One contemporaries, the BT49 chassis is a monocoque structure. It is built from sheet aluminium alloy with reinforcement from carbon fibre composite panels and is one of the first Formula One chassis to incorporate this material structurally. The chassis is slightly longer than that of the BT48, and is new from the cockpit back with revised sidepods and a structural fuel tank reduced from capacity to match the reduced fuel consumption requirements of the DFV compared to the Alfa Romeo. This allowed a reduction in dry weight over the BT48 of and of when fully fuelled. The underside of the BT49 is shaped to create downforce through ground effect: air is accelerated under the car, reducing the air pressure beneath it and pushing the tyres down harder onto the track. This provides more grip and thus higher cornering speeds, but compared to conventional wings creates less of the drag that slows the car in a straight line. In its original form, the reduced pressure area under the car was sealed off with sliding skirts which rose and fell with the movement of the car to ensure no air could leak under it. According to Murray, the aerodynamics were the car's great strength: "It had more downforce than any other car and it all came from the ground effect. We ran the car with no front wing at all and scarcely any at the back." The suspension, which controls the relative motion of the chassis and the wheels, is similar to that of the BT48: it features double wishbones front and rear, with the springs and dampers mounted on the chassis out of the airflow and activated by pullrods. Anti-roll bars are fitted front and rear. The BT49's disc brakes are mounted outboard, within the wheel hubs, and are activated by a single four piston brake caliper for each wheel. For most of the BT49's career, it used conventional steel brakes. Lighter reinforced carbon-carbon discs and pads, a technology that Brabham had introduced to Formula One in 1976, were used in 1981 and 1982; The wheels are of diameter, although occasionally wheels were used at the front. The car initially raced on Goodyear tyres, but the team had to adapt the BT49 to Michelin's new radial tyres for part of the 1981 season when Goodyear temporarily withdrew from Formula One. Slick tyres were used in dry conditions and treaded tyres in the wet. Three chassis, included the two modified BT48 units, were built for the end of the 1979 season. Two of these were re-used during the 1980 Formula One season, alongside seven new chassis. Engine and transmission Cosworth DFV engine mounted in BT49C. The curved underside of the car can be seen beneath it. The Ford Cosworth DFV was produced by Cosworth in Northampton and had been used in Formula One since 1967. It is a 2,993 cc (183 cu in) normally aspirated four-stroke engine with two banks of four cylinders at 90 degrees to each other in a 'V8' configuration. It has an aluminium alloy engine block with cylinder liners. Each of its crossflow cylinder heads has a single spark plug and four valves, activated by gear-driven double overhead camshafts. This, combined with the flat-plane crankshaft, provides a relatively simple exhaust layout, in which the exhaust pipes exit on the outer side of the block. The engine is water-cooled, with water and oil radiators mounted in the left and right sidepods respectively. In 1980, a revised version of the DFV was introduced in which ancillaries such as the water and oil pumps were reduced in size and grouped further forwards on the flanks of the engine to provide more clearance for ground effect tunnels under the cars. Like its contemporaries, the BT49 uses the engine as a fully stressed structural component, carrying all loads between the front and rear of the car: the front of the engine bolts directly to the integral fuel tank and the back of the engine attaches to the car's rear suspension and gearbox. The Ford Cosworth engine integrated into the car much more easily than Alfa Romeo's large, heavy and inconsistently sized units: Murray described returning to the DFV as being "like having a holiday". By the time the DFV was used in the BT49, it weighed roughly and produced around at about 11,000 revolutions per minute (rpm). Peak torque was at 9,000 rpm. After his first test session with the car, Brazilian driver Nelson Piquet commented that he had always believed "that the DFV was quite a rough, coarse engine, but it felt quite the opposite to me. After those Alfa V12s it felt smooth and willing to rev." In 1979, when the BT49 first raced, all but three teams – Ferrari, Alfa Romeo and Renault – used the DFV, and the most powerful alternative (Alfa Romeo's V12) produced . By 1982, most teams still used the DFV, but BMW, Ferrari and Hart had joined Renault in employing turbocharged engines: Ferrari's 1982 turbocharged V6 engine produced around , while the DFV's output had remained at around 500 bhp. Realising just how competitive the BT49 was on its debut at the Canadian Grand Prix in 1979, Cosworth would supply Brabham, along with Williams special "evolution" DFV engines which had a slightly shorter stroke and higher revving capacity than a standard DFV, producing around 500 to 510 BHP at over 11,000 RPM for the 1980 season. Throughout 1980 the BT49 was regularly one of the quickest naturally aspirated cars timed on the speed-traps (meaning only the turbocharged Renaults were usually faster in a straight-line), a combination of the low drag aerodynamically slippery bodywork and the development Cosworth engine. With Williams taking the decision from the 1980 French Grand Prix to effectively sub-contract "in house" to John Judd to modify the DFVs used by Alan Jones and Carlos Reutemann, Brabham effectively become the favoured runner in 1980 of development Cosworth engines, a situation which would continue throughout the rest of the 1980 season and the entire 1981 season, which effectively promoted Nelson Piquet to the status as the favoured "works" driver for Cosworth, a relationship that ultimately concluded in triumph with the 1981 Drivers World Championship. The BT49 was initially fitted with the same gearbox the team had been using since 1977: a six-speed unit designed by Brabham using internal components from Hewland and a casing cast by Alfa Romeo. Variants ; BT49B A BT49B specification appeared early in the 1980 season; it was conceived around a new transverse gearbox designed by American gearbox specialist Pete Weismann. The new unit could be fitted with five or six gears and was tall and narrow, allowing a clearer airflow from under the car to the rear, with the intent of improving the ground effect. An alternative rear suspension layout was designed to go with this gearbox. It replaced the standard pullrods with rocker arms that activated vertical coil springs mounted behind the gearbox. The Weismann unit proved difficult to make reliable and was used alongside the original gearbox, mainly on a spare chassis, until the , after which it was put to one side. ; BT49T A modified BT49, dubbed BT49T, was used to test the earliest versions of BMW's turbocharged Formula One engine between the 1980 and 1981 Formula One seasons. This was a 1,499 cc (92 cu in) inline four-cylinder engine, with a single KKK turbocharger mounted in the left hand sidepod of the car. The first version of the engine was said to produce . ; BT49C For the 1981 season, a BT49C specification was produced with a chassis lightened through increased use of carbon composite materials. Five of this variant were built and two of the previous year's cars converted to this specification. That year a minimum ride height of was introduced and sliding skirts were banned, with the intention of limiting ground effect and slowing the cars. The BT49C regained its front wings to compensate in part for the downforce lost. More significantly, Murray devised a hydropneumatic suspension system for the BT49C in which soft air springs supported the car at the regulation height for checks while stationary. At speed, where the ride height could not be measured, downforce compressed the air and the car settled to a much lower height, creating more downforce. Because the skirts now had to be fixed, the suspension had to be very stiff to allow them to consistently seal around the sides of the car: by the end of the 1981 season, total suspension movement was only , half of which came from the compression of the tyres. A lightweight qualifying chassis was produced, featuring a small fuel tank and lighter reinforced carbon-carbon brake discs and pads. 1981 Argentine GP, Carlos Reutemann, behind. ; BT49D Three new BT49D chassis were built for the 1982 season, featuring a still lighter chassis and one-piece bodywork. By this stage, the cars had to be ballasted to bring them up to the minimum weight limit of specified in the rules. The BT49D used the carbon-carbon brakes as standard and was one of several DFV-powered cars to be fitted with large water tanks, ostensibly for "water-cooled brakes". In practice, the water was dumped early in the race, allowing the cars to race as much as under the weight limit; the regulations stated coolant could be topped up at the end of the race before the weight was checked. In the view of the DFV teams, this practice met the letter of the regulations and equalised their performance with that of the more powerful turbocharged cars. The 60 mm ground clearance rule was removed for the 1982 season, but the fixed skirts and very stiff suspension remained. Racing history The BT49's racing career got off to an unsettled start when Brabham's lead driver, Niki Lauda, abruptly quit the sport after 10 laps of the first practice session at the penultimate race of the 1979 season, the Canadian Grand Prix. The car soon showed promise: Piquet ran third in the race on the high speed Circuit Île Notre-Dame before retiring with a broken gearbox. Lauda's replacement, Argentine novice Ricardo Zunino, was seventh of the nine who completed the race. At the season finale in wet conditions at the Watkins Glen International circuit, Zunino spun off although Piquet set the fastest lap before a driveshaft failed, putting his car out of the race. Early in the 1980 season, Piquet's car scored points finishes at the Argentine and South African Grands Prix, behind Alan Jones' Williams FW07-DFV and the turbocharged Renault RE20 of René Arnoux. At the fourth race of the season, the United States Grand Prix West, Piquet qualified on pole by over a second in a BT49 featuring some updates to the sidepods, bodywork and suspension, before leading the race, held on the streets of Long Beach, California, from start to finish. BT49s in Piquet's hands scored in seven of the ten remaining rounds of the championship. Towards the end of the season, the suspension was reworked for the Dutch Grand Prix on the high speed Circuit Park Zandvoort, lengthening the wheelbase by three inches and allowing the car to run in a lower drag configuration. Piquet won after Jones destroyed his FW07's skirts on kerbs. Piquet also won the next race, the to give himself a one-point lead over Williams driver Jones. By the end of the season the BT49 was "arguably the fastest Cosworth-powered car", but Piquet lost the title to Jones at the penultimate race of the year, the , when a development engine failed while he was leading the race. The BT49s driven by the team's second drivers—Zunino and then from mid-season Mexican Héctor Rebaque—either retired or finished outside the points, with the exception of Rebaque's sixth place at the Canadian race. The team finished third in the constructors' championship behind Williams and Ligier, unable to compete with only one car scoring points. In December 1980, Indycar driver Rick Mears tested the BT49 at Circuit Paul Ricard and was half a second behind Piquet but was faster than him at Riverside International Raceway in southern California, Mears was offered a contract to drive for Brabham in 1981 but he declined the offer and stayed with Team Penske in IndyCar. Nelson Piquet driving the BT49 at Zandvoort in 1980 Disagreement between the teams and the sport's administrators over the technical regulations for the 1981 Formula One season contributed to Goodyear's temporary withdrawal from Formula One and meant that the 1981 South African Grand Prix was run by the teams to 1980 regulations using cars with sliding skirts. Piquet finished second in a BT49B, but the race did not count towards the championship. The season proper opened with the United States Grand Prix West, at which the BT49C was introduced. To the team's surprise, it was the only car to exploit the "obvious" loophole in the new ground clearance regulation by lowering itself, but the BT49Cs raced with conventional suspension after the hydropneumatic system repeatedly jammed. The team revised the system continuously over the next three races and used it to set pole position at the Brazilian and Argentine Grands Prix and win the Argentine and San Marino races while continuing to suffer from the system not rising or lowering correctly. The Cosworth-powered Williams FW07 had a similarly lengthy competitive career and was the BT49's main rival in 1980 and 1981. Frank Williams led an abortive protest against the car at the Argentine Grand Prix, objecting to the flexibility of the fixed skirts used to seal the underside of the car, which allowed them to replicate the effect of a sliding skirt. At the following race, the scrutineers rejected the flexible skirts. Brabham replaced them with stiffer material from one of the other teams for the race, which Piquet won. As the season progressed, other teams developed their own lowering systems—a front spring and cylinder were stolen from the Brabham garage in Argentina— but after a rule clarification from FISA many cars were lowered by the driver pressing a switch, a development that Murray found frustrating in light of Brabham's efforts to develop a system that he considered legal. The cars ran on Goodyear tyres again from the sixth round of the championship; motorsport author Doug Nye believes this cost the BT49s good results at several races while the American company adapted to the latest Formula One developments. Despite the virtually solid suspension now required to maintain a consistent ride height, which put components under greater strain, Piquet built a championship challenge on the back of consistent reliability: by the end of the season, his BT49Cs had finished 10 of 15 races, with only one mechanical failure. Piquet finished fifth at the final race of the season—the —to take the title from Carlos Reutemann in a Williams FW07 by one point. Brabham had been working with the German engine manufacturer BMW since 1980 on the development of a turbocharged engine for Formula One. The BMW-powered BT50 made its debut at the start of the 1982 season, taking advantage of the high-altitude Kyalami circuit in South Africa, which favoured turbocharged cars. However, the as yet unreliable BMW-powered cars were dropped for the next two races. Piquet finished first at the in a BT49D, but was disqualified after a protest from Renault and Ferrari on the grounds that the car had raced underweight due to its water-cooled brakes. FISA ruled that in future all cars must be weighed before coolants were topped up, resulting in a boycott of the fourth race of the season by most of the DFV-powered teams, including Brabham. Under threat from BMW, Brabham did not use its Ford-powered BT49s again until the sixth race of the season, the , where one was entered for Riccardo Patrese alongside Piquet in a BT50. Patrese won the race after a chaotic final lap on which several other cars stopped. Patrese used the BT49 for the next two races, taking a second place behind Piquet's BMW-powered car in the BT49's final Formula One race, the 1982 Canadian Grand Prix. Historic racing Christian Glaesel driving the BT49D in which he won the 2005 Thoroughbred Grand Prix championship Since 1995, BT49s have competed regularly in the FIA Historic Formula One Championship. The championship is open to cars that competed in Formula One in the DFV era, between 1967 and 1985, in several classes to allow for equal competition. The BT49 competes in class C, for post 1971 ground effects cars. In 1999, Motor Sport magazine tested a BT49D from the series featuring from its developed DFV at 11,200 rpm, but the championship has since introduced rules to restrict engines to 10,500 rpm to keep costs down. While the cars' original skirts can be kept, they must be set up such that there is clearance beneath the car, a rule that removes most of the advantage of ground effect. The hydropneumatic suspension employed during 1981 is not permitted. The carbon-carbon brakes originally used in 1981 and 1982 are also banned and the cars must run with conventional brake pads and steel brakes. The cars use Avon slick tyres. Christian Glaesel won the 2005 FIA Historic Formula One Championship driving a BT49D and Joaquin Folch won the 2012 championship in a BT49C. Complete Formula One World Championship results (key) (Results in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap) Year Team Engine Tyres Drivers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Points Parmalat Racing Brabham Ford DFV V8 ARG BRA RSA USW ESP BEL MON FRA GBR GER AUT NED ITA CAN USE 0 NC Niki Lauda WD Nelson Piquet Ret Ret Ricardo Zunino 7 Ret Parmalat Racing Brabham Ford DFV V8 ARG BRA RSA USW BEL MON FRA GBR GER AUT NED ITA CAN USE 55 3rd Nelson Piquet 2 Ret 4 1 Ret 3 4 2 4 5 1 1 Ret Ret Ricardo Zunino 7 8 10 Ret Ret DNQ Ret Héctor Rebaque 7 Ret 10 Ret Ret 6 Ret Parmalat Racing Brabham Ford DFV V8 USW BRA ARG SMR BEL MON ESP FRA GBR GER AUT NED ITA CAN CPL 61 2nd Nelson Piquet 3 12 1 1 Ret Ret Ret 3 Ret 1 3 2 6 5 5 Héctor Rebaque Ret Ret Ret 4 Ret DNQ Ret 9 5 4 Ret 4 Ret Ret Ret Parmalat Racing Brabham Ford DFV V8 RSA BRA USW SMR BEL MON DET CAN NED GBR FRA GER AUT SUI ITA CPL 19 9th Nelson Piquet DSQ Ret Riccardo Patrese Ret 3 1 Ret 2 Placings in the constructors' championship are for chassis-engine combinations. Brabham used both Alfa Romeo and Ford-powered cars during this season: the BT49-Fords scored no points and Brabham-Ford was not classified. Brabham used both Ford and BMW-powered cars during this season: Brabham-Ford was classified 9th.

Introduction Gearin is a surname. People with the name Gearin include: Dinty Gearin, American baseball player John M. Gearin, American politician Lawrence Gearin, Newfoundland politician Sally Gearin, Australian lawyer Steve Gearin, Australian footballer

Introduction Woodstock entrance Woodstock School is an international coeducational residential school located in Landour, a small hill station contiguous with the town of Mussoorie, Uttarakhand, India, in the foothills of the Himalayas. Woodstock is one of the oldest residential schools in Asia, operating today as a private nonprofit institution with Indian Christian Minority Status. Woodstock offers kindergarten through Grade 12 instruction, with a residence programme beginning in Grade 6. It is fully accredited by the Middle States Association, the first school in Asia to receive accreditation in 1960. In 2019 Woodstock School was officially accredited as an International Baccalaureate (IB) World School, with full authorisation for both the IB Middle Years Programme (MYP) and Diploma Programme (DP). It is also regarded as one of the most expensive schools in India. History Woodstock was founded in 1854 and has been on its current campus since 1856. First managed as a girls’ school with staff provided by an English mission, there came an increasing demand from missionaries for a school in North India with an American curriculum to prepare students for American colleges and universities. By 1928, a full American coeducational programme had been introduced at Woodstock. In 1959, Woodstock was the third high school outside North America and the first school in Asia to receive US accreditation through the Middle States Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools. During the 1960s, cross-cultural courses in social studies, literature, art, and religion were introduced, and Indian classical music and dance lessons were added. Indian universities became more accepting of the Woodstock Diploma, and in 1990 the Association of Indian Universities recognized the Woodstock Diploma as being equivalent to the Indian school-leaving examination, thus allowing graduates to enter Indian universities with greater ease. In the 1960s and 1970s Woodstock began to rethink its composition, purpose, and philosophy as an institution. The school consciously shifted its conception from that of a missionary school to a school consisting of an international student body, staff, and curriculum, with a strong Indian cultural component. This change to a truly international school was led by Robert Alter, Principal from 1968 to 1978. With the increasing internationalization of the student body, an English as a Second Language (ESL) programme was established in 1978. In recent years, Woodstock has placed a priority on its academic programming with renovations to classrooms and laboratories, and a move to the International Baccalaureate curriculum. Woodstock officially became an International Baccalaureate World School in May 2019, with full authorisation for both the IB Middle Years Programme (MYP) and Diploma Programme (DP). The Class of 2021 was the first Woodstock students to graduate with both an American High School Diploma and the International Baccalaureate Diploma. In 2004, Woodstock celebrated 150 years of its journey. The Government of India issued a Woodstock School commemorative postage stamp in 2004. Alumni organizations The Woodstock Old Students Association (WOSA) was founded in 1911 and has chapters in many countries. The alumni organization serving the North America region is a 501(c)3 entity: Friends of Woodstock School. FWS is the successor to Kodai-Woodstock International (KWI), and organizes an annual alumni reunion in North America. FWS maintains an alumni database and provides an umbrella for smaller "Curry Club" groups that convene on an ad-hoc basis. Affiliations International Baccalaureate(IB) Council of International Schools (CIS) Global Alliance for Innovative Learning (GAIL) Association of International Schools in India (TAISI) Boarding Schools Association (BSA) National Association of Independent Schools (NAIS) Academy for International School Heads (AISH) Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference (HMC) Council for Advancement and Support of Education (CASE) National Honor Society (NHS) Postal stamp - 150 years of Woodstock School, 2004 Notable alumni Chris Anderson, publisher (founder of Future Publishing and owner, CEO and Curator of TED (1974) Martha (Marty) Chen (née Alter), academic, scholar and social worker (1960) Tom Alter, actor (1968) Stephen Alter, author (1974) George H. Carley, Former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia (1956) Robert Griffiths, physicist (1952) Jonathan Mark Kenoyer, anthropologist (1970) Dilshad Najmuddin, Pakistani Inspector-General police officer and ambassador to the Holy See (1945) Ruchi Narain, film maker Pernia Qureshi, fashion entrepreneur, designer (2002) Dorothy Riddle, psychologist (1960) Nayantara Sahgal, writer (1943) Henry Scholberg, author (1939) Robert E. Scott, law professor (1962) Carl E. Taylor, international health expert (1932) Jay Smith, American Christian evangelist, apologist and polemicist. Kate Forbes, Cabinet Secretary for Finance and the Economy, Scottish Government.

Introduction The Anacleto Formation is a geologic formation with outcrops in the Argentine Patagonian provinces of Mendoza, Río Negro, and Neuquén. It is the youngest formation within the Neuquén Group and belongs to the Río Colorado Subgroup. Formerly that subgroup was treated as a formation, and the Anacleto Formation was known as the Anacleto Member. The type locality of this formation lies west of the city of Neuquén. At its base, the Anacleto Formation conformably overlies the Bajo de la Carpa Formation, also of the Río Colorado Subgroup, and it is in turn unconformably overlain by the Allen Formation of the younger Malargüe Group. The Anacleto Formation varies between thick, and consists mainly of claystones and mudstones, purple and dark red in color, deposited in fluvial, lacustrine and floodplain environments. Geodes are often found scattered throughout this formation. Fossil content The following animals are known from bones found in the Anacleto Formation: several species of lizards several species of mammals Crocodylomorphs Crocodylomorphs reported from the Anacleto Formation Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images Gasparinisuchus G. peirosauroides Cañadón Amarrillo, south Malargüe city, Mendoza Province. PV-CRIDC-12 (right premaxilla and maxilla, isolated teeth, and part of the postcranial skeleton). A peirosaurid also known from the Bajo de la Carpa Formation. Peirosaurus P. torminni Cañadón Amarrillo, south Malargüe city, Mendoza Province. PV-CRIDC-12 (right premaxilla and maxilla, isolated teeth, and part of the postcranial skeleton). Specimen reassigned to Gasparinisuchus. Dinosaurs Ornithischians Ornithischians reported from the Anacleto Formation Genus Species Stratigraphic position Presence Material Notes Images Gasparinisaura G. cincosaltensis Cinco Saltos, Río Negro Province. Multiple specimens. A small ornithopod. 150 px Sauropods Nests of dinosaur eggs, many with preserved embryos inside, have been discovered in large quantities at the famous Auca Mahuevo locality, and have been attributed to titanosaurs. Sauropods reported from the Anacleto Formation Genus Species Stratigraphic Position Presence Material Notes Images Antarctosaurus A. wichmannianus A titanosaur. Barrosasaurus B. casamiquelai Lower Neuquén Province. Vertebrae. A titanosaur. 150 px Laplatasaurus L. araukanicus Uppermost Several localities in Patagonia. Multiple specimens. A titanosaur. 150 px Narambuenatitan N. palomoi Lower Remains of a subadult. A titanosaur. Neuquensaurus N. australis Uppermost Cinco Saltos, Río Negro Province. A saltasaurine. 150 px Pitekunsaurus P. macayai "Braincase, left frontal, one tooth, four cervical vertebrae, three dorsal vertebrae, four caudal vertebrae, right ulna and scapula, proximal extreme of left femur, rib fragments and uncertain remains". A titanosaur. Teratopodus T. malarguensis Southern Mendoza Province. Footprint trackways. A titanosaur ichnotaxon. Theropods The oldest known unequivocal bird footprints from South America were discovered in the Anacleto Formation. The small footprints were tentatively assigned to the ichnogenus Aquatilavipes and might have been produced by Patagopteryx or some unknown wader-like bird; they lack a hind toe. Ignotornis refers to similar footprints made by larger birds with a small hind toe; they might have been left by Neuquenornis, but this is also only known from the Bajo de la Carpa Formation. Footprints of these two ichnogenera have also been found elsewhere, but it must be understood that assignment to the same ichnogenus does not imply a close relatedness of the organisms that produced these traces, only a similar morphology. Even smaller and somewhat unusual footprints assigned to Barrosopus are only known from the Anacleto Formation. They were almost certainly made by some tiny theropod, but whether this was a bird is not quite clear: the innermost front toes of the animal leaving these tracks attached in a position higher than the others. In that, and in their dimensions, they are a very close match for the odd-footed enantiornithine bird Yungavolucris brevipedalis, but this is only known from the Maastrichtian Lecho Formation which is some 10 million years younger. Theropods reported from the Anacleto Formation Genus Species Stratigraphic Position Presence Material Notes Images Abelisauridae Indeterminate Lower Northwest Patagonia. MPCN-PV 69, consisting of a partial premaxilla, fragmentary vertebrae, proximal portion of both humeri, distal portion of the pubis, and an incomplete pedal ungual. An indeterminate abelisaurid. Abelisaurus A. comahuensis Lago Pellegrini stone quarries. Skull. An abelisaurid, originally thought to be from the Allen Formation. 150 px Aerosteon A. riocoloradensis "Cañadon Amarillo (S 37.5°, W 70.5°), north of Cerro Colorado, 1 km north of the Río Colorado near the southern border of Mendoza Province, Argentina." Skeletal remains. A megaraptorid. 150 px Aucasaurus A. garridoi Upper Auca Mahuevo. Skeleton of an adult (MCF-PVPH-236). An abelisaurid. 150 px Megaraptora indet. Indeterminate Upper Auca Mahuevo. MCF-PVPH-416, a fragmentary pubic boot with unfused proximal symphysial contact. A large megaraptoran. Squamates Squamates reported from the Anacleto Formation Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images Dinilysia D. sp. Aguada Toledo, south of Mari Menuco Lake. 24 articulated mid-posterior trunk vertebrae with the base of their respective ribs (UNC-CIP 1). A large snake. 150 px Testudines Testudines reported from the Anacleto Formation Genus Species Stratigraphic Position Presence Material Notes Images Prochelidella P. palomoi Aguada Grande site, Neuquén Province. A partially preserved skull, carapace remains, an almost complete plastron, and a left ilium (MAU-Pv-AG-452). A chelid turtle. Yaminuechelys Y. aff. maior Lower Neuquén Province. Two specimens (MAU-Pv-N-475 & MAU-Pv-PR-455). A long-necked chelid turtle.

Introduction Pique, a French frigate captured as a British prize in 1795 In admiralty law prizes are equipment, vehicles, vessels, and cargo captured during armed conflict. The most common use of prize in this sense is the capture of an enemy ship and her cargo as a prize of war. In the past, the capturing force would commonly be allotted a share of the worth of the captured prize. Nations often granted letters of marque that would entitle private parties to capture enemy property, usually ships. Once the ship was secured on friendly territory, she would be made the subject of a prize case: an in rem proceeding in which the court determined the status of the condemned property and the manner in which the property was to be disposed of. History and sources of prize law Hugo de Groot, known as Grotius, a 17th-century Dutch academic prodigy known as the Mozart of international law, who wrote the 1604 Commentary on the Law of Prize and Booty In his book The Prize Game, Donald Petrie writes, "at the outset, prize taking was all smash and grab, like breaking a jeweler's window, but by the fifteenth century a body of guiding rules, the maritime law of nations, had begun to evolve and achieve international recognition." Grotius's seminal treatise on international law called De Iure Praedae Commentarius (Commentary on the Law of Prize and Booty), published in 1604—of which Chapter 12, "Mare Liberum" inter alia founded the doctrine of freedom of the seas—was an advocate's brief justifying Dutch seizures of Spanish and Portuguese shipping. Grotius defends the practice of taking prizes as not merely traditional or customary, but just. His Commentary claims that the etymology of the name of the Greek war god Ares was the verb "to seize", and that the law of nations had deemed looting enemy property legal since the beginning of Western recorded history in Homeric times. Prize law fully developed between the Seven Years' War of 1756–1763 and the American Civil War of 1861–1865. This period largely coincides with the last century of fighting sail and includes the Napoleonic Wars, the American and French Revolutions, and America's Quasi-War with France of the late 1790s. Much of Anglo-American prize law derives from 18th Century British precedents – in particular, a compilation called the 1753 Report of the Law Officers, authored by William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield (1705–1793). It was said to be the most important exposition of prize law published in English, along with the subsequent High Court of Admiralty decisions of William Scott, Lord Stowell (1743–1836). American Justice Joseph Story, the leading United States judicial authority on prize law, drew heavily on the 1753 report and Lord Stowell's decisions, as did Francis Upton, who wrote the last major American treatise on prize law, his Maritime Warfare and Prize. While the Anglo-American common law case precedents are the most accessible description of prize law, in prize cases, courts construe and apply international customs and usages, the Law of Nations, and not the laws or precedents of any one country. Fortunes in prize money were to be made at sea as vividly depicted in the novels of C. S. Forester and Patrick O'Brian. During the American Revolution the combined American naval and privateering prizes totaled nearly $24 million; in the War of 1812, $45 million. Such huge revenues were earned when $200 were a generous year's wages for a sailor; his share of a single prize could fetch ten or twenty times his yearly pay, and taking five or six prizes in one voyage was common. Captain Gideon Olmsted, who at age 20 commandeered the British sloop Active in a mutiny, and spent the next 30 years litigating a claim for prize money With so much at stake, prize law attracted some of the greatest legal talent of the age, including John Adams, Joseph Story, Daniel Webster, and Richard Henry Dana, Jr. author of Two Years Before the Mast. Prize cases were among the most complex of the time, as the disposition of vast sums turned on the fluid Law of Nations, and difficult questions of jurisdiction and precedent. One of the earliest U.S. cases for instance, that of the Active, took fully 30 years to resolve jurisdictional disputes between state and federal authorities. A captured American privateer captain, 20-year-old Gideon Olmsted, shipped aboard the British sloop Active in Jamaica as an ordinary hand in an effort to get home. Olmsted organized a mutiny and commandeered the sloop. But as Olmsted's mutineers sailed their prize to America, a Pennsylvania privateer took the Active. Olmsted and the privateer disputed ownership of the prize, and in November 1778 a Philadelphia prize court jury came to a split verdict awarding each a share. Olmsted, with the assistance of then American General Benedict Arnold, appealed to the Continental Congress Prize Committee, which reversed the Philadelphia jury verdict and awarded the whole prize to Olmsted. But Pennsylvania authorities refused to enforce the decision, asserting the Continental Congress could not intrude on a state prize court jury verdict. Olmsted doggedly pursued the case for decades until he won, in a U.S. Supreme Court case in 1809 which Justice Stanley Matthews later called "the first case in which the supremacy of the Constitution was enforced by judicial tribunals against the assertion of state authority". Commission Although Letters of Marque and Reprisal were sometimes issued before a formal declaration of war, as happened during the American Revolution when the rebelling colonies of Massachusetts, Maryland, Virginia, and Pennsylvania all granted Letters of Marque months before the Continental Congress's official Declaration of Independence of July 1776, by the turn of the 19th century it was generally accepted that a sovereign government first had to declare war. The "existence of war between nations terminates all legal commercial intercourse between their citizens or subjects," wrote Francis Upton in Maritime Warfare and Prize, since "trade and commerce presuppose the existence of civil contracts … and recourse to judicial tribunals; and this is necessarily incompatible with a state of war." Indeed, each citizen of a nation "is at war with every citizen of the enemy," which imposes a "duty, on every citizen, to attack the enemy and seize his property, though by established custom, this right is restricted to such only, as are the commissioned instruments of the government." The formal commission bestowed upon a naval vessel, and the Letter of Marque and Reprisal granted to private merchant vessels converting them into naval auxiliaries, qualified them to take enemy property as the armed hands of their sovereign, and to share in the proceeds. Capturing a prize Captain Rogers of the Windsor Castle packet of 150 tons & 28 men capturing the Jeune Richard French privateer of 250 tons & 92 men, 1807 When a privateer or naval vessel spotted a tempting vessel—whatever flag she flew or often enough flying none at all—they gave chase. Sailing under false colors was a common ruse, both for predator and prey. The convention was that a vessel must hoist her true colors before firing the first shot. Firing under a false flag could cost dearly in prize court proceedings, possibly even resulting in restitution to the captured vessel's owner. Often a single cannon shot across the bow was enough to persuade the prey to heave-to, but sometimes brutal hours and even days of cannonading ensued, along with boarding and hand-to-hand fighting with cutlasses, pistols, and boarding pikes. No matter how furious and bloody the battle, once it was over the victors had to collect themselves, put aside anger and exercise forbearance, treating captives with courtesy and civility to the degree prudence allowed. Officers restrained the crew to prevent pillaging defeated adversaries, or pilfering the cargo, known as breaking bulk. Francis Upton's treatise on Maritime Warfare cautioned: Embezzlements of the cargo seized, or acts personally violent, or injuries perpetrated upon the captured crew, or improperly separating them from the prize-vessel, or not producing them for examination before the prize-court, or other torts injurious to the rights and health of the prisoners, may render the arrest of the vessel or cargo, as prize, defeasible, and also subject the tort feasor for damages therefore. Taking the prize before a prize court might be impractical for any number of reasons, such as bad weather, shortage of prize crew, dwindling water and provisions, or the proximity of an overpowering enemy force—in which case a vessel might be ransomed. That is, instead of destroying her on the spot as was their prerogative, the privateer or naval officer would accept a scrip in form of an IOU for an agreed sum as ransom from the ship's master. On land this would be extortion and the promise to pay unenforceable in court, but at sea it was accepted practice and the IOUs negotiable instruments. On occasion a seized vessel would be released to ferry home prisoners, a practice which Lord Stowell said "in the consideration of humanity and policy" Admiralty Courts must protect with the utmost attention. While on her mission as a cartel ship she was immune to recapture so long as she proceeded directly on her errand, promptly returned, and did not engage in trading in the meantime. Usually, however, the captor put aboard a prize crew to sail a captured vessel to the nearest port of their own or an allied country, where a prize court could adjudicate the prize. If while sailing en route a friendly vessel re-captured the prize, called a rescue, the right of postliminium declared title to the rescued prize restored to its prior owners. That is, the ship did not become a prize of the recapturing vessel. However, the rescuers were entitled to compensation for salvage, just as if they had rescued a crippled vessel from sinking at sea. Admiralty court process The prize that made it back to the capturing vessel's country or that of an ally which had authorized prize proceedings would be sued in admiralty court in rem—meaning "against the thing", against the vessel itself. For this reason. decisions in prize cases bear the name of the vessel, such as The Rapid or The Elsebe. A proper prize court condemnation was absolutely requisite to convey clear title to a vessel and its cargo to the new owners and settle the matter. According to Upton's treatise, "Even after four years' possession, and the performance of several voyages, the title to the property is not changed without sentence of condemnation". The agent of the privateer or naval officer brought a libel, accusing the captured vessel of belonging to the enemy, or carrying enemy cargo, or running a blockade. Prize commissioners took custody of the vessel and its cargo, and gathered the ship's papers, charts, and other documents. They had a special duty to notify the prize court of perishable property, to be sold promptly to prevent spoilage and the proceeds held for whoever prevailed in the prize proceeding. The American vessel Betsey under attack by a swarm of seven French corsairs, in 1797 The commissioners took testimony from witnesses on standard form written interrogatories. Admiralty courts rarely heard live testimony. The commissioners' interrogatories sought to establish the relative size, speed, and force of the vessels, what signals were exchanged and what fighting ensued, the location of the capture, the state of the weather and "the degree of light or darkness," and what other vessels were in sight. That was because naval prize law gave assisting vessels, defined as those that were "in signal distance" at the time, a share of the proceeds. The written interrogatories and ship's papers established the nationality of the prize and her crew, and the origin and destination of the cargo: the vessel was said to be "confiscated out of her own mouth." One considerable difference between prize law and ordinary Anglo-American criminal law is the reversal of the normal onus probandi or burden of proof. While in criminal courts a defendant is innocent until proven guilty, in prize court a vessel is guilty unless proven innocent. Prize captors need show only "reasonable suspicion" that the property is subject to condemnation; the owner bears the burden of proving the contrary. A prize court normally ordered the vessel and its cargo condemned and sold at auction. But the court's decision became vastly more complicated in the case of neutral vessels, or a neutral nation's cargo carried on an enemy vessel. Different countries treated these situations differently. By the close of the 18th century, Russia, Scandinavia, France, and the United States had taken the position that "free ships make free goods": that is, cargo on a neutral ship could not be condemned as a prize. But Britain asserted the opposite, that an enemy's goods on a neutral vessel, or neutral goods on an enemy vessel, may be taken, a position which prevailed in 19th century practice. The ingenuity of belligerents in evading the law through pretended neutrality, false papers, quick title transfers, and a myriad of other devices, make up the principal business of the prize courts during the last century of fighting sail. Neutral vessels could be subject to capture if they ran a blockade. The blockade had to be effective to be cognizable in a prize court, that is, not merely declared but actually enforced. Neutrals had to be warned of it. If so then any ships running the blockade of whatever flag were subject to capture and condemnation. However passengers and crew aboard the blockade runners were not to be treated as prisoners of war, as Upton's Maritime Warfare and Prize enjoins: "the penalty, and the sole penalty ... is the forfeiture of the property employed in blockade running." Persons aboard blockade runners could only be temporarily detained as witnesses, and after testifying, immediately released. The legitimacy of an adjudication depended on regular and just proceedings. Departures from internationally accepted standards of fairness risked ongoing litigation by disgruntled shipowners and their insurers, often protracted for decades. For example, during America's Quasi-War with France in the 1790s, corrupt French Caribbean prize courts (often sharing in the proceeds) resorted to pretexts and subterfuges to justify condemning neutral American vessels. They condemned one for carrying alleged English contraband because the compass in the binnacle showed an English brand; another because the pots and pans in the galley were of English manufacture. Outraged U.S. shipowners, their descendants, and descendants of their descendants (often serving as fronts for insurers) challenged these decisions in litigation collectively called the French Spoliation Cases. The spoliation cases last over a century, from the 1790s until 1915. Together with Indian tribal claims for treaty breaches, the French Spoliation Cases enjoy the dubious distinction of figuring among the longest-litigated claims in U.S. history. Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law (1856) Count Walewski, painting by Edouard Dubufe Most privateering came to an end in the late-19th century, when the plenipotentiaries who agreed on the Treaty of Paris in March 1856 that did put an end to the Crimean War, also did agree on the Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law renouncing granting letters of marque. Proposal to the Declaration came from the French Foreign Minister and president of the Congress Count Walewski. In the plain wordings of the Declaration: Privateering is and remains abolished; The neutral flag covers enemy's goods, with the exception of contraband of war; Neutral goods, with the exception of contraband of war, are not liable to capture under enemy's flag; Blockades, in order to be binding, must be effective-that is to say, maintained by a forge sufficient really to prevent access to the coast of the enemy. The Declaration did contain a juridical novelty, making it possible for the first time in history that nations not represented at the establishment and/or the signing of a multilateral treaty, could access as a party afterwards. Again in the plain wordings of the treaty: "The present Declaration is not and shall not be binding, except between those Powers who have acceded, or shall accede, to it." The declaration has been written in French, translated in English and the two versions have been sent to nations worldwide with the invitation to access, leading to the acceding of altogether 55 nations, a big step towards the globalisation of international law. This broad acceptance wouldn't otherwise haven't been possible in such a short period. The United States however, were not a signatory and had reasons not to accede the treaty afterwards. After having received the invitation to accede, the US Secretary of State, William L. Marcy a lawyer and judge, wrote a letter dated 14 juli 1856 to other nations, among which The Netherlands: "The United States have learned with sincere regret that in one or two instances, the four propositions, with all the conditions annexed, have been promptly, and this Government cannot but think, unadvisedly accepted without restriction or qualification." The US didn't want to restrict privateering and did strive for protection of all private property on neutral of enemy ships. Marcy did warn countries with large commercial maritime interests and a small navy, like The Netherlands, to be aware that the end of privateering meant they would be totally dependent on nations with a strong navy. Marcy did end the letter hoping: “(…) that it may be induced to hesitate in acceding to a proposition which is here conceived to be fraught with injurious consequences to all but those Powers which already have or are willing to furnish themselves with powerful navies.” The US did accept the other points of the Declaration, being a codification of custom law. End of privateering and the decline of naval prizes During the American Civil War, Confederate privateers cruised against Union merchant shipping. Likewise, the Union (though refusing to recognize the legitimacy of Confederate letters of marque) allowed its navy to take Confederate vessels as prizes. Under US Constitution Article 1 Section 8, it is still theoretically possible for Congress to authorize letters of marque, but in the last 150 years it has not done so. An International Prize Court was to be set up by treaty XII of the Hague Convention of 1907, but this treaty never came into force as only Nicaragua ratified it. Commerce raiding by private vessels ended with the American Civil War, but Navy officers remained eligible for prize money a little while longer. The United States continued paying prizes to naval officers in the Spanish–American War, and only abjured the practice by statute during World War I. The U.S. prize courts adjudicated no cases resulting from its own takings in either World War I or World War II (although the Supreme Court did rule on a German prize—SS Appam in the case The Steamship Appam—that was brought to and held at Hampton Roads). Likewise Russia, Portugal, Germany, Japan, China, Romania, and France followed the United States in World War I, declaring they would no longer pay prize money to naval officers. On November 9, 1914, the British and French governments signed an agreement establishing government jurisdiction over prizes captured by either of them. The Russian government acceded to this agreement on March 5, 1915, and the Italian government followed suit on January 15, 1917. Shortly before World War II France passed a law which allowed for taking prizes, as did the Netherlands and Norway, though the German invasion and subsequent capitulation of all three of those countries quickly put this to an end. Britain formally ended the eligibility of naval officers to share in prize money in 1948. Under contemporary international law and treaties, nations may still bring enemy vessels before their prize courts, to be condemned and sold. But no nation now offers a share to the officers or crew who risked their lives in the capture: Self-interest was the driving force that compelled men of the sea to accept the international law of prize ... including merchants because it brought a valuable element of certainty to their dealings. If the rules were clear and universal, they could ship their goods abroad in wartime, after first buying insurance against known risks. ... On the other side of the table, those purchasing vessels and cargoes from prize courts had the comfort of knowing that what they bought was really theirs. The doctrine and practice of maritime prize was widely adhered to for four centuries, among a multitude of sovereign nations, because adhering to it was in the material interest of their navies, their privateersmen, their merchants and bankers, and their sovereigns. Diplomats and international lawyers who struggle in this world to achieve a universal rule of law may well ponder on this lesson.

Introduction Kneitlingen is a municipality in the Wolfenbüttel district in the German state of Lower Saxony. It is part of the Samtgemeinde Elm-Asse. The most recent German census counted a population of just 853 people. Geography General view of Kneitlingen from the South Village centre of Kneitlingen Eulenspiegel Memorial in Kneitlingen Kneitlingen is situated in Brunswick Land between the Elm and Asse hill ranges. The municipality consists of the following four villages: Ampleben Bansleben Eilum Kneitlingen History Kneitlingen in the medieval Duchy of Saxony was first mentioned in an 1135 deed issued by Emperor Lothair III, whereby he granted the estates to the newly established Benedictine abbey of Königslutter. The Romanesque parish church was erected by the Knights Templar about 1141; its apse and groin vault are preserved in the original condition. From 1235 onwards, the area belonged to the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, the lordship was enfeoffed to various local noble families. The village of Kneitlingen is known as the birthplace of the legendary trickster Till Eulenspiegel. According to the tradition, he was baptised around 1300 in the chapel of nearby Ampleben Castle, whereupon the christening party proceeded to the local tavern. On the way home in the afternoon, Till's tipsy midwife, crossing a brook, slipped on the gangplank and together with the child fell into a mud puddle, baptising him for the second time. Neither the nurse nor the baby was harmed, however, Till was put into the bathtub at home, therefore baptised the third time that very day. The former robber baron castle of Ampleben was purchased by Duke Magnus I of Brunswick-Lüneburg in 1355, upon its slighting the surrounding estates including the Romanesque parish church were acquired by the city of Brunswick in 1454. The citizens laid out a stone pit in the Elm range quarrying for limestone. Ampleben, Bansleben and Eilum were incorporated into the Kneitlingen municipality on 1 March 1974.

Introduction A prize is an award received for merit Prize may also refer to: Media The Prize, a 1962 novel by Irving Wallace The Prize, a 1963 film based on the novel The Prize, a 2011 film The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power, a 1991 book by Daniel Yergin Other uses Prize (law), captured or recovered vessel Prize (marketing), promotional item (usually a toy or other small object of nominal value) included free in a retail product Prize, California, a former settlement Prize money, paid to naval personnel for the successful capture of a ship HMS Prize, a UK Royal Navy ship

Introduction The University of the Philippines Madrigal Singers, also known as the Philippine Madrigal Singers or simply Madz, is one of the major choral groups based in the University of the Philippines, Diliman. Its current conductor, musical director and a choirmaster is Mark Anthony Carpio. They are the first choir in the world to win the European Grand Prix for Choral Singing twice (in 1997 and in 2007). To date, only four choirs in the world have attained this achievement. History The Philippine Madrigal Singers (affectionately known as the "Madz") was founded in 1963 by National Artist for Music, Professor Andrea O. Veneracion. The Madz is mostly composed of students, faculty and alumni from the University of the Philippines. The group performs in a variety of styles and forms but it specializes in the Madrigal, a polyphonic and challenging musical style popular during the Renaissance period where singers and guests would gather around the table during a banquet to sight-sing and make music together. This served as the inspiration for their unique style of singing - singing seated in a semicircle without a conductor. As Philippine ambassador of culture and goodwill, the Madz has given command performances for royalty and heads of state. These include Pope Paul VI, Pope John Paul II, United States Presidents Gerald Ford, Richard Nixon, and Barack Obama, Chinese President Hu Jintao, Queen Sofia of Spain, King Juan Carlos I of Spain, and Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew. As resident artists of the Cultural Center of the Philippines, the group has performed in outreach concerts in far-flung areas seldom reached by most performing artists. The group is presently under the leadership of Madz alumnus Mark Anthony A. Carpio. Awards The Philippine Madrigal Singers during their PANORAMA Concert held at Abelardo Hall, UP Diliman, October 9, 2014 In June 1997, the Philippine Madrigal Singers came home from their ninth world concert tour, winning the grand prize in the Grand Prix European de Chant Choral Competition in Tours, France, besting five other grand prize winners of the most prestigious choral competition in Europe: Guido d'Arezzo, Italy; Debrecen, Hungary; Varna, Bulgaria; Gorizia, Italy; and Tolosa, Spain. The Madz displayed a virtuoso performance so moving one juror had to describe the group's music as the "most beautiful sound on earth". On August 26, 2007, the Philippine Madrigal Singers won, for the second time, the grand prize in the European Grand Prix for Choral Singing in Arezzo, Italy. This victory makes them the first of the only four choirs in the world to win the grand prize twice. The European Grand Prix is widely understood to be the Olympics of the choral circuit. On July 27, 2009, UNESCO honored the Madz and designated the group as UNESCO Artist for Peace. This title is given to celebrity advocates charged with the mission of embodying and raising awareness in the UNESCO ideals, which include peace, security, fundamental human rights and freedom. On September 19, 2010, the Philippine Madrigal Singers was conferred the Guidoneum Award 2010 by the Fondazione Guido d’Arezzo in Italy. Foundation President Francesco Lusi, said during the awarding that the foundation "followed attentively and with great pleasure the fruitful activities of the Madrigal Singers and are grateful for all that the Philippine Madrigal Singers have done for the choral world”. He further stressed that "the foundation honored the Madrigal Singers “for the artistic and choral promotion activity that they carried out after they won the European Grand Prix for Choral Singing in 2007.” On August 27, 2016, the Philippine Madrigal Singers won the Grand Prix at the 64th International Choral Competition in Arezzo, Italy. Their win qualifies them for the European Grand Prix to be held in Tolosa, Spain in 2017. Recent Milestones *26 August 2007: The Phlippine Madrigal singers becomes the first choir in the world to win the European Grand Prix for Choral Singing twice. 3 August 2011: The Philippine Madrigal Singers made a debut at the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires. They are the first Filipino choir to sing in Argentina. 1 July 2012: The Philippine Madrigal Singers becomes the first choir in the world to receive the Brand Laureate Premier Award (as World’s Best Choral Ensemble) from the Asia Pacific Brands Foundation. 7 September 2013: The Madrigal Singers held a joint concert with the Swingle Singers, a 5-time Grammy Award winning vocal group, at the Cultural Center of the Philippines. January 2015 : The Madrigal Singers led thousands of singers in the celebrations during the Pastoral and State visit of Pope Francis 9 May 2015: The Madrigal Singers held a joint concert with the King's Singers at the Cultural Center of the Philippines . Performances The Philippine Madrigal singers had performed various arrangements from some Choral Arrangers/Composers like Josu Elberdin (Particularly Psalm 96, Cantate Domino). They also sang arrangements from Filipino Composers including Robert Delgado ( Allen Pote-Prayer of St. francis), Anna Abeleda-Piquero (Circle of Life- Lion King OST), Nilo Alcala (Dayo Dayo Kupita at the Florilege Vocal de Tours in France, and Kaisa-isa Niyan, which was part of their winning repertoire at the 2007 European Grand Prix for Choral Singing in Arezzo, Italy). Some of their members like Saunder Choi (Tenor 2) and Ily Matthew Maniano (Contratenor altus) also arrange and compose songs for the group. Discography Joy: A Choral Celebration of Christmas Bayan Ko, Aawitan Kita Madz in Love Madz Around the World Acclamation Love, Joy and Inspiration - a special edition compilation containing the CDs Joy, Madz in Love and Acclamation Maior Caritas Op. 5 Madz in Love Continues... Madz Goes Jesuit (Songs from the Concert) ONOMATOPOEIA: The Choral Works of NILO ALCALA (2017) Choirmasters Founding Choirmaster - Andrea Veneracion (1963–2001, retired, deceased) Current Choirmaster - Mark Anthony Carpio (2001–present)

Introduction "New men" refers to various socially upwardly mobile groups in England during the late Middle Ages. New men may also refer to: Novus homo, a similar concept in Ancient Rome New Men, by BTOB, 2016 New Men, a 1990s comics series New Men (Marvel Comics), a fictional group of characters The New Men, a 1954 Strangers and Brothers novel by C. P. Snow

Introduction John McDermeid Gearin was an American politician and attorney from the state of Oregon. A native of the eastern portion of the state, he represented Portland on the western side of the state in the Oregon House of Representatives. Originally an independent politician, he later became a Democrat and lost an election to serve in the United States Congress before winning appointment to the Senate in 1905. He also was Portland's city attorney and a district attorney. Early life John Gearin was born on August 15, 1851, near Pendleton in Eastern Oregon. His parents, John and Ellen Burns Gearin, were from Ireland. After attending the local public schools, Gearin enrolled at St. Mary's College in San Francisco from 1863 to 1867. In 1871, he graduated with a bachelor of laws degree from the University of Notre Dame Law School. In 1873, he was admitted to the Oregon bar after studying law, and then entered private legal practice in Portland at what is now Miller Nash Graham & Dunn LLP. On June 28, 1878, Gearin married Matilda Raleigh. They had three children together. Political career In 1874, he was elected to the Oregon House of Representatives and served in the 1874 legislative session. Gearin was elected as an independent to represent District 43 in Multnomah County. The next year he was city attorney of Portland. He was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for election in 1878 to the Forty-sixth Congress, and was district attorney for Multnomah County from 1884 to 1886. Gearin was appointed by U.S. President Grover Cleveland in 1893 as special prosecutor for the government concerning cases of opium fraud. He was then appointed to the United States Senate by Oregon Governor George Earle Chamberlain to fill the vacancy caused by the death of sitting Senator John H. Mitchell in 1905. Gearin served from December 13, 1905, until January 23, 1907, and was not a candidate for election in 1907 to fill the vacancy. Later years After leaving the Senate he returned to his law practice in Portland. John Gearin died on November 12, 1930, at the age of 79 in Portland. He was buried in that city at the Mount Calvary Cemetery. He had been a member of the Knights of Columbus.

Introduction Mascot was a car made by AB Rååverken in Helsingborg around 1920. Sold both as a kit car and in finished form it was a way of converting a motor cycle to a type of cyclecar. Usually based on an Excelsior two cylinder 16 HP motorcycle (optionally a Harley-Davidson, Reading Standard or Indian) the steering, seat and front wheel were removed and the motorcycle frame was attached to a low weight body that added the "missing" three wheels. The track width was , length about and weight . It was steered via a steering wheel, had pedals for throttle and brakes and a gear stick and was fitted with windscreen, doors, soft top, comfortable seats and a single front light. It seated two persons in tandem.

Introduction The Emperor in Han Dynasty, also released under the title The Emperor Han Wu in some countries, is a 2005 Chinese historical drama television series based on the life of Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty. It uses the historical texts Records of the Grand Historian and Book of Han as its source material. Plot The series covers the life of Emperor Wu from his early childhood to his death and some events in the reign of Emperor Jing (Emperor Wu's father and predecessor), such as the Rebellion of the Seven States. It follows the conflicts that defined the pivotal war between the Han Empire and the Xiongnu, and depicts the major victories that the Han scored over the Xiongnu during Emperor Wu's reign. Prominent historical figures such as the generals Li Guang, Wei Qing and Huo Qubing, as well as the diplomats Su Wu and Zhang Qian, also make appearances as supporting characters in the series. Cast : Note: Some cast members played multiple roles. The roles are separated by a slash. Chen Baoguo as Emperor Wu Du Chun as older teenage Emperor Wu Bai Yu as younger teenage Emperor Wu Wan Changhao as child Emperor Wu Jiao Huang as Emperor Jing Gua Ah-leh as Empress Dowager Dou Song Xiaoying as Empress Wang Tao Hong as Liu Ling Lin Jing as Wei Zifu Wang Wang as Sima Qian Yang Tongshu as Princess Pingyang / Jin Su Ma Shaohua as Dou Ying Xu Zuming as Zhou Yafu Chang Shih as Tian Fen Guo Xiao'an as Guan Fu Shen Baoping as Liu Wu, Prince of Liang Sun Feihu as Han Anguo Su Xiaoming as Liu Piao Xu Hongna as Empress Chen Lu Jianmin as Wei Qing Yang Lixiao as Princess Linlü Zhu Yi as Chao Cuo Sun Jifeng as Liu Wu (Prince of Chu) Chen Weidong as Liu Rong Sanmao as young Liu Rong Zhao Xuelian as Princess Nangong Luoqin Yingge as young Princess Nangong Li Danjun as Chuntuo Jian Dan as Consort Su Liu Sha as Empress Bo Ma Yong as Han Yan Zhang Guoqing as Chen Jia Wang Yanjing as Su Ben Su Chongshan as Liu Pi (Prince of Wu) Chen Jinhui as Liu Ang (Prince of Jiaoxi) / Shi Qing Gao Fa as Ichise Chanyu Chen Changhai as Zhonghang Yue Li Le as Huo Qubing Zhao Shuijing as Liu Ju Zhang Jialiang as Liu Tong Li Shiji as Prince of Dongyue / Prince of Minyue Lu Ying as Han Tuidang Wang Jingyi as Qiuxiang Bo Hong as Queen of Yuezhi Yan Jie as Zhao Xin (Ahu'er) / Jumeng Mengmeng as Chun'er Lin Zi as Xiaoqing Zhou Yingping as Ling'er Wang Wei as Prefect of Yongxiang Zhu Xianmin as Jifu Lin Zhonghua as Chao Cuo's father Xu Ming as Luan Bu Lu Shuming as Li Guang Chen Youwang as Wei Wan Zhao Gang as Yuan Ang / King of Dong'ou Li Ping as Gongsun Gui Hu Miao as Qian'er Gao Yicheng as Su Qing Yang Jun as Yang Sheng Tong Zhongqi as Zhi Du Yang Yazhou as Zheng Huaiguo Bo Guanjun as Ji An Ren Zhong as Zhang Qian Jin Ming as Yuan Gusheng Cong Lin as Gongsun He Zhang Shan as Guo Jie Li Ping as Liu She Huang Wei as Huang Sheng Yang Jun as Xiongnu general Fu Xuan as Sang Hongyang Qin Fan as Zhi Buyi Liu Dianxin as Cheng Bushi Guo Xirui as Zhuang Qingdi Ren Wu as Wang Zang Cui Yugui as Gongsun Hong Daliehan as Right Xiongnu Prince Xiaobate as Left Xiongnu Prince Xue Xiaolong as Zhao Wan Zhang Jingdong as Liu Qian Fu Li as Princess Consort Yang Dawei as Dongfang Shuo Huang Wei as Yang Deyi Wan Cang as Chen Yuanliang / Ying Gao Shi Zhishan as Feng Lin Li Xiaoding as Luo Yushan Zhang Hongbin as Zhang Tang Zhu Weican as Wang Fei Zhang Jialiang as Zheng Dangshi Gao Tingting as Li Yan Erentuya as Zhang Qian's wife Jia Wei as Su Jian Hao Hanfeng as Zhang Cigong Chen Yu'er as Liu Qian's wife Ba Yin as Gunchen Chanyu Bilige as King of Baiyang Xiaobate as Marquis of Guishuangxi Hui Jianguo as Liu Pengzu (Prince of Zhao) Nuqian as Yimei Hasibate as King of Xiutu Zhang Chaoli as Sang Hongyang Zhang Lei as Huo Guang / Lei Bei Fan Binbin as young Huo Guang Xu Chong as Jin Midi Sun Xun as young Jin Midi Ren Wei as Liu Ju Gu Guangpeng as young Liu Ju Wang Yingqi as Li Guangli / Sima Wangcheng Shen Baoping as Liu Qumao Liang Wei as Su Wu Qi Jie as Yu Chang Ba Yin as Hu Yafu Qin Jiahua as Tian Qianqiu Xia Zhixiang as Zhang Ou Huang Wenguang as Tao Qing Sun Zhanxian as Feng Jing Xu Dengke as Zhou Gongzi Chen Dazhong as Dou Pengzu Lin Zhonghua as Xu Chang He Ming as Zhou's wife Yang Pingyou as Yan Zhu Liu Wei as Dong Zhongshu Chen Zhigang as Yu Dan Cheng Wenxuan as Princess Linlü Balazhu'er as Xiongnu sorcerer Huoercha as Right Xiongnu Prince Jin Song as Left Grand Viceroy Jia Mingling as Ning Cheng Lou Jicheng as Liu An Zhong Hanhao as Shen Gong Zhang Xuehao as Gongsun Ao Hou Xiangling as Zhu Fuyan / Di Shan Jiang Guoyin as Wang Hui Gao Fei as Gan Fu Xie Hui as Nie Yi, Su Wen Song Jianhua as Li Xi Jiang Jing as Dou's wife Wang Guangjun as Li Yannian Dong Yunbo as Zhang Qian's son Liu Zhenbao as Li Gan Sengge Renqin as King of Loufan Guo Wei as Li Ling / Xihou Jia Wang Weimin as Xihou Wu / Du Zhou Gu Weiwei as Tian Fen's wife Li Jiang as Wu Bei Xue Xilong as Liu Qi Liu Changshan as Chancellor of Dayuan Bo Lin as Zhao Ponu He Qi as King of Hunxie Zhao Wanyi as Lady Zhao Hao Gang as Jiang Chong / Liu De Na Zhidong as Zhang Sheng Sun Xinyu as Liu Fuling Production and reception The production cost for The Emperor in Han Dynasty ran high, with a budget of 50 million yuan, covering extensive battle scenes, period costumes, props and huge backdrops. The crew chose various scenic locations in China, such as Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Henan and Zhejiang, to capture the vast expanse of the Han Empire and its frontiers. The casting featured four different actors playing Emperor Wu at different stages of his life, with the lead actor Chen Baoguo receiving the most screen time portraying the emperor's adult years. The shooting of the series began in 2003 and coincided with the SARS outbreak, causing manpower shortage and delays in production. Post-production began in 2004 and marketing clips started to appear on television talk shows and the Internet later that year. The series was aired on CCTV-1 on 2 January 2005 to great enthusiasm from audience. While some liberties were taken with historical details, The Emperor in Han Dynasty was generally well received by viewers as a faithful portrayal of history. The series was acclaimed and won the 2005 Flying Apsaras Award for Best Long Television Series, Best Director (Hu Mei) and Best Lead Actor (Chen Baoguo). List of featured songs Zuihou De Qingsu, the opening theme song, performed by Han Lei. Dengdai, the ending theme song, performed by Han Lei. Xinling Shui Guo De Difang performed by Han Lei Qianbai Nian Hou Shei Hai Jide Shei performed by Han Lei

Introduction Kráľova hoľa is the highest mountain (1,946 m) of the eastern part of the Low Tatras in central Slovakia. Four rivers rise at its foot: Čierny Váh, Hnilec, Hornád, and Hron. The summit, easily accessible by hiking trails from Telgárt as well as by a paved road from Šumiac (not open to motor vehicles, except for the mountain rescue service and maintenance workers of the TV transmitter on the summit), offers a panoramic view of Spiš, the Tatras, Liptov, and the Upper Hron Valley. Largely deforested by exploitative timber harvesting in the early 19th century, its timberline was restored to its natural elevation of about 1,650 m (5,413 ft.) through the efforts of Ludwig Greiner in the second half of that century. Kráľova hoľa is often depicted in Slovak folklore and Romantic poetry as a safe refuge of heroes and highwaymen, in particular Juraj Jánošík. As a metaphor of homeland in folk ballads (such as Na Kráľovej holi) and particularly in one of the best-known Slovak poems The Death of Jánošík by Ján Botto, the mountain has become one of the informal Slovak national symbols along with Kriváň. During the anti-Nazi Slovak National Uprising, the partisan group Jánošík had their shelters below the top of the mountain. In 1960, a TV transmitter with a 137.5 metres tall guyed tubular mast was built on the top. There is also a weather station and a station of the mountain rescue service.

Introduction The Muppet Musicians of Bremen is a 1972 television special that is an adaptation of Town Musicians of Bremen, featuring The Muppets. It is directed and produced by The Muppet's creator Jim Henson. Kermit the Frog hosts the special. Plot In the Louisiana countryside, Kermit the Frog begins his narration with Mordecai Sledge and Leroy the Donkey, as they approach their residence after stealing items in a boxcar from a railroad yard. When they arrive, Mordecai finds the items are musical instruments, and blames Leroy for the items being worthless. He later scolds Leroy, and goes inside to find his shotgun so he can "retire" him. Startled by the gunshot, Leroy escapes from his owner with the tuba around his neck that Mordecai previously threw in a tree. Shortly after running, Leroy approaches Kermit who influences him to play the tuba, which inspires the donkey to become a traveling musician. On his farm, Farmer Lardpork approaches T.R. the Rooster telling him that he has outlived his usefulness, and plans to have him for lunch. T.R. flees from his owner, and Leroy finds the rooster hiding in a hayfield. Leroy tells of his similar situation and his musical aspiration, which convinces the rooster to join the donkey and play the banjo. T.R. tells the chickens that he is leaving them, but when Lardpork finds him again, Leroy blows his tuba which startles the chickens allowing T.R. to escape. Along the way, T.R. accompanies Leroy until they approach Rover Joe the Hound Dog along the road. In a flashback, he tells how his owner Mean Floyd threw him out through a closed window after the farmer mistook him for a ghost. Rejuvenated by the companionship, Rover Joe joins them, and takes up the trombone. As the trio approach a graveyard, they find Catgut the Pussycat sleeping on a gravestone and waiting to die. Leroy asks Catgut to join them, but she refuses telling them she has lost interest in music. However, Catgut sings of her blues which convinces the cat to tell the animals her backstory. Living with her owner Caleb Siles for thirteen years, she was thrown out into a rain barrel full of water for befriending the rats in his pantry. Eventually, Catgut is uplifted by the prospects of her new future, and joins the animal musicians playing the trumpet. At night, the animals rest in a swamp until they see a light from a nearby farmhouse. Leroy decides to approach the farmhouse, and mistakes a gang of robbers (who happen to be the animals' old owners) as a family inside having dinner. When Leroy reports his discovery, the animals are skeptical at first, but the other animals individually approach the farmhouse mistaking the robbers for a family. Leroy devises a plan to circle the farmhouse surprising the "family" by playing music. In the farmhouse, Mean Floyd is scared of "swamp demons" and "slime serpents", as well as the other robbers (Mordecai's afraid of "tree trolls", Lardpork's scared of "bush bats", and Caleb Siles's fears "mud monsters") due to a full moon during midnight. When the animals burst through the doors playing music, the robbers run in fear while the animals unknowingly attack their former owners. After a lengthy battle, the robbers flee the scene and were never seen again. The animals notice a pantry full of food and the stolen jewelry the robbers left behind, and decide to safeguard it in the farmhouse until the "family" returns where they continually play their music. Kermit ends the special by telling the viewers, "And you know, that's just what they did."

Introduction The Georgia High School Graduation Test, or GHSGT, was administered to all students in the eleventh grade in the US state of Georgia from 1991 to 2013. It determined whether or not a student was eligible to graduate from a Georgia high school. The test consisted of five subject areas: # English/Language Arts # Mathematics # Science # Social Studies # Writing Students were required to pass all five tests to graduate from high school. They were allowed to retake a test as many times as needed, until they achieved a passing score. Students took the graduation tests for the first time in the eleventh grade, if they wished to graduate early. The Writing Assessment took place in the fall, and the GHSGT in English Language Arts, Mathematics, Science, and Social Studies occurred in the spring of the eleventh grade. Each test was scored from 100 to 300, with 300 being a perfect score, and students needed at least 200 points in order to pass each exam. A score higher than 235 resulted in graduation "with honors." Teachers reviewed the testing process with the students before they administered the test, and there were resources available to prepare both students and teachers for the actual taking of the test. Additionally, the GHSGT reported a Lexile measure for each student, which was used to match readers with targeted texts and monitor growth in reading ability.

Introduction Tamhini Ghat is a mountain passage located between Mulshi and Tamhini in Maharashtra, India. Situated on the crest of the Western Ghat mountain ranges, Tamhini Ghat is noted for its surroundings comprising scenic waterfalls, lakes and dense woods. The best time to visit is October through November. History Tamhini Ghat did not exist earlier, as the whole area is under Tata Power. Considering the requirement of additional routes to take traffic in Konkan from Pune and Lonawala this route was proposed. Road The Tamhini road ghat cuts the Sahyadri range to join Mulshi to Tamhini and makes the route in Konkan from Pune. This ghat stretches almost 15 km. The road is now very good and newly laid. The entire stretch becomes a popular destination during the monsoons. During the rainy season, the place transforms into a green bed with many waterfalls and streams. There are state buses which ply through the ghat connecting Pune city with places on the Goa highway (NH17). Tamhini Ghat can be accessed from Mumbai via the Mumbai-Goa Highway by reaching Kolad and after crossing the bridge over Kundalika River, take the left turn that leads to Pune via the Mulshi Dam backwaters. Tamhini Ghat is the stretch between Kolad and these backwaters. It contains different kinds of green velvety carpets, gushing streams, dark grey clouds stooping low, and the occasional waterfalls. These impromptu waterfalls attract tourists from far and wide. From the Tamhini Ghat, the road that leads to the Mulshi Dam backwaters which goes to the waterfall at Palse. This particular waterfall is nowadays getting crowded. Further ahead is Kolad which is now becoming immensely popular for river rafting that you can do on the river Kundalika. Rail The Central Railway Zone & Indian Railways planned a connection between Pimpri Chinchwad to Kolad of Konkan Railway in Maharshatra through a Railway. The project was termed Kundalika River Valley Railway. But the plan was scrapped following survey of the region, which opined on the facts that neither a Broad Gauge nor a Metre Gauge railway can be constructed in Tamhini Ghat Region. Later a survey was done again for construction of a Narrow Gauge line, but it was also scrapped.

Introduction The Whitefish Point Light is a lighthouse located in Chippewa County in the U.S. state of Michigan. Located on the southeastern shores of Lake Superior, it sits at the edge of Whitefish Point leading to Whitefish Bay. Constructed in 1849, it is the oldest operating lighthouse in the Upper Peninsula. All vessels entering or exiting Lake Superior pass near Whitefish Point. The area is infamously known as the "Graveyard of the Great Lakes" due to the high number of shipwrecks in the area, most famously the SS Edmund Fitzgerald. The lighthouse is part of the Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum complex, which contains numerous relics from shipwrecks of the Whitefish Point Underwater Preserve, including the bell of the SS Edmund Fitzgerald. The lighthouse itself was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 and again as a Michigan State Historic Site in 1974. History Vintage image of Whitefish Point Light The DCB-224 Carlisle & Finch aerobeacon in operation at Whitefish Point on November 3, 2007. The light-emitting diode lantern installed at Whitefish Point in August 2011. Construction on the first light began in 1847, and the lighthouse was said to resemble that at Old Presque Isle Light. First lit in 1849, it was one of the first lighthouses on the shores of Lake Superior. It is the oldest active light on the lake, standing at the point of land that marks the course change for vessels coming from the southern coast of Lake Superior, known as the "Graveyard of the Great Lakes", to the Soo Locks. All vessels entering or leaving Lake Superior must past Whitefish Point. Whitefish Point Light is arguably the most important light on Lake Superior. The Whitefish Point area has more shipwrecks than any other area in Lake Superior. The original structure was outfitted with Lewis lamps, which were thereafter upgraded to a fourth order Fresnel lens. The current structure, while modern looking, is a Civil War relic. Built in 1861, the iron skeletal steel framework was designed to relieve stress caused by high winds. A similar design is used at Manitou Island Light in Lake Superior. It was equipped with a third order Fresnel lens. In 1968, the light was replaced with a DCB-224 aero beacon manufactured by the Carlisle & Finch Company. According to Volume 7 of the U.S. Coast Guard light list, it was visible for a distance of in clear weather conditions, and had two unevenly spaced eclipses, and two flashes within every 20 second period. Putting aside questions of nostalgia, aesthetics, or appreciation for the engineering of a bygone era (as exemplified by the Fresnel lens), this iteration of lighthouse illumination was itself incredibly effective, and an endangered remnant of another bygone era. The station was automated in 1971. In 2011, the U.S. Coast Guard Local Notice to Mariners reported reduced intensity of the Whitefish Point light from June 7, 2011 until August 16, 2011, when the DCB-224 Series Carlisle & Finch aerobeacon lens was changed to a light-emitting diode (LED) lantern with a reduced range of as permitted by Coast Guard rules and regulations adopted in 2003 for private aids to navigation. The aerobeacon lens is stored in a building at the Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum complex for possible future public display. The lighthouse is home to the Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum, which has many artifacts from numerous shipwrecks in the Whitefish Point Underwater Preserve, most notably, the bell from the SS Edmund Fitzgerald, which was recovered from the wreck in 1995. The Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum is open during the tourist season from 10 am to 6 pm, every day through October 31. The organization that operates the museum got 80.079% of its funding from the public in the year 2010. The light is considered iconic, and has been the subject of memorabilia. An official Michigan Historical Marker was erected in 1974. It is Registered Site L0272. The marker notes: This light, the oldest on Lake Superior, began operating in 1849, though the present tower was constructed later. An early stopping place for Indians, Voyageurs, Coureur des bois and Jesuit missionaries, the point marks the course change for ore boats and other ships navigating this treacherous coastline to and from St. Mary's Canal. Since 1971 the light, fog signal, and radio beacon have been automated and controlled from Sault Ste. Marie. The keepers were: 1848–1851: James B. Van Rensselaer 1851–1853: Amos Stiles 1853–1856: William C. Crampton 1856–1859: Belloni McGulpin 1859–1861: Charles Garland 1861–1864: Joseph Kemp 1864–1868: Thomas Stafford 1868–1874: Edward Ashman 1874–1882: Charles J. Linke 1882–1883: Edward Chambers 1883–1903: Charles Kimball 1903–1931: Robert Carlson Whitefish Point is on the Lake Superior coastline known as the “Graveyard of the Great Lakes”. The numerous shipwrecks of Whitefish Bay include: Comet John B. Cowle Drake Samuel Mather Miztec Myron Niagara John M. Osborn Sagamore Vienna These wreck sites are protected for future generations of sports divers by the Whitefish Point Underwater Preserve. The site is a venue for remembrance of the S.S. Edmund Fitzgerald, and extends back to the 1816 loss of "the very first ship known to sail on Superior, the sixty-foot trading vessel Invincible," which upended in gale force winds and towering waves near there. "Every loss was tragic." There are critics that claim that the stewardship of the Great Lakes Shipwreck Historical Society over this lighthouse caused it to be "overdeveloped." Michigan Audubon Society filed a lawsuit that accused the Great Lakes Shipwreck Historical Society of over-developing Whitefish Point and the United States Fish & Wildlife Service of not protecting the site. The lawsuit was settled in 2002 when the parties agreed to govern the site with a management plan. The former 44-acre Coast Guard site at Whitefish Point consists of 2.7 acres transferred to the Michigan Audubon Society and the Whitefish Point Bird Observatory, 8.3 acres transferred to the Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum, and 33 acres transferred to the US Fish and Wildlife Service administered by Seney National Wildlife Refuge. The 20-acre Helstrom Addition was added to the Whitefish Point Unit of the Seney National Wildlife Refuge in 2012 so that the US Fish and Wildlife Service now holds a total of 55 acres at Whitefish Point. Other uses The Whitefish Point Unit of the Seney National Wildlife Refuge provides important migratory bird migration habitat for raptors, waterbirds, and songbirds. Whitefish Point is a designated Important Bird Area . The Whitefish Point Bird Observatory is a research and education facility operated in affiliation with Michigan Audubon, a State Chapter of the National Audubon Society. Whitefish Point is the best place in North America to observe the saw-whet owl. Most of Whitefish Point is a wildlife sanctuary, renowned for the variety of birds that pass through. The Michigan Audubon Society maintains a small information room informing birders particular species to observe as they hike along the trails network. A wooden walkway has been constructed to allow the visitor a chance to venture into the sanctuary area and observe wildlife. Whitefish Point is a target for migrating birds, including eagles, Northern goshawks, geese, falcons, hawks and owls. The sandy beach along the point is an exciting place to look for banded agates, especially after a storm or to take a walk along the sandy shoreline and enjoy the magic of Lake Superior. In 2012, for the fourth year in a row after a 23-year absence, piping plovers nested at Whitefish Point, and successfully fledged offspring. From 25px M-123 in Paradise, go north on Whitefish Point Road for just over to Whitefish Point Lighthouse. It is well marked.

Introduction Brynmawr Furniture Makers Ltd was a furniture manufacturing company set up in the midst of the Great Depression in the United Kingdom as part of the Brynmawr Experiment in Brynmawr, Wales. Following the General Strike in 1926, Brynmawr had been particularly badly affected and was left with high levels of unemployment. Brynmawr Furniture Makers factory was set up as part of Quaker-led effort to tackle the issues starting in 1929. It was known for well-made utilitarian designs but closed in 1939. History A small group of Quakers arrived in Brynmawr in 1928-9 intending to provide relief supplies and encourage social work. The group was led by Peter Scott, who began developing ways to encourage industries and employment. These were at first incorporated as Brynmawr and Clydach Valleys Ltd and included knitting, Welsh tweed, boot-making and furniture-making in a former boot factory. In time it emerged that only boot-making and furniture manufacturing could provide sustainable employment for workers, the former because of retained local knowledge and the latter because of the inspirational leadership of Paul Matt. Paul Matt Paul Matt had worked his apprenticeship with his father, an talented cabinet-maker from Hamburg, Germany. He arrived in Brynmawr with the Quakers and in 1930 set down plans for a furniture production factory. Peter Scott promoted this idea and was able to raise £6000 which enabled work to start. The available workers were inexperienced and lack skills, so Paul Matt designed a range of simple furniture which could be made well. Soon a Quaker school in York ordered 200 chairs and production began. Operations Items were made to order in small batches, mostly with laminated panels slotting into a solid wood framework. A large fret saw was used to cut solid wood items like chair legs then the frame rebates were cut on a circular saw. The panels were added and the edges bevelled with a circular saw. At the time it was unusual to use laminated plywood as it was considered low quality, but Paul Matt believed that using a framework made them more secure. Matt's designs gave the furniture a distinct style with bevels being regularly used to give a rounded style and disguise the use of plywood. Oak was regularly used as there were excess supplies available in Cardiff and later a high quality laminated Australian walnut was acquired for use. Finished items were then finished with a hard wax. Finished items were relatively expensive and sold in department stores such as Morgan's in Cardiff and at specialist exhibitions. In 1936 Paul Matt left the company and was succeeded by his assistant, Arthur Basil Reynolds. At this time, slight changes to Matt's designs were introduced and walnut furniture was included in the collections. The following year the Gwalia works factory was gutted by fire. A new building was erected near the old site in 1937. Bardic chair In 1938, Brynmawr Furniture Makers were commissioned to make the Eisteddfod's Bardic chair from oak grown in Wales and, naturally, to be made by Welsh Craftsmen. A small committee of experts representing the Society and the 1938 Eisteddfod chosen to work alongside the Brynmawr Furniture Makers to be responsible for the design. The chair, fashioned in oak, with the seat and the central slat of the back in natural hide. In keeping with the traditions of Brynmawr furniture, ornamentation was restrained and sparse, limited to the reeding of the arm-uprights where the fingers rest. The leather at the back of the chair bore a coloured representation of the Arms of Wales in red and gold as registered at the College of Heralds. Below this was the inscription “Eisteddfod Genedlaethol Frenhinol Cymru, Caerdydd, 1938”. The top rail of the back was incised behind Anrheg y Cardiff Naturalists’ Society. Closure Importing materials became difficult after the onset of World War II and the demand for high quality furniture rapidly declined forcing the Brynmawr Furniture Company to close its doors for the last time in 1940.

Introduction At the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, two diving events were contested, both for men only. The competition was held on Tuesday July 14, 1908 and Friday July 24, 1908. While the competitive events were restricted to men only, an exhibition was performed by two women on July 18. Medal summary The events are labelled as 3 metre springboard and 10 metre platform by the International Olympic Committee, and appeared on the 1908 Official Report as high diving and fancy diving. The high diving event included dives from both 10 metre and 5 metre platforms, while the fancy diving included dives from 3 metre and 1 metre springboards. 3 m springboard 10 m platform Participating nations A total of 39 divers from 9 nations competed at the London Games: Medal table

Introduction Hermann Friedrich Raupach was an 18th-century German composer. Biography Hermann Raupach was born at Stralsund in Germany, the son and pupil of composer and organist Christoph Raupach (1686-1744) and the nephew of Lutheran church historian Bernhard Raupach (1682–1745). Raupach was a harpsichordist, who became the assistant of Vincenzo Manfredini, at the Russian Imperial Court Orchestra in Saint Petersburg in 1755. In 1758 he was appointed a Kapellmeister and court composer. Some of his operas were performed in Russian. His Alceste is regarded as "the second Russian opera" (after Araja's Tsefal i Prokris, 1755). The role of Admet in this opera was sung by Dmitry Bortniansky, called the "Orpheus of the Neva River". W. A. Mozart's adaptation of Andantino from the Sonata by Hermann Raupach in his Piano Concerto No. 4, in G, the second movement, K. 41, dated by Leopold Mozart July 1767, Salzburg. In 1762 Raupach left St Petersburg for Hamburg and then to Paris, where he met Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and improvised with him on harpsichord in 4 hands. Mozart arranged some movements from his sonatas for piano and string orchestra. The Sonata for Piano and Violin in A major, that was listed as K. 61, first appeared under Mozart's name in the Breitkopf & Härtel OEuvres in 1804. It had been in Baron Taddaus von Dürnitz collection, and was mistakenly thought to be by Mozart. In 1912 Téodor de Wyzewa and Georges de Saint-Foix discovered that the real composer was Hermann Raupach. They believed the young Mozart copied this sonata to use for an arrangement for a piano concerto, as he had used works of Raupach in K. 37, K. 39 and K. 41; see also: Piano Concertos Nos. 1–4 (Mozart). Later Raupach returned to St Petersburg, where he became the instructor of composition and singing at the Academy of Fine Arts from 1768 to 1778. The composers Dmitry Bortniansky and Yevstigney Fomin were among his pupils. He died in St Petersburg. Works ;Operas Alceste, ( – Alcesta, text by Alexander Sumarokov in Russian (1758, St Petersburg), The New Monastery Siroe, in Italian (1760, St Petersburg) Good Soldiers ;Others About 15(?) ballets Cantatas to the Psalms in Russian translation by Mikhail Lomonosov (His Psalm 145 was especially popular) Violin sonatas Bibliography *Gerber E. L.: Altes Lexicon, II, p. 239

Introduction "Kamen/Mirai Kōkai" is Tackey & Tsubasa's fifth single under the Avex Trax label. Overview The first a-side song "Kamen" was used as the theme song for the Japanese version of the movie Mask 2. The other a-side song "Mirai Kōkai" was used as the ending theme song for the anime One Piece. Sample of Kamen's translated lyrics: I'll be a flower of the summer flames Putting on a golden, golden mask Taking in the sun straightforwardly With dazzling eyes, dazzling eyes, and passion that stabs the sky Someday, I'll be the sky So that I can bluely, bluely dissolve If I continue to believe in a new world, in my heart, in my heart The lies, sadness, and clouds will clear away Track listing Regular CD Format # "" (Hideyuki Obata, Mikio Sakai) - 5:06 # "" (Kousuke Morimoto, Mikiko Tagata) - 4:02 # "Romantic" (Takeshi, Takashi Iioka) - 4:05 # "Kamen: karaoke" - 5:06 # "Mirai Kōkai: karaoke" - 4:03 Limited CD Format # "" (Hideyuki Obata, Mikio Sakai) - 5:06 # "" (Kousuke Morimoto, Mikiko Tagata) - 4:02 # "Kamen: karaoke" - 5:06 # "Mirai Kōkai: karaoke" - 4:03 CD+DVD Format CD Portion # "" (Hideyuki Obata, Mikio Sakai) - 5:06 # "" (Kousuke Morimoto, Mikiko Tagata) - 4:02 # "Kamen: karaoke" - 5:06 # "Mirai Kōkai: karaoke" - 4:03 DVD Portion # " Video Clip" - 5:07 Personnel Takizawa Hideaki - vocals Imai Tsubasa - vocals TV performances May 6, 2005 - Music Station Charts Oricon Sales Chart (Japan) Release Chart Peak Position Sales Total Chart Run 4 May 2005 Oricon Daily Singles Chart 1 Oricon Weekly Singles Chart 1 124,000 8 weeks Oricon Yearly Singles Chart RIAJ Certification As of June 2005, "Kamen / Mirai Kōkai" has been certified gold for shipments of over 100,000 by the Recording Industry Association of Japan.

Introduction According to the Book of Mormon, a Rameumptom is a high tower or stand from which the Zoramites gave a rote prayer with both arms raised high. Several Book of Mormon characters (including Alma the Younger and his companions) viewed the practice of praying from a Rameumptom as sinful, largely because the prayer affirmed the Zoramites' belief that there would be no Christ, and that the Zoramites were elected to be saved while all around them were "elected to be cast... down to hell." The weekly prayer on the Rameumptom was the Zoramites' only religious observance, while for the rest of the week they never mentioned God and pursued a lavish and selfish lifestyle. In LDS culture, the term "Rameumptom" has a metaphoric meaning, signifying self-aggrandizement or hubris. The word's etymology suggested by Mormon sources is possibly from the Hebrew rām or rāmâ, "to be high, to be exalted" (as in Isa 10:33 rāmê- “heights of”), and ˁōmed, meaning a "stand" or "place" (as in Nehemiah 8:7, 9:3, 13:11 ˁomdām “their standing, their place”).

Introduction German ration stamp for a person on holiday/vacation during World War II (5-day-stamp) French ration stamps, 1944. Nanjing 1962 daily industrial products ration stamp/coupon, China. Romanian 1989 ration card for bread. Yugoslavian ration stamps for milk. 1950 Ration stamps for sugar, buckwheat, vegetable oil, rice, and pasta, provided by the Artsakh government in January 2023. A ration stamp, ration coupon, or ration card is a stamp or card issued by a government to allow the holder to obtain food or other commodities that are in short supply during wartime or in other emergency situations when rationing is in force. Ration stamps were widely used during World War II by both sides after hostilities caused interruption to the normal supply of goods. They were also used after the end of the war while the economies of the belligerents gradually returned to normal. Ration stamps were also used to help maintain the amount of food one could hold at a time. This was so that one person would not have more food than another. India Rationing has been present in India since World War II. A ration card allows households to purchase highly subsidised food grain, sugar and kerosene from their local Public distribution system (PDS) shop. There are two types of ration cards: Priority ration cards (replaced the erstwhile above poverty line and below poverty line ration cards after the enactment of the National Food Security Act in 2013) Antyodaya (AAY) ration cards, issued to the "poorest of the poor" United States Rationing was used in the United States during World War II. Government funds provided to poverty stricken individuals by the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program are often referred to colloquially as "food stamps". The parallels between these "food stamps" and ration stamps as used in war time rationing is limited, however, since food can be purchased in the United States on the regular market without the use of stamps. United Kingdom Rationing was widespread in the United Kingdom during World War II and continued long after the end of the war. It has been credited with greatly increasing public health. Fuel rationing did not end until 1950. Poland Ration cards were used in the Polish People's Republic in two periods: April 1952 to January 1953 and August 1976 to July 1989. If one were to buy more food than specified on the stamp, they had to pay 2.5 times the price.

Introduction Evergreen Everblue is a music album by popular children's entertainer Raffi, released in 1990. The album was aimed at an older audience than most of Raffi's children's albums. The songs on this album are ecology-themed. Track listing #"Intro/Evergreen, Everblue" – 4:51 #"Mama's Kitchen" – 3:31 #"Big Beautiful Planet" – 3:23 #"Alive and Dreaming" – 3:46 #"Where I Live" – 4:05 #"What's the Matter With Us" – 3:42 #"Our Dear, Dear Mother" – 3:15 #"Just Like the Sun" – 2:44 #"Clean Rain" – 3:07 #"One Light, One Sun" – 2:09 #"We Are Not Alone" – 4:10

Introduction Ricardo Miguel Moreira da Costa is a Portuguese former professional footballer who played mainly as a central defender but occasionally as a full-back. After making his senior debut with Porto (where he was only a reserve) he went on to play in Germany, France, Spain, Qatar, Greece and Switzerland mainly spending several years with Valencia in the third country. Over ten seasons, he amassed Primeira Liga totals of 165 matches and seven goals. A Portugal international since 2005, Costa represented the nation in three World Cups and Euro 2012. Club career Porto Costa, a product of Boavista FC's youth system, was born in Vila Nova de Gaia, Porto District, and moved to neighbours FC Porto when he was still an apprentice. He made his Primeira Liga debut in a 20 January 2002 derby match precisely against Boavista (2–0 away loss, 90 minutes played), but never became more than a fringe player, being preferred in the stopper's pecking order in consecutive seasons to namesake Jorge, Pedro Emanuel, Pepe and Bruno Alves. On 21 May 2003, Costa came on as an early substitute for injured Costinha during the 2003 UEFA Cup Final in Seville, which ended in a 3–2 win. Wolfsburg Costa at Wolfsburg in October 2009 In July 2007, as first-team opportunities appeared few at Porto, Costa signed with Bundesliga club VfL Wolfsburg on a three-year contract. After a shaky start, he finished the season as an undisputed starter as the side qualified to the UEFA Cup. Costa scored just 15 seconds after his introduction in a match against Karlsruher SC on 28 September 2008, making it the second-fastest goal ever scored by a substitute. In the summer of 2009, he was about to be transferred to Real Zaragoza, but the deal collapsed after the two parties could not reach an agreement; the move was finally cancelled on 29 July, and the player returned to Wolfsburg. On 28 January 2010, although he was being used regularly, Costa joined Lille OSC in France. Valencia On 17 May 2010, after having contributed relatively to Lille's fourth place in Ligue 1, he moved teams and countries again, joining Valencia CF of Spain on a four-year contract. He scored his first goal on 9 March 2011, putting the Che ahead at FC Schalke 04 in the round of 16 of the UEFA Champions League, a 3–1 defeat (4–2 on aggregate). In the ensuing off-season, Costa was selected by manager Unai Emery as one of the team's captains. However, things quickly turned sour for the former: he was replaced at half-time of an eventual 4–3 home win against Racing de Santander, and quickly went from first to fourth choice after unflaterring comments directed against his teammates and management. Later years Costa left Valencia by mutual consent on 21 July 2014, as his contract was due to expire in June 2015. One week later, he agreed to a two-year deal at Al-Sailiya SC. He scored his first and only goal for the Qatari club on 30 October, in a 4–3 home victory over Al-Wakrah Sport Club. PAOK FC signed Costa in late January 2015, following a successful medical test. In an interview to Portuguese newspaper A Bola a few months after his transfer, he talked about his experience in Asia by stating: "It was a completely different reality, that I couldn't accept. Everything was so non-professional". During his 12-month tenure he appeared in 37 games all competitions comprised, his only goal coming on 27 August 2015 in a 1–1 draw at Brøndby IF in the play-off round of the Europa League. Costa returned to Spain and its top division on 1 February 2016, to join Granada CF until June 2017; he vowed to defend his new team "to the death". His first appearance took place six days later, as he played the full 90 minutes in a 1–2 home loss against Real Madrid. On 5 July 2016, after contributing 14 starts and one goal to his side's eventual survival, Costa had his contract terminated by mutual consent. He resumed his career at FC Luzern in Switzerland days later. The 36-year-old Costa returned to Portugal after one decade in June 2017, signing a two-year deal at top-flight club C.D. Tondela. On 1 July 2019, he returned to Boavista. On 13 August 2020, shortly after having announced his retirement, Costa was named sporting director at Boavista. He resigned the following 29 January due to conflicts with the fanbase. International career Héctor Baldassi shows a red card to Costa in the 2010 World Cup match against Spain Croatia in a 2013 friendly Costa played for Portugal at under-21 level and was also a part of the Olympic team that played in the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. A full international since 2005, he was called up to the squad for the 2006 FIFA World Cup, where he appeared against Germany in the 3–1 third-place playoff loss. On 10 May 2010, national team boss Carlos Queiroz announced a provisional list of 24 players in view for the 2010 World Cup in South Africa, with Costa being included, thus returning to the squad after a four-year absence. He played twice in the tournament, always as right back: in the 0–0 group stage draw against Brazil, and the round-of-16 defeat to Spain (0–1, where he was sent off in the last minute, receiving a three-match ban for his actions). Costa played and started two games in the 2014 World Cup qualifying campaign. He scored his first and only international goal on 11 October 2013 in a 1–1 home draw against Israel, and was named by manager Paulo Bento in the final 23-man squad for the tournament in Brazil. On 16 June 2014, Costa became the second Portuguese to play in three World Cups after Cristiano Ronaldo did so in the same match, coming on for the second half of the first group stage match against Germany, a 4–0 loss. He was then selected to replace the suspended Pepe in a 2–2 draw with the United States, making a goal-line clearance from Michael Bradley in the second half. Career statistics Club + Appearances and goals by club, season and competition Club Season League National Cup League Cup Continental Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Porto 2001–02 Primeira Liga 6 0 0 0 — 0 0 — 6 0 2002–03 Primeira Liga 10 0 4 0 — 6 1 — 20 1 2003–04 Primeira Liga 9 1 5 0 — 0 0 — 14 1 2004–05 Primeira Liga 24 1 1 0 — 6 1 — 31 2 2005–06 Primeira Liga 18 1 2 0 — 3 0 — 23 1 2006–07 Primeira Liga 8 0 1 0 — 2 0 — 11 0 Total 75 3 13 0 — 17 2 — 105 5 Wolfsburg 2007–08 Bundesliga 20 2 3 0 — — — 23 2 2008–09 Bundesliga 11 3 2 0 — 6 0 — 19 3 2009–10 Bundesliga 11 1 0 0 — 5 0 — 16 1 Total 42 6 5 0 — 11 0 — 58 6 Lille 2009–10 Ligue 1 10 1 0 0 — — — 10 1 Valencia 2010–11 La Liga 29 0 2 0 — 7 1 — 38 1 2011–12 La Liga 12 0 1 0 — 5 1 — 18 1 2012–13 La Liga 26 4 4 0 — 6 0 — 36 4 2013–14 La Liga 20 3 3 0 — 9 1 — 32 4 Total 87 7 10 0 — 27 3 — 124 10 Al-Sailiya 2014–15 Qatar Stars League 15 1 0 0 — — — 15 1 PAOK 2014–15 Super League Greece 15 0 0 0 — — — 15 0 2015–16 Super League Greece 11 0 1 0 — 10 1 — 22 1 Total 26 0 1 0 — 10 1 — 37 1 Granada 2015–16 La Liga 14 1 0 0 — — — 14 1 FC Luzern 2016–17 Swiss Super League 33 1 3 0 — 2 0 — 38 1 Tondela 2017–18 Primeira Liga 32 2 1 0 1 0 — — 34 2 Career total 334 22 33 0 1 0 67 6 — 435 28 Honours Porto Primeira Liga: 2002–03, 2003–04, 2005–06, 2006–07 Taça de Portugal: 2002–03, 2005–06 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira: 2003, 2004, 2006 UEFA Champions League: 2003–04 UEFA Cup: 2002–03 Intercontinental Cup: 2004 VfL Wolfsburg Bundesliga: 2008–09 Orders Medal of Merit, Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa (House of Braganza)

Introduction The Buffalo-Glencoe Tondas are a defunct Tier II Junior "A" ice hockey team that played in Buffalo, New York and later in Glencoe, Ontario, Canada. They played in the Southern Ontario Junior A Hockey League. History The Tondas joined the Southern Ontario Junior A Hockey League in 1973. Their performance was not spectacular and they did not draw well. Late in the year, the team was moved to Glencoe, Ontario which was a lot closer to the rest of the teams. They were renamed the Buffalo-Glencoe Tondas. With only fifteen wins in sixty-two games during the 1973-74 season, the Tondas were not a successful franchise and did not return in 1974-75. Season-by-season record Season GP W L T OTL GF GA P Results Playoffs 1973-74 62 15 41 Playoffs 1974 DNQ

Introduction The Yibir, also referred to as the Yibbir, the Yebir, the Yahhar or the Yibro, derived from an Aramaic ‘iḇray' word which means Jews, are a caste of Somali people. They have traditionally been endogamous. Their hereditary occupations have been magic making, leather work, the dispensing of traditional medicine and the making of amulets. They belong to the Sab clan and sometimes referred to as a minority clan, they perform menial tasks. The Somali tradition holds that the Yibir are descendants of Mohammad Hanif of Hargeysa. Mohammad Hanif acquired a reputation as a pagan magician, according to Somali folklore, he was defeated by Yusuf bin Ahmad al-Kawneyn. According to this myth, the rest of the Somali society has ever since paid a small gift to a Yibir after childbirth, as a form of blood compensation. The Yibir have a language (a dialect of Somali) they keep secret from the ruling Somali clans. Although Muslims and ethnically similar to other Somalis, the Yibir caste has been traditionally denigrated, demeaned and discriminated against by higher social strata of the Somali society. Yibir Muslim Somali Origin Foundation The foundational for the Yibir involves one Shaykh Yusuf bin Ahmad al-Kawneyn, also known as Aw Barkhadle (Blessed Father), associated as one of those who brought Islam to Somalia from Arabia. The story goes that when Barkhadle first arrived in the northern Somali region, he was confronted by pagan Mohamed Hanif (also pejoratively known as Bu'ur Ba'ayer). The two leaders then decided to settle the issue of legitimacy between them via a test of mystical strength. Barkhadle challenged Hanif to traverse a small hill near Dogor, an area situated some 20 miles north of the regional capital of Hargeisa. Hanif twice successfully accomplished this task asked of him. However, during Hanif's third demonstration of his powers, Barkhadle "invoked the superior might of God and imprisoned his rival for ever within the mountain." Orthodox Islam thus prevailed over the old pagan cult. An alternate version states that Barkhadle murdered the pagan Hanif. Hanif's descendants, goes the legend, subsequently demanded blood money or diyya from Barkhadle for the death of their leader and in perpetuity. Barkhadle granted them their wish. This myth underlies the Somali practice of offering gifts to Yibir who come to give amulets and bless newborn children and newlywed couples. Ever since, Somali have adhered to the custom of samanyo or samayo, payment made to the Yibir by their Somali patrons. One of the versions of the story is recorded in Yibir and translated into English by John William Carnegie Kirk. In 1921, Major H. Rayne, a district-commissioner in British Somaliland, also recounts the story, using it as a preface to an anecdote about a Somali who had just become a father and asked him for money to pay a passing Yibir. Jewish origin Yibir were an originally Jewish tribe who, in a strongly Muslim country, became the low castes among Somalis. Some Yibir state that they are descendants of Hebrews who arrived in the area long before the arrival of Somali nomads. Despite their Jewish origins, the overwhelming majority of the Yibir, like the Somali population in general, adhere to Islam and not Judaism. Their Hebrew origins has been offered as an explanation for the Yibir occupying a subordinate position in Somali society. Social status According to Teshale Tibebu – a professor of History specializing on Ethiopia and Horn of Africa, the Yibir along with Mijan and Tomal castes have traditionally been considered as ritually impure, and other caste members of the Somali society would never marry a member of the Tomal, Mijan and Yibir castes. They were, for many years, denied basic rights and opportunities for education. Occupation The Yibir traditionally were itinerant magicians. Their occupation in the Somalia have been similar to those of Dushan in southern Arabia, both being jesters in the employ of the chiefs. The Yibir also crafted hardas containing verses from the Quran, prayer mats and leather goods such as saddles. These amulets have been in demand as protection from harm and illness during childbirth and other rites of passage. The Yibir are skilled workers who engage themselves in the various jobs that city dwellers do, unlike the Somali nomads, their livelihood depends on their skills which requires them to make crafts and other object the Somali communities need. Traditionally, Yibirs are known for their religious rituals. When a child is born in Somalia, a person from the Yibir caste is invited to bless the child by giving a Quranic verse-containing amulet for protection, and in return the Yibir receives a payment for conducting the ceremony, then an amulet is placed on the child's neck to protect the child from evil eyes and any malicious acts. These amulets are traditionally worn by children everyday, in the superstitious belief of their protective powers, even when these children are allowed to run naked. Contemporary situation Yibir have a reputation for magic; one of their traditional functions is to bless the newborn and the newly married. In return for these blessings they receive gifts, a continual repayment for the killing of Mohammed Hanif. They subsist in two different ways—by being attached to noble Somali families, or by (cyclically) visiting different households. The payments they receive, called samanyo, also function to forestall the fear of a possible cursing of the (Somali) host by the Yibir soothsayer or magician; though the Yibir are the "smallest and most despised" clan of the sab, they are thought to have the strongest magic. Persistently refusing to give a gift on the occasion of a birth invites the curse of the Yibir, which is supposed to result in a violent death for the refusing party or a deformed new-born. Another of the Yibir's believed supernatural characteristics is that when they die they vanish: no one, according to Somali tradition, "has ever seen the grave of a Yibir", a quality possibly derived from the disappearance of their ancestor, Hanif. There has been no census count and estimates about the Yibir community vary. In 2000, Ahmad Jama Hersi who is a Kenyan resident, guessed that 25,000 Yibir lived in Somalia and neighboring countries. Language The language of the Yibir (like that of the Madhiban) is described by early 20th century Western linguists as a dialect of the Somali language. Yibir and Madhiban are similar and share a number of words. J.W.C. Kirk, a British infantry officer stationed in British Somaliland, published a grammar of Somali with an account of the Yibir and Midgan (i.e. Madhiban) dialects in 1905 and commented on the difference of the two dialects from the dominant Somali language. According to his sources, the difference is necessary to maintain a secrecy and keep the ruling class from total dominance of the subservient clans: Kirk stresses this desire for secrecy repeatedly: "Therefore I must ask any who may read this and who may sojourn in the country, not to repeat what I give here to any Somali, not of Yibir or Midgan birth"; a similar note was sounded by the German linguist Adolf Walter Schleicher in his 1892 grammar of the Somali language. In more recent times, the linguist Roger Blench, referencing Kirk, has similarly indicated that the Yibir and Madhiban dialects both "differ substantially in lexicon from standard Somali". However, he remarks that it remains unknown whether this linguistic divergence is due to some sort of difference in code or is instead indicative of distinct languages. Cognate castes in Horn of Africa The Yibir caste is not an exception limited to the Somali ethnic group, and equivalent cognate caste is found in numerous ethnic groups in Horn of Africa and East Africa. According to Donald Levine – a professor of Sociology specializing in Ethiopian and Horn of Africa studies, similar caste groups in different languages and ethnic groups have been integral part of societies of this region. These strata have featured all the defining characteristics of caste, states Levine, characteristics such as "endogamy, hierarchy, status, concepts of pollution, restraints on commensality, a traditional occupation and membership by birth". In east African ethnic groups, such as the Oromo people, cognates to Somali castes have been recorded in 16th century texts, states Cornelius Jaenen. Among Cushitic-speaking Bako people and others in the Horn of Africa, a similar despise and isolation has been targeted against a caste of negroid-origin people for magic and ritual services such as blessing babies, circumcision, and burying the dead. The "Watta" people who are hunter gatherers among the Oromo people are also despised and occupy lowest strata in society.

Introduction Briarpatch is an independent alternative news magazine based in Saskatchewan, Canada and distributed across Canada and internationally. Briarpatch is published six times a year by Briarpatch Incorporated, an independent non-profit organization. It is a member of Magazines Canada and the staff are members of RWDSU Local 568. Briarpatch is printed by union labour on FSC-certified paper using vegetable-based ink. History Beginnings Briarpatch Magazine began as Notes from the Briar Patch, a newsletter established by the Unemployed Citizens Welfare Improvement Council (UCWIC), based in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. Its founders were Maria Fischer, David Hoskings and Vivian Fisher. In 1973, UCWIC was engaged in the lives of some 500 welfare recipients, through a co-operative buying club, a co-operative daycare and advocacy work. It was also allied with several other grassroots organizations and service agencies, under the umbrella of the Saskatchewan Coalition of Anti-Poverty Organizations (SCAPO), giving rise to discussions about the need for a communications vehicle for the various agencies and their members. Although they had no budget, in August 1973 Fischer, Hoskings and Fisher decided to press forward and create a newsletter. The inaugural issue was produced on August 24, 1973 as a 10-page corner-stapled newsletter. It was a popular item at Saskatoon's annual Poor People's March, and supporters began to donate money and paper. The group continued to produce issues throughout the fall of 1973, distributing 500 copies monthly to Saskatoon's various service agencies. The first four editions, produced on an early photocopier owned by the Saskatoon Family Service Bureau, were expensive to produce and the thermofax paper quality was poor. As a result, no copies are known to survive today. However, the gamble of pushing ahead without a budget paid off; with a successful publication in hand, UCWIC was able to obtain a $2,500 federal grant from Canada's Human Resource Development Agency (HRDA) in November 1973. Thereafter, Notes from the Briar Patch was printed on a Gestetner machine at the Saskatoon Community Clinic at a cost of $300 a month. The improved printing techniques allowed circulation to expand to 2,000 copies by 1974. Founding Editorial Stance From the beginning, it was clear the publication intended to be more than an information sheet. Its very name represented a critical stance, being a playful pun on the last name of an unpopular local welfare officer named Brierley. The idea of media-empowered citizen engagement was explained in this 1977 description of the newsletter's founding ethos: :The purpose of the newsletter was to organize low income people in order that they might change a dehumanizing life situation. They felt that there was no vehicle through which they could be informed of decisions made on their behalf, in terms which they could understand. They also recognized the need for a communication system which would express their feelings about those decisions, and their general situation, something which the established media did not seem to be doing. Independence Despite the challenges of operating on shoe-string funding, within a year Notes from the Briar Patch had an impressive distribution network and a desire to become its own independent entity. At the same time, UCWIC was winding down. In 1974 the Briar Patch Society was incorporated, with a membership fee set at $1. At the society's first general meeting, held February 21–22, 1974, the members agreed to produce an independent newsletter that would: act as a communications link for low income people; provide educational workshops and media access; and "evaluate, analyze, and provide constructive criticism of government programs and dealings with low income people known to the public." A seven-member board was chosen to oversee operations of the magazine, named The Briar Patch, in honour of the original newsletter. The society created a distribution system by which organizations could buy bundles of magazines at bulk rates and sell individual copies for 25 cents each, gaining some income while spreading the magazine. For core funding, The Briar Patch turned to the Saskatchewan Coalition of Anti-Poverty Organizations (SCAPO), which provided $2,500 from its pool of federal funds. Added to this was $3,800 from the Protestant, Lutheran, Roman Catholic and Anglican Aid Committee (PLRA, later called PLURA with the addition of the United Church). Although the grants were small, it was enough to keep the magazine above water until it received its first substantive funding, a $36,000 grant from the Saskatchewan Department of Social Services, in April 1975. With this funding, the magazine moved into a larger office, hired staff, and changed to a magazine format with a centre staple and glossy cover. Briarpatch moved its main office to Regina, the provincial capital in 1975, so that it could be closer to the provincial political scene. The magazine's increasing commitment to independent journalism raised debate among board and staff over whether anti-poverty groups should have direct control over content, leading to a split with SCAPO. Subsequently, The Briar Patch began to take on the look and feel of an independent alternative magazine. In 1976, the magazine expanded its mandate to include covering news of workers and Indigenous people, which led to increased coverage of labour, agriculture and Indigenous issues. As well, the board was expanded to include volunteers and contributors from throughout the province. On the Indigenous front, critical coverage of northern uranium development proved to be a popular topic. Activities of the women's movement, including early efforts to establish childcare programs and women's shelters, were also frequently reported on. Many articles were critical of the provincial government of the day, headed by the Saskatchewan New Democratic Party (NDP). In January 1978, the non-profit society re-incorporated as Briarpatch, Inc., and changed the publication's title to a single word, Briarpatch. Board and staff sharpened the focus on independent journalism, joining the Canadian Periodical Publishers Association and attending the founding conference of the Canadian Investigative Journalism Association (Gilmour, 1993). In essence, Briarpatch's primary raison d'être was by now well grounded within common definitions of accountability journalism, i.e. carrying out investigations and holding establishment structures to account for policy decisions. As well, Briarpatch's alliances had expanded to other third sector media practitioners. In 1978 the magazine helped create a network of Regina journalists working for New Breed, Briarpatch, The North Central News, and University of Regina's student paper, The Carillon, for a combined circulation of 17,000. Called the Regina News Agency, the project lasted long enough to provide lively shared coverage of events during Trudeau's 1978 visit to Saskatchewan. Loss of funding In 1979, the NDP government abruptly cancelled Briarpatchs funding, which had risen to $54,000 a year and accounted for almost the entire operating budget of the magazine. In an official letter, the Minister of Social Services stated that Briarpatch did not fit provincial funding priorities or provide a direct service; however, many Briarpatch supporters felt the real reason was the magazine's vocal criticism of the province's embrace of uranium mining. This sentiment seemed to be backed up by an anonymous Social Services official, who stated in The Regina Leader-Post, "How can I go to cabinet and ask them to approve funding for a magazine that is critical of uranium development?" Briarpatchs survival came down to a typesetting business it had established the previous year, and donor support. The typesetting business, First Impressions, proved to be a steady revenue source, and subscribers stepped forward generously with donations. Within two years, the magazine had fully replaced the lost grant funding with subscriptions, donations and revenue from First Impressions. Political coverage Following the 1982 election of a Conservative Party provincial government, Briarpatch played a strong role in investigating links between Conservative Party supporters and the financial spoils of privatization. In addition to its own reporting, the magazine carried as an insert the newsletter of the Social Justice Coalition, a grassroots citizens organization formed to oppose Grant Devine's government. While the magazine won several journalism awards during this time, it also attracted less favourable attention from right-wing opponents. In 1987, Revenue Canada followed up on a citizen's complaint and revoked Briarpatch's official charitable status, held since 1975, meaning the magazine could no longer issue tax receipts to donors. A lawyer worked on behalf of Briarpatch for free for the next eight years to appeal the decision, however case was finally lost in the Federal Court of Appeal. The loss of charitable status did not impact donations, however, and indeed may have served to increase donations during this time. Transition to a national magazine Over the years, Briarpatchs subscriber base expanded across Canada and internationally. In 2004, with the assistance of a Canada Magazine Fund grant, the magazine undertook a reader survey that revealed readers outside Saskatchewan had become the majority audience. In response, Briarpatch began actively recruiting freelance contributions from beyond Saskatchewan, and began filtering local stories through a national lens. Additional annual federal grants helped Briarpatch carry out national advertising campaigns, bolstering the transition to what today is a national magazine. Once again, the magazine became reliant on government funding to fill out its budget, and once again funding was abruptly cut in 2008-09, shortly after the election of a Conservative Party of Canada government under Stephen Harper - and once again, Briarpatch turned to its readers, launching a successful donor drive to make up for the shortfall. The transition to a national magazine did not occur without some loss of local accountability journalism. Following the election of Brad Wall's Saskatchewan Party in 2007, several longtime Briarpatch supporters pointed to the need for a provincial investigative journalism undertaking, similar to the role Briarpatch had played during the Devine government years. Briarpatch responded by launching a sister publication, The Sasquatch, in March, 2009. However, The Sasquatch was unable to meet revenue targets, and Briarpatch - already stressed by the loss of federal funding - decided to cease publishing The Sasquatch after eight issues. Briarpatch today Briarpatch publishes bimonthly from its Regina office, and maintains a website. As of 2018, it is edited by Saima Desai. Every October/November the magazine publishes a special issue dedicated to labour topics. Editors # Maria Fischer 1973-1976 # Editorial collective 1976-1978 # Clare Powell 1979-1980 # Marian Gilmour 1980-1983 # Beth Smillie 1983-1987 # Adriane Paavo 1987-1989 # George Martin Manz 1990-2003 # Debra Brin 2003-2005 # David Oswald Mitchell 2005-2010 # Shayna Stock and Val Zink 2010-2013 # Andrew Loewen 2013-2015 # Tanya Andrusieczko 2015-2018 # Saima Desai 2018- Issues Briarpatch covers a variety of social justice issues like peace, equality, environment, democracy, racism, sexual orientation and class differences. Maude Barlow once said, Briarpatch is "one of the few voices that will still challenge the corporate agenda and present workable alternatives."

Introduction OBC or Ottmar Beckmann Cars AB was a car manufacturer in Mantorp, Sweden. In 1974 they presented a two seated mid-engined sports car called OBC Mantorp. The design was somewhat similar to the Lotus Elan, but with a more rounded front. It was powered by a BMW engine mated to a Porsche gearbox. Both the chassis and bodywork was in fibreglass. The company planned a production rate of five a day with 100 employees, but it never entered production. Beckmann had tried to make sports cars in the Netherlands previously

Introduction Simon Forbes Newbold Hobday was a South African professional golfer who won tournaments on three continents. Amateur career Hobday was born in Mafikeng. He lived part of his life in Zambia and represented the country in the 1966 Eisenhower Trophy. In early 1969 he was still was an amateur golfer and still represented Zambia. At the time, he worked as a car salesman in Lusaka, the capital of Zambia. In April 1969, while still an amateur, Hobday played the Kenya Open. In the final round he broke the course record at the Muthaiga Golf Course with a 66 (−6) to leap into second place. At 284 (−4) he finished joint runner-up with Scotland's Bernard Gallacher, five behind champion Maurice Bembridge. He defeated several notable professionals including Christy O'Connor Snr and Australia's Bob Tuohy. Professional career Hobday turned professional in 1969. He spent his regular career mainly on the Southern Africa Tour, where he won six times and the European Tour, where he won the 1976 German Open and the 1979 Madrid Open. As a senior, he played mainly in the United States on the Senior PGA Tour (now Champions Tour), where he claimed five titles between 1993 and 1995 including one senior major, the 1994 U.S. Senior Open. Hobday also lived in Rhodesia. Professional wins (17) European Tour wins (2) No. Date Tournament Winning score Margin ofvictory Runner(s)-up 1 15 Aug 1976 German Open −18 (67-68-65-66=266) 1 stroke Antonio Garrido 2 29 Apr 1979 Madrid Open −3 (67-73-71-74=285) 2 strokes Francisco Abreu, Gordon J. Brand, Tienie Britz Sunshine Tour wins (6) 1971 South African Open 1978 Rhodesian Dunlop Masters 1978 Victoria Falls Classic 1979 Rhodesian Open 1981 ICL International 1985 Trustbank Tournament of Champions Senior PGA Tour wins (5) Legend Senior major championships (1) Other Senior PGA Tour (4) No. Date Tournament Winning score Margin ofvictory Runner(s)-up 1 4 Jul 1993 Kroger Senior Classic −11 (67-69-66=202) 1 stroke Gibby Gilbert, Mike Hill, Bob Reith 2 12 Dec 1993 Hyatt Senior Tour Championship −17 (64-68-67=199) 2 strokes Raymond Floyd, Larry Gilbert 3 3 Jul 1994 U.S. Senior Open −10 (66-67-66-75=274) 1 stroke Jim Albus, Graham Marsh 4 4 Sep 1994 GTE Northwest Classic −7 (70-69-70=209) Playoff Jim Albus 5 17 Sep 1995 Brickyard Crossing Championship −12 (71-65-68=204) 1 stroke Isao Aoki, Hale Irwin, Bob Murphy, Lee Trevino Senior PGA Tour playoff record (1–0) No. Year Tournament Opponent Result 1 1994 GTE Northwest Classic Jim Albus Won with birdie on third extra hole Other senior wins (4) 1997/98 Vodacom Senior Classic (South Africa) 2001 Nelson Mandela Invitational (with Martin Maritz), Liberty Mutual Legends of Golf - Legendary Division (with Jim Albus) 2003 Nelson Mandela Invitational (with Lee Westwood) Champions Tour major championships Wins (1) Year Championship Winning score Margin Runners-up 1994 U.S. Senior Open −10 (66-67-66-75=274) 1 stroke Jim Albus, Graham Marsh Results in major championships Tournament 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 U.S. Open The Open Championship WD T28 T21 CUT T52 T30 Tournament 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 U.S. Open The Open Championship T51 T19 CUT CUT Tournament 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 U.S. Open CUT The Open Championship Note: Hobday never played in the Masters Tournament or PGA Championship. WD = withdrew CUT = missed the half-way cut (3rd round cut in 1977 and 1984 Open Championships) "T" indicates a tie for a place Team appearances Amateur Eisenhower Trophy (representing Zambia): 1966 Professional Double Diamond International (representing the Rest of the World): 1976, 1977

Introduction Steve Allen was an American television personality, musician, comedian, and writer. Steve Allen may also refer to: Steve Allen (radio presenter) (born 1954), English presenter on the London-based UK National talk radio station LBC Steve Allen (singer), New Zealand singer who had a hit with "Join Together" in 1974 Steve Allen, British vocalist with Deaf School Steve Allen, leader of the White Label Space team competing in the Google Lunar X PRIZE

Introduction right The Union of European Theatres is an alliance of European public theatres. It serves to promote European integration through cultural interaction. It does intensive transnational theatre work comprising over ten thousand performances and reaching three million viewers each season. The UTE presents festivals, exhibitions, workshops, theatre school collaborations, colloquiums and co-productions throughout Europe. The Union des Théâtres de l'Europe has over 40 members, 20 of which are major national and municipal theatres from 17 countries. History The UTE was founded in 1990 by Jack Lang, then Culture Minister of France, and Italian theatre director Giorgio Strehler. Apart from fostering European integration, their motivation also was the perceived threat to European cultural diversity posed by globalisation: :"Already then we felt that the building of Europe required a firm stand against the unruly vagaries of the economic machine. Today we find ourselves faced with the same questions: how do we defend art within a market economy whose logistics are designed to standardise our way of life and thought so that we are reduced to a state of passive consumerism? Can public policies that support the arts be more effective?" Mission The UTE's stated mission is :"to contribute to the building of the European Union through culture and theatre, to encourage a collective cultural movement that breaks through language barriers in order to develop an art theatre which is seen as a vector of fraternity among people. The UTE promotes productions and co-productions, theatre exchanges and shared experiences while respecting individual identities and cultures. ... Etched in continuity, the sum of these activities helps in elucidating the objectives of artistic and cultural policies that aim to reinforce artistic cooperation and transnational circulation in Europe." The UTE is a “multinational house”, an idea which corresponds to the so-called “Mehrspartenhaus” in German Theatre – that is, one major theatre with different departments, and in the case of the UTE one theatre that consists of seventeen national theatres but yet remains a single entity. This “multinational house” intensively discusses the questions of a European identity and the role of culture in its formation. Its goal is to promote cultural activities across national borders that respect the principles of the particular identities, a thing that requires common and continuous research. Its current programme focuses on projects that put new working methods to the test and connects experienced theatre creators with enthusiastic newcomers, projects which are close to the citizens of the different European cities, and all this on a long-term scale. Members and structure The UTE is governed by a General Assembly and a board of directors. The president is Gábor Tompa, artistic and general director of the Hungarian Theatre of Cluj, Romania. Today the UTE has 19 member theatres in 15 European countries and beyond: since 1990: Piccolo Teatro - Teatro d'Europa, Milan, Italy since 1991: Teatrul Bulandra, Bucharest, Romania since 1994: Teatro di Roma, Rome, Italy since 1996: National Theatre of Northern Greece (ΚΘΒΕ), Thessaloniki, Greece since 1998: Maly Dramatichesky Theatre, Saint Petersburg, Russia since 2003: Teatro Nacional São João, Porto, Portugal since 2006: National Theatre of Israel, Habimah, Tel Aviv, Israel since 2006: Yugoslav Drama Theatre, Belgrade, Serbia since 2008: Schauspielhaus Graz, Graz, Austria since 2008: Cluj-Napoca Hungarian Theatre, Cluj-Napoca, Romania since 2009: National Theatre (Prague), Prague, Czech Republic since 2009: National Theatre of Greece, Athens, Greece since 2010: Maly Theatre (Moscow), Moscow, Russia since 2011: SFUMATO, Sofia, Bulgaria since 2013: Schauspiel Stuttgart, Germany since 2013: Schauspielhaus Bochum, Germany since 2013: Comédie de Reims, Reims, France since 2013: Théâtre National du Luxembourg, Luxemburg since 2015: Vígszínház, Budapest, Hungary since 2015: Volkstheater Wien, Vienna, Austria since 2017: Schauspiel Köln, Cologne, Germany since 2017: Stanislavsky Electrotheatre, Moscow, Russia Individual members: Csaba Antal Victor Arditti Silviu Purcarete Tadeusz Bradecki Giorgio Ursini Uršič Honorary members: Lev Dodin, President of honor Georges Banu Tamás Ascher Patrice Chéreau (1944 Lézigné – 2013 Clichy) Jack Lang Krystian Lupa Robert Sturua Anatoly Vassiliev Andrzej Wajda The operations of the UTE are supported by the "Creative Europe" Programme of the European Union. The UTE is headquartered in Bobigny, France. Activities The work of the UTE includes theatre festivals, workshops, artist exchanges, exhibitions, publications, conferences, theatre co-productions and translation initiatives.

Introduction New Century Financial Corporation was a real estate investment trust that originated mortgage loans in the United States through its operating subsidiaries, New Century Mortgage Corporation and Home123 Corporation. It was founded in 1995. In 2004 it converted to a real estate investment trust. In 2006, the company was second only to HSBC Finance in issuing subprime mortgages. In the spring of 2007, New Century ran into financial difficulties, and trading of its stock on the NYSE was halted. On April 2, 2007, it filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. In July 2010, three officers of the company agreed to pay $90 million in settlements and were barred from serving as directors of public companies for five years. History Founding of the company It was founded in 1995 by a trio of formers manager and cofounders at Option One Mortgage, including Brad Morrice, who became chief executive. It was headquartered in Irvine, California. It originally employed 50 people in 1996, when it began originating and purchasing loans. From 1997 until 2004, stock value rose 561 percent. In 2004 it converted to a real estate investment trust and was listed on the New York Stock Exchange. In that year it originated $42.2 billion in mortgages and its stock reached a high of nearly $64 per share by the end of the year. In Fiscal year 2005 its net income was $417 million. The company had 35 regional operating centers as of late 2005, with headquarters remaining in Irvine, California. In 2005, 37 percent of its business was in California. As of September 30, 2006, New Century reported that it had $25.1 billion in total assets, with total liabilities at $23 billion. At the end of the year, it reported $350 million in cash and liquidity. In 2006, the company was second only to HSBC Finance in issuing subprime mortgages, making $51.6 billion in subprime loans. Subprime mortgage loans are made to borrowers with limited or bad credit history. With a higher rate of default than prime loans, subprime mortgage loans are priced based on the risk assumed by the lender. In marketing the company, New Century's Home123 Mortgage division engaged Bob Vila as an advertising spokesman for several years. It also entered into a sponsorship deal with NASCAR, as the Official Mortgage Company of NASCAR and sponsor the Chip Ganassi Racing with Felix Sabates team, in both the Cup and Busch series. By 2007, New Century had been the largest independent provider of subprime mortgages in the United States. On January 1, 2007, New Century had approximately 7,200 full-time employees and a market capitalization of $1.75 billion. As of January 1, 2007, it was headed by Brad Morrice as president and CEO. Frederic J. Forster, a lead independent director, served as chairman. Financial difficulties Loans began to slow in the second half of 2006. In the spring of 2007, New Century went into a "death spiral". On March 8 it announced it would stop accepting loan applications. Four days later trading of its stock on the NYSE was halted. On March 2, 2007, it announced it was the subject of two criminal probes by the federal government, and that its auditor KPMG had worries about the company's ability to stay solvent. Over the subsequent week, the company lost 78% of its stock value. In early March, it reported that it had failed to meet certain financial requirements of its lenders. While New Century's problems became public news in February & March 2007, primarily as a result of the pullback of more than half of its 11 warehouse lenders, (who funded New Century's loan closings until they could be securitized), mortgage insiders heard rumors of New Century's loss of some of its (wholesale/warehouse) lines of credit as early as the end of the third quarter, 2006. On March 8, 2007, New Century Financial Corporation announced that it was stopping new loans while it sought new funding. Early on March 12, it said that its financing had been cut off from most creditors, or that most planned to do so, and warned that many of its loan obligations were in default. New Century Financial Corporation also said that one of its financial backers had demanded that the company repurchase some loans pursuant to repurchase provisions contained in loan purchase agreements. In a filing on March 12, 2007, it said that its lenders could demand $8.4 billion in loan repayments which it couldn't fulfill. It was announced that the $8.4 billion in obligations which could come due immediately, with the company considered close to bankruptcy, as it did not have the cash to do so. On March 12, 2007, the New York Stock Exchange halted trading of New Century Financial Corporation, delisting the company. Beforehand, the company's shares had plunged 89% that month. But on March 13, 2007, the NYSE delisted the corporation and by the next day its market capitalization was less than $55 million. New Century was now trading on the over the counter pink sheets, where its stock traded at $0.10 per share in 2007. On March 13, 2007, New Century Financial Corporation reported in a regulatory filing that it has received a grand jury subpoena from the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Central District of California as well as a letter from the Securities and Exchange Commission notifying the company of a preliminary investigation. The filing stated that the U.S. Attorney's office indicated in a letter dated February 28, 2007 that it was conducting a criminal inquiry in connection with trading in the company's securities as well as accounting errors regarding the company's allowance for repurchase losses. The filing further stated that the Securities and Exchange Commission has requested a meeting with the company to discuss the company's previous announcement that it would restate certain financial statement. On March 14, 2007, it was reported that Barclays had demanded that New Century immediately pay back $900 million of mortgage loans. Just days before, New Century had said it had less than $60 million of cash on hand. New Century Financial Corporation and Home123 Corporation received a cease and desist notice on March 14, 2007, from Connecticut Banking Commissioner Howard F. Pitkin, for failing to meet agreements. That day it was also blocked from making loans in New Hampshire, on the grounds that it hadn't informed the state of its financial difficulties. New Jersey did the same that day. New Century said it intended to comply with the orders, pending any appeals. The company received cease and desist orders from the states of Connecticut, Maryland, Rhode Island and Tennessee on March 14 and 15, and by March 19, it was under such orders in eight states total, including Pennsylvania. California followed on March 16. On March 20, 2007, New Century Financial Corporation said that it could no longer sell mortgage loans to Fannie Mae or act as the primary servicer of mortgage loans for the government sponsored enterprise. In a filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission, New Century Financial Corporation said that Fannie Mae terminated "for cause" a mortgage selling and servicing contract with it citing alleged breaches of that contract and others. Bankruptcy On April 2, 2007, it filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. New Century Financial Corporation and its related entities filed voluntary petitions for relief under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code in the United States Bankruptcy Court, District of Delaware located in Wilmington, Delaware. New Century Financial Corporation listed liabilities of more than $100 million. New Century Financial Corporation also announced that the employment of about 3,200 people, more than half the workforce, would be terminated. At the time it filed for bankruptcy, it had already fired 3,200 employees, or 54% of its work force, with plans to quickly sell assets in the upcoming month and a half. The company secured $150 million of financing from CIT Group Inc. and Greenwich Capital so that it could continue to operate during the bankruptcy process. It was reported it had about 100,000 creditors. On May 25, 2007, they filed their 8-K form, a day after stating that they "...probably overstated 2005 earnings." On June 8, 2007, New Century Financial warned that its effort to liquidate assets could be stymied if GE Capital was allowed to proceed with plans to seize computers and other equipment it leased to the bankrupt housing lender. GE Capital, arguing that New Century owes it $8.7 million on leased equipment and can't stay current on payments, asked a judge to lift the protection normally granted to companies in Chapter 11. That would enable the firm, a unit of General Electric, to repossess the equipment, which includes computer servers, and chairs. New Century said that would disrupt its effort to wind down operations and repay creditors. New Century said "much of the data and information" involving its assets and business operations, including accounting information, is stored on the computers, or generated by them. New Century also said "it is critical for the debtors to use the equipment" so that the loan-servicing business it recently sold to Carrington Capital Management can be kept "operating as a going concern." Carrington paid $188 million for the business. In March 2008, during the liquidation of New Century Financial Corporation, a private company in Northern Illinois acquired only the brand assets in the bankruptcy. New Century Financial held several brands including Home123. The brand Home123 was reintroduced to the market as a real estate marketing and technology firm focused on bringing people, resources, and information together. The New Century brand as of 2008 was being positioned for sale. Lawsuits and settlements On March 26, 2008, an unsealed report by bankruptcy court examiner Michael J. Missal outlined a number of "significant improper and imprudent practices related to its loan originations, operations, accounting and financial reporting processes," and accused auditor KPMG with helping the company conceal the problems during 2005 and 2006. On December 7, 2009, federal regulators sued three former officers of New Century Financial Corp. (Brad Morrice, Patti M. Dodge and David N. Kenneally), accusing them of misleading the company's investors about the company's prospects, as pervasive bad acts in the mortgage industry began to become widely known. In July 2010, three officers of the company agreed to pay $90 million in settlements and were barred from serving as directors of public companies for five years. On July 31, 2010, the Los Angeles Times reported that settlements had been reached between the SEC, plaintiffs representing a class of investors, and directors and officers of New Century. The SEC settlement, which involved an action brought by the SEC against three officers of New Century (Brad Morrice, Patti M. Dodge and David N. Kenneally), barred them from serving as directors of public companies for five years, and levied fines and profit-disgorgement on them. None of the defendants admitted any wrongdoing. The directors of New Century were not sued or barred by the SEC. On the same day the SEC settlement was announced, New Century, and its directors and officers settled civil class actions claims brought against them and the company. The same three officers listed above were parties to that civil settlement, as were the following former directors of New Century: co-founder Robert K. Cole, the estate of co-founder Edward Gotschall, Fredrick J. Forster, Michael M. Sachs, Harold A. Black, Donald E. Lange, Terrence P. Sandvik, Richard A. Zona, Marilyn A. Alexander, David Einhorn and William J. Popejoy. In popular culture In The Big Short, young investors Charlie Geller and Jamie Shipley have bet heavily on the failure of sub-prime mortgage bonds, but have to endure an excruciating wait while the spike in defaults seems to leave the housing market unaffected. But on 2 April 2007, they learn of New Century's bankruptcy while watching CNN, and realize the collapse of the market has begun in earnest.

Introduction Devi Prasad Shetty FRCS (born 8 May 1953) is an Indian entrepreneur and cardiac surgeon who is the chairman and founder of Narayana Health, a chain of 21 medical centers in India. He has performed more than 100,000 heart operations. In 2004 he was awarded the Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award, followed by the Padma Bhushan in 2012, the third highest civilian award by the Government of India for his contribution to the field of affordable healthcare. There is an episode about his life and work on the Netflix TV series The Surgeon's Cut. Early life and education Shetty was born in Kinnigoli, a village in the Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka, India. The eighth of nine children, he decided to become a heart surgeon when he was a school student after hearing about Christiaan Barnard, a South African surgeon who had just performed the world's first heart transplant. He was educated at St. Aloysius School, Mangaluru. He completed his MBBS in 1979, and post-graduate work in General Surgery from Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore. Later he completed FRCS from Royal College of Surgeons, England. Career He returned to India in 1989 and initially worked at B.M. Birla Hospital in Kolkata. He successfully performed the first neonatal heart surgery in the country in 1992, on a 21-day-old baby Ronnie. In Kolkata he operated on Mother Teresa after she had a heart attack, and subsequently served as her personal physician. After some time, he moved to Bangalore and started the Manipal Heart Foundation at Manipal Hospitals, Bangalore. Financial contribution for the construction of the hospital was provided by Shetty's father-in-law. In 2001, Shetty founded Narayana Hrudayalaya (NH), a multi-specialty hospital in Bommasandra on the outskirts of Bangalore. He believes that the cost of healthcare can be reduced by 50 percent in the next 5–10 years if hospitals adopt the idea of economies of scale. Apart from cardiac surgery, NH also has cardiology, neurosurgery, paediatric surgery, haematology and transplant services, and nephrology among various others. The heart hospital is the largest in the world with 1000 beds performing over 30 major heart surgeries a day. The land on which the health city was built, was previously a marshland which was reclaimed for this purpose. The Health City intends to cater to about 15,000 outpatients every day. In August 2012 Shetty announced an agreement with TriMedx, a subsidiary of Ascension Health, to create a joint venture for a chain of hospitals in India. In the past Narayana Hrudayalaya has collaborated with Ascension Health to set up a health care city in the Cayman Islands, planned to eventually have 2,000 beds. Shetty also founded Rabindranath Tagore International Institute of Cardiac Sciences (RTIICS) in Kolkata, and signed a memorandum of understanding with the Karnataka Government to build 5,000-bed specialty hospital near Bangalore International Airport. His company signed a MOU with the Government of Gujarat, to set up a 5,000-bed hospital at Ahmedabad. He was a part of the seven-member panel of Board of Governors which replaced the MCI and served for a period of one year before it was further reconstituted. Low cost health care Shetty aims for his hospitals to use economies of scale, to allow them to complete heart surgeries at a lower cost than in the United States. In 2009 The Wall Street Journal newspaper described him as "the Henry Ford of heart surgery". Six additional hospitals were subsequently planned on the Narayana Hrudayalaya model at several cities in India, with plans to expand to 30,000 beds with hospitals in India, Africa and other countries in Asia. Shetty aims to trim costs with such measures as buying cheaper scrubs and using cross ventilation instead of air conditioning. That has cut the price of coronary bypass surgery to 95,000 rupees ($1,583), half of what it was 20 years ago. In 2013 he aimed to get the price down to $800 within a decade. The same procedure costs $106,385 at Ohio's Cleveland Clinic. He has also eliminated many pre-ops testing and innovated in patient care such as "drafting and training patients' family members to administer after-surgical care". Surgeons in his hospitals perform 30 to 35 surgeries a day compared to one or two in a US hospital. His hospitals also provide substantial free care especially for poor children. Whereas urban India calls him "Henry Ford" for his assembly line approach to heart surgeries, rural Indians calls him "Bypasswale Baba" as attested by thousands of sources such as the Deccan Herald, the English newspaper with the largest circulation in Karnataka, Shetty's home state. This is because, like a saint (or Rishi in Indian mythology), anybody who comes to Devi Shetty's Ashram/hospital gets a bypass if he or she dreams of it. Shetty and his family have a 75 percent stake in Narayana Hrudayalaya which he plans to preserve. Shetty has also pioneered low-cost diagnostic services. He was appointed as chairman of the COVID-19 task force in Karnataka which was criticized by global health doctors as being a cardiac surgeon, he did not have the epidemiological approach to COVID-19 management. Yeshasvini Yeshasvini is a low-cost health insurance scheme, designed by Shetty and the Government of Karnataka for the poor farmers of the state, with 4 million people currently covered. Aortic type b dissection is not covered in the scheme. Awards and recognition *Padma Bhushan award for Medicine in 2012 Karnataka Ratna award in 2001 Entrepreneur of the Year at ET awards in 2012 Won the 2011 The Economist Innovation Awards for the Business process field. Honorary degree, University of Minnesota in 2011 Honorary degree, ‘Honoris Causa’ Degree of ‘Doctor of Science’ by Indian Institute of Technology Madras in 2014 Schwab Foundation's award in 2005 Padma Shri award for Medicine in 2004 Dr. B C Roy award in 2003 Sir M. Visvesvaraya Memorial Award in 2003 Ernst & Young – Entrepreneur Of The Year – Life Sciences in 2012 Ernst & Young – Entrepreneur of the Year – Start-up in 2003 Rajyotsava award in 2002 Indian Of The Year (Public Sector) by CNN-IBN for 2012 Television Shetty stars in the fourth (and last) episode of Netflix's docuseries The Surgeon's Cut, which was released globally on 9 December 2020. The episode follows Shetty's treatment of patients, mostly children and babies, prioritizing low-cost and affordable healthcare while performing with his team more than thirty surgeries a day.

Introduction The Detroit Jr. Red Wings are a defunct Tier II Junior "A" ice hockey team that was based out of Detroit, Michigan. They played out of the Southern Ontario Junior A Hockey League and were the feeder team for the National Hockey League's Detroit Red Wings. History The Jr. Red Wings started out in 1958 as a member of the Border Cities Junior B Hockey League. When the league folded in 1964, the team went back to the United States to play in the Michigan Junior Hockey League. During this time, 1964–1970, the team was known as the Detroit Olympia. After the last great schism of Canadian junior hockey in 1970, the Detroit Jr. Red Wings became the first team to ever be crowned Tier II Junior "A" Central Canadian Champions, winners of the very first Dudley Hewitt Cup. The Championship allowed them entry into the 1971 Centennial Cup Playdowns. The team was led by league Most Valuable Player and Scoring Leader Mark Howe, son of hockey legend Gordie Howe. In the 1974-75 season the Junior Wings defeated the Minnesota Junior Stars in the finals to capture the American Junior A National Championship. The Junior Wings were headed up by Tom Wilson (General Manager) who had put together a team that included such notables as Ken Morrow of New York Islander fame (4 Stanley Cups and an Olympic Gold Medal (1980)) and Mark Wells (1980 Olympic Team). Through the 1976-77 season, the team played out of Olympia Stadium with a facilities next to the Red Wings. They entered the newly formed Great Lakes Junior Hockey League (later known as the North American Hockey League) in 1976 and were called the Detroit Junior Wings. In the 1976-77 season Wilson was GM and ex-IHL referee veteran Skeets Harrison was head coach. Dave Feamster (Chicago Blackhawks) led the 1976 team that later sent the bulk of its roster to D-1 College Hockey. They played at The Olympia until 1983, when they went on hiatus. The team would be resurrected in 1987 for another five seasons of play in the NAHL. In 1992, the Red Wings gave their name to the Detroit Compuware Ambassadors Ontario Hockey League team and ended their affiliation with the NAHL. The NAHL would replace the team in the Detroit market the following season with the Detroit Freeze. Notable alumni Ken Morrow - 1980 U.S. Olympic Team/New York Islanders Mark Wells - 1980 U.S. Olympic Team Mark Howe - Philadelphia Flyers Gordie Roberts - Hartford Whalers Ron Serafini - Oakland Seals Gordie Buynak - St. Louis Blues Marty Howe - Boston Bruins Dave Feamster - Chicago Blackhawks Tom Wilson - Coach/General Manager Nick Musat - Michigan State Spartans Season-by-Season results Season GP W L T GF GA P Results Playoffs 1958-59 12 6 6 0 46 64 18* 3rd BCJBHL 1959-60 30 21 6 3 149 93 45 1st BCJBHL 1960-61 32 27 5 0 176 85 54 1st BCJBHL 1961-62 30 19 11 0 155 111 38 2nd BCJBHL 1962-63 35 23 11 1 157 116 47 2nd BCJBHL 1963-64 30 14 16 0 148 134 28 4th BCJBHL 1964-68 Statistics Not Available 1968-69 32 9 21 2 76 105 20 7th BCJHL 1969-70 34 32 2 0 279 55 64 1st MJHL 1970-71 44 26 12 6 279 197 58 2nd SOJAHL Won League, Won DHC 1971-72 56 35 16 5 333 225 75 2nd SOJAHL Lost Final 1972-73 60 19 37 4 237 318 42 6th SOJAHL 1973-74 62 31 25 6 293 278 68 5th SOJAHL 1974-75 61 15 37 9 202 276 39 6th SOJAHL 1975-76 48 34 11 3 234 152 71 2nd GLJHL 1976-77 48 30 12 6 287 197 66 2nd GLJHL 1977-78 49 33 12 4 320 212 70 2nd GLJHL 1978-79 50 27 17 6 317 242 60 2nd GLJHL 1979-80 46 22 21 3 226 229 47 4th GLJHL 1980-81 54 35 16 3 395 244 73 3rd GLJHL 1981-82 46 25 18 3 259 232 53 3rd GLJHL 1982-83 45 15 24 6 212 246 36 4th GLJHL 1987-88 32 16 9 7 182 133 39 2nd NAHL 1988-89 40 20 16 4 232 196 44 3rd Eastern Conference; NAHL 1989-90 44 24 18 2 221 200 50 2nd Eastern Conference; NAHL 1990-91 40 24 11 5 53 2nd Eastern Conference; NAHL 1991-92 44 20 17 7 189 170 47 2nd Eastern Conference; NAHL During the 1958-59 Season, the Jr. Red Wings played three 4-point games. Playoffs 1971 Won League, Lost Dudley Hewitt Cup final :Detroit Jr. Red Wings defeated Welland Sabres 3-games-to-none with 2 ties :Detroit Jr. Red Wings defeated Guelph CMC's 3-games-to-2 with 2 ties SOJHL CHAMPIONS :Detroit Jr. Red Wings defeated Ottawa M&W Rangers (CJHL) 4-games-to-2 :Charlottetown Islanders defeated Detroit Jr. Red Wings 4-games-to-3 1972 Lost Final :Detroit Jr. Red Wings defeated Welland Sabres 4-games-to-1 :Detroit Jr. Red Wings defeated Chatham Maroons 4-games-to-3 :Guelph CMC's defeated Detroit Jr. Red Wings 4-games-to-1 1973 Lost Quarter-final :Guelph CMC's defeated Detroit Jr. Red Wings 4-games-to-none 1974 Lost Semi-final :Windsor Spitfires defeated Detroit Jr. Red Wings 4-games-to-none 1975 Lost Semi-final :Windsor Spitfires defeated Detroit Jr. Red Wings 4-games-to-1

Introduction Films based on plays by Aeschylus Title Release date Notes Hercules Unchained 1959 Italy The Family Reunion 1959 TV movie, Canada Les Perses 1961 TV movie, France Aeschylus 1967 TV movie, Finland I Persiani 1967 TV movie, Italy The Forgotten Pistolero 1969 Italy Agamemnon 1973 Belgium Orestea 1975 Italy Atreides 1979 TV movie, Greece Oresteia 1979 TV mini-series, UK Prometheus Retrogressing 1998 Le Rêve Plus Fort que la Mort 2002 France Die Perser 2003 Germany Films based on Sophocles Title Release date Notes Oedipe roi 1908 Oedipus Rex 1909 Oedipus Rex 1911 Oedipus Rex 1957 Antigone 1960 Acosados, Los 1960 Antigone 1961 Antigone 1962 Edipo re 1967 Oedipus the King 1968 Élo Antigoné 1968 Antigone 1970 I Cannibali 1970 Elektra 1970 Antigone 1973 Antigone 1973 Antigone 1974 Antigone 1974 Oedipus Rex 1975 Elektra 1981 Oedipus Rex 1984 Oedipus the King 1984 Oedipus at Colonus 1984 Elettra 1987 Électre 1987 Elektra 1989 Antigone/Rites of Passion 1991 Oedipus Rex 1992 Elektra 1994 Films based on Euripides Title Release date Notes Medea 1959 United States - TV play of the week Le Baccanti 1961 Italy Phaedra 1962 Greece Electra 1962 Greece Troyanas, Las 1963 Medea 1963 Troerinnen, Die 1966 Medea 1969 Dionysus in '69 1970 The Trojan Women (film) 1971 Medéia 1973 Bakchen, Die 1974 Iphigenia 1977 A Dream of Passion 1978 Greece Medea 1983 Medea 1983 Medea 1989 Iphigenia at Aulis 1991 Backanterna 1993 Médée 2001 The Bacchae 2002 The Trojan Women 2004 Medea 2005 The Women of Troy 2006 The Killing of a Sacred Deer 2017 Films based on Aristophanes Title Release date Notes Daughters of Destiny 1954 The Second Greatest Sex 1955 Sendung der Lysistrata, Die 1961 Escuela de seductoras 1962 An oles oi gynaikes tou kosmou 1967 Flickorna 1968 Lysistrate 1982 Komediya o Lisistrate 1989 Chi-Raq 2015

Introduction Common Ground to house at-risk and homeless persons. Howard Greenley was an architect who worked during the late 19th and 20th centuries and known mainly for his work in New York City, Long Island, and Newport, Rhode Island. Greenley was a prominent figure in the architectural world in his time, He graduated from Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut in 1894, having trained initially in the office of Carrere and Hastings and then at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. Greenley served as the president of the Architectural League of New York for a quarter of a century, and was one of the featured architects in the book Long Island Country Houses and Their Architects 1860 to 1940 by Robert Mackay and Brendan Gill. Buildings Prince George Hotel At 14 stories tall, the Prince George Hotel at 14 East 28th Street, was one of New York's largest early 20th century hotels. It was constructed in two phases, with the main building going up in 1904 and a northern wing added in 1912. The exterior of the hotel has a Beaux-Arts character, with a rusticated limestone base, red brick and white terra-cotta trim above, and three-dimensional sculptural ornaments. Its ground floor included the Lady's Tearoom, the English Tap Room, and the Hunt Room. One of the centerpieces of the original building is The Ladies’ Tea Room, with its trellised piers and arches, Rook wood faience fountain, lighting set within opalescent glass cartouches, and murals by George Inness, Jr. The Ballroom at the Prince George is part of the Madison Square North Historic District and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Designed by Greenley, the ornate ballroom featured Renaissance-inspired murals and reproductions of famous paintings, along with intricate woodwork, marble mosaic floors, ceiling murals, and elaborate carvings. It features neo-Renaissance details, including plasterwork garlands, cherubs, and acanthus leaves. Column details include cherubim, fruit garlands and faces with leafy walrus mustaches. The room also has herringbone oak floors, and a marble mantelpiece. Eighteen-foot coffered ceilings are heavily ornamented. The hotel continued to function, though in decline, through the 1980s, when, suffering from a decline in tourism and an increase in homelessness in the area, it began to contract with the city to house homeless families, with the ballroom serving as a multi-function space: dining room, offices, and basketball court. As it continued to decline, writer Jonathan Kozol called it "one of the grimmest places I've ever been." The city shut down the hotel in 1989, and it was purchased by Common Ground, a social services organization, in 1996. In 1998, renovation of the building began, funded by Federal and state funds and private grants, under the control of Beyer Blinder Belle, who had also overseen the renovation of Grand Central Terminal. The building reopened in 1999. The Ballroom was renovated later, in 2004. SeaView Terrace The Carey Mansion, originally called SeaView Terrace, in 1999 The American League of Architects awarded Greenley their President's Medal in 1928 for the design of SeaView Terrace, Mr. and Mrs. Edson Bradley's sprawling French Renaissance manor house, one of the last of the immense Gilded Age Newport summer palaces to be built. The house was conceived in 1924 and built between 1927 and 1929, incorporating an existing Elizabethan residence known as Seaview (1885) formerly owned by James Kernochan. In keeping with its seaside location, the 65-room manor house features turrets, stained-glass windows, high, arching doorways and shell motifs that adorn the facade. Rooms imported intact from France were moved from the Bradley home in Washington, D.C. to Newport, and reassembled with the chateau constructed around them. The house was used as an all-girls summer boarding school, "Burnham-by-the-Sea", beginning in 1950. From 1966 to 1971, the television show Dark Shadows used the exterior as the outdoor set for the fictional Collinwood Mansion. More recently, part of the main house and some of the outbuildings were used by Salve Regina University. The house has now been returned to private use, and is known as the Carey Mansion. Corning Free Academy Corning Free Academy, in Corning, New York, was built as a high school in 1922 in the classical Romanesque Revival style, replacing an older, smaller, and simpler building. It features elaborate terra cotta, which was produced locally by the Corning Brick and Terra Cotta and Tile Company. A sculptured relief above the main entrance was designed by the New York sculptor Leo Lentelli. Decorative Aurene glass shades were produced by Corning Glass Works under the direction of Frederick Carder, a prominent glass designer, member of the community, and president of the Board of Education. The clocks on the central bell tower have been put back in working order recently and the 1873 bell, manufactured in West Troy, New York, continues to ring. Stone and iron work from the Amory A. Houghton house one block away were incorporated into the construction of the school. Until the opening of Corning Northside High School about 1950, it was Corning's only high school. Demoted to a middle school, it closed in 2014 as part of a school district facility consolidation. It was renovated and in 2015 opened as a luxury apartment complex.

Introduction In physics, a charge is any of many different quantities, such as the electric charge in electromagnetism or the color charge in quantum chromodynamics. Charges correspond to the time-invariant generators of a symmetry group, and specifically, to the generators that commute with the Hamiltonian. Charges are often denoted by the letter Q, and so the invariance of the charge corresponds to the vanishing commutator , where H is the Hamiltonian. Thus, charges are associated with conserved quantum numbers; these are the eigenvalues q of the generator Q. Abstract definition Abstractly, a charge is any generator of a continuous symmetry of the physical system under study. When a physical system has a symmetry of some sort, Noether's theorem implies the existence of a conserved current. The thing that "flows" in the current is the "charge", the charge is the generator of the (local) symmetry group. This charge is sometimes called the Noether charge. Thus, for example, the electric charge is the generator of the U(1) symmetry of electromagnetism. The conserved current is the electric current. In the case of local, dynamical symmetries, associated with every charge is a gauge field; when quantized, the gauge field becomes a gauge boson. The charges of the theory "radiate" the gauge field. Thus, for example, the gauge field of electromagnetism is the electromagnetic field; and the gauge boson is the photon. The word "charge" is often used as a synonym for both the generator of a symmetry, and the conserved quantum number (eigenvalue) of the generator. Thus, letting the upper-case letter Q refer to the generator, one has that the generator commutes with the Hamiltonian Q, H = 0. Commutation implies that the eigenvalues (lower-case) q are time-invariant: = 0. So, for example, when the symmetry group is a Lie group, then the charge operators correspond to the simple roots of the root system of the Lie algebra; the discreteness of the root system accounting for the quantization of the charge. The simple roots are used, as all the other roots can be obtained as linear combinations of these. The general roots are often called raising and lowering operators, or ladder operators. The charge quantum numbers then correspond to the weights of the highest-weight modules of a given representation of the Lie algebra. So, for example, when a particle in a quantum field theory belongs to a symmetry, then it transforms according to a particular representation of that symmetry; the charge quantum number is then the weight of the representation. Examples Various charge quantum numbers have been introduced by theories of particle physics. These include the charges of the Standard Model: The color charge of quarks. The color charge generates the SU(3) color symmetry of quantum chromodynamics. The weak isospin quantum numbers of the electroweak interaction. It generates the SU(2) part of the electroweak SU(2) × U(1) symmetry. Weak isospin is a local symmetry, whose gauge bosons are the W and Z bosons. The electric charge for electromagnetic interactions. In mathematics texts, this is sometimes referred to as the -charge of a Lie algebra module. Charges of approximate symmetries: The strong isospin charges. The symmetry groups is SU(2) flavor symmetry; the gauge bosons are the pions. The pions are not elementary particles, and the symmetry is only approximate. It is a special case of flavor symmetry. Other quark-flavor charges, such as strangeness or charm. Together with the – isospin mentioned above, these generate the global SU(6) flavor symmetry of the fundamental particles; this symmetry is badly broken by the masses of the heavy quarks. Charges include the hypercharge, the X-charge and the weak hypercharge. Hypothetical charges of extensions to the Standard Model: The hypothetical magnetic charge is another charge in the theory of electromagnetism. Magnetic charges are not seen experimentally in laboratory experiments, but would be present for theories including magnetic monopoles. In supersymmetry: The supercharge refers to the generator that rotates the fermions into bosons, and vice versa, in the supersymmetry. In conformal field theory: The central charge of the Virasoro algebra, sometimes referred to as the conformal central charge or the conformal anomaly. Here, the term 'central' is used in the sense of the center in group theory: it is an operator that commutes with all the other operators in the algebra. The central charge is the eigenvalue of the central generator of the algebra; here, it is the energy–momentum tensor of the two-dimensional conformal field theory. In gravitation: Eigenvalues of the energy–momentum tensor correspond to physical mass. Charge conjugation In the formalism of particle theories, charge-like quantum numbers can sometimes be inverted by means of a charge conjugation operator called C. Charge conjugation simply means that a given symmetry group occurs in two inequivalent (but still isomorphic) group representations. It is usually the case that the two charge-conjugate representations are complex conjugate fundamental representations of the Lie group. Their product then forms the adjoint representation of the group. Thus, a common example is that the product of two charge-conjugate fundamental representations of SL(2,C) (the spinors) forms the adjoint rep of the Lorentz group SO(3,1); abstractly, one writes : That is, the product of two (Lorentz) spinors is a (Lorentz) vector and a (Lorentz) scalar. Note that the complex Lie algebra sl(2,C) has a compact real form su(2) (in fact, all Lie algebras have a unique compact real form). The same decomposition holds for the compact form as well: the product of two spinors in su(2) being a vector in the rotation group O(3) and a singlet. The decomposition is given by the Clebsch–Gordan coefficients. A similar phenomenon occurs in the compact group SU(3), where there are two charge-conjugate but inequivalent fundamental representations, dubbed and , the number 3 denoting the dimension of the representation, and with the quarks transforming under and the antiquarks transforming under . The Kronecker product of the two gives : That is, an eight-dimensional representation, the octet of the eight-fold way, and a singlet. The decomposition of such products of representations into direct sums of irreducible representations can in general be written as : for representations . The dimensions of the representations obey the "dimension sum rule": : Here, is the dimension of the representation , and the integers being the Littlewood–Richardson coefficients. The decomposition of the representations is again given by the Clebsch–Gordan coefficients, this time in the general Lie-algebra setting.

Introduction New York State Route 251 is an east–west state highway in western New York in the United States. It extends for from an intersection with NY 383 in Scottsville, Monroe County, to an intersection with NY 96 in the town of Victor, Ontario County. NY 251 connects to Interstate 390 (I-390) in Rush and serves the village of Honeoye Falls (via NY 65) and the hamlet of Mendon within the town of the same name. The route, a two-lane, rural highway for much of its length, also intersects NY 15 and NY 64, two north–south highways leading to the Southern Tier and the Finger Lakes, respectively. Two sections of the route—from south of Scottsville to Rush and from Mendon to western Victor—follow linear east–west alignments. All but of the route are located in Monroe County. From 1911 to 1921, the north–south section of modern NY 251 near Scottsville was part of Route 15, an unsigned legislative route assigned by the New York State Legislature. The first portion of what is now NY 251 to receive a posted designation was the segment east of NY 64 in Mendon, which was part of the signed NY 15 from 1924 to 1930. In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York, NY 251 was assigned to an alignment extending from Gates to Victor via Scottsville, utilizing modern NY 386 north of Scottsville and its current alignment east of the village. NY 251 was truncated to begin at NY 383 in Scottsville on July 1, 1977, at which time the former routing of NY 251 between Scottsville and Gates became part of an extended NY 386. Route description NY 251 running east at NY 15A of the town of Rush NY 251 begins at an intersection with NY 383 in the center of the village of Scottsville, located within the town of Wheatland. It departs Scottsville to the south as River Road and crosses over Oatka Creek before meeting Quaker Road at a rural intersection just south of the village. While River Road continues southward as the unsigned NY 940H, NY 251 turns east to begin its east–west trek across the mostly undeveloped southern portion of Monroe County. After roughly , it crosses over the Genesee River and into the town of Rush, becoming Rush–Scottsville Road in the process. Just inside the town line, NY 251 passes through the hamlet of Industry, a location centered around NY 251's grade crossing with the Livonia, Avon and Lakeville Railroad and the adjacent Rochester & Genesee Valley Railroad Museum. Just west of the Ontario County line on NY 251 eastbound in Mendon Midway through the town of Rush, NY 251 widens from two to four lanes and meets I-390 at exit 11. Just east of the freeway, NY 251 intersects NY 15, which is also served by exit 11 by way of a pair of short collector/distributor roads paralleling I-390 from NY 251 to NY 15. Past NY 15, the route reverts to a two-lane highway and veers southeast to parallel Honeoye Creek into the hamlet of Rush. Here, the route passes through a more populated area as it intersects NY 15A in the center of the community, at which point it becomes Rush–Mendon Road. NY 251 continues to follow Honeoye Creek through progressively less developed areas and into the town of Mendon, where the creek curves southward toward Honeoye Falls at Rochester Junction. The highway, however, turns northeastward to meet NY 65 at a roundabout. The northeasterly routing of NY 251 continues to Mendon Center, a small hamlet near the southern tip of Mendon Ponds Park, where it turns eastward once more. NY 251 continues across open fields to the densely populated hamlet of Mendon, where it has a junction with NY 64 in the center of the community. East of the junction, NY 251 becomes Victor–Mendon Road as it heads out of Mendon. About from NY 64, the open surroundings return as the route crosses into the Ontario County town of Victor. NY 251 continues on a virtual east–west line for its first in the county, heading through slightly more developed but still sparsely populated areas. At Phillips Road, the route curves southeastward for before making one final turn to the northeast. On this last stretch, NY 251 crosses the Ontario Central Railroad at a grade crossing and ends at a junction with NY 96 northwest of the village of Victor. History Reference marker for NY 251 on NY 386 in Chili The westernmost portion of what is now NY 251 between NY 383 in Scottsville and the junction of River and Quaker Roads south of the village was once part of Route 15, an unsigned legislative route assigned by the New York State Legislature. Route 15 was extended northward from its original terminus in Caledonia to Scottsville via River Road on July 24, 1911; however, it was realigned on March 1, 1921, to enter Scottsville on modern NY 383 instead. When the first set of posted routes were assigned in New York in 1924, this piece of modern NY 251 did not receive a designation. Another section did, however, as the portion extending from Mendon east to Victor was designated as part of NY 15. In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York, NY 15 was rerouted between Victor and Pittsford to follow current NY 96. The former routing of NY 15 from Victor to Mendon became part of NY 251, a new highway extending from NY 15 in Victor to NY 33 in Gates via Chili and Scottsville. West of Scottsville, NY 251 was routed on modern NY 383 and NY 386. From 1930 to , the River Road section of NY 251 overlapped with NY 35, which initially entered Monroe County on the former routing of legislative Route 15 and continued north to Rochester on current NY 383. The southwestern end of NY 35 was moved to Mumford , shifting the location of the overlap to Main Street in Scottsville. The concurrency was replaced with one with NY 383 when it supplanted most of NY 35 in the early 1940s. On July 1, 1977, NY 251 was truncated to begin at the eastern end of its overlap with NY 383 in Scottsville. The former routing of NY 251 from the west end of the concurrency in Scottsville to Gates became an extension of NY 386, which was a simple connector in northern Gates and southern Greece prior to the change. Major intersections

Introduction Juan de Bermúdez was a Spanish navigator of the 16th century. Early life Juan Bermúdez was born in Palos de la Frontera, Province of Huelva, Crown of Castile. Voyages In 1505, while sailing back to Spain from a provisioning voyage to Hispaniola in the ship La Garça, he discovered Bermuda (historically rendered by various authors as la Bermuda, Barmvdas or Bermudas, Bermoodos, Bermoothes, Bermudes) which was later named after him. Legatio Babylonica, published in 1511 by Peter Martyr d'Anghiera, lists "La Bermuda" among the Atlantic islands. In 1515 he returned to Bermuda, landing a dozen pigs and sows for any unlucky mariners who might later be castaway there. Bermúdez made 11 registered trips to the New World from 1495 to 1519.

Introduction The Bureau of Political-Military Affairs is an agency within the United States Department of State that bridges the Department of State with the Department of Defense. It provides policy in the areas of international security, security assistance, military operations, defense strategy and policy, military use of space, and defense trade. It is headed by the Assistant Secretary of State for Political-Military Affairs. According to the Department of State website, the Bureau secures military base access and overflight permission to support the deployment of U.S. military forces. It negotiates the status of U.S. military forces and International Criminal Court non-surrender agreements. It is also responsible for coordinating the participation of coalition combat and stabilization forces, and assisting other countries in reducing the availability of man-portable air defense systems (MANPADS), which are shoulder-launched surface-to-air missiles. The Bureau seeks to create and manage defense relationships with allies of the United States, regulate arms transfers, control access to military technology, and combat the illegal trafficking of small arms or light weapons. It also is responsible for training and equipping international peacekeepers and other military personnel. The Office of Weapons Removal and Abatement within the Bureau of Political Affairs manages the Humanitarian Mine Action Program and publishes the "SAFE PASSAGE": A Newsletter for the Humanitarian Mine Action and Small Arms/Light Weapons Communities. The office also publishes "To Walk The Earth In Safety" a publication that summarizes the current U.S. effort to rid the world of the most pressing land mine and ordnance problems in a country-by-country format. Finally they have published a number of press releases that describe ongoing efforts within those communities and the Office's efforts in support of these aims. The United Nations Mine Action Centre defines "mine action" as removing land mines from the ground, assisting victims, and also teaching people how to protect themselves from danger in environments affected by land mines. In addition to promoting public and private mine action partnerships, the Bureau works with the Department of Defense to provide assistance in the event of natural disasters. Organization The Bureau of Political-Military Affairs is divided into twelve unique offices: Office of Congressional and Public Affairs Office of Regional Security and Arms Transfers Office of Defense Trade Controls Licensing Office of Defense Trade Controls Compliance Office of Defense Trade Controls Management Office of Defense Trade Controls Policy Office of Security Negotiations and Agreements Office of State-Defense Integration Office of Global Programs and Initiatives Office of Security Assistance Office of Weapons Removal and Abatement The bureau also includes the Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Political-Military Affairs, the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Peacekeeping, Programs, and Operations; the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Defense Trade Controls; the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Regional Security and Security Assistance; and the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State and Senior Advisor for Security Negotiations and Agreements, as well as the Senior Military Advisor to the Assistant Secretary of State for Political-Military Affairs, in the Bureau's Front Office. Budget In fiscal year 2015, PM's operating budget, including salaries, was approximately $161 million. PM's total FY 2015 foreign assistance funding was approximately $7 billion.

Introduction The Chilean Primera División is the top-tier league of the Chilean football league system. It is organized by the ANFP. The league was previously known as the Campeonato AFP PlanVital for sponsorship reasons. In 2023, the ANFP signed a partnership with Betsson Group to become the official naming sponsor of the competition, which became known as Campeonato Betsson. Format As of the 2018 season, 16 teams compete in the league, playing against each other twice, once at home and once away. Relegation and promotion Currently, the two teams with the worst scores in the season, are relegated to Primera B, and replaced by the champions and the playoff winners of this division. Qualification for international competitions The league champions qualify for the following year's Copa Libertadores, as well as the runners-up and the third-placed team. The teams placing fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh qualify for the following year's Copa Sudamericana. History Professionalism In 1933, eight big clubs at that time, namely, Unión Española, Badminton, Colo-Colo, Audax Italiano, Green Cross, Morning Star, Magallanes and Santiago National F.C., founded the Liga Profesional de Football de Santiago on May 31, 1933. The newly formed body was recognized by the Football Federation of Chile on June 2, 1933. The first edition of professional competition was contested by the eight founding teams and was won by Magallanes after defeating Colo-Colo in a decisive match. In the following year, according to the disposition of Federación de Fútbol de Chile, Liga Profesional returned to integrate with the AFS. As part of the negotiations for reunification, four teams from AFS, namely, Club Deportivo Ferroviarios, Carlos Walker, Deportivo Alemán, and Santiago F.C., would join the 1934 professional competition. Moreover, it was also decided that the last six teams in the 1934 competition would be eliminated to form the new second division in 1935. The title of the expanded 1934 edition was again clinched by Magallanes, which won 10 out of the 11 matches that year. Current teams There are 16 teams playing in the Primera División, as of the 2023 season. Club City Stadium Capacity Audax Italiano Santiago Bicentenario de La Florida 12,000 Cobresal El Salvador El Cobre 12,000 Colo-Colo Santiago Monumental David Arellano 47,347 Coquimbo Unido Coquimbo Francisco Sánchez Rumoroso 18,750 Curicó Unido Curicó La Granja 8,000 Deportes Copiapó Copiapó Luis Valenzuela Hermosilla 8,000 Everton Viña del Mar Sausalito 22,360 Huachipato Talcahuano CAP 10,500 Magallanes San Bernardo Municipal Luis Navarro Avilés 3,500 Ñublense Chillán Municipal Nelson Oyarzún Arenas 12,000 O'Higgins Rancagua El Teniente 13,849 Palestino Santiago Municipal de La Cisterna 8,000 Unión Española Santiago Santa Laura-Universidad SEK 19,000 Unión La Calera La Calera Municipal Nicolás Chahuán Nazar 9,200 Universidad Católica Santiago San Carlos de Apoquindo 14,118 Universidad de Chile Santiago Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos 48,665 List of seasons Ed. Season Champion (title count) Runner-up Leading goalscorer(s) 1933 Magallanes (1) Colo-Colo Luis Carvallo (Colo-Colo; 9 goals) 1934 Magallanes (2) Audax Italiano Carlos Giudice (Audax Italiano; 19 goals) 1935 Magallanes (3) Audax Italiano Aurelio Domínguez (Colo-Colo; 12 goals) Guillermo Ogaz (Magallanes; 12 goals) 1936 Audax Italiano (1) Magallanes Hernán Bolaños (Audax Italiano; 14 goals) 1937 Colo-Colo (1) Magallanes Hernán Bolaños (Audax Italiano; 16 goals) 1938 Magallanes (4) Audax Italiano Gustavo Pizarro (Bádminton; 17 goals) 1939 Colo-Colo (2) Santiago Morning Alfonso Domínguez (Colo-Colo; 32 goals) 1940 Universidad de Chile (1) Audax Italiano Victor Alonso (Universidad de Chile; 20 goals) Pedro Valenzuela (Magallanes; 20 goals) 1941 Colo-Colo (3) Santiago Morning José Profetta (Santiago National F.C.; 19 goals) 1942 Santiago Morning (1) Magallanes Domingo Romo (Santiago Morning; 16 goals) 1943 Unión Española (1) Colo-Colo Luis Machuca (Unión Española; 17 goals) Victor Mancilla Universidad Católica (17 goals) 1944 Colo-Colo (4) Audax Italiano Juan Alcantara (Audax Italiano; 19 goals) Alfonso Domínguez (Colo-Colo; 19 goals) 1945 Green Cross (1) Unión Española Ubaldo Cruche (Universidad de Chile; 17 goals) Hugo Giorgi (Audax Italiano; 17 goals) Juan Zárate (Green Cross; 17 goals) 1946 Audax Italiano (2) Magallanes Ubaldo Cruche (Universidad de Chile; 25 goals) 1947 Colo-Colo (5) Audax Italiano Apolonides Vera (Santiago National F.C.; 17 goals) 1948 Audax Italiano (3) Unión Española Juan Zárate (Audax Italiano; 22 goals) 1949 Universidad Católica (1) Santiago Wanderers Mario Lorca (Unión Española; 20 goals) 1950 Everton (1) Unión Española Félix Díaz (Green Cross; 21 goals) 1951 Unión Española (2) Audax Italiano Rubén Aguilera (Santiago Morning; 21 goals) Carlos Tello (Audax Italiano; 21 goals) 1952 Everton (2) Colo-Colo René Meléndez (Everton; 30 goals) 1953 Colo-Colo (6) Palestino Jorge Robledo (Colo-Colo; 26 goals) 1954 Universidad Católica (2) Colo-Colo Jorge Robledo (Colo-Colo; 25 goals) 1955 Palestino (1) Colo-Colo Nicolás Moreno (Green Cross; 27 goals) 1956 Colo-Colo (7) Santiago Wanderers Guillermo Villarroel (O'Higgins; 19 goals) 1957 Audax Italiano (4) Universidad de Chile Gustavo Albella (Green Cross; 27 goals) 1958 Santiago Wanderers (1) Colo-Colo Gustavo Albella (Green Cross; 23 goals) Carlos Verdejo (La Serena; 23 goals) 1959 Universidad de Chile (2) Colo-Colo José Benito Rios (O'Higgins; 22 goals) 1960 Colo-Colo (8) Santiago Wanderers Juan Falcon (Palestino; 21 goals) 1961 Universidad Católica (3) Universidad de Chile Carlos Campos (Universidad de Chile; 24 goals) Honorino Landa (Unión Española; 24 goals) 1962 Universidad de Chile (3) Universidad Católica Carlos Campos (Universidad de Chile; 34 goals) 1963 Colo-Colo (9) Universidad de Chile Luis Hernán Álvarez (Colo-Colo; 37 goals) 1964 Universidad de Chile (4) Universidad Católica Daniel Escudero (Everton; 25 goals) 1965 Universidad de Chile (5) Universidad Católica Héctor Scandolli (Rangers; 25 goals) 1966 Universidad Católica (4) Colo-Colo Carlos Campos (Universidad de Chile; 21 goals) Felipe Bracamonte (Unión San Felipe; 21 goals) 1967 Universidad de Chile (6) Universidad Católica Eladio Zárate (Unión Española; 28 goals) 1968 Santiago Wanderers (2) Universidad Católica Carlos Reinoso (Audax Italiano; 21 goals) 1969 Universidad de Chile (7) Rangers Eladio Zárate (Unión Española; 22 goals) 1970 Colo-Colo (10) Unión Española Osvaldo Castro (Deportes Concepción; 36 goals) 1971 Unión San Felipe (1) Universidad de Chile Eladio Zárate (Universidad de Chile; 25 goals) 1972 Colo-Colo (11) Unión Española Fernando Espinoza (Magallanes; 25 goals) 1973 Unión Española (3) Colo-Colo Guillermo Yávar (Unión Española; 21 goals) 1974 Huachipato (1) Palestino Julio Crisosto (Colo-Colo; 28 goals) 1975 Unión Española (4) Deportes Concepción Victor Pizarro (Santiago Morning; 27 goals) 1976 Everton (3) Unión Española Óscar Fabbiani (Palestino; 23 goals) 1977 Unión Española (5) Everton Óscar Fabbiani (Palestino; 34 goals) 1978 Palestino (2) Cobreloa Óscar Fabbiani (Palestino; 35 goals) 1979 Colo-Colo (12) Cobreloa Carlos Caszely (Colo-Colo; 20 goals) 1980 Cobreloa (1) Universidad de Chile Carlos Caszely (Colo-Colo; 26 goals) 1981 Colo-Colo (13) Cobreloa Victor Cabrera (San Luis; 20 goals) Carlos Caszely (Colo-Colo; 20 goals) Luis Marcoleta (Magallanes; 20 goals) 1982 Cobreloa (2) Colo-Colo Jorge Luis Siviero (Cobreloa; 18 goals) 1983 Colo-Colo (14) Cobreloa Washington Olivera (Cobreloa; 29 goals) 1984 Universidad Católica (5) Cobresal Victor Cabrera (C.D. Regional Atacama; 18 goals) 1985 Cobreloa (3) Everton Ivo Basay (Magallanes; 19 goals) 1986 Colo-Colo (15) Palestino Sergio Salgado (C.D. Cobresal; 18 goals) 1987 Universidad Católica (6) Colo-Colo Osvaldo Hurtado (Universidad Católica; 21 goals) 1988 Cobreloa (4) Cobresal Gustavo De Luca (Deportes La Serena; 18 goals) Juan José Oré (Deportes Iquique; 18 goals) 1989 Colo-Colo (16) Universidad Católica Rubén Martínez (C.D. Cobresal; 25 goals) 1990 Colo-Colo (17) Universidad Católica Rubén Martínez (Colo-Colo; 22 goals) 1991 Colo-Colo (18) Coquimbo Unido Rubén Martínez (Colo-Colo; 23 goals) 1992 Cobreloa (5) Colo-Colo Aníbal González (Colo-Colo; 24 goals) 1993 Colo-Colo (19) Cobreloa Marco Antonio Figueroa (C.D. Cobreloa; 18 goals) 1994 Universidad de Chile (8) Universidad Católica Alberto Acosta (Universidad Católica; 33 goals) 1995 Universidad de Chile (9) Universidad Católica Gabriel Caballero (C.D. Antofagasta; 18 goals) Aníbal González (Palestino; 18 goals) 1996 Colo-Colo (20) Universidad Católica Mario Véner (Santiago Wanderers; 30 goals) 1997 Apertura Universidad Católica (7) Colo-Colo David Bisconti (Universidad Católica; 15 goals) Clausura Colo-Colo (21) Universidad Católica Richart Báez (Universidad de Chile; 10 goals) Rubén Vallejos (Deportes Puerto Montt; 10 goals) 1998 Colo-Colo (22) Universidad de Chile Pedro González (Universidad de Chile; 23 goals) 1999 Universidad de Chile (10) Universidad Católica Mario Núñez (O'Higgins; 34 goals) 2000 Universidad de Chile (11) Cobreloa Pedro González (Universidad de Chile; 26 goals) 2001 Santiago Wanderers (3) Universidad Católica Héctor Tapia (Colo-Colo; 24 goals) 2002 Apertura Universidad Católica (8) Rangers Sebastián González (Colo-Colo; 18 goals) Clausura Colo-Colo (23) Universidad Católica Manuel Neira (Colo-Colo; 14 goals) 2003 Apertura Cobreloa (6) Colo-Colo Salvador Cabañas (Audax Italiano; 18 goals) Clausura Cobreloa (7) Colo-Colo Gustavo Biscayzacú (Unión Española; 21 goals) 2004 Apertura Universidad de Chile (12) Cobreloa Patricio Galaz (C.D. Cobreloa; 23 goals) Clausura Cobreloa (8) Unión Española Patricio Galaz (Cobreloa; 19 goals) 2005 Apertura Unión Española (6) Coquimbo Unido Joel Estay (Everton; 13 goals) Álvaro Sarabia (Deportes Puerto Montt; 13 goals) Héctor Mancilla (C.D. Huachipato; 13 goals) Clausura Universidad Católica (9) Universidad de Chile Cristián Montecinos (Concepción; 13 goals) Gonzalo Fierro (Colo-Colo; 13 goals) César Díaz (C.D. Cobresal; 13 goals) 2006 Apertura Colo-Colo (24) Universidad de Chile Humberto Suazo (Colo-Colo; 19 goals) Clausura Colo-Colo (25) Audax Italiano Leonardo Monje (Universidad de Concepción; 17 goals) 2007 Apertura Colo-Colo (26) Universidad Católica Humberto Suazo (Colo-Colo; 18 goals) Clausura Colo-Colo (27) Universidad de Concepción Carlos Villanueva (Audax Italiano; 20 goals) 2008 Apertura Everton (4) Colo-Colo Lucas Barrios (Colo-Colo; 19 goals) Clausura Colo-Colo (28) Palestino Lucas Barrios (Colo-Colo; 18 goals) 2009 Apertura Universidad de Chile (13) Unión Española Esteban Paredes (Santiago Morning; 17 goals) Clausura Colo-Colo (29) Universidad Católica Diego Rivarola (Santiago Morning; 13 goals) 2010 Universidad Católica (10) Colo-Colo Milovan Mirošević (Universidad Católica; 19 goals) 2011 Apertura Universidad de Chile (14) Universidad Católica Matías Urbano (Unión San Felipe; 12 goals) Clausura Universidad de Chile (15) Cobreloa Esteban Paredes (Colo-Colo; 14 goals) 2012 Apertura Universidad de Chile (16) O'Higgins Enzo Gutiérrez (O'Higgins; 11 goals) Clausura Huachipato (2) Unión Española Sebastián Sáez (Audax Italiano; 13 goals) 2013 Unión Española (7) Universidad Católica Javier Elizondo (C.D. Antofagasta; 14 goals) Sebastián Sáez (Audax Italiano; 14 goals) 2013–14 Apertura O'Higgins (1) Universidad Católica Luciano Vázquez (Ñublense; 11 goals) Clausura Colo-Colo (30) Universidad Católica Esteban Paredes (Colo-Colo; 16 goals) 2014–15 Apertura Universidad de Chile (17) Santiago Wanderers Esteban Paredes (Colo-Colo; 12 goals) Clausura Cobresal (1) Colo-Colo Jean Paul Pineda (Unión La Calera; 11 goals) Esteban Paredes (Colo-Colo; 11 goals) 2015–16 Apertura Colo-Colo (31) Universidad Católica Marcos Riquelme (Club Deportivo Palestino; 11 goals) Clausura Universidad Católica (11) Colo-Colo Nicolás Castillo (Universidad Católica; 11 goals) 2016–17 Apertura Universidad Católica (12) Deportes Iquique Nicolás Castillo (Universidad Católica; 13 goals) Clausura Universidad de Chile (18) Colo-Colo Felipe Mora (Universidad de Chile; 13 goals) 2017 Colo-Colo (32) Unión Española Bryan Carrasco (Audax Italiano; 10 goals) 2018 Universidad Católica (13) Universidad de Concepción Esteban Paredes (Colo-Colo; 19 goals) 2019 Universidad Católica (14) Colo-Colo Lucas Passerini (Palestino; 14 goals) 2020 Universidad Católica (15) Unión La Calera Fernando Zampedri (Universidad Católica; 20 goals) 2021 Universidad Católica (16) Colo-Colo Gonzalo Sosa (Deportes Melipilla; 23 goals) Fernando Zampedri (Universidad Católica; 23 goals) 2022 Colo-Colo (33) Ñublense Fernando Zampedri (Universidad Católica; 18 goals) 2023 Source (not for goalscorers): rsssf.com Titles by club Source: Rank Club Winners Runners-up Winning years Runners-up years 1 Colo-Colo 33 22 1937, 1939, 1941, 1944, 1947, 1953, 1956, 1960, 1963, 1970, 1972, 1979, 1981, 1983, 1986, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1996, 1997 Clausura, 1998, 2002 Clausura, 2006 Apertura, 2006 Clausura, 2007 Apertura, 2007 Clausura, 2008 Clausura, 2009 Clausura, 2014 Clausura, 2015 Apertura, 2017 Transición, 2022 1933, 1943, 1952, 1954, 1955, 1958, 1959, 1966, 1973, 1982, 1987, 1992, 1997 Apertura, 2003 Apertura, 2003 Clausura, 2008 Apertura, 2010, 2015 Clausura, 2016 Clausura, 2017 Clausura, 2019, 2021 2 Universidad de Chile 18 8 1940, 1959, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1967, 1969, 1994, 1995, 1999, 2000, 2004 Apertura, 2009 Apertura, 2011 Apertura, 2011 Clausura, 2012 Apertura, 2014 Apertura, 2017 Clausura 1957, 1961, 1963, 1971, 1980, 1998, 2005 Clausura, 2006 Apertura 3 Universidad Católica 16 21 1949, 1954, 1961, 1966, 1984, 1987, 1997 Apertura, 2002 Apertura, 2005 Clausura, 2010, 2016 Clausura, 2016 Apertura, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 1962, 1964, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1989, 1990, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997 Clausura, 1999, 2001, 2002 Clausura, 2007 Apertura, 2009 Clausura, 2011 Apertura, 2013 Transición, 2013 Apertura, 2014 Clausura, 2015 Apertura 4 Cobreloa 8 8 1980, 1982, 1985, 1988, 1992, 2003 Apertura, 2003 Clausura, 2004 Clausura 1978, 1979, 1981, 1983, 1993, 2000, 2004 Apertura, 2011 Clausura 5 Unión Española 7 10 1943, 1951, 1973, 1975, 1977, 2005 Apertura, 2013 Transición 1945, 1948, 1950, 1970, 1972, 1976, 2004 Clausura, 2009 Apertura, 2012 Clausura, 2017 Transición 6 Audax Italiano 4 8 1936, 1946, 1948, 1957 1934, 1935, 1938, 1940, 1944, 1947, 1951, 2006 Clausura Magallanes 4 4 1933, 1934, 1935, 1938 1936, 1937, 1942, 1946 Everton 4 2 1950, 1952, 1976, 2008 Apertura 1977, 1985 9 Santiago Wanderers 3 4 1958, 1968, 2001 1949, 1956, 1960, 2014 Apertura 10 Palestino 2 4 1955, 1978 1953, 1974, 1986, 2008 Clausura Huachipato 2 — 1974, 2012 Clausura — 12 Santiago Morning 1 2 1942 1939, 1941 Cobresal 1 2 2015 Clausura 1984, 1988 O'Higgins 1 1 2013 Apertura 2012 Apertura Green Cross 1 — 1945 — Unión San Felipe 1 — 1971 —

Introduction Ciarán P. Murphy is a former Irish Fianna Fáil politician who was a Teachta Dála (TD) for Wicklow from 1973 to 1982. A secondary school teacher before entering politics, Murphy was elected to Dáil Éireann on his first attempt, at the 1973 general election. He defeated the sitting TD Paudge Brennan, who had left Fianna Fáil over the Arms Crisis and was standing as a candidate for the short-lived breakaway party Aontacht Éireann. Murphy was re-elected at the next three general elections, before losing his seat at the November 1982 general election to Paudge Brennan, who had rejoined Fianna Fáil. In October 1982, Murphy had been one of the "Gang of 22" Fianna Fáil TDs who had voted in favour of a motion of no confidence in the Taoiseach Charles Haughey's leadership of the party. The motion had been tabled by Kildare TD Charlie McCreevy, but one of its main backers was Desmond O'Malley. O'Malley was expelled from Fianna Fáil in 1985 and founded a new political party, the Progressive Democrats (PDs). Murphy, who was no longer a member of the Dáil, joined the PDs and stood as a Progressive Democrat candidate in Wicklow at the 1989 general election. He was unsuccessful, and did not stand again.

Introduction Huaquan is a style of Long Fist Kung Fu (Changquan) which is believed to have originated in the Former Song Dynasty (420–479 AD) around the Hua Shan (Hua Mountain) area of Shaanxi Province. History There are written legends from the Kaiyuan reign (713–741 AD) of the Tang Dynasty (618–906 AD) about a Mount Hua knight named Cai Mao, who was famous for his prowess in combat and swordplay. Apparently Cai Mao had killed an enemy, a noble from Chang'an and had to go into hiding to escape the family's wrath. 400 years later we hear of Cai's descendants, Cai Tai and Cai Gang of Jining in Shandong Province; were reputed using the Hua Quan style in public competitions. It is because of this historical record that many credit these two brothers with preserving Hua Quan as we know it today. However, it was Cai Wanzhi of Jining during the reign of Jaiqing during the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) who is credited with the finishing touches on Hua Quan by writing the book "The Secrets of Huaquan"; the finishing touches could just be that he wrote the book, nobody can say for sure. Cai Wanzhi had based the book on the traditional philosophy of combining the "three pure essences", or treasures, of Spirit (Shen), Intrinsic Energy (Chi), and Internal force (Jing). Therefore, this specific style of Kung Fu is sometimes referred to as "Kung Fu of Essence." It is also known as Glorious/Magnificent Boxing, China Fist, or "The Fist of Hua Mountain." (Hua, or "Wah"- meaning Glorious, is also synonymous for the word China/Chinese). In modern-day Hua Quan is considered to be one of the five major styles of Long Fist Gong Fu. It may be important to note that due to its translation and spelling, there is a different style of Hua Quan meaning "Flower Fist." ("Meihuaquan"). In classical and contemporary works of literary fiction and cinema (Wuxia stories), Hua Quan is renowned for its swordplay skill. Historically the temples and monasteries on Hua Shan are quite ancient and the monks were renowned masters of Neidan, (Internal Alchemy) and the mountain was a designation for many martial artists, giving up common earthly life. Hua Shan is one of China's five Sacred Peaks of Taoism. According to sources Zhang San-feng, the Taoist sage and patriarch of Taijiquan studied at the monasteries of Hua Shan after his time at Shaolin in Song Shan and before retiring to Wudang Shan. The lesser-known internal martial-art style of Liu He Ba Fa was also developed on Hua Shan by the Taoist sage Chen Tuan (871–989) during the Song Dynasty (960–1280 AD). It is important to note that the Hua Shan area played an important role for self-cultivation and Chinese Martial Arts development, like many of the other mountain regions (Song Shan, Er-Mei, Wudang, etc.). Hua style was also brought into Shaolin Temple most notably by Emperor Taizu of Song, it is one of the four arts he brought into the temple. His martial art style (after extensive training with renowned northern masters), based on Hua Quan and other fists came to be known as "Emperor's Longfist", sometimes referenced as the premier Changquan style. There are also sets of forms the Shaolin monks adopted into their curriculum of training from the traditional Hua Quan system practised today (see reference). Hua Quan's modern history begins with Grandmaster Cai Guigin, born in Shantung Province in 1877 during the later years of Qing Dynasty. As a boy, Cai Guigin learned his families boxing from his grandfather, and later, after his grandfather's death, from Master Ding Yushan, another Hua Quan master. Cai Guigin stood out during his life as being acknowledged as THE Hua Quan Grandmaster of his time. Beginning in 1897, Cai Guigin began to travel throughout China, specifically its southern provinces, spreading his boxing techniques along the way during a time of great change and revolution in China's history until he finally settled in Shanghai in the 1920s. Characteristics Hua Quan is an old style with a huge repertoire of techniques and forms. It stands as a complete system of martial art. There are traditionally 48 hand sets to master in the system - 18 primary forms, 18 secondary forms (sparring sets) and 12 advanced forms referred to as roads, as well as, Chin Na, long and short weapons sets and specialized training methods. As the style spread throughout the region, it became named after its place of origin- the Hua Shan area around Shaanxi Province. A highly developed style, there is an old saying in a form of a poem that basically states "knowing the 48 hand sets of Hua Quan, one can travel anywhere under the heavens.". Hua Quan is characterized by its smooth, well-connected movements. Its techniques are executed "like a fast burst of wind" and its flawless stances are "as rooted as the pine tree" (excerpt from the "12 patterns" of Hua Quan training). Hua Quan practitioners breath deeply to spread air flows throughout the body, and the Hua Quan practitioner develops external/internal strength and energy for fighting, in particular cun jing (inch energy). Its footwork and hand technique are based on the Taoist philosophy of Yin and Yang. Hua Quan is considered a Traditional Northern Kung Fu style, and is a perfect example of a "classical" long-arm style, although there is no shortage of mid-close range techniques. The Hua Quan 24 Essentials rests on the principles of four hits (each category being quite extensive), 8 methods and 12 patterns. Eleven basic aspects of practice include use of shoulder, back, hip, knee, leg, foot, arm, elbow, fist, palm and claw. Hua Quan is also said to have the energies of five animals, although different from the "Shaolin Five Animals" System which are animal imitation forms. The energies of the Hua Quan 5 Animals are: Ape, Tiger, Dragon, Leopard, and Eagle. The older the style such as Hua Quan, the energies are used to develop and internalize the essence of the movement creating proper power, technique and form. Hua Quan is an old Taoist style in origin. The art today In the present day, Hua Quan is one of the main constituents of the modern "Changquan" (longfist) routines in contemporary Wushu taught in Sports Academies throughout China due to the efforts of one of the few remaining Hua Quan Grandmasters Cai Longyun (aka "the Big Dragon", son of Grandmaster Cai Guigin) when he wrote manuals on the first four roads and two of the sparring sets of the Hua Quan system (which are considered to be advanced, not beginner, forms), and collaborated with the Chinese Wushu Committee in the 1950s in creating beginner, intermediate, and advanced Wushu basics and curriculums. Cai Longyun is Vice Chairman of the Chinese Wushu Association, and an associate professor of the Shanghai Sports Academy. Much of Hua Quan has been lost, absorbed, or modified by other systems and masters throughout the centuries, making the old traditional system hard to find. Currently, Sigung Joe Maury's primary focus is on preserving Hua Quan to be as authentic and complete as the original art dating back to the Former Song Dynasty (420 AD). He has dedicated his life to the glory of spreading and teaching the original system of Hua Quan (Glorious Boxing), as passed down from generation to generation from the last recorded Hua Quan Grandmaster, Cai Guiging. Sigung Maury teaches Hua Quan as it was taught to him by Master Chen who learned it from his father who had learned Hua Quan directly from Grandmaster Cai Guigin in the early 1900s. Hua Quan is a historical style, a classic Kung Fu style which is beautiful in appearance and effective in combat. The old Hua Quan manual states "practice boxing as if a boat floating on water; running along smoothly for a thousand miles, avoiding the barbaric style of practicing martial arts which leads to disorders of the body and mind".

Introduction Queensbury Academy is an 11–18 mixed, secondary school and sixth form with academy status in Dunstable, Bedfordshire, England. It was established in 1972 and adopted its present name after becoming an academy in September 2012. It is part of the Anthem Schools Trust (formerly CfBT Schools Trust). History Kingsbury Technical School and Queen Eleanor's Grammar School for Girls merged in 1972 to form Queensbury Upper School, when Bedfordshire changed from a two-tier school system to a three-tier system. The first Headteacher at Queensbury was Christina Scott, who served for twelve years from 1972 until retiring in 1984. Scott was succeeded by Keith Barker, whose tenure saw a period when the school was flagged for closure. However, the local community, including Member of Parliament David Madel, fought to keep Queensbury open and took advantage of the introduction of the grant-maintained system introduced in 1988. Thus, Queensbury became the second grant-maintained school. Barker left his position in 1994 and was replaced by Bob Clayton. Grant-maintained schools were abolished in 1998 during Clayton's tenure, and so Queensbury was converted to a foundation school. During its ten years as a grant-maintained school, it grew from having very low enrolment numbers (as the school was due to close) to being heavily oversubscribed. After Clayton left his post in 2003, Deputy Head Lynn Morgan briefly served as Interim Headteacher until the arrival of Nigel Hill. During his first year as Headteacher, Hill took the decision to replace sugary snacks in vending machines with healthier alternatives, which gained national news attention. Hill departed in 2012 after the school was placed into special measures by OFSTED, leading to the interim appointment of Jill Coughlan CBE as Headteacher to oversee Queensbury's conversion to an academy. This change came into effect in September 2012 and Oliver Button became the first Principal of the newly renamed Queensbury Academy, serving until 2019 when he departed and was replaced by incumbent Principal Mark Little. On 14 October 2022, Anthem Trust announced that Little was leaving his role as Principal at the academy. On 17 October, Helen Palmer was announced as the interim headteacher of the academy, alongside a number of changes to the school day. School site Because the school used to be two separate schools, the buildings are quite a distance apart and there is some duplication in rooms across the school. There are, for instance, two gyms, main halls and canteens. There are two entrances from different sides of the site, although the main entrance leading to the reception in the Central building is on Langdale Road. Until the completion of the Central building, where there is one purpose-built staff room, there were also two staff rooms – one per building. On Langdale Road, there is a staff entrance to the East building (the former Queen Eleanor's), and the main entrance to the Central building. Opposite Meadway there is an entrance to the West building (via Canesworde Road). The 'Central' building was added in 1999. The buildings have been updated to include IT suites in all buildings and new signage. Further recent improvements include new windows, a cafeteria area, an environmental centre and a covered outside picnic area for students. The academy also has a fitness suite for students and staff to use. House system The school uses a vertical house system to encourage teamwork and competition within the school, with awards and points being given to houses for various events. Each tutor group is assigned to a house. The houses are based in the two main buildings with Ennis and Rowling in the 'East' and Hawking and Sugar in the 'West'. Until 2013, the houses were named (with colours): Mead (green), Canesworde (yellow), Langdale (blue) and Hilton (red), after the four roads that surround the school site. The houses compete against each other during an annual Sports Day and occasional afternoon events; these give "Q Points" depending on a house's finishing position which is used to give a film afternoon reward to the students. The ties, although the same design and basic colours have a stripe in a colour representing their house. Each house is named after an influential person and these are: Rowling (Blue) — J. K. Rowling Hawking (Red) — Stephen Hawking Sugar (Green) — Alan Sugar Ennis (Yellow) — Jessica Ennis-Hill

Introduction Pipeworks Studios is an American video game developer based in Eugene, Oregon. The company was founded in November 1999 by Dan White and Dan Duncalf and works to provide full development, co-development, and live operations to video game publishers and other partners, in addition to creating original IPs. History Pipeworks Software was founded in Eugene, Oregon, in November 1999 by Dan White and Dan Duncalf, two developers formerly of Dynamix. White and Duncalf assumed the roles of chief technical officer and president, respectively, and Phil Cowles was hired as director of business development. On April 12, 2005, it was announced that Pipeworks had been acquired by Foundation 9 Entertainment, a video game conglomerate company founded the month prior. Subsequently, Duncalf joined Foundation 9's board of directors. By May 2010, Pipeworks had 60 employees. In September 2014, under advisory from GP Bullhound, Foundation 9 sold Pipeworks to Italian game publishing company Digital Bros. By February 2016, Pipeworks employed 75 people and had changed its name to Pipeworks Studio. Digital Bros sold Pipeworks off to Northern Pacific Group for in February 2018, and the studio was later renamed Pipeworks Studios. In September 2020, Sumo Group acquired Pipeworks for $100 million. Together with its new parent company, the studio opened a subsidiary, Timbre Games, in Canada under the management of Joe Nickolls. In July 2022, Pipeworks Studios was acquired by Jagex, developers of the RuneScape franchise. Games developed Year Title Platform(s) 2001 GLOM Palm OS 2002 Godzilla: Destroy All Monsters Melee GameCube, Xbox 2004 Godzilla: Save the Earth PlayStation 2, Xbox 2005 Prince of Persia: Revelations PlayStation Portable 2006 Rampage: Total Destruction GameCube, PlayStation 2, Wii 2007 Prince of Persia: Rival Swords PlayStation Portable, Wii NHRA Drag Racing: Countdown to the Championship PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable Godzilla: Unleashed PlayStation 2, Wii Boogie PlayStation 2 2008 Merv Griffin's Crosswords Wii 2009 Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian Wii, Xbox 360 Charm Girls Club: Pajama Party Wii GeoStorm Microsoft Windows 2010 Monopoly PlayStation Portable Jeopardy! Wii Wheel of Fortune Wii Deadliest Warrior PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 Zumba Fitness PlayStation 3, Wii, Xbox 360 UDraw Studio Wii 2011 Deadliest Warrior: Legends PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 2012 Devil May Cry: HD Collection PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 Wheel of Fortune PlayStation 3, Wii U, Xbox 360 Jeopardy! PlayStation 3, Wii U, Xbox 360 Deadliest Warrior Ancient Combat Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 Wreck-It Ralph Wii, 3DS, DS 2013 Dancing With the Stars: Keep Dancing Browser, Microsoft Windows World Series of Poker: Full House Pro Xbox 360 2014 Godzilla: Smash 3 Android, iOS 2015 SoccerDie iOS Gems of War Xbox One, PlayStation 4 2016 Prominence Poker Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One Superfight Microsoft Windows 2017 Queen's Sea Poker Android, iOS 2018 Terraria PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Nintendo Switch King's Cruise Lottery Android, iOS 2019 SoccerDie: Cosmic Cup Nintendo Switch Adventure Academy iOS, Microsoft Windows, MacOS 2020 Rival Peak Microsoft Windows, MacOS, Android, iOS 2022 The Walking Dead: Last Mile Microsoft Windows, MacOS, Android, iOS Magic Spellslingers Microsoft Windows, MacOS, Android, iOS

Introduction Rengsjöbilen, Jonsson or just "Bilen" were names given to a series of ten cars made by sawmill owner Anders Jonsson in Rengsjö, Hälsingland, Sweden between 1914 and 1916. The cars were two-seater in tandem. Length 320 cm and width 120 cm. Weight 445 kg. The engine was 75x100 cc. The body, fenders, chassis, and other parts were made by Höjens verkstäder in Rengsjö. Many components such as motorcycle wheels, chains, and engine were bought from other sources. The car used belt transmission, and is said to have used a water-cooled, two-cylinder, two-stroke engine made in Morgårdshammar, mainly intended for boats, of power reported to have been between 6 and 10 hp. After production ended, several employees joined car manufacturer SAF in Bollnäs. Four photographs of the cars exist, but the only physical remnant is due to a naughty boy: a son of Jonsson's took a car for a drive, and dented the grille. A man at the factory made him a new one so he could keep the incident a secret; he threw the dented grill into a lake. When he grew up he retrieved the grille and gave it to the old homestead museum.

Introduction The University of the Philippines Singing Ambassadors, also known as the UP Singing Ambassadors or UPSA, is one of the major performing musical groups based at the University of the Philippines Diliman (UP-Diliman) in Quezon City, Philippines. UPSA is the State University's official performing group for choreographed choral music and resident choir of the UP College of Arts and Letters. The UPSA has performed music from different styles: classical music, international songs, spirituals, ethnic, Broadway, pop, jazz, gospel, inspirational songs and rock. As ambassadors of Philippine culture, the UPSA incorporates cultural dances, costumes and traditions from various regions in the Philippines as part of its repertoire. The UPSA has won numerous accolades and citations, locally and internationally, including a slot at the 2002 European Choral Grand Prix. Brief history The UPSA was initially formed as the Kalayaan Choral Crowd, a freshman dormitory choir of the Kalayaan Residence Hall at the University of the Philippines' Diliman campus. It was later reorganized as the University of the Philippines Singing Ambassadors in 1980. Edgardo Manguiat, winner of the Dirigentenpreis (Conductor's Award) in the 2nd Johannes Brahms Int’l. Choir Competition in Germany, is the Founder and Conductor of The U.P. Singing Ambassadors (UPSA). He was a former member of the University of the Philippines Concert Chorus (UPCC). As a member of the International Federation of Choral Music (IFCM), Ed attended the 1st and the 4th World Symposia on Choral Music in Vienna, Austria and Sydney, Australia, respectively. Here, Ed attended Choral workshops and master classes under world-renowned choral musicians like Sweden‘s Eric Ericsson. As a student at the U.P. College of Music, he studied vocal pedagogy under Aurelio Estanislao, Fides Cuyugan-Asencio, Andrea Veneracion and Elmo Makil; and choral conducting under Rey T. Pagiuo, Elmo Makil, Flora Rivera, and Joel Navarro. Ed has served as Vocal Coach and Consultant of several NAMCYA 1st prize winners like the 3-time national winner Loboc Children's Choir of Bohol. Ed composes and does choral arrangements. His most recent works include one of the themes in the internationally acclaimed film Magnifico. His outstanding achievements earned him the pride of his own hometown as he received the Golden Achievers Award during the 50th Anniversary Celebration of Lipa City in 1997, and the Most Outstanding Lipeño in the Field of Music in 1993. Awards Like two other UP-based choirs (namely, the Philippine Madrigal Singers (the Madz) and the UP Concert Chorus (UPCC)), the UPSA has gained national prominence through its participation in international choral competitions. Winning the Gran Premio Città at the Concorso Polifonico Internazionale Guido d'Arezzo in Italy in 2001 (thus far the only Asian choir winning the award), the UPSA was eligible to compete as one of the finalists in the 14th European Grand Prix of Choral Singing in 2002. Together with the Madz, the UST Singers and the Ateneo Glee Club, the UPSA is one of only four Filipino choirs who were eligible to compete in the European Choral Grand Prix. The UPSA is the 2002 & 2010 ALIW Awardee for Best Choral Group, the Most Outstanding University Choir in the 2004 Who's Who in the Philippines Consumer's Choice Awards and the Philippine entry to the UNESCO International Music Prize 2005 held in Paris, France. The choir recently celebrated its 30th anniversary by conducting its 7th European Tour and holding a grand reunion concert at the Cultural Center of the Philippines on August 27, 2010. The UPSA also has the distinction of being the only choir that has won three awards in the 51-year history of the Certamen internacional de Habaneras y Polifonia de Torrevieja in Torrevieja, Spain. This competition was also participated in by the Philippine Madridal Singers a year before UPSA joined the competition. In the 2008 European Tour, the UP Singing Ambassadors brought home twelve awards from prestigious choral competitions in France, Hungary, Poland, Switzerland and Wales in the United Kingdom. The awards include two grand prizes, seven 1st prizes, three 3rd prizes plus five grand prize qualifications. In addition, the UPSA has also won awards at choral competitions in Trencianske Teplice in Slovakia and Prague, the Czech Republic (grand prize); in Wernigerode, Germany (first prize); Neuchâtel, Switzerland; Maasmechelen, Belgium; Cantonigros in Spain; Gorizia, Italy; Arnhem, The Netherlands; Pardubice, Czech Republic; Varna, Bulgaria; and Tours, France. Gretchen Espina, the first Pinoy Idol is also a member of the UP Singing Ambassadors. Appearances The UPSA has performed at various cities in the Philippines and abroad. To date, they have performed in Austria, Australia, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hong Kong, Hungary, Italy, Israel, South Korea, Luxembourg, United Arab Emirates, Singapore, Spain, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, The Netherlands and the USA. In addition, the UPSA also participated in the following activities: acted as back-up chorus to international and local performers like Josh Groban in his AWAKE World Tour concert at the Philippine International Convention Center in 2007, Lani Misalucha at the 2007 Metro Manila Film Festival Awards Night in the SMX Convention Center, Kuh Ledesma and Vernie Varga in Sing For Me: The GMA Christmas Choir Festival at the Marikina Sports Park, Regine Velasquez in her 20th Anniversary concert at the Araneta Coliseum in 2006 and Wofgang's Acoustica concert at the Music Museum in 2000, to name a few; being the only Asian participant in the 2005 Arezzo Sbandieratori Medieval Feast in Italy; participation in the 13th Festival International de Chant Choral de Nancy in France, where UPSA earned accolades and received standing ovations in all of its performances; performance before French President Jacques Chirac and other VIP's and diplomats in the American Church in Paris, France, for the memory of the September 11 Twin Towers Attack victims; This was aired live via CNN. Simultaneously broadcast with other major activities happening around the world for the victim of the tragedy. performance in the Sydney Opera House to drum-up activities for the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games; participation in Mabuhay Philippines showcasing Filipino culture in choral music, painting and "haute couture" in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Egypt and the United Arab Emirates in 1993 - 1994 participation in the Office of the President-Presidential Management Staff (Philippines) 2008 Christmas Party Celebrations

Introduction "Chervona Ruta" () is a popular Ukrainian song written by Volodymyr Ivasyuk in 1968 and performed by many singers. The song was never formally copyrighted and due to its wide popularity is considered a Ukrainian folk song. It is named after a mythological flower, the chervona ruta, which if found turning a red colour by a young girl, was meant to bring happiness in love. The song's popularity peaked with the version performed by the Ukrainian singer Sofia Rotaru. "Chervona Ruta" is popularly known in Ukrainian and other ethnic communities that were once part of the Soviet Union and likely to be sung at weddings, karaoke and other social settings. History Chervona ruta — Rhododendron myrtifolium plant The song and its melody was written by a 19-year-old student of the Chernivtsi Medical Institute, Volodymyr Ivasyuk. Volodymyr found in his father's library a collection of "kolomyikas" (author of the collection was Volodymyr Hnatyuk), a traditional folk songs/dance of Pokuttia and Prykarpattia. Ivasyuk was puzzled by the mention of "chervona ruta" in some of the kolomyjkas. "Chervona ruta" literally means "red rue", however, the flowers of the plant rue are yellow. According to the local legend, the rue turns red on the Day of Ivana Kupala for a few minutes. A girl that finds that flower will be happy in love. Chervona ruta in the meaning of "red plant" or "red flower" is also associated with an attractive alpine plant with medicinal properties Rhododendron myrtifolium, that grows in the Carpathian Mountains in western Ukraine. Performances The first public performance of "Chervona Ruta" (and debut of Volodymyr Ivasyuk) was on September 13, 1970, at a television broadcast from a theatre in Chernivtsi sung by the author and Olena Kuznetsova. In 1971 the Ukrainian pop group "Smerichka" () performed "Chervona Ruta", and this further helped the song's rise in popularity. Performed by "Smerichka", the song won the title USSR "Song of the Year" at the 1971 Television Song Festival competition in Moscow. It was also a multiple prizewinner in other Eastern European countries, sung by other groups. In 1971 the film Chervona Ruta was made, which featured many of the Ivasyuk's songs, including the song "Chervona Ruta", sung by Sofia Rotaru and Vasyl Zinkevych. In 1972 the song was included by the Czech singer Pavel Liška in his album "Písničky Pro Každý Den" as the Ukrainian folk song "Až mi dáš znamení". The translation was done by Ronald Kraus. In 1972, the song "Chervona Ruta" was recorded by the Polish skiffle group "No To Co". The hard rock arrangement was made by Jerzy Krzemiński. "Chervona Ruta" was the debut song of Ruslana (who later became winner of the Eurovision Song Contest 2004), which she performed at the Slavianski Bazaar in Vitebsk in 1996. For her performance, she won First place with the maximum points (10) from all the jury, and was congratulated by the president of Belarus. The song was also performed by Rotaru together with the Ukrainian band "Tanok na Maidani Kongo" and was filmed for the musical film "Kingdom of Skewed Mirrors" produced by TV-channel "Rossiya" in 2008. A Kyivan native Anna Sedokova when performing the song added some English translation, but to date the only complete English adaptation/translation and recording of this song has been by British-born singer songwriter of Ukrainian and Irish descent Stepan Pasicznyk. "Chervona Ruta" is one of the most popular Ukrainian songs and has been performed by many singers, among them: Volodymyr Ivasyuk, Vasyl Zinkevych, Nazariy Yaremchuk Sofia Rotaru Nazariy Yaremchuk Vasyl Zinkevych Yaroslav Evdokimov Stepan Pasicznyk (English translation) Ruslana

Introduction Contraption is an American game show and one of the original programs on the Disney Channel, which ran from April 18, 1983 (when the channel launched) to January 9, 1988 and again from March 8 to October 25, 1989. The show was hosted by actor/comedian Ralph Harris and announced by Miranda Fredricks. Gameplay Two teams of three kids competed. Each team had three passports, each with a different area of the set written on it; "Books", "Animals", or "Heroes and Villains". Each kid would hold a different passport; this would determine which kid played in which round. Round 1 To begin, the two kids that had the "Books" passports went to that area of the stage. They would then watch a two-minute clip of a Disney film based on a book. Each kid was given two questions based on that clip. Each right answer won a "Contraptile", a yellow square translucent piece of plastic with a hole in the center. After the two questions, the two kids played the "Jungle Boat Race". They would pedal a recumbent trike (fashioned to look like a boat) down a track, and the first one to knock over a pole at the end would win two Contraptiles. The runner-up would receive one Contraptile. Round 2 The next round would be played between the two kids who had the "Animals" passports. They would watch a clip of a Disney film focusing on animal characters. Again, each kid was asked two questions about the clip, worth one Contraptile each. The two kids would then play "Wheels Of Fire". Similar to the Hamster Wheel on Double Dare, each kid would get inside a large wheel and run inside it to move it across a track. Again, the first to knock over a pole at the finish line won two Contraptiles, while the runner up received one. Round 3 The next round would be played between the two with the "Heroes & Villains" passports. A clip of a Disney film, involving the heroes and villains of the film, was shown. This time, each kid was asked three questions about the clip, worth one Contraptile each. The two would then play "Magic Carpets". This game was the same as the Jungle Boat Race, but the trikes used here were arm powered instead of leg powered. The same scoring applied. Round 4 The final round involved every member of each team, at the "Magic" area of the stage. A clip from a Disney film involving magical powers was shown. Each team was then asked three questions about the clip, on which they could confer. Each right answer won five Contraptiles. After this round, each team's Contraptiles were counted. The team with the most Contraptiles won the game; both teams won prizes, and the winners received a Grand Prize.

Introduction "Wind song" is a popular song by Ruslana (winner of the Eurovision Song Contest 2004). Ruslana performed the song during the Orange revolution in Ukraine. Chart performance Song Chart PeakPosition "Wind Song" (Electro mix) UK club chart 1 "Wind Song" (DJ Small & LV Club mix) Ukrainian Airplay 3 "Wind Song" (Michael Nekrasov Zebra mix) Ukrainian Airplay 7 "Wind Song" (Electro mix) European club chart 7 "Wind Song" (Radio remix) Ukrainian Airplay 17

Introduction The Niagara Falls Flyers were a Tier II Junior "A" ice hockey team and member of the Southern Ontario Junior A Hockey League. The team played home games at the Niagara Falls Memorial Arena in Niagara Falls, Ontario. History In 1972, the Ontario Hockey Association's Tier I Junior "A" Niagara Falls Flyers were sold and relocated to Sudbury, Ontario as the Sudbury Wolves. They were replaced in Niagara Falls by the Tier II Flyers the same year. They played four season in the Southern Ontario Junior A Hockey League. In 1976, the Tier II Flyers made way for the St. Catharines Black Hawks who were relocated as the second incarnation of the Tier I Niagara Falls Flyers. Season-by-Season results Season GP W L T GF GA P Results Playoffs 1972-73 60 28 25 7 304 279 63 4th SOJAHL 1973-74 62 27 27 8 314 283 62 6th SOJAHL 1974-75 59 21 28 10 271 318 52 5th SOJAHL 1975-76 60 12 45 3 272 410 27 6th SOJAHL Playoffs 1973 Lost Quarter-final :Windsor Spitfires defeated Niagara Falls Flyers 4-games-to-3 1974 Lost Quarter-final :Welland Sabres defeated Niagara Falls Flyers 4-games-to-1 1975 Lost Quarter-final :Chatham Maroons defeated Niagara Falls Flyers 4-games-to-1 with 1 tie 1976 DNQ Notable alumni *Cam Botting Willi Plett

Introduction South Bromley railway station was a former railway station in South Bromley, London, on the North London Railway between Bow and Poplar (East India Dock Road). It opened in 1884 but was closed in 1944 after bomb damage in the Blitz cut off the railway east of Dalston Junction. Description The station was built on a constrained site and access was via a footbridge and the station building straddled the northbound line platform. The platform was a single island consisting of two faces with the eastern face for Poplar and, between 1870 and 1890, Blackwall. The western face was for services towards Bow and Broad Street. The bridge was extended and a westerly entrance to the footbridge opened. This entrance was literally a "hole in the wall" and was flanked by the premises of the Far Famed Cake Company (which became part of Lyons group). The brick built station building was typical of the other stations on the line, but smaller and the architecture not as grand. It had a flat roof and the entrance was off the footbridge. The south facing side of the building had three windows and the building contained the ticket office, station masters office and there was a single wooden staircase down to the platform. Ticket collection took place in a covered wooden building at the bottom of the stairs and two wooden buildings were sited on the platform with cast iron columns supported an awning covering this area. Beneath the stairs was a porters room. A signal box opened the same time as the station and was located north of the station between the two running lines. History Pre grouping (1850-1922) The East & West India Docks & Birmingham Junction Railway (from 1853 known as the North London Railway (NLR)) was incorporated by Act of Parliament on 26 August 1846. It was empowered to construct a railway from the district of Poplar and the docks to Camden Town in north London. The railway's headquarters and locomotive works were initially in Bow. Services started running on 26 September 1850 but South Bromley station was not built and the trains (initially from Islington) ran to Bow and then via Gas Factory Junction to Fenchurch Street as the NLR did not have a central London terminus. The line through the South Bromley site opened to goods traffic only on 1 January 1852. That changed in 1865 when the NLR opened Broad Street and constructed a new station at Poplar East India Dock Road. However, it was not until 1 September 1884 that South Bromley opened. By this time some NLR trains had been extended from Poplar to the Great Eastern Railway (GER) station at Blackwall giving connections to the Thames steamers. In 1906 the London County Council erected a footbridge over the south end of the station (although there was no access to the station). The London & North Western Railway (LNWR) took over the working of the North London Railway under a common management arrangement on 1 February 1909 although the North London Railway continued to exist until 1922. 1913 saw a fire damage part of the station and although this was initially attributed to local suffragettes the case was never proven.. London, Midland and Scottish Railway (1923-1944) Following the Railways Act 1921, also known as the grouping act, operation of the station fell under the control of the London Midland & Scottish Railway. Sunday services to Poplar were withdrawn on 29 January 1940. Although the fact that bomb damage was responsible for the closure of Poplar East India Road on the line, there is no firm evidence that this was the case at South Bromley. Whilst rail historian H V Borley did state it was damaged and passengers had to be "led across the track by a flagman" as a result of damage to the station building, author J E Connor states there is no pictorial evidence to confirm this. Just to the south Poplar East India Road was badly damaged as were Bow and Old Ford and this all contributed to the decision to withdraw an increasingly unremunerative service. The railway itself did not close completely and remained open to freight but this declined through the following decades. Since closure No firm date for the demolition of the station buildings but Connor suggests it was between March 1947 and July 1948. The signal box lasted longer being closed on 25 September 1954. Matching the decline of the London Docks, freight traffic continued to decline through the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. Closure of the line through the site to all rail traffic occurred on 3 October 1983 with the track being lifted during May 1984. After closure, the remains of the platform was demolished and work started on building the Docklands Light Railway. Although no station was provided in the area initially, Langdon Park DLR station opened in 2007 was built just north of the South Bromley site. Nothing remains of the old station although the 1906 LCC footbridge existed until 1972 when it was replaced.

Introduction Jaroslav Janiš Jaroslav "Jarek" Janiš is a Czech auto racing driver. In 2006 he is racing in the FIA GT Championship. He has taken three pole positions Brno, Dijon and the Hungaroring turning two of them into victories, teamed with Sascha Bert and occasionally former Formula One driver Andrea Montermini. Prior to 2006 he had done six GT Championship races, four of them in a Ferrari 360 Modena for the Menx team in 2003, taking a total of 17.5 points. He was born in Olomouc, Czechoslovakia, and has a record in single-seater competition. Jarek finished 7th in the German Formula Ford series in 1999, and was 2nd in that series (and 4th in the European Formula Ford series) a year later. By the end of 2001 he had a chance to fill in for countryman Tomáš Enge in the final round of the International Formula 3000 series at Monza. He finished 3rd overall in the European series in 2002, and raced the international series in 2003. He made his Champ Car debut for Dale Coyne Racing in the penultimate race of 2004. He did some Formula Nippon in Japan in 2005. He is a race driver for A1 Team Czech Republic in the A1 Grand Prix series. Racing record Career summary Season Series Team Races Wins Poles F.Laps Podiums Points Position 1999 Formula Ford 1800 Germany Eiffelland Racing 8 0 1 0 2 80 7th 2000 Formula Ford 1800 Germany Eiffelland Racing 8 0 1 2 6 120 2nd French Formula Ford Championship ? 1 ? ? 3 80 5th European Formula Ford Championship ? ? ? ? ? ? 4th Formula Palmer Audi Winter Series 4 2 1 0 3 68 3rd 2001 FIA International Formula 3000 Coca-Cola Nordic Racing 1 0 0 0 0 0 NC German Formula Three Championship Opel Team KMS 11 0 0 0 0 10 22nd Formula Renault 2000 Eurocup Eiffelland Racing 4 0 0 0 0 8 25th Formula Renault 2.0 Germany 1 0 0 0 0 0 NC FIA GT Championship- N-GT Coca-Cola Racing Team 1 0 0 0 0 0 NC European Le Mans Series - LMP900 Lanesra Racing 1 0 0 0 1 21 17th 2002 Euro Formula 3000 ISR Racing 9 2 3 3 4 36 3rd 2003 FIA International Formula 3000 ISR Racing 9 0 0 0 0 20 8th FIA GT Championship - N-GT MenX 3 0 0 0 1 17.5 15th Formula One Jordan Grand Prix Test Driver 2004 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters Team Rosberg 11 0 0 0 0 0 NC Champ Car World Series Dale Coyne Racing 1 0 0 0 0 3 24th 2005 Italian Formula 3000 ma-con 7 1 2 0 5 43 2nd Formula Nippon Kondō Racing 3 0 0 0 0 0 NC Le Mans Series - GT1 MenX 3 1 0 1 2 23 6th 2006 F3000 International Masters Charouz Racing System 6 4 2 ? 6 54 3rd FIA GT Championship - GT1 Zakspeed Racing 9 2 4 0 3 57.5 5th 2006–07 A1 Grand Prix Charouz Racing System 4 0 0 0 0 27 12th 2007 FIA GT Championship - GT2 Scuderia Ecosse 3 0 0 0 1 7 20th American Le Mans Series - GT2 Spyker Squadron 2 0 0 0 0 17 30th 24 Hours of Le Mans - GT2 1 0 0 0 0 0 NC 2009 Lamborghini Blancpain Super Trofeo - Pro Lamborghini Racing Eastern Europe 18 0 0 0 5 110 3rd Le Mans Series - GT2 Spyker Squadron 3 0 0 0 2 10 12th 24 Hours of Le Mans - GT2 1 0 0 0 0 0 5th 2010 Lamborghini Blancpain Super Trofeo - Pro Gravity Charouz Racing ? 0 0 0 0 3 6th Lamborghini Super Trofeo Europe - Pro 3 0 0 0 0 8 9th 2011 FIA GT3 European Championship Gravity Charouz Racing 6 0 0 0 1 26 20th 2013 FIA GT Series - Pro-Am Gravity Charouz Racing 2 0 0 0 0 0 NC 2014 Lamborghini Super Trofeo Europe - Pro-Am 2 0 0 0 0 10 17th 2015 24H Series - A6-Pro Gravity Charouz Racing 1 0 0 0 0 0 NC 2017 24H Series - A6 Gravity Charouz Racing 1 0 0 0 0 15 NC Complete International Formula 3000 results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap.) Year Entrant 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 DC Points 2001 Coca-Cola Nordic Racing INT IMO CAT A1R MON NUR MAG SIL HOC HUN SPA MNZ NC 0 2003 Superfund ISR - Charouz IMO CAT A1R MON NUR MAG SIL HOC HUN MNZ 8th 20 Complete Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)  Year  Team Car 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Pos Points 2004 Team Rosberg AMG-Mercedes C-Klasse 2003 HOC EST ADR LAU NOR SHA1 NÜR OSC ZAN BRN HOC 21st 0 † - Driver did not finish, but completed 90% of the race distance. 1 - A non-championship one-off race was held in 2004 at the streets of Shanghai, China. Complete Champ Car World Series results Year Team Chassis Engine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Rank Points 2004 Dale Coyne Racing Lola B02/00 Ford XFE V8t LBH MTY MIL POR CLE TOR VAN ROA DEN MTL LS LVS SRF MXC 24st 3 Complete Italian/Euro Formula 3000 results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap) Year Entrant 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 DC Points 2002 Charouz ISR Racing VLL PER MOZ SPA DON BRN DIJ JER CAG 3rd 36 2005 Ma-Con Engineering ADR VAL CHE MON MUG MAG MOZ MIS 2nd 43 Complete F3000 International Masters results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap) Year Entrant 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 DC Points 2006 Charouz Racing System MOZ1 MOZ2 MAG1 MAG2 BRH1 BRH2 OSC1 OSC2 BRN1 BRN2 IST1 IST2 EST1 EST2 EST3 3rd 54 Complete Formula Nippon results (key) Year Entrant 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 DC Points 2005 Kondo Racing MOT SUZ SUG FUJ SUZ MIN FUJ MOT SUZ 14th 0 Complete A1 Grand Prix results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) Year Entrant 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 DC Points 2006–07 Czech Republic NEDSPR NEDFEA CZESPR CZEFEA CHNSPR CHNFEA MYSSPR MYSFEA IDNSPR IDNFEA NZLSPR NZLFEA AUSSPR AUSFEA RSASPR RSAFEA MEXSPR MEXFEA CHNSPR CHNFEA GBRSPR GBRSPR 12th 27 24 Hours of Le Mans results Year Team Co-Drivers Car Class Laps 2007 Spyker Squadron Mike Hezemans Jonny Kane Spyker C8 Spyder GT2-R GT2 70 DNF DNF 2009 Snoras Spyker Squadron Tom Coronel Jeroen Bleekemolen Spyker C8 Laviolette GT2-R GT2 320 25th 5th FIA GT Championship results Year Team Car 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Pos Points 2006 Zakspeed Racing Saleen S7-R SIL BRN OSC SPA RIC DIJ MUG HUN ADR 3rd 58 Race Alliance Aston Martin DBR9 DUB

Introduction In zoological nomenclature, a nomen oblitum is a disused scientific name which has been declared to be obsolete (figuratively 'forgotten') in favour of another 'protected' name. In its present meaning, the nomen oblitum came into being with the fourth, 1999, edition of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. After 1 January 2000, a scientific name may be formally declared to be a nomen oblitum when it has been shown not to have been used as a valid name within the scientific community since 1899, and when it is either a senior synonym (there is also a more recent name which applies to the same taxon, and which is in common use) or a homonym (it is spelled the same as another name, which is in common use), and when the preferred junior synonym or homonym has been shown to be in wide use in 50 or more publications in the past few decades. Once a name has formally been declared to be a nomen oblitum, the now obsolete name is to be 'forgotten'. By the same act, the next available name must be declared to be protected under the title nomen protectum. Thereafter it takes precedence. An example is the case of the scientific name for the leopard shark. Despite the name Mustelus felis being the senior synonym, an error in recording the dates of publication resulted in the widespread use of Triakis semifasciata as the leopard shark's scientific name. After this long-standing error was discovered, T. semifasciata was made the valid name (as a nomen protectum) and Mustelus felis was declared invalid (as a nomen oblitum). Use in taxonomy The designation nomen oblitum has been used relatively frequently to keep the priority of old, sometimes disused names, and, controversially, often without establishing that a name actually meets the criteria for the designation. Some taxonomists have regarded the failure to properly establish the nomen oblitum designation as a way to avoid doing taxonomic research or to retain a preferred name regardless of priority. When discussing the taxonomy of North American birds, Rea (1983) stated that "...Swainson's older but disused name must stand unless it can be demonstrated conclusively to be a nomen oblitum." Banks and Browning (1995) responded directly to Rea's strict application of ICZN rules for determining nomina oblita, stating: "We believe that the fundamental obligation of taxonomists is to promote stability, and that the principle of priority is but one way in which this can be effected. We see no stability in resurrecting a name of uncertain basis that has been used in several different ways to replace a name that has been used uniformly for most of a century."

Introduction EcoHomes was an environmental rating scheme for homes in the United Kingdom. It was the domestic version of the Building Research Establishment's Environmental Assessment Method BREEAM, which could also be applied to a variety of non-residential buildings. It was replaced by the Code for Sustainable Homes in April 2008. EcoHomes Assessments fall under one of four versions, Pre-2002, 2003, 2005 or the final 2006 version. It was not possible to compare homes built under one revision of the standard with homes built under another. EcoHomes 2006 In particular, the 2006 version of EcoHomes increased the standards for energy efficiency, following the 2006 revisions energy efficiency requirements of the Building Regulations. It also incorporated a number of other changes. Under the scheme, credits were first given for standards reached in the following areas: Energy *Ene 1 - Dwelling Emission Rate *Ene 2 - Building fabric *Ene 3 - Drying space *Ene 4 - Ecolabelled goods *Ene 5 - Internal lighting *Ene 6 - External lighting Transport *Tra 1 - Public transport *Tra 2 - Cycle storage *Tra 3 - Local amenities *Tra 4 - Home office Pollution *Pol 1 - Insulant GWP *Pol 2 - NOx emissions *Pol 3 - Reduction of surface runoff *Pol 4 - Renewable and low emission energy source *Pol 5 - Flood risk Materials *Mat 1 - Environmental impact of materials *Mat 2 - Responsible sourcing of materials: basic building elements *Mat 3 - Responsible sourcing of materials: finishing elements *Mat 4 - Recycling facilities Water *Wat 1 - Internal potable water use *Wat 2 - External potable water use Land Use and Ecology *Eco 1 - Ecological value of site *Eco 2 - Ecological enhancement *Eco 3 - Protection of ecological features *Eco 4 - Change of ecological value of site *Eco 5 - Building Footprint Health and Wellbeing *Hea 1 - Daylighting *Hea 2 - Sound insulation *Hea 3 - Private space Management *Man 1 - Home user guide *Man 2 - Considerate constructors *Man 3 - Construction site impacts *Man 4 - Security A weighting system is then used to designate the home as Pass, Good, Very Good, or Excellent. All homes funded by the Housing Corporation or by English Partnerships were required to meet the 2006 Very Good standard. Previously a Good designation sufficed. It was expected that this requirement would be replaced by compliance with the Government's Code for Sustainable Homes. Criticisms EcoHomes was criticised by some for getting the balance wrong between the various elements, and for valuing low embodied energy over the whole life performance of the building. Early versions were criticised for allowing illogical trading-off between areas of the standards, so that, for example, homes with poor energy efficiency standards could still receive a high designation. EcoHomes for refurbishment EcoHomes could also be used for major refurbishments such as conversion projects and change of use and was specified for these types of projects, in the interim, whilst the BREEAM Domestic Refurbishment scheme was being developed. Since the start of the Domestic Refurbishment scheme, EcoHomes for Refurbishment registrations ended on 1 July 2012 and for transitional purposes, officially expired on 1 July 2014. This applied to the whole of the UK, including Scotland.

Introduction Ultimate Fighter - known in Japan as , is a 1992 fighting video game developed and published by Culture Brain for the Super NES. An updated version of it titled was later released exclusively in Japan for the same platform on December 11, 1992, which adds a choice of turbo speed levels to increase the speed of the combat. Gameplay In the story mode, the main storyline involves a demon named Dargon who has been revived with the sole intent to destroy the Flying Warriors, who are a team of superheroes. Dargon sent in his Tusk Soldiers to raid Shorinji and they ended up stealing the secret scroll of Hiryu-no-ken in addition to a sacred sword. They also offer a challenge to anyone who wants to reclaim these artifacts, that they would have to show up at the World Tournament. It is now up to Rick to enter this fighting tournament and win back these priceless artifacts. During story mode, players control Rick in a side scrolling beat 'em up. One-on-one boss battles will occur on an occasional basis. Players will also be able to find healing items called miracle water which will restore depleted health. In the VS. tournament mode, up to eight players can fight either each other or against computer opponents in one-on-one battles to win a tournament. Players can choose to play as one of twelve fighters, each with their own special technique. In the battle mode, players get to fight a one on one battle against a computer-controlled boss opponent of their choice. The animation mode plays out similar to the story mode, except when it comes to the boss battles. Boss battles in this mode turn into turn based events similar to the Final Fantasy series. Players can select from different attack and defensive moves, or can even have the computer fight their battle automatically. Eight unique difficulty levels for more experienced gamers.

Introduction Raupach is a German surname. People with the name include: Ernst Raupach (1784–1852), German playwright Hermann Raupach (1728–1778), German composer Hilde Raupach, German luger, 1928 European championships Gold Medal winner Michael Raupach (1950–2015), Australian climate scientist

Introduction Bell Canyon is an unincorporated community in eastern Ventura County, California, United States. Bell Canyon is a gated community in the Simi Hills with the main access through the Los Angeles community of West Hills and the western San Fernando Valley. Bell Canyon sits at an elevation of . The 2010 United States census reported Bell Canyon's population was 2,049. For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined Bell Canyon as a census-designated place (CDP). According to a 2016 study, Bell Canyon is the seventh wealthiest community in the state of California with an annual median income of $230,000. History Pre-20th century Chumash Native Americans lived in the canyon for around 8,000 years B.P. The Chumash had the village of Hu'wam here in the canyon on Bell Creek upstream from Escorpión Peak. It was multi-cultural, where Chumash, Tongva, and Tataviam peoples lived and traded together. Nearby is the Burro Flats Painted Cave. Escorpión Peak (aka: Castle Peak) is one of nine alignment points in Chumash territory and is considered essential to maintaining the balance of the natural world. In 1845 the Mexican land grant for Rancho El Escorpión, named for the peak and located beside it at the mouth of Bell Canyon, was given by Mexican Governor Pío Pico. Chumash-Ventureño Chief Odón Eusebia (1795–), his brother-in-law Urbano, and Urbano's son Mañuel were the grantees of the Rancho grant, formerly Mission San Fernando Rey de España (Mission San Fernando) lands. After California U.S. statehood, as required by the Land Act of 1851, a claim for Rancho El Escorpión was filed with the United States Public Land Commission in 1852, and the grant was patented to Odón Eusebia, Urbano, and Mañuel in 1876. In 1871, Miguel Leonis acquired Odón Eusebia's holdings of Rancho El Escorpión, along with an adobe on the adjacent southern ranch lands in Calabasas. He used the land for cattle and sheep herds. Through various landowners that use continued at the Rancho until 1959 and Bell Canyon until 1967. 20th century - onward In 1967 the Spruce Land Corporation and Boise Cascade joined in a partnership to purchase the Bell Canyon area to develop the community of Bell Canyon. In the fall of 1968, the Bell Canyon Equestrian Center, designed by 'Southern California modern ranch style' architect Cliff May, was built and began operation. In 1969 a new subdivision called "Woodland Hills Country Estates" was developed and opened for sales. It was a success, selling nearly all the 800 home site lots within ten days. In the fall of 1969 the new residential property owners took leadership of the community association and renamed the development "Bell Canyon," after Charles A. Bell, the original homesteader here and son of pioneer Horace Bell. He was a leading late 1880s newspaper publisher, Los Angeles attorney winning many cases for clients against neighbor Miguel Leonis, and the 1906 Justice of the Peace for Calabasas. Legend says he lost a right arm in an 1887 shootout when raiding a moonshiner. The Rancho El Escorpión compound adobes, from the 1840s to the 1960s at the mouth of Bell Canyon, were actually outside the land grant and on Bell's property. Geography and environment Bell Creek, a tributary to the headwaters of the Los Angeles River, winds its way through the community. Bell Canyon is an important part of the crucial Simi Hills Wildlife corridor linking migrations between the Santa Monica Mountains and Santa Susana Mountains. There are many hiking and riding trails around the community, some of which border the Upper Las Virgenes Canyon Open Space Preserve Park connecting to the south and west. The Bell Canyon Trail extends north from Bell Canyon Park. Demographics The 2010 United States Census reported that Bell Canyon had a population of 2,049. The population density was . The racial makeup of Bell Canyon was 1,724 (84.1%) White, 58 (2.8%) African American, 4 (0.2%) Native American, 179 (8.7%) Asian, 0 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 10 (0.5%) from other races, and 74 (3.6%) from two or more races. There were 103 people of Hispanic or Latino origin, of any race (5.0%). The Census reported that 2,049 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized. There were 661 households, out of which 286 (43.3%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 533 (80.6%) were heterosexual married couples living together, 40 (6.1%) had a female householder with no husband present, 19 (2.9%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 15 (2.3%) unmarried heterosexual partnerships, and 8 (1.2%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 45 households (6.8%) were made up of individuals, and 15 (2.3%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.10. There were 592 families (89.6% of all households); the average family size was 3.23. The population included 521 people (25.4%) under the age of 18, 152 people (7.4%) aged 18 to 24, 287 people (14.0%) aged 25 to 44, 839 people (40.9%) aged 45 to 64, and 250 people (12.2%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.7 males. There were 688 housing units at an average density of , of which 629 (95.2%) were owner-occupied, and 32 (4.8%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.7%; the rental vacancy rate was 5.7%. 1,933 people (94.3% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 116 people (5.7%) lived in rental housing units. Government The Bell Canyon Community Services District, an independent government agency provides services such as waste removal, community recreation programs and security services to the residents in its boundaries. The independent government agency was established in 1984. Education Bell Canyon is served by the Las Virgenes Unified School District, with students bused each day to attend the schools of Round Meadow Elementary School, Alice C. Stelle Middle School, and Calabasas High School. Notable people John Aniston, actor (1933-2022) Roger Arnebergh, Los Angeles City Attorney (1910–2004) Guy Bee, television director, television producer, steadicam operator (1961- ) Matt Earl Beesley, television director (1953- ) Shelley Berman, comedian (1925–2017) Jonathan Butler, musician (1961- ) Bruce Campbell, actor (1958- ) José Canseco, baseball player (1964- ) Scott Carpenter, astronaut (1925–2013) Katie Cassidy, musician/actress (1986- ) Holly Marie Combs, actress (1973- ) Micky Dolenz, musician (1945- ) Roxann Dawson, actress (1958- ) Stuart Duncan, CEO, founder, TEN Broadcasting Inc. (1956- ) Bobbie Eakes, actress (1961- ) Jeff Eastin, television producer, screenwriter (1967- ) Elliot Easton, musician (1953- ) Kevin Eubanks, jazz musician (1957- ) Cory Everson, bodybuilder/actress (1959- ) Jamie Farr, actor (1934- ) Lyndsy Fonseca, actress (1987- ) Ryan Friedlinghaus, MTV's Pimp My Ride, C.E.O. of West Coast Customs Snuff Garrett, record producer (1938–2015 ) Mike Garson, pianist (1945- ) Kathy Garver, actress (1945- ) Floyd Gaugh, musician (1967- ) Bruce Hall, musician (1953- ) Butch Hartman, animator (1965- ) Don Herbert, "Mr. Wizard": scientist (1917–2007) Ernie Hudson, actor (1945- ) Alex Katunich, musician (1976- ) Paul Leonard-Morgan, composer (1974- ) Pattie Mallette, Canadian author Sam McMurray, actor (1952- ) John McVie, musician (1945- ) Alyssa Milano, actress (1972- ) Erin Murphy, actress (1964- ) Niecy Nash, comedian/actress (1970- ) Vince Neil, musician (1961- ) Melissa Reeves, actress (1967- ) Scott Reeves, actor/musician (1966- ) Joe Rogan, actor, comedian, commentator, game show host (1967-) RZA, rapper, music producer (1969- ) Kenny Wayne Shepherd, musician (1977- ) Al Schmitt, recording engineer (1930-2021) T.T. Boy, actor (1968- ) Trey Songz, R&B/Hip Hop Artist (1984- ) Marc Summers, game show host (1951- ) Larry Wilcox, actor (1947- )

Introduction The Welland Sabres are a defunct Tier II Junior "A" ice hockey team that were based out of Welland, Ontario and was a part of the Southern Ontario Junior A Hockey League. Season-by-season results Season GP W L T OTL GF GA P Results Playoffs 1970-71 44 16 24 1971-72 56 20 31 1972-73 60 26 25 1973-74 62 38 18 1974-75 60 30 16 1975-76 60 26 28 Playoffs 1971 Lost Semi-final :Detroit Jr. Red Wings defeated Welland Sabres 3-games-to-none with 2 ties 1972 Lost Quarter-final :Detroit Jr. Red Wings defeated Welland Sabres 4-games-to-1 1973 Lost Semi-final :Chatham Maroons defeated Welland Sabres 4-games-to-2 with 1 tie 1974 Lost Semi-final :Welland Sabres defeated Niagara Falls Flyers 4-games-to-1 :Chatham Maroons defeated Welland Sabres 4-games-to-2 1975 Lost Quarter-final :Guelph CMC's defeated Welland Sabres 4-games-to-1 1976 Lost Semi-final :Guelph Platers defeated Welland Sabres 4-games-to-1 Notable alumni *Jim Bedard Ken Breitenbach Dan McCourt

Introduction Eastley End House is a Georgian house at the edge of the developed part of Thorpe, Surrey. It is a Grade II listed building, and is currently part of the headquarters of RMC Group, a division of Cemex. Architecture The house was originally built in the late 18th century, and was extended in the early 19th. It is built of red brick, three storeys high, with a prominent projecting bay at the front (west-facing) and a slate roof; there is a one-storey extension on the north, and a two-storey extension to the south. In 1800, it was described as a modern-built Brick Villa with Coach-house for 3 carriages, and Stabling for 11 horses. By 1904, it was considered an imposing Georgian Residence… containing 14 bed, bath, billiard, and four reception rooms… Electric light is installed… Stabling for eight. In 1947 it was given as having 13 bedrooms and 5 reception rooms. By 1985 it was in use as a restaurant, with the main staircase and entrance hall the only remaining original features. It was extensively refurbished after purchase by Readymix Concrete. History The house was sold at auction in 1800, and by 1804 was occupied by Captain Temple Hardy, a son of Admiral Charles Hardy. In 1883 the resident was one Henry N. Ritchie, and it was again sold at auction in 1904. In 1911, the resident of the house, a Lady Hanson, was sued (successfully) by her former cook for libel, after dismissing her claiming grounds of immoral behaviour. It emerged during the trial — causing the Times reporter to describe her as having "a craving for sensationalism" — that Lady Hanson and a surgeon friend from London would regularly go on "burglar hunts" at the weekends: :...on the occasion of Mr. Miles' visits, it was her practice to walk about with him armed with revolvers and with the motor driver carrying an acetylene lamp, for the purpose of looking for burglars...The burglar hunts used sometimes to go on until 2 o'clock in the morning. It is not entirely clear what these hunts consisted of — on questioning, Mr. Miles said that he arranged them for the "suppression of the presence of tramps", and the head housemaid described them as "usually taking place in the garden" The house was bought by John Satterfield Sandars, formerly the private secretary to Arthur Balfour, for his retirement; he lived there until his death in 1934, and his widow remained there until her death in 1947. By 1957 the house was in the ownership of Albert Otterway, a self-made man and a character from nearby Staines. Albert remained in the house until his death in 1969, when the contents were auctioned, and the house sold to a hotel entrepreneur, Laurence George Morgan. The Coach house had been sold separately in about 1960 to Colonel H C Bowen OBE, a retired Royal Engineer and chief Engineer on the Thames Conservancy, who converted it into a private dwelling, and renamed it Meadlake House. Meadlake House remained in the Bowen family possession until 1984, when it was sold to Readymix Concrete. By 1994, Eastley End had also been bought and refurbished as part of the headquarters of Readymix Concrete. The house is the centre of a complex of three buildings, along with the former stable block ("Meadlake House") and a Victorian building ("the Grange"), and contains the offices of the directors.

Introduction "Venus" is Tackey & Tsubasa's sixth single under the Avex Trax label. Overview "Venus" is Tackey & Tsubasa's sixth single, and currently their best selling single, reaching the 300,000 copies sold mark. The a-side song "Venus" was used in commercials for the ringtone service site, Mu-Mo. The b-side song "Kimi no Na wo Yobitai" was used as the ending theme for the TBS show "Zubari Iu wa yo." The other b-side song "Never Ever" was used as the opening theme song for the anime "Capeta." Sample of the translated lyrics: :Burn, Venus, hotly, Venus :Your eyes scorch my heart :Love is a long silk road :And if I hesitate, you'll want to forget me :Feel, Venus, hotly, Venus :Show me a wind like that of a storm :You know the answer :Let loose the sparkling of your love Track listing Regular CD Format # "Venus" (Hitoshi Haneda) - 4:11 # "" (Takizawa Hideaki) (Mikio Sakai, Hideyuki Obata) - 5:39 # "Never Ever" (Imai Tsubasa) (Kazuko Kobayashi, Shunsuke Yazaki) - 4:23 # "Venus: Korean Version" - 4:11 # "Venus: Chinese Version" - 4:11 # "Venus: Thai Version" - 4:11 # "Venus: karaoke" - 4:10 # ": '06 Remix" - 4:13 Limited CD Format # "Venus" (Hitoshi Haneda) - 4:09 # "" (Takizawa Hideaki) (Mikio Sakai, Hideyuki Obata) - 5:37 # "Never Ever" (Imai Tsubasa) (Kazuko Kobayashi, Shunsuke Yazaki) - 4:21 # "Venus: Korean Version" - 4:09 # "Venus: Chinese Version" - 4:09 # "Venus: Thai Version" - 4:09 # "Venus: karaoke" - 4:09 CD+DVD Format CD Portion # "Venus" (Hitoshi Haneda) - 4:09 # "" (Takizawa Hideaki) (Mikio Sakai, Hideyuki Obata) - 5:37 # "Never Ever" (Imai Tsubasa) (Kazuko Kobayashi, Shunsuke Yazaki) - 4:21 # "Venus: Korean Version" - 4:09 # "Venus: Chinese Version" - 4:09 # "Venus: Thai Version" - 4:09 # "Venus: karaoke" - 4:09 DVD Portion # "Venus Choreography Video" Personnel Takizawa Hideaki - vocals Imai Tsubasa - vocals TV performances ?, 2006 - Music Fighter January 19, 2006 - Utaban January 29, 2006 - Utawara February 17, 2006 - Music Station May 5, 2006 - Music Station Charts Oricon Sales Chart (Japan) Release Chart Peak Position First Week Sales Sales Total Chart Run 18 January 2006 Oricon Daily Singles Chart 1 Oricon Weekly Singles Chart 1 105,782 301,192 10+ weeks Oricon Yearly Singles Chart RIAJ Certification As of February 2006, "Venus" has been certified platinum for shipments of over 250,000 by the Recording Industry Association of Japan.

Introduction Edgar Weeks was a military officer, judge and politician from the U.S. state of Michigan. Biography Weeks was born in Mount Clemens, Michigan, where he attended the public schools and learned the printing trade. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in January 1861. During the Civil War, he served in Company B, Fifth Regiment, Michigan Volunteer Infantry, and was first sergeant of the company. He became first lieutenant and adjutant of the Twenty-second Michigan Infantry in 1862 and captain in 1863. He was appointed assistant inspector general of the Third Brigade, Second Division, Reserve Corps, Army of the Cumberland, in 1863 and was mustered out in December 1863. After the war, he was proprietor and editor of a Republican newspaper in Mount Clemens and commenced the practice of law in Mount Clemens in 1866. He served as prosecuting attorney 1867-1870 and then as judge of probate of Macomb County, 1870-1876. He was an unsuccessful candidate for election in 1884 to the 49th United States Congress, but in 1898 was elected as a Republican from Michigan's 7th congressional district to the 56th Congress. He was re-elected to the 57th Congress, serving from March 4, 1899 to March 3, 1903. He was chair of the Committee on Elections No. 3 in the 57th Congress. He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1902, losing in the Republican primary election to Henry McMorran, who went on to be elected to fill Weeks's seat in the House. Edgar Weeks resumed the practice of law and died at the age of sixty-five in Mount Clemens, where he is interred in the Clinton Grove Cemetery. Edgar Weeks' cousin, John W. Weeks, was a U.S. Representative and U.S. Senator from Massachusetts, and U.S. Secretary of War under Presidents Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge.

Introduction Petropavlovsk was the third of the four dreadnoughts built before World War I for the Imperial Russian Navy, the first Russian class of dreadnoughts. She was named after the Russian victory in the siege of Petropavlovsk during the Crimean War. The ship was completed during the winter of 1914–1915, but was not ready for combat until mid-1915. Her role was to defend the mouth of the Gulf of Finland against the Germans, who never tried to enter, so she spent her time training and providing cover for minelaying operations. Her crew joined the general mutiny of the Baltic Fleet after the February Revolution of 1917 and she was the only dreadnought available to the Bolsheviks for several years after the October Revolution of 1917. She bombarded the mutinous garrison of Fort Krasnaya Gorka and supported Bolshevik light forces operating against British ships supporting the White Russians in the Gulf of Finland in 1918–1919. Later, her crew joined the Kronstadt Rebellion of 1921 and she was renamed Marat after the rebellion was crushed. Marat was reconstructed from 1928 to 1931 and represented the Soviet Union at the Coronation Naval Review at Spithead in 1937. Two years later, she bombarded a Finnish coastal artillery position during the Winter War once before the Gulf of Finland iced up. Shortly afterwards, her anti-aircraft armament was upgraded. When the Germans invaded on 22 June 1941 she was in Kronstadt and provided gunfire support to Soviet troops in September as the Germans approached Leningrad. Later that month she had her bow blown off and sank in shallow water after two hits by bombs (dropped by two Ju 87 Stukas, one of which was piloted by Hans Ulrich Rudel) that detonated her forward magazine. The remaining rear section was refloated several months later and became a stationary artillery battery, providing gunfire support during the siege of Leningrad. Marat resumed her original name in 1943 and plans were made to reconstruct her after the war, using the bow of her sister Frunze, but they were not accepted and were formally cancelled in 1948. Petropavlovsk was renamed Volkhov in 1950, after the nearby Volkhov River, and served as a stationary training ship until stricken in 1953 and broken up afterwards. Design Starboard elevation and plan view of the Gangut class Petropavlovsk was long at the waterline and long overall. She had a beam of and a draft of , more than designed. Her displacement was at load, over more than her designed displacement of . Petropavlovsks machinery was built by the Baltic Works. Four Parsons-type steam turbine sets drove the four propellers. The engine rooms were located between turrets three and four in three compartments. The outer compartments each had a high-pressure ahead and reverse turbine for each wing propeller shaft. The central engine room had two low-pressure ahead and astern turbines as well as two cruising turbines driving each of the two center shafts. The engines had a total designed output of , but they produced during her sister 's full-speed trials on 21 November 1915 and gave a top speed of . Twenty-five Yarrow boilers provided steam to the engines at a designed working pressure of . Each boiler was fitted with Thornycroft oil sprayers for mixed oil/coal burning. They were arranged in two groups. The forward group consisted of two boiler rooms in front of the second turret, the foremost of which had three boilers while the second one had six. The rear group was between the second and third turrets and comprised two compartments, each with eight boilers. At full load she carried of coal and of fuel oil and that provided her a range of at a speed of . The main armament of the Ganguts consisted of a dozen 52-caliber Obukhovskii Pattern 1907 guns mounted in four triple turrets distributed the length of the ship. The Russians did not believe that superfiring turrets offered any advantage, discounting the value of axial fire and believing that superfiring turrets could not fire while over the lower turret because of muzzle blast problems. They also believed that distributing the turrets, and their associated magazines, over the length of the ship improved the survivability of the ship. Sixteen 50-caliber Pattern 1905 guns were mounted in casemates as the secondary battery intended to defend the ship against torpedo boats. The ships were completed with only a single 30-caliber Lender anti-aircraft (AA) gun mounted on the quarterdeck. Other AA guns were probably added during the course of World War I, but details are lacking. Budzbon says that four were added to the roofs of the end turrets during the war. Four submerged torpedo tubes were mounted with three torpedoes for each tube. Construction and career Sailors of Petropavlovsk in Helsinki, 1917 Petropavlovsk was built by the Baltic Works in Saint Petersburg. Her keel was laid down on 16 June 1909 and she was launched on 22 September 1911. She entered service on 5 January 1915, six months after the start of World War I, when she reached Helsinki and was assigned to the First Battleship Brigade of the Baltic Fleet. Petropavlovsk and her sister provided distant cover for minelaying operations on 10–11 November and 6 December 1915. She saw no action of any kind during 1916. Her crew joined the general mutiny of the Baltic Fleet on 16 March 1917, after the idle sailors received word of the February Revolution in Saint Petersburg. On 26 October, Petropavlovsk ran aground. She was refloated on 13 November with assistance from Gangut. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk required the Soviets to evacuate their naval base at Helsinki in March 1918 or have their ships interned by newly independent Finland even though the Gulf of Finland was still frozen over. Petropavlovsk and her sisters led the first group of ships on 12 March and reached Kronstadt five days later in what became known as the "Ice Voyage". Marat as she appeared during the 1920s Marat visiting Gdynia in 1934 Petropavlovsk was the only operable dreadnought belonging to the Soviets and provided cover to smaller ships on raiding missions. On 31 May 1919 she fired in support of the and several minesweepers that had taken the bait laid by the British forces supporting the White Russians. The British destroyer appeared to be operating alone and the Soviets sortied to attack her, but a number of other British destroyers were positioned to sweep in behind the Soviets. Azard retreated at full speed and Petropavlovsk opened fire on Walker at about . She hit Walker twice, inflicting only minor damage and wounding two sailors, and the British destroyers eventually disengaged when they got too close to Soviet coastal artillery and minefields. A few days later Petropavlovsk and the pre-dreadnought battleship bombarded Fort Krasnaya Gorka whose garrison had mutinied against the Bolsheviks. She fired no fewer than 568 12-inch shells and the garrison surrendered on 17 June when Leon Trotsky promised them their lives, only to subsequently order them machine-gunned. On 17 August 1919 Petropavlovsk was claimed as torpedoed and put out of action by the British Coastal Motor Boat CMB 88 during a night attack in Kronstadt harbor, but was, in fact, not damaged at all. The crew of Petropavlovsk joined the Kronstadt Rebellion of March 1921. After it was bloodily crushed she was renamed Marat to honor the French revolutionary leader Jean-Paul Marat on 31 March 1921. By 1922 her primary rangefinder had been moved to a platform on the foremast and she mounted three 3-inch "Lender" AA guns each on the roofs of the fore and aft turrets. Marat was partially reconstructed between the northern autumn of 1928 and 8 April 1931 at the Baltic Works. The most obvious external change was a much more elaborate forward superstructure needed to house new fire control instruments. A KDP-6 fire-control director, with two Zeiss rangefinders, was positioned at the top of the tubular foremast. An Zeiss rangefinder was also added on the rear superstructure. The top of the forward funnel was lengthened by about and angled backwards in an attempt to keep the exhaust gases away from the control and gunnery spaces. A derrick was added to the mainmast to handle a KR-1 flying boat imported from Germany that was stored above the third turret. No aircraft catapult was fitted so the aircraft had to take off and land on the water. A forecastle was added to the bow, which was also given much more sheer and flare to improve her sea-keeping abilities. Her turrets were overhauled, her guns replaced and new 8-meter rangefinders were installed on every turret. Her boilers were converted to only burn fuel oil and the more powerful boilers allowed the forward three boilers to be removed. The space freed up was used for anti-aircraft ammunition and various control spaces. The cruising turbines were also removed which simplified the ship's machinery at a small cost in power. These changes increased her displacement to at full load and her overall length to . Her metacentric height increased to from her designed mainly because she now carried much of her fuel in her double bottom rather than in coal bunkers high on the sides of the ship. More weight was added to her before World War II, including an increase in the thickness of her turret roofs to , that decreased her metacentric height to only . This was unsatisfactory and plans were made to reconstruct her again, but they were cancelled when the Germans attacked in 1941. alt= Marat took part in the 1937 Coronation Review in Britain. Her participation in the Winter War was minimal as she bombarded Finnish coast defense guns one time at Saarenpää in the Koivisto Islands with 133 high explosive shells before the Gulf of Finland iced over. In early 1940 her anti-aircraft armament was reinforced. She exchanged her elderly 3-inch "Lender" guns for modern 34-K guns and two twin-gun 76.2 mm 81-K mounts were mounted on her quarter deck. The magazines for these guns were situated in the rearmost casemates on each beam, which lost their 120 mm guns. At some point six automatic 70-K guns were also added. These additions boosted her displacement to at full load. She sailed to Tallinn shortly after the Soviets occupied Estonia, although she returned to Kronstadt on 20 June 1941, two days before the German invasion of Russia began. Marat opened fire on troop positions of the German 18th Army from the Leningrad Sea Canal on 8 September. She was lightly damaged by German guns on 16 September. Luftwaffe aerial photograph of Marat in Kronstadt, leaking oil after her magazine explosion She was sunk at her moorings on 23 September 1941 by two near-simultaneous hits by bombs near the forward superstructure. They caused the explosion of the forward magazine which heaved the turret up, blew the superstructure and forward funnel over to starboard and demolished the forward part of the hull from frames 20 to 57. 326 men were killed and the ship gradually settled to the bottom in of water. Her sinking is commonly credited to the Stuka pilot Oberleutnant Hans-Ulrich Rudel of III./StG 2, but Rudel dropped only one of the two bombs. The rear part of the ship was later refloated and she was used as a floating battery although all of her 120 mm guns were removed. Initially only the two rearmost turrets were operable, but the second turret was repaired by the autumn of 1942. She fired a total of 1,971 twelve-inch shells during the siege of Leningrad. In December 1941 granite slabs thick from the nearby harbor walls were laid on her decks to reinforce her deck protection. Another transverse bulkhead was built behind frame 57 and the space between them was filled with concrete to prevent her sinking if the original bulkhead was ruptured. She resumed her original name on 31 May 1943. After the war there were several plans to reconstruct her, using the bow of the Frunze, but they were not accepted and were formally cancelled on 29 June 1948. She was renamed Volkhov, after the nearby river, on 28 November 1950 and served as a stationary training ship until stricken on 4 September 1953. The ship was subsequently broken up.

Introduction Keith Carter Keith Carter is an American photographer, educator, and artist noted for his dreamlike photos of people, animals and objects. Early life and education At the age of three, Keith Carter's family moved to Beaumont, Texas where, soon after arriving, his father left and his mother worked as a professional photographer of children. Carter earning a degree in business administration from Lamar University in Beaumont. Photography career In 1970, Carter began working on personal photographs as well as commercial photography. A month long trip in 1973 to New York's Museum of Modern Art to study their permanent collection three days each week heightened an already intense interest in the art of photography. A chance meeting with playwright and National Medal of Arts winner Horton Foote, focused his observations on his native East Texas as an exotic land. In the beginning, trying to find a direction in his work he has said, “I became Walker Evans because his photographs looked a lot like where I lived.” He read and re-read James Agee’s and Walker Evans' Let Us Now Praise Famous Men. At the same time he became absorbed in the great Southern writers; Harper Lee, William Goyen, Reynolds Price, Flannery O’Connor, William Faulkner, and Eudora Welty and began a lifelong love affair with the South and its storytelling tradition. His early photographs were based on stories "I had heard or read, black folk tales of dog ghosts and bottle trees, the wonder of children, and using my own white Anglo-Saxon Protestant background, I tried to weave glimpses into what I found instructive, eloquent, and enduring". Lauded as "a transcendent realist" and "a poet of the ordinary," Keith Carter is a photographer whose work has been shown in over one hundred solo exhibitions in thirteen countries. Carter first found his subjects in the familiar, yet exotic, places and people of his native East Texas. For the past two decades he has expanded his range not only geographically, but also into realms of dreams and imagination, where objects of the mundane world open glimpses into ineffable realities. Carter explores relationships that are timeless, enigmatic, and mythological. Drawing from the animal world, popular culture, folklore, and religion, Carter presents photographs that attempt to reflect hidden meanings in the real world. Carter makes photographs addressing the relationship we have to our ideas of place, time, memory, desire, and regret. He examines at times, the history of photography as well as our own shared histories. His commitment to long term personal projects has resulted in the publication of fourteen monographs including FROM UNCERTAIN TO BLUE (1988), THE BLUE MAN (1990), MOJO (1992), HEAVEN OF ANIMALS (1996), BONES (1996), KEITH CARTER-TWENTY FIVE YEARS (1997), HOLDING VENUS (2000), EZEKIEL'S HORSE (2000), TWO SPIRITS (with Mauro Fiorese) (2001), OPERA NUDA (2006), DREAM A PLACE OF DREAMS (with Mauro Fiorese) (2008), A CERTAIN ALCHEMY (2008), FIREFLIES: PHOTOGRAPHS OF CHILDREN (2009), KEITH CARTER - FIFTY YEARS (2018). In addition, Carter's editorial work has included cds, albums, book jackets, and over 6000 portraits of children. Educator Today, Carter is teaching photography at Lamar University, where he is Regents Professor and holds the Endowed Walles Chair of Visual and Performing Arts. Carter has been awarded the University's highest teaching honors, the Distinguished Faculty Lecturer Award and University Professor Award. In addition he conducts workshops and seminars in the United States, Latin America, and Europe. Collections In addition to his books, Carter's photographs are included in a great many public and private collections; including the Art Institute of Chicago, President and Mrs. Barack Obama, Smithsonian American Art Museum, National Gallery of Art, George Eastman House, J. Paul Getty Museum, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, and the Wittliff Gallery of Southwestern and Mexican Photography at Texas State University. Awards In 2009 Carter was awarded the Texas Medal of Arts. A 2006 documentary on Carter's work titled The Photographers Series: Keith Carter was produced by Anthropy Arts in New York. In 1997, "Keith Carter: Poet of the Ordinary" was produced as a national television arts segment on CBS Sunday Morning and in 1991 Carter received the Lange-Taylor Prize from the Center for Documentary Studies at Duke University. Publications *From Uncertain To Blue The Blue Man Mojo Heaven of Animals Bones Keith Carter Photographs — 25 Years Holding Venus Ezekiel's Horse Two Spirits: Keith Carter and Mauro Fiorese Opera Nuda "Dream of A PLACE of Dreams" (with Mauro Fiorese) (2008) A Certain Alchemy Fireflies: Photographs of Children Uncertain to Blue Keith Carter - Fifty Years University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas

Introduction "Two Lovers and a Beachcomber by the Real Sea" is a poem written by Sylvia Plath that was first published in 1955, the year she graduated from Smith College summa cum laude. An abstract poem about an absent lover, it uses clear, vivid language to describe seaside scenery, with "a grim insistence" on reality rather than romance and imagination. The poem was awarded a 1955 Glascock Prize and appeared in Mademoiselle in August 1955, accompanying an article about the prize. Plath used "Two Lovers and a Beachcomber by the Real Sea" as the title poem of a collection she submitted unsuccessfully to the Yale Series of Younger Poets, and as a working title for the collection that was eventually published as The Colossus. But Plath later came to be critical of the poem; in 1958 she mentioned it as an example of the "old crystal-brittle and sugar-faceted voice" that she wanted to move past. Text and analysis The poem has six stanzas of four lines each, featuring slant rhyme. The regularity of the four-line stanzas, according to Linda Wagner-Martin, serves to suggest "a grim insistence". The poem's literary allusions include references to Herman Melville's Moby Dick, William Shakespeare's The Tempest, and T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. Jon Rosenblatt draws a connection to the modernist poet Wallace Stevens's work about imagination, as reflected in Plath's lines "The imagination / shuts down its fabled summer house", while Philip Gardner says that the poem's title is also reminiscent of Stevens. Plath's professor Alfred Young Fisher drew a parallel between the poem and James Joyce's Ulysses. In a manuscript held in the Sylvia Plath Collection at Smith College, his margin notes appear to compare the poem's last line "And that is that, is that, is that" with Joyce's repetition in the line "showed me her next year in drawers return next in her next her next". As "Two Lovers and a Beachcomber" was written during Plath's college years, it can be considered part of her juvenilia, but it is not characteristic of this period of her work. Plath's husband Ted Hughes wrote that the poem was an example of Plath "anticipating herself" and "seems to belong quite a bit later". The Plath scholar Linda Wagner-Martin mentions this poem as an example of why more attention should be given to Plath's "juvenilia", saying that "Plath was a serious writer throughout her college years, beginning in 1950" and "her poetry should be considered 'mature' long before 1956". The scholar Keith M. Sagar called it one of Plath's finest poems. Wagner-Martin writes that the poem is typical of Plath's pre-Cambridge period and is "more about the poetic imagination than the two lovers of the title". Wagner-Martin praises the work's formal qualities but says that it is "wordy and convoluted", has an "aura of starched neatness", does not display any distinctive voice, and is typical of 1950s poems like those of Richard Eberhart, Louis Simpson, and Richard Wilbur. According to Wagner-Martin, "nothing about the poem... reflects that its author is young, female, or American." She contrasts these characteristics with Plath's later poems such as "Lady Lazarus". According to Jon Rosenblatt, the poem's reference to "fractured Venus" and its tension between "the desire to reclaim a lost, dead love and the simultaneous recognition that the dead cannot be recovered" hint at themes that are explored more fully in Plath's later poetry collection The Colossus.

Introduction 13 is the first compilation album by American rock band the Doors, released by Elektra Records on November 30, 1970. The title refers to the thirteen tracks included, which feature a variety of songs from their five studio albums released up to that point and the cover shrinkwrap originally featured a clear sticker that read: "A Collection of Thirteen Classic Doors Songs". It is the band's only compilation album released while lead singer Jim Morrison was alive. The album reached No. 25 on the Billboard 200. It has been superseded by later Doors compilations, such as the highly successful The Best of the Doors, and has not been reissued on CD. Background 13 was a project instigated by Elektra Records, who wanted product from the band for the Christmas season, to which the band reluctantly agreed. Morrison even agreed to shave off his beard for the album cover's photo shoot, but the label opted for a younger photo of the singer, which they had also done for the group's live album Absolutely Live, released in July of that year. As author Danny Sugerman observed in his memoir of the band, No One Here Gets Out Alive, "Elektra obviously wanted the 'pretty' Jim Morrison." Morrison's image is also much larger than those of guitarist Robby Krieger, keyboardist Ray Manzarek, and drummer John Densmore, and Sugerman noted that, "Although Ray, Robby, and John had become accustomed to the attention directed towards their lead singer, it upset Jim." The album's back cover features the band posing with a small bust of Ludwig van Beethoven (some have mistakenly claimed it is of occultist Aleister Crowley). Critical reception In a contemporary review in 1971, music critic Dave Marsh wrote that although the album does indeed contain "thirteen classic songs," it fails to deliver on any purpose other than compiling the most radio-friendly hits in one place. Marsh added that "no magnum opuses" were included in the collection. "No 'The End', no 'When the Music's Over', no 'Soft Parade'... it would have been decidedly uncommercial to have them included here... Of course 'Five to One' isn't here; funny thing, outside of 'Unknown Soldier' none of the Doors' more controversial subject matter is included." Track listing Details are taken from the 1970 U.S. Elektra album, which lists different songwriter credits than other Doors albums; other releases may show different information. Personnel From the 1970 Elektra release: Musicians Jim Morrison – vocals Ray Manzarek – piano, organ Robby Krieger – guitar John Densmore – drums Production Paul A. Rothchild – producer Jac Holzman – production supervisor Bruce Botnick – engineer Charts Chart Year Position Billboard 200 1971 25 Certifications

Introduction The Brynmawr Experiment was an effort led by the visionary idealist Peter Scott to address issues of poverty and unemployment in Brynmawr, South Wales between 1929 and 1939. Initially a relief project response of the Quakers in South-East England, it grew first into an effort to set up small industries and finally an ambitious utopian subsistence agriculture project for unemployed workers. Having received large amounts of money from government and private donations, the projects barely made a profit throughout their existence and finally closed in 1939. The official reason for their closure was that unemployment was wiped out due to the opening of local armament factories in the wake of the Second World War, but credit and government loans were also not extended which meant that the projects could not continue. Background The 1920s were a decade of economic decline in the South Wales Coalfield as a whole and in particular in the town of Brynmawr. Geographically, Brynmawr sits at the northern side of the coalfield and had little industry, and so people tended to need to commute to work elsewhere. When these industries slumped, workers in Brynmawr had few alternatives. When Hilda Jennings arrived in Brynmawr in 1929 to lead a survey that was to take 3 years to complete, she found many problems. Many jobs were dependent on neighbouring coal and ironworks, and traveling workers were often the first to be laid off. The impacts were even worse as there has been an overall migration away from the town between 1921 and 1931. By 1932, 1669 were permanently unemployed, many of whom had been laid off since the General Strike five years before. This led to increased sickness, poor housing and strain on the local authority budgets. There was also an impact on local shops and businesses which were forced to go bankrupt when creditors could not find work or pay their bills. Quaker response In response to the increase in poverty in the South Wales coalfield after the General Strike, the Friend's Home Committee of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) set up the Coalfields Distress Committee in 1926 to consider how to respond. After receiving reports from Quakers working in other parts of the area, it was decided to raise a group of volunteers prepared to live and work in Brynmawr. This area was identified as being particularly vulnerable, because the local coal mines were considered exhausted and there seemed little chance of traditional industries returning. Those who were able to work had to travel long distances to work and may young and older workers could find no employment at all. In addition, the size of the town at the time (estimated as being 7000) was considered to be of a size that relief work was possible and personal. The Quakers also had good relations with the town of Worthing which enabled and encouraged the initial work. The Brynmawr Experiment was carried on for most of the period that it existed as a vision of Peter Scott, a former Royal Field Artillery Captain and well-known figure in Quaker circles in the South-East of England after the First World War. There were three periods of activity which can be considered to be part of the Brynmawr Experiment and that were associated with Peter Scott. These were an initial period associated with the Quakers. A second period associated with the development of small scale factory production in Brynmawr and a final period where he tried to create a utopian society based on subsistence agriculture and unpaid volunteer labour. Relief and social work In 1928 and 1929, a small group of Quakers moved to Brynmawr and began to try to address the immediate needs. This work included: The distribution of used clothing collected from around the country, particularly in Worthing The organisation of clubs and social services for men, women and children A nursery school Organisation of unemployed men to clean up the area, rebuild and repair buildings. A Community House as a centre for community activities. The Quakers set up a Community Council in Brynmawr with the intention that local people would be engaged in making decisions about these projects. International volunteers The Brynmawr experiment came to the attention of Pierre Cérésole, founder of Service Civil International. Pierre had been made aware of the project by fellow Swiss Quaker, Jean Inebnit, a lecturer at the University of Leeds. Pierre and Jean successfully proposed to Peter Scott that the Brynmawr experiment be opened up to volunteers from mainland Europe and an International Work Camp was organised in 1931. 116 volunteers from British universities and from continental Europe worked together for three months in Brynmawr. Ceresole Pierre at the International Work Camp, Brynmawr in 1931 The inclusion of international volunteers at Brynmawr is recognised by the International Voluntary Service as the organisations founding moment. By the end of 1931, volunteers had built a swimming pool, a children's paddling pool and a park in land donated by the Duke of Beaufort and contributed a total of 47,000 man-days of labour. The international camp also led to a lot of publicity about the work in Brynmawr in local, national and international media. One of those who came to Brynmawr with the work camp was Jim Forrester, the son of the Earl of Verulam, who was later to be involved in the Brynmawr Experiment. Developing local industries Peter Scott's vision for the transformation of Brynmawr involved the creation of small industrial workshops which would bring sustainable work to unemployed workers. A local unused boot factory was bought in 1930 and funding sought to attempt different ideas. Once £6000 had been raised, the factory space was adapted for new uses. At first, these included weaving Welsh tweed, knitting of socks, furniture and bootmaking. Outside of the factory, a coal level and a poultry unit were started. All of these projects were intended to be run as Co-operatives. Eventually it was decided to only continue with boot and furniture manufacturing. An Order of friends In 1934, Peter Scott reorganised a core group of people around him as "An Order of friends", ultimately cutting himself off from the Quaker central committees following disagreements about grants and funding for his projects. Scott believed that the work in Brynmawr could raise money itself and worked to apply directly for money from the Government. The Order had ultimate ownership of projects and was intended to facilitate them, organise funds and promote the work. When the Brynmawr Furniture Makers Ltd and Brynmawr Bootmaking Ltd were set up, they were owned by Order Holdings Ltd, a not-for-profit run by the Order. Brynmawr furniture In 1929, a young and skilled furniture designer called Paul Matt was brought in to the work in Brynmawr and set about developing a particular style even though the initial premises and tools were rudimentary and shared with the bootmaking business. An order of 250 oak chairs for a school in Yorkshire was the first big order and encouraged further development of the factory. By 1937, the furniture had a showroom in London and was available in department stores, including in Cardiff. Subsistence Production Societies The final part of Peter Scott's vision for work in the Brynmawr area was what he called The Subsistence Production Societies. The concept was that in return for voluntary work for the project, members would be able to buy goods and produce at a much lower price than they could buy in the local shops. Under an agreement made with the Government in 1936, unemployed insured workers could continue to collect "dole" payments if they volunteered for the SPS and were available for work if any came available. Initially, Peter Scott had been asked to set up several societies, but would only commit to two. One was near Wigan and the other near Brynmawr. The Old Brewery, Cwmavon - site of much of the work of the Eastern Valley SPS Initially, suitable land could not be found close to Brynmawr so the SPS was set up in the "Eastern Valley", defined as the area between Cwmavon, Cwmbran, Brynmawr and Llandegvath. The Old Brewery at Cwmavon was bought and became the main centre of activities. This included a bakery, butchers, factory for making clothes a canteen and the stores where members could buy goods. Court Perrott dairy farm at Llandegveth was taken on and by 1937 had 100 Ayrshire cattle, pigs and sheep. Land at Pontymoile was used to build glasshouses to grow vegetables and fruit trees were planted at Llwyn-y-llan farm, Trevethin. At Beili Glas behind the old Brewery in Cwmavon pigs were kept and a small quarry opened for stone. In Griffithstown five fields were used for poultry, pigs and vegetables and in Pontnewydd there were bee-hives and a wood-working shop. Buildings were refurbished and new houses were built. At the peak in 1937 there were 400 men in the society, about 9% of the unemployed men registered at the Blaenavon and Pontpool labour exchange at the time. It was decided to expand to form a second SPS with the purchase of two farms nearer Brynmawr and the opening of a coal level. Jim Forrester James Grimston, the heir apparent to the title of Earl of Verulam, first came to Brynmawr with the international volunteer camp, but was later appointed to lead the SPS as Area Organiser. He continued to also work in his family business one week a month. He was known by the courtesy family title "Lord Forrester" or, more commonly, just Jim Forrester in Wales. In 1934 he was made chairman of the SPS and in 1935 director of the Brynmawr Bootmaker factory. Criticisms and detractors Writing in 1980, nearly 50 years after the events, Margaret Pitt remembered that there had been opposition to the work in Brynmawr from the earliest efforts. When she arrived in Brynmawr in 1928, Pitt found that local people distrusted the Quakers and did not want to accept charity. In 1929, a town meeting was held to discuss plans for voluntary work in the town. Some unemployed men said that working for free would weaken their position with respect to future employment leading to the Labour party and Miners' Federation declaring that they were against the plans and that all work should be paid at Union rates. This meant that those who continued to be involved in the projects risked shunning. Later, the factories and SPS became a source of anger. Peter Scott successfully gained support and finances from government, Royalty and industrialists, including the Prince of Wales, Ramsay MacDonald and David Lloyd George. This led to conflict with local Communists, shopkeepers, co-ops and trade unions. In response to comments in a speech by the Prime Minister praising the work in Brynmawr, members of Brynmawr Urban Council wrote back that the praise was unwarranted, that some of the experimental work had already stopped and that the others were not very useful for the unemployed. The Brynmawr Experiment opened and closed various enterprises causing discontent from those who had lost work and felt left behind. The Order was felt to be a "privileged", distant group. The management, in particular Jim Forrester, was seen as perfectionist and made too many decisions on their own. Decline and end In 1938, the government opened an ordnance depot at Glascoed which provided work for many members of the Subsistence Production Societies and made operations more difficult for the remaining members. In the Summer of 1939, most operations stopped due to a lack of bank credit and 28 older men were taken on as paid employees but by December 1939 all operations stopped, the business was liquidated and the properties put up for auction. The SPS had spent nearly £100,000 of government funds, together with an additional £50,000 private donations.

Introduction Sevastopol was the first ship completed of the s of the Imperial Russian Navy, built before World War I. The Ganguts were the first class of Russian dreadnoughts. She was named after the Siege of Sevastopol during the Crimean War. She was completed during the winter of 1914–1915, but was not ready for combat until mid-1915. Her role was to defend the mouth of the Gulf of Finland against the Germans, who never tried to enter, so she spent her time training and providing cover for minelaying operations. Her crew joined the general mutiny of the Baltic Fleet after the February Revolution and joined the Bolsheviks later that year. She was laid up in 1918 for lack of manpower, but her crew joined the Kronstadt Rebellion of 1921. She was renamed Parizhskaya Kommuna after the rebellion was crushed to commemorate the Paris Commune and to erase the ship's 'betrayal' of the Communist Party. She was recommissioned in 1925, and refitted in 1928 in preparation for her transfer to the Black Sea the following year. Parizhskaya Kommuna and the cruiser Profintern ran into a severe storm in the Bay of Biscay that severely damaged Parizhskaya Kommunas false bow. They had to put into Brest for repairs, but reached Sevastopol in January 1930. Parizhskaya Kommuna was comprehensively reconstructed in two stages during the 1930s that replaced her boilers, upgraded her guns, augmented her anti-aircraft armament, modernized her fire-control systems and gave her anti-torpedo bulges. During World War II she provided gunfire support during the Siege of Sevastopol and related operations until she was withdrawn from combat in April 1942 when the risk from German aerial attack became too great. She was retained on active duty after the war until she became a training ship in 1954. She was broken up in 1956–1957. Design and description Plan view of the Gangut class Sevastopol was long at the waterline and long overall. She had a beam of and a draft of , more than designed. Her displacement was at load, over more than her designed displacement of . Sevastopols machinery was built by the Baltic Works. Ten Parsons-type steam turbines drove the four propellers. The engine rooms were located between turrets three and four in three transverse compartments. The outer compartments each had a high-pressure ahead and reverse turbine for each wing propeller shaft. The central engine room had two each low-pressure ahead and astern turbines as well as two cruising turbines driving the two center shafts. The engines had a total designed output of , but they produced during her sister s full-speed trials on 21 November 1915 and gave a top speed of . Twenty-five Yarrow boilers provided steam to the engines at a designed working pressure of . Each boiler was fitted with Thornycroft oil sprayers for mixed oil/coal burning. They were arranged in two groups. The forward group consisted of two boiler rooms in front of the second turret, the foremost of which had three boilers while the second one had six. The rear group was between the second and third turrets and comprised two compartments, each with eight boilers. At full load she carried of coal and of fuel oil and that provided her a range of at a speed of . The main armament of the Ganguts consisted of a dozen 52-caliber Obukhovskii Pattern 1907 guns mounted in four triple turrets distributed the length of the ship. The Russians did not believe that superfiring turrets offered any advantage, discounting the value of axial fire and believing that superfiring turrets could not fire while over the lower turret because of muzzle blast problems. They also believed that distributing the turrets, and their associated magazines, over the length of the ship improved the survivability of the ship. Sixteen 50-caliber Pattern 1905 guns were mounted in casemates as the secondary battery intended to defend the ship against torpedo boats. The ships were completed with only a single 30-caliber Lender anti-aircraft (AA) gun mounted on the quarterdeck. Other AA guns were probably added during the course of World War I, but details are lacking. Budzbon says that four were added to the roofs of the end turrets during the war. Four submerged torpedo tubes were mounted with three torpedoes for each tube. Service Sevastopol was built by the Baltic Works in Saint Petersburg. Her keel was laid down on 16 June 1909 and she was launched on 10 July 1911. She was commissioned on 30 November 1914 and reached Helsingfors late the next month where she was assigned to the First Battleship Brigade of the Baltic Fleet. Sevastopol and her sister provided distant cover for minelaying operations south of Liepāja on 27 August, the furthest that any Russian dreadnought ventured out of the Gulf of Finland during World War I. She ran aground on 10 September and was under repair for two months. On 17 October a half-charge of powder was dropped and ignited when it impacted the floor of the forward magazine. Flooding the magazine prevented an explosion, but the fire killed two men and burned a number of others. She saw no action of any kind during 1916, but hit underwater rocks twice that year, suffering minor damage each time. Her crew joined the general mutiny of the Baltic Fleet on 16 March 1917, after the idle sailors received word of the February Revolution in Saint Petersburg. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk required the Soviets to evacuate their base at Helsinki in March 1918 or have them interned by newly independent Finland, even though the Gulf of Finland was still frozen over. Sevastopol and her sisters led the first group of ships out on 12 March and reached Kronstadt five days later in what became known as the 'Ice Voyage'. The crew of the Sevastopol joined the Kronstadt Rebellion of March 1921. She returned fire when the Bolsheviks began to bombard Kronstadt Island and was hit by three 12-inch shells that killed or wounded 102 sailors. After the rebellion was bloodily crushed, she was renamed Parizhskaya Kommuna after the Paris Commune on 31 March 1921. She was refitted several times before she was recommissioned on 17 September 1925. She was refitted again in 1928 at the Baltic Shipyard, in preparation for her transfer to the Black Sea Fleet. Her forward funnel was raised and the upper part was angled aft in an attempt to keep the exhaust gases out of the control and gunnery spaces, while three 3-inch 'Lender' AA guns were added to the roofs of the fore and aft turrets. She received some additional rangefinders and she was given a false bow to improve her sea-keeping ability. She sailed for the Black Sea on 22 November 1929, in company of the cruiser Profintern, encountering a bad storm in the Bay of Biscay. The open-topped bow lacked enough drainage and tended to trap a lot of water which badly damaged both the false bow and the supporting structure. Parizhskaya Kommuna was forced to put into Brest for repairs, which included the removal of the bulwark that retained so much water. Both ships arrived at Sevastopol on 18 January 1930 and Parizhskaya Kommuna became the flagship of the Black Sea Fleet. Reconstruction She temporarily mounted an imported Heinkel aircraft catapult atop the third turret between 1930 and 1933. It was transferred to the cruiser when the battleship began the first stage of her reconstruction in November 1933. This was based on that done for her sister Oktyabrskaya Revolyutsiya, but was even more extensive. Her rear superstructure was enlarged and a new structure was built just forward of it which required the repositioning of the mainmast forward. This did not leave enough room for a derrick, as was fitted in Marat, and two large booms were fitted to handle aircraft while the existing boat cranes remained in place. The mast had to be reinforced by two short legs to handle the weight of the booms and their loads. Her false bow was reworked into a real forecastle like those fitted to her sisters. All twenty-five of her old boilers were replaced by a dozen oil-fired boilers originally intended for the s. The space saved was used to add another inboard longitudinal watertight bulkhead that greatly improved her underwater protection. Her turrets were modified to use a fixed loading angle of 6° and fitted with more powerful elevating motors which increased their rate of fire to two rounds per minute. Their maximum elevation was increased to 40° which extended their range to and they were redesignated as MK-3-12 Mod. She landed her old 'Lender' AA guns and replaced them with six semi-automatic 21-K AA guns, three atop the fore and aft turrets. Three 34-K each were mounted on platforms on the fore and aft superstructures as well as a total of twelve DShKM machine guns. Her fire-control system was completely revised with a pair of KDP-6 fire control director, equipped with two Zeiss rangefinders positioned atop both superstructures. Her original Pollen Argo Clock mechanical fire-control computer was replaced with a copy of a Vickers Ltd fire-control computer, designated AKUR by the Soviets, as well as a copy of a Sperry stable vertical gyroscope. She also received the first stabilized anti-aircraft directors in the Soviet fleet, SVP-1s that were fitted on each side of the forward superstructure. They were manually stabilized and less than satisfactory as the men manning them had difficulties keeping their sights on the horizon while the ship's motions were violent. Parizhskaya Kommuna finished the first stage of her reconstruction in January 1938 with unresolved stability issues derived from all of the additional topweight. The options to cure this were discussed at length until Marshal Voroshilov, the People's Commissar for Defense approved the addition of anti-torpedo bulges in 1939 which would increase the ship's underwater protection and rectify her stability problem. The second part of the reconstruction was carried out between December 1939 and July 1940. A pair of bulges were fitted that extended from the forward magazine to the rear magazine that increased the ship's beam by . They had an unusual form that consisted of an outer void compartment intended to weaken the explosive force of the torpedo backed by a relatively narrow section immediately adjacent to the original hull that extended from above the waterline to the bottom of the bilge. This was divided into two compartments; the lower of which was kept full of either fuel oil or water to absorb splinters and fragments from the explosion while the upper compartment was filled with small watertight tubes intended to preserve the ship's waterplane area and minimize flooding from gunfire hits around the waterline. The underwater torpedo tubes were incompatible with the bulges and were removed at this time. The bulges increased her standard displacement to , increased her metacentric height to and reduced her speed to . The Soviets took advantage of her extra stability to reinforce her deck armor by completely replacing her middle deck armor with cemented armor plates originally intended for s. These were not ideal as they were harder than desirable for deck plates, but they did have the prime virtue of being free. At some point, the exact date is unknown, her 45-mm guns were removed and sixteen 70-K automatic AA guns were added, three each on the fore and aft turret tops and twelve in the superstructures. World War II Four of Parizhskaya Kommunas 120-mm guns were landed shortly before 22 June 1941. When the Germans invaded she was in Sevastopol, and she was initially kept in reserve during the Soviet attack on the Romanian port of Constanța. She was evacuated to Novorossiysk on 30 October after the Germans breached Soviet defensive lines near the Perekop Isthmus. During 28–29 November she bombarded German and Romanian troops south of Sevastopol with 146 12-inch and 299 120-mm shells. On 29 November, three crew were washed overboard in a storm at Sevastopol and died. They were the only crew lost during the war. Parizhskaya Kommuna ran aground but was quickly refloated. She steamed into Sevastopol's South Bay on 29 December and fired 179 and 265 120-mm shells at German troops before embarking 1,025 wounded and departing in company with the cruiser on the 31st. She bombarded German positions south of Feodosiya on the evening of 4–5 January 1942 and on 12 January. Parizhskaya Kommuna provided gunfire support during Soviet landings behind German lines along the southern coast of the Crimea three days later. She bombarded German positions west and north of Feodosiya on the nights of 26–28 February in support of an offensive by the 44th Army. She fired her last shots of the war at targets near Feodosiya during the nights of 20–22 March 1942 before returning to Poti, Georgia, to have her worn-out 12-inch guns relined. By the time this was finished the Soviets were unwilling to expose such a prominent ship to German air attacks, which had already sunk a number of cruisers and destroyers. She returned to her original name on 31 May 1943, but remained in Poti until late 1944 when she led the surviving major units of the Black Sea Fleet back to Sevastopol on 5 November. Lend-Lease British Type 290 and 291 air-warning radars were fitted during the war. She was awarded the Order of the Red Banner on 8 July 1945. She was reclassified as a 'school battleship' on 24 July 1954 and stricken on 17 February 1956. She was scrapped at Sevastopol in 1956–1957.

Introduction The Stronge family are Northern Irish landowners of Tynan Abbey, County Armagh, the family also had the residence of Lizard Manor, Aghadowey, County Londonderry. The Baronets, of Tynan The Stronge baronetcy (Stronge of Tynan) was conferred in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 22 June 1803: #Rev. Sir James Stronge, 1st Baronet, born at Tynan Abbey, County Armagh, the country house built by his father. #Sir James Matthew Stronge, 2nd Baronet, DL, DCL (6 April 1786 – 2 December 1864), son of the first Baronet. Sir James served as a Gentleman of the Privy Chamber. In 1810 he married Isabella Calvert, daughter of Nicolson Calvert, of Hunsdon House, Hertfordshire, and had four sons, including the third and fourth baronets. #Sir James Matthew Stronge, 3rd Baronet, DL, JP (25 November 1811 – 11 March 1885), was a military officer and landowner, eldest son of the second baronet. He was succeeded by his brother. #Sir John Calvert Stronge, 4th Baronet DL JP, BL. Stronge was a barrister. He was born, and baptised, at his grandfather's home, Hertfordshire, England, as opposed to his family's seat at Tynan Abbey. He served as chief magistrate of police at Dublin, and solicitor to the Board of Inland Revenue for Ireland, and was also a justice of the peace for County Armagh and County Tyrone as well as deputy lieutenant of County Armagh. In 1888, he was also responsible for the grounds of Tynan Abbey being made open to the public. He succeeded his brother James in the baronetcy at the age of 71 years. He married Lady Margaret Zoe Caulfeild, daughter of Henry Caulfeild and only sister of James Molyneux Caulfeild, 3rd Earl of Charlemont on 14 September 1848 and had issue: Sir James Stronge, 5th Baronet; Sir Francis William Stronge, K.C.M.G. He was succeeded in 1899 by his eldest son. #Sir James Henry Stronge, 5th Baronet, PC (8 December 1849 – 20 May 1928), barrister and politician, was a committed Unionist, serving as a delegate to the Ulster Unionist Council. He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his cousin Capt. Walter Stronge. #Sir Walter Lockhart Stronge, 6th Baronet, JP, DL (5 September 1860 – 5 June 1933). Stronge was a soldier. He succeeded his cousin in the baronetcy in 1928. He was deputy lieutenant of County Armagh and a justice of the peace for County Down, also having a military career with the 4th Battalion of the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers. He died without issue and was succeeded by his brother Charles. #Sir Charles Edmond Sinclair Stronge, 7th Baronet, succeeded his brother. He was also a member of The Apprentice Boys of Derry Parent Club in Londonderry. #Sir Charles Norman Lockhart Stronge, 8th Baronet, PC (23 July 1894 – 21 January 1981) #Major Sir James Matthew Stronge, 9th Baronet, son of the 8th Baronet. # Sir James Anselan Maxwell Stronge, 10th Baronet He is the son of Maxwell du Pré James Stronge and grandson of Edward Owen Fortescue Stronge, a brother of the 7th Baronet. Tynan Abbey The lands of Tynan Abbey are held by the grandson of Sir Norman, 8th baronet. Members of the family include Sir Norman and James Stronge, both politicians, who were killed by the IRA. The family seat, Tynan Abbey, was bombed during the attack and burned to the ground; its ruin has since been demolished.

Introduction The Cambridge Hornets were a Senior "AAA" ice hockey team based out of Cambridge, Ontario. They played in the Ontario Hockey Association's Major League Hockey. The new Cambridge Hornets were brought into Southwestern Senior A Hockey League in 1999. They were members of the league in 2003 when it changed its name to Major League Hockey. Original Hornets The original Hornets team was founded in 1960 as the Galt Terriers, playing in the OHA Senior A hockey league. The Terriers won the J. Ross Robertson Cup as league champions in the 1960–61 season. The Terriers won the 1961 Allan Cup championship, concluding their first season. As the reigning Allan Cup champions, the Terriers represented Canada at the 1962 Ice Hockey World Championships finishing 2nd place, winning the silver medal. Notable players from that era include, Dave Dryden, Tod Sloan, Darryl Sly and Bill Wylie. The "Terriers" named itself had been used by teams in Galt dating back to the 1920s and 1930s, before World War II. Notable players included Larry Aurie, Clarence Boucher, John Brackenborough, Art Gauthier, Norman Himes, Carl Liscombe, Cliff McBride, Mickey Murray and Jean Pusie. Following the 1961–62 season, the Galt Terriers were renamed the Galt Hornets. Gord Renwick served as president of the Hornets from 1966 to 1973. He was encouraged to revive the team's ownership group by close friend, and the team's previous coach Bill Wylie. In 1966, Renwick named Earl Balfour as the team's new playing coach, and signed Gary Collins. Two seasons later, the 1968–69 Hornets team won 52 of 67 games played. They won a second J. Ross Robertson Cup in a four-game sweep of the Barrie Flyers. In the national playoffs, Galt defeated the Gander Flyers in five games, then the Victoriaville Tigers in six games to reach the final. Galt captured the 1969 Allan Cup winning in four consecutive games over the Calgary Stampeders. Renwick and the team executive used a share-the-wealth philosophy, where the players saw proportion of the team's profits. Galt won another Ontario championship in the 1970–71 season, with the goaltending tandem of Harold Hurley and Ken Broderick. In the playoffs, Galt defeated the Barrie Flyers, Orillia Terriers, Sault Ste. Marie, Thunder Bay Twins, and the Grand Falls-Windsor Cataracts to reach the finals. Galt captured the 1971 Allan Cup winning in four consecutive games over the same Calgary team from 1969, and played to sellout crowds at the Galt Arena Gardens. The Hornets represented Canada at the 1971 Ahearne Cup in Stockholm, finishing in third place behind teams from Russia and Sweden. The team later changed its name to the Cambridge Hornets, when Galt was amalgamated into Cambridge. NHL alumni List of Galt Hornets alumni who also played in the NHL. Earl Balfour, Ken Broderick, Gary Collins, Mike Corbett, Dave Cressman, Norm Defelice, Dave Dryden, Cec Hoekstra, Tom McCarthy, Vic Teal List of original era Cambridge Hornets alumni who also played in the NHL. John Brenneman, Dave Cressman, Bob Dupuis, Gerry Gray, Gary Kurt, Dave Tataryn, Vic Teal Season-by-season record Season GP W L T GF GA Pts Finish Playoffs 1960-61 40 21 13 6 135 130 48 2nd OHA Sr. A Won League, Won Allan Cup 1961-62 34 24 10 0 178 102 48 1st OHA Sr. A 1962-63 40 13 25 2 151 214 28 5th OHA Sr. A 1963-64 40 25 10 5 195 144 55 2nd OHA Sr. A Lost Final 1964-65 40 24 15 1 167 135 49 2nd OHA Sr. A 1965-66 42 18 22 2 149 181 43 5th OHA Sr. A 1966-67 40 23 14 3 188 162 49 4th OHA Sr. A 1967-68 40 27 12 1 152 105 55 1st OHA Sr. A Lost Final 1968-69 39 29 10 0 243 131 58 1st OHA Sr. A Won League, Won Allan Cup 1969-70 40 26 11 3 198 114 55 OHA Sr. A Lost Final 1970-71 40 32 8 0 246 103 64 OHA Sr. A Won League, Won Allan Cup 1971-72 40 27 12 1 197 126 55 2nd OHA Sr. A Lost Final 1972-73 44 25 18 1 200 153 51 3rd OHA Sr. A 1973-74 40 28 12 0 165 132 56 3rd OHA Sr. A 1974-75 40 16 21 3 175 181 35 5th OHA Sr. A 1975-76 44 23 20 1 190 170 47 3rd OHA Sr. A 1976-77 34 22 10 2 188 145 46 2nd OHA Sr. A 1977-78 40 27 12 1 200 151 55 1st OHA Sr. A 1978-79 40 21 18 1 179 170 43 3rd OHA Sr. A 1979-80 40 29 11 0 245 144 58 2nd CSAHL Won League 1980-81 37 33 3 1 290 119 67 1st OHA Sr. A Lost Final 1981-82 34 23 11 0 201 115 46 3rd OHA Sr. A Lost Final 1982-83 40 32 8 0 316 124 64 1st OHA Sr. A Won League, Won Allan Cup 1983-84 38 26 12 0 244 139 52 1st OHA Sr. A Won League 1984-85 40 25 12 3 210 137 53 1st OHA Sr. A 1985-86 36 23 13 0 157 144 46 2nd OHA Sr. A 1986-87 34 13 21 0 158 171 26 4th OHA Sr. AAA Modern Hornets The Hornets finished the 2005-06 season in third place, or so they thought. In January 2006, they signed Chris MacKenzie a former semi-pro hockey player. Despite the fact that the player's driver's licence and health card listed him as a resident of Toronto, he lived most of the time in Indianapolis, Indiana. Two other teams in the league appealed the usage of this player as a violation of the league's residency rule, which resulted in a series of late season victories being overturned to these teams' favour. The overturned victories resulted in a drop to fifth and last place for the Hornets. Irate, the ownership of the Hornets pulled their team from the league and filed a lawsuit for damages. The Cambridge Hornets have not stepped on the ice since. ;NHL alumni List of modern era Cambridge Hornets alumni who also played in the NHL. Jamie Allison, Gilbert Dionne, Todd Harvey, Steven Rice, Mike Torchia, Scott Walker, Peter Zezel Season-by-season record Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime losses, SOL = Shootout Loses*, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against Season GP W L T OTL SOL Pts GF GA Finish Playoffs 2001-02 32 27 4 1 0 0 55 221 91 1st OHA Sr Lost Final 2002-03 31 21 7 1 2 0 45 144 104 1st OHA Sr Lost Final 2003-04 32 19 11 2 0 0 40 160 137 2nd OHA Sr 2004-05 32 18 12 0 2 0 40 149 148 3rd OHA Sr 2005-06 30 13 14 0 1 2 29 140 144 5th OHA Sr

Introduction The following is an episode list for the children's animated television series Danger Mouse. The show is about the title character of the same name (David Jason) and his sidekick Ernest Penfold (Terry Scott) defeating villains who attempt to cause havoc around the planet. The show was made by Cosgrove Hall Films and first shown on ITV during its weekday lunchtime or afternoon children's programming. 161 episodes were made which were broadcast between 1981 and 1992. Later, VHS and DVD releases edited the 5-part stories together as single episodes, to total 89 episodes. The episode order is controversial because stories were often initially transmitted some years after the rest of the season to which they theoretically belonged, often forming part of a 'repeats season'. The US Region 1 DVD releases present the episodes in the UK broadcast order. Series overview Episodes Series 1 (1981) Series 1 episodes are 11 minutes each, and originally aired on Mondays and Wednesdays with no commercial breaks in the UK. Series 2 (1982) Series 2 stories were originally each aired in five 5-minute segments over five consecutive days. VHS and DVD releases usually see these episodes edited together as one 25-minute episode, although in reality, these omnibus episodes run closer to 17–19 minutes as they lose David Jason's 'cliffhanger' narration over the "To be continued..." captions. On the VHS and DVD releases, the "Episode 1" suffix in the title card after the opening credits has often been left unaltered. The UK version compresses them to 11 minutes, but the US DVD releases retain the original 5-min segment format. Series 3 (1982) The first three stories were originally each aired in five 5-minute segments over five consecutive days. The US DVD releases retain the original 5-min segment format. The fourth and fifth stories were single 11-minute segments and aired on Mondays; some sources (including iTunes UK and The Guinness Book of Classic British TV) list these episodes as belonging to the first series. This would appear to be supported by the fact that these final two episodes have the series 1 credit sequence with its original title card and the same series 1 animation. (The title card was changed to the more familiar logo from series 2 onwards.) According to the production codes, this is still technically series 2. Series 4 (1983) Series 4 stories were originally each aired in five 5-minute segments over five consecutive days. This series was the longest-lived with 45 episodes. VHS and DVD releases usually see these episodes edited together as one 25-minute episode, although in reality, these omnibus episodes run closer to 20 minutes as they lose David Jason's 'cliffhanger' narration over the "To be continued..." captions. On the VHS and DVD releases, the "Episode 1" suffix in the title card after the opening credits has often been left unaltered. The US DVD releases retain the original 5-min segment format. Series 5 (1984) Series 5 episodes are about 10 minutes each, and originally aired on Mondays with no commercial breaks. Series 6 (1984–85) Series 6 episodes are 10 minutes each, and originally aired on Thursdays with no commercial breaks (except for the first episode, which aired on a Tuesday). 19 of the episodes (Once Upon A Timeslip and 18 other episodes) show the copyright year as 1984, although for eight episodes ("Viva Danger Mouse", "Hear! Hear!", "Multiplication Fable", "The Spy Who Stayed in With a Cold", "Alping is Snow Easy Matter", "One of Our Stately Homes is Missing", "Ee-Tea!" and "Tut, Tut, it's Not Pharaoh!") the year is shown as 1983. Series 7 (1986) Series 7 episodes are 25 minutes each, and originally aired on Thursdays. The U.S. advertised these as specials that aired monthly, but the VHS and DVD releases consider them to be Series 7. Series 8 (1987) Series 8 episodes were 10 minutes each, and originally aired on Fridays with no commercial breaks. This series was the shortest-lived with just two episodes. Some sources such as the book 'The Guinness Book of Classic British TV' by Paul Cornell et al. list these episodes as theoretically belonging to the fifth or sixth series. It states that some episodes were often held back and not broadcast until years later as part of a repeats season. This would seem to be supported by the copyright information in the end credits, as both are dated 1983 (as per series 5 episodes and some Series 6 episodes). Series 9 (1991) Series 9 episodes were 22 minutes each and originally aired on Thursdays. The show's appearance changed noticeably with this series, now brighter and with altered artwork – most notably to Danger Mouse himself. Jimmy Hibbert is added to the voice cast. Like Series 7, the U.S. aired these as specials monthly, but the VHS and DVD releases consider them Series 9. Series 10 (1992) Series 10 episodes were 22 minutes each, and originally aired on Thursdays with no commercial breaks. The book 'The Guinness Book of Classic British TV' by Paul Cornell et al. lists these episodes as a continuation of the ninth series. This was the final series of the show's original run.

Introduction Introducing Eddy and the Falcons is the second album by the English rock band Wizzard. It peaked at No. 19 in the UK Albums Chart – ten places higher than its predecessor, Wizzard Brew. As with the previous Wizzard album, all songs were composed by Roy Wood. History The album had a concept similar to The Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, in that the intro 'featured' the appearance on stage of fictional band Eddy & The Falcons. All tracks were written and recorded as tributes to 1950s and early 1960s rock and roll musicians, "Eddy’s Rock" being a guitar and saxophone instrumental played in the style of Duane Eddy, while "Everyday I Wonder" was similar in sound and approach to Del Shannon's "Runaway", and "Come Back Karen" did the same for Neil Sedaka's "Oh! Carol". A particularly clear tribute was to Elvis Presley in "I Dun Lotsa Cryin' Over You". One single was released from the album, "This Is the Story of My Love (Baby)". Its chart performance in the UK Singles Chart (No. 34) was a disappointment, as all Wizzard's previous singles had reached the top 10. The album was initially meant to be half of a double album by the group, with the other half in a more progressive or experimental jazz-rock style. However, the record label heard the work in progress, and asked for the rock and roll part to be recorded and released as a single album. The sleeve featured a credit 'Custard pies - D.L.T.' This referred to one of their appearances on Top of the Pops, when presenter Dave Lee Travis had been the apparently unwitting recipient of a custard pie wielded by one of the group. The jazz-rock material was recorded later but not released until 2000, on the album Main Street – some 25 years after Wizzard had disbanded. The original release of Introducing Eddy and the Falcons on the Warner Bros. label, in a gate-fold sleeve, included a fold-out poster of Roy Wood on stage. It was reissued by Edsel on CD in 1999, featuring bonus tracks (1974 singles, A-side and B-sides, which had not been recorded as part of the original concept), but was soon deleted. Track listing All songs written by Roy Wood except where noted. Side one #"Intro" – 0:45 #"Eddy's Rock" – 3:56 #"Brand New 88" – 3:21 #"You Got Me Runnin' " – 3:15 #"I Dun Lotsa Cryin' Over You" – 3:22 #"This Is the Story of My Love (Baby)" – 4:45 Side two #"Everyday I Wonder" – 4:56 #"Crazy Jeans" – 2:48 #"Come Back Karen" – 3:05 #"We're Gonna Rock 'n' Roll Tonight" – 5:06 Personnel *Roy Wood – vocals, guitars, drums, oboe, cello, bass, keyboards, bassoon, string bass, tenor and baritone saxes, percussion Rick Price – bass guitar, guitar, vocals, percussion Nick Pentelow – tenor saxophone Mike Burney – tenor and baritone saxes Keith Smart – drums Charlie Grima – percussion Bill Hunt – piano Bob Brady – piano and vocals (on final track) and 'incidental boogies'. Certifications

Introduction The Dundas Real McCoys are a Canadian senior ice hockey team based in Dundas, Ontario. They play in the Ontario Hockey Association's Major League Hockey. The Real McCoys have won three National Championships, winning the 1986 Hardy Cup as Canadian Senior "AA" Champions and hosting and winning the 2014 Allan Cup and 2023 Allan Cup Canadian Senior "AAA" Champions. History The Real McCoys were once members of the Major Intermediate A Hockey League as the Dundas Merchants, and as the Dundas-Hamilton Tigers. The Tigers won the J. Ross Robertson Cup in 1985 as the league's playoffs champions. In 1986, the Real McCoys were the last Ontario Hockey Association team to win the Hardy Cup as National Senior "AA"/Intermediate "A" Champions. Only two OHA teams ever won this award, the other was the Georgetown Raiders. The Real McCoys played one year independent after the OHA Sr. League folded in 1987. After faltering in the first round of the national playoffs in 1988, the McCoys folded. In 2000, the Real McCoys were resurrected in Major League Hockey and have played there ever since. The Real McCoys won the J. Ross Robertson Cup as playoffs champions in 2002, 2003, 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012. Season-by-season record Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against Season GP W L T OTL GF GA P Results Playoffs 1978-79 34 21 12 1979-80 36 24 12 1980-81 35 20 14 1981-82 34 13 21 1982-83 37 16 20 1984-85 40 22 17 1985-86 36 20 15 1986-87 35 15 19 1987-00 Did Not Participate 2000-01 30 23 7 0 2001-02 32 26 6 0 0 269 109 52 2nd OHA Sr. A Won League 2002-03 32 19 9 2 2 167 118 42 2nd MLH Won League 2003-04 32 2 29 0 1 99 204 5 6th MLH 2004-05 34 20 12 0 2 198 167 42 2nd MLH Lost Final 2005-06 30 15 12 0 3 147 148 33 3rd MLH Won League 2006-07 30 11 2007-08 30 21 2008-09 28 19 2009-10 24 19 2010-11 24 11 2011-12 28 15 2012-13 24 13 2013-14 24 18 2014-15 24 10 2015-16 24 7 Notable alumni *Matthew Barnaby Ryan Christie Dan Currie Bruce Dowie Todd Harvey Todd Hlushko Mark Jooris Mike Kennedy Bob LaForest Jeff MacMillan Bill McDougall Mike Millar Chris Pusey Nick Smith Rick Vaive Scott Walker Stan Weir Jason Williams

Introduction George Alexander Gale, (June 24, 1906July 25, 1997) was a Chief Justice for the province of Ontario, Canada from 1967 until his 1976 retirement from that post. Born in Quebec City, he moved to Vancouver, British Columbia for his youth before settling in Toronto for his legal career. Education and career time line *1929: Gale graduated from the University of Toronto where he received his Bachelor of Arts 1932: Formally became a lawyer following further studies at the Osgoode Hall Law School 1944: Became partner of Toronto legal firm Donald, Mason, Weir & Foulds (today known as WeirFoulds LLP) 1946: Designated King's Counsel in 1946 October 30 1946: Became a judge for the Trial Division of Ontario's High Court of Justice 1952: King's Counsel designation became Queen's Counsel upon the 1952 accession of Queen Elizabeth II 1956: Chief editor for what became known as "Holmestead & Gale", a rewriting of Ontario's court rules 1963: Became member of the Ontario Court of Appeal June 1 1964: Became Chief Justice of Ontario's High Court of Justice September 21 1967: Became Chief Justice of Ontario, the province's highest judicial position 1968: Joined executive of the Canadian Judicial Council 1969: Judicial Council of Ontario is created with Gale as its first Chairman 1976: Retired as Chief Justice of Ontario, subsequently joining the Ontario Law Reform Commission as vice-chair 1979: Joined the (Ontario) Premier's Advisory Committee on Confederation Other roles From 1956, he also served for a long term on the Board of Governors of Wycliffe College, a Toronto theological school affiliated with the Anglican Church of Canada. He was also active within that church denomination as a member and Churchwarden (1956–1960) of Toronto's St. John's York Mills parish. Gale donated a trophy in 1973 for a competition which is today known as the Gale Cup Moot which demonstrates skills in legal argumentation using staged proceedings. Brother in Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity (Alpha Phi, University of Toronto) Honours 1969: Honorary Doctor of Laws, York University 1977: Companion of the Order of Canada

Introduction The Petrolia Squires are a Canadian senior ice hockey team based in Petrolia, Ontario. They play in the Western Ontario Athletic Association Senior Hockey League and are two-time Allan Cup National Champions. History The Petrolia Chiefs were founded in the 1960s as members of the Tri-County Intermediate League. In 1973, the Chiefs won their league, but lost the Intermediate C provincial final to a team from Bracebridge, Ontario 4-games-to-none. Also in 1973, they changed their name to the Petrolia Squires as their league became the Western Intermediate C Hockey League. In 1976, the Western Intermediate C Hockey League merged with the Seaway Intermediate C Hockey League to create the Seaway-Western Intermediate C Hockey League. The Squires played one season with the league and then moved up to the Continental Senior A Hockey League. In that one season, the Squires won the 1977 league championship as well as the provincial championship by defeating the Bradford Comets 4-games-to-1. In the Continental League, the Squires found strong competition, with early feuds with the Durham Huskies and the Lucan-Ilderton Jets. As well, the Continental League was in competition for the Allan Cup, the National championship. In their second season in the league, the Squires won the J. Ross Robertson Cup as league champions. They went on to meet the OHA Senior A champion Thunder Bay Twins in the Ontario Hockey Association final. The Squires won the series 4-games-to-2 and also won the Eastern Canadian senior championship as well, earning them a berth into the 1979 Allan Cup final. In the National final, the Squires met the Steinbach Huskies. The Squires won game one 6-5 in overtime, then game two 7-3. The Huskies took game three 5-4, before the Squires came alive won the next two 6-1 and 7-1 to win their first national title. To top off this feat, the Squires were invited to play in the World Senior Hockey Championships. During the event, the Squires lost to HC Kladno of the CSSR 5-3 and then tied the Soviet Union powerhouse Khimik Voskresensk 3-3. In 1980, the Squires were defeated in the league final by a new foe, the Cambridge Hornets. The Squires and Hornets would meet in five straight league championships. Three would be won by Cambridge, two would be won by Petrolia, but each would walk away with another Allan Cup. In 1980, the Continental Senior A Hockey League was renamed the OHA Senior A Hockey League, as the original folded in 1979. In 1981, the Squires won the Robertson Cup as OHA champions by defeating the Hornets 4-games-to-1, they also gained a berth to the Allan Cup. The Squires traveled all the way to Thunder Bay, Ontario to compete in a first-time round robin tournament for the prestigious trophy. Their first game saw the Thunder Bay Twins embarrass the Squires 8-3. Game two had the Squires defeat the St. Boniface Mohawks 6-4 and in game three the Squires beat the Grand Falls Cataracts 6-3. In the semi-final, the Squires drew Grand Falls again, while the Twins drew the Mohawks whom they just defeated 5-4 in overtime. The Squires repeated their 6-3 performance over the Cataracts, but the Twins were shocked by the Mohawks with a 4-3 loss. Petrolia beat St. Boniface 5-1 to win their second Allan Cup. The 1982 playoffs ended a little tougher than 1981, with the Squires requiring all seven games to defeat the Hornets. The Squires were also Eastern Canadian champions. Petrolia qualified for their third Allan Cup, but were up against a tough Cranbrook Royals team at Cranbrook, British Columbia. The Royal won games one and two easily and the Squires made game three interesting but still lost. It took until game four until the Squires woke up and won 6-1, but it was too late as the Royals took game five 7-3 and the series to win the national championship. In 1986, the OHA Senior A Hockey League was reduced in size and declared Senior AAA. The Squires dropped to their local Seaway-Cyclone Senior B Hockey League. After two seasons in the league, the Squires seemingly took a one-year leave from the Ontario Hockey Association for the 1988-89 season and returned in for the 1989-90 Seaway-Cyclone Senior B season. In a time where all Senior teams systematically disappeared and never came back, the Squires refused to disband and came right back to action. In 1990, the Seaway Cyclone Senior B Hockey League merged with the Southern Senior A Hockey League to create the Southwestern Senior A Hockey League. The Squires are the only remaining team from the founding of the Southwestern League to still exist in modern hockey. Throughout the 1990s, the Southwestern League, led by Petrolia, struggled to stay alive and fought for recognition from the OHA and Hockey Canada to be declared the top level of senior hockey in the Province of Ontario. The Petrolia Squires and the city of Sarnia, Ontario were awarded the 2001 Allan Cup. In the first game, the Squires defeated the Stony Plain Eagles 3-1. They then met and were massacred by the home-province rival Dundas Real McCoys 8-0. In their final round robin game, a 2-2 tie with the Lloydminster Border Kings earned them a semi-final berth over the McCoys. In the semi-final, the Squires defeated Stony Plain 3-0, but fell to Lloydminster in the Allan Cup final by a score of 7-2. In 2002, the Southwestern Senior A Hockey League was recognized as the Ontario Hockey Association's Allan Cup representative and was renamed the OHA Senior AAA Hockey League. In 2004, the league was renamed Major League Hockey. The Petrolia Squires were the only Ontario Hockey Association Senior level team to have been founded prior to 2000, were the only team to still exist from the OHA Senior A Hockey League without ever disbanding, and were the only Intermediate level team to have survived and still play in the OHA (not including Western Ontario Athletic Association Senior Hockey League teams, who are not affiliated with the OHA). As of 2008, the Petrolia Squires have been a franchise for 38 seasons and only sat on the sidelines for one of those years. In the summer of 2008, the Squires left the MLH and joined the Western Ontario Athletic Association Senior Hockey League. On October 11, 2008, the Squires travelled to Thedford to defeat the Thedford Dirty Dogs 8-3 to win their first ever WOAA game. Petrolia had a very successful first season in the WOAA, finishing with a 16-2-2 record, earning 34 points, enough for first place in the WOAA South Division and first place overall. The Squires were 2010 WOAA South Sr. AA Champions defeating the Lucan-Ilderton Jets 4-games-to-3, but fell in the Sr. AA Final to the Northern Champion Elora Rocks 4-games-to-2. Season-by-season standings Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime losses, SOL = Shootout Loses*, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against Season GP W L T OTL GF GA P Results 1969-70 26 17 8 1970-71 28 19 5 1971-72 27 17 7 1972-74 Statistics Not Available 1974-75 27 17 6 1975-76 Statistics Not Available 1976-77 25 22 1 1977-78 36 33 3 1978-79 42 32 8 1979-80 40 32 7 1980-81 35 23 10 1981-82 35 28 7 1982-83 37 30 6 1983-84 38 25 13 1984-85 40 16 23 1985-86 36 18 18 1986-87 26 11 13 1987-88 30 17 11 1988-89 Did Not Participate 1989-90 29 12 18 0 1 139 196 25 4th SCSBHL 1990-91 30 12 17 1 0 119 159 25 8th SWSHL 1991-92 27 15 10 1 1 126 119 32 4th SWSHL 1992-93 23 19 2 1993-94 24 9 14 1994-95 28 11 13 2 2 121 144 26 4th SWSHL 1995-96 28 10 17 1996-97 29 9 16 1 3 109 129 21 3rd SWSHL 1997-98 30 11 17 2 0 129 152 24 4th SWSHL 1998-99 28 21 7 0 0 186 91 42 2nd SWSHL 1999-00 30 22 6 1 1 183 77 46 3rd SWSHL 2000-01 31 24 5 1 2001-02 32 18 11 2 1 161 151 39 3rd SWSHL 2002-03 31 15 12 2 2 140 146 34 3rd OHA Sr. A 2003-04 32 19 9 1 3 139 122 42 1st OHA Sr. A 2004-05 32 11 19 1 1 129 160 24 5th MLH 2005-06 32 14 2006-07 30 16 2007-08 30 6 2008-09 20 16 2009-10 20 14 2010-11 26 20 6 - 0 132 93 40 3rd WOAA South 2011-12 24 14 10 - 0 122 102 28 5th WOAA South 2012-13 24 13 9 - 2 110 93 28 5th WOAA South 2013-14 24 11 10 - 3 107 107 25 5th WOAA South Notable alumni *Todd Bidner Steve Stoyanovich

Introduction The 2014-2015 Champion Tillsonburg Thunder are a Senior ice hockey team based in Tillsonburg, Ontario, Canada. They play in the Western Ontario Super Hockey League. Tillsonburg Vipers player in 2007-08 season. History The Tillsonburg Vipers were founded in 2001 as a Senior "AAA" team in the Ontario Hockey Association's Major League Hockey. In the 2003–04 season, the Vipers reached the J. Ross Robertson Cup finals, but lost to the Aylmer Blues 4-games-to-2. Tillsonburg's improved on their 2003-04 record in the 2005-06 season. After finishing the regular season in second place with 17 wins in 30 games, the Vipers knocked off the Cambridge Hornets 4-games-to-3 to make the league finals. In the league final, the Vipers fell to the Dundas Real McCoys 4-games-to-3. The MLH fell apart in 2008, just after the Brantford Blast won the league's first ever Allan Cup. The team filled the gap when the disgruntled Cambridge Hornets left the MLH, the collegiate Windsor St. Clair Saints, walked away from the league. The Vipers decided it was their time to leave as well and applied to join the Western Ontario Athletic Association Senior Hockey League. The WOAA is an independent league with no connections to the Ontario Hockey Association. It classifies itself as Senior "AA", and allows for both a Senior "AA" and Senior "A" championship come playoff time. On May 14, 2008, the WOAA granted expansion to the Tillsonburg Vipers. The first ever Tillsonburg WOAA game took place on October 4, 2008, as the Thunder defeated the Goderich Pirates 6-5 in overtime in Tillsonburg. The Thunder had a successful first season in the WOAA, earning a record of 11-7-2, registering 24 points, and fifth place in the South Division. Tillsonburg would lose to the Clinton Radars in the "AA" qualifying round, being sent to the "A" playoffs. In the "A" quarter-finals, the Thunder were upset by the Exeter Mohawks in six games, ending their season. Season-by-season standings Season GP W L T OTL GF GA P Results Playoffs 2001-02 32 6 23 2 1 128 241 15 5th SWSHL 2002-03 32 11 18 2 1 150 174 25 4th OHA Sr. A Lost Semi-final 2003-04 32 17 11 2 2 159 129 38 4th OHA Sr. A Lost Final 2004-05 32 16 15 0 1 141 129 34 4th MLH Lost Semi-final 2005-06 30 17 9 0 4 135 129 38 2nd MLH Lost Final 2006-07 30 14 2007-08 30 11 2008-09 20 11 2009-10 20 16 2010-11 26 16 9 - 1 134 114 33 4th WOAA South 2011-12 24 16 7 - 1 130 95 33 2nd WOAA South 2012-13 24 14 6 - 4 127 96 32 4th WOAA South 2013-14 24 21 3 - 0 128 70 42 1st WOAA South Lost Div. Final 2014-15 24 18 5 - 0 152 92 37 1st WOAA South Won "AA" Championship 2015-16 24 9 12 - 3 95 137 21 5th WOAA South Won "A" Championship 2016-17 20 11 8 - 1 95 76 23 7th WOAA Sr Lost "AA" QF 2017-18 20 14 3 3 4th WOAA sr. Lost in AA semi 2018-19 22 11 11 0 0 100 104 22 9th WOAA South Lost "A" Semifinal

Introduction Alfa Romeo P3 Alfa Romeo P3 Category Grand Prix 750 kg Constructor Alfa Romeo Team/s 1932 - Alfa Corse1933/1935 - Scuderia Ferrari Designer Vittorio Jano Drivers 1932 + Tazio Nuvolari, Rudolf Caracciola, Giuseppe Campari, Baconin Borzacchini1933 + Louis Chiron, Luigi Fagioli, Giuseppe Campari1934 + Achille Varzi, Louis Chiron, Guy Moll, Brian E. Lewis, Carlo Felice Trossi, Gianfranco Comotti1935 + Tazio Nuvolari, Raymond Sommer, Louis Chiron, Comte George de Montbressieux, Richard Shuttleworth, René Dreyfus, Vittorio Belmondo, Mario Tadini, Antonio Brivio, Guido Barbieri, Pietro Ghersi, Renato Balestrero1936 + Raymond Sommer, "Charlie" Martin, Comte José María de Villapadierna, Giovanni Battaglia, Clemente Biondetti, Austin Dobson Chassis channel section side members Suspension (front) Semi elliptic leaf springs, friction dampers1935 independent Dubonnet system with trailing links Suspension (rear) Semi elliptic leaf springs, friction dampers1935 reversed quarter elliptic leaf springs Engine Front mounted, Alfa Romeo,Straight-8 (two straight 4 blocks),Twin Roots Superchargers 1932 - 2654 cc, 1934 - 2905 cc, 1935 - 3165 cc, bored out for German Grand Prix Gearbox Alfa Romeo 4-speed manualc.1934 Alfa Romeo 3-speed manual Wheelbase Track Front , Rear Dry Weight 1,545 lb (700 kg) Fuel Tyres 1932 - Dunlop1933/35 - Englebert Debut 1932 Italian Grand Prix, Tazio Nuvolari, 1st Races competed Constructors' Championships Not applicable before 1958 Drivers' Championships Not applicable before 1950 Race victories 461932 Italian Grand Prix, Tazio Nuvolari1932 French Grand Prix, Tazio Nuvolari1932 German Grand Prix, Rudolf Caracciola1932 Coppa Ciano, Tazio Nuvolari1932 Coppa Acerbo, Tazio Nuvolari1932 Monza Grand Prix, Rudolf Caracciola1933 Coppa Acerbo, Luigi Fagioli1933 Grand Prix du Comminges, Luigi Fagioli1933 Marseille Grand Prix, Louis Chiron1933 Italian Grand Prix, Luigi Fagioli1933 Masaryk Circuit, Louis Chiron1933 Spanish Grand Prix, Louis Chiron1934 Monaco Grand Prix, Guy Moll1934 Alessandria Grand Prix, Achille Varzi1934 Tripoli Grand Prix, Achille Varzi1934 Casablanca Grand Prix, Louis Chiron1934 Targa Florio, Achille Varzi1934 Internationale Avus Rennen, Guy Moll1934 Mannin Moar, Hon. Brian Lewis1934 Montreux Grand Prix, Comte Trossi1934 Penya Rhin GP, Achille Varzi1934 Grand Prix de France, Louis Chiron1934 Grand Prix de la Marne, Louis Chiron1934 GP de Vichy, Comte Carlo Trossi,1934 German Grand Prix, Tazio Nuvolari1934 Coppa Ciano, Achille Varzi1934 Grand Prix de Nice, Achille Varzi1934 Grand Prix du Comminges, Gianfranco Comotti1934 Circuito di Biella, Comte Trossi,1935 Grand Prix du Pau, Tazio Nuvolari1935 Bergamo Circuit, Tazio Nuvolari1935 GP de France, Raymond Sommer1935 Biella Circuit, Tazio Nuvolari1935 Lorraine GP, Louis Chiron1935 Marne GP, René Dreyfus1935 Dieppe GP, René Dreyfus1935 Varese Circuit, Vittorio Belmondo1935 German Grand Prix, Tazio Nuvolari1935 GP du Comminges, Raymond Sommer1935 Coppa Ciano, Tazio Nuvolari1935 Nice GP, Tazio Nuvolari1935 Coppa Edda Ciano, Mario Tadini1935 Donington GP, Richard Shuttleworth1935 Coppa della Sila, Antonio Brivio1935 Brooklands Mountain Circuit Championship, Richard Shuttleworth Last season 1935 The Alfa Romeo P3, P3 monoposto or Tipo B was a classic Grand Prix car designed by Vittorio Jano, one of the Alfa Romeo 8C models. The P3 was first genuine single-seat Grand Prix racing car and Alfa Romeo's second monoposto after Tipo A monoposto (1931). It was based on the earlier successful Alfa Romeo P2. Taking lessons learned from that car, Jano went back to the drawing board to design a car that could last longer race distances. Description The P3 was the first genuine single seater racing car, and was powered by a supercharged eight-cylinder engine. The car was very light for the period, weighing just over 1,500 lb (680 kg) despite using a cast iron engine block. The P3 was introduced in June, halfway through the 1932 Grand Prix season in Europe, winning its first race at the hands of Tazio Nuvolari, and going on to win 6 races that year driven by both Nuvolari and Rudolf Caracciola, including all 3 major Grands Prix in Italy, France and Germany. The 1933 Grand Prix season brought financial difficulties to Alfa Corse so the cars were simply locked away and Alfa attempted to rest on their laurels. Enzo Ferrari had to run his breakaway 'works' Alfa team as Scuderia Ferrari, using the older, less effective Alfa Monzas. Alfa procrastinated until August and missed the first 25 events, and only after much wrangling was the P3 finally handed over to Scuderia Ferrari. P3s then won six of the final 11 events of the season including the final 2 major Grands Prix in Italy and Spain. The regulations for the 1934 Grand Prix season brought larger bodywork requirements, so to counteract this the engine was bored out to 2.9 litres. Louis Chiron won the French Grand Prix at Montlhery, whilst the German Silver Arrows dominated the other four rounds of the European Championship. However the P3s won 18 of all the 35 Grands Prix held throughout Europe. By the 1935 Grand Prix season the P3 was hopelessly uncompetitive against the superior German cars in 6 rounds of the European Championship, but that didn't stop one final, legendary works victory. The P3 was bored out to 3.2 litres for Nuvolari for the 1935 German Grand Prix at the Nürburgring, in the heartland of the Mercedes and Auto-Union empire. In the race, Nuvolari punctured a tyre early on while leading, but after the pitstop he carved through the field until the last lap when Manfred von Brauchitsch, driving the more powerful Mercedes Benz W25 suffered a puncture, leaving Nuvolari to win the race in front of 300,000 stunned Germans. The P3's agility and versatility enabled it to win 16 of the 39 Grands Prix in 1935. The P3 had earned its place as a truly great racing car. Drivers 1932: Tazio Nuvolari, Rudolf Caracciola, Giuseppe Campari, Baconin Borzacchini 1933: Louis Chiron, Luigi Fagioli, Giuseppe Campari 1934: Achille Varzi, Louis Chiron, Guy Moll, Brian E. Lewis, Carlo Felice Trossi, Gianfranco Comotti 1935: Tazio Nuvolari, Raymond Sommer, Louis Chiron, Comte George de Montbressieux, Richard Shuttleworth, René Dreyfus, Vittorio Belmondo, Mario Tadini, Antonio Brivio, Guido Barbieri, Pietro Ghersi, Renato Balestrero 1936: Raymond Sommer, "Charlie" Martin, José Padierna de Villapadierna, Giovanni Battaglia, Clemente Biondetti, Austin Dobson Alfa Romeo P3, Bj 1932, de Cadenet - 1977-08-14 B.jpg|Alain de Cadenet with Alfa Romeo P3. Alfa P3 B.jpg|Engine of the Alfa P3 Tipo B - Note the twin gear driven superchargers. File:Car Musée Enzo Ferrari 0054.JPG|The Tipo B Aerodinamica variant with Guy Moll won the Avus GP in 1934. File:Car Musée Enzo Ferrari 0057.JPG|The Tipo B Aerodinamica in Enzo Ferrari Museum in Modena. Goodwood FoS 2011 2.JPG|1932 Tipo B Don Lee Special in Goodwood FoS 2011 Tazio Nuvolari passing at the 1935 Grand Prix de Pau.jpg|Tazio Nuvolari passing at the 1935 Grand Prix de Pau.

Introduction Tristan Needham is a British mathematician and professor of mathematics at the University of San Francisco. Education, career and publications Tristan is the son of social anthropologist Rodney Needham of Oxford, England. He attended the Dragon School. Later Needham attended the University of Oxford and studied physics at Merton College, and then transferred to the Mathematical Institute where he studied under Roger Penrose. He obtained his D.Phil. in 1987 and in 1989 took up his post at University of San Francisco. In 1993 he published A Visual Explanation of Jensen's inequality. The following year he published The Geometry of Harmonic Functions, which won the Carl B. Allendoerfer Award for 1995. Needham wrote the book Visual Complex Analysis, which has received positive reviews. Though it is described as a "radical first course in complex analysis aimed at undergraduates", writing in Mathematical Reviews D.H. Armitage said that "the book will be appreciated most by those who already know some complex analysis." In fact Douglas Hofstadter wrote "Needham's work of art with its hundreds and hundreds of beautiful figures á la Latta, brings complex analysis alive in an unprecedented manner". Hofstadter had studied complex analysis at Stanford with Gordon Latta, and he recalled "Latta's amazingly precise and elegant blackboard diagrams". In 2001 a German language version, translated by Norbert Herrmann and Ina Paschen, was published by R. Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich. In 2021, Needham published Visual Differential Geometry and Forms: A Mathematical Drama in Five Acts (Princeton University Press). Much of this material was already developed in the writing of Visual Complex Analysis.

Introduction Eiche can refer to: Places Eiche (Potsdam), a locality (Ortsteil) of Potsdam, Germany Eiche (Barnim), a locality (Ortsteil) of Ahrensfelde, Germany Eiche or Eichbach (Hahle), a short river in Eichsfeld district, Germany Historical events Operation Eiche, also known as the Gran Sasso raid in World War II

Introduction The Thunder Bay Twins were a Canadian Senior ice hockey team from Thunder Bay, Ontario. They played an independent schedule under the supervision of Hockey Northwestern Ontario. They competed for the Allan Cup, the Grand Championship of Canadian senior hockey. History The Thunder Bay Bombers folded in 2006, after a tour of Europe and winning the 2005 Allan Cup. In 2007-08 a new team emerged: the Thunder Bay Hawks. They dispatched the Thistles in the region final 2-games-to-none, but then fell to the MLH's Dundas Real McCoys in the Renwick Cup. In the summer of 2008, the team rebranded itself as the Thunder Bay Twins. The Twins entered the 2008-09 playoffs against the Kenora Thistles with only a best-of-3 series standing between them and berth in the 2009 Allan Cup. The Thistles drew first blood, winning Game 1 5-4 in double-overtime. Game 2 went the Twins way with an easy 7-2 victory. Game 3 was a battle for the ages, as the Thistles dominated early and led 3-2 at the start of the third period. The Twins tied up the game late and forced overtime. In the second overtime period, the Twins scored to take the game and the series. As there will be no Renwick Cup series against Major League Hockey this year, the Twins will at the 2009 Allan Cup, their first appearance since winning the 2005 Allan Cup. In March 2010, the Twins competed for the HNO Gary Cook Cup senior hockey championship in Kenora, Ontario. The Twins blew a 5-0 lead to tie game one 5-5 against the upstart Fort Frances Thunderhawks, a result they would later protest and would be turned into a Twins victory. In the second game, the Twins were beat soundly by their rival Kenora Thistles 5-1. Due to the protest by the Twins, Fort Frances was eliminated from the tournament and the Twins moved on to the finals. The Thistles beat the Twins again, 3-1, to win the Gary Cook Cup. As of 2010-11 the team is on hiatus and looking for new ownership. Season-by-season standings Season GP W L T OTL GF GA Points Finish Playoffs 2009-10 8 5

Introduction The National Museum of the Marine Corps is the historical museum of the United States Marine Corps. Located in Triangle, Virginia near MCB Quantico, the museum opened on November 10, 2006, and is now one of the top tourist attractions in the state, drawing over 500,000 people annually. In July 2013, the museum announced plans for a major expansion, to include sections on more modern Marine Corps history, such as the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing, a combat art gallery, and a Global War on Terrorism gallery. Background The museum replaces both the Marine Corps Historical Center in the Washington Navy Yard, which closed on July 1, 2005, and the Marine Corps Air-Ground Museum in Quantico, Virginia, which closed on November 15, 2002. National Museum of the Marine Corps, Looking Overhead A public-private venture, the museum is a cooperative effort between the United States Marine Corps and the Marine Corps Heritage Foundation. The Foundation manages the museum operation, while the museum building will be donated to the Marine Corps. Designed by Curtis W. Fentress of Fentress Architects, the museum's exterior is meant to "evoke the image of the flag raisers of Iwo Jima," an image that is also preserved by the Marine Corps War Memorial. A replica of the "Iron Mike" statue at Marine Corps Base Quantico stands on the lawn, to one side of the main entrance. The museum is , and is open to the public with free admission. Marine Corps Heritage Foundation Established in 1979, the Marine Corps Heritage Foundation is a private, non-profit organization that supports the historical programs of the Marine Corps. In 1999, the Foundation expanded its mission to include the creation of the National Museum of the Marine Corps. Heritage Center The National Museum of the Marine Corps is designed to be the centerpiece of a complex of facilities called the Marine Corps Heritage Center. This multi-use, campus includes the Semper Fidelis Memorial Park and Semper Fidelis Chapel; a demonstration area with parade grounds; hiking trails and other outdoor recreational offerings; a conference center and hotel; and an archive facility to restore and preserve Marine artifacts. The chapel, designed by Fentress Architects, was completed in 2009 with a $5 million donation from a retired Marine. Exhibits Photosphere of the Leatherneck Gallery within the National Museum of the Marine Corps. in the iconic 1945 photograph, was damaged by the high winds at the peak of Mount Suribachi, Iwo Jima. National Museum of the Marine Corps National Museum of the Marine Corps, Looking Southwest The museum features the following permanent exhibits, which were designed by Christopher Chadbourne and Associates: Leatherneck Gallery Legacy Walk Making Marines World War II Korean War Vietnam War On June 5, 2010, the following three exhibits were opened: Defending a New Nation (1775–1865) Age of Expansion (1866–1916) World War I (1917–1918) It also has a statue of a horse, Sergeant Reckless, which served with the Marine Corps in Korea. The statue was dedicated on Friday, 26 July 2013. The museum also includes classrooms, a theater, a gift shop, a bar, a restaurant, and a rifle range laser simulator. The Korean War gallery features a section that simulates the cold temperature and sounds of the Battle of the Chosin Reservoir in 1951, while the war's fighting was at its peak. Two play areas for children can also be found within the museum.

Introduction The Assistant Secretary of State for Political-Military Affairs is a position within the U.S. Department of State that manages the Bureau of Political-Military Affairs, charged with linking the Department of Defense and the Department of State by providing policy in the areas of international security, security assistance, military operations, defense strategy and policy, military use of space, and defense trade. The Assistant Secretary of State for Political-Military Affairs reports to the Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs. When the Department of State originally established the Bureau of Politico-Military Affairs on September 18, 1969, the bureau had replaced a special component for politico-military affairs that had served under the Deputy Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs since 1960. The head of the Bureau had the title of Director of the Bureau of Politico-Military Affairs, and was designated by the Secretary of State, but still held rank equivalent to Assistant Secretary. Later, the director became appointed by the President, subject to the advice and consent of the Senate, and the title of the head of the Bureau was changed to Assistant Secretary on April 14, 1986. List of directors of the Bureau of Political-Military Affairs, 1969–1985 Name Assumed office Left office President served under Ronald I. Spiers September 18, 1969 August 2, 1973 Richard Nixon Seymour Weiss August 6, 1973 January 17, 1974 George S. Vest April 29, 1974 March 27, 1977 Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford Leslie H. Gelb February 23, 1977 June 30, 1979 Jimmy Carter Reginald H. Bartholomew July 1, 1979 January 20, 1981 Richard R. Burt January 23, 1981 February 17, 1982 Ronald Reagan Jonathan Howe May 10, 1982 July 1, 1984 John T. Chain, Jr. July 1, 1984 June 14, 1985 List of Assistant Secretaries of State for Political-Military Affairs, 1986–present Name Assumed office Left office President served under H. Allen Holmes July 19, 1985 August 8, 1989 Ronald Reagan Richard A. Clarke August 8, 1989 July 10, 1992 George H. W. Bush Robert Gallucci July 13, 1992 October 11, 1994 George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton Thomas E. McNamara October 12, 1994 January 9, 1998 Bill Clinton Eric D. Newsom November 2, 1998 December 31, 2000 Lincoln P. Bloomfield, Jr. May 31, 2001 January 20, 2005 George W. Bush John Hillen October 11, 2005 January 11, 2007 Stephen D. Mull (Acting) January 11, 2007 August 8, 2008 Mark Kimmitt August 8, 2008 January 20, 2009 Andrew J. Shapiro June 22, 2009 April 19, 2013 Barack Obama Thomas P. Kelly III (Acting) April 19, 2013 April 9, 2014 Puneet Talwar April 9, 2014 November 2015 R. Clarke Cooper May 2, 2019 January 20, 2021 Donald Trump Timothy Alan Betts (Acting) January 20, 2021 September 30, 2021 Joe Biden Jessica Lewis September 30, 2021 Incumbent

Introduction Thousand Roads is the third solo studio album by the rock artist David Crosby, a founding member of Crosby, Stills, and Nash. It was released in 1993 on Atlantic Records. Track listing B-sides Song Single Writer "Fare Thee Well" "Hero" Emily Saliers Personnel David Crosby – lead and backing vocals Phil Collins – keyboards (1), drums (1), percussion (1), backing vocals (1) Benmont Tench – keyboards (2) Jimmy Webb – acoustic piano (2) Marc Cohn – acoustic piano (3) Craig Doerge – keyboards (4, 8, 9), arrangements (9) C.J. Vanston – keyboards (4, 5, 8, 10) Paul Wickens – keyboards (7), accordion (7) Bonnie Hayes – keyboards (9) Jeff Pevar – guitars (1) Michael Landau – electric guitar (2) Bernie Leadon – electric guitar (2, 9), acoustic guitar (2, 4, 6, 7, 8) John Leventhal – guitars (3) Dean Parks – guitars (5, 10), flute (5) Andy Fairweather Low – electric guitar (6, 7) Ethan Johns – additional electric guitar (6), drums (6, 7), percussion (6, 7) Pino Palladino – bass (1) Leland Sklar – bass (2-5, 8-10) David Watkins Clarke – bass (6, 7) Jim Keltner – drums (2) Jeff Porcaro – drums (4, 8) Russ Kunkel – drums (9, 10) Paulinho da Costa – percussion (4, 8) Luis Conte – percussion (5) Jackson Browne – harmony vocals (2) Graham Nash – harmony vocals (2, 3), harmonica (3) Kipp Lennon – harmony vocals (4, 8, 9, 10) Stephen Bishop – harmony vocals (10) Strings on "Helpless Heart" David Campbell – arrangements Armen Garabedian – concertmaster Suzie Katayama – contractor David Young – string bass Larry Corbett, Suzie Katayama and Daniel Smith – cello Scott Haupert, Maria Newman and Evan Wilson – viola Armen Garabedian, Berj Garabedian, Ruth Johnson and Dimitrie Levici – violin Production Producers – Phil Collins (Track 1); Don Was (Tracks 2, 4 & 8); David Crosby (Tracks 3, 5 & 9); John Leventhal (Track 3); Dean Parks (Track 5); Glyn Johns (Tracks 6 & 7); Phil Ramone (Track 10). Co-Producers – Nick Davis (Track 1); Stephen Barncard (Track 9). Executive Producer – Jan Crosby Engineers – Nick Davis (Track 1); Rob Eaton (guitar overdub, Track 1); Rik Pekkonen (Tracks 2, 4 & 8); Paul Dieter (Tracks 3, 5 & 10); Glyn Johns (Tracks 6 & 7); Stephen Barncard and Ed Goodreau (Track 9). Assistant Engineers – Simon Metcalfe (Track 1); Dan Bosworth (Tracks 2, 4 & 8); Steve Onsuka (Track 5); Bob Salcedo (Tracks 5 & 10); Mike Kloster (Track 9). Mastered by Doug Sax at The Mastering Lab (Hollywood, CA). Art Direction – Graham Nash Cover Art – R. Mac Holbert Photography – Guido Harari

Introduction 1950s and '70s examples of the 50 cc Kreidler Florett Kreidler was a German manufacturer of bicycles, mopeds and motorcycles. Kreidler was originally based in Kornwestheim, between Ludwigsburg and Stuttgart. It was founded in 1903 as "Kreidlers Metall- und Drahtwerke" (Kreidlers metal and wire factory) by Anton Kreidler and started to build motorcycles in 1951. In 1959 one third of all German motorcycles were Kreidler. In the 1970s Kreidler had very great success in motorsport. Especially in the Netherlands the riders Jan de Vries and Henk van Kessel were successful. Kreidler went out of business in 1982 and the rights to the trade mark were sold to the businessman Rudolf Scheidt who had Italian manufacturer Garelli Motorcycles make mopeds under the Kreidler name until 1988. The rights to the Kreidler brand were subsequently acquired by bicycle manufacturer Prophete. Today the brand is used by Prophete's subsidiary Cycle Union GmbH based in Oldenburg, Germany, where bikes are built and distributed to dealers mainly throughout Europe. Kreidler was active in Grand Prix motorcycle with great success in the 1970s and 1980s, scoring eight world champion titles in 50 cc class: 1971 Jan de Vries 1973 Jan de Vries 1974 Henk van Kessel 1975 Ángel Nieto 1979 Eugenio Lazzarini 1980 Eugenio Lazzarini 1982 Stefan Dörflinger Gallery File:Kreidler 50ccm Jan de Vries.jpg|Van Veen Racing Kreidler of Jan de Vries (1971) File:ZweiRadMuseumNSU Kreidler Rennmaschine.JPG|"Kreidler Racing Florett" (1963) File:ZweiRadMuseumNSU Kreidler VanVeen.JPG|"Kreidler Van Veen GP" (1977) File:ZweiRadMuseumNSU Kreidler Zigarre.JPG|"Kreidler Zigarre" (50 cm³, record: 210.634 km/h 23 October 1965, Utah, USA)

Introduction Plain paper cup Insulated paper cup for hot drinks, cut away to show air layer A paper cup is a disposable cup made out of paper and often lined or coated with plastic or wax to prevent liquid from leaking out or soaking through the paper. It may be made of recycled paper and is widely used around the world. History Paper cups have been documented in imperial China, where paper was invented by 2nd century BC. Paper cups were known as chih pei and were used for the serving of tea. They were constructed in different sizes and colors, and were adorned with decorative designs. Textual evidence of paper cups appears in a description of the possessions of the Yu family, from the city of Hangzhou. The modern paper cup was developed in the 20th century. In the early 20th century, it was common to have shared glasses or dippers at water sources such as school faucets or water barrels in trains. This shared use caused public health concerns. One notable investigation into their use was the study by Alvin Davison, biology professor at Lafayette College, published with the sensational title "Death in School Drinking Cups" in Technical World Magazine in August 1908, based on research carried out in Easton, Pennsylvania's public schools. The article was reprinted and distributed by the Massachusetts State Board of Health in November 1909. Based on these concerns, and as paper goods (especially after the 1908 invention of the Dixie Cup) became cheaply and cleanly available, local bans were passed on the shared-use cup. One of the first railway companies to use disposable paper cups was the Lackawanna Railroad, which began using them in 1909. By 1917, the public glass had disappeared from railway carriages, replaced by paper cups even in jurisdictions where public glasses had yet to be banned. Paper cups are also employed in hospitals for health reasons. In 1942 the Massachusetts State College found in one study that the cost of using washable glasses, re-used after being sanitized, was 1.6 times the cost of using single-service paper cups. These studies, as well as the reduction in the risk of cross-infection, encouraged the use of paper cups in hospitals. Dixie cups Dixie Cup is the brand name for a line of disposable paper cups that were first developed in the United States in 1907 by Lawrence Luellen, an inventer in Boston, Massachusetts, who was concerned about germs being spread by people sharing glasses or dippers at public supplies of drinking water. Luellen developed an ice-cooled water-vending machine with disposable cups, and with another Bostonian, Hugh Moore, embarked on an advertising campaign to educate the public and to market his machine, principally to railroad companies. Professor Davison's study was instrumental in abolishing the public glass and opening the door for the paper cup. Soon, the devices, which would dispense cool water for one cent, became standard equipment on trains. After Lawrence Luellen invented his paper cup and corresponding water fountain, he started the American Water Supply Company of New England in 1908 located in Boston. The company began producing the cup as well as the Water Vendor. In order to expand their territory, Luellen organized the American Water Supply Company of New York as well as the American Water Supply Company of New Jersey with the help of Hugh Moore. Instead of producing the cups and fountains, these subsidiary companies were charged with the sale and distribution of Luellen's products. In 1909 Luellen and Moore started the Public Cup Vendor Company in New York in order to lease their vendor machines. Their primary customers were railroads so that the devices could be implemented on passenger train cars. After many states started to ban the common drinking cup in public places, steady orders for Luellen's machine began to roll in. The success of Luellen and Moore's territorial companies inspired them to incorporate into the Individual Drinking Cup Company of New York in 1910. Dixie Cup Company, Easton, Pennsylvania The Dixie Cup was first called "Health Kup", but from 1919 it was named after a line of dolls made by Alfred Schindler's Dixie Doll Company in New York. Success led the company, which had existed under a variety of names, to call itself the Dixie Cup Corporation and move to a factory in Wilson, Pennsylvania. Atop the factory was a large water tank in the shape of a cup. In 1957, Dixie merged with the American Can Company. The James River Corporation purchased American Can's paper business in 1982. The assets of James River are now part of Georgia-Pacific, a subsidiary of Koch Industries, the second largest privately owned company in the United States. In 1983, production moved to a modern factory in Forks, Pennsylvania. The original factory in Wilson has sat vacant ever since. The closing of the factory also prompted Conrail to abandon the Easton & Northern railroad branch, of which Dixie Cups was the last major customer. In 1969, the Dixie Cup logo was created by Saul Bass, a graphic designer known for his motion picture title sequences. The coupon collector's problem is sometimes called the Dixie cup problem. Early advertisements Early advertisement for Dixie Cups when they were still known as Health Kups "This is the Sanitary Age" advertisement for Dixie Cups The tone of many of the advertisements created by the Dixie Cup Company took the form of embracing modern ideals and marketing towards people who wanted to improve their lives and jump on board a new trend for fear of being left behind. “This is the sanitary age -- the age of dixie cups,” was used for several years with success. A subsequent pivot towards soda fountains was made in both product line and advertising, but the central idea of individual use as more sanitary than reusable glasses persisted. An emphasis on the theme of cups being “touched only by you” was seen as an act to make the cups seem individualized. Another early advertisement from Dixie Manufacture The world's largest "paper" cup in front of what was once the Lily-Tulip manufacturing company, later Sweetheart Cup Company. Made of poured concrete, the cup stands about tall. The base paper for paper cups is called "cup board", and is made on special multi-ply paper machines. It has a barrier coating for waterproofing. The paper needs high stiffness and strong wet sizing. The cup board grade has a special design for the cup manufacturing processes. The mouth roll forming process requires good elongation properties of the board and the plastic coating. A well formed mouth roll provides stiffness and handling properties in the cup. The basis weights of the cup boards are 170–350 g/m2. To meet hygiene requirements, paper cups are generally manufactured from virgin (non-recycled) materials. The one exception to this is when the paper cup features an extra insulating layer for heat retention, which never comes into contact with the beverage, such as a corrugated layer wrapped around a single-wall cup. Waterproofing Originally, paper cups for hot drinks were glued together and made waterproof by dropping a small amount of clay in the bottom of the cup, and then spinning at high speed so that clay would travel up the walls of the cup, making the paper water-resistant. However, this resulted in drinks smelling and tasting of cardboard. Cups for cold drinks could not be treated in the same way, as condensation forms on the outside, then soaks into the board, making the cup unstable. To remedy this, cup manufacturers developed the technique of spraying both the inside and outside of the cup with wax. Clay and wax-coated cups disappeared with the invention of polyethylene (PE)-coated cups; this process covers the surface of the board with a very thin layer of PE, waterproofing the board and welding the seams together. In 2017, the Finnish board manufacturer Kotkamills launched a new kind of cup (food service) board which uses no wax or plastic for waterproofing, and thus can be recycled as part of the normal paper and board waste stream, biodegraded, or even composted in small quantities. In 2017, the Newport Beach, California, company Smart Planet Technologies, launched "reCUP" for the UK market, a recyclable paper cup using a polyethylene and mineral-blended coating branded EarthCoating, that is engineered to be recycled through traditional paper recycling systems. Paper cups with EarthCoating are sold by Detpak, Huhtamaki, Linstol and Pureco USA. Paper cups and paper bags made from "Pinyapel", paper made from discarded pineapple leaves, were introduced in 2019. The water-resistant food packaging alternative material was developed by a consortium made up of the Department of Trade and Industry Design Center of the Philippines (DCP), Cagayan de Oro Handmade Paper, Nature's Fresh, and Ideatechs Packaging Corporation. The innovation was a Wood Pencil Awardee in the 2019 edition of the annual D&AD Future Impact Awards. Tests by the DCP show that the 55.32 percent mass loss of Pinyapel in four weeks is much higher than the 21.33 percent mass loss in commercial paper bags, giving evidence that the material decomposes faster than other paper products. Printing on paper cups Originally paper cups were printed using rubber blocks mounted on cylinders, with a different cylinder for each colour. Registration across different colours was very difficult, but later flexography plates became available and with the use of mounting systems it became easier to register across the colours, allowing for more complex designs. Printing flexographic has become ideal for long runs and manufacturers generally use this method when producing over a million cups. Machines such as Comexi are used for this, which have been adapted to take the extra large reels that are required by paper cup manufacturers. Ink technology has also changed and where solvent-based inks were being used, water-based inks are instead being utilised. One of the side effects of solvent-based inks is that hot drink cups in particular can smell of solvent, whereas water-based inks have eliminated this problem. Other methods of printing have been used for short runs such as offset printing, which can vary from anything from 10,000 to 100,000 cups. Offset printing inks have also been developed and although in the past these were solvent based, the latest soya-based inks have reduced the danger of cups smelling. The latest development is Direct-printing, which allows printing on very small quantities, typically from 1,000 cups, and is used by companies including Brendos Ltd offering small quantities in short lead times. Rotogravure can also be used, but this is extremely expensive and is normally only utilised for items requiring extremely high quality printing like ice cream containers. Environmental impact Recycling Most paper cups are designed for a single use and then disposal. Very little recycled paper is used to make paper cups because of contamination concerns and regulations. Since most paper cups are coated with plastic (polyethylene), then both composting and recycling of paper cups is uncommon because of the difficulty in separating the polyethylene in the recycling process of said cups. As of 2016, there are only two facilities in the UK able to properly recycle PE-coated cups; in the absence of such facilities, the cups are taken to landfill or incinerated. A UK-based business group James Cropper have developed the world's first facility for the effective recycling of the estimated 2.5 billion paper coffee cups used and disposed of by British businesses each year, and have become one of 14 international companies to formally join the Paper Recovery and Recycling Group (PCRRG). James Cropper's Reclaimed Fibre Facility was opened by HM The Queen in July 2013, and recovers both the plastic and paper from the cups; ensuring nothing is wasted from the recycling process. Although paper cups are made from renewable resources (wood chips 95% by weight), paper products in a landfill might not decompose, or can release methane, if decomposed anaerobically. A US company, Smart Planet Technologies has developed a new coating on paper cups and folding cartons called EarthCoating so they are certified universally recyclable in conventional paper recycling systems. Paper cups with EarthCoating have received the highest "AAA" rating for recycling from Der Grune Punkt (The Green Dot), a certifying body for recycling in the EU, for recycling in Class 13 bales along with office paper. Smart Planet Technologies' licensee Detpak, along with paper-shredder Shred-X have set up commercial recycling systems for paper cups with EarthCoating, branded "RecycleMe", used in recycled paper products such as copy paper, gift wrap, and paper bags. Detpak declared the takeaway cup problem solved in Australia. Subsequently, Australia's Department of Defense, along with globally-recognized recycler Veolia, have teamed up to recycle the department's paper cups, as part of their "War on Waste". In 2017, the Finnish board manufacturer Kotkamills launched a new kind of cup (food service) board which uses no wax or plastic for waterproofing, and thus can be recycled as part of the normal paper and board waste stream, biodegraded, or even composted in small quantities. The manufacture of paper usually requires inorganic chemicals and creates water effluents. Paper cups may consume more non-renewable resources than cups made of polystyrene foam (whose only significant effluent is pentane). Paper vs plastic A life cycle inventory of a comparison of paper vs plastic cups shows environmental effects of both with no clear winner. Polyethylene (PE) is a petroleum-based coating on paper cups that can slow down the process of biodegrading of the paper it coats. Polylactic acid (PLA) is a biodegradable bio-plastic coating used on some paper cups. PLA is a renewable resource and is certified compostable in industrial composting facilities, which means that when it biodegrades, it does not leave behind any toxic residues. Although PLA-lined cups are the only paper cups which can be composted fully, they can contaminate the waste stream, reportedly making other recycled plastics unsaleable. Prior to 2012, paper cups can only be recycled at a specialised treatment facility regardless of the lining. A number of cities – including Portland, Oregon — have banned XPS foam cups in take-out and fast food restaurants. Emissions A study of one paper coffee cup with sleeve (16 ounce) shows that the CO2 emissions is about per cup with sleeve – including paper from trees, materials, production and shipping. Habitat-loss trees used The habitat loss from one 16 ounce paper coffee cup with a sleeve is estimated to be 0.09 square meters (0.93 square feet). Over 6.5 million trees were cut down to make 16 billion paper coffee cups used by U.S. in 2006, using of water and resulting in of waste. Overall, US Americans use 58% of all paper cups worldwide, amounting to 130 billion cups. Lids A paper coffee cup with a plastic lid and "splash stick" Paper cups may have various types of lids. The paper cups that are used as containers for yogurt, for example, generally have two types of lids: heat-seal foil lids used for small "single serving" containers, and plastic press-on, resealable lids used for large "family size" containers, , where not all of the yogurt may be consumed at any one time and thus the ability to re-close the container is required. Hot drinks sold in paper cups may come with a plastic lid, to keep the drink hot and prevent spillage. These lids have a hole through which the drink can be sipped. The plastic lids can have many features including peel back tabs, raised walls to protect the foam of gourmet hot drinks and embossed text. In 2008, Starbucks introduced shaped plastic "splash sticks" to block the hole, in some of their stores, after customer complaints about hot coffee splashing through it.

Introduction Cobalt(II) oxide is an inorganic compound that has been described as an olive-green or gray solid. It is used extensively in the ceramics industry as an additive to create blue-colored glazes and enamels, as well as in the chemical industry for producing cobalt(II) salts. A related material is cobalt(II,III) oxide, a black solid with the formula Co3O4. Structure and properties CoO crystals adopt the periclase (rock salt) structure with a lattice constant of 4.2615 Å. It is antiferromagnetic below 16 °C. Preparation Cobalt(II) oxide is prepared by oxidation of cobalt powder with air or by thermal decomposition of cobalt(II) nitrate or the carbonate. Cobalt(II,III) oxide decomposes to cobalt(II) oxide at 950 °C: :2 Co3O4 → 6 CoO + O2 It may also be prepared by precipitating the hydroxide, followed by thermal dehydration: : CoX2 + 2 KOH → Co(OH)2 + 2 KX : Co(OH)2 → CoO + H2O Reactions As can be expected, cobalt(II) oxide reacts with mineral acids to form the corresponding cobalt salts: : CoO + 2 HX → CoX2 + H2O Applications Cobalt(II) oxide has for centuries been used as a coloring agent on kiln fired pottery. The additive provides a deep shade of blue named cobalt blue. The band gap (CoO) is around 2.4 eV. It also is used in cobalt blue glass.

Introduction Hand cannon from the Chinese Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368) Huochong was the Chinese name for hand cannons. The oldest confirmed metal huochong, also the first cannon, is a bronze hand cannon bearing an inscription dating it to 1298 (see Xanadu gun). By the time of the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) two types of huochong were in use. One was a hand held version with a wooden shaft known as a shouchong whilst the larger Wankouchong or Zhankouchong rested on a supporting wooden frame. It was invented presumably as an advance in warfare, a new way to fight. The Wankou Chong, translated literally as bowl-muzzle gun () was a type of Huochong gun used in the late Yuan and early Ming dynasties. The cannons normally contained black powder, a wooden block or frame to contain the powder, and a large cannonball or a group of smaller cannonballs. The cannon was most commonly used to protect Chinese ports and to defend against pirates. The cannon faded out of use gradually due to its short barrel, slow rate of fire, and short range. Gallery File:上都火銃.jpg|The Xanadu gun, 1298, is an example of a Wankouchong () File:Bronze cannon of 1332.jpg|Bronze cannon with inscription dated the 3rd year of the Zhiyuan era (1332) of the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368); it was discovered at the Yunju Temple of Fangshan District, Beijing in 1935. It is similar to Xanadu gun. File:Ming 2-Cannon Device (9883206133).jpg|Replica of Ming dynasty cannons mounted on the opposite direction of a wooden frame, 1372. File:Ming Bronze Gun, 1377 AD, Hongwu Reign (10129376023).jpg|Ming Bronze Gun, 1377 AD, Hongwu Emperor's reign. File:Chinese pole gun found in Java.png|Drawing of a Chinese pole gun found in Java, 1421. It weighed 2.252 kg, length of 357 mm, and caliber of 16 mm. This gun features a rain cover connected with hinge, which is now missing. The hinge is still preserved. File:Hand Cannon (Chong) MET DT366859.jpg|Chinese hand cannon (Chong), dated 1424. Length 35.7 cm, caliber 15 mm, weight 2.2736 kg. File:Ming Copper Cannon.jpg|Ming copper cannon, 1450 AD. File:Ming tiller gun 1505.jpg|A socketed Ming dynasty hand cannon, 1505, from the Zhengde Emperor's reign.

Introduction A reeler mouse. A reeler is a mouse mutant, so named because of its characteristic "reeling" gait. This is caused by the profound underdevelopment of the mouse's cerebellum, a segment of the brain responsible for locomotion. The mutation is autosomal and recessive, and prevents the typical cerebellar folia from forming. Cortical neurons are generated normally but are abnormally placed, resulting in disorganization of cortical laminar layers in the central nervous system. The reason is the lack of Reelin, an extracellular matrix glycoprotein, which, during the corticogenesis, is secreted mainly by the Cajal-Retzius cells. In the reeler neocortex, cortical plate neurons are aligned in a practically inverted fashion (‘‘outside-in’’). In the ventricular zone of the cortex fewer neurons have been found to have radial glial processes. In the dentate gyrus of hippocampus, no characteristic radial glial scaffold is formed and no compact granule cell layer is established. Therefore, the reeler mouse presents a good model in which to investigate the mechanisms of establishment of the precise neuronal network during development. Types of reelers There are two types of the reeler mutation: Albany2 mutation (Reln(rl-Alb2) Orleans mutation (Reln-rl-orl, or rl-orl), in which reelin lacks a C-terminal region and a part of the eighth reelin repeat. This hampers the secretion of the protein from the cell. In order to unravel the reelin signaling chain, attempts are made to cut the signal downstream of reelin, leaving reelin expression intact but creating the reeler phenotype, sometimes a partial phenotype, thus confirming the role of downstream molecules. The examples include: Double knockout of VLDLR and ApoER2 receptors; Double knockout of Src and Fyn kinases. Cre-loxP recombination mice model that lacks Crk and CrkL in most neurons. Was used to show that Crk/CrkL lie downstream of DAB1 in the reelin signaling pathway. Scrambler mouse Brain slices of wildtype and reeler mice. Key pathological findings in the Reeler brain structure Corticogenesis in a wild-type mouse. First neurons to take their place are the subplate neurons (yellow). Next come the cortical plate neurons (black), which migrate past the subplate level. Later-generated neurons drawn to be increasingly more bright. Corticogenesis in a reeler mutant mouse. Note the so-called "inverted cortex", disorganized cellular layers, oblique angles of radial glia fibers. Inversion of cortical layers. Subplate cells become abnormally located in the subpial zone above the cortical plate. This hampers their function in establishing the transient circuits between the incoming thalamic axons and layer IV cells of the cortical plate. Thalamic axons have to grow past the cortical plate to reach the mispositioned subplate cells in the so-called superplate and then turn back down to contact their appropriate targets. This creates a curious "looping" thalamocortical connection seen in the adult reeler brain. Dispersion of neurons within cortical layers. Decreased cerebellar size. Failure of preplate to split Failure to establish a distinct granule cell layer in the dentate gyrus. Normal dentate gyrus demonstrates a clear segregation of granule cells and hilar mossy cells, which are identified, respectively, by their expression of calbindin and calretinin. In the reeler DG, the two cell types intermingle. Impaired dendrite outgrowth. In one study, reeler mice were shown to have attenuated methamphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion, which was also reduced by a targeted disruption of reelin activity in wildtype mice. Reeler mice in the same study demonstrated a decrease in D1 and D2 receptor-mediated dopaminergic function together with reduced numbers of D1\D2 receptors. Heterozygous Reeler Mouse Heterozygous reeler mice, also known as HRM, while lacking the apparent phenotype seen in the homozygous reeler, also show some brain abnormalities due to the reelin deficit. Heterozygous (rl/+) mice express reelin at 50% of wild-type levels and have grossly normal brains but exhibit a progressive loss during aging of a neuronal target of reelin action, Purkinje cells. The mice have reduced density of parvalbumin-containing interneurons in circumscribed regions of striatum, according to one study. Studies reveal a 16% deficit in the number of Purkinje cells in 3-month-old (+/rl) and a 24% one in 16-month-old animals: surprisingly this deficit is only present in the (+/rl) males, while the females are spared. History of research First mention of reeler mouse mutation dates back to 1951. In the later years, histopathological studies revealed that the reeler cerebellum is dramatically decreased in size and the normal laminar organization found in several brain regions is disrupted (Hamburgh, 1960). In 1995, the RELN gene and reelin protein were discovered at chromosome 7q22 by Tom Curran and colleagues.

Introduction The Marmora Lakers were a Senior "AAA" ice hockey team in the Ontario Hockey Association's Eastern Ontario Senior Hockey League from 2003 to 2008, based in Marmora, Ontario, Canada. The team was coached by Shawn Antoski and managed by Curtis Trimble. History The Macs were based out of Belleville, Ontario, playing home games at the Yardmen Arena. They moved to Marmora in 2006 to better accommodate the EOSHL who were down to only four teams. The Macs originally use the name of an earlier senior hockey team, the Belleville McFarlands, during the first seasons of play. After two seasons in Marmora, the EOSHL merged with Major League Hockey to create the Major Hockey League. The small town Lakers chose not to pursue the high travel new league. Season-by-season standings Season GP W L T OTL GF GA P Results Playoffs 2003-04 30 20 8 0 2 227 140 42 2nd EOSHL Won League 2004-05 32 19 2005-06 30 15 2006-07 27 4 2007-08 28 1

Introduction Henry Gordon McMorran was an American Republican politician and businessman. He served five terms in the U.S. Congress as a U.S. Representative from Michigan's 7th congressional district from March 4, 1903, until March 3, 1913. Early life and education McMorran was born in Port Huron, Michigan, where he attended the Crawford Private School. He married Emma Caroline Williams in October 1866. Early career He engaged in the wholesale grocery business in 1865 and also in the milling, grain, and elevator business. He was a member of the Port Huron board of aldermen in 1867 and was the Port Huron city treasurer in 1875. McMorran was general manager of the Port Huron and Northwestern Railway from 1878 to 1889 and a member of the State canal commission. U.S. Representative In 1902, McMorran was elected to the 58th U.S. Congress and was subsequently re-elected to the four succeeding Congresses. He was chair of the U.S. House Committee on Manufacturers in the 60th and 61st U.S. Congresses. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1912. Later life After leaving the U.S. Congress, McMorran engaged in numerous business enterprises at Port Huron. He organized the Great Lakes Foundry Company, serving as its president. Death and legacy McMorran died at his home in Port Huron on July 19, 1929, age 85, and is interred there in Lakeside Cemetery. Port Huron's main sports and concert arena, the McMorran Place is named after him and opened in 1960 in his honor.

Introduction 100px The Deseronto Bulldogs are a Senior "AAA" ice hockey team based out of Deseronto, Ontario. They play in the Ontario Hockey Association's Eastern Ontario Senior Hockey League. Notable players Rick Rowley

Introduction Karl Mayer is a fictional character portrayed by Richard Burgi and created by television producer and screenwriter Marc Cherry for the ABC television series Desperate Housewives. He is the ex-husband of housewife Susan Mayer (Teri Hatcher) and father of Julie Mayer (Andrea Bowen), as well as a successful practitioner of family law. The character also becomes romantically involved in the series with two other housewives, Edie Britt (Nicollette Sheridan) and Bree Van De Kamp (Marcia Cross), both of whom he gets engaged to. Karl dies in Season 6, Episode 11 after injuries sustained when a plane crashes into Wisteria Lane during the Christmas Festival. Development and casting According to Cherry, casting the role of Karl was difficult because he "wanted a guy that was nice looking and seemed like he would have been married to Teri, but was also someone you wouldn't like." The character was portrayed by another actor in a series of non-speaking flashbacks in the pilot episode, but the role was recast once the direction of the character changed. After making some guest appearances during the first season, Burgi joined the regular cast in the second season. However, he returned to his guest starring status from the third season until his character's death halfway through the sixth season. Burgi returned for the series finale, appearing as his character's ghost among other deceased characters. Storylines Past A lawyer by profession, in 1989 he married Susan Bremmer and a year later their daughter, Julie, was born. In 1992, he moved with his wife and daughter to Fairview, 4353 Wisteria Lane. Eleven years later, Karl cheated on Susan with Edie Britt and secretary Brandi Edie passed on information about this second affair to Susan. Subsequently, Susan herself saw the lipstick mark on her husband's shirt. Julie's mother burned down all the bridges that connected her with her husband: sports awards, golf clubs and shoes. The engagement ring from his grandmother had thrown on one of the state road. His wife filed for divorce with the court and kicked him out of the house, changing the locks. Season 1 Susan and his daughter Julie while having a picnic in a park. In the season one episode "Move On", Karl ends his relationship with Brandi and asks Susan for a second chance, but she declines because of her commitment to Mike Delfino. Susan also discovers that he flirted with Edie while they were married, and soon Karl starts dating Edie. Season 2 Susan discovers that Karl is now living with Edie. However, he is jealous of Mike and tries twice to get back with Susan. He even goes so far as to lie to Susan and say that he was breaking it off with Edie, which led to him and Susan having sex. It is made obvious that Karl is still in love with Susan, as shown by several pictures of her that he secretly keeps around the house for him to look at from time to time. Later Bree Van de Kamp hires Karl to stop her son, Andrew Van de Kamp from blackmailing her. Karl tells Andrew that even though Bree did witness George Williams die, she will not even face trial. When an unfazed Andrew threatens to make up stories about Bree or publicly humiliate her, Karl physically threatens Andrew and invokes his friendship with Andrew's late father Rex to get him to back down. Later in the season, when Susan finds out she needs to have a surgical operation to correct a wandering spleen, Karl offers to marry Susan so that she can use his health insurance to pay for it, but they plan to divorce soon after Susan's surgery. Karl becomes jealous of Susan and Dr. Ron McCready's relationship. Knowing that Susan had not yet mentioned her and Mike's past, Karl breaks open a pipe under the sink, sends Ron out to get Mike, then watches happily as Ron and Mike get into a fight on the street which ends with Ron breaking up with Susan and then driving off. Later on, Karl asks Edie to marry him; however, when Edie learns of their sham marriage, she demands that Karl propose to her and throw her a lavish wedding. Karl and Susan sleep together one night and, as revenge, Edie burns Susan's house down, prompting Karl to buy her a new one as another attempt to get her back, only to be stopped by Mike. Karl eventually leaves Edie. Season 3 Karl appears only in the episode "Children and Art" to play the bad cop for Julie and Austin McCann, who have started dating. This backfires when he gets mad at Susan for dating Ian Hainsworth, a married English man whose wife is in a coma. Season 4 Karl returns when Susan meets him at a Lamaze class as his pregnant new wife, Marissa (played by Sunny Mabrey), is there; Mike is not there as he was receiving his 30 days chip. Karl constantly teases Susan about how things are going for him including Marissa being an author and a law student and him becoming partner of his firm and he constantly puts Mike down for referring to him as "the plumber". Susan however brings Mike along to the next class and makes herself and him dress up in order to impress Karl, where they both lie and say they have a party to go to after and that Mike now owns his company. However Susan becomes disappointed when Mike mentions he was in rehab. When Susan confronts Karl, he tells her that Mike is a good guy and he'd be better for her then he ever would. In the five year time skip between seasons 4 and 5, it is presumed Karl and Marissa had their child. Season 5 Karl reappears in the second episode, when Julie asks him to help her with her insurance. He mentions to Susan having awareness of her affair with painter Jackson Braddock, and teases her about her taste in men, prompting Susan to ask him to leave. Karl reappears yet again in the eighteenth episode of the fifth season, "A Spark. To Pierce the Dark.". He has enrolled his son Evan in Susan's art class, where Susan gives them an art assignment to draw what makes them happy. Evan draws his mother being pierced with a sword. Susan, concerned, approaches Karl, and it turns out that Marissa has left them because she could not handle being a mother, leaving him to raise Evan by himself. The experience has led Karl to come to an understanding of why it bothers Susan to see him and understand the ramifications of his infidelities during his marriage to Susan. Susan sympathizes with him, as although she always wanted Karl to feel what he had done to her, she also regrets that it happened to him. Bree later hires Karl as her divorce lawyer. When Bree's husband, Orson Hodge, blackmails her into staying in the marriage, Karl and Bree begin an affair. Season 6 Karl and Bree continue their affair during the first part of the sixth season. Karl decides to propose to Bree during the annual Christmas party, even hiring an engine plane with a banner behind it with the message "Will you marry me, Bree? Love, Karl" to fly over Wisteria Lane. Karl shows up at the party and tells Orson about the proposal. The two men end up getting into a fight inside Santa's Workshop, which Bree tries unsuccessfully to defuse. The fight is brought to an end when the pilot of the plane Karl hired suffers a fatal heart attack at the controls, and subsequently crash-lands into the party, smashing straight into the workshop. As a result of the crash, Karl is killed while Orson is rendered paralyzed. Part of the following episode is devoted to Susan wondering what would have happened to her life if she had not divorced Karl, while another part centers on Bree contemplating a hypothetical marriage to Karl. In his will, Karl leaves Susan his partial ownership of a local strip club. Season 8 Richard Burgi makes one last, uncredited appearance as Karl in the series finale, "Finishing the Hat", as one of the ghosts that watch Susan and her family leave Wisteria Lane.

Introduction View of clouds from above The cloud top is the highest altitude of the visible portion of the cloud. It is traditionally expressed either in metres above the Earth (or planetary) surface, or as the corresponding pressure level in hectopascal (hPa, equivalent to the traditional but now obsolete millibar). Measurement The cloud top is where the snow, rain and sleet come from. Cloud top height can be estimated from the ground by triangulation. However, this is often inconvenient as this is practically feasible only for isolated clouds in full view of (and some horizontal distance away from) the observers. Ground-based radars can be used to derive this cloud property. An alternative (but also more expensive) approach is to acquire airborne observations either visually or using specific instruments such as a lidar. This technique is very appropriate to characterize individual clouds (and specifically to control or evaluate the accuracy of other methods) but becomes unmanageable to repetitively monitor clouds over large areas. Cloud top height may be derived from satellite measurements, either through stereophotogrammetry (using pairs of images acquired at different observation angles) or by converting temperature measurements into estimations of height. An example of the stereo technique using the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) instrument and using the Along Track Scanning Radiometer instruments (ATSR-1, ATSR-2 and AATSR). Cloud top pressure can also be used as an indicator of cloud top height. The Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS) provides real-time cloud top pressure maps of the conterminous United States derived from data obtained from the GOES 11 and GOES 12 satellites. Weather and climate relevance In convective clouds, the cloud top is largely influenced by the strength of the convection activity, which itself may depend on surface properties, in particular the supply of heat and water vapor below the cloud. Cloud top height is often much more variable than cloud base elevation. Clouds greatly affect the transfer of radiation in the atmosphere. In the solar spectral domain, cloud albedo is directly related to the nature, size and shape of cloud particles, which themselves are affected by the height of the cloud top. In the thermal domain, water is a strong absorber (and thus emitter, according to Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation). Hence clouds cool down from the top through infrared radiation at the prevailing temperature: the higher the cloud top, the cooler the particles and the lower the rate of emission.

Introduction The Frankford Huskies are a Canadian Junior "C" ice hockey team based in Frankford, Ontario, Canada. They play in the Provincial Junior Hockey league. History The Frankford Huskies joined the Eastern Ontario Senior Hockey League in 2004. They were named after their old junior hockey club that played in the Quinte-St. Lawrence Junior C Hockey League for many years. The relocated Baltimore Clippers were named after the long time American Hockey League team previously located in Baltimore, Maryland. After four years in the EOSHL, the remaining four EOSHL teams merged with the two remaining Westerm senior teams to form the new Ontario Major Hockey "AAA" League to be known as Major League Hockey. In 2008, the Baltimore Clippers will begin their first season in the MLH with the Whitby Dunlops, the Norwood Vipers, the Coldwater Tundras, the Brantford Blast and the Dundas Real McCoys. In the summer of 2009, the Clippers left Major League Hockey. History Junior "C" The Frankford Huskies are a Canadian Junior C team based out of the Frankford Arena in Frankford, Ontario playing in the Provincial Junior Hockey League (OHA). The team started play with the 2021-22 season. They are part of the East Conference and the Tod Division. The franchise was formed out of the sale of the Kitchener Dutchmen and the elevation of the Ayr Centennials to Junior B. The PJHL franchise rights were used to form the Frankford Huskies franchise. Season-by-season record Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against Season GP W L T OTL GF GA P Results 2004-05 32 5 2005-06 30 5 2006-07 27 14 2007-08 28 15 2008-09 28 15 Frankford Huskies 2021-22 30 1 27 0 2 45 170 4 6th of 6-PJHLTod Div Lost Div Semis, 1-4 (Picton) 2022-23 42 15 24 3 0 152 189 33 5th of 6-PJHLTod Div Lost Div Semis, 1-4 (Panthers) 100px

Introduction 1st ADG Awards 1997 ---- Feature Film: The English Patient The 1st Art Directors Guild Excellence in Production Design Awards, honoring the best production designers in film, television and media of 1996, were held in 1997. Winners and nominees Film Excellence in Production Design Award – Feature Film The English Patient – Stuart Craig, Aurelio Crugnola The Birdcage – Bo Welch, Tom Duffield, John Dexter The Crucible – Lilly Kilvert, John Warnke Hamlet – Tim Harvey, Desmond Crowe Mars Attacks! – Wynn Thomas, James Hegedus, John Dexter, Jann K. Engel, Richard Fernandez Television Excellence in Production Design Award – Television Star Trek: Deep Space Nine – Herman F. Zimmerman, Randall McIlvain Frasier – Roy Christopher, Wendell Johnson Mrs. Santa Claus – Hub Braden, Mary Dodson NYPD Blue – Richard C. Hankins, Alan E. Muraoka, Lauren Crasco The Summer of Ben Tyler – Jan Scott, Tim Eckel Special Achievement Award Gene Allen Distinguished Career Award Allen Daviau Lifetime Achievement Award Robert F. Boyle