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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Forecasting&oldid=820769473

Forecasting - wikipedia Forecasting Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Forecast . Forecasting is the process of making predictions of the future based on past and present data and most commonly by analysis of trends . A commonplace example might be estimation of some variable of interest at some specified future date . Prediction is a similar , but more general term . Both might refer to formal statistical methods employing time series , cross-sectional or longitudinal data , or alternatively to less formal judgmental methods . Usage can differ between areas of application : for example , in hydrology the terms `` forecast '' and `` forecasting '' are sometimes reserved for estimates of values at certain specific future times , while the term `` prediction '' is used for more general estimates , such as the number of times floods will occur over a long period . Risk and uncertainty are central to forecasting and prediction ; it is generally considered good practice to indicate the degree of uncertainty attaching to forecasts . In any case , the data must be up to date in order for the forecast to be as accurate as possible . In some cases the data used to predict the independent variable is itself forecasted . Contents ( hide ) 1 Categories of forecasting methods 1.1 Qualitative vs. quantitative methods 1.2 Average approach 1.3 Naïve approach 1.4 Drift method 1.5 Seasonal naïve approach 1.6 Time series methods 1.7 Causal / econometric forecasting methods 1.8 Judgmental methods 1.9 Artificial intelligence methods 1.10 Other methods 2 Forecasting accuracy 3 Seasonality and cyclic behaviour 3.1 Seasonality 3.2 Cyclic behaviour 4 Applications 5 Limitations 5.1 Performance limits of fluid dynamics equations 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Categories of forecasting methods ( edit ) Qualitative vs. quantitative methods ( edit ) Qualitative forecasting techniques are subjective , based on the opinion and judgment of consumers , experts ; they are appropriate when past data are not available . They are usually applied to intermediate - or long - range decisions . Examples of qualitative forecasting methods are informed opinion and judgment , the Delphi method , market research , and historical life - cycle analogy . Quantitative forecasting models are used to forecast future data as a function of past data . They are appropriate to use when past numerical data is available and when it is reasonable to assume that some of the patterns in the data are expected to continue into the future . These methods are usually applied to short - or intermediate - range decisions . Examples of quantitative forecasting methods are last period demand , simple and weighted N - Period moving averages , simple exponential smoothing , poisson process model based forecasting and multiplicative seasonal indexes . Previous research shows that different methods may lead to different level of forecasting accuarcy . For example , GMDH neural network was found to have better forecasting performance than the classical forecasting algorithms such as Single Exponential Smooth , Double Exponential Smooth , ARIMA and back - propagation neural network . Average approach ( edit ) In this approach , the predictions of all future values are equal to the mean of the past data . This approach can be used with any sort of data where past data is available . In time series notation : y ^ T + h T = y ̄ = ( y 1 + ... + y T ) / T ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( y ) ) _ ( T + h T ) = ( \ bar ( y ) ) = ( y_ ( 1 ) + ... + y_ ( T ) ) / T ) where y 1 , ... , y T ( \ displaystyle y_ ( 1 ) , ... , y_ ( T ) ) is the past data . Although the time series notation has been used here , the average approach can also be used for cross-sectional data ( when we are predicting unobserved values ; values that are not included in the data set ) . Then , the prediction for unobserved values is the average of the observed values . Naïve approach ( edit ) Naïve forecasts are the most cost - effective forecasting model , and provide a benchmark against which more sophisticated models can be compared . This forecasting method is only suitable for time series data . Using the naïve approach , forecasts are produced that are equal to the last observed value . This method works quite well for economic and financial time series , which often have patterns that are difficult to reliably and accurately predict . If the time series is believed to have seasonality , seasonal naïve approach may be more appropriate where the forecasts are equal to the value from last season . The naïve method may also use a drift , which will take the last observation plus the average change from the first observation to the last observation . In time series notation : y ^ T + h T = y T ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( y ) ) _ ( T + h T ) = y_ ( T ) ) Drift method ( edit ) A variation on the naïve method is to allow the forecasts to increase or decrease over time , where the amount of change over time ( called the drift ) is set to be the average change seen in the historical data . So the forecast for time T + h ( \ displaystyle T + h ) is given by y ^ T + h T = y T + h T − 1 ∑ t = 2 T ( y t − y t − 1 ) = y T + h ( y T − y 1 T − 1 ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( y ) ) _ ( T + h T ) = y_ ( T ) + ( \ frac ( h ) ( T - 1 ) ) \ sum _ ( t = 2 ) ^ ( T ) ( y_ ( t ) - y_ ( t - 1 ) ) = y_ ( T ) + h \ left ( ( \ frac ( y_ ( T ) - y_ ( 1 ) ) ( T - 1 ) ) \ right ) . ) This is equivalent to drawing a line between the first and last observation , and extrapolating it into the future . Seasonal naïve approach ( edit ) The seasonal naïve method accounts for seasonality by setting each prediction to be equal to the last observed value of the same season . For example , the prediction value for all subsequent months of April will be equal to the previous value observed for April . The forecast for time T + h ( \ displaystyle T + h ) is : y ^ T + h T = y T + h − k m ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( y ) ) _ ( T + h T ) = y_ ( T + h - km ) ) where m ( \ displaystyle m ) = seasonal period and k ( \ displaystyle k ) is the smallest integer greater than ( h − 1 ) / m ( \ displaystyle ( h - 1 ) / m ) . The seasonal naïve method is particularly useful for data that has a very high level of seasonality . Time series methods ( edit ) Time series methods use historical data as the basis of estimating future outcomes . Moving average Weighted moving average Kalman filtering Exponential smoothing Autoregressive moving average ( ARMA ) Autoregressive integrated moving average ( ARIMA ) e.g. Box -- Jenkins Seasonal ARIMA or SARIMA or ARIMARCH , Extrapolation Linear prediction Trend estimation Growth curve ( statistics ) Causal / econometric forecasting methods ( edit ) Some forecasting methods try to identify the underlying factors that might influence the variable that is being forecast . For example , including information about climate patterns might improve the ability of a model to predict umbrella sales . Forecasting models often take account of regular seasonal variations . In addition to climate , such variations can also be due to holidays and customs : for example , one might predict that sales of college football apparel will be higher during the football season than during the off season . Several informal methods used in causal forecasting do not employ strict algorithms , but instead use the judgment of the forecaster . Some forecasts take account of past relationships between variables : if one variable has , for example , been approximately linearly related to another for a long period of time , it may be appropriate to extrapolate such a relationship into the future , without necessarily understanding the reasons for the relationship . Causal methods include : Regression analysis includes a large group of methods for predicting future values of a variable using information about other variables . These methods include both parametric ( linear or non-linear ) and non-parametric techniques . Autoregressive moving average with exogenous inputs ( ARMAX ) Quantitative forecasting models are often judged against each other by comparing their in - sample or out - of - sample mean square error , although some researchers have advised against this . Different forecasting approach has different level of accuracy . For example , it was found that GMDH has higher forecasting accuracy than traditional ARIMA Judgmental methods ( edit ) Judgmental forecasting methods incorporate intuitive judgement , opinions and subjective probability estimates . Judgmental forecasting is used in cases where there is lack of historical data or during completely new and unique market conditions . Judgmental methods include : Composite forecasts Cooke 's method Delphi method Forecast by analogy Scenario building Statistical surveys Technology forecasting Artificial intelligence methods ( edit ) Artificial neural networks Group method of data handling Support vector machines Often these are done today by specialized programs loosely labeled Data mining Machine Learning Pattern Recognition Other methods ( edit ) Simulation Prediction market Probabilistic forecasting and Ensemble forecasting Forecasting accuracy ( edit ) The forecast error ( also known as a residual ) is the difference between the actual value and the forecast value for the corresponding period . E t = Y t − F t ( \ displaystyle \ E_ ( t ) = Y_ ( t ) - F_ ( t ) ) where E is the forecast error at period t , Y is the actual value at period t , and F is the forecast for period t . A good forecasting method will yield residuals that are uncorrelated and have zero mean . If there are correlations between residual values , then there is information left in the residuals which should be used in computing forecasts . If the residuals have a mean other than zero , then the forecasts are biased . Measures of aggregate error : Scaled Errors : The forecast error , E , is on the same scale as the data , as such , these accuracy measures are scale - dependent and can not be used to make comparisons between series on different scales . Mean absolute error ( MAE ) or mean absolute deviation ( MAD ) M A E = ∑ t = 1 N E t N ( \ displaystyle \ MAE = ( \ frac ( \ sum _ ( t = 1 ) ^ ( N ) E_ ( t ) ) ( N ) ) ) M A D = ∑ t = 1 N E t N ( \ displaystyle \ MAD = ( \ frac ( \ sum _ ( t = 1 ) ^ ( N ) E_ ( t ) ) ( N ) ) ) Mean squared error ( MSE ) or mean squared prediction error ( MSPE ) M S E = ∑ t = 1 N E t 2 N ( \ displaystyle \ MSE = ( \ frac ( \ sum _ ( t = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( E_ ( t ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ( N ) ) ) Root mean squared error ( RMSE ) R M S E = ∑ t = 1 N E t 2 N ( \ displaystyle \ RMSE = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( \ sum _ ( t = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( E_ ( t ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ( N ) ) ) ) Average of Errors ( E ) E ̄ = ∑ i = 1 N E i N ( \ displaystyle \ ( \ bar ( E ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( E_ ( i ) ) ) ( N ) ) ) Percentage Errors : These are more frequently used to compare forecast performance between different data sets because they are scale - independent . However , they have the disadvantage of being infinite or undefined if Y is close to or equal to zero . Mean absolute percentage error ( MAPE ) or mean absolute percentage deviation ( MAPD ) M A P E = 100 ∗ ∑ t = 1 N E t Y t N ( \ displaystyle \ MAPE = 100 * ( \ frac ( \ sum _ ( t = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( \ frac ( E_ ( t ) ) ( Y_ ( t ) ) ) ) ( N ) ) ) M A P D = ∑ t = 1 N E t ∑ t = 1 N Y t ( \ displaystyle \ MAPD = ( \ frac ( \ sum _ ( t = 1 ) ^ ( N ) E_ ( t ) ) ( \ sum _ ( t = 1 ) ^ ( N ) Y_ ( t ) ) ) ) Scaled Errors : Hyndman and Koehler ( 2006 ) proposed using scaled errors as an alternative to percentage errors . Mean absolute scaled error ( MASE ) M A S E = ∑ t = 1 N E t 1 N − m ∑ t = m + 1 N Y t − Y t − m N ( \ displaystyle MASE = ( \ frac ( \ sum _ ( t = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( \ frac ( E_ ( t ) ) ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N-m ) ) \ sum _ ( t = m + 1 ) ^ ( N ) Y_ ( t ) - Y_ ( t-m ) ) ) ) ( N ) ) ) * m = s e a s o n a l p e r i o d ( \ displaystyle m = seasonalperiod ) or 1 if non-seasonal Other Measures : Forecast skill ( SS ) S S = 1 − M S E f o r e c a s t M S E r e f ( \ displaystyle \ SS = 1 - ( \ frac ( MSE_ ( forecast ) ) ( MSE_ ( ref ) ) ) ) Business forecasters and practitioners sometimes use different terminology in the industry . They refer to the PMAD as the MAPE , although they compute this as a volume weighted MAPE . For more information see Calculating demand forecast accuracy . When comparing the accuracy of different forecasting methods on a specific data set , the measures of aggregate error are compared with each other and the method that yields the lowest error is preferred . Training and test sets It is important to evaluate forecast accuracy using genuine forecasts . That is , it is invalid to look at how well a model fits the historical data ; the accuracy of forecasts can only be determined by considering how well a model performs on new data that were not used when fitting the model . When choosing models , it is common to use a portion of the available data for fitting , and use the rest of the data for testing the model , as was done in the above examples . Cross Validation A more sophisticated version of training / test set . for cross sectional data , cross-validation works as follows : Select observation i for the test set , and use the remaining observations in the training set . Compute the error on the test observation . Repeat the above step for i = 1 , 2 , ... , N where N is the total number of observations . Compute the forecast accuracy measures based on the errors obtained . This is a much more efficient use of the available data , as you only omit one observation at each step for time series data , the training set can only include observations prior to the test set . therefore no future observations can be used in constructing the forecast . Suppose k observations are needed to produce a reliable forecast then the process works as : Select the observation k + i for test set , and use the observations at times 1 , 2 , ... , k + i - 1 to estimate the forecasting model . Compute the error on the forecast for k + i . Repeat the above step for i = 1 , 2 , ... , T-k where T is the total number of observations . Compute the forecast accuracy over all errors This procedure is sometimes known as a `` rolling forecasting origin '' because the `` origin '' ( k + i - 1 ) at which the forecast is based rolls forward in time Limitations of Errors The two most popular measures of accuracy that incorporate the forecast error are the Mean Absolute Error ( MAE ) and the Root Mean Squared Error ( RMSE ) . Thus these measures are considered to be scale - dependent , that is , they are on the same scale as the original data . Consequently , these can not be used to compare models of differing scales . Percentage errors are simply forecast errors converted into percentages and are given by P t = 100 E t / Y t ( \ displaystyle P_ ( t ) = 100E_ ( t ) / Y_ ( t ) ) . A common accuracy measure that utilizes this is the Mean Absolute Percentage Error ( MAPE ) . This allows for comparison between data on different scales . However , percentage errors are not quite meaningful when Y t ( \ displaystyle Y_ ( t ) ) is close to or equal to zero , which results in extreme values or simply being undefined . Scaled errors are a helpful alternative to percentage errors when comparing between different scales . They do not have the shortfall of giving unhelpful values if Y t ( \ displaystyle Y_ ( t ) ) is close to or equal to zero . See also Calculating demand forecast accuracy Consensus forecasts Forecast error Predictability Prediction intervals , similar to confidence intervals Reference class forecasting Seasonality and cyclic behaviour ( edit ) Seasonality ( edit ) Main article : Seasonality Seasonality is a characteristic of a time series in which the data experiences regular and predictable changes which recur every calendar year . Any predictable change or pattern in a time series that recurs or repeats over a one - year period can be said to be seasonal . It is common in many situations -- such as grocery store or even in a Medical Examiner 's office -- that the demand depends on the day of the week . In such situations , the forecasting procedure calculates the seasonal index of the `` season '' -- seven seasons , one for each day -- which is the ratio of the average demand of that season ( which is calculated by Moving Average or Exponential Smoothing using historical data corresponding only to that season ) to the average demand across all seasons . An index higher than 1 indicates that demand is higher than average ; an index less than 1 indicates that the demand is less than the average . Cyclic behaviour ( edit ) The cyclic behaviour of data takes place when there are regular fluctuations in the data which usually last for an interval of at least two years , and when the length of the current cycle can not be predetermined . Cyclic behavior is not to be confused with seasonal behavior . Seasonal fluctuations follow a consistent pattern each year so the period is always known . As an example , during the Christmas period , inventories of stores tend to increase in order to prepare for Christmas shoppers . As an example of cyclic behaviour , the population of a particular natural ecosystem will exhibit cyclic behaviour when the population increases as its natural food source decreases , and once the population is low , the food source will recover and the population will start to increase again . Cyclic data can not be accounted for using ordinary seasonal adjustment since it is not of fixed period . Applications ( edit ) Forecasting has applications in a wide range of fields where estimates of future conditions are useful . Not everything can be forecasted reliably , if the factors that relate to what is being forecast are known and well understood and there is a significant amount of data that can be used very reliable forecasts can often be obtained . If this is not the case or if the actual outcome is effected by the forecasts , the reliability of the forecasts can be significantly lower . Climate change and increasing energy prices have led to the use of Egain Forecasting for buildings . This attempts to reduce the energy needed to heat the building , thus reducing the emission of greenhouse gases . Forecasting is used in Customer Demand Planning in everyday business for manufacturing and distribution companies . While the veracity of predictions for actual stock returns are disputed through reference to the Efficient - market hypothesis , forecasting of broad economic trends is common . Such analysis is provided by both non-profit groups as well as by for - profit private institutions ( including brokerage houses and consulting companies ) . Forecasting foreign exchange movements is typically achieved through a combination of chart and fundamental analysis . An essential difference between chart analysis and fundamental economic analysis is that chartists study only the price action of a market , whereas fundamentalists attempt to look to the reasons behind the action . Financial institutions assimilate the evidence provided by their fundamental and chartist researchers into one note to provide a final projection on the currency in question . Forecasting has also been used to predict the development of conflict situations . Forecasters perform research that uses empirical results to gauge the effectiveness of certain forecasting models . However research has shown that there is little difference between the accuracy of the forecasts of experts knowledgeable in the conflict situation and those by individuals who knew much less . Similarly , experts in some studies argue that role thinking does not contribute to the accuracy of the forecast . The discipline of demand planning , also sometimes referred to as supply chain forecasting , embraces both statistical forecasting and a consensus process . An important , albeit often ignored aspect of forecasting , is the relationship it holds with planning . Forecasting can be described as predicting what the future will look like , whereas planning predicts what the future should look like . There is no single right forecasting method to use . Selection of a method should be based on your objectives and your conditions ( data etc . ) . A good place to find a method , is by visiting a selection tree . An example of a selection tree can be found here . Forecasting has application in many situations : Supply chain management - Forecasting can be used in supply chain management to ensure that the right product is at the right place at the right time . Accurate forecasting will help retailers reduce excess inventory and thus increase profit margin . Studies have shown that extrapolations are the least accurate , while company earnings forecasts are the most reliable . Accurate forecasting will also help them meet consumer demand . Economic forecasting Earthquake prediction Egain forecasting Finance against risk of default via credit ratings and credit scores Land use forecasting Player and team performance in sports Political forecasting Product forecasting Sales forecasting Technology forecasting Telecommunications forecasting Transport planning and Transportation forecasting Weather forecasting , Flood forecasting and Meteorology Limitations ( edit ) Limitations pose barriers beyond which forecasting methods can not reliably predict . There are many events and values that can not be forecast reliably . Events such as the roll of a die or the results of the lottery can not be forecast because they are random events and there is no significant relationship in the data . When the factors that lead to what is being forecast are not known or well understood such as in stock and foreign exchange markets forecasts are often inaccurate or wrong as there is not enough data about everything that affects these markets for the forecasts to be reliable , in addition the outcomes of the forecasts of these markets change the behavior of those involved in the market further reducing forecast accuracy . Performance limits of fluid dynamics equations ( edit ) As proposed by Edward Lorenz in 1963 , long range weather forecasts , those made at a range of two weeks or more , are impossible to definitively predict the state of the atmosphere , owing to the chaotic nature of the fluid dynamics equations involved . Extremely small errors in the initial input , such as temperatures and winds , within numerical models double every five days . See also ( edit ) Accelerating change Collaborative planning , forecasting , and replenishment Earthquake prediction Energy forecasting Forecasting bias Foresight ( future studies ) Futures studies Futurology Kondratiev wave Optimism bias Planning Risk management Scenario planning Spending wave Strategic foresight Technology forecasting Time Series Weather forecasting Wind power forecasting References ( edit ) Jump up ^ French , Jordan ( 2017 ) . `` The time traveller 's CAPM '' . Investment Analysts Journal . 46 ( 2 ) : 81 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Mahmud , Tahmida ; Hasan , Mahmudul ; Chakraborty , Anirban ; Roy - Chowdhury , Amit ( 19 August 2016 ) . A poisson process model for activity forecasting . 2016 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing ( ICIP ) . IEEE . Jump up ^ Li , Rita Yi Man , Fong , S. , Chong , W.S. ( 2017 ) Forecasting the REITs and stock indices : Group Method of Data Handling Neural Network approach , Pacific Rim Property Research Journal , 23 ( 2 ) , 1 - 38 ^ Jump up to : https://www.otexts.org/fpp/2/3 Jump up ^ Munim , Ziaul Haque ; Schramm , Hans - Joachim ( 2017 ) . `` Forecasting container shipping freight rates for the Far East -- Northern Europe trade lane '' . Maritime Economics & Logistics. 19 ( 1 ) : 106 -- 125 . doi : 10.1057 / s41278 - 016 - 0051 - 7 . Jump up ^ Nahmias , Steven ( 2009 ) . Production and Operations Analysis . Jump up ^ Ellis , Kimberly ( 2008 ) . Production Planning and Inventory Control Virginia Tech . McGraw Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 390 - 87106 - 0 . Jump up ^ J. Scott Armstrong and Fred Collopy ( 1992 ) . `` Error Measures For Generalizing About Forecasting Methods : Empirical Comparisons '' ( PDF ) . International Journal of Forecasting. 8 : 69 -- 80 . doi : 10.1016 / 0169 - 2070 ( 92 ) 90008 - w . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ 16 . Li , Rita Yi Man , Fong , S. , Chong , W.S. ( 2017 ) Forecasting the REITs and stock indices : Group Method of Data Handling Neural Network approach , Pacific Rim Property Research Journal , 23 ( 2 ) , 1 - 38 Jump up ^ https://www.otexts.org/fpp/3/1 Jump up ^ http://www.forecastingblog.com/?p=134 Jump up ^ `` 2.5 Evaluating forecast accuracy OTexts '' . www.otexts.org . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 2.5 Evaluating forecast accuracy OTexts '' . www.otexts.org . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ https://www.otexts.org/fpp/2/5 Jump up ^ Erhun , F. ; Tayur , S. ( 2003 ) . `` Enterprise - Wide Optimization of Total Landed Cost at a Grocery Retailer '' . Operations Research . 51 ( 3 ) : 343 . doi : 10.1287 / opre. 51.3. 343.14953 . Jump up ^ Omalu , B.I. ; Shakir , A.M. ; Lindner , J.L. ; Tayur , S.R. ( 2007 ) . `` Forecasting as an Operations Management Tool in a Medical Examiner 's Office '' . Journal of Health Management . 9 : 75 . doi : 10.1177 / 097206340700900105 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.otexts.org/fpp/1/1 Jump up ^ Fidelity . `` 2015 Stock Market Outlook '' , a sample outlook report by a brokerage house . Jump up ^ McKinsey Insights & Publications . `` Insights & Publications '' . Jump up ^ Helen Allen ; Mark P. Taylor ( 1990 ) . `` Charts , Noise and Fundamentals in the London Foreign Exchange Market '' . JSTOR 2234183 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Pound Sterling Live . `` Euro Forecast from Institutional Researchers '' , A list of collated exchange rate forecasts encompassing technical and fundamental analysis in the foreign exchange market . Jump up ^ T. Chadefaux ( 2014 ) . `` Early warning signals for war in the news '' . Journal of Peace Research , 51 ( 1 ) , 5 - 18 Jump up ^ J. Scott Armstrong ; Kesten C. Green ; Andreas Graefe ( 2010 ) . `` Answers to Frequently Asked Questions '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Kesten C. Greene ; J. Scott Armstrong ( 2007 ) . `` The Ombudsman : Value of Expertise for Forecasting Decisions in Conflicts '' ( PDF ) . Interfaces . INFORMS. 0 : 1 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Kesten C. Green ; J. Scott Armstrong ( 1975 ) . `` Role thinking : Standing in other people 's shoes to forecast decisions in conflicts '' ( PDF ) . Role thinking : Standing in other people 's shoes to forecast decisions in conflicts . 39 : 111 -- 116 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . Forecastingprinciples.com. 1998 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Greene , Kesten C. ; Armstrong , J. Scott . `` Structured analogies for forecasting '' ( PDF ) . University of Pennsylvania . Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . Forecastingprinciples.com. 1998 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Selection Tree '' . Forecastingprinciples.com. 1998 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ J. Scott Armstrong ( 1983 ) . `` Relative Accuracy of Judgmental and Extrapolative Methods in Forecasting Annual Earnings '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Forecasting. 2 : 437 -- 447 . doi : 10.1002 / for. 3980020411 . Jump up ^ Cox , John D. ( 2002 ) . Storm Watchers . John Wiley & Sons , Inc . pp. 222 -- 224 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 38108 - X . Armstrong , J. Scott , ed. ( 2001 ) . Principles of Forecasting : A Handbook for Researchers and Practitioners . Norwell , Massachusetts : Kluwer Academic Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 7930 - 6 . Ellis , Kimberly ( 2010 ) . Production Planning and Inventory Control . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 412 - 03471 - 9 . Geisser , Seymour ( June 1993 ) . Predictive Inference : An Introduction . Chapman & Hall , CRC Press . ISBN 0 - 390 - 87106 - 0 . Gilchrist , Warren ( 1976 ) . Statistical Forecasting . London : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0 - 471 - 99403 - 0 . Hyndman , Rob J. ; Koehler , Anne B. ( October -- December 2006 ) . `` Another look at measures of forecast accuracy '' ( PDF ) . International Journal of Forecasting. 22 ( 4 ) : 679 -- 688 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijforecast. 2006.03. 001 . Makridakis , Spyros ; Wheelwrigt , Steven ; Hyndman , Rob J. ( 1998 ) . Forecasting : Methods and Applications . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0 - 471 - 53233 - 9 . Malakooti , Behnam ( February 2014 ) . Operations and Production Systems with Multiple Objectives . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 03732 - 4 . Kaligasidis , Angela Sasic ; Taesler , Roger ; Andersson , Cari ; Nord , Margitta ( August 2006 ) . `` Upgraded weather forecast control of building heating systems '' . In Fazio , Paul . Research in Building Physics and Building Engineering . Taylor & Francis , CRC Press . pp. 951 -- 958 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 41675 - 2 . Kress , George J. ; Snyder , John ( May 1994 ) . Forecasting and Market Analysis Techniques : A Practical Approach . Quorum Books . ISBN 0 - 89930 - 835 - X . Rescher , Nicholas ( 1998 ) . Predicting the Future : An Introduction to the Theory of Forecasting . State University of New York Press . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 3553 - 9 . Taesler , Roger ( 1991 ) . `` Climate and Building Energy Management '' . Energy and Buildings. 15 ( 1 - 2 ) : 599 -- 608 . doi : 10.1016 / 0378 - 7788 ( 91 ) 90028 - 2 . Turchin , Peter ( 2007 ) . `` Scientific Prediction in Historical Sociology : Ibn Khaldun meets Al Saud '' . History & Mathematics : Historical Dynamics and Development of Complex Societies . Moscow : KomKniga . pp. 9 -- 38 . ISBN 978 - 5 - 484 - 01002 - 8 . US patent 6098893 , Berglund , Ulf Stefan & Lundberg , Bjorn Henry , `` Comfort control system incorporating weather forecast data and a method for operating such a system '' , issued August 8 , 2000 . External links ( edit ) Look up predict in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Look up forecast in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Forecasting Principles : `` Evidence - based forecasting '' International Institute of Forecasters Introduction to Time series Analysis ( Engineering Statistics Handbook ) - A practical guide to Time series analysis and forecasting Time Series Analysis Global Forecasting with IFs Earthquake Electromagnetic Precursor Research Forecasting Science and Theory of Forecasting Qualitative forecasting methods Executive opinions Delphi method Sales force polling Consumer surveys Quantitative forecasting methods Historical data forecasts Moving average Exponential smoothing Trend analysis Decomposition of time series Naïve approach Associative ( causal ) forecasts Moving average Simple linear regression Regression analysis Econometric model Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forecasting&oldid=820769473 '' Categories : Forecasting Statistical forecasting Supply chain analytics Supply chain management terms Time series Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2013 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Čeština Español فارسی Français Кыргызча Lietuvių Nederlands Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Tagalog தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 16 January 2018 , at 14 : 24 . 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difference between russian blue and british blue cat

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Russian_Blue&oldid=845473282

Russian Blue - wikipedia Russian Blue For the dark - blue pigment , see Prussian blue . For the former white power duo , see Prussian Blue . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Russian Blue 1 year old Russian Blue male ( American style ) Other names Archangel Blue , Archangel Cat Origin Russia Breed standards CFA standard FIFe standard TICA standard AACE standard ACF standard ACFA / CAA standard CCA - AFC standard GCCF standard Notes The ACF and GCCF also recognize Russian Blues in white and black , however the CFA does not . In addition , ACFA recognizes Russian Shorthairs in white , black , and blue . Domestic cat ( Felis catus ) The Russian Blue is a cat breed that comes in colors varying from a light shimmering silver to a darker , slate grey . They develop close bonds with their owners and are sought out as pets due to their personalities , beauty and coat . It is their short , dense coat which has been the hallmark of the Russian breed for more than a century . The dense coat stands out from the body and one can draw patterns in the coat that will stay until one smoothes them out again . They are also considered to be hypoallergenic . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Physical characteristics 3 Behavioral characteristics 4 Growth and maturity 5 Allergies 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Origin ( edit ) The Russian Blue is a naturally occurring breed that may have originated in the port of Arkhangel'sk in Russia . They are also sometimes called Archangel Blues . It is believed that sailors took Russian Blues from the Archangel Isles to Great Britain and Northern Europe in the 1860s . The first recorded appearance outside of Russia was in 1875 at The Crystal Palace in England as the Archangel Cat . The Russian Blue competed in a class including all other blue cats until 1912 , when it was given its own class . The breed was developed mainly in England and Scandinavia until after World War II . Right after the war , a lack of numbers of Russian Blues led to cross breeding with the Siamese . Although Russian Blues were in the United States before the war , it was not until the post-war period that American breeders created the modern Russian Blue that is seen in the United States today . This was done by combining the bloodlines of both the Scandinavian and British Russian Blues . The Siamese traits have now largely been bred out . The short hair and slate - gray / blue color is often seen in mixed - breed cats , which can affect breeders and showers due to mislabeling a cat as a Russian Blue . Russian Blues are plush short - haired , shimmering pale blue - gray cats with emerald green eyes . Guard hairs are distinctly silver - tipped giving the cat a silvery sheen or lustrous appearance . They have been used on a limited basis to create other breeds such as the Havana Brown or alter existing breeds such as the Nebelung . They are being used in Italy as a way to make Oriental Shorthairs healthier and more robust called RUS4OSH in FIFe . Russian Whites and Russian Blacks were created from crosses with domestic white cats which were allegedly imported from Russia . The first line was developed by Frances McLeod ( Arctic ) in the United Kingdom during the 1960s and the second line produced by Dick and Mavis Jones ( Myemgay ) in Australia in the 1970s . By the late 1970s , the Russian White and Russian Black colors were accepted by cat fanciers in Australia as well as in South Africa and now also in the United Kingdom as Russian cats ( in different classes ) . However , the Cat Fanciers ' Association and FIFe does not recognize any variation of the Russian Blue . Physical characteristics ( edit ) 4 -- 5 month - old Russian Blue kittens 2 month - old CFA Russian Blue The Russian Blue has bright green eyes , pinkish lavender or mauve paws , two layers of short thick fur , and a blue - grey coat . The color is a bluish - gray that is the dilute expression of the black gene . However , as dilute genes are recessive ( `` d '' ) and each parent will have a set of two recessive genes ( `` dd '' ) two non-CPC Russian Blues will always produce a blue cat . Due to the breeding with Siamese after World War II , there are colorpoint genes floating around . If two carriers are bred together , then they will produce a litter of mixed colors -- solid blue or white with blue like a Siamese . People call these CPC cats `` colorpoint '' , `` whites '' or `` pointed '' Russians . In most registries , one can not register , breed or show a colorpoint Russian . The coat is known as a `` double coat '' , with the undercoat being soft , downy and equal in length to the guard hairs , which are an even blue with silver tips . However , the tail may have a few very dull , almost unnoticeable stripes . The coat is described as thick , plush and soft to the touch . The feeling is softer than the softest silk . The silver tips give the coat a shimmering appearance . Its eyes are almost always a dark and vivid green . Any white patches of fur or yellow eyes in adulthood are seen as flaws in show cats . Russian Blues should not be confused with British Blues ( which are not a distinct breed , but rather a British Shorthair with a blue coat as the British Shorthair breed itself comes in a wide variety of colors and patterns ) , nor the Chartreux or Korat which are two other naturally occurring breeds of blue cats , although they have similar traits . Behavioral characteristics ( edit ) A Russian Blue male Russian Blue 's green eyes The Russian Blue is a curious and tranquil animal . They are known for their friendliness and intelligence and are somewhat reserved . They have been known to play fetch , open doors and are sensitive to human emotions . They enjoy playing with a variety of toys and develop loyal bonds to their loved ones and other family pets . They are generally considered to be a quiet breed but there are always exceptions . They are clean animals that are normally reserved around strangers , unless they are brought up in an active household . Many Russian Blues have been trained to do tricks . They can also be fierce hunters , often catching rodents , birds , rabbits , small mammals , or reptiles . Russian Blue kittens are energetic and require adequate playmates or toys as they can become mischievous if bored . They have exceptional athleticism and rival even Abyssinians for their ability to leap and climb . Slow to mature , Russian Blues retain many of their adolescent traits both good and otherwise until they are 3 -- 4 years old and even much older Blues can be easily enticed into play by their owners . Russian Blues are also as mentioned above highly intelligent , they have an excellent memory and will learn the hiding place of favourite toys ( e.g. laser pointers ) and lead their owners to them when they want a game . They also have a keen ability to remember favourite visitors and will race to greet familiar faces even if quite some time has passed between visits -- a radical departure from their normally very reserved behaviour around unfamiliar people . Growth and maturity ( edit ) Russian Blues have a life expectancy of around 10 -- 20 years , but some have even lived up to a maximum of 25 years and have few health problems as they tend to have little to no genetic problems and are not prone to illness . They are small to moderate - sized cats with an average weight of 2.27 to 5.45 kg ( 5.0 to 12.0 lb ) when full grown . Males will typically be larger than females . Their gestation period is approximately 64 days . Allergies ( edit ) See also : Allergy to cats § Hypoallergenic cats Anecdotal evidence suggests that the Russian Blue may be better tolerated by individuals with mild to moderate allergies . There is speculation that the Russian Blue produces less glycoprotein Fel d 1 , one source of cat allergies . The thicker coat may also trap more of the allergens closer to the cat 's skin . Glycoprotein is one source of cat allergies , but this does not mean they are suitable to be homed with people allergic to cats as they will still cause the allergy to be affected , only to a lesser degree for short periods of time . In popular culture ( edit ) One of the most famous cartoon cats , Tom from Tom and Jerry , is supposed to resemble a Russian Blue . Felicity , a character in the novel and film Felidae , was a Russian Blue . A Russian Blue kitten is a trained assassin in the Cats & Dogs film . According to audio commentary on the DVD , several kittens were used due to the kittens growing faster than the filming schedule . Eben and Snooch are Russian Blues in the comic Two Lumps . The Nyan Cat meme was inspired by creator Chris Torres ' Russian Blue , Marty . Marty died in 2012 from feline infectious peritonitis . In the Warriors series , Bluestar is a Russian Blue cat . See also ( edit ) Russian White , Black and Tabby Nebelung , a moderately - long haired breed which used the Russian Blue as an outcross . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Russian Blue '' . Breed Profiles . The Cat Fanciers ' Association . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Many believe the Russian Blue is a natural breed originating from the Archangel Isles in northern Russia , where the long winters developed a cat with a dense , plush coat . Rumors also abound that the Russian Blue breed descended from the cats kept by the Russian Czars , which was rumoured to hunt the brown bear . Assuming the Russian Blue did migrate from northern Russia , it was likely via ship to Great Britain and northern Europe in the mid 1860s . Jump up ^ Alderton , David ( 1992 ) . Cats ( Eyewitness Handbook ) . Dorling Kindersley . p. 182 . ISBN 1 - 56458 - 070 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Is my cat a Russian Blue ? '' . Russianblue.info . Retrieved 6 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Allevamento YesWeCat gatti Siamesi e Orientali '' . Allevamento YesWeCat gatti Siamesi e Orientali . Retrieved 25 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Russian Black & the Russian White in the UK '' . Russianblue.org.uk . Retrieved 30 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ( 2011 ) . `` Cats '' : 1 -- 2 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Helgren , J. Anne ( 1999 ) . `` Rhapsody in Blue '' . Cat Magazine : 54 , 4 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Smith , Derek . `` Russian Blue Life Expectancy '' . Russianbluelove.com . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Russian Blue . 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what is the role of the prime minister in canada

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Prime_Minister_of_Canada&oldid=865337465

Prime minister of Canada - Wikipedia Prime minister of Canada This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 23 October 2018 . This article is about the position of Prime Minister of Canada . For individual Canadian prime ministers , see List of Prime Ministers of Canada . Prime Minister of Canada Incumbent Justin Trudeau since November 4 , 2015 Executive Branch of the Government of Canada Office of the Prime Minister Style The Right Honourable ( formal ) Prime Minister ( informal ) His Excellency ( diplomatic ) Abbreviation PM Member of Queen 's Privy Council Cabinet Parliament Reports to Monarch Governor General Parliament Residence 24 Sussex Drive ( under renovation ) Harrington Lake ( seasonal ) Rideau Cottage ( temporary ) Seat 80 Wellington St , Ottawa , ON K1P 5K9 Appointer Governor General Term length At Her Majesty 's pleasure Constituting instrument None ( constitutional convention ) Inaugural holder Sir John A. Macdonald Formation July 1 , 1867 Deputy Deputy Prime Minister of Canada ( vacant ) Salary $347,400 CAD ( 2018 ) Website pm.gc.ca Canada This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Canada Government The Crown ( show ) Monarch ( List of monarchs ) Governor General ( List of Governors General ) Monarchy in the provinces Lieutenant governors Executive ( Queen - in - Council ) ( show ) Queen 's Privy Council Prime minister ( List of Prime Ministers ) Cabinet ( List of Canadian ministries ) Federal government structure President of the Privy Council Clerk of the Privy Council Privy Council Office Civil Service Provincial and territorial executive councils Premiers Legislative ( Queen - in - Parliament ) ( show ) Federal parliament ( List of parliaments ) Senate Speaker of the Senate Government Leader in the Senate Opposition Leader in the Senate Senate divisions House of Commons Speaker of the house Government Leader in the house Opposition Leader in the house Her Majesty 's Loyal Opposition Leader of the Opposition Shadow cabinet Provincial and territorial parliaments Judicial ( Queen - on - the - Bench ) ( show ) Court system Supreme court ( List of justices ) Federal chief justice Provincial and territorial courts Provincial chief justices Constitution British North America Acts Peace , order , and good government Charter of Rights and Freedoms Elections ( show ) Federal electoral districts Federal electoral system ( List of federal elections ) Provincial electoral districts Politics of the provinces Local government ( show ) Municipal government Related topics ( show ) Federalism Conservatism Constitutional law Royal prerogative Liberalism Regions Political culture Foreign relations Office - holders Political movements Aboriginal self - government First Nations bands Canada portal Other countries Atlas The Prime Minister of Canada ( French : Premier ministre du Canada ) is the primary minister of the Crown , chairman of the Cabinet , and thus Canada 's head of government , charged with advising the Canadian monarch or Governor General of Canada on the exercise of the executive powers vested in them by the constitution . Not outlined in any constitutional document , the office exists only as per long - established convention ( originating in Canada 's former colonial power , the United Kingdom ) that stipulates the monarch 's representative , the governor general , must select as prime minister the person most likely to command the confidence of the elected House of Commons ; this individual is typically the leader of the political party that holds the largest number of seats in that chamber . Canadian prime ministers are styled as The Right Honourable ( French : Le Très Honorable ) , a privilege maintained for life . The current , and 23rd , Prime Minister of Canada is the Liberal Party 's Justin Trudeau , who was appointed on November 4 , 2015 , by Governor General David Johnston , following the general election that took place that year . Contents 1 Origin of the office 2 Qualifications and selection 3 Term of office 4 Role and authority 5 Privileges 6 Style of address 7 Prime Minister - designate of Canada 8 Activities post-commission 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Origin of the office ( edit ) The position of prime minister is not outlined in any Canadian constitutional document and is mentioned only in passing in the Constitution Act , 1982 , and the Letters Patent , 1947 issued by King George VI . The office and its functions are instead governed by constitutional conventions and modelled on the same office in the United Kingdom . Qualifications and selection ( edit ) The prime minister , along with the other ministers in cabinet , is appointed by the governor general on behalf of the monarch . However , by the conventions of responsible government , designed to maintain administrative stability , the governor general will call to form a government the individual most likely to receive the support , or confidence , of a majority of the directly elected members of the House of Commons ; as a practical matter , this is often the leader of a party whose members form a majority , or a very large plurality , of Members of Parliament ( MPs ) . While there is no legal requirement for the prime minister to be a member of parliament , for practical and political reasons the prime minister is expected to win a seat very promptly . However , in rare circumstances individuals who are not sitting members of the House of Commons have been appointed to the position of prime minister . Two former prime ministers -- Sir John Joseph Caldwell Abbott and Sir Mackenzie Bowell -- served in the 1890s while members of the Senate . Both , in their roles as Government Leader in the Senate , succeeded prime ministers who had died in office -- John A. Macdonald in 1891 and John Sparrow David Thompson in 1894 . That convention has since evolved toward the appointment of an interim leader from the commons in such a scenario . Prime ministers who are not Members of Parliament upon their appointment ( or who lose their seats while in office ) have since been expected to seek election to the commons as soon as possible . For example , William Lyon Mackenzie King , after losing his seat in the 1925 federal election ( that his party won ) , briefly `` governed from the hallway '' before winning a by - election a few weeks later . Similarly , John Turner replaced Pierre Trudeau as leader of the Liberal Party in 1984 and subsequently was appointed prime minister while not holding a seat in the House of Commons ; Turner won a riding in the next election but the Liberal Party was swept from power . Turner was the last serving prime minister to not hold a commons seat . Sir John A. Macdonald , the first Prime Minister of Canada ( 1867 -- 1873 , 1878 -- 1891 ) Should a serving prime minister today lose his or her seat in the legislature , or should a new prime minister be appointed without holding a seat , the typical process that follows is that a junior member in the governing political party will resign to allow the prime minister to run in the resulting by - election . A safe seat is usually chosen ; while the Liberal and Conservative parties traditionally observed a convention of not running a candidate against another party 's new leader in the by - election , the New Democrats and smaller political parties typically do not follow the same convention . However , if the governing party selects a new leader shortly before an election is due , and that new leader is not a member of the legislature , he or she will normally await the upcoming election before running for a seat in parliament . In a poll conducted by Ipsos - Reid following the first prorogation of the 40th parliament on December 4 , 2008 , it was found that 51 % of the sample group thought the prime minister was directly elected by Canadians . Term of office ( edit ) The Canadian prime minister serves at Her Majesty 's pleasure , meaning the post does not have a fixed term . Once appointed and sworn in by the governor general , the prime minister remains in office until he or she resigns , is dismissed , or dies . The lifespan of parliament was limited by the constitution to five years and , though the governor general may still , on the advice of the prime minister , dissolve parliament and issue the writs of election prior to the date mandated by the Canada Elections Act ; the King -- Byng Affair was the only time since Confederation that the governor general deemed it necessary to refuse his prime minister 's request for a general vote . As of 2007 , with an amendment to the Elections Act , Section 56.1 ( 2 ) was changed to limit the term of a majority government to four years , with election day being set as the third Monday in October of the fourth calendar year after the previous polling date . Following parliamentary dissolution , the prime minister must run in the resulting general election if he or she wishes to maintain a seat in the House of Commons . Should the prime minister 's party subsequently win a majority of seats in the House of Commons , it is unnecessary to re-appoint the prime minister or again swear him or her into office . If , however , an opposition party wins a majority of seats , the prime minister may resign or be dismissed by the governor general . Should the prime minister 's party achieve a minority while an opposition party wins a plurality ( i.e. , more seats than any other party but less than a majority ) , the prime minister can attempt to maintain the confidence of the House by forming a coalition with other minority parties . This option was last entertained in 1925 . Role and Authority ( edit ) Further information : Queen 's Privy Council for Canada Canada 's Prime Ministers during its first century . Because the prime minister is , in practice , the most politically powerful member of the Canadian government , he or she is sometimes erroneously referred to as Canada 's head of state , when , in fact , that post is held by the Canadian monarch , represented by the governor general . The prime minister is , instead , the head of government and is responsible for advising the Crown on how to exercise the Royal Prerogative and its executive powers , which are governed by the constitution and its conventions . However , the function of the prime minister has evolved with increasing power . Today , as per the doctrines of constitutional monarchy , the advice given by the prime minister is ordinarily binding , meaning the prime minister effectively carries out those duties ascribed to the sovereign or governor general , leaving the latter to act in predominantly ceremonial fashions . As such , the prime minister , supported by the Office of the Prime Minister ( PMO ) , controls the appointments of many key figures in Canada 's system of governance , including the governor general , the Cabinet , justices of the Supreme Court , senators , heads of crown corporations , ambassadors to foreign countries , the provincial lieutenant governors , and approximately 3,100 other positions . Further , the prime minister plays a prominent role in the legislative process -- with the majority of bills put before parliament originating in the Cabinet -- and the leadership of the Canadian Armed Forces . William Lyon Mackenzie King , the 10th Prime Minister of Canada ( 1921 -- 1926 ; 1926 -- 1930 ; 1935 -- 1948 ) Pierre Trudeau is credited with , throughout his tenure as prime minister between 1968 and 1984 , consolidating power in the PMO , which is itself filled by political and administrative staff selected at the prime minister 's discretion and unaccountable to parliament . At the end of the 20th century and into the 21st , analysts -- such as Jeffrey Simpson , Donald Savoie , Andrew Coyne , and John Gomery -- argued that both parliament and the Cabinet had become eclipsed by prime ministerial power ; Savoie wrote : `` The Canadian prime minister has little in the way of institutional check , at least inside government , to inhibit his ability to have his way . '' Indeed , the position has been described as undergoing a `` presidentialisation '' , to the point that its incumbents publicly outshine the actual head of state ( and prime minister 's spouses are sometimes called the `` First Lady of Canada '' ) . Former governor general Adrienne Clarkson alluded to what she saw as `` an unspoken rivalry '' that had developed between the prime minister and the Crown . It has been theorized that such is the case in Canada as its parliament is less influential on the executive than in other countries with Westminster parliamentary systems ; particularly , Canada has fewer MPs , a higher turnover rate of MPs after each election , and an Americanised system for selecting political party leaders , leaving them accountable to the party membership rather than caucus , as is the case in the United Kingdom . There do exist checks on the prime minister 's power : the commons may revoke its confidence in an incumbent prime minister and Cabinet or caucus revolts can quickly bring down a serving premier and even mere threats of such action can persuade or compel a prime minister to resign his post , as happened with Jean Chrétien . The Reform Act , 2014 , codifies the process by which a caucus may trigger a party leadership review and , if necessary , chose an interim leader , thereby making a prime minister more accountable to the MPs in his or her party . Caucuses may choose to follow these rules , though the decision would be made by recorded vote , thereby subjecting the party 's choice to public scrutiny . The Senate may delay or impede legislation put forward by the Cabinet , such as when Brian Mulroney 's bill creating the Goods and Services Tax ( GST ) came before the upper chamber and , given Canada 's federal nature , the jurisdiction of the federal government is limited to areas prescribed by the constitution . Further , as executive power is constitutionally vested in the monarch , meaning the Royal Prerogative belongs to the Crown and not to any of its ministers , the sovereign 's supremacy over the prime minister in the constitutional order is thus seen as a `` rebuff to the pretensions of the elected : As it has been said , when the Prime Minister bows before the Queen , he bows before us ( the Canadian people ) . '' Either the sovereign or his or her governor general may therefore oppose the prime minister 's will in extreme , crisis situations . Near the end of her time as governor general , Adrienne Clarkson stated : `` My constitutional role has lain in what are called ' reserve powers ' : making sure that there is a prime minister and a government in place , and exercising the right ' to encourage , to advise , and to warn ' ( ... ) Without really revealing any secrets , I can tell you that I have done all three . '' Privileges ( edit ) 24 Sussex Drive , the official residence of the Prime Minister of Canada Two official residences are provided to the prime minister -- 24 Sussex Drive in Ottawa and Harrington Lake , a country retreat in Gatineau Park -- as well an office in the Office of the Prime Minister and Privy Council ( formerly known as Langevin Block ) , across from Parliament Hill . For transportation , the prime minister is granted an armoured car and shared use of two official aircraft -- a CC - 150 Polaris for international flights and a Challenger 601 for domestic trips . The Royal Canadian Mounted Police also furnish constant personal security for the prime minister and his or her family . All of the aforementioned is supplied by the Queen - in - Council through budgets approved by parliament , as is the prime minister 's total annual compensation of CAD $347,400 . The Prime Minister 's total compensation consists of the Member of the House of Commons Basic Sessional Indemnity of CAD $172,400 , the Prime Minister Salary of CAD $172,400 , and the Prime Minister Car Allowance of CAD $2000 . Should a serving or former prime minister die , he or she is accorded a state funeral , wherein their casket lies in state in the Centre Block of Parliament Hill . Only Bowell and the Viscount Bennett were given private funerals , Bennett also being the only former Prime Minister of Canada to die and be buried outside the country and Bowell the only whose funeral was not attended by politicians . John Thompson also died outside Canada , at Windsor Castle , where Queen Victoria permitted his lying - in - state before his body was returned to Canada for a state funeral in Halifax . The mark of the Prime Ministership of Canada , applied to the arms of prime ministers who pursue them In earlier years , it was traditional for the monarch to bestow a knighthood on newly appointed Canadian prime ministers . Accordingly , several carried the prefix Sir before their name ; of the first eight premiers of Canada , only Alexander Mackenzie refused the honour of a knighthood from Queen Victoria . Following the 1919 Nickle Resolution , however , it was against non-binding policy for the sovereign to grant such honorific titles to Canadians ; the last prime minister to be knighted was Sir Robert Borden , who was premier at the time the Nickle Resolution was debated in the House of Commons . Still , Bennett was in 1941 , six years after he stepped down as prime minister , elevated to the peerage by King George VI as Viscount Bennett , of Mickleham in the County of Surrey and of Calgary and Hopewell in the Dominion of Canada . The Canadian Heraldic Authority ( CHA ) has granted former prime ministers an augmentation of honour on the personal coat of arms of those who pursued them . The heraldic badge , referred to by the CHA as the mark of the Prime Ministership of Canada , consists of four red maple leaves joined at the stem on a white field ( `` Argent four maple leaves conjoined in cross at the stem Gules '' ) ; the augmentation has , so far , been granted either as a canton sinister or centred in the chief . To date , former prime ministers Joe Clark , Pierre Trudeau , John Turner , Brian Mulroney , and Kim Campbell were granted arms with the augmentation . Style of address ( edit ) Kim Campbell , the 19th Prime Minister of Canada ( 1993 ) and only female and British Columbia - born individual to hold the office Canada continues the Westminster tradition of using the title Prime Minister when one is speaking to the federal head of government directly ; this is in contrast to the United States protocol of addressing the federal head of government as mister ( as in , Mister President ) ; the Department of Canadian Heritage advises that it is incorrect to use the term Mr Prime Minister . The written form of address for the prime minister should use his or her full parliamentary title : The Right Honourable ( name ) , ( post-nominal letters ) , Prime Minister of Canada . However , while in the House of Commons during Question Period , other members of parliament may address the prime minister as The Right Honourable , Member for ( prime minister 's riding ) or simply The Right Honourable Prime Minister . Former prime ministers retain the prefix The Right Honourable for the remainder of their lives ; should they remain sitting MPs , they may be referred as The Right Honourable Member for ( member 's riding ) or by their portfolio title ( if appointed to one ) , as in The Right Honourable Minister of National Defence . In the decades following Confederation , it was common practice to refer to the prime minister as Premier of Canada , a custom that continued until the First World War , around the time of Robert Borden 's premiership . While contemporary sources will still speak of early prime ministers of Canada as premier , the modern practice is such that the federal head of government is known almost exclusively as the prime minister , while the provincial and territorial heads of government are termed premiers ( save for within Quebec and New Brunswick , where the premiers are addressed in French as Premier ministre du ( province ) , literally translated as Prime Minister of ( province ) ) . Prime minister - designate of Canada ( edit ) Further information : Prime minister - designate The Prime Minister -- designate of Canada refers to the person who has been designated as the future prime minister by the Governor General , after either winning a general election , forming a confidence and supply government , or forming an coalition government . The term does not apply to incumbent prime ministers . Activities post-commission ( edit ) After exiting office , former prime ministers of Canada have engaged in various pursuits . Some remained in politics : Bowell continued to serve as a senator , Stephen Harper returned to the House of Commons as a backbench Member of Parliament , and Bennett moved to the United Kingdom after being elevated to the House of Lords . A number led Her Majesty 's Loyal Opposition in the Canadian parliament : John A. Macdonald , Arthur Meighen , Mackenzie King , and Pierre Trudeau , all before being re-appointed as prime minister ( Mackenzie King twice ) ; Alexander Mackenzie and John Diefenbaker , both prior to sitting as regular Members of Parliament until their deaths ; Wilfrid Laurier dying while still in the post ; and Charles Tupper , Louis St. Laurent , and John Turner , each before they returned to private business . Meighen was also appointed to the Senate following his second period as prime minister , but resigned his seat to seek re-election and moved to private enterprise after failing to win a riding . Following Meighen into civilian life were : Robert Borden , who served as Chancellor of Queen 's and McGill Universities , as well as working in the financial sector ; Lester B. Pearson , who acted as Chancellor of Carleton University ; Joe Clark and Kim Campbell , who became university professors , Clark also consultant and Campbell working in international diplomacy and as the director of private companies and chairperson of interest groups ; while Pierre Trudeau and Jean Chrétien returned to legal practice . Former prime ministers also commonly penned autobiographies -- Tupper , for example -- or published their memoirs -- such as Diefenbaker and Paul Martin . See also ( edit ) Book : Canada Book : Prime Ministers of Canada Canadian politics portal Canada portal List of Prime Ministers of Canada Historical rankings of Canadian prime ministers List of Prime Ministers of Canada by longevity List of Prime Ministers of Canada by time in office Prime Ministers of Canada in popular culture List of books about Prime Ministers of Canada List of Prime Ministers of Queen Victoria List of Prime Ministers of King Edward VII List of Prime Ministers of King George V List of Prime Ministers of King Edward VIII List of Prime Ministers of King George VI List of Prime Ministers of Queen Elizabeth II Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ See majority and plurality . Jump up ^ A 2008 Ipsos - Reid poll found 42 % of respondents thought the prime minister was head of state . Jump up ^ See Note 2 at Cabinet of Canada . Jump up ^ See ' Responsibilities ' and Note 1 at Cabinet of Canada . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Indemnities , Salaries and Allowances '' . Library of Parliament . April 11 , 2018 . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Stephen ( 2007 ) . Canadian Democracy : An Introduction ( 5 ed . ) . Don Mills : Oxford University Press . pp. 233 -- 234 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 543103 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks 2007 , p. 235 Jump up ^ Privy Council Office . `` Intergovernmental Affairs > About Canada > The Canadian Constitution '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth II ( March 29 , 1867 ) , Constitution Act , 1982 , SchedB. 37.1 , Ottawa : Queen 's Printer for Canada , retrieved June 7 , 2010 Jump up ^ George VI ( 1947 ) . Letters Patent Constituting the Office of Governor General of Canada . I. Ottawa : King 's Printer for Canada ( published October 1 , 1947 ) . Retrieved May 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Office of the Governor General of Canada . `` Media > Fact Sheets > The Swearing - In of a New Ministry '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2008 . Retrieved May 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Pothen , Phil ( 2009 ) , Disinformation as a Back Door to ' Constitutional Revolution ' in Canada , Toronto : Ontario Bar Association , retrieved September 13 , 2010 Jump up ^ Forsey , Eugene ( 2005 ) , How Canadians Govern Themselves ( PDF ) ( 6 ed . ) , Ottawa : Queen 's Printer for Canada , pp. 3 -- 4 , ISBN 0 - 662 - 39689 - 8 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 15 , 2011 , retrieved December 9 , 2009 Jump up ^ Forsey , Eugene ( March 2012 ) . `` How Canadians Govern Themselves > The Prime Minister '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved November 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Forsey 2005 , p. 38 ^ Jump up to : In the Wake of Constitutional Crisis : New Survey Demonstrates that Canadians Lack Basic Understanding of Our Country 's Parliamentary System ( PDF ) , Toronto : Ipsos Reid , December 15 , 2008 , p. 1 , retrieved May 18 , 2010 Jump up ^ Smith , David E ( June 10 , 2010 ) . `` The Crown and the Constitution : Sustaining Democracy ? '' ( PDF ) . The Crown in Canada : Present Realities and Future Options . Queen 's University . p. 6 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 17 , 2010 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Forsey 2005 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Branch , Legislative Services . `` Consolidated federal laws of canada , Canada Elections Act '' . laws-lois.justice.gc.ca . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Library and Archives Canada . `` First Among Equals : The Prime Minister in Canadian Life and Politics > Alone at the Top > Head of State '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved January 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brooks 2007 , pp. 233 -- 235 ^ Jump up to : Geddes , John ( January 25 , 2009 ) . `` Will the prorogation of Parliament set off a populist revolt ? '' . Maclean 's . Toronto : Kenneth Whyte . ISSN 0024 - 9262 . Retrieved January 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Jeffrey ( 2001 ) . The Friendly Dictatorship . Toronto : McClelland & Stewart . p. 248 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7710 - 8079 - 1 . Jump up ^ Coyne , Andrew ( June 30 , 2015 ) . `` Liberals ' idea for gender quota in Cabinet leaves out the principle of merit '' . National Post . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brooks 2007 , p. 258 Jump up ^ Savoie , Donald ( 1999 ) . Governing from the Centre : The Concentration of Power in Canadian Politics . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . p. 362 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 8252 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Time to address democratic deficit '' , Toronto Star , January 27 , 2010 , retrieved January 27 , 2010 Jump up ^ Zamon , Rebecca ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` The Prime Minister 's Wife : What Is Her Title , Exactly ? '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alberici , Emma ( May 18 , 2016 ) , ' I need help ' : Why did Canada 's first lady spark such a backlash ? , Australian Broadcasting Corporation , retrieved June 3 , 2017 Jump up ^ Jackson , Michael D. ( 2009 ) . `` The Senior Realms of the Queen '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Monarchist News . Autumn 2009 ( 30 ) . Toronto : Monarchist League of Canada . p. 10 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 29 , 2009 . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Blair , Louisa ( 2001 ) . Venne , Michel , ed . Vive Quebec ! : new thinking and new approaches to the Quebec nation . Toronto : James Lorimer & Company . p. 91 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55028 - 734 - 9 . Jump up ^ Franks , C.E.S. ( April 9 , 2010 ) , `` Keep the Queen and choose another head of state '' , The Globe and Mail , retrieved January 23 , 2011 Jump up ^ Foot , Richard ( January 15 , 2010 ) , `` Only in Canada : Harper 's prorogation is a Canadian thing '' , National Post , archived from the original on January 18 , 2010 , retrieved January 16 , 2010 Jump up ^ Parliament of Canada ( June 23 , 2015 ) , Bill C - 586 , Queen 's Printer for Canada , retrieved June 2 , 2015 Jump up ^ Selley , Chris ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` Thanks to the Senate , I 've finally come around to liking the Reform Act '' . National Post . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ MacLeod , Kevin S. ( 2008 ) , A Crown of Maples ( PDF ) ( 1 ed . ) , Ottawa : Queen 's Printer for Canada , p. 16 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 662 - 46012 - 1 , retrieved June 21 , 2009 Jump up ^ Cox , Noel ( September 2002 ) . `` Black v Chrétien : Suing a Minister of the Crown for Abuse of Power , Misfeasance in Public Office and Negligence '' . Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law . Perth : Murdoch University . 9 ( 3 ) : 12 . Retrieved May 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Neitsch , Alfred Thomas ( 2008 ) . `` A Tradition of Vigilance : The Role of Lieutenant Governor in Alberta '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Parliamentary Review . Vol. 30 no . 4 . Ottawa : Commonwealth Parliamentary Association . p. 23 . Retrieved May 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Coyne , Andrew ( November 13 , 2009 ) . `` Defending the royals '' . Maclean 's . Toronto : Rogers Communications . ISSN 0024 - 9262 . Retrieved November 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Coyne , Andrew ( April 10 , 2002 ) , `` A lightning rod for patriotic love '' , National Post , archived from the original on May 23 , 2006 , retrieved May 22 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` GG reflects on mandate during farewell address '' . CTV . September 14 , 2005 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Privy Council Office . `` Did You Know > The Langevin Block from Yesterday to Today '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ State Funerals in Canada . `` Frequently Asked Questions on State Funerals in Canada '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2009 . Retrieved December 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Waite , P.B. ( 1990 ) . `` Thompson , Sir John Sparrow David '' . In Halpenny , Francess G. Dictionary of Canadian Biography . XII ( 1891 -- 1900 ) ( online ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . Jump up ^ Library of Parliament . `` Federal Government > Prime Ministers of Canada > Biographical Informarion > BENNETT , The Right Hon . Richard Bedford , P.C. , K.C. , K.G. St. J. , LL. B . '' Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved December 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) The London Gazette , July 22 , 1941 . ^ Jump up to : `` Clark , Rt . Hon . Charles Joseph '' . Royal Heraldry Society of Canada . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trudeau , Rt . Hon . Pierre Elliot '' . Royal Heraldry Society of Canada . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Turner , Rt . Hon . John Napier '' . Royal Heraldry Society of Canada . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mulroney , Rt . Hon . Martin Brian '' . Royal Heraldry Society of Canada . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Campbell , Rt . Hon . Kim , PC '' . Royal Heraldry Society of Canada . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Department of Canadian Heritage . `` Styles of address '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Department of Canadian Heritage . `` Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Promotion > Styles of address -- Federal dignitaries '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Canada 's Premier Talks ; Attitude of the Dominion on the Seal Question '' , The New York Times , p. 9 , March 12 , 1893 , retrieved January 25 , 2010 Jump up ^ Grand Lodge of Canada ( 1884 ) . Proceedings of the Grand Lodge of Ancient , Free , & Accepted Masons of Canada . Hamilton : Spectator Printing Co. p. 15 . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hopkins , J. Castell ( 1901 ) . `` The Proposed Union of Canada with Newfoundland '' . The Canadian Annual Review of Public Affairs . Vol. 1902 . Toronto : The Annual Review Publishing Company . pp. 449 -- 453 . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Premier Pledges Canada to Fight Until War is Won '' , The New York Times , p. 1 , November 21 , 1916 , retrieved January 25 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` The Santa Fe magazine , Volume 9 '' . The Santa Fe . 9 . Santa Fe : Santa Fe Magazine . 1914 . p. 44 . ISSN 0036 - 4541 . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Freshfield , A.C. Haddon ( May 1913 ) . `` The Distribution of Human and Animal Life in Western Arctic America '' . The Geographical Journal . Oxford : Blackwell Publishing . 41 ( 5 ) : 459 -- 460 . doi : 10.2307 / 1778163 . ISSN 0016 - 7398 . JSTOR 1778163 . Jump up ^ `` Sir John Sparrow David Thompson '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. 2010 . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Library and Archives Canada . `` Politics and Government > Sir John A. Macdonald > The Opponents '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland . `` John Alexander MacDonald '' . Queen 's Printer . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Waite , P.B. ( 2016 ) . `` Bennett , Richard Bedford , 1st Viscount Bennett '' . In Cook , Ramsay ; Bélanger , Réal . Dictionary of Canadian Biography . XVII ( 1941 -- 1950 ) ( online ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . Jump up ^ Neatby , H. Blair ( 2016 ) . `` King , William Lyon Mackenzie '' . In Cook , Ramsay ; Bélanger , Réal . Dictionary of Canadian Biography . XVII ( 1941 -- 1950 ) ( online ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Dennis ( 2016 ) . `` Diefenbaker , John George '' . In Cook , Ramsay ; Bélanger , Réal . Dictionary of Canadian Biography . XX ( 1971 -- 1980 ) ( online ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . Jump up ^ Bélanger , Réal ( 1998 ) . `` Laurier , Sir Wilfrid '' . In Cook , Ramsay ; Hamelin , Jean . Dictionary of Canadian Biography . XIV ( 1911 -- 1920 ) ( online ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . ^ Jump up to : Buckner , Phillip ( 1998 ) . `` Tupper , Sir Charles '' . In Cook , Ramsay ; Hamelin , Jean . Dictionary of Canadian Biography . XIV ( 1911 -- 1920 ) ( online ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . Jump up ^ Bothwell , Robert ( 2016 ) . `` St. Laurent , Louis '' . In Cook , Ramsay ; Bélanger , Réal . Dictionary of Canadian Biography . XX ( 1971 -- 1980 ) ( online ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . Jump up ^ Glassford , Larry A. ( 2016 ) . `` Meighen , Arthur '' . In Cook , Ramsay ; Bélanger , Réal . Dictionary of Canadian Biography . XVIII ( 1951 -- 1960 ) ( online ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . Jump up ^ English , John ( 2016 ) . `` Pearson , Lester Bowles '' . In Cook , Ramsay ; Bélanger , Réal . Dictionary of Canadian Biography . XX ( 1971 -- 1980 ) ( online ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . Jump up ^ English , John ( 2016 ) . `` Trudeau , Pierre Elliott '' . In Cook , Ramsay ; Bélanger , Réal . Dictionary of Canadian Biography . XXII ( 1991 -- 2000 ) ( online ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prime ministers of Canada . 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the latin phrase parens patriae was used to refer to

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Parens_patriae&oldid=830253023

Parens patriae - wikipedia Parens patriae Jump to : navigation , search Parens patriae is Latin for `` parent of the nation '' ( lit. , `` parent of the fatherland '' ) . In law , it refers to the public policy power of the state to intervene against an abusive or negligent parent , legal guardian , or informal caretaker , and to act as the parent of any child or individual who is in need of protection . For example , some children , incapacitated individuals , and disabled individuals lack parents who are able and willing to render adequate care , thus requiring state intervention . In U.S. litigation , parens patriae can be invoked by the state to create its standing to sue ; the state declares itself to be suing on behalf of its people . For example , the Hart - Scott - Rodino Antitrust Improvement Act of 1976 ( 15 USC 15c ) , through Section 4C of the Clayton Act , permits state attorneys general to bring parens patriae suits on behalf of those injured by violations of the Sherman Antitrust Act . Contents ( hide ) 1 Discussion 2 Parens patriae in US federal courts 3 See also 4 Further reading 5 References Discussion ( edit ) Parens patriae relates to a notion initially invoked by the King 's Bench in the sixteenth century in cases of non compos mentis adults . The notion dates from at least 1608 , as recorded in Coke 's Report of Calvin 's Case , wherein it is said `` that moral law , honora patrem ... doubtless doth extend to him that is pater patriæ . '' The parens patriae doctrine was gradually applied to children throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries , and has since evolved from one granting absolute rights to the sovereign to one more associated with rights and obligations of the state and courts towards children and incapacitated adults . In most jurisdictions , this appears in the principle that makes the protection of the best interests of any child the first and single most important concern of the courts . For example , in any proceedings affecting the validity of a marriage , the children will not be parties in their own right , nor will they be parties to any agreement that the spouses may make . In these proceedings , the courts will often be invited to accept and enforce any agreement between a husband and wife regarding parental responsibility for their children . This will usually be done so long as the agreement is seen to be in the best interests and welfare of the children . Courts are not obliged to invoke the parens patriae doctrine in cases involving children and not all courts , particularly newer courts such as the Australian Family Court ( est 1975 ) , have specific parens patriae jurisdiction . In the United States , some proponents of homeschooling have asserted that the Parens Patriae Doctrine is constrained by a so - called `` Parental Liberty Doctrine . '' In some situations , the parties may have submitted their dispute to formal arbitration proceedings . Such proceedings , whether judicial or quasi-judicial , can not displace the supervisory power of the court in the exercise of its parens patriae function to the child . To the extent that such an award conflicts with the best interests of the child , the courts will treat it as void in respect of the child , even though it might be binding on the parents . The test of the best interests of the child can always be the basis of a challenge by a parent , grandparent , an interested relative , or the child acting through a friend . Thus , for example , the spouses might already have been through a religious form of divorce known as the get before the Beth Din , the Jewish rabbinical court , which included provision for the children . Even though there might appear to be a grant of custody in absolute terms by this court , public policy always requires that it can be reviewed by a secular court and , if the state court is of the view that it is not in the best interests of the child , it will be set aside ( see Stanley G. v. Eileen G. New York Law Journal , 10 - 13 - 94 , P. 22 , Col. 6 , Sup . Ct. , NY Co . ) . Within the EU , the right of the child to be heard in any proceedings is a fundamental right provided in Article 24 Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union . The views of the child shall be considered on matters which concern them in accordance with their age and maturity . It also provides that the child 's best interest shall be the primary consideration in all actions relating to children , whether taken by public authorities or private institutions . The same principles apply to individuals whose mental capacity is impaired and who are being abused by carers or other individuals , whether family members or otherwise . Since these individuals can not protect themselves , the courts have an inherent jurisdiction to appoint a guardian ad litem for particular proceedings . In English Law , long - term care is arranged through the Court of Protection . Parens patriae in U.S. federal courts ( edit ) The concept of the parens patriae suit has been greatly expanded in the United States federal courts beyond that which existed in England . In Louisiana v. Texas , the State of Louisiana brought suit to enjoin officials of the State of Texas from so administering the Texas quarantine regulations as to prevent Louisiana merchants from sending goods into Texas . The US Supreme Court recognized that Louisiana was attempting to sue , not because of any particular injury to a particular business of the State , but as parens patriae for all its citizens . While the Court found that parens patriae could not properly be invoked in that case , the propriety and utility of parens patriae suits were clearly recognized , thus setting a precedent . Thus , in a series of cases after Louisiana v. Texas the Supreme Court followed that precedent to allow states to sue as parens patriae : Missouri v. Illinois , 180 U.S. 208 ( 1901 ) ( holding that Missouri was permitted to sue Illinois and a Chicago sanitation district on behalf of Missouri citizens to enjoin the discharge of sewage into the Mississippi River ) ; Kansas v. Colorado , 206 U.S. 46 ( 1907 ) ( holding that Kansas was permitted to sue as parens patriae to enjoin the diversion of water from an interstate stream ) ; Georgia v. Tennessee Copper Co. , 206 U.S. 230 ( 1907 ) ( holding that Georgia was entitled to sue to enjoin fumes from a copper plant across the state border from injuring land in five Georgia counties ) ; New York v. New Jersey , 256 U.S. 296 ( 1921 ) ( holding that New York could sue to enjoin the discharge of sewage into the New York harbor ) ; Pennsylvania v. West Virginia , 262 U.S. 553 ( 1923 ) ( holding that Pennsylvania might sue to enjoin restraints on the commercial flow of natural gas ) ; North Dakota v. Minnesota , 263 U.S. 365 ( 1923 ) ( holding that Minnesota could sue to enjoin changes in drainage which increase the flow of water in an interstate stream ) . The Supreme Court recognized a different kind of paren patriae suit in Georgia v. Pennsylvania R. Co . While the earlier cases were common - law actions to prevent or repair harm to a state 's `` quasi-sovereign '' interests . Georgia now sought relief under the federal antitrust statute , alleging that 20 railroads had conspired to restrain trade and to fix prices in a manner that would favor shippers in other States ( particularly Northern States ) to the detriment of Georgia shippers and the state 's economy . The Court upheld Georgia 's claim as parens patriae with respect to injunctive relief , but did not consider whether the antitrust laws also authorized damages for an injury to the State 's economy , because the ICC 's approval of the challenged rates barred any damage recovery . Then , three decades later , in Hawaii v. Standard Oil Co. , the Court considered a generally similar damages action Hawaii brought under the antitrust laws for damages to its general economy resulting from a price fix by four oil companies . The Court held that the state could sue as parens patriae only for injunctive relief and not for damages . Its citizens would have to sue individually for damages . In Massachusetts v. EPA , a group of states ( mostly coastal states ) sought to sue the EPA to require it to regulate greenhouse gas emissions because they were causing global warming and rising sea levels . `` These rising seas have already begun to swallow Massachusetts ' coastal land . '' The Court stated : In sum -- at least according to petitioners ' uncontested affidavits -- the rise in sea levels associated with global warming has already harmed and will continue to harm Massachusetts . The risk of catastrophic harm , though remote , is nevertheless real . That risk would be reduced to some extent if petitioners received the relief they seek . Therefore , states such as Massachusetts had standing as parens patriae to sue EPA to seeks to require it to regulate to protect their coastlines . The Court held that EPA would have to consider the matter and give a reasoned explanation of whatever its decision on the merits would be . In Pennsylvania v. Mid-Atlantic Toyota Distributors , Inc. , the Fourth Circuit held that several state attorney generals were proper parens patriae plaintiffs to sue a group of car dealers for price fixing , in order to recover damages for their citizen injured by overcharges . The court held that because plaintiffs were authorized to pursue antitrust litigation against defendants on behalf of their states ' natural - person residents under both 15 U.S.C. § § 15c - 15h and state laws and constitutions , they could sue on behalf of their citizens . See also ( edit ) Child custody in loco parentis Joint custody Qui tam Pater Patriae Private attorney general Further reading ( edit ) Suing the Tobacco and Lead Pigment Industries : Government Litigation as Public Health Prescription by Donald G. Gifford . Ann Arbor , University of Michigan Press , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 11714 - 7 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lat : not having control over the mind or intellect . Not of sound mind ; insane . See 108 A. 2d 820 , 822 . In certain circumstances its effect is lessened to mean only `` not legally competent . '' See 1 S.E. 2d 768 , 770 . Compare diminished capacity ; incompetent ; non sui juris . Jump up ^ Sir Edward Coke ; John Henry Thomas ; John Farquhar Fraser ( 1826 ) . The Reports of Sir Edward Coke , Knt. ( 1572 - 1617 ) : In Thirteen Parts . J. Butterworth and Son . pp. 21 -- . Retrieved 4 July 2013 . Jump up ^ People v. Bennett : Analytic Approaches to Recognizing a Fundamental Parental Right Under the Ninth Amendment , 1996 BYU Law Review 186 , 227 - 34 Jump up ^ Removing Classrooms from the Battlefield : Liberty , Paternalism , and the Redemptive Promise of Educational Choice , 2008 BYU Law Review 377 , 386 n. 30 Jump up ^ Parens Patriae -- Quaqua Society Jump up ^ Hawaii v. Standard Oil Co. , 405 U.S. 251 ( 1972 ) . Jump up ^ 176 U.S. 1 ( 1900 ) . Jump up ^ 176 U.S. , at 19 . Jump up ^ 324 U.S. 439 ( 1945 ) . Jump up ^ 405 U.S. 251 ( 1972 ) . Jump up ^ 549 U.S. 497 ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ 549 U.S. at 522 . Jump up ^ 549 U.S. at 526 . Jump up ^ 549 U.S. at 534 - 35 . Jump up ^ 704 F. 2d 125 ( 4th Cir. 1983 ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parens_patriae&oldid=830253023 '' Categories : Latin legal terminology Legal procedure Child custody Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 日本 語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 March 2018 , at 18 : 13 . About Wikipedia

1249598914156603825

who were the dadaists and what did they do

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Dada&oldid=835708350

Dada - wikipedia Dada Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Dada ( disambiguation ) . Grand opening of the first Dada exhibition : International Dada Fair , Berlin , 5 June 1920 . The central figure hanging from the ceiling was an effigy of a German officer with a pig 's head . From left to right : Raoul Hausmann , Hannah Höch ( sitting ) , Otto Burchard , Johannes Baader , Wieland Herzfelde , Margarete Herzfelde , dr . Oz ( Otto Schmalhausen ) , George Grosz and John Heartfield . Francis Picabia , Dame ! Illustration for the cover of the periodical Dadaphone , n . 7 , Paris , March 1920 Dada ( / ˈdɑːdɑː / ) or Dadaism was an art movement of the European avant - garde in the early 20th century , with early centers in Zürich , Switzerland at the Cabaret Voltaire ( circa 1916 ) ; New York Dada began circa 1915 , and after 1920 Dada flourished in Paris . Developed in reaction to World War I , the Dada movement consisted of artists who rejected the logic , reason , and aestheticism of modern capitalist society , instead expressing nonsense , irrationality , and anti-bourgeois protest in their works . The art of the movement spanned visual , literary , and sound media , including collage , sound poetry , cut - up writing , and sculpture . Dadaist artists expressed their discontent with violence , war , and nationalism , and maintained political affinities with the radical left . Cover of the first edition of the publication Dada by Tristan Tzara ; Zürich , 1917 There is no consensus on the origin of the movement 's name ; a common story is that the Austrian artist Richard Huelsenbeck plunged a knife at random into a dictionary , where it landed on `` dada '' , a colloquial French term for a hobby horse . Others note that it suggests the first words of a child , evoking a childishness and absurdity that appealed to the group . Still others speculate that the word might have been chosen to evoke a similar meaning ( or no meaning at all ) in any language , reflecting the movement 's internationalism . The roots of Dada lie in pre-war avant - garde . The term anti-art , a precursor to Dada , was coined by Marcel Duchamp around 1913 to characterize works which challenge accepted definitions of art . Cubism and the development of collage and abstract art would inform the movement 's detachment from the constraints of reality and convention . The work of French poets , Italian Futurists and the German Expressionists would influence Dada 's rejection of the tight correlation between words and meaning . Works such as Ubu Roi ( 1896 ) by Alfred Jarry , and the ballet Parade ( 1916 -- 17 ) by Erik Satie would also be characterized as proto - Dadaist works . The Dada movement 's principles were first collected in Hugo Ball 's Dada Manifesto in 1916 . The Dadaist movement included public gatherings , demonstrations , and publication of art / literary journals ; passionate coverage of art , politics , and culture were topics often discussed in a variety of media . Key figures in the movement included Hugo Ball , Marcel Duchamp , Emmy Hennings , Hans Arp , Raoul Hausmann , Hannah Höch , Johannes Baader , Tristan Tzara , Francis Picabia , Huelsenbeck , George Grosz , John Heartfield , Man Ray , Beatrice Wood , Kurt Schwitters , Hans Richter , Max Ernst , and Elsa von Freytag - Loringhoven among others . The movement influenced later styles like the avant - garde and downtown music movements , and groups including Surrealism , nouveau réalisme , pop art and Fluxus . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 History 2.1 Zürich 2.2 Berlin 2.3 Cologne 2.4 New York 2.5 Paris 2.6 Netherlands 2.7 Georgia 2.8 Yugoslavia 2.9 Italy 2.10 Japan 2.11 Russia 3 Poetry , music and sound 4 Legacy 5 Art techniques developed 5.1 Collage 5.2 Cut - up technique 5.3 Photomontage 5.4 Assemblage 5.5 Readymades 6 Artists 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Overview ( edit ) Francis Picabia , ( left ) Le saint des saints c'est de moi qu'il s'agit dans ce portrait , 1 July 1915 ; ( center ) Portrait d'une jeune fille americaine dans l'état de nudité , 5 July 1915 : ( right ) J'ai vu et c'est de toi qu'il s'agit , De Zayas ! De Zayas ! Je suis venu sur les rivages du Pont - Euxin , New York , 1915 Dada was an informal international movement , with participants in Europe and North America . The beginnings of Dada correspond to the outbreak of World War I . For many participants , the movement was a protest against the bourgeois nationalist and colonialist interests , which many Dadaists believed were the root cause of the war , and against the cultural and intellectual conformity -- in art and more broadly in society -- that corresponded to the war . Avant - garde circles outside France knew of pre-war Parisian developments . They had seen ( or participated in ) Cubist exhibitions held at Galeries Dalmau , Barcelona ( 1912 ) , Galerie Der Sturm in Berlin ( 1912 ) , the Armory Show in New York ( 1913 ) , SVU Mánes in Prague ( 1914 ) , several Jack of Diamonds exhibitions in Moscow and at De Moderne Kunstkring , Amsterdam ( between 1911 and 1915 ) . Futurism developed in response to the work of various artists . Dada subsequently combined these approaches . Many Dadaists believed that the ' reason ' and ' logic ' of bourgeois capitalist society had led people into war . They expressed their rejection of that ideology in artistic expression that appeared to reject logic and embrace chaos and irrationality . For example , George Grosz later recalled that his Dadaist art was intended as a protest `` against this world of mutual destruction . '' According to Hans Richter Dada was not art : it was `` anti-art . '' Dada represented the opposite of everything which art stood for . Where art was concerned with traditional aesthetics , Dada ignored aesthetics . If art was to appeal to sensibilities , Dada was intended to offend . As Hugo Ball expressed it , `` For us , art is not an end in itself ... but it is an opportunity for the true perception and criticism of the times we live in . '' A reviewer from the American Art News stated at the time that `` Dada philosophy is the sickest , most paralyzing and most destructive thing that has ever originated from the brain of man . '' Art historians have described Dada as being , in large part , a `` reaction to what many of these artists saw as nothing more than an insane spectacle of collective homicide . '' Years later , Dada artists described the movement as `` a phenomenon bursting forth in the midst of the postwar economic and moral crisis , a savior , a monster , which would lay waste to everything in its path ... ( It was ) a systematic work of destruction and demoralization ... In the end it became nothing but an act of sacrilege . '' To quote Dona Budd 's The Language of Art Knowledge , Dada was born out of negative reaction to the horrors of the First World War . This international movement was begun by a group of artists and poets associated with the Cabaret Voltaire in Zürich . Dada rejected reason and logic , prizing nonsense , irrationality and intuition . The origin of the name Dada is unclear ; some believe that it is a nonsensical word . Others maintain that it originates from the Romanian artists Tristan Tzara 's and Marcel Janco 's frequent use of the words `` da , da , '' meaning `` yes , yes '' in the Romanian language . Another theory says that the name `` Dada '' came during a meeting of the group when a paper knife stuck into a French -- German dictionary happened to point to ' dada ' , a French word for ' hobbyhorse ' . The movement primarily involved visual arts , literature , poetry , art manifestos , art theory , theatre , and graphic design , and concentrated its anti-war politics through a rejection of the prevailing standards in art through anti-art cultural works . History ( edit ) Zürich ( edit ) Hannah Höch , Cut with the Dada Kitchen Knife through the Last Weimar Beer - Belly Cultural Epoch in Germany , 1919 , collage of pasted papers , 90 × 144 cm , Nationalgalerie , Staatliche Museen zu Berlin In 1916 , Hugo Ball , Emmy Hennings , Tristan Tzara , Jean Arp , Marcel Janco , Richard Huelsenbeck , Sophie Taeuber , and Hans Richter , along with others , discussed art and put on performances in the Cabaret Voltaire expressing their disgust with the war and the interests that inspired it . Some sources state that Dada coalesced on October 6 at the Cabaret Voltaire . Other sources state that Dada did not originate fully in a Zürich literary salon but grew out of an already vibrant artistic tradition in Eastern Europe , particularly Romania , that transposed to Switzerland when a group of Jewish modernist artists ( Tzara , Janco , Arthur Segal , and others ) settled in Zürich . In the years prior to the First World War similar art had already risen in Bucharest and other Eastern European cities ; it is likely that Dada 's catalyst was the arrival in Zürich of artists like Tzara and Janco . Having left Germany and Romania during the Great War , the artists found themselves in Switzerland , a country recognized for its neutrality . Inside this space of political neutrality they decided to use abstraction to fight against the social , political , and cultural ideas of that time . The Dadaists believed those ideas to be a byproduct of bourgeois society , a society so apathetic it would rather fight a war against itself than challenge the status quo . Janco recalled , `` We had lost confidence in our culture . Everything had to be demolished . We would begin again after the tabula rasa . At the Cabaret Voltaire we began by shocking common sense , public opinion , education , institutions , museums , good taste , in short , the whole prevailing order . '' The Cabaret closed its doors in early July and then at the first public soirée at Waag Hall on July 14 , 1916 , Ball recited the first manifesto . In 1917 , Tzara wrote a second Dada manifesto considered one of the most important Dada writings , which was published in 1918 . Other manifestos followed . A single issue of the magazine Cabaret Voltaire was the first publication to come out of the movement . After the cabaret closed down , Dada activities moved on to a new gallery , and Hugo Ball left for Bern . Tzara began a relentless campaign to spread Dada ideas . He bombarded French and Italian artists and writers with letters , and soon emerged as the Dada leader and master strategist . The Cabaret Voltaire re-opened , and is still in the same place at the Spiegelgasse 1 in the Niederdorf . Zürich Dada , with Tzara at the helm , published the art and literature review Dada beginning in July 1917 , with five editions from Zürich and the final two from Paris . Other artists , such as André Breton and Philippe Soupault , created `` literature groups to help extend the influence of Dada . '' After the fighting of the First World War had ended in the armistice of November 1918 , most of the Zürich Dadaists returned to their home countries , and some began Dada activities in other cities . Others , such as the Swiss native Sophie Taeuber , would remain in Zürich into the 1920s . Berlin ( edit ) Cover of Anna Blume , Dichtungen , 1919 `` Berlin was a city of tightened stomachers , of mounting , thundering hunger , where hidden rage was transformed into a boundless money lust , and men 's minds were concentrating more and more on questions of naked existence ... Fear was in everybody 's bones `` - Richard Hülsenbeck The groups in Germany were not as strongly anti-art as other groups . Their activity and art were more political and social , with corrosive manifestos and propaganda , satire , public demonstrations and overt political activities . The intensely political and war - torn environment of Berlin had a dramatic impact on the ideas of Berlin Dadaists . Conversely , New York 's geographic distance from the war spawned its more theoretically - driven , less political nature . In February 1918 , while the Great War was approaching its climax , Huelsenbeck gave his first Dada speech in Berlin , and he produced a Dada manifesto later in the year . Following the October Revolution in Russia , by then out of the war , Hannah Höch and George Grosz used Dada to express communist sympathies . Grosz , together with John Heartfield , Höch and Hausmann developed the technique of photomontage during this period . After the war , the artists published a series of short - lived political magazines and held the First International Dada Fair , ' the greatest project yet conceived by the Berlin Dadaists ' , in the summer of 1920 . As well as work by the main members of Berlin Dada -- Grosz , Raoul Hausmann , Hannah Höch , Johannes Baader , Huelsenbeck and Heartfield -- the exhibition also included the work of Otto Dix , Francis Picabia , Jean Arp , Max Ernst , Rudolf Schlichter , Johannes Baargeld and others . In all , over 200 works were exhibited , surrounded by incendiary slogans , some of which also ended up written on the walls of the Nazi 's Entartete Kunst exhibition in 1937 . Despite high ticket prices , the exhibition lost money , with only one recorded sale . The Berlin group published periodicals such as Club Dada , Der Dada , Everyman His Own Football , and Dada Almanach . Cologne ( edit ) In Cologne , Ernst , Baargeld , and Arp launched a controversial Dada exhibition in 1920 which focused on nonsense and anti-bourgeois sentiments . Cologne 's Early Spring Exhibition was set up in a pub , and required that participants walk past urinals while being read lewd poetry by a woman in a communion dress . The police closed the exhibition on grounds of obscenity , but it was re-opened when the charges were dropped . Marcel Duchamp , Fountain , 1917 ; photograph by Alfred Stieglitz New York ( edit ) Main article : New York Dada Like Zürich , New York City was a refuge for writers and artists from the First World War . Soon after arriving from France in 1915 , Marcel Duchamp and Francis Picabia met American artist Man Ray . By 1916 the three of them became the center of radical anti-art activities in the United States . American Beatrice Wood , who had been studying in France , soon joined them , along with Elsa von Freytag - Loringhoven . Arthur Cravan , fleeing conscription in France , was also in New York for a time . Much of their activity centered in Alfred Stieglitz 's gallery , 291 , and the home of Walter and Louise Arensberg . The New Yorkers , though not particularly organized , called their activities Dada , but they did not issue manifestos . They issued challenges to art and culture through publications such as The Blind Man , Rongwrong , and New York Dada in which they criticized the traditionalist basis for museum art . New York Dada lacked the disillusionment of European Dada and was instead driven by a sense of irony and humor . In his book Adventures in the arts : informal chapters on painters , vaudeville and poets Marsden Hartley included an essay on `` The Importance of Being ' Dada ' '' . Rrose Sélavy , the alter ego of Dadaist Marcel Duchamp During this time Duchamp began exhibiting `` readymades '' ( everyday objects found or purchased and declared art ) such as a bottle rack , and was active in the Society of Independent Artists . In 1917 he submitted the now famous Fountain , a urinal signed R. Mutt , to the Society of Independent Artists exhibition but they rejected the piece . First an object of scorn within the arts community , the Fountain has since become almost canonized by some as one of the most recognizable modernist works of sculpture . Art world experts polled by the sponsors of the 2004 Turner Prize , Gordon 's gin , voted it `` the most influential work of modern art '' . As recent scholarship documents , the work is likely more collaborative than it has been given credit for in twentieth - century art history . Duchamp indicates in a 1917 letter to his sister that a female friend was centrally involved in the conception of this work . As he writes : `` One of my female friends who had adopted the pseudonym Richard Mutt sent me a porcelain urinal as a sculpture . '' The piece is more in line with the scatological aesthetics of Duchamp 's friend and neighbour , the Baroness Elsa von Freytag - Loringhoven , than Duchamp 's . In an attempt to `` pay homage to the spirit of Dada '' a performance artist named Pierre Pinoncelli made a crack in a replica of The Fountain with a hammer in January 2006 ; he also urinated on it in 1993 . Picabia 's travels tied New York , Zürich and Paris groups together during the Dadaist period . For seven years he also published the Dada periodical 391 in Barcelona , New York City , Zürich , and Paris from 1917 through 1924 . By 1921 , most of the original players moved to Paris where Dada had experienced its last major incarnation . Paris ( edit ) Man Ray , c. 1921 -- 22 , Rencontre dans la porte tournante , published on the cover of Der Sturm , Volume 13 , Number 3 , 5 March 1922 Man Ray , c. 1921 -- 22 , Dessin ( Drawing ) , published on page 43 of Der Sturm , Volume 13 , Number 3 , 5 March 1922 The French avant - garde kept abreast of Dada activities in Zürich with regular communications from Tristan Tzara ( whose pseudonym means `` sad in country , '' a name chosen to protest the treatment of Jews in his native Romania ) , who exchanged letters , poems , and magazines with Guillaume Apollinaire , André Breton , Max Jacob , Clément Pansaers , and other French writers , critics and artists . Paris had arguably been the classical music capital of the world since the advent of musical Impressionism in the late 19th century . One of its practitioners , Erik Satie , collaborated with Picasso and Cocteau in a mad , scandalous ballet called Parade . First performed by the Ballets Russes in 1917 , it succeeded in creating a scandal but in a different way than Stravinsky 's Le Sacre du printemps had done almost five years earlier . This was a ballet that was clearly parodying itself , something traditional ballet patrons would obviously have serious issues with . Dada in Paris surged in 1920 when many of the originators converged there . Inspired by Tzara , Paris Dada soon issued manifestos , organized demonstrations , staged performances and produced a number of journals ( the final two editions of Dada , Le Cannibale , and Littérature featured Dada in several editions . ) The first introduction of Dada artwork to the Parisian public was at the Salon des Indépendants in 1921 . Jean Crotti exhibited works associated with Dada including a work entitled , Explicatif bearing the word Tabu . In the same year Tzara staged his Dadaist play The Gas Heart to howls of derision from the audience . When it was re-staged in 1923 in a more professional production , the play provoked a theatre riot ( initiated by André Breton ) that heralded the split within the movement that was to produce Surrealism . Tzara 's last attempt at a Dadaist drama was his `` ironic tragedy '' Handkerchief of Clouds in 1924 . Netherlands ( edit ) In the Netherlands the Dada movement centered mainly around Theo van Doesburg , best known for establishing the De Stijl movement and magazine of the same name . Van Doesburg mainly focused on poetry , and included poems from many well - known Dada writers in De Stijl such as Hugo Ball , Hans Arp and Kurt Schwitters . Van Doesburg and Thijs Rinsema ( nl ) ( a cordwainer and artist in Drachten ) became friends of Schwitters , and together they organized the so - called Dutch Dada campaign in 1923 , where van Doesburg promoted a leaflet about Dada ( entitled What is Dada ? ) , Schwitters read his poems , Vilmos Huszár demonstrated a mechanical dancing doll and Nelly van Doesburg ( Theo 's wife ) , played avant - garde compositions on piano . A Bonset sound - poem , `` Passing troop '' , 1916 Van Doesburg wrote Dada poetry himself in De Stijl , although under a pseudonym , I.K. Bonset , which was only revealed after his death in 1931 . ' Together ' with I.K. Bonset , he also published a short - lived Dutch Dada magazine called Mécano ( 1922 -- 3 ) . Another Dutchman identified by K. Schippers in his study of the movement in the Netherlands was the Groningen typographer H.N. Werkman , who was in touch with van Doesburg and Schwitters while editing his own magazine , The Next Call ( 1923 -- 6 ) . Two more artists mentioned by Schippers were German - born and eventually settled in the Netherlands . These were Otto van Rees , who had taken part in the liminal exhibitions at the Café Voltaire in Zürich , and Paul Citroen . Georgia ( edit ) Although Dada itself was unknown in Georgia until at least 1920 , from 1917 until 1921 a group of poets called themselves `` 41st Degree '' ( referring both to the latitude of Tbilisi , Georgia and to the temperature of a high fever ) organized along Dadaist lines . The most important figure in this group was Iliazd , whose radical typographical designs visually echo the publications of the Dadaists . After his flight to Paris in 1921 , he collaborated with Dadaists on publications and events . Yugoslavia ( edit ) In Yugoslavia there was significant Dada activity between 1920 and 1922 , run mainly by Dragan Aleksić and including work by Mihailo S. Petrov , Zenitism 's two brothers Ljubomir Micić and Branko Ve Poljanski . Aleksić used the term `` Yougo - Dada '' and is known to have been in contact with Raoul Hausmann , Kurt Schwitters , and Tristan Tzara . Italy ( edit ) The Dada movement in Italy , based in Mantua , was met with distaste and failed to make a significant impact in the world of art . It published a magazine for a short time and held an exhibition in Rome , featuring paintings , quotations from Tristan Tzara , and original epigrams such as `` True Dada is against Dada '' . The most notable member of this group was Julius Evola , who went on to become an eminent scholar of occultism , as well as a right - wing philosopher and an assistant to Benito Mussolini . Japan ( edit ) Dada , an iconic character from the Ultra Series . His design draws inspiration from the art movement . A prominent Dada group in Japan was MAVO ( ja ) , founded in July 1923 by Tomoyoshi Murayama and Yanase Masamu ( de ; ja ) . Other prominent artists were Jun Tsuji , Eisuke Yoshiyuki , Shinkichi Takahashi and Katsue Kitasono . In the Tsuburaya Productions 's Ultra Series , an alien named Dada was designed after the Dadaism movement , with said character first appearing in episode 28 of the 1966 tokusatsu series , Ultraman , and was designed by character artist Toru Narita . Dada 's design is primarily monochromatic , and features numerous sharp lines and alternating black and white stripes , as a reference to the movement . On May 19 , 2016 , in celebration to the 100 year anniversary of Dadaism in Tokyo , the Ultra Monster was invited to meet the Swiss Ambassador Urs Bucher . Russia ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dada in itself was relatively unknown in Russia , however , avant - garde art was widespread due to the Bolshevik 's revolutionary agenda . The Nichevoki ( ru ) , a literary group sharing Dadaist ideals achieved infamy after one of its members suggested that Vladimir Mayakovsky should go to the `` Pampushka '' ( Pameatnik Pushkina -- Pushkin monument ) on the `` Tverbul '' ( Tverskoy Boulevard ) to clean the shoes of anyone who desired it , after Mayakovsky declared that he was going to cleanse Russian literature . Poetry , music and sound ( edit ) Dada was not confined to the visual and literary arts ; its influence reached into sound and music . Kurt Schwitters developed what he called sound poems , while Francis Picabia and Georges Ribemont - Dessaignes composed Dada music performed at the Festival Dada in Paris on 26 May 1920 . Other composers such as Erwin Schulhoff , Hans Heusser and Alberto Savinio all wrote Dada music , while members of Les Six collaborated with members of the Dada movement and had their works performed at Dada gatherings . Erik Satie also dabbled with Dadaist ideas during his career , although he is primarily associated with musical Impressionism . In the very first Dada publication , Hugo Ball describes a `` balalaika orchestra playing delightful folk - songs . '' African music and jazz were common at Dada gatherings . Marc Lowenthal , in I Am a Beautiful Monster : Poetry , Prose , and Provocation , writes : Dada is the groundwork to abstract art and sound poetry , a starting point for performance art , a prelude to postmodernism , an influence on pop art , a celebration of antiart to be later embraced for anarcho - political uses in the 1960s and the movement that laid the foundation for Surrealism . Musician Frank Zappa was a self - proclaimed Dadaist after learning of the movement : In the early days , I did n't even know what to call the stuff my life was made of . You can imagine my delight when I discovered that someone in a distant land had the same idea -- AND a nice , short name for it . Legacy ( edit ) The Janco Dada Museum , named after Marcel Janco , in Ein Hod , Israel While broadly based , the movement was unstable . By 1924 in Paris , Dada was melding into Surrealism , and artists had gone on to other ideas and movements , including Surrealism , social realism and other forms of modernism . Some theorists argue that Dada was actually the beginning of postmodern art . By the dawn of the Second World War , many of the European Dadaists had emigrated to the United States . Some ( Otto Freundlich , Walter Serner ) died in death camps under Adolf Hitler , who actively persecuted the kind of `` degenerate art '' that he considered Dada to represent . The movement became less active as post-war optimism led to the development of new movements in art and literature . Dada is a named influence and reference of various anti-art and political and cultural movements , including the Situationist International and culture jamming groups like the Cacophony Society . Upon breaking up in July 2012 , anarchist pop band Chumbawamba issued a statement which compared their own legacy with that of the Dada art movement . At the same time that the Zürich Dadaists were making noise and spectacle at the Cabaret Voltaire , Lenin was planning his revolutionary plans for Russia in a nearby apartment . Tom Stoppard used this coincidence as a premise for his play Travesties ( 1974 ) , which includes Tzara , Lenin , and James Joyce as characters . French writer Dominique Noguez imagined Lenin as a member of the Dada group in his tongue - in - cheek Lénine Dada ( 1989 ) . The former building of the Cabaret Voltaire fell into disrepair until it was occupied from January to March 2002 , by a group proclaiming themselves Neo-Dadaists , led by Mark Divo . The group included Jan Thieler , Ingo Giezendanner , Aiana Calugar , Lennie Lee , and Dan Jones . After their eviction , the space was turned into a museum dedicated to the history of Dada . The work of Lee and Jones remained on the walls of the new museum . Several notable retrospectives have examined the influence of Dada upon art and society . In 1967 , a large Dada retrospective was held in Paris . In 2006 , the Museum of Modern Art in New York City mounted a Dada exhibition in partnership with the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C. and the Centre Pompidou in Paris . The LTM label has released a large number of Dada - related sound recordings , including interviews with artists such as Tzara , Picabia , Schwitters , Arp , and Huelsenbeck , and musical repertoire including Satie , Ribemont - Dessaignes , Picabia , and Nelly van Doesburg . Art Techniques developed ( edit ) Collage ( edit ) The Dadaists imitated the techniques developed during the cubist movement through the pasting of cut pieces of paper items , but extended their art to encompass items such as transportation tickets , maps , plastic wrappers , etc. to portray aspects of life , rather than representing objects viewed as still life . Cut - up technique ( edit ) Cut - up technique is an extension of collage to words themselves , Tristan Tzara describes this in the Dada Manifesto : TO MAKE A DADAIST POEM Take a newspaper . Take some scissors . Choose from this paper an article of the length you want to make your poem . Cut out the article . Next carefully cut out each of the words that makes up this article and put them all in a bag . Shake gently . Next take out each cutting one after the other . Copy conscientiously in the order in which they left the bag . The poem will resemble you . And there you are -- an infinitely original author of charming sensibility , even though unappreciated by the vulgar herd . Photomontage ( edit ) The Dadaists -- the `` monteurs '' ( mechanics ) -- used scissors and glue rather than paintbrushes and paints to express their views of modern life through images presented by the media . A variation on the collage technique , photomontage utilized actual or reproductions of real photographs printed in the press . In Cologne , Max Ernst used images from the First World War to illustrate messages of the destruction of war . Raoul Hausmann , Mechanischer Kopf ( Der Geist unserer Zeit ) ( Mechanical Head ( The Spirit of Our Age ) ) , c. 1920 Raoul Hausmann , ABCD ( self - portrait ) , a photomontage from 1923 -- 24 Assemblage ( edit ) The assemblages were three - dimensional variations of the collage -- the assembly of everyday objects to produce meaningful or meaningless ( relative to the war ) pieces of work including war objects and trash . Objects were nailed , screwed or fastened together in different fashions . Assemblages could be seen in the round or could be hung on a wall . Readymades ( edit ) Marcel Duchamp began to view the manufactured objects of his collection as objects of art , which he called `` readymades '' . He would add signatures and titles to some , converting them into artwork that he called `` readymade aided '' or `` rectified readymades '' . Duchamp wrote : `` One important characteristic was the short sentence which I occasionally inscribed on the ' readymade . ' That sentence , instead of describing the object like a title , was meant to carry the mind of the spectator towards other regions more verbal . Sometimes I would add a graphic detail of presentation which in order to satisfy my craving for alliterations , would be called ' readymade aided . ' '' One such example of Duchamp 's readymade works is the urinal that was turned onto its back , signed `` R. Mutt '' , titled Fountain , and submitted to the Society of Independent Artists exhibition that year , though it was not displayed . Artists ( edit ) Dragan Aleksić ( 1901 -- 1958 ) , Yugoslavia Louis Aragon ( 1897 -- 1982 ) , France Jean Arp ( 1886 -- 1966 ) , Germany , France Hugo Ball ( 1886 -- 1927 ) , Germany , Switzerland André Breton ( 1896 -- 1966 ) , France Otto Dix ( 1891 -- 1969 ) , Germany Theo van Doesburg ( 1883 -- 1931 ) Netherlands Marcel Duchamp ( 1887 -- 1968 ) , France Paul Éluard ( 1895 -- 1952 ) , France Max Ernst ( 1891 -- 1976 ) , Germany , USA Julius Evola ( 1898 -- 1974 ) , Italy George Grosz ( 1893 -- 1959 ) , Germany , France , USA Raoul Hausmann ( 1886 -- 1971 ) , Germany John Heartfield ( 1891 -- 1968 ) , Germany , USSR , Czechoslovakia , Great Britain Hannah Höch ( 1889 -- 1978 ) , Germany Richard Huelsenbeck ( 1892 -- 1974 ) , Germany Marcel Janco ( 1895 -- 1984 ) , Romania , Israel Elsa von Freytag - Loringhoven ( 1874 -- 1927 ) , Germany , USA Clément Pansaers ( 1885 -- 1922 ) , Belgium Francis Picabia ( 1879 -- 1953 ) , France Man Ray ( 1890 -- 1976 ) , France , USA Georges Ribemont - Dessaignes ( 1884 -- 1974 ) , France Kurt Schwitters ( 1887 -- 1948 ) , Germany Walter Serner ( 1889 -- 1942 ) , Austria Philippe Soupault ( 1897 -- 1990 ) , France Sophie Taeuber - Arp ( 1889 -- 1943 ) , Switzerland , France Tristan Tzara ( 1896 -- 1963 ) , Romania , France Beatrice Wood ( 1893 -- 1998 ) , USA See also ( edit ) Art intervention The Central Council of Dada for the World Revolution Dadaglobe Épater la bourgeoisie Happening Incoherents Shock art Transgressive art References ( edit ) Jump up ^ World War I and Dada , Museum of Modern Art ( MoMA ) Jump up ^ Mario de Micheli ( 2006 ) . Las vanguardias artísticas del siglo XX . Alianza Forma . p. 135 - 137 Jump up ^ Trachtman , Paul . `` A Brief History of Dada '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schneede , Uwe M. ( 1979 ) , George Grosz , His life and work , New York : Universe Books ^ Jump up to : Budd , Dona , The Language of Art Knowledge , Pomegranate Communications , Inc . Jump up ^ Dada , Tate Jump up ^ Dada at thearthistory.org , retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anti-art , Art that challenges the existing accepted definitions of art , Tate ^ Jump up to : `` Dada '' , by Dawn Adès and Matthew Gale , Grove Art Online , Oxford University Press , 2009 ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Roselee Goldberg , Thomas & Hudson , L'univers de l'art , Chapter 4 , Le surréalisme , Les représentations pré - Dada à Paris , ISBN 978 - 2 - 87811 - 380 - 8 ^ Jump up to : Richter , Hans ( 1965 ) , Dada : Art and Anti-art , New York and Toronto : Oxford University Press Jump up ^ Joan M. Marter , The Grove Encyclopedia of American Art , Volume 1 , Oxford University Press , 2011 , p. 6 , ISBN 0195335791 Jump up ^ DADA : Cities , National Gallery of Art , retrieved 2008 - 10 - 19 ^ Jump up to : Fred S. Kleiner ( 2006 ) , Gardner 's Art Through the Ages ( 12th ed . ) , Wadsworth Publishing , p. 754 Jump up ^ Tom Sandqvist , DADA EAST : The Romanians of Cabaret Voltaire , London MIT Press , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction : `` Everybody can Dada '' `` . National Gallery of Art . Retrieved 10 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Marcel Janco , `` Dada at Two Speeds , '' trans . in Lucy R. Lippard , Dadas on Art ( Englewood Cliffs , N.J. , 1971 ) , p. 36 . Jump up ^ `` Cabaret Voltaire '' . DADA Companion . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Europe of Cultures . `` Tristan Tzara speaks of the Dada Movement . '' , September 6 , 1963 . Retrieved on July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Naumann , Francis M. ( 1994 ) . New York Dada . New York : Abrams . ISBN 0810936763 . ^ Jump up to : Dada , Dickermann , National Gallery of Art , Washington , 2006 p443 Jump up ^ Dada , Dickermann , National Gallery of Art , Washington , 2006 p99 Jump up ^ Schaefer , Robert A. ( September 7 , 2006 ) , `` Das Ist Dada -- An Exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art in NYC '' , Double Exposure Jump up ^ Fountain ' most influential piece of modern art , Independent , December 2 , 2004 Jump up ^ `` Duchamp 's urinal tops art survey '' , BBC News December 1 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Duchamp , Marcel trans . and qtd. in Gammel , Irene . Baroness Elsa : Gender , Dada and Everyday Modernity . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press , 2002 , 224 . Jump up ^ Gammel , Baroness Elsa , 224 -- 225 . Jump up ^ Marc Dachy , Dada , la révolte de l'art , Paris , Gallimard / Centre Pompidou , `` Découvertes Gallimard '' n ° 476 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Holland Dada , Amsterdam , 1974 Jump up ^ Zenit : International Review of Arts and Culture Jump up ^ Dubravka Djurić , Miško Šuvaković . Impossible Histories : Historical Avant - gardes , Neo-avant - gardes , and Post-avant - gardes in Yugoslavia , 1918 -- 1991 , p. 132 , MIT Press , 2003 . ISBN 9780262042161 ; Jovanov Jasna , Kujundžić Dragan , `` Yougo - Dada '' . `` Crisis and the Arts : The History of Dada '' , Vol. IV , The Eastern Orbit : Russia , Georgia , Ukraine , Central Europe and Japan , General Editor Stephen C. Foster , G.K. Hall & Comp . Publishers , New York 1998 , 41 -- 62 ; Jasna Jovanov , Demistifikacija apokrifa : dadaizam na jugoslovenskim prostorima 1920 -- 1922 , Novi Sad : Apokrif , 1999 . Jump up ^ Julius Evola -- International Dada Archive Jump up ^ `` 「 三面 怪人 ダダ 」 が 「 ダダイズム 100 周年 」 を 祝福 ! スイス 大使 館 で 開催 され た 記者 発表 会 に 登場 ! '' ( in Japanese ) . m-78.jp. 2016 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Dada Celebrates Dadaism 's 100th Anniversary '' . tokusatsunetwork.com. 2016 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Marc Lowenthal , translator 's introduction to Francis Picabia 's I Am a Beautiful Monster : Poetry , Prose , and Provocation Jump up ^ Frank Zappa , The Real Frank Zappa Book , p. 162 Jump up ^ Locher , David ( 1999 ) , `` Unacknowledged Roots and Blatant Imitation : Postmodernism and the Dada Movement '' , Electronic Journal of Sociology , 4 ( 1 ) , retrieved 2007 - 04 - 25 Jump up ^ `` Chumbawamba '' . Retrieved 10 July 2012 . Jump up ^ 2002 occupation by neo-Dadaists Prague Post Jump up ^ LTM Recordings Jump up ^ `` manifestos : dada manifesto on feeble love and bitter love by tristan tzara , 12th december 1920 '' . 391 . 1920 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 27 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ `` DADA -- Techniques -- photomontage '' . Nga.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` DADA -- Techniques -- assemblage '' . Nga.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Writings of Marcel Duchamp '' ISBN 0 - 306 - 80341 - 0 Bibliography ( edit ) The Dada Almanac , ed Richard Huelsenbeck ( 1920 ) , re-edited and translated by Malcolm Green et al. , Atlas Press , with texts by Hans Arp , Johannes Baader , Hugo Ball , Paul Citröen , Paul Dermée , Daimonides , Max Goth , John Heartfield , Raoul Hausmann , Richard Huelsenbeck , Vincente Huidobro , Mario D'Arezzo , Adon Lacroix , Walter Mehring , Francis Picabia , Georges Ribemont - Dessaignes , Alexander Sesqui , Philippe Soupault , Tristan Tzara . ISBN 0 - 947757 - 62 - 7 Blago Bung , Blago Bung , Hugo Ball 's Tenderenda , Richard Huelsenbeck 's Fantastic Prayers , & Walter Serner 's Last Loosening -- three key texts of Zurich ur - Dada . Translated and introduced by Malcolm Green . Atlas Press , ISBN 0 - 947757 - 86 - 4 Ball , Hugo . Flight Out Of Time ( University of California Press : Berkeley and Los Angeles , 1996 ) Jones , Dafydd W. Dada 1916 In Theory : Practices of Critical Resistance ( Liverpool : Liverpool University Press , 2014 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 781 - 380 - 208 Biro , M. The Dada Cyborg : Visions of the New Human in Weimar Berlin . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press , 2009 . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 3620 - 6 Dachy , Marc . Journal du mouvement Dada 1915 -- 1923 , Genève , Albert Skira , 1989 ( Grand Prix du Livre d'Art , 1990 ) Dada & les dadaïsmes , Paris , Gallimard , Folio Essais , n ° 257 , 1994 . Jovanov , Jasna . Demistifikacija apokrifa : Dadaizam na jugoslovenskim prostorima , Novi Sad / Apostrof 1999 . Dada , la révolte de l'art , Paris , Gallimard / Centre Pompidou , Découvertes n ° 476 , 2005 . Archives Dada / Chronique , Paris , Hazan , 2005 . Dada , catalogue d'exposition , Centre Pompidou , 2005 . Durozoi , Gérard . Dada et les arts rebelles , Paris , Hazan , Guide des Arts , 2005 Gammel , Irene . Baroness Elsa : Gender , Dada and Everyday Modernity . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press , 2002 . Hoffman , Irene . Documents of Dada and Surrealism : Dada and Surrealist Journals in the Mary Reynolds Collection , Ryerson and Burnham Libraries , The Art Institute of Chicago . Huelsenbeck , Richard . Memoirs of a Dada Drummer , ( University of California Press : Berkeley and Los Angeles , 1991 ) Jones , Dafydd . Dada Culture ( New York and Amsterdam : Rodopi Verlag , 2006 ) Lavin , Maud . Cut With the Kitchen Knife : The Weimar Photomontages of Hannah Höch . New Haven : Yale University Press , 1993 . Lemoine , Serge . Dada , Paris , Hazan , coll . L'Essentiel . Lista , Giovanni . Dada libertin & libertaire , Paris , L'insolite , 2005 . Melzer , Annabelle. 1976 . Dada and Surrealist Performance . PAJ Books ser . Baltimore and London : The Johns Hopkins UP , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 4845 - 8 . Novero , Cecilia . `` Antidiets of the Avant - Garde : From Futurist Cooking to Eat Art . '' ( University of Minnesota Press , 2010 ) Richter , Hans . Dada : Art and Anti-Art ( London : Thames and Hudson , 1965 ) Sanouillet , Michel . Dada à Paris , Paris , Jean - Jacques Pauvert , 1965 , Flammarion , 1993 , CNRS , 2005 Sanouillet , Michel . Dada in Paris , Cambridge , Massachusetts , The MIT Press , 2009 Schippers , K. Holland Dada , Amsterdam , Em . Querido , 1974 Schneede , Uwe M. George Grosz , His life and work ( New York : Universe Books , 1979 ) Verdier , Aurélie . L'ABCdaire de Dada , Paris , Flammarion , 2005 . External links ( edit ) Library resources about Dada Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Wikiquote has quotations related to : Dada Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dada . 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